
dFa 



't^7-iayf 'j'/t^yza. 




HISTORY 

OF 

BALTIMORE CITY 

AND 

COUNTY 

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT DAY: 

INCLUDIN(J 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 

OF THEIR 

REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 



j:^thomas soharf, a.m., 

AUTHOR OF " CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE ;" " HISTORY OF MARYLAND :" MEMBER OF THE MARYLAND 
HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ; MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
OF PENNSYLVANIA ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; 
CORRESPONDING MEMBF.R OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF NEW YORK, 
WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, SOUTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA; OF 
THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF 
OHIO ; OF THE NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC- 
GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC., ETC. 



IX.LXJSTRA.TED. 



PHILADELPHIA : 
LOUIS H. EVERTS. 

1881. 






Copyright, 1881, by Louis H. Everts. 




I'RESS OF 
1. I,IPPJNCOTT & («., 
PHILADELrHIA. 



ROBERT GARRETT, Esq., 

THIS VOLUME, 

WHICH TREATS OF THE HISTORY OF THE BALTIMORE WE BOTH LOVE SO WELL, AND THE CITY 

rOU AND YOUR FAMILY HAVE DONE SO MUCH TO ENRICH AND EMBELLISH, IN TOKEN 

OF WELL-TRIED, LIFE-LONG FRIENDSHIP AND EVER-GROWING ESTEEM AND 

ADMIRATION, IS AFFECTIONATELY AND RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE. 



The writing of the History of Baltimore City and County has been rather a " labor of 
love" than a source of profit to the author. It was undertaken at the request of Maj. Louis H. 
Everts, the enterprising publisher, and from a desire to preserve historical facts connected with 
Baltimore which came into the possession of the author in the course of long-continued investi- 
gations. In the preparation of the work no authority of importance has been overlooked ; the 
author has carefully examined every source of information open to him, and has availed himself 
of every fact that could throw new light upon, or impart additional interest to, the subject under 
consideration. Besides consulting the most reliable records and authorities, over two thousand 
five hundred communications were addressed to persons supposed to be in possession of facts or 
information calculated to add value to the work. Recourse has not only been had to the valu- 
able libraries of Baltimore, but the author and his agents have visited personally the entire 
county, spending much time in each district, examining ancient newspapers and musty manu- 
scripts, conversing with the aged inhabitants, and collecting from them orally many interest- 
ing facts never before published, and which otherwise, in all probability, would soon have 
been lost altogether. In addition to the material partly used iu the preparation of his 
" Chronicles of Baltimore" and " History of Maryland," the author has consulted over five 
thousand pamphlets, consisting of town and city documents, reports of societies, corporations, 
associations, and historical discourses, and, in short, everything of a fugitive character that might 
in any way illustrate the History of Baltimore City and County. From these and a large col- 
lection of newspapers (more particularly a complete file of the Baltimore Sun which was kindly 
loaned by the proprietors, Messrs. A. S. Abell & Co.) great assistance has been derived. The 
file of the American was mainly used by the author in the preparation of his " Chronicles of 
Baltimore." 

Such material only has been retained as upon careful consideration and tlie closest scrutiny 
has been found weighty and significant. At the same time it has been attempted to embody the 
facts thus collected in a form as free as possible from the dryness of chronological recital. As 
a rule, the original spelling of the names of both persons and places has been given, and in some 
instances both the present and former modes are given. 

With the aid of Prof. Philip R. Uhler, the topography and geology as well as the geog- 
raphy of the county have received the attention which their importance demands. Manufac- 
turing, commercial, and agricultural interests have also a jjrominent place. The statistical 
information embodied in the work is designed to connect the history of the past with the 
present state of the trade and commerce of the city, and to present the features of the two 
periods in striking contrast ; and although to some minds these details may seem out of place in 



a historical work, yet it should be remembered that the statistics of to-day may become the his- 
tory of ten years hence. Many of the facts recorded, both statistical and historical, may seem 
trivial or tediously minute to the general reader, and yet such facts have a local interest and 
sometimes a real importance. 

Sketches of the rise, progress, and present condition of the various religious denominations, 
professions, political parties, and charitable and benevolent institutions form a conspicuous 
feature of the work. An account of the public school system is also given, and a history of the 
various institutions of learning for which Baltimore is so justly famed. 

An honest effort has been made to do justice to both sections in the relation of such events 
of the civil war as came within the proper scope of a purely local history. The author has 
made no attempt to obtrude his own political views upon the reader, and has constantly kept in 
mind the purpose that has guided his labors, — to present a work free from sectional pr partisan 
bias which shall be acceptable to the general public. 

Considerable space has been given to biographies of leading and representative men, living 
and dead, who have borne an active part in the various enterprises of life, and who have become 
closely identified with the history of the city and county. The achievements of the living must 
not be forgotten, nor must the memories of those who have passed away be allowed to perish. 
It is the imperative duty of the historian to clironicle the public and private efforts to advance 
the great interests of society. Their deeds are to be recorded for the benefit of those who follow 
them, — they, in fact, form part of the liistory of their communities, and their successful lives 
add to the glory of the commonwealth. 

A distinguishing characteristic of the work is its sketches of the thirteen districts into 
which the county is divided. In them the reader is brought into close relation with every part 
of the county. The advantage of this method of treatment is obvious, embracing, as it does, 
narratives of early settlements, descriptions of interesting localities, and personal reminiscences. 
An idea may be formed of the time and labor required in the preparation of the book, when we 
call attention to the fact that tiie chapter on " Necrology" alone contains nearly three thousand 
brief biographical si«etches of prominent citizens who have passed away during the last century. 

The maps, views, and portraits are a prominent accompaniment, and add interest and 
attractiveness to the subjects which they are designed to illustrate and explain. 

Our acknowledgments are due to many friends not only for a kindly interest shown in our 
labors, but for much valuable information furnished in many cases without solicitation. 

In presenting the History of Baltimore City and County to the public the author feels 
conscious that he sends it forth with many imperfections on its head. In the preparation of a 
work of this character many minor inaccuracies and errors are almost unavoidable, the existence 
of which it is impossible to discover until the book has been exposed to tiie light of general 
criticism. It may not be considered presumptuous, however, to express the hope tiiat its general 
conception and execution will be satisfactory to the community for which it luxs been written, 
and that it will prove useful and interesting to all classes of readers. 

J. Thomas Scharf. 
Baltimork, Nov. 8, 1881. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



CHAPTER II. 



PTER III 



Aborigines 

CHAPTER IV. 
English Discoveries and Settlements 

CHAPTER V. 
Ancient County-seats 

CHAPTER VI. 

The Founding of Baltimore City 

CHAPTER VII. [ 

Pennsylvania Border Troubles «* ] TheTelegrapli 

CHAPTER VIII. 1 

Causes of the Revolution 

CHAPTER IX. 



Transportation 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

Commercial Industries and Manufactures 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

Trade Organizations 

CHAPTER XXVIII 

Banks and Bankers 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

Marine, Fire, and Life Insurance 

CHAPTER XXX. 

Post-office, Custom-House,Gas Companies 

CHAPTER XXXI. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

Taverns, and Hotels 

CHAPTER XXXIII 



The War for Independence 

CHAPTER X. 

Peace and Independence 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Development of Baltimore 

CHAPTER XII. 

The War of 1812 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Piivateers and Armed Vessels 

CHAPTER XIV. 

War with Mexico 

CHAPTER XV. 

Political Progress 

CHAPTER XVI. 

The Civil War 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Progress after the Civil War 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

Municipal Government of Baltimore 

CHAPTER XIX. 

The City Government and Officers 

CHAPTER XX. 

City Departments 

CHAPTER XXI. 

Education 

CHAPTER XXII. 

Fires and Fire Companies 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Monuments, Parks, and Squares 

CHAPTER XXIV. 
The Advantages of Baltimore as a Trade Centre '-281 ' First District 



69 Religious Denominations "" 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 
76 charitaWe,Benevolent, and Religious Institutions and Associations.. 692 

I CHAPTER XXXV. 

81 ' The Press of Baltimore ^°* 

' CHAPTER XXXVI. 

84 Literature and Literary Men ^'^ 

\ CHAPTER XXXVII. 

98 j Baltimore Libraries, Miscellaneous Societies and Associatic 



CHAPTER XXXVIII 

and Musicians— Art and Artists 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 



C57 



Amusements 


CHAPTER XL. 


The Medical Professior 


CHAPTER XLI. 






CHAPTER XLII. 


CHAPTER XLIII. 




CHAPTER XLIV. 


Mobs and Riots 






CHAPTERXLV. 

1 Baltimore City and County Necrology ''^* 

CHAPTER XLVI. 

Baltimore County and Districts ^^^ 

CHAPTER XLVII. 



VIU 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XI.VIII 

Second District 

CJIAPTEE XLIX. 

Third District 

CHAPTER L. 

Fourtli District 

CHAPTER LI. 

Fiftli District 

CHAPTER LI I. 

Sixth District 

CHAPTER LIII. 
Sovcntli District 



CHAPTER LIV. 





CHAPTER LV. 








CHAPTER LVI. 








CHAPTER LVII. 




. ... 




CHAPTER LVIII. 









CHAPTER LIX. 


Thiitppiitli District .. 





ILLXJSTI?.^TIOiTS. 



Al>ell, A. S facing 617 ; Catoii, Ricliard 

Aboil, A. .S., City Residence of " 020 ; Chamber of Commerce 

Abell, A. S., Residence of, " Guilford" " 022 | Chancellor, M D , Charles W 

Abell Building " 624 I Chase, Samuel 

Ahell, G. W., Residence of. " 023 ' Cockey, (liailes T 

Abrahams, W " 386 ; Cockey, C lurles T , Rehidence of 

Adams Express Co.'B Office " 359 Colton, Gii.ine 

Adreon, Harrison " «5 Congress Hall 

Albaugh, J. W " 688 Coree, Willi mi 

American Building " 609 Councilm iii, James B , Rtsidonce <: 

Andrews, R. Snowden " 669 County Ma]) 

Armistead, Maj. George 91 Court-house in 1784 

Armstrong, Cator & Co facing 415 Cradock, liiomas 

Austen, George " 909 Cradock, Thorn ts Residence of 

Baker, Charles J " 459 Dasbiel, M D Nicholas L 

Baker, C. J., Residence of " 460 Davis, HenijV 

Baldwin, Robert T " 458 Deford,B 

Baltimore City in 1800 708 Devries, V m , K. (« 

Baltimore in 1752 58 Douglas, R H 

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Central Building.." facing 315 Ducker, &i m „i I 

Bankard, H.W " 775 Dulany, Daniel 

Banks,Andrew " 856 Ehrman, Itwis Residence of 

Banks, Andrew, Residence of " 868 Emory, Ruhard 

Barney, Commodore Joshua 8^ Erich, M I) , A F 

Bartlett, D. L facing 426 Eutaw Place 

Bartlett, George " 406 Ewinst, H M 

Battle Monument 268 | First Prcobj tei lan Chuich 

Bentley, C. W facing 429 Fisher, James I 

Bitting, Rev. C. C .564 Fisher, Robeit A 

Boarman, R. R facing 898 j Fort Federal Hill in 1861 

Booth, Washington " 771 | Fort Marehall 

Bosley, Daniel " 884 i Fort Mcllenij m 180i 

Bosley, ,Tohn 913 j Fountain Inn 

Boundaries of Baltimore 62 1 Fowble, Peter 

Bowie, Oden , facing 351 Frank 4 \dler 

Boyce, James : " 390 Frick, \\m F 

Bradford, Governor A. W " 138 \ Front Street Thtatii 

Brautly, Rev. William T 662 I Fuller, Ro Richanl 

Bresee, 0. F facing 489 Garabrill Cbailcs A 

Brewer, James R " 639 \ Garrett, John \\ 

Brown, Alexander " 474 I Garrett, lolin \V , Residence of 

Brown, Hon. G. W 126 Garrett, T Harrison, Resldmco of 

Bruff.John W 414 | Gary, James S 

Bryan, T. .\., &Co facing 397 [ George, Isaac S 

Burns.W.F •' 471 '. Gist,Morduai 

Calvert, Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore 61 i Gittings I) S 

Carroll, Charies, of Cari-ollton 68,317 | Gittings, R J 

Carroll, Charles, barrister 706 Gorauch, Thomas 

Carroll, ll.-nry facing 908 I Goi-such, Thomas T 

Carroll, Ar.hbiKho]) John .'531 i Griffith, G >> 

Carroll, John, "The Caves" facing 700 i Gunthcr I W 

Carrollton Hotel •' 613 | lIallowa\ ( harlcs T 

Carter, Bernard " 702 Hambltton, riionuis F 



..facing 444 

752 

710 

facing 84o 



facing 286 
911 

facing 739 



HamiU, Charles W facing 430 . 

Hansoc, A. C 782 

Harrison, F., Besidence of. between 892, 893 

Harrison, Chas. K., Residence of. facing 846 

Harrison, F " 891 

Hawkins, Dr. J. W., Residence of. " 877 

Hawkins, M.D.,.I.W " 878 

Hodges, James " 416 

Hoen Building " 602 

Holland, John C " 368 

Holton, H. B " 829 

Holton, H. B., Residence of. between 828, 829 

Hood, J. M facing 357 

Hopkins, Johns 231 

Horwitz, OrviUe facing 701 

Howard, Col. John E 206 

Howell, D. C, Residence of. facing 825 

Hughes, Jr., Hon.C 98 

Hutchins, H. C facing 916 

Isaac, W.M " 894 

James, Henry " 4C2 

James, Henry, Residence of. " 463 

Jenkins, T. Robert " 382 

Jessop, Joshua " 925 

Johnson, Reverdy 713 

Jones, Alexander ; facing 472 

Jones, M.D., R. E " 889 

Keerl, Thomas M., Residence of. facing 774 

Kenly,JohnR 134 

Kennedy, Anthony facing 821 

Kennedy,Johu P " 652 

Key, Francis Scott " 642 

Klees, Henry between 404, 405 

Latrobe, Ferdinand C facing 180 

Lee, Gen. H 783 

Lindsay, George W 762 

Lowe, Alfred facing 866 

Malster, William L " 304 

Map of Capt. John Smith's Explorations, Fac-simile of Original 

between 38, 39 

Map of Original Tracts of Land within Limits of Baltimore 49 

Martin, M.D., J. L facing 749 

Martin, Luther 711 

Maryland Institute 667 

Maryland Journal, Fac-simile of 607 

Mason, James D facing 396 

Matthews, D.M " 911 

Mayer, Charles F " 388 

McCoy, John W " 660 

McDonogh Institute " 831 

McHenry, Maj. James 79 

Mclntire, M.D., James facing 753 

Mcintosh, D.G " 896 

McKaig, Thomas I " 726 

McMahon, John V. L 713 

McMnrray, Louis facing 776 

Merryman, John " 886 

Miller, Daniel " 410 

Miller, Daniel, & Co .-. " 411 

Miller, H. Clay, Residence of " 413 

Mitchell, Joseph B 901 

Morison, N. H facing 665 

Mowel, Joseph W., Residence of. between 916, 917 

Mowell, Peter .....facing 879 

Mount Vernon Place Methodist Episcopal Church " 576 

Myer, Thomas J " 396 

New City Hull 179 

Newcomer, B. F facing 478 

Nichols, W. C, Residence of " 863 

Ober, Guslavus facing 400 

Old Assembly-Rooms 679 

Old City Hall 176 

Old Defenders .-. facing 97 



Old Jail 783 

Onion, E. D facing 392 

Peabody, George 663 

Pearce, John B facing 907 

Peerce, W. F " 912 

Peregoy, Charles " 888 

Peter Cooper's Locomotive 320 

Philpott, Edward P 863 

Pinkney, William 711 

Piper, M.D., Jackson facing 899 

Plat of Baltimore Town and Jones' Town 62 

Plat of Joppa in 1725 45 

Piatt, S. B facing 394 

Poe Monument 271 

Poole, Robert, Residence of. facing 837 

Poole & Hunt " 8.18 

Powell, W.S 401 

Pratt, Enoch facing 464 

Pratt Street Bridge in 1861 790 

Price, M.D., Elias C facing 766 

Price, Ezra between 882, 883 

Price.Samuel M " 882,883 

Pulaski, Count 78 

Eaine, F facing 625 



398 



Reckord, Henry 

Reeder, Charles 

Rieman, Joseph H., Residence of. 

Rieman, Henry 

Ringgold, Maj. S 

Rogers, C. L 

Rogers, C. Lyon, Residence of. 

Ruby, Wm. H 

Rutledge, Thomas G 

Rogers, Commodore 

St. John's Church, Western Run Parish.. 

St. Joseph's Passionist Monastery 

St. Mary's Industrial School 

St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church... 

St. Timothy's Church 

Sailing-car "Eolus" 

Sanderson, Thomas, Residence of. 

Scarff, M.D., J. H 

Scharf, J. T 

Seeger, Jacob 

Seidenstricker, John B 

Seliger & Newman 

Shearer, M.D., Thomas 

8heppard, Isaac A 

Sheppard, Isaac A., & Co 

Shoemaker, S. M 

Sisson, Hugh 

Slagle, Charles W 

Slingluff, Jesse, Residence of 

Small, George 

Smallwood, Gen. William 

Smith, Henry C 

Smith, Jr., Joseph 

Smith, Gen. Samuel 

Snowden, Samuel 

Sparks, Josiah 

Standiford, James A 

Steele, I. Nevett 

Stellman, John 

Stewart, William A 

Stocks and Pillory 

Stirling, Jr., A 

Strawbridge's Log Meeting-house 

Strieker, Gen. John 

Sun Iron Building, The 

Sutro, Otto 

Talbott, J. F. C 

Taney, Roger Brooke 

Thomas, J. H 

Thomas, John L .'. 

Towson, Gen. Nathan 



CONTENTS. 



Turner, Leniri faciiis, IW) . Williams Glii OH %»! 

Tyson, Ji , Isaac " 172 , W ilson, I) S fatin( 770 

Tyson, Jesse, Resilience of ' "i ' \\ ll*m llc\ Franklin 567 

View uf Washington Monument ^00 Wilson, Ir , M D , II I' C facing 743 

Vonderborst lolin H facing Oil Wilson, GO " «l 

Wallis, S Teackle " OaS I W ilson, James between 768, 760 

Walters, W T " 07o I Wilson, Wm " 768,769 

Watson, Lieut Col W H 114 Wimler, Gen W H 88 

Webb, Charles faung 183 I Wirt, William 712 

Wetherall WillmmG 42t Wise, Willmm 876 

Wbltelo<k, W 399 Woodward Baldwin i Noriis facing 412 

Wildey, Thomas 7o8 Worthiugtoii, Charles " 864 

Wilkins, William facing 422 Worthington, R H " 832 

Wilkius, Wm , i Co bct« een '22, 423 Wjnian, William, Residence of " 887 

Williams Gcorm II facing 717 \ouug, William >« ' 442 

. W N " o3 



STATE OF F E N N 


S f L W A N 1 


A 






'A 



MAP OF 

BALTIMORE 

COUNTY 

Eiuiri, vcti E.vfjrixs:^lit lor Dui 
HLstxnif ofBatlimore CittfundCoiuiUj 




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h.3i..iij^ 



HISTORY 

OF 

BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, 

M^EYL^IsTD. 



CHAPTEE I. 

TOPOGRAPHY.! 

Baltimore County forms an important part of 
the great continental belt of country known as the 
Atlantic slope of North America. Situated in the 
northern part of the State of Maryland, it is the most 
central of the counties which extend from east to west 
along the Pennsylvania boundary. It has an area of 
seven hundred and eighteen square miles, and presents 
somewhat the form of a broad curved wedge with the 
tip cut square off at the north, and with the curved 
base on the south indented by tidal estuaries. Its 
length is about thirty-five miles from north to south, 
by nearly eleven miles and a half in width along the 
northern border, expanding to a breadth of twenty- 
eight miles between the estuary of the Gunpowder 
River on the east and the Patapsco River on the west. 
The last named and the Little Gunpowder form its 
chief boundaries on the west and east. Two of the 
great areas of rain precipitation being included within 
its limits, together with the mildness of the climate, 
give it almost unsurpassed advantages for sustaining 
a healthy and flourishing population. Supplied by 
nature with an abundance of water and wood, with 
soils easily cultivated, and capable of yielding ample 
harvests of all the cereals, vegetables, and all the best 
fruits of temperate climates, it rests only with the in- 
habitants to advance their own interests by adjusting 
themselves to the surrounding physical conditions. 
Structurally, it possesses the most important elements 
which give strength, variety, and character to the 
Atlantic region. The contours of surface are chiefly 
brought into prominence by the underlying reliefs of 
hard rocks and of the solid materials derived from 
them. For convenience, the surface of the county 
may be divided into an upland region, a midland 
basin, and a lowland border. 

1 Contributed by Prof. Philip E. Uhler, president of the Maryland 
Academy of Sciences. 



Uplands.— The uplands embrace all that part of 
the country reaching from Western Run, about one 
mile north of Cockeysville, to the Pennsylvania State 
line. High mountains are no longer included within 
these limits, for the peaked and craggy summits of 
long-past ages have been softened into the blunt 
domes and gentler ridges of a more quiet period. In 
their stead are ranges of high hills traversing the 
county diagonally, and passing out of it at a point 
southwest of Reisterstown. North of Parkton these 
hills are lifted to an altitude of more than eight hun- 
dred feet above the level of the sea. Most of them 
are broad on top, sloping gradually towards the south 
and east, and give rise to groups of lower domes along 
their flanks, which terminate usually at the forks of 
the streams. In the very midst of these lower hills 
an abrupt ridge of dark fissured rocks occasionally 
rises, where a rapid stream has cut a deep ravine in 
its downward flow. The soft micaceous soils of the 
rolling uplands are covered by farms richly cultivated, 
and yield abundant crops of wheat and corn. On the 
1 ridges are still extensive tracts of second-growth 
• forests of oak, hickory, chestnut, and maple, sup- 
I plying rails for fences, cross-ties for the railroads, and 
\ logs for houses, as well as wood for fuel. This sup- 
ply is, however, rapidly decreasing, and the time is 
near when it will be no longer possible to obtain trees 
for most of these purposes. In rocky places, where 
a deep vegetable mould has accumulated, bodies of 
slender young walnut growth may still be seen, but 
nearly all that of larger dimensions has long since 
disappeared. Along these rich bottoms and between 
the ridges near the streams the Kalmia, or calico-bush, 
grows in vast thickets. These with the ferns and 
lichens clothe the blackish-gray rocks, and decorate 
every quiet nook. Little cascades and rapids appear 
' in all the broader rivulets, and a highly varied under- 
growth shades the little pools in which until recently 
the speckled trout found its favorite abode. These 
waters are still clear, and do good service in furnish- 
13 



14 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing power to flour-mills which stand hid away here 
and there in unsuspected dells or hollows. 

Midland Region.— The midland region is a broad, 
depressed tract of country extending from Chestnut 
Ridge on the west to the Ashland Ridge on the east, 
and from the high plateau north of Western Run to 
the Green Spring Ridge on the south. This inland 
basin connects also with the valleys on the east and 
southeast, which spread away like broad fingers to- 
wards the border of Harford County. Throughout 
most of this extensive region, and even in the valleys 
beyond the adjoining ridges on the east and west, 
limestones of good quality abound. The area in the 
very centre of this basin yields also vast quantities of 
fine white marbles. The soil is red, and of the very 
best quality, easy to cultivate, and highly productive 
of all the cereals. Iron ore is also met with in many 
places, chiefly in the soil overlying the limestone, but 
also in the hills adjoining it on the west. It presents 
a wide area of open country, depressed below the 
general level, occupied by large farms, and wooded 
only on the hills and ridges which project into it. 
Several afiiuents of the Gunpowder cross it, and an 
abundant supply of good drinking-water is obtained 
from wells. 

Lowlands. — The lowland section is an alluvial 
belt of country which bounds the hills of archajan 
rocks on their tide-water sides. It comprehends the 
whole of the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and the eastern part 
of the Eleventh, nearly all the surface of Baltimore 
City, and sends ofl" a tongue into the Eighth District as 
far as to Timonium. The surface of this whole region 
is clay and gravel, with areas of sand in the lower 
levels adjacent to the old • wat^r-courses, and with 
deep black bogs and marshes in the necks at points 
along the tidal estuaries. These cold, thin soils admit 
a stunted growth of black-jack, scarlet, and willow 
oaks, with occasional strips of small pines and some 
tracts of chestnut trees. Where an accumulation of 
vegetable n|ould occurs in the beds of the streams, a 
more luxuriant growth of trees is seen, accompanied by 
the maples, and by a dense growth of dogwood, various 
bushes, and the greenbrier. The wild grapevine also 
grows in these places, and adds a fine element of va- 
riety to the trees upon which it climbs. In a few 
places hills of clay and gravelly sand rise to a height 
of sixty feet or more, and break the monotonous level 
of the tide-water plain. 

The Thirteenth District, which forms a tongue be- 
tween the Northwest and Middle Branches of the 
Patapsco River, is remarkable for the extent and 
height of the clay hills that form the chief part of its 
mass. It has been at one time attached to the system 
of clay ridges which pass through the city of Balti- 
more and run back into the country on the northeast 
to within a mile and a half of the Gunpowder River. 
Federal Hill once formed a part of one of these ridges, 
connected with the hill on which the Battle Monu- 
ment now stands, and at the same time extended 



northeast certainly as far as the valley of Herring 
Run, between the Harford and Belair roads. The 
clay is invaded by beds of sand on the northwest, 
in various places along North Avenue, on Gilmor 
Street north of Saratoga, and in the northeast part of 
the base of Federal Hill. Iron-ore nodules occur in 
various places on both sides of the peninsula, and fine 
sand suitable for glass-making has been extracted 
from this hill near the back basin. Slabs of iron 
sandstone and of pebbly conglomerates abound in 
nearly all sections of the upper member of this clay 
system, on or near the surface of the soil. The oak 
forests which formerly covered the greater part of this 
tract, aided by the abundant moisture derived from 
the numerous springs in the slender ravines, con- 
tributed to the nourishment of a very varied vegeta- 
tion, quite in contra.st with that now growing upon it. 
At one time a cypress swamp skirted this peninsula 
on the south side, and probably formed a part of the 
one near the opposite shore of the Middle Branch ad- 
joining Locust Point, and including a section of the 
Fort McHenry submerged plateau. The swamp 
cypress and the white cedar have long since been 
exterminated in the vicinit)' of Baltimore, and the 
only place where a few of them still remain, at a not 
very remote distance from the city, is on Round Bay, 
in the Severn River. 

This part of the Thirteenth District has also been 
tenanted by a varied population of the animal tribes. 
The red deer and wildcat, the bear, the gray wolf, 
red fox, wild hare, common mole, raccoon, opossum, 
shrew, and various kinds of mice, and in the water 
the beaver, otter, and muskrat, have all been repre- 
sented. Most of the smaller of these animals still 
remain, but in very limited numbers. Only a few 
years ago this section was much wilder than now, the 
waters were abundantly stocked with fish and reptiles, 
and the wading birds — such as the great blue heron, 
the egret, lesser heron, and belted kingfisher — held 
complete sway over the humbler inhabitants of every 
cove, pool, and swamp. Of song-birds there are a 
great variety, besides the wild pigeon and woodpecker. 
The water snake, black snake, garter, ringed-neck, 
and blowing viper ; the gray swift and striped skink 
among the lizards; and the snapper, musk turtle, 
slider, pond terrapin, and the land tortoise, all 
abounded. Insects too numerous to mention lived 
here and enjoyed the region, which was also decorated 
by huge tufts of the royal fern, and by its graceful 
relations, the maidenhair and Dicksonia. 

Rivers and Creeks. — The true rivers and principal 
creeks rise in the high country of the First Division, 
or in the ridges continuous therewith. Flowing be- 
tween the groups of hills, and forking at frequent 
intervals, they run swiftly in a generally southejist 
direction until the wider valleys are reached, and 
then they stretch more broadly onward to empty into 
the estuaries of Chesaiieake Bay. A general down- 
ward slope of the whole country determines the di- 



TOPOGKAPHY. 



rection of these streams and adds to the swiftness of 
their currents. \ 

The Great Gunpowder has all its large affluents 1 
within the limits of the county. Several of these, [ 
such as the Little Falls, Western Run, Black Kock 
Creek, and Beaver Dam, are powerful streams which 
drain most of the northwestern half of the territory. 
The river itself is one of marked beauty and variety, 
and especially so in its upper divisions. Like all the 
rivers and creeks of the uplands, it plunges at one 
place over huge rocks in a heavy cascade, at the next 
it forms strong rapids among the bowlders, and then 
placidly glides along for nearly a mile in a wider, 
deeper channel, through a bed of alluvial soil. Its 
course is very sinuous, and particularly so, on a 
grander scale, south of the great fork below White- 
hall ; while farther down it becomes a majestic stream, 
full of energy, and supplying power for very large 
mills, factories, and furnaces at many points along its 
course. Yet it no longer fills the wide channel which 
it once occupied, nor can it be estimated to contain 
much more than one-fourth the volume of water that 
belonged to it about one hundred years ago. The 
drying up of springs which originally supplied its 
tributaries, and the decomposition of the rocks into 
soils along the banks, have changed the order of dis- 
tribution of the water and placed it in new relations. 
Hillsides, once covered with trees, shrubs, and herbage, 
retained the rain-water near the surface or allowed it 
to flow in a gradual supply to the springs beneath, 
while a notable proportion entered the cracks in the 
rocks to trickle through and converge in the streams 
at lower levels. But now the hillsides, baked by the 
sun, allow the rains to run off by a single impulse, to 
be lost in swelling floods, while that which falls on 
the disintegrated rocks is held as in a sponge, and is 
parted with chiefly by evaporation into the atmos- 
phere. These rivers and creeks have been a powerful 
agent in grinding the hard rocks into sands, clays, 
and earth. The river perpetually rasping against a 
hill in its path, has made here and there a wide bot- 
tom, over which it has deposited soft, moist soil, and 
in such places, often of ten or more acres in extent, 
the farmer now finds his choicest meadow-land. 

The Patapsco River is the largest and most power- 
ful stream in the county, although it forms rather the 
boundary than a true member of the territory. Most 
of its tributaries belong to Carroll County, and the 
principal ones rise in Parr's Ridge, at a distance of 
twenty-five to thirty miles northwest of Baltimore 
City. These streams have frequent bends, and plunge 
rapidly over beds of broken rocks in ravines between 
the high, abrupt hills. After reaching the border of 
the Second District, the West Branch becomes a wide, 
rapid creek of clear water, running through a more 
open country, with beds of limestone near on the one 
hand, and with the dark, forbidding hills of the 
Soldiers' Delight region on the other. After reach- 
ing the vicinity of Marriottsville, it unites, forms a 



fork with the West Branch, and then with redoubled 
energy rolls through a wide channel between the high 
domes of dark-gray rock until it reaches its extreme 
expanse among the bowlders at Ellicott's City. At 
this point it plunges over a great dam (no longer a 
natural one), and furnishes power for several of the 
largest flour-mills and cotton-factories in the country. 
From thence, after being somewhat contracted by the 
rocky barriers which arrest its expanse near Ilchester, 
and passing through a deep trough to Orange Grove 
Mills, it opens out into a beautiful, wide, deep valley 
until the wide gap is reached at the Relay House. 
From that point it flows steadily, and more narrowly, 
on through an alluvial plain until it is lost in the 
broad estuary at tide-water. It has been in former times 
the avenue into the heart of the country, through 
which large schooners passed to points nearly as far 
up as the Relay House. This, however, is no longer 
possible. The great flood of July, 1868, tore away 
such quantities of sand, soil, and other materials from 
the country above as to fill up the channel for about 
four miles, leaving only two or three feet of water in 
places where it was formerly ten or twelve feet deep. 
The same flood affected all the streams in the vicinity 
of Baltimore, in some thrusting the rocks out of their 
places and grinding them into fragments, in others 
transporting bowlders, sand, and soil, choking up the 
channels, and changing the courses of the waters. 
By this flood the rocks of the cascades in Jones' Falls, 
near Baltimore, were nearly all destroyed, and the few 
that remained were almost obliterated by the subse- 
quent flood of August, 1870. 

This latter stream runs through a most varied and 
picturesque region. Rising at the head of Green 
Spring Valley, it flows between verdant hills of va- 
rious heights, through a valley of great fertility, out 
into the broad depression since converted into the 
great storage basin of Baltimore, — Lake Roland. 
From thence it runs gently through a rocky bed until 
it reaches an alluvial bottom near Mount Washing- 
ton ; next it rushes over broken rocks, and continuing 
on across an alluvial meadow and over the crushed 
remains of ledges of rocks, it passes through the city 
and empties into the harbor of Baltimore. All along 
its course, at intervals of a mile or less south of the 
lake, it feeds mills and factories of various kinds. 
The most pleasant villages and settlements in the 
State are situated on its banks, while the great cot- 
ton and other factories at Mount Washington, Wood- 
berry, and Hampton have drawn together a large 
and industrious population. The adjacent hills have 
become the places of residence of prosperous mer- 
chants of Baltimore, and land companies have taken 
advantage of this delightful country to build roads 
and cottages for summer residents. 

Gwynn's Falls Branch is a wide creek which rises 
in the high region a little south of Reisterstown. It 
flows at first through the flat bottoms adjacent to the 
table-lauds of the western part of the county, and 



16 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



then meanders between the more abrupt hills in a 
deep channel, with bayed-out intervals at points 
where the current formerly met an obstruction, such 
as the sharp face of a ridge or a mass of rocks. A 
-short distance south of the village of Franklin it 
forks, and from that point it continues over broken 
masses of black gneiss rock until it bends around into 
the deep valley below Calverton. At this point it 
has until recently supplied water for five large flour- 
mills. Formerly it yielded the motive-power for 
three others on the Frederick road, for several near 
the Viaduct bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, and for several others near the Washington 
road. Now, however, the volume of water is so small 
that steam-power has to be employed for all the mills 
along its lower sections. The great floods have also 
wrecked the lower reaches of this stream. Before 
1868 a magnificent cascade, in some of its parts fully 
twenty feet high, dashed over a high wall of granitic 
rock at a point about one-fourth of a mile south of 
Calverton, but now only the bed of the rock remains, 
and a low wooden dam takes its place. Originally 
this natural fall was more than seventy feet above the 
])resent bed of the stream, the waters rushed over in 
heavy volume, and the broken spouts of water in the 
western angle wore deep and wide round pot-holes in 
the massive rocks beneath. Some of these basins 
were as much as six feet in diameter and five feet in 
depth. They were caused by the water striking the 
rock at right angles, producing first a little depression, 
in which sand and hard stone lodged, and by the in- 
cessant revolving of the stone and sand the hole was 
widened and deepened until the motion was arrested. 
Along this valley of the creek numerous other falls 
occurred at irregular intervals of a few rods all the 
way down. But at the present time scarcely more 
than a few vestiges of these lower falls now remain to 
mark their old places. This stream empties into the 
Middle Branch of the Patapsco River through a wide 
marsh and mixed sand-flat, covered in summer by a 
dense growth of cat-tail reed ( Typha latifolia] and 
wild rice. The high tides formerly covered the greater 
portion of this tract, but recently a large part of it has 
become dry, and has been reclaimed for the raising 
of vegetables by the market gardeners. This was 
formerly the habitat of the snapping-turtle, the black 
catfish, muskrat, aind edible crab. The latter ran into 
the spaces between the clumps of marsh grasses for 
protection while moulting, and during flood-tide mul- 
titudes of soft crabs were thus easily obtainable. In 
other parts of the estuary adjoining this tract, where- 
ever the water is shallow, the Potamogeton, or pond- 
weed, grows in dense beds, aflbrding shelter to the 
shrimp, pond-fish, stickleback, and countless num- 
bers of Cijprinodont)', or mud-dabblers. Larger fish 
such as the shad, herring, rockfish, and tailors, for- 
merly abounded in the channel at the mouth of this 
creek, but they have long sin(« been exterminated, 
and in their place smaller numbers of white perch, 



yellow perch, pond-fish, and crocus have appeared. 
I Cray-fish also sometimes abound in the smaller tribu- 
I taries which empty into this basin. Less than fifty 
j years ago this branch of the river was unusually sup- 
I plied with springs, and previously, being a place of 
great attractiveness, the name " Spring Gardens" was 
applied to the locality. 

Herring Run is another interesting creek which 
waters the country near Baltimore City. It rises in 
the high, hilly region a short distance southeast of 
Towsontown, and flows in a direction generally a little 
east of south, and empties into the broad marshy drain 
at the head of Back River. Its name was suggested 
by the large shoals of herrings which formerly ran up 
to its lower rapids, in the vicinity of the Philadelphia 
road, during the first warm days of spring, to deposit 
their eggs. While not as broad as Gwynn's Branch, 
it has all the variety of that stream in the beautiful 
cascades and rapids which occur at irregular intervals 
all along its course. It drains an area of about eight 
miles in length by from two to three miles in breadth. 
Running through a wooded region, with numerous 
ravines along its banks, each supplied with a rivulet 
coursing between high banks, it deposits wide reaches 
of alluvial soil, and yields a supply of water for 
driving the wheels of several large flour-mills and 
factories. After passing over a high, now artificial, 
dam of black gneiss rocks, it rushes against a promi- 
nent blufl" of granite and hornblendic gneiss, is there- 
by turned around towards the south for a few rods, 
until, getting free from the high ridge which forms a 
barrier behind Hall's Springs, it emerges into the 
alluvial level next beyond and crosses the Harford 
road. From thence, passing over the rocky debris 
which has ftillen from the hills on the northern side, 
and having resumed its former direction, it meanders 
through meadows and lowlands until it spreads out 
into the wide marshy pool which forms its mouth. 

Leaving the numerous creeks of smaller size which 

aid in swelling the volume of the Great Gunpowder 

and Little Gunpowder in their long courses through 

the hills of the northern part of the county, on the 

j southeast the attention is arrested by broad sheets of 

water, in which the tide ebbs and flows in harmony 

with the vast sheet of the Chesapeake, of which they 

I form a part. These are the broad estuary of the Gun- 

I powder, and the somewhat narrower ones of the iVIiddle 

River, the Back River, the three mouths of the Pa- 

, tapsco, and Bear Creek. All of these are confined to 

the alluvial belt adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay, and 

! only one of them (the East Branch of the Patapsco) 

I is as much as twelve miles in length. That of the 

I Gunpowder forms an extensive bay, with low clay 

I banks and sandy beaches, covering a basin about two 

[ miles in width, at the widest part, by a length of 

about seven miles from north to south. Middle River 

' is a less land-locked but broken gulf, scarcely sepa- 

j rated from the Chesapeake, and chiefly made up of 

' uneven pools of water, which push out like ragged 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



17 



tongues on either side into the flat necks of low 
ground. 

The Back River forms a better defined and more 
channel-like stream, bent somewhat like the letter S, 
and bounded on the bay side by low marshy islands. 
It is a shallow sound, with low clay shores and sandy 
or marshy stretches of beach from its source to its 
mouth. Until quite recently these estuaries and 
their adjoining necks of land have been the favorite 
haunts of the wild swan, the canvas-back, and many 
other varieties of the duck tribe, with a great multi- 
tude of other water-fowl too numerous to mention. 
They still form the resort of smaller numbers of these 
same birds, while the blue heron, the egret, bittern, 
night heron, plover, snipe, woodcock, and a few 
species of song-birds, owls, hawks, and sea-birds, still 
linger in the vicinity. 

Jlost picturesque and attractive of all these waters 
are the estuaries called the East and Middle Branches 
of the Patapsco. The first of these reaches from the 
harbor of Baltimore to Chesapeake Bay, a distance of 
twelve miles ; its greatest breadth being at the mouth, 
between North Point and the Bodkin, a distance of 
nearly five miles. After leaving the Lazaretto, just 
outside of the harbor, it is a lovely sheet of water, 
having undulating banks of various-colored clays 
rising on both shores somewhat abruptly, sometimes 
to a height of twenty feet above the water-level, with 
the tides of the Chesapeake rolling through every 
part of it in dark-green waves. Here and there a 
clean beach of gravel is present along the levels be- 
tween the clifl's, and often behind these appear the 
fresh green of the swamps, covered with the cat-tail, 
wild rice, and calamus. Groves of oaks, sweet gum, 
and pines still decorate the hills and valleys along the 
banks, and the necks adjacent are made bright and 
pleasant by the vegetable and fruit gardens which 
appear on every side. 

The second of these, the Middle Branch, extends 
frotn the Spring Gardens on the west and connects 
with the former between Fort McHenry and the point 
on which the Marine Hospital is situated. Its length 
is about three miles, with an average width of rather 
less than a mile. This is a fine sheet of tidal water, 
with a ship channel running through its whole length, 
having a depth of from sixteen to twenty feet. Along 
the southern shore, however, the water is very shallow, 
and on this side a frequent deposit of mud and silt, 
brought down by the long Northwest Branch, is per- 
sistently sweeping up. Quite near to the north shore, 
east of the Long Bridge, there is also a deep channel 
which connects with the other nearer the middle of 
the river, and affords excellent wharfage for large 
schooners. All of these basins are more or less sub- 
ject to the accumulation of drainage from the rapid 
streams which receive their deposits from the high 
country beyond. Hence the bottom is covered in 
most places by a pasty blackish mud, similar to the 
oyster mud of Chesapeake Bay. It is derived from 



the carbonaceous matter of the softer alluvium, and 
requires to be dredged at occasional intervals to keep 
the channels navigable. The shores on either side 
are low, but much higher along the Spring Gardens, 
on the south side of which the clay hills rise to a 
height of sixty feet or more. The same side of the 
broader basin of the river is chiefly bordered by cat- 
tail marsh of variable width, and near the Marine 
Hospital extensive ridges of sand prevent their farther 
extension in the direction of the outer tide-water. On 
the low tract behind this shore may be seen strips of 
woods of great beauty, including the holly, sour gum, 
sweet gum, willow, scarlet oaks, red maple, and thickets 
of the magnolia. 

Bear Creek is a tributary of the East Branch of the 
Patapsco. It enters the latter on the southeast side, 
and is chiefly composed of unequal arms, projecting 
into coves, connected with a central channel about 
three and a half miles long, having a general width 
of about half a mile. The banks are high and low 
at unequal intervals, chiefly composed of iron ore 
clays, of reddish or ochreous colors, and of gravelly 
sand next to and beneath the marshes. Deep boggy 
tracts of black mud appear between the low hills ; 
these are densely overgrown by the magnolia, sour 
gum, maples, and a great variety of bushes, and are 
made almost impenetrable by the thick tangled 
masses of the greenbrier (Smilax). The most beauti- 
ful tree of the region is the evergreen holly {Ilex 
opaca). Its rich dark-green leaves, strongly contrasted 
with the yellow green of the vines and sweet gum, 
give persistent verdure to the thickets. Occasional 
groves of the common pine still stand in erect col- 
umns, and furnish fine dark backgrounds to the vege- 
tation of the swamps. Altogether it is a region of 
pleasant variety, which greatly needs the softening 
touch of civilization to sweep off" its exuberant wild- 
ness, and to bring it into harmony with the better 
surroundings of a great city. It forms the chief drain 
of Patapsco Neck, and is fed and kept supplied with 
water by the numerous springs which burst from the 
ground in the bordering marshes. Formerly it was 
the region of extensive fisheries of the shad, herring, 
rockfish, white perch, etc., but now only a few of these 
fish remain, and the two former have quite left the 
locality. 

Dead Rivers or Creeks.— The drying or failing of 
springs in many parts of the country adjacent to the 
lower highlands, south of the middle of the county, 
has caused the obliteration of numerous branches and 
smaller creeks which were formerly important tribu- 
taries of the Gunpowder and Patapsco Rivers, and of 
Gwynn's and Jones' Falls. The most striking in- 
stance of this kind is Western Creek, or run. This 
was once a stream more than three hundred feet in 
breadth above and below the Pimlico road. It rose in 
the hills east of the Beisterstown turnpike, and emp- 
tied into Jones' Falls through a deep chasm, next to 
what is now the railroad station at Mount Washing- 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ton. A few rods east of the point where its two 
branches unite there is an extraordinarily large dam, 
full}' three hundred feet wide by twenty feet high, 
built of the black hornblendic gneiss of this region, 
which shows what a vast volume of water once accu- 
mulated at this point. This work was once used to 
supply the water-power of a large stone mill, which, 
with its accompanying mill-race, still stands in ruins 
on the northern bank of the old channel of the stream. 
Terraces below the dam on this same bank may be seen 
at intervals, serving to show that the water had been at 
one time as much as twenty to thirty feet in depth. A 
remnant of the former stream now remains as a shal- 
low brook, varying in width from five to ten feet. At 
this point it passes through an alluvial bed, charged 
with a few small bowlders, while along the interval 
between the hills in Mount Washington it has worn 
a deep gully, filled with broken rocks and bowlders of 
various sizes. 

On both banks of Gwynn's Falls, near and north- 
west of Baltimore, may be seen the dry beds of many 
small brooks which formerly fed that creek. Very 
notably is this the case in that branch of the stream 
which runs in the vicinity of Wetheredsville. Only 
in times of heavy rains are these drains supplied with 
water, and then only for a short time. The same may 
be said of Jones' Falls, north of the city, and also, 
in greater or less degree, of all the rapid streams which 
drain the country north of Baltimore. The south 
side of the Thirteenth District, between the Relay 
House and Gwynn's Falls, has also several old beds 
of former large streams and indications of ancient 
lake basins. 

Valleys. — ^Valleys of surpassing loveliness may be 
seen in various j)arts of the county. The chief of 
these are Dulauey's, Long Green, Green Spring, 
Worthington's, and the Great Central Basin. The first 
named extends from the ridge north of Lake Roland 
(bounding the" Northern Central Railroad on the east) 
to that three miles beyond the Gunpowder River, or 
a distance of about ten miles. It varies much in 
width, lieing scarcely a mile across in any part of its 
own proper depression. But it connects with several 
other short valleys on its northwest side (the largest 
being that through which the Gunpowder runs), and 
thus appears immensely expanded at a few points. It 
is not a uniform, unbroken trough, but has low, rolling 
hills bending in from the upper side. On its southern 
side the hills are steep at first, but they gradually pass 
into the rolling, billow-like prominences which stretch 
away on the east and southeast. The soil is generally 
good, in some places quite rich. Large farms are 
common, and the southwestern part of the valley is 
characterized by the great estates of Hampton and 
Glen Ellen. It is richly supplied with almost inex- 
haustible beds of the strongest limestones, yielding 
the best (piality of burnt lime, and adding a highly- 
prized fertilizer to the resources of the district. Iron 
ores of the hematite type arc also to be found in the 



red clays of the region adjoining the hill on which 
Towsontown is situated, and which are now being ex- 
tensively excavated for the Ashland Furnace. 

Long Green Valley is a more abrupt depression be- 
tween the chain of high hills, and it is narrower than 
either of the other large valleys. It starts from 
behind the high ridge which bounds the great bend 
in the Gunpowder River near the copper-works, and 
runs about three miles in the direction of the Little 
Gunpowder River, while its principal depres.sion ex- 
tends nearly north and south for a distance of about 
four miles. Apparently it is a synclinal trough in its 
upper division, underlaid by limestone, which croj)s 
out in beds on the sides, and which in disintegrating 
adds an important ingredient in enriching the soil. 
The Harford turnpike passes through the whole 
length of its southeastern depression, and connects 
with roads running into other sections of the region, 
making every part of it readily accessible. The 
valley is scarcely more than half a mile wide in any 
portion, but it is rendered somewhat unequal by the 
rolling hills which flank it on the west. On every 
hand neat painted wooden houses, with large barns 
and groups of whitewashed outhouses, associated with 
fine orchards of peach, cherry, and apple trees, greet 
the eye, contrasting fiirely with the dark soil of the 
hills, and testifying to the neatness and thrift of the 
people. The whole region is picturesque, attractive, 
well watered, and most inviting as a place of summer 
residence. It only needs a railroad to make it speedily 
accessible in order to draw a larger population. 

Green Spring Valley is a beautiful tract of country, 
running nearly west and east, and opening out at the 
basin of Lake Roland. It extends from near Owings' 
Mills to the latter, a distance of about seven miles, 
and is about two miles in its greatest breadth. Its 
name was derived from the numerous springs which 
bubbled up in two small lakes near the head of its 
depression, situated in the midst of a tract remarkable 
for its rich verdure. The ridge on its north side rises 
by gradual stages from the basin adjoining the North- 
ern Central Railroad, and rolls in lower broad waves 
towards the bed of the valley. On the south side, a 
chain of hills rises in majestic beauty above the hori- 
zon. This ridge starts from near its opening with a 
high back, about three-quarters of a mile long, and is 
continued by six or seven others of less length, all 
crowned with tall trees, and flowing westward like the 
folds of a huge sea-serpent, until lost amid the domes 
at the head of the valley. Fine large farms range on 
both sides and along the flanks of the hills ; frequent 
belts of limestone cross the roads or appear in the 
sides of the knolls, and many of the choice country- 
seats of wealthy citizens of Baltimore lie half con- 
cealed behind the groves of trees which shut iu the 
landscape. The soil varies from clay to loam, is well 
watered in most places, and yields abundant crops of 
cereals and fruits. The valley is placed in the midst 
of a rich grazing tract containing numerous dairy- 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



farms, which produce vast quantities of the richest 
milk and cream, and prove the importance of this 
district to the not distant city. 

Crossing the broad rise of Chestnut Ridge, upon 
which Reisterstown is situated, and proceeding a 
short distance towards the east, we are met by a view 
of indescribable natural beauty. Worthington's Val- 
ley stretches out in a broad oval depression, having a 
general northeast by southwest trend, of nearly five 
miles in width, and of somewhat more than that in 
length. It is surrounded on all sides but one by mod- 
erately high, almost abruptly sloping hills, crowned 
with deep forests of every variety of green. The de- 
pression becomes gradually deeper as Western Run 
is approached, while several of its tributaries take 
rise along the flanks of the ridge on the southeastern 
and western sides of the basin. A short swell of low 
limestone hills pushes into the valley from near the 
middle of the southeast side, and contributes an ele- 
ment of variety to the view in that direction. The 
valley is underlaid by a sheet of white limestone of 
extraordinary purity and excellence, in which exca- 
vations have been carried to a depth of more than 
sixty feet without reaching to the underlying rocks. 
Wells have been sunk in niany parts of the valley, 
some of them twelve feet, others twenty-five feet, and 
the deepest beyond sixty feet, always entering the 
limestone at a point eight to ten feet beneath the sur- 
face, and generally reaching an abundant supply of 
pure water. The only hindrance to obtaining the 
water occurs where the limestone is deep and dry, 
probably made so by the numerous sink-holes which 
are found in many parts of this area. All around the 
inner rim of this basin shattered quartz fragments lie 
thickly settled in the soil, while similar pieces are 
less abundantly seen on the tops of the ridges ; but all 
over the valley these fragments, of precisely the same 
stone, have been turned into more rounded bowlders, 
and lie buried there in a stratum often six to eight 
feet thick, in a clayey, micaceous soil. Beneath this 
is a layer of pure white sand, usually about two feet 
thick, resting immediately upon the limestone, and is 
turned into a quicksand wherever the water runs into 
it from the higher levels. The hills which inclose 
this amphitheatral basin are composed of mica schists, 
everywhere deeply decomposed, and only to be seen 
firm in a few small spots where the damp shadowing 
vegetation has protected them from the sun and at- 
mosphere. These few ledges are the harder remnants 
of enormous masses, which once stood towering in 
craggy peaks above the summits of the ridge. Enough 
remains to show that they had a general dip of about 
sixty degrees a little west of south. Bowlders of brown 
hematitic iron ore lie scattered over the surface near 
the outer side of the valley, and shallow beds of the 
same occur in the midst of the quartz bowlders, and on 



the lower edge of the micaceous uplifts. Numerous 
springs burst from the schists which fill the hills, 
yielding an almost inexhaustible supply of limpid 
water, and filling the air with a cool temperature 
peculiarly grateful to the senses. Nature has en- 
dowed this lovely valley with everything needed for 
the comfort of man. A deep, fertile soil spreads out 
all around ; vegetable humus is washed down from the 
hills by every freshet ; all the cereals grow in rich pro- 
fusion ; fruits of all the usual kinds are at home here ; 
brooks cut their way through the meadows at frequent 
intervals, and two kinds of water for drinking run 
from the hills or swell up in the limestone wells. The 
woods are full of varieties of flowering shrubs and 
plants, and the ferns luxuriate in dense thickets upon 
every moist hillside or hollow, and form brakes in the 
damp corners of the meadows. A solitary hornblende 
bowlder, about the size of a bushel basket, lying in the 
upper part of this valley, at a distance of five or six 
miles from its native bed, attests the power of the 
floods which at various times have poured over the 
hills into the adjoining basins. This peaceful valley 
rests in the midst of a scene of quiet beauty, aflbrding 
pleasant prospects in all directions. It only needs a 
system of good roads to render ithighly attractive to resi- 
dents of the city who seek a place for health and repose. 
The Great Central Basin, as it may properly be called, 
is the broad open depression adjoining Cockeysville. 
It is a wide stretch of country, sloping inward from 
the rolling hills on the north, west, and south, but 
itself rolling gently away towards the southeast and 
south, and connecting with smaller valleys in those 
directions. Its general expression is that of an east- 
and-west oval basin, bounded by Chestnut Ridge on 
the left, and by Ashland Ridge on tlje right. Beaver 
Dam Creek traverses nearly its whole length from 
west to east, and Western Run crosses its northeast 
corner. It is a great limestone basin, scooped out of 
the archsean rocks, overlaid by iron-ore clays in de- 
pressions, and with quartz cobble-stone and local drift 
accumulations distributed throughout in their beds. 
It is at once the centre of the marble and agricultural 
interests. The Beaver Dam and other quarries yield 
inexhaustible supplies of choice white marble of 
various kinds, while the Texas belt supplies immense 
quantities of valuable limestone. In and around the 
basin large farms of rich soil in a high state of culti- 
vation are numerous, and on the northwest side is 
situated the celebrated Hayfields, the prize stock-farm 
of the county. All the cereals and fruits grow here 
in luxuriance, and the grazing farms supply the city 
with an abundance of milk and butter. Situated on 
the Northern Central Railroad, within three-quarters 
of an hour's ride from Baltimore, renders it quickly 
accessible, and it is rapidly filling up with an active 
and intelligent population. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



CHAPTEK II. 

GEOLOGY.i 

The introductory chapter of geological history be- 
gins in a period relative to which speculation takes 
the place of observation, and conjecture or hypothesis 
must supply, as best they can, the want of exact 
knowledge. In this outline we propose to leave these 
misty regions unexplored, and start from a state of 
things which we know to have once existed. We 
know that at a certain time in the world's history 
this portion of its surface consisted of vast bare sur- 
faces of rock and wide areas of water. Desolate and 
hopeless as this prospect would have seemed to a be- 
holder, these barren rocks and unfruitful waves, acted 
upon by heat and cold, by expansion and contraction, 
were to yield all the varieties of surface, of rock and 
soil, of hill, valley, bay, and river, which afford such 
pleasing diversity to-day. 

The first surface rocks laid down in the primeval 
ocean were no doubt sediments produced by the dis- 
integrative action of warm currents and chemical 
agents, and the shattering energies exercised by earth- 
quakes and electricity. Hard volcanic materials, 
such as lavas, trachytes, basalts, diorites, etc., had 
to be reduced to soft plastic masses in order to be 
changed into the rocks which form the lower crust of 
the region as it rests at the present time. A general 
deiwsition along almost parallel lines running nearly 
northeast by southwest afforded an axis upon which 
to build succeeding formations. As long ages of 
steadily increasing shrinkage and drying went on, 
foldings of the surface were pushed up above the 
mist-covered waters, and mountain ridges appeared. 
Frequent agitations of the mass produced changes of 
level, and the dispositions of rock and water became 
more varied. 

Sharing in the several continental changes which 
have formed the Atlantic belt of North America, 
Baltimore County has been developed from its condi- 
tion of primitive simplicity into a region of varied 
complexity. It now embodies within its substance 
the chief varieties of rocks, minerals, and soils be- 
longing to the whole territory east of Parr's Ridge. 
Looking broadly at the features which stand out most 
prominently, the county is seen to be traversed diag- 
onally by three general ridges of high hills, inclosing 
the valleys by lateral spurs and clusters of domes 
which deflect more or less from the main direction of 
northwest by southeast. Those on the northwest rise 
in series of high, chiefly broad-topped masses, with 
here and there a short, abrupt backbone ridge break- 
ing their continuity. They rise to an elevation of 
from six hundred to eight hundred feet above tide- 
water, and are chiefly composed of hydromica slates. 
The second series forms the great range, with its 
many radiating members, which crosses the country 



one mile or more north of Cockeysville, runs southwest 
to Reisterstown, and passes out of the county beyond 
that place. It rises to an altitude of four hundred to 
five hundred feet, and is built of the hornbleudic 
gneisses, containing some mica schists, quartzites, and 
a few granites. This is the great central area which 
incloses the principal limestone valleys, and which 
has suffered deep erosion, perhai)s during the Cam- 
brian period. 

The third is the area of lower blunt ridges which 
succeed each other between the northern boundary 
of Green Spring Valley, Woodstock, and the city of 
Baltimore. These latter foldings are composed chiefly 
of the lowest rocks belonging to the county. On the 
southwestern side they reach an altitude of more than 
four hundred feet above tide-water, and chiefly con- 
sist of dense granites, altered from a sedimentary con- 
dition by the action of heat. The other hills of this 
division are generally lower near the middle of the 
county, but they rise to nearly the normal elevation 
between the Great and Little Gunpowder Rivers. 

The geological formations which have thus far been 
detected in Baltimore County belong to the Arch^an 
(Laurentian and the Hydromica Schist series), Pa- 
laeozoic (Cambrian, or Lower Silurian), Mesozoic 
(Jurassic and Wealden, possibly Cretaceous), Ceno- 
zoic, or Tertiary, and Quaternary, or Modern. 

I. Archaean Age. — The first land which in this 
county rose above the surface of the general ocean 
was the broad belt, twenty miles wide, which stretches 
across the country on a diagonal line about three- 
quarters of a mile north of Monkton to about the 
same distance west of Reisterstown, and extends from 
that line south to tide-water. It is pre-eminently a 
region of crystalline and hard rocks. Hornblendic 
and feldspathic gneiss, both massive and stratified, 
syenite, granites, quartzites, and some granitic and 
gneissic mica schists appear in most parts of the ter- 
ritory. In addition to these, chloritic gneiss, serpen- 
tine, steatite, talc, asbestos, and magnesian rocks ap- 
pear in an interrupted series of hills which range 
diagonally across the county from near the southern 
end of Lake Roland to a point about five miles south- 
west of Reisterstown. The hills of the primeval 
archsean era were less high than those of the hydro- 
mica schist age which succeeded them on the north. 
But they were once much higher than at the present 
time, and erosion, degradation, and decomposition 
have greatly reduced their size, and turned them for 
the most part into rounded domes. 

At the lowest accessible level of this formation, 
almost at the edge of tide-water, the rocks are seen to 
be hornblendic. Near the mouth of Jones' Falls, at 
Gwynn's Falls, and at those of Herring Run and the 
Gunpowder River, these underlying hornblende rocks 
are dense, rather fine-grained, and stratified. Often 
the stratification is lost, or indistinct, in the middle of 
the beds, while it is better defined or even quite dis- 
tinct on the outer limits. More commonly these 



GEOLOGY. 



hornblendic gneisses are destitute of scales of mica, 
or when this mineral is present, it appears only in 
very small grains. As we proceed northwardly across 
their line of strike, granitic gneiss appears at frequent 
intervals. Almost every hill has a bed of this rock 
of larger or smaller size. Some of these granitic 
masses are mere intercalations between the layers of 
dark gneiss, the stratified folds fitting intimately 
around every part of their form. In a few places 
they are intrusive, cross the gneiss at nearly right 
angles, and form slender dykes of chiefly silicious 
materials. Near the mouth of Gwynn's Falls granitic 
aggregations of various kinds occur in low hills (the 
remnants of former great ones), and in the old bed of 
the stream. These are charged with large laminfe of 
mica almost regularly stratified, while the chief con- 
stituents of the masses are quartz and orthoclase 
feldspar. Proceeding up this creek, the attention is 
arrested by the conspicuous transverse yellow belts of 
granitic gneiss which cross and uplift its bed. Wher- 
ever a gorge has been made in the course of this 
stream, as at the dam which feeds the race of the 
flour-mills on the Frederick turnpike, huge piles of 
this rock, somewhat squarely jointed, jut up to a con- 
spicuous height. At a date not now known the 
granitic gneiss at this place formed a wall more than 
seventy feet high, fifty feet wide, and two hundred 
feet long, which stood as a barrier across the bed of 
the stream. But by the continuous wearing of sand 
and water, driven against it through long periods of 
time, and by the irresistible force of heavy floods, it 
has been reduced to a lower level, and finally broken 
down to within twenty feet of its lowest exposure. 
This rock, like most of the others which formed dams 
in this stream, is of a yellowish color, coarse-grained, 
and composed of salmon-colored orthoclase in moder- 
ately large crystals, mixed with quartz in masses, 
veins, and fragments, and including mica in small 
tablets or broken scales. It is dense in some parts, 
loosely compounded in others, and shows evidences of 
irregular stratification. Frequent seams of detached 
bits of quartz, both smoky and white, run through 
the layers along the line of strike, while the north- 
eastern end of tlie mass passes into and mixes with 
the hornblendic gneiss lying beneath. This rock 
also bounds this great bed on its upper side and in- 
closes it beneath, apparently constituting a great 
mould into which it fits, and in which it has been 
modeled by enormous pressure. 

This furnishes a fair example of the type of bedding, 
and of the kind of granitic gneiss which appears in 
most of the hornblendic schists of our Laurentian area. 

The whole county appears to be built into, if not 
laid down upon, hornblendic rock and gneiss. The 
former rock crops out along the boundary line on the 
Little Gunpowder River; it occurs with a few inter- 
ruptions upon the whole western boundary next the Pa- 
tapsco, and it occupies the principal part of the country 
between the city of Baltimore and Owings' Mills. It 



the city in or beneath every large hill, is con- 
spicuous along all the rapidly-flowing brooks, creeks, 
and rivers, and it contributes largely to the local drift 
which clogs the ravines and covers the low hills in 
the middle of the southern part of the county. No 
rock in all this region ofiers such variety of texture 
and such peculiarities of arrangement. In the region 
south of Pleasant Valley it is as dense as trap, com- 
posed of fine flattened grains of hornblende and 
ragged particles of quartz, has a conchoidal fracture 
when undecomposed, and forms the central mass of 
various hills, rising more than seventy feet above the 
bed of the river. At a point about one-half mile 
north of Monkton is a hill of hornblendic slates and 
schists. The strata are almost vertical, but dip a 
little west of north ; they consist of layers of gneiss, 
having hornblende as the principal ingredient, to 
which is added feldspar and some quartz. The layers 
range from an inch or two to two or three feet in 
thickness. A few of them are thickly set with fine 
scales of mica, but in general they are not charged 
with conspicuous seams of that mineral. A close ex- 
amination of this rock shows that crystallization of 
the quartz sometimes proceeded in narrow layers, 
passing diagonally through the plastic mass, and 
forming small inclosures of the matrix, like the divis- 
ions in a nest of boxes. Occasionally the strata are 
abruptly bent in the midst of the straighter ores, like 
a series of steps ; the material on each side of this 
filling out in progressively more even lines until all 
trace of inequality is lost on the sides. 

The outer divisions of this hill are composed of 
broad belts of this rock, curving downwards and con- 
verging, while the next inner series of strata is pressed 
into broad undulations, which inclose the somewhat 
jointed, compact, and massive hornblende granite. 
South of Monkton, as well as directly next it on the 
north, the ridges are composed of very variously ar- 
ranged beds and strata. The latter are twisted and 
thrown back upon the underlying members until an 
almost horizontal position is reached. This condition 
obtains in the midst of beds of varying texture, but 
having a general dip west of north of about forty-five 
degrees. Where these abrupt folds occur the grains 
are less densely compacted, and are somewhat thrust 
apart, particularly in the apex of the bend. Suflicient 
flexibility has here been attained rather by the move- 
ment of individual particles than by the cracking to 
pieces of crystals and masses. Several of these in- 
verted folds inclose coarse uneven granites, composed 
of various kinds of feldspar, of quartz, and of mica, 
in particles or bits irregularly mixed or fused together, 
and sometimes very loosely compacted. Several of 
such hills appear in succession as the line of strike 
is crossed in going southward, until the limestone 
is reached below Phoenix. From that point to 
Rider's Station no large outcrops of gneiss appear ; 
but near the latter the folds are seen to consist of feld- 
spathic gneiss, stained yellow by the oxide of iron de- 



22 



HISTORY GF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



rived from the decomposing hornblende. The eastern 
end of Lake Roland is cut out of the stratified horn- 
blondic gneiss at the interval where it has been 
broadly cleft asunder from the adjacent granite, 
which outcrops next the dam of the city water-works, 
on both shores. Decomposing hornblendic schists 
succeed this in all the hills along the railroad until 
the southern end of Mount Washington is reached. 
At this point the black rocks of hornblendic granite 
project along the top of the ridge on the right, while 
the strata in the lower exposures are seen to be schists 
of gneiss, ranging from a coarse-grained, dark mix- 
ture through finer-grained paler gray to an almost 
white, micaceous, quartzose, sandstone-like rock of 
firm texture. A fault has allowed these newer layers 
of gneiss to .slide down sixty feet or more, and thus 
the hornblendic granite, greatly cracked and dissev- 
ered, stands on tojj in huge piles. Some of these 
latter have been precipitated to lower levels, and form 
angular bowlders along the ea.stern flank of the hill. 
The gap thus made has opened a trough across the 
strike of the strata, through which the waters of 
Jones' Falls flow, while another break is reached 
about one mile farther down-stream, where two hills 
of hornblendic granite are made by a split at nearly 
right angles to the direction of the former, causing 
the stream to alter its course and make an abrupt 
bend. A broad basin follows next beyond this, 
scooped out to a lower level than that of the gap de- 
scribed. The western side of this area, as far as 
Woodberry, is composed of stratified gneiss of less 
dense texture, the top of which has been plowed 
down by water, and perhaps also by ice, to within six 
to eight feet of the lower level. Over this the wash- 
ings of the hills beyond have been deposited to a 
depth of four feet or more, and along the beds of the 
two little brooks which formerly crossed this undula- 
tion the broken fragments of the hornblendic rock 
have been distributed in rows of bowlders. On the 
most northward of these two streams the black 
bowlders are of very large size upon the hill, but 
lower down they appear gradually smaller and more 
numerous until the bottom of the basin is reached. 
The open low areas of this region have all been 
scooped out of the softer rocks, while the surround- 
ing hills are made of tougher and more highly meta- 
morphosed masses of denser materials. 

South of Woodberry the hills are abrupt on their 
eastern sides, slope gradually on the west, and are 
rapidly decaying in all their exposed surfaces. The 
hornblendic rock is succeeded by fine-grained, more 
or le.ss chloritic gneiss, either of a grayish-black or 
yellowish-white color, which breaks down into a fine 
yellowish powder, yielding a dry, dusty soil. Pene- 
trating the hill bounding Druid Hill Park, on the 
northeast corner is a bed of unevenly mixed granite. 
This reaches the surface beside a crack, through which 
runs a small brook. Being highly charged with firm 
(juartz, it mostly resists the action of the solvents in 



I the water and atmosphere, and stands as a prop to 
! support its adjuncts on the south. On the lower 
; eastern boundaries of Druid Hill the granites begin 
again, and appear in large masses. They cross the 
bed of Jones' Falls in high beds, giving rise to cas- 
cades, wherever they have not been broken off by 
heavy floods. Some of these are of the kind known 
as graphic granites, exhibit a highly crystalline and 
glossy surface when broken, and consist of coarse 
grains of quartz, fused together with large crystals 
and chunks of orthoclase, and holding tablets of mica 
of various sizes. Most of these, however, are more 
fine and even-grained, consisting of quartz and white 
feldspar, with very little mica, and showing more 
distinctly an orderly arrangement of their grains in 
nearly parallel lines. All the beds of granites in 
this section of country, as far as they have been ac- 
cessible to inspection, have proved to be inclosed in 
the less metamorphosed stratified gneiss. The beds 
lie between the folds of gneiss, the latter fits all around 
their form, and they often send ofl" slender tongues 
between the layers, or are, occasionally, even con- 
nected with slender veins of quartz, w-hich run in vari- 
ous directions across the strata. The Jones' Falls 
quarries, just north of the city, are an excellent ex- 
ample of the forms of gneiss and granitic gneiss 
which particularly belong to Baltimore County. 
Here are beds folded at a high angle, fifty to seventy 
degrees north of northwest, having a pretty regular 
strike in conformity with the continental axis, and 
with the tops of the strata planed off throughout a 
tract embracing hundreds of acres. In this series of 
beds are the sedimentary gneisses of every variety of 
texture and composition, altered by metamorphic 
agents into shales, schists, and dense beds in great 
variety. Black mica abounds, and forms a principal 
ingredient in some of the layers. In others the pale 
mica appears in finer and more even scales, associated 
with hornblende and feldspar. The broken ends of 
some of these layers project up to a height of eighty 
to ninety feet, while they become gradually broader 
beneath, and are there more altered, compacted, and 
I hardened. Quarrying beneath the surface has ex- 
posed sections of these rocks equal to a height of one 
hundred and thirty feet. This has shown that con- 
solidation of the materials has proceeded from 
beneath. The grain there becomes fine and close, 
quartz and hornblende are evenly associated, a mini- 
mum of mica, if any, is present, and a fine granitic 
gneiss becomes the substitute for the shaly layers 
above. Here and there a small bed of coarse granite 
is completely inclosed, and in two cases small rounded 
masses of this rock have been seen fitted in the strata 
surrounding them, like a ball in its socket. Proceed- 
ing into the city of Baltimore, the same classes of 
gneiss continue until near tide-water. At intervals 
they are interrupted by broad beds of disintegrating 
granite, consisting of coarse and fine grains of quartz, 
feldspar, and a small proportion of mica and horn- 



23 



blende. In some of the beds the mica is abundant 
in fine scales, the hornblende is scarcely apparent, 1 
and the quartz forms the principal proportion of the 
mixture. These quartz grains are of every, possible 1 
form, from a flattened, ragged scale to an oblong or I 
rounded pebble, and are usually charged with cracks 
and crevices. For the most part they are rather 
smoky and imperfectly translucent, often stained 
brownish by the presence of iron, but occasionally 
of great brilliancy and almost transparent. 

On approaching Union Depot the black rocks again 
appear, and extend along and then under Jones' 
Falls in a blunt ridge sloping thirty feet beneath the 
surface near the edge of the harbor. As this rock is 
directly overlaid by the micaceous gneiss along the 
outer edges of the formation southeast of the city, and 
as it appears in all of the less broken exposures on 
the tide-water side between the latter and the Great 
Gunpowder River, it is reasonable to infer that it is 
the bed-rock everywhere beneath the Jurassic on the 
Chesapeake boundary of the county. Digging arte- 
sian wells has shown that this gneiss occurs at a depth 
of about one hundred and forty-five feet at a distance 
of one mile from the city along the estuary of the 
Patapsco in Baltimore County, and that in Fort Car- 
roll, seven miles farther out, the same rock is reached 
at a depth of one hundred and ninety-five feet from 
the surface. Accordingly, and from other artesian 
excavations, it is plainly shown that the hornblendic 
granites have been swollen from beneath into ranges 
of domes, which extend out for unknown distances 
towards the ocean, and that the intervening, deeper 
basins have been made by powerful erosion, which 
has carried away all the softer parts of the upper 
layers of archtean rocks, and cut down to the more 
solid and strong parts of the lower beds. 

The region a few hundred feet back from the pres- 
ent limits of tide-water is important, as furnishing ex- 
cellent examples of the type of structure of many of 
our hills. One of the best preserved of these is a 
rounded hill dipping in all directions, which for con- 
venience maybe called a cycloclinal, — i.e., having the 
sides sloping all around the circle. It is now a low 
hill in which the strata of hornblendic gneiss follow 
each other in serial order. The upper layer, about 
five feet thick, is of coarse-grained dull feldspar, con- 
taining a smaller proportion of quartz in uneven mix- 
ture, of hornblende in fine, remote particles, and of 
very small scales of mica in moderate quantity. This 
stratum has been cracked into two divisions, and 
jointed at frequent intervals. It is spread out more 
horizontally than those beneath, and connects on its 
eastern side with the more broken remains of a second 
cycloclinal, which once stood a few rods beyond. The i 
next two strata are about six feet in thickness, are j 
bent at a little higher angle, and are very densely set 
with larger scales of black mica, constituting an un- 1 
evenly deposited schist. The next layer fits the above 
intimately, is about three feet thick, less micaceous. 



but more hornblendic, composed of more regular 
grains of feldspar, and is quite compact and strong. 
Underneath this is a series of foliated layers of finer- 
grained quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, in all not 
more than six inches thick. Below this a strongly- 
bent broad stratum of hornblendic gneiss fits closely ; 
next a few feet of rock having more quartz and less 
hornblende, and at the lowest exposure a highly-bent 
stratum of granitic gneiss, almost destitute of horn- 
blende, but containing a large proportion of highly 
crystalline quartz grains, in feldspar, with a little 
mica in minute spangles. As this little hill is set 
directly in the bed of Gwynn's Falls, it has caused 
that stream to deflect from a straight course, and to 
form a bend like the letter S. The creek has, how- 
ever, hammered for long periods against the hard 
flanks of this rigid barrier, and not without some 
success. For by sudden floods loaded with masses of 
stone and sand it has been broken stage by stage 
until most of the upper part of one side has been re- 
moved and carried away. Next north of this eleva- 
tion the edges of hornblendic and mica schists cross 
the bed of the stream, and are traversed in various 
directions by thick and thin veins of white quartz. 
These are followed by thick strata of hornblendic 
rock, and by more or less micaceous beds, mixed with 
coarse granite for a long distance. 

The fine-grained hornblende rock is a granite in all 
essential particulars. It is intimately united with all 
our lowest granites and flows into their mass ; or, on 
the other hand, the granites flow into it. This condi- 
tion of things does not involve dykes, although there 
are places near the Patapsco River, in the First and 
Second Districts, where both granite and hornblende 
veins push up through strata of granitic gneiss and 
cross them at various angles. So likewise on the 
Great Gunpowder River, etc. Hornblende rock forms 
dome-shaped upthrusts in various parts of this county. 
Several outcrops of this kind occur along the common 
strike of the belt, between the Belair and Philadel- 
phia roads, north of Whitemansh Run, and also be- 
yond the Great Gunpowder River, in the Eleventh 
District, in the lower part of the Third District, etc. 
Between the Reisterstown and the Liberty turnpike 
roads great beds of this rock lie exposed in every deep 
cut. These are of immense thickness, and of great 
density, hardness, and weight. How deeply they pene- 
trate into the earth is not known, but by adding to- 
gether the exposures at the different levels a section 
of at least three hundred feet might easily be con- 
structed. At various points they exhibit a strange 
phenomenon in weathering. Near the new bridges 
on Calvert and North Streets the centres of the beds 
are solid and only cracked into joints, but on their 
outer ends they are .seen to be split into numerous 
thin layers. This is due, in part at least, to the 
presence of iron pyrites. As the latter oxidizes it 
unites with the moisture of the atmosphere and 
gradually works its way in lines between the flattened 



24 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



grains of hornblende, and so forms an eroding agent 
whicli steadily splits the larger strata. Usually where 
a conspicuous proportion of feldspar is present the 
hornblende rock is stratified, while in most eases 
where there is an absence of this mineral, or of quartz, 
the stratification is not apparent without close exam- 
ination. 

No description of the gneissic system of our archaean 
geology would be complete which omitted to notice 
the commercial granites, the chloritic belts, the hy- 
dromica schist series, and the older limestones. 

The former constitute prominent rolls in the high 
hills which flank the western side of the county, from 
Ilchester to the uplands beyond Woodstock. Most 
prominent and best known arc those which are desig- 
nated by the name of Woodstock, Ellicott's City, and 
Elysville granites. The former are obtained from 
three large quarries exposed in the upper parts of 
long and wide hills, at an elevation of more than 
four hundred feet above the sea, set in a tract of 
country where this rock appears for a distance of about 
five miles in length from northwest to southeast, by 
nearly two miles in width from northeast to southwest. 
To this should be added the interrupted belt which 
extends from the Eelay House to a short distance 
above Ellicott's City. Each small section possesses 
a different kind of granite, so that it is generally easy 
to distinguish between one sample brought from the 
region of Granite village and one brought from be- 
yond, or indeed from different quarries in the same 
neighborhood. Those from the vicinity of the last- 
mentioned place are finer-grained than those near 
Ellicott's City, while the most northwesterly of them 
has the finest grain of all. This statement must be 
confined to the granites which have been introduced 
as an article of merchandise, for there are still finer- 
grained varieties resting m single hills between the 
gneiss near Orange Grove, near Ilchester, and near 
the mouth of Gwynn's Falls. The hills in which the 
first-mentioned varieties occur rise as gentle elevations 
of fifty feet or more above the general level of the 
folds of the adjacent ridge. The rocks of the three 
quarries mentioned are composed of ragged grains of 
dull white feldspar, with a smaller portion of orthoclase 
feldspar, clear quartz, hornblende in smaller spicu- 
lated grains, in medium quantity, unevenly mixed, 
and with quite small flakes of pale mica in small 
quantity. An agreeable light gray color is the result 
of this composition, which strongly resembles the 
varieties brought from Richmond, Va., and from New 
Hampshire. AVhere lying undisturbed they curve 
gently in all directions, as if forming the upper mem- 
bers of a cycloclinal or anticlinal. But, as yet, they 
have not been sufiiciently laid bare to establish their 
exact connections with the beds next adjoining. Out- 
lying members of the series, however, are seen to fit 
into the more or less stratified hornblendic gneiss, 
and to grade into the hornblende rock, as has been 
noticed previously in some of the liinary trriuiites. 



As the hill is ascended behind the college at Wood- 
stock, the granite rises into the road in the form 
of a dome, with a top about four feet in diameter. 
This is encircled on the bed of the road by a belt of the 
same rock, of about six inches in thickness. To this 
was added, originally, other outer layers, of which 
vestiges still remain, showing the same curvature and 
inward bend, and serving to establish the fact that 
they all belonged to a nearly hemispherical mass of 
granite. It should be noticed at this point that the 
bed is slowly undergoing decomposition, and that the 
concentric form of these outer shells may be due to 
the manner in which the grains crack apart as they 
lose tenacity. However, throughout the upper parts 
of the quarries, in the freshly-broken rock, a similar 
curvature is also seen. In a quarry of fine granite, 
owned by T. Putney, in the near vicinity of this 
road, a most striking phenomenon presents itself. All 
around the upper part, as far down as the excavation 
has been well exposed, the outer grains of the rock 
have decomposed, fallen aside or into adjoining joints, 
and have left the strata lying in the form of huge 
eggs, or elliptical masses. Some of these are twenty- 
two feet long by twelve to fifteen feet in diameter, 
while others are scarcely more than five feet in length 
by three feet in breadth, and indeed they occur of 
various dimensions. The outside of all these bodies 
is seen to be more or less stained brownish by the 
oxide of iron derived from the particles of decom- 
posing hornblende, but this decomposition extends 
inwards to a depth of rarely more than about six 
inches. Inside of this the clear gray color of the rock 
asserts its tenacity, and is extensively employed for 
first-class buildings. The same phenomenon occurs 
in the other quarries of this region, but on a much 
smaller scale. In this hill, as in the others near it, 
the granites lie in layers a few feet in thickness, one 
above the other. The wedge-shaped end of one fill- 
ing out a corresponding corner at the end of its next 
neighbor, while others taper in yet more slender 
wedges, which run between contiguous ones, on 
nearly the same plane ; and so the whole series is 
made up of long bands, firaetured obliquely, or in 
contact, end to end, where jointed squarely. Several 
other varieties of granite occur in beds of smaller 
size, near the Patapsco River, in the Second District. 
One of these is a salt-and-pepper mixed pattern, with 
the grains of feldspar and quartz smaller than those 
in the beds already opened around Granite Post-oflice, 
and have the particles of hornblende as small as pins' 
heads, and rather evenly disseminated throughout. 
It occurs in layers a few feet thick, pushing up 
through the coarse granitic and hornblendic gneiss 
on both sides of the Patapsco River. 

The next variety is very compact, occurs in the 
same region, is almost pure white, and resembles crys- 
talline marble in its general appearance. The few 
grains of hornblende that it contains are mere atoms 
placed at very remote intervals, and rather regularly 



25 



distributed. It also appears in small beds, set in simi- 
lar position between the layers of coarse gneiss. 

Across the Patapsco River, opposite Elysville, is a 
large outcrop of granite, forming the body of a ridge 
fully sixty feet high. The rock is a fine-grained mix- 
ture of white feldspar, quartz, hornblende, and mica. 
The grains are somewhat flattened, ragged, and 
irregular, and the hornblende is small, set in slen- 
der streaks of jagged atoms along interrupted lines. 
Atoms of mica are sparingly distributed through the 
feldspar, and are generally placed between the finer 
grains. The color of this granite is generally that of 
pale lead, a little darkened by the short streaks of 
black hornblende. This large bed is set into a broken 
mass of granitic gneiss into which it grades, the mica 
increases in quantity and size until a somewhat schist- 
ose character is imparted to the strata. Decomposi- 
tion is making havoc with these outer parts near the 
road, and the weathering parts are being variegated 
with ochreous brown. It then appears more like a 
sandstone, the grains become rounder, and it finally 
washes down into a loose, sandy soil. 

The EUicott's City granite may be known by its 
dark-gray appearance, varied by oval or square large 
crystals of pink and white feldspar. These pieces of 
orthoclase are sometimes of an inch or more in length, 
while the general average of the fragments scarcely 
exceeds the one-twelfth of an inch in size. In some 
parts of the beds extraordinary diversity of mixture 
obtains, large and small crystals of different kinds of 
feldspar are placed in contact with quartz and large 
grains of hornblende, and the rock displays highly 
crystalline and lustrous surface. The texture of this 
composition is close, hard, and very enduring. In 
the presence of damp, iron-charged soil it disinte- 
grates and turns into paste, but in ordinary situations 
it strongly resists the atmosphere. 

Between this place and Orange Grove the greatest 
number of species of granite may be obtained. Some, 
such as the variety just described, form the larger 
jiart of the great hills which constitute the ridge 
rising more than a hundred feet above the bed of the 
river. Below Ilchester long, intrusive beds of rose- 
colored porphyritic granites jut out in the midst of 
tlie blackish varieties, and within a radius of two 
miles southeast of this point a dozen patterns of 
granites, from an almost black species beautifully 
mottled and inscribed to a pale, delicate bluish-gray, 
fiue-grained, wavy-streaked variety, form a grand 
uplift near Orange Grove. Near the bridge below 
Ilchester these rocks are held in the embrace of the 
great hornblende strata, in some cases fade into them, 
while the pale-red or salmon varieties vein through 
them at difl'erent angles. 

Another species of granite, somewhat resembling 
the EUicott's City type, occurs in and next to the 
Great Gunpowder River, near the Philadelphia turn- 
pike. It is a gray rock, composed of moclerately large 
grains of feldspar and quartz, the former being some- 



times rosy, charged with black hornblende in short, 
wavy, slender lines, bent in every direction, and with 
but very little mica, in exceedingly small scales. Oc- 
casionally very coarse aggregations of hornblende, 
as well as large crystals of ragged feldspar, give it a 
very conspicuous appearance. In density, hardness, 
and weight it will stand equal to any of the other 
varieties. It weathers into ridgy, waved, broken lines 
of quartz and feldspar, very much like the granite 
from EUicott's City. Away from the centre of the 
massive beds it runs into thin layers, and finally 
changes into stratified hornblendic gneiss. Horn- 
blende invades it from various directions, and pene- 
trates, or rests within its mass, in swollen wedges, in 
bent lines, in vein-like, thick streaks, or in blunt, 
tongue-like projections. Near the road, beyond the 
bridge, it rises in concentric strata, inclosed all around 
by strata of true gneiss, having been originally pushed 
up in dome-shaped waves, which have been planed 
off by the rushing of water and hard matter over its 
surface. The rocks in this region have the u.sual dip 
towards the north-northwest at very high angles, while 
the concentric strata connect with others which ex- 
tend away in more parallel lines. 

At the former limit of tide-water near the mouth of 
Gwynn's Falls, a gray granite of fine texture occupies 
the lower and central part of a large exposure in the 
side of a hill. It is a rock composed of ragged grains 
of feldspar and quartz, with finer fragments of horn- 
blende, and a few very minute .scales of mica. At the 
ends, and as it jjroceeds upwards, the rock becomes 
stratified, grades into gneiss and micaceous schist, and 
loses its distinctive granitic character. This, with the 
preceding illustrations of the variable nature of our 
granites, will serve to show that at least many of them 
were originally deposited as ordinary sediments and 
that they have been changed to their highly crystal- 
line condition by the action of heat, probably pen- 
etrating them in the form of steam and gas. 

The next great rock system which demands our at- 
tention is the Chloritic, embracing the serpentines, 
chlorite schists, soapstone, talc, and magnesian com- 
positions, with their included ores and minerals. 
I They occur most prominently in certain ranges of 
rounded, moderately-elevated hills running in a gen- 
erally northeast by southwest direction along both 
sides of the great limestone basins of the middle of the 
county. The first and smallest of these is the tract 
of country known as the Bare Hills,— a barren, for- 
bidding region of blackish-green, hard, dry rocks, 
everywhere exposed at the surface and in the deep 
cuts of the little streams. 

Tunnels have been cut into the massive, jointed 
beds, and deep pits have been dug to reach the chro- 
mic iron, but everywhere the same dark rock presents 
itself, relieved only by magnesian efflorescence, or 
brownish stains of oxide of iron. As nearly as can 
be determined, these rocks dip north of east, at an 
angle of nearly forty-five degrees. They are bounded 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



on the east by the granitic ledges of Lake Roland, 
and on the other sides by the hornblendic and mica- 
ceous gneiss. Their unconformability witli the gnels- 
sic sj'stem in this region seems clear; but as we ap- 
proach Druid Hill Park, along the line of Green 
Spring Avenue, they cross the line of strike of the 
hornblende rocks, are fitted into them in belts a few 
feet wide, and stretch oft' under the surface in a nar- 
row tongue, whicli has been cut into on Charles Street 
near Chase. As only the edges of the strata are ex- 
posed on the roads north of the Park, it is not now 
possible to state whether the serpentiue lies in faults 
within the hornblendic beds. But at all events, it 
fits intimately into the places which it there occupies, 
and might readily be supposed to be of the same age 
as the massive hornblende. A few indications of the 
pi'esence of serpentine are seen next the great horn- 
blende area east of the Pimlico road, but on both 
sides of Green Spring Avenue it occurs in the chlo- 
ritic soils which display their barrenness on the flanks 
and sides of the hills. Chlorite affects the rocks and 
makes its appearance over a diagonal stretch of coun- 
try, less than an eighth of a mile wide, running across 
the Reisterstown turnpike to the Liberty road, about 
one mile west of Baltimore; next appearing a few 
rods west of Gwynn's Falls on the old I'rederick road, 
extending beyond the Frederick turnpike and becom- 
ing lost in the hills southeast of Catonsville. North- 
west of the latter place it occupies a wide space of 
surface, stretching off' towards Liberty. 

The largest area of serpentine in this county is the 
great group of hills called Soldiers' Delight. It is 
dark and forbidding like the former, but more ele- 
vated, and constructed on a grander scale. Possibly 
the hills are only great mounds of rock, pushed up to 
their present level by the drying and shrinking of 
the earth's surface. Such enormous beds do not seem 
to be intrusive upthrusts, or dykes. Cleavage, or 
jointing, is carried to an extreme development 
throughout their whole extent, but it is not the joint- 
ing of gneiss, nor the cleavage of granite. Square or I 
diagonal fracture-lines pass through them at frequent 
intervals, and give to the weathered surfaces the ap- 
pearance of gaping wounds in a parched integument. 

Two other areas of this rock occur, the one a little 
east of Black Rock Run, north of Butler Post-office, 
and the other near the forks of the Great Gunpowder ; 
but they present the same general features as the 
others, and have no peculiarities calling for a further 
notice at this time. 

All of these areas are of value from the pockets of 
chrome and beds of precious serpentine and copper 
which they contain. In the Bare Hills valuable de- 
posits of several varieties of fine-grained serpentiue 
exist, more than one of which will fevorably compare 
with the celebrated verd-antique marble. Here also, 
as well as in the Soldiers' Delight, extensive pockets 
of chrome have been excavated, aud for several years 
a copper-mine gave its quota of good ore to the agents 



who worked it. An expansion of this formation ad- 
joins Catonsville on the northwest, and there may be 
found beds of .soapstone, seams of asbestos, some talc, 
and occasionally tremolite and actinolite. About one 
mile north of Druid Hill the hornblendic-magnesian 
rock has been suddenly bent into small anticlinal and 
synclinal folds, exhibiting a highly metallic and al- 
most ftised appearance. Some of the folds have been 
overthrown, so as to lie at a very low angle. Most 
jmrts of this member of the series, however, dip about 
seventy degrees, a little west of north, show the strati- 
fication distinctly, and pitch towards the west. Beau- 
tiful thin seams of talc have once been folded into 
these, but only a few of their shattered remnants are 
now left to indicate their former places. Steatite oc- 
curs in the northwestern part of the First District, and 
has there been extensively quarried for commercial 
purposes. The great breaking up of the surface 
which seems to have occurred about the close of the 
Cambrian period scooped out vast quantities of these 
magnesian rocks with their associated overlying mica 
schists and left basins, to be afterwards occupied by 
corals and other animals, and the algje, which con- 
tributed to the masses of limestones and marble now 
spread throughout most of their expanse. 

The hydromica schist formation naturally follows 
next in order. It occupies the highest levels of the 
county, and stretches over its whole width from the 
Pennsylvania boundary to Reisterstown on the west, 
and to the head-waters of the Little Gunpow-der on 
the east. High crests of this rock, of a blackish-gray 
color on the weathered faces, stand up on ridges 
which often rise to an elevation of more than six 
hundred feet above the sea. The masses are frequently 
of immense size, cracked and dislocated in various 
directions, and stand out at various angles along the 
steep slopes down which they have slid. Both syn- 
clinal and anticlinal folds, both short and long, stretch 
over the whole width of the area from north to south. 
In some cases these rocks reach over like tongues into 
the limestone country farther south, and in a few in- 
stances, as near Butler Post-office, beyond Ashland, 
and in the ridges next above Green Spring Valley, 
they have formed islands, probably, in the Cambrian 
Ocean. The excessive proportion of silvery mica 
throughout this formation is its most quickly distin- 
guishing feature. It is mixed with quartz, which 
spreads out in lumpy layers between its plates, and 
which sometimes pushes through it in large veins. 
As we proceed well into it, the newly-fractured rock 
of the central parts of the beds shows a slippery, 
satin-like surface, coated with more metallic-looking 
mica (Damouriti:), and this is often connected with 
beds of steatite, which thrust their stout root-like 
veins into the strata like huge cancers. Along the 
southern boundary of this formation the scales of 
mica are coai-se and the slaty character less distinct 
than it is seen to be as the State line is approached. 
Beyond Pleasant Valley splendid examples of tlie 



GEOLOGY. 



27 



schist, of a highly silvery appearance, fill the nar- 
rowly-folded anticlinal and synclinal hills. There, 
too, the layers of that rock are very neatly wrinkled 
in narrow wavy lines. Quartz in lenticular laminie 
rests between the layers, and, where foliated, its struc- j 
tare is more closely pressed together, while the little } 
prominences set all over the surface are found to be i 
occupied by garnets. These rocks are bent and folded i 
in almost every possible way. The white quartz con- i 
trasts strongly with the gray mass, and forming slen- 
der veins, imitates many of the more crooked letters 
of the alphabet. Compression of the strata has often | 
bent the inclosed granular quartz in such a manner as 
to force it back upon itself. Some of these intercala- 
tions are several inches in thickness, and have in- 
volved the surrounding layers of mica to such an j 
extent as to double them inwards in a series of com- 
plicated folds. Near their outer limits, these rocks 
occasionally include a bed of sandstone like gray 
gneiss, but usually these masses are of small extent, ■, 
and of no great thickness. A paler gray, closer- 
grained sandstone is sometimes interstratified in other 
parts of the area, and it seems to be of a texture fit 
for grindstones and hones. The most striking feature 
of this formation is the celebrated Black Rock, on 
the creek of that name, about one-half mile north of 
Butler Post-office, in the Fifth District. This is the 
shattered remnant of a former great hill of tlie dark 
mica schist which at one time crossed the Falls turn- 
pike near the fork in Black Rock Run. On the west 
side of the road it now rises in picturesque attitude 
to a height of about thirty-five feet. It is weather- 
beaten, varied with patches of gray, green, and yel- 
low lichens, and partly encircled below, and on pro- 
jecting angles, by the beautiful fern, Polypodium vul- 
gare. The most prominent part of this monumental 
mass consists of two vertical bowlders, standing on 
end, q^se together. They appear to be about twenty 
feet high, by nearly fifteen feet in width, rest upon a 
large broken bed of the same kind of rock, and are 
partly capped by smaller masses, which lean upon 
them almost horizontally. Behind them, the hill is 
filled with similar pieces of large size, tossed there by 
the dislocations which have disturbed the order of 
this whole bed, and shattered in part by descending 
from a higher level. 

In Butler the outer edge of this formation lies 
nearest to a stratified gneiss quartz-rock, separated 
from it by only a narrow gap. The gneiss is made up 
of the extremely fine particles of quartz, feldspar, and 
mica, sprinkled with atoms of hornblende. It is ar- 
ranged in very narrow strata placed almost vertical ; 
and dips away from the hydromica schist, although 
pressed against it lower down. 

Another remarkable example of the hydromica 
schist is the Raven Rock. It occurs in the Seventh 
District, on the south bank of the West Branch of the 
Great Gunpowder River, about one and a half miles 
southeast of Weisburg. The rock is a prominent dark 



ledge, which projects at least seventy-five feet above 
the earth, and overhangs the Gunpowder River. It 
is also part of a.great ridge, and is as usual broken 
and craggy. The wildest and most rugged region 
of all, while the highest, is that where these rocks 
are most prevalent, in the northwestern part of the 
county ; and there they may be studied in the char- 
acteristic and almost original condition in which they 
have been left by physical forces. 

All the geological formations thus far noticed be- 
long to the great underlying systems of primeval 
rocks. No remains of anything certainly known to 
belong to animal structure have been found in any of 
them. They constitute the floor upon which all the 
sedimentary and other formations of later periods 
have been laid down, and from the broken remains of 
which, in association with the remnants of organic 
beings, all the succeeding rocks have been derived. 

Palaeozoic Age. Cambrian and Lower Silurian 
Formations. — The period is now reached when living 
creatures and plants have begun to make their ap- 
pearance in the waters. A wide-spread ocean still 
covers much of the surface, and the eroded rocks 
have left deep cavities in the sides and between the 
swellings of the archsean masses, where rank growths 
of sea-weeds and the soft sea-worms could find place 
and protection. Doubtless hot springs and heated 
currents of water coursed here and there along the 
margins of the higher beds; skirting, perhaps, the 
drains and narrow valleys of the hydromica schists. 
As this period advanced, broad sheets of silicious 
conglomerates were laid down on the bottom, where 
the grinding waves had reduced the quartz seams to 
rounded pebbles. Powerful storms stirred the shal- 
low waters, breaking the mica from the schists, and 
sending it in the midst of sandy streams to the upper 
submerged plateaus. Fine silicious paste was laid 
down at more quiet intervals, until a broad deep sheet 
of quartz conglomerate and sandstone rested over an 
area extending perhaps from what is now the eastern 
edge of the Triassic brown sandstone belt across the 
greater part of our hydromica schist formation, and 
even projecting over a part of the county to within 
the Third, Ninth, and Eleventh Districts. Probably a 
few small belts of the Potsdam sandstone and pebbly 
quartzite were laid down along the old sea margin 
immediately north of Baltimore, since large angular 
fragments, with multitudes of smaller pieces, have 
been dug out of the drift along that line. These were 
not rounded, as would have been the case had they 
been brought from a long distance ; but their edges 
were sharp and unbroken, as if they had been cracked 
from freshly-broken beds. Also, in similar deposits 
in the same region, rounded small bowlders of the 
same system occurred, but in every case noticed they 
came from the harder and firmer parts of the rock, 
which could readily bear transportation in contact 
with other rounded quartz and pebble drift. The 
latter part of this epoch was characterized by enor- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



mous wear aud tear of the thick silicious beds which 
covered some of the swellings along the bottom of 
the shallower basins. Some of the.se were cut quite 
down through the hydromica schists to the older 
rocks beneath. Some of these basins, so made, are of 
great extent, such as Dulaney's and Worthington's 
Valleys, and all the long depressions opening out 
towards the southeast. The ocean entered by all 
these avenues, and was perhaps only cut off from the 
basins in other counties by the higher folds of ar- 
chiean rocks along the southwestern border of the 
county. Life must have teemed in the shallower parts 
of the great ocean. The drains and open gulfs may 
have been peopled by the corals and algie, and the 
foraminifora, no doubt, filled the bottom of the deeper 
waters with their constantly dropping shells. Long 
ages elapsed, and the slowly accumulating deposits 
liad become thick. In some places they were com- 
l)act, in others more loose and porous. Here and | 
there streams of oozy matter, ground from the flanks 
of the older rocks, mixed with sand, mica, aud sili- 
cious grit, coursed through the beds of limestone j 
mud, and left a long, wavy trail wherever they flowed. 
Still other layers of limestone mud, mixed with what- 
ever sediment was carried by the now gentler waves, I 
were laid over the former deposits, and by this time 
a stratum had accumulated of several hundreds of 
feet in thickness. Exact figures cannot be given, for 
no measurements ate obtainable at the present time. 

Such has been the method of construction of the 
Cambro-Silurian system of rocks. Its whole history 
has not yet been given to the world, but enough has j 
been .secured to enable us to recognize its most promi- \ 
nent features. 

Mesozoie Age. Jurassic and Wealden Formations. 
—Whole ages of geological history have passed since 
the Cambro-Silurian period came to an end ; but, ex- 
cepting a few badly-worn corals and brachiopods of 
the Lower Silurian epoch, buried in the drift of the 
Jurassic, no remains have been left to show that these 
periods had ever affected the county. Probably at the 
beginning of the Jurassic time great heat was active 
in the crust of the earth. Trap was thrust up through 
the cracks of the rocks in the brown sandstone of 
the Triassic, and through other formations, and tre- 
mendous contractions and expansions of the strata 
dropped whole hills to lower levels, while it lifted 
others in a corresponding degree. Drying and shrink- 
ing of the earth's surface had already settled the 
bolder reliefs of upland, and now the ocean was being 
pushed farther away, extensive marshes bordered the 
coast, and the lower midlands were covered with con- 
sjncuous groves of trees. Springs of water welled up 
through the sandy beds covering the primeval rocks, 
and lakes filled up the avenues between the rounder 
hills. Great beds of canes spread away in belts next 
the shores, and lagoons were tenanted by the ever- 
hungry Astrodon and his other reptilian relations. 
The climate was warm ; in the lowlands tlie atmos- 



phere moLst, and a plentiful vegetation grew all 
around. Exquisite tree-ferns flourished in the open- 
ings of the ravines, and the Cycad palms spread over 
the deep, rich soil near the swamps. Many forms of 
pine-like trees were established on the lower hills, 
aud they were spread out in wide forests as far back 
as the first high elevations beyond Druid Hill Park. 
Extensive washings of the surface, caused by the 
melting of glaciers on the flanks and in the cafions 
of the high mountain on the northwest of the county, 
brought down quantities of .sand and gravel and small 
rounded quartz bowlders from the rocky streams, and 
carried them out in piles as far as the border of the 
great ocean which washed the beach on a line with 
North Point and the mouth of the Gunpowder River. 
On that line beds of sandstone were being laid 
down, layer upon layer, until finally a deep and 
narrow strip of silicious rock stretched across the 
region, which wa-s afterwards to be the estuary of 
the Patapsco River, and away off through Cecil 
County, northeast, in the direction of the Delaware 
River. Probably this rocky belt then formed a high 
barrier, and served to arrest the mud and sand which 
was being continually carried towards it. The car- 
bonaceous mud of the Middle Jurassic and Wealden 
had now served its purpose in supporting a luxuriant 
vegetation, and the iron material had been stored in 
vast quantities throughout the beds of clay. The 
repose of long intervals of quiet was at length to be 
disturbed. The ice-barriers which had been gradually 
extending towards the coast were now being broken 
up. Floods swept down, cutting trenches through 
the clays and former drift mixtures, and opened 
channels into the sea. Ocean-waves aud floods from 
landward tossed the clays and sands about in rude 
heaps, and carved canals between the more refractory 
beds of the harder clays. These once opened, the 
higher tides rushed through them with great energy, 
cut away their corners, and left them standing in de- 
tached domes and wavy rounded swellings. Another 
epoch, the Cretaceous, made little or no change in 
the existing order of things, at least so far as any 
record has been left to us within the limits of this 
county. 

Cenozoic Age. — And now we reach a period when 
the whole region is lifted still higher above the sea, 
and later, when fluctuations of level in the crust of the 
earth forced up the mountains west of our county, and 
let down our coast to a depth of more than one hun- 
dred feet, admitting the ocean once more as far inland 
as Lutherville and Timonium. Proceeding stage by 
stage, it distributed the gravel in high heajis over the 
plateaus and in the basins, and cast down some of the 
rocks which had become detached along the summits 
of the hills. A time of greater quiet followed this, 
when a scanty vegetation of spruce grew upon the 
ridges south of Dulaney's Valley, but of all else 
during the remainder of this period no remains exist 
to point out its liistory. 



GEOLOGY. 



But now the end of the Cenozoic Age has been 
reached, the present position of land and water has 
been reached, and a temperate climate permits the 
growth of willows near the streams, and of chestnut 
and oak upon the rolling surfaces. Marshes of deep 
black mud were beginning to accumulate, and the 
tangled roots of grasses and shrubs were preparing 
the foundations of the later peat. 

Glacial Epoch. — The genial temperature of the 
Cenozoic has now passed away, glaciers have again 
settled on the mountains, and ice-rafts are crashing 
through every channel, carving more profoundly the 
beds of the streams, and plowing deep furrows in 
the surfaces of the bard rocks. Swelling floods, from 
the frequent melting of the ice-masses, pour through 
the valleys, grooving and rounding the edges of the 
limestones, and scoring parallel lines along the sides 
of the rocky ravines leading down to the rivers. New 
channels are cut in the Jurassic beds for the passage 
of the waters, and the mouths of these in turn are 
clogged with the rushing masses of sand, clay, and 
drift. Kows of hard bowlders are distributed in lines 
from their original ledges upon the sides of the ridges 
and plateaus, the upper edges of the gneisses at lower 
levels are planed off and then covered with the rocks 
detached from above. Finally, the ocean pushes the 
smaller bowlders, gravel, and sand over all the sur- 
face as far back as the lower falls of the rivers, and 
high hills of these materials stand up along the whole 
tide-water belt of the county. Later floods in this 
and the modern period have transported these gravels 
away from several of the hills and plateaus near tide- 
water, but the same formation still constitutes promi- 
nent elevations in places near the outer limits of the 
city, along North Avenue, near Fulton Station, and 
on Mount Royal Avenue. But in the region lying 
six to eight miles from Baltimore, between the Phila- 
delphia and Harford turnpikes, they form an elevated 
plateau, rising to fully one hundred feet above the 
adjacent lowlands. Clays have also been distributed 
during this period as shallow layers in the depres- 
sions washed out by the receding waters, and marsh- 
mud has been deposited around the shores and in the 
estuaries. Also, the full fauna and flora of the present 
had its culmination at this time, and all the diversi- 
ties of land and water had become established. The 
great American elephant roamed over the lower pla- 
teaus and plains, and a luxuriant growth of the swamp 
cypress and white cedar fringed the beaches around 
Locust Point, about the end of the tongue of land 
lying in the Thirteenth District, and along the shores 
of the Spring Gardens. 

Iron Ores. — From the earliest settlement of the 
county iron ores have been known to occur in various 
places near tide-water; and in course of time their 
existence was discovered in other places, until now 
almost every locality within the range of the archajan 
and limestone rocks affords more or less of this metal. 
First of all, however, rank the Jurassic clays, in the 



amount and quality of the ore which they contain. 
A great belt of these, extending from the Relay House 
on the Washington road to the estuary of the Gun- 
powder River (and into the adjoining counties), and 
having a width of about six miles on the west by ten 
miles on the east, is the natural repository of the 
highly-esteemed carbonates of iron. In the Twelfth, 
Thirteenth, and part of the Third Districts, these an- 
cient deposits are more than one hundred feet in 
depth. They are the dried muds of a once great 
marsh, which covered the whole southeastern border 
of Maryland, from the vicinity of the Delaware and 
Chesapeake Canal to the city of Washington, and 
which extended back across the country in a belt 
averaging nearly twenty miles in width. This has 
been the region of dense forests, canebrakes, tree- 
fern groves, and luxuriant vegetation, and from their 
macerated and reduced remains has been derived the 
carbon which afterwards combined with the iron, in 
the alumina from the hornblendic rocks and pyrites, 
to form the nodules and layers. These clays have 
also afforded the air-tight receptacle in which the 
ores have concentrated, or settled in thin strata. 

These carbonates of iron, widely known for their 
richness and purity of metal, are of two kinds. The 
one called Hone ore, from the drab color of its fresh 
exterior, and from its resemblance to the fine-grained 
sandstones used for whetstones, is found chiefly in 
layers and flat masses, a few feet below the bed of the 
Patapsco River, in the region around the quarantine 
station, also between Fort McHenry and the light- 
house on the opposite shore, and near the Canton 
water-line. Large quantities have been lifted from 
the two former places, and there is reason to believe 
that a vast store yet remains, which is now inaccessible 
because of the valuable property which has been built 
above it. At intervals, from at least the middle of 
the Jurassic period to the present time, the blackish, 
carbonaceous ooze has been settling in the bottoms of 
the estuaries, and thus the material for a new supply 
of the ore has continued to be present. It is as- 
serted by various persons who have been engaged in 
collecting this ore that the same beds may be worked 
over indefinitely. They state that after an interval 
of a few years, sometimes as few as from three to five, 
they have returned to the beds at the bottom of the 
river, and found them profitably productive. 

The second variety of carbonate of iron is generally 
a little darker, more lead-colored than the preceding, 
and more or less hydrated. It is of a fine, close tex- 
ture, occurs in the form of nodules, often arranged 
like a series of shells, one within the other, and is 
generally more or less liver-colored towards the 
blackish, velvety, crystallized centre. The interior of 
such nodules is also seen to be filled with wet, dark- 
colored clay, or with sand. This is the most abundant 
iron ore thus far worked in the county. It lies in the 
lead-colored or blackish clays which rise from a few 
feet below tide-level; but it may also be met with in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tlie paler-colored and reddish clays overlying, or I 
thrust into depressions in the darker ones. The places 
which have thus far yielded the largest quantities of 
this ore are the peninsula of the Thirteenth District, 
the Caton tract, the Sulphur Spring region, the belt j 
along the Washington road from the Relay House [ 
to the vicinity of Gwynn's Falls, the whole range I 
of clay lands from Herring Run to within one mile ' 
of the Gunpowder River near the Philadelphia turn- 
pike, and especially that part of the county near 
Steramer's Run. In the northeastern part of the city, 
likewise, extensive excavations, to a depth of sixty j 
feet and more, have been made to reach the large 
beds of nodules which rested there. Some of these 
pieces were of large size, weighing two hundred 1 
pounds, and even more ; but the greater number 
ranged from the size of the fist to that of the head. 

Next in extent and value in this county rank the 
oxides of iron. These occur in numerous places in 
and near the limestone belt in most if not all of the 
valleys. They are of several difterent aspects, but all 
exhibit an earthy appearance, and are more or less 
ochreous on some part of the surface. Some of them, 
such as those found at Timonium and Ashland, have 
a dark-brown, smooth exterior, and occur in lumps 
of small size. These are dug from pits in the earth, 
and are often found quite near the surface. At other 
places, as north of Hampton, and even on that estate, 
deep excavations have been dug for the vast bodies 
of brown hematite deposited there. At Oregon, also, 
and at other places near Chestnut Ridge, on the 
"Caves" estate at the head-waters of North Run, 
and about two miles west of Hereford, valuable va- 
rieties of limonite occur in considerable quantities. 
These are all important ores, and generally yield from 
thirty-five to forty per cent, of excellent iron. 

The county has not been carefully explored for the 
several kinds of magnetite, specular oxide, titanifer- 
ous, and other oxides, of which small quantities have i 
been found in the Bare Hills, the Soldiers' Delight, i 
and especially in the hills of the hydromica schist j 
series in the northwestern and northeastern portions. 
Rich magnetites have thus far been extensively mined i 
here only in the edge of the chloritic slates, near the 
forks of the Gunpowder River, south of Whitehall. 
The importance of large supplies of iron ore is fully 
appreciated by our inhabitants, and new deposits are 
being discovered every year; but doubtless many of 
the richest and best yet lie hid away deep in the rocky 
hills, where they will be found hereafter only as the 
result of a systematic and minute examination of the 
structure of the country. j 

Marbles and Limestones.— The marbles of Balti- 
more County are celebrated for their usefulness and 
durability. These are all white, or nearly so, and [ 
while they are distributed throughout most of the j 
valleys of the middle belt, are most easily developed 
in the vast beds of the Beaver Dam, and in the ledges 
of Dulanev's Valley. All of them have been more 



or less altered by the action of heat, which has in 
many ca.ses imparted a highly crystalline and lustrous 
surface to the fractured rock. This £idmits of a fine 
polish to the dressed stone, and renders it highly de- 
sirable for the finishing and trimming of houses. 
There are two principal varieties of this rock which 
claim attention first, because of their firm texture 
and solidity in large masses. These are the fine- 
grained and the alum marbles. The former is best 
represented in the horizontal beds worked by Messrs. 
Connelly and others west of Cockeysville. It consists 
of small, even, glistening crystals of carbonate of 
lime, but little invaded with sulphuret of iron, resting 
in even strata of great length. The second is a very 
coarse-grained, and more glassy, crystalline rock, 
which occurs in the beds at Texas and in Dulaney's 
Valley. It occurs in immense blocks, but, being 
more diflicult to polish, is not at present so much 
prized as formerly. Both varieties have been exten- 
sively used in the government buildings at Washing- 
ton, and the former is the chief stone used in the 
fronts of fine residences in Baltimore. The limcr 
stones are the varieties of marble undesirable for 
building purposes, from lack of evenness of texture, 
or from resistance to polish, or softness of the body 
of the rock. But they are precious as furnishing an 
important fertilizer, and one well adapted to most of 
the soils of the county. The limestones, including 
the marbles, were originally laid down in nearly hori- 
zontal beds, but where they rest in contact with the 
primordial rocks the foldings of the surface have let 
them down in deep synclinals, the closing of which, 
followed by erosion, allows their ends to project at the 
surface of the soil in conformity with the edges of the 
adjacent beds of gneiss, etc. This is markedly the 
case in Western Run Valley and in Quaker Bottom. 
At the Gunpowder end of the new tunnel for the Bal- 
timore water-supply, the limestone runs under the river 
and juts against the massive hornblende rock, appear- 
ing to be nearly horizontal at that point, but bent into 
a fold at a distance of a quarter of a mile farther east, 
where it forms a prominent hill. The foldings of this 
rock in the Texas district appear to be chiefly cyclo- 
clinal, connected with serpentine waves following a 
nearly northeast by southwest direction, and becoming 
lost in more horizontal layers as they shade into the 
broad valley on the west. In Green Spring Valley 
broad belts of these limestones cross the roads, and 
wide sheets of them underlie the soil on the north side 
of Lutherville, In the valleys south and west of the 
Great Central Basin they underlie the soil at a depth 
of six to ten feet, and the ore overlaid by micaceous 
earth charged with small (]uartz fragments, somewhat 
rounded. 

Gold, Silver, Copper, and Chrome.— Gold has 
never been found in Baltimore County in quantities 
sufficiently large to pay for its production. It is com- 
monly found here in the form of fine dust or minute 
specks, scattered through quartz veins in the slates 



GEOLOGY. 



31 



and primitive rocks. Granites in the archaean belt 
have yielded small quantities, and the chloritic slates 
of the metalliferous range north of Hereford have 
disclosed a little of the gold in very minute particles. 
It is an almost universally distributed native metal, 
always hard to discover, and uncertain as to the 
amount in any one locality. 

Minute quantities of silver have also been found 
associated with copper and iron in the quartzites of 
the chloritic belt, eight miles from Baltimore. Speci- 
mens of quartzite with fine spangles of this ore have 
been exhibited from the region (it is asserted) just 
north of Baltimore. As seams of altered chloritic 
gneiss and almost fused hornblendic rocks pass 
through the section immediately north of Druid Hill 
Park, it is not impossible that some of the samples 
might have been extracted from those places. 

Copper belongs to the area along the borders of the 
serpentine at the Bare Hills, at Soldiers' Delight, and 
along the metalliferous range crossing the county | 
about twenty miles north of Baltimore. Indications j 
of the metal appear in the surface rocks east of Pleas- ' 
ant Valley, also southeast of Whitehall, and near the 
fork of the Gunpowder River. Copper ores of good 
quality were formerly extracted from a shaft sunk 
near the southeastern border of the Bare Hills, but I 
the large amount of the ore obtained at Lake Superior 
and elsewhere caused the working to be unprofitable, 
and it has since been abandoned. Native copper has I 
not yet been discovered in this county, but that which 
has been worked is a carbonate, protruded into the 
quartz veins, and often accompanied by the magnetic 
oxide of iron. That which has been observed in the 
Tenth District is found next the soapstone in the midst 
of hydromica slate rocks. 1 

Chrome still holds a prominent place as one of the 
valuable ores of Maryland. It is, however, less ac- 
cessible in Baltimore County than in the northern 
part of Cecil County, and this fact somewhat represses 
the development of the digging in the Bare Hills and 
Soldiers' Delight. It was formerly sought for in the 
form of coarse sand in the gulleys and streams of the 
localities before mentioned, but now the yield is found 
to be more productive in the pockets of the massive 
serpentine rocks. 

Mica. — This much-needed mineral occurs in cross- 
layers between strata of quartz in the archsean rocks. 
It is associated with the binary granites, and often 
forms irregular pockets in the midst of their mass. 
A seam of this mineral has recently been laid bare on 
St. Paul Street, next the northern end of the bridge 
over Jones' Falls, but the only parts penetrated have 
been too much decayed to be of commercial value. 
Loose masses of large-sized mica plates have also been 
found in the binary granites of the hornblende region 
two miles east of Timonium. At that point only the 
decomposed hills have been examined, so that the 
rock in place may yet be found to yield veins of good 
quality. 



Clays. — The vast bodies of archiean rocks, largely 
composed of alumina, have yielded by their decom- 
position and erosion great hills and deep strata of the 
most important commercial clays. These now ri.se in 
part as bluflTs along and near the shores of tide-water. 
Deep cuts along the roads leading out of the city also 
expose them at various points, and they may likewise 
be seen in the excavations for new streets on its eastern, 
southern, and western boundaries, and along North 
Avenue east of the Harford road. They are of vari- 
ous colors, from a pure white to a lead-black, and of 
every variety of texture. 

The finest porcelain-clay, or kaolin, is pure white, 
soft, and destitute of grit, and results from the decom- 
position of clean feldspar. It has been found in de- 
posits of moderate size at many points in and near 
Baltimore. The new basin at Montebello cuts through 
a large bed of it, and it occurs in greater or less quan- 
tities in all the large masses of decaying binary gran- 
ites and feldsites. The sedimentary, water-washed 
white clay may be in part only another stage of this 
same kaolin. It occurs in beds underlying the drift 
and sand, east and south of the city. Large beds of 
it have been cut through in digging the Clifton reser- 
voir, and it has beeu thrown out in large quantities 
from the new tunnel for Harford Run, and from the 
beds of the streets on Federal Hill, and west of Cal- 
vert Street near the Northern Central Railroad depot. 

Another kind of pale clay, whitish and drab, is used 
in making the fine-pressed Baltimore bricks. It is 
generally found a few feet beneath the surface in 
separate beds, which are often many acres in extent, 
and which extend beneath the surface to a depth of 
ten feet, or even more. They are widely distributed 
about the region of the Patapsco River, along a belt 
about two miles wide, but sending off tongues into 
the country at intervals to a distance of nearly five 
miles. 

The tile, pottery, and ordinary brick clays of Balti- 
more County are still more widely distributed. They 
occupy nearly all the intermediate levels over the 
Jurassic area, from tide-water to a line about eight 
miles north of Baltimore, and from the Relay House 
on the Washington road to within one mile of the 
Gunpowder River on the Philadelphia road. Many 
of the beds of this clay lie directly next the surface, 
and seem to be of late Tertiary origin. 

Two other kinds of brick clay have lately been 
brought into use. The one belongs to the iron-ore 
regions of the limestone valleys, and the other to the 
talcose slate region of the northern parts of the county. 
Both of these varieties are much valued, and are 
being extensively used in the construction of dwell- 



The limits necessarily prescribed for the present 
chapter exclude the consideration of numerous topics 
which fitly belong to the geology of the county. Thus 
no notice has been taken of the duration of the time, 
of the thickness, and of the rate of deposit of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



different formations ; of the different faults and dykes, 
of the dislocations of the hills, and of the general 
changes of level which have taken place during some 
of the periods ; but instead, we have had to be con- 
tented with a general survey of the features which 
more immediately concern the practical interests of 
the present time. 



CHAPTER III. 

ABORIGINES. 
The Fierce Susquehaunouglis — Habits and Appearance. 

When Captain John Smith, in the summer of 
1608, penetrated the territory of Baltimore County (as 
will be seen in the next chapter), he found it in- 
habited by a nation of Indians who lived on or near 
the river which has since borne their name. The 
Susquehannoughs, being hunting Indians, changed 
their abodes as game grew scarce, and so scattered 
themselves over a large extent of country. Their 
chief settlement was about twenty-one miles from the 
mouth of the Susquehanna River, but in the spring 
and summer they made visits to the salt water for fish 
and oysters. They could muster seven hundred fight- 
ing men, and exercised dominion over a considerable 
part of the Eastern and Western Shore of the Chesa- 
peake Bay, being the lords of some and the allies of 
other tribes and confederacies.' 

The Susquehannoughs were one of the fiercest and 
most warlike nations on the Atlantic coast, and kept 
all the tribes within their reach in a state of almost 
continual alarm. Their villages were palisaded to 
resist the incursions of their most bitter and deter- 
mined enemies, the Iroquois, or Massaworaekes, as 
they called them. The warlike appearance, grave 
and haughty carriage, and sonorous speech of the 
Susquehannoughs seem to have strongly impressed 
the early voyagers. Smith describes them as very 
noble specimens of humanity. He speaks of them 
as a race of giants. "Such greate and well propor- 
tioned men are seldome seene, for they seemed like 
giants to the English, yea, and unto their neighbours." 
He speaks of them as in other respects the "strangest 
people of all those countries." They were of a sim- 
ple and confiding temper, and could scarcely be re- 
strained from prostrating themselves in adoration of 
the white strangers. Their language seemed to cor- 
respond with their proportions, " sounding from them 
as a voyce in a vault." They were clad in bear and 
wolf-skins, wearing the skin as the Mexican his 
poncho, passing the head through a slit in the centre, 
andletting the garment drape naturally around from 
the shoulders. 

1 Claiborne, in bis petition to the Englisli Crown in 1638, alleges that 
he bought the Isle of Kent from the " kings" of the country. In 1G52 
the Susquelmnnouglis, in a treaty with tlie comnjissioners of Maryland, 
ceded tlie territory, including tlie sites of Chcstertown, Centreville, and 



*' Some have cassocks made of beare 
head goes through the skinne's neck, i 



* head and skinnes, that a man's 
nd the eares of the beare fastened 
to his sliouUIers, the nose and teeth hanging down his breast; another 
beare's face aplit behind him, and at the end of the nose hung a pawe; 
the halfe sleeves coming to the elbowes were the necks of the beares, and 
the arms thi-ougli the mouth with pawes hanging at their noses. One 
had the iiead of a wolfe hanging in a cliaino for a Jewell, his tobacco- 
pipe three quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a bird, a deere, 
or some such device at the great end, sufficient to beat out one's brains." 

Smith has given us a spirited sketch of one of these 
gigantic warriors, " the greatest of them," thus at- 
tired: 

" The calf of whose leg was three-quarters of a yard about, and all the 
rest of hia liuibes so answerable to that proportion, that he seemed the 
goodliest man we ever beheld. His hayre the one side was long, the 
other shave close, with a ridge over his crowne like a cock's combe. His 
arrows were live quarters long, headed with the splinters of a white, 
chrystall-like stone, iu form of a heart, an inche broad, and an inche 
and a halfe or more long. These he wore in a wolve's skinne at his 
backe for his quiver, his bow in the one hand and his club in the other, 
as is described." 

When a hostile expedition had been determined on 
by the chief and leading warriors of the Susquehan- 
noughs in council, it was made known to the tribe, 
who celebrated the occasion by a solemn dance, in 
which the warriors, decked with paint and feathers, 
chanted their past or prospective exploits, and imi- 
tated in expressive pantomime the shooting, toma- 
hawking, and scalping of their foes. On the ap- 
pointed day they set out, in one or more parties, 
moving, as they approached their destination, with 
extreme warine.ss to prevent discovery, marching 
often by night in single file, slipping from shadow 
to shadow, or gliding through the forest so stealthily 
that hardly a twig snapped or leaf rustled under the 
tread of a moccasined foot, until at a given signal 
they burst upon the village with terrific war-whoops. 
Those of their foes who survived after the rage of 
slaughter was glutted they made prisoners and re- 
served for death by the most cruel tortures their in- 
genuity could devise, in inventing aud enduring 
which the Iroquois — who indeed have the credit of 
introducing the custom — seem to have surpassed all 
others. Instances are recorded of the tortures of dis- 
tinguished warriors lasting for days, a sort of contest 
arising between the power of cruelty to inflict and 
that of fortitude to endure. In the intervals of tor- 
ment the victim would sometimes smoke his pipe and 
talk on indifferent matters with his tormentors, while 
amid his suffering he sang his own exploits or derided 
the unskillfulness of his torturers, and taught them 
devices for inflicting more exquisite pain. Women 
were sometimes tortured, but usually they were toma- 
hawked or shot, unless the captors wanted women, in 
which case they were adopted into the tribe. The 
Susquehannoughs made frequent incursions on the 
more southern Maryland tribes for the purpose of 
carrying off women.^ 

As we have stated, all the territory now comprised 
in Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil Counties was the 

~ The writer's History of Maryland, vol. i., p. 84. 



ABORIGINES. 



favorite hunting-ground of this formidable tribe ; they, 
however, by no means confined themselves to these 
narrow limits, but scoured all the coiintry between 
the Delaware and the Potomac, and spread terror 
and dismay through the distant and less warlike 
tribes of Southern Maryland. 

The Susquehannoughs seem to have been the tribe 
known to the French by the name of Andast6s, or 
GandastoguSs ; to the Swedes and Dutch by that of 
Minquas ; and to the Pennsylvanians by that of Con- 
estogues. The similarity of the forms Gandastogues 
and Conestogues, almost identical with that be- 
tween Gaudawague and Caughnawaga, or Conewago, 
is very striking. However, difference in name would 
not necessarily disprove the identity of the tribes 
mentioned. The same tribe was often known by dif- 
ferent names, which varied according to locality or 
other circumstance. It had, in the first place, its own 
distinctive name, often, indeed almost always, sym- 
bolical ; this name neighboring nations either trans- 
lated into their own language or dialect, or replaced 
it with a new appellation. The European settlers 
either adopted these names as they received them 
at second-hand, or corrupted the original in their 
vain efforts to imitate the linked harshness of the 
long-drawn-out gutturals of their Indian neighbors. 
The name Iroquois, for instance, is of French manu- 
facture ; in their own dialect they called themselves 
"Hotinnonsionni," or " those who constitute a cabin," 
an appellation evidently referring to the close con- 
federacy in which they were united. But each of the 
five nations which formed this confederacy had also 
its own distinctive name. The Mohawks called them- 
selves " Agniegue," or the " She-Bear." By the Hurons 
they were called " Agniers." The Mohegans on the 
North Eiver, the immediate neighbors of the Mo- 
hawks, called all the tribes of the Iroquois confed- 
eracy " Nadoway," or " Cruel," but they translated 
the distinctive Mohawk appellation, "Agniegue" 
into " Mahaquaas," which bears the same significa- 
tion in their language. Sometimes a tribe took its 
name from its geographical position ; thus the tribes 
on the Kennebec were called by the Algonquins 
" Abrakis," or ''Men of the East," and at the present 
day the Algonquin tribes of Wisconsin give this name 
to the Oneidas, who had removed from New York. 
The name of a tribe thus depending upon so many 
varying circumstances, it is not difficult to see how 
the tribe under consideration may have been known 
by all the different names that we have indicated. 

An investigation of the historical relations and ge- 
ographical position of the Susquehannoughs shows so 
exact a correspondence in these respects between 
them, the Minquas, the Conestogues, and the Andas- 
tes, or Gandastoques, as to lead irresistibly to the con- 
clusion that they were one and the same tribe. The 
Dutch settlers of New York, in their trading expedi- 
tions down the Delaware, found the dominant tribe 
in that region to be the Minquas. They lay west of 



the Delaware, to whicli they were accustomed to make 
their way by a creek known to the Dutch by the name 
of Minqua's Kill. Their language was that of the 
Mohawks and Senecas, both of which tribes belonged 
to the Iroquois stock, as did also the Susquehan- 
noughs, though not members of their confederacy; 
and their military power was so great in 1633 that De 
Vries saw them send out a war party of six hundred 
men. Campanius, the Swedish authority, gives us a 
long and interesting account of this same tribe : 

"Tho Minquas, or MiiicUus. lived at the distance of twelve (fifty-fonr 
English) miles from New Sweden, where they daily came to trade with 
us. The way to their land was very bad, being stony, full of sharp, gray 
stones, with hills and morasses, so that the Swedes, when they went to 
them, which happened generally once or twice a year, had to walk in the 
water up to their arm-pits. Tliey live on a high mountain,^ very steep 
and difficult to climb ; there they have a fort, or a square buildiitf;, in 
which they reside. They have guns and small iron cannons, with whicli 
they shoot and defend themselves, and take with them when tliey go to 
war. They are strong and vigorous, both young and old ; they are a tall 
people, and not frightful in their appearance. When they are fighting 
they do not attempt to fly, but all stand like a wall as long as there is 
one remaining. They made the other Indians subject to them, so that 
they dare not stir, much less make war upon them; but their numbers 
are at present greatly diminished by war and sickness." 

Turning next to several French authorities, we find 
they place the Andastes in the vicinity of the Swedes, 
and describe them as occupying the same prominent 
position among the neighboring tribes as we have 
seen ascribed to the Minquas by the Dutch writers, 
and all the Jesuit authorities bear testimony to the 
same point.'^ 

The Susquehannoughs, or Minquas, or Andastes, or 
Conestogues, or Gandastogues, as they were sometimes 
called, were engaged in active hostilities against the 
colonists and friendly tribes from the first settlement 
of the colony. The policy of the early settlers of 
Maryland was to treat the Indians with justice, mod- 
eration, and kindness, and to buy the land from them. 
The settlement of St. Mary's was bought by Leonard 
Calvert for a quantity of axes, hoes, and broadcloth, 
articles of real value to the Indians, who, indeed, were 
the more ready to part with the territory from the 
fact that they were suffering from the continued in- 
roads of the fierce Susquehannoughs, who had harassed 
them so cruelly that they had already determined to 
abandon their lands and seek safer homes elsewhere.^ 
Some were allowed to remain on part of the purchased 
territory, and their wives and children were employed 
as servants in the settlers' families ; others were al- 



1 Vincent, in his " History of Delaware," says, " This mountain was 
probably Iron or Chestnut Hills, near Newark." Henry Johnston, 
in his valuable " Histoiical Researches," published in the Cecil WJiig, 
under the nom-de-plume of " Quilp," says, " It was probably an Indian 
name applied to some part of the country between Iron Hill and Grey's 
Hill, now called Bed Hill." 

2 Campanius, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Coll., iii. 157; "Relation de la N. 
France," 1659-60, p. 28 ; Relation, 1635 (Huron); Relation, 1639-40, p. 
134; Relation, 1647^8, p. 60; Bressain, Relation AbriSgSe, pp.62, 286; 
Lee, Relation, 1619-50; Relation, 1656-57, ch. iv. v.; Relation, 166U-61; 
Relation, 166'2, ch. iii. iv. ; Hazard's Annals of Penn., p. 346 ; Albany 
Doc. Records, xvii., 142, 160. (See letter of John Gilmary Shea, LL.D., in 
the Hid. Hist. Soc.) 

■■> Father White's Narrative, pp. 36, 37. 



HISTOl^Y OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



lotted reservations, with full rights of hunting and 
fishing in the woods and streams. They very cheer- 
fully submitted to the dominion of the whites for the 
sake of the protection against the Susquehannoughs 
which their ancestors tried to purchase from Smith 
with the offer of perpetual subjection. The friendly 
Indians were protected against their enemies and se- 
cured in the enjoyment of their rights, and many of 
them — such as the Yaocomicos,' Potopacos,- Piscata- 
ways,* Patuxents,* and others — never, or scarcely, 
wavered from their amicable relations. The two 
strong and warlike tribes of Maryland, the Nanti- 
cokes° and Susquehannoughs, preserved an independ- 
ent existence, and at the time of the first settlement 
of the province there was a feud between them, and 
the former, as well as the latter, were often invaded 
by the Iroquois. As if this were not enough, the 
Nanticokes were frequently embroiled with the whites, 
and war was several times declared against them. 
Under this double pressure they yielded at last, and 
requested to be put on the same footing as the Piscata- 
waj's. The Iroquois, however, continued to harass 
them, and finally brought them under subjection. 
About the middle of the eighteenth century, by ad- 
vice or command of the Six Nations (who stipulated 
in a treaty with the province that the Nanticokes 
should be permitted to leave Maryland and settle 
where the Six Nations should appoint), a portion of 
the tribe left the province, carrying with them the 
bones of their ancestors, and removed to Otsiningo 
(now Binghamton, N. Y.), where they joined some 
fragments of the Shawnees and Mohickandus, and 
made a league under the name of the Three Nations. 
Others seemed to have settled in Wyoming, Pa., and 
others again, if the theory be correct which identifies 
the Conoys or Kanawhas with the Nanticokes, to have 
removed to the vicinity of the rivers which now bear 

1 The Yaocomicos lived on the St. Mary's, and welcomed Leonard 
Calvert and his little colony to the shores of Maryland. 

- The Potopacos lived at their town, now called Port Tobacco, in 
Cliarles County. 

s Mr. Davis, in his " Day Star," says, " The territory of the Piscataways, 
whose prominent chief bore the title of emperor, was bounded in one 
direction by the country of the Susquehannoughs; in another by the 
region of the Patu.\ents. It also embraced a part of the country border- 
ing upon the Patapsco and upon the Potomac, including Piscataway 
Creek, and probably the sites both of Washington and of Baltimore." The 
confederates of the Piscataways were the Doags, Mattawomans, Chap- 
ticos, and the Mattawas. The latter tribe inhabited the lands near Bal- 
timore. 

< The Patuxonts, whose principal seat was upon the river of that 
name, included a large nnmhcr of smaller tribes remarkable for their 
friendship towards the whites. 

^ The Nanticokes were an offslioot of the Lenni Lenape or Delawaros, 
which nation they called their "grandfather." The origin of the name 
Nanticoke was Nentego, meaning " tide-water" or *' seaside" people. 
The Lenni Lenape, or Delaware Indians, living between the shores of 
the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, were conquered by the Susquehan- 
noughs or Minqnas, and on condition of being permitted to occupy their 
lands, they subjected Ihemselves to a kind of vassalage that excluded 
them from engaging in war, and, according to Indian iiieas, they wore 
placed on a footing with women. Campanins says the Minqtias *' made 
them subjects and tributary to them, so tliat they dare not stir, nmch 
less go to wai- against them." 



their name. As late as 1852 a remnant of the tribe 
(about one hundred) was living on Grand River, 
north of Lake Erie, in Canada West. 

The interposition of the colonists in behalf of the 
peaceable and friendly tribes of Piscataways, Patux- 
ents, and Yaocomicos had from the first secured the 
hostility of the Susquehannoughs, who took occasion, 
as they followed the war-path against their savage 
enemies of the south or the back settlers of Virginia, 
to strike a blow at the unprotected Marylanders, and 
at times they organized expeditions with the express 
purpose of surprising the frontier plantations, mur- 
dering their occupants and plundering their dwellings. 
Even the devoted and fearless Jesuit missionaries be- 
1 gan seriously to think of abandoning their station 
j and establishing themselves at Potupaco (Port To- 
i bacco), which was less exposed to the ravages of this 
cruel and warlike tribe. As early as 1638 their incur- 
i sions necessitated the passage of a militia law, and 
j although a military expedition was sent against them 
in the following year, they continued their outrages 
and kept the planters in perpetual uneasiness. They 
had lately become more formidable by the possession 
j of fire-arras, for which reason the sale of arms and 
ammunition to them by the colonists was made penal 
by the following " orders," proclaimed on the 23d of 
June, 1642: 

"That no inhabitant or housekeeper entertain any Indian upon any 
color of license, nor do permit to any Indian any gun, powder, or shot. 
That all housekeepers provide fixed guns and sufficient powder and shot 
for each person able to bear arms. No man to discharge three guns 
within the space of one-quarter of an hour, nor concur to the discharging 
I so many except to give or answer alarm. Upon the hearing of an alarm 
every housekeeper to answer it, and continue it so far as he may. No 
man able to bear arms to go to church, or chapel, or any considerable 
distance from home without fixed gun, and a charge at least of powder 
and shot." 

' The Swedes and Dutch, however, who had settled 
on the territory of Lord Baltimore, on the Delaware, 
had no scruples in .supplying the Indians with arms, 
and, it was said, even taught them military discipline. 
Claiborne, too, was not free from suspicion of stimu- 
lating the discontent of his old neighbors and asso- 
ciates, who grew so threatening that on the 13th of 
September, 1742, the Governor publicly proclaimed 
the Susquehannoughs, Wicomeses, and Nanticokes 
" enemies to the province, and as such to be reputed 

j and proceeded against by all persons." A commis- 
sion was issued to Capt. Cornwaleys to levy men for 
an expedition, and he soon subdued the Nanticokes 
and Wicomeses, who, in 1651, put themselves under 
the proprietary's protection. In Plantagenet's "New 
Albion" we have the following account of Cornwaleys' 
expedition against the Susquehannoughs and " their 
forced auxiliaries," numbering two hundred and fifty 
warriors: 

'* Having surprised in the reeds and killed throe Englishmen, with the 
losseof oneof theire, Capt. Cornwaleys, that noble, right valiant, and 
polite soldier, losing but one man more, killed, with fifty-three of his' 
and but mw and tired Marylanders, twenty-nine Indians, as they con 
fessed, though compassed round with two hundred and fifty." 



ABOKIGINES. 



" Yet this severe chastisement did not, it seems, 
suffice, for on July 18, 1643, another expedition was 
sent "against the Susquehannoughs or any their 
aiders and confederates." The result of this expedi- 
tion is not known, but we find among the records of 
a court held at St. Mary's on the 28th of June, 1652, 
"that the Susquehannough Indians have for a long 
time desired and much pressed for the conclusion of 
a peace with the government and inhabitants of this 
province," and the court being advised that such a 
course would " tend very much to the safety and ad- 
vantage of the inhabitants," ordered Richard Ben- 
nett, Edward .Lloyd, Capt. William Fuller, Thomas 
Marsh, and Leonard Strong, or any three or more of 
them, " at such time and place as they shall think 
convenient, to consult and treat with the said Susque- 
hannough Indians," and if possible conclude a league 
aud peace with them. The commissioners named 
must have immediately, or within a day or two after 
the preceding authority was given to them, entered 
upon the execution of their diplomatic duties, for on 
the 5th of July following a treaty was held and arti- 
cles agreed upon by them with Sawahegeh, Aurogh- 
taregh, Scarhuhadigh, Ruthchogah, and Nathheldi- 
aneh, " war captains aud councilors of Susquehan- 
nough, commissioners appointed and sent for that 
purpose by the nation and state of Susquehannough." 
The first article of this treaty reads : 

" First, that the English nation shall have, Imld, and enjoy, to them 
their heirs and assigns forever, all the land lying froza Patnxent Eiver 
nnto Palmer's Island, on the western side of the hay of Chesapeake, and 
from Choptank Kiver to the Northeast Branch, which lies to the north- 
ward of Elk Kiver, on the eastern side of the said hay, with all the islands, 
rivers, creeks, tish, fowl, deer, elke, and whatsoever else to the same he- 
longing, excepting the isle of Kent and Palmer's Island, which helong 
to Capt. Claihorne. But, nevertheless, it shall be lawful for the aforesaid 
English or Indians to bnild a house or fort for trade, or any such like use 
or occasion, at any time upon Palmer's Island." 

The limits assigned by this treaty of cession from 
the Susquehannoughs to the southern part of the 
western shore of the bay is probably as far southward 
as they claimed. The extent of the cession on the 
eastern shore — to wit, from the Choptank to the North- 
east River, in Cecil County — seems to imply that the 
Susquehannoughs had by this time subdued all the 
intermediate tribes on the eastern shore between the 
Northeast River and the Choptank, or that these 
tribes between the Northeast and Choptank had in- 
corporated themselves with the Susquehannoughs. 
It will be seen by an inspection of the map of Mary- 
land that a small portion of territory, lying between 
the Northeast River, in Cecil County, and the Susque- 
hanna River, was by this treaty reserved by the Sus- 
quehannoughs. At this time the Indians were quite 
numerous around the head of the bay, and within the 
territory not ceded to the English the Susquehan- 
noughs had their settlements, or fort, from which an 
extensive trade was carried on in peltry brought down 
the Susquehanna. 

On Jan. 14, 1661, Augustine Herman purchased the 



land for his settlement upon the Bohemia River, for 
in his " Journal" he says be " bought all the land 
there (by permission of the Governor, Philip Calvert, 
and Council) of the Susquehannough Indians, then 
met with the great men out of the Susquehannough 
Fort at Spes-Utie Isle, upon a treaty of soldiers, as 
the old record will testify, and thereupon took posses- 
sion, and transported his people from Manhattan [now 
New York], 1661 (with great cost and charge), to 
inhabit." ■« 

Although the treaty of cession of a great portion of 
the province by the Susquehannoughs might have 
been supposed to assure a peaceable and quiet posses- 
sion thereof, yet the records exhibit for some time after 
lamentable accounts of the murders, house-burnings, 
and robberies committed by the Indians upon the in- 
habitants of the territory now embraced in the limits 
of Baltimore, Harford, Cecil, and Kent Counties. 

Nathaniel Utie, who had received a license May 7, 
1658, to trade with the Indians, lived at this time on 
Spesutie Island, and became the owner of considera- 
ble land on the Gunpowder and Sassafras Rivers. 
He was one of the most adventurous pioneers at the 
head-waters of the Chesapeake, and on account of the 
troubles with the Indians and the Dutch, the Provin- 
cial Council frequently met at his house for the pur- 
pose of investigating the facts, making treaties with 
the Indians, etc. The Governor and Council met at 
Spesutie on the 13th of May, 1661, to inquire into 
certain outrages committed by the Indians, and 
ordered all persons that had suffered any damage by 
them to appear on the 15th. This summons was di- 
rected to be sent from house to house as far as the 
Patapsco River. From the proceedings of the Council 
we learn that John Norden, Stephen Hart, and two 
others were killed by Indians near Iron Hill while 
on their passage between Delaware Bay and the 
Chesapeake. Robert Gorsuch, who liv6d on the 
Gunpowder River, stated that the Indians came to 
his house on the 11th of April, 1661, some dressed in 
blue and some in red match coats, and killed his wife 
and plundered his house. About four or five days 
after they returned and killed five cows, a steer, and 
some hogs. John Taylor stated that about Easter eve 
nine male Indians with one Indian woman came to 
his house, but upon being ordered oft' they departed, 
but returned in about two weeks and damaged his 
goods to the value of about one thousand pounds of 
tobacco. They then went to the plantation of Edward 
Fouster and John Fouster, two bachelors, and plun- 
dered it. Intelligence having been received of the 
depredations, William Wigwell, John Fouster, Ed- 
ward Swanson, and others started after the Indians, 
who, however, surprised and surrounded them in the 
woods, and killed John Fouster and wounded Wil- 
liam Wigwell. The rest of the English fought the 
Indians over three hours, and finally made their 
escape. Thomas Overton and William Hallis testified 
that about the 25th of April, Thomas Simpson aud 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Richard Hayes, seeing two canoes with nine Delaware 
Indians coming down Bush River and moving towards 
their plantation, the alarm was given and the English 
took to their boats, when a fight ensued, during which 
John Spurne, an Englishman, and five Indians were 
killed. 

The nestcouncil met at Susquehanna Point (which 
is supposed to be just below Perryville), on July 1, 
1(>61. There is reason to believe that the Governor 
and his secretary were present at this meeting, where 
a commission was read from Lord Baltimore to Capt. 
James Neals, directing him to levy men and make war 
upon " certain enemies — pirates and robbers — that had 
usurped a part of Delaware Bay lying within the for- 
tieth degree of northerly latitude." He was author- 
ized to make war upon the Dutch and their aiders and 
abettors in Delaware Bay, and wherever they might 
be found, and to capture and destroy them upon land 
and sea; in which work all his lordship's officers, both 
civil and military, were to assist. The Council being 
Tincertain whether the town of New Amstel was in 
the fortieth degree of north latitude, decided to sus- 
pend operations until that question was ascertained. 
In the mean time, with a view of securing the co-oper- 
ation of the Indians in case of a war with the Dutch, 
Governor Calvert, accompanied by his secretary 
(Henry Coursey) and John Bateman, one of his 
Council, held a meeting with the Passagonke Indians, 
who at that time lived on the Delaware River about 
the present site of Philadelphia. This meeting took 
place at Appoquinimi (now called AiJpoquinimink), 
on Sept. 19, 1661. After both sides had stated their 
grievances, a treaty of peace was signed by Pinna, 
king of Picthanomicta, on behalf of the Passagonke 
Indians, and by the Governor and Council of Mary- 
land.i 

The records of the province for 1662 show that the 
Indians still continued to give trouble. The colonists 
were at peace with the Susquehannoughs, but both of 
these were at war with the Senecas, who were devas- 
tating the few scattered settlements of the English 
along the western tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. 
In the spring of 1662 they penetrated as far south as 
the head of South River, which seems to have alarmed 
the Council, for they ordered all the powder and shot 
to be seized for the use of the colony, and that scouts 
should be sent to the head-waters of all rivers emp- 
tying into the head of the bay, with orders to arrest 
or kill all Indians found there. The troubles with the 
Senecas grew worse, and on July 4, 1663, the Council 
was informed by the inhabitants of Baltimore County 
at the head of the bay that the Indians had recently 
murdered two of the settlers, and another near Pa- 
tapsco River, with two youths, whom it was believed 
they had either killed or carried off. For nearly 
twelve years a fierce war was kept up between the 
Susquehannoughs and Senecas, success being mostly 



rgo JolinsoTi's Ilisi 



1 ReBenrclies. 



on the side of the former tribe ; but a more formidable 
enemy than even the Senecas had by this time invaded 
the Susquehannoughs, the smallpox, which first ap- 
peared among them in 1661, and whose ravages soon 
became terrible. In 1673 they only numbered about 
three hundred warriors, while ten years before they 
had been able to muster seven hundred ; and prob- 
ably the mortality was even greater among the women 
and children. 

When the Hurons who were of Iroquois stock, 
were finally overthrown, the survivors fled for refuge 
to the Andastes or Susquehannoughs, from whom they 
had before received promises of assistance. The pro- 
tection thus afforded seems to have been resented by 
the Iroquois confederacy, or Five Nations, and war 
being declared between them and the Andastes in 
1662, the warriors of the latter tribe carried such de- 
vastation into the land of the Senecas (one of the 
Five Nations) that these were forced to seek the aid 
of the French. The Dutch writers, under date of 
1661-62, relate that the Minquas, though they had 
suffered severely from the smallpox, had engaged in 
a war with the Senecas, and that "in May, 1663, an 
army of sixteen hundred Senecas marched against 
the Minquas, and laid siege to a little fort defended 
by a hundred men, who, armed with fire-arms and 
even cannon, relying, too, on speedy aid from their 
countrymen and from the Marylanders, with whom 
they had recently made peace,^ defended themselves 
vigorously, and at last compelled the Senecas to raise 
the siege."^ 

The war between the Andastes or Susquehannoughs 
and Iroquois continued for many years with almost con- 
stant victory for the former. But disease accomplished 
what the Five Nations could not, and the reduced tribe 
was finally defeated ; the Relation of 1676-77 speak- 
ing of the Andastes as utterly exterminated after a re- 
sistance of twenty years. That JIaryland took part in 
the final defeat of this heroic nation is evident from 
the language of the Iroquois deputies at the treaty of 
Lancaster in 1744 : " We do not remember," they say, 
" that we have ever been employed by the Great King 
to conquer others ; if it is so, it is beyond our memory. 
We do remember we were employed by Maryland to 
conquer the Conestogues, and that the second time 

2 In August, 1663, the Provincial Council of Maryland met at Gold- 
smith Hall (supposed to have been on Bush River, now in Harford 
County), and gave orders to Samuel Goldsmith to request the Susque- 
hannoughs to come down and make a treaty with them. A treaty was 
finally concluded with Wastahandow, "chief geneml and councilor" of 
that nation. In August the Governor, attended by three of his council- 
ors, also made a treaty with three kings of the Delaware Indians at New 

3 It was, as wo have seen, only a few years before this (1652) that the 
Susquehannoughs had made their famous treaty with Maryland, by 
which they ceded the territory from the Patuxent River on the western 
side of the bay to the Choptank River on the eastern side, and the iden- 
tity of these Indians with the Conestogues seems fully established by 
tile fact that the Iroquois, in 1744, referring to this sale by the Susque- 
hannoughs to Maryland, siiy, *' We acknowledge the deeds to be good and 
valid, and that the Conestogue or Snsquehannough Indians had a right 
to sell those lands to you, f(U' they wore then theire." 



ABORIGINES. 



we were at war with them we carried them off." It 
is a matter of record that the Maryland war here re- 
ferred to^ which was begun by the treachery of Wash- 
ington and Trueman, in 1675, and which was carried 
on to a successful termination by Bacon, of Virginia, 
was against the Susqueliannouglis, and ended in their 
complete overthrow. The remnant of the tribe, though 
carried off and mingled'with their Iroquois conquer- 
ors, must have maintained a separate existence, for 
we find that Penn, in 1701, entered into a regular 
treaty with Coiioodagtok, king of the Susquehan- 
noughs, Minquas, or Conestoga Indians ; but it would 
seem that on this occasion a representative from the 
Onondaga tribe was present. As a subject tribe we 
meet with them for many years in the negotiations of 
the league, and though some of them appear to have 
been removed to Onoghguage, a little band remained 
at Conestoga, where, joined by some Nanticokes, they 
formed a small village. In 1763, we are told, " they 
were still at their old castle, numbering only twenty, 
inhabiting a cluster of squalid cabins, living by beg- 
gary and the sale of baskets, brooms, and wooden 
ladles." An Indian war (Pontiac's) then desolated 
the frontier, and the Paxton boys, suspecting these 
poor wretches, and finding in the Bible sufiicient com- 
mission to destroy the heathen, attacked the village 
and killed six of them, the only occupants at the 
time. The fourteen survivors were taken to Lancaster 
by the sheriff, and shut up in the jail-yard for protec- 
tion ; but they could not escape the Paxton boys, who, 
while the townspeople were at church, burst into the 
jail and massacred the helpless objects of their fury. 
Thus perished at the hands of a cowardly mob the 
last remnant of that once powerful and noble tril)e 
which had lorded it over the whole of Maryland, and 
which had often vanquished the fiercest and most for- 
midable of the Indian confederacies. 

French and Indian War.— Although, happily for 
the people of Baltimore Town and Baltimore County, 
they were not in the track of any of the great Indian 
wars, or exposed to the formidable Indian invasions 
from which many other parts of the province suffered, 
they were by no means entirely free from the dangers 
and alarms of the troubled period in which they lived, 
and played no unimportant part in many of the stern 
dramas of that early time. In the French and Indian 
war which ensued after the treaty of Aix-)a-Chapelle 
in 1749, between England and France, Maryland be- 
came involved mainly in self-defense, and though she 
was to share none of its spoils, her people were des- 
tined to suffer from many of the dangers and hard- 
ships it brought in its train. Even before Braddock's 
defeat bands of Indians were making forays into 
Frederick County, burning houses and slaughtering 
the inhabitants, but after his disastrous overthrow on 
the 9th of July, 1755, and the retreat of Col. Dunbar 
with the remainder of the British army to Philadel- 
phia, the whole northern and western frontier of the 
province was thrown open to the Indians. Measures 



of defense were almost immediately adopted, but even 
had they sufficed for the complete protection of the 
wide territory to be guarded, they would scarcely have 
allayed the terror which had taken possession of the 
frontier settlers. The alarm insjjired by Braddock's 
defeat and by the advance of the French and Indians 
was so great that many inhabitants of the western set- 
tlements fled to Baltimore, and preparations were even ' 
made by the people of that town to place the women 
and children on board the vessels in the harbor and 
send them to Virginia. At an earlier period the in- 
hab^ants of Baltimore had erected a wooden fence 
or stockade around the town, of which some tradi- 
tions are still preserved. It had been constructed for 
the defense of the town against Indian attacks, and 
inclosed the whole of its inland border, thus indi- 
cating that the danger apprehended was from the 
land side. In this formidable stockade, which, it is 
to be noted, was not pierced for cannon, there were 
two great gates to admit the friendly traveler, or to 
be shut in the face of the unfriendly one. The first 
of these gates was at the west end of Baltimore Street, 
and was placed somewhere very near its present in- 
tersection with McClellan's Alley. The second gate, 
for carriages, opened into the upper part of North Gay 
Street, not far probably from the bridge which crosses 
Jones' Falls. Between these two great portals a 
smaller gate, for the use of foot-passengers, was cut 
through the stockade near the present intersection of 
Charles and Saratoga Streets. This line of fortifi- 
cation never had its virtue put to trial, and seems 
to have remained intact for only a few years, when, 
a hard winter setting in, and the stockade beiog 
made of wood of a very combustible and tempting 
character, it was carried away piecemeal for " kind- 
Doubtless had it remained until the period now 
under consideration, the inhabitants of Baltimore 
Town would have felt more comfortable, even if really 
no more secure. The general terror, however, con- 
tinued to increase, and in September following the 
Monongahela disaster the country to the distance of 
thirty miles east of Col. Thomas Cresap's (who lived 
about five miles west of the mouth of the South 
Branch of the Potomac) was completely deserted. 
So universal was the alarm that Governor Sharpe, 
in one of his letters to Calvert, declared that " one 
might foretell without the spirit of prophecy that 
all tfiat part of Frederick County that lies beyond 

1 There is in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society an orig- 
inal snbscription paper for " keeping up, repairing, and making good 
the fence of the said town and supporting a person to keep it in good or- 
der." The subscribers were Robert North, William Hammond, Thomas 
Chase, R. Chase, Darby Lux, William Rogers, and William Lyon, who each 
gave £10. Nicholas Rogers, Hannah Hughes, Brian Philpot, Jr., Dr. 
George Buchanan, Edward Dogan, and Capt. Charles Ridgely each gave 
10 shillings; Capt. Darby Lux, Thomas Harrison, and William Rogers, 
£1 ; John Shephard, John Frasher, James Perkins, Nich. "Hartway, 
Chris. Cytmire, John Eusor, Jr., and Joseph England each 5 shillings ; 
William Fergusons shillings; and Abraham Pamer and Henry Johnson 
each '2 shillings and 6 pence. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Frederick Town will be abandoned before this time 
twelvemonth at farthest." In the fall following Brad- 
dock's defeat the people of Baltimore raised a large 
sum of money, with which they purchased arms and 
ammunition, and established a public armory in the 
town, the martial spirit being kept up by the con- 
tinual alarms and massacres on the frontier. Early 
in November it was reported that a large body of 
French and Indians were advancing upon the inte- 
rior settlements, and this rumor reaching Frederick 
Town on Sunday, November 2d, the inhabitants, ex- 
pecting an immediate attack, rang the bells q| an 
alarm, and posted messengers to Baltimore and An- 
napolis for help. Several companies of volunteers at 
once mustered in Baltimore and the neighborhood, 
and marched without delay. Even distant Annapolis 
caught the infection of terror, and on the 6th of No- 
vember the citizens began to fortify the town. On 
the same day a report reached Baltimore that the 
French and Indians were within thirty miles of the 
town, and in a short time about two thousand volun- 
teers had assembled for its defense. The report proved 
to be false, but other reports, unhappily better founded, 
poured in announcing slaughter and devastation in 
the western part of the province. Baltimore Town 
and County, however, were not occupied merely with 
their own defense, but furnished both men and sup- 
plies for the protection and support of the ravaged 
and defenseless frontiers. The winter and spring of 
1756 found the western section of the province still 
overrun by raiding-parties of Indians, some of which 
approached within thirty miles of Baltimore, and 
though many of them were killed, terror spread from 
the very fact of their approach. On the 25th of 
April, 1756, forty-one persons, — six men, Ave women, 
and thirty children, — with a small portion of their 
cattle, to avoid the fury of the enemy, deserted their 
cabins and clearings near Connecocheague and came 
to Baltimore. 

At length England and France abandoned all pre- 
tence of peace, and war was formally declared on 
May 17, 1756. This open authorization of hostilities 
by the two great powers beyond the sea seemed to 
arouse the Indians to a still greater degree of fury, 
and Governor Sharpe, in alarm, writes to Lord Balti- 
more, under date of September 13th, to say that "the 
enemy has now free access to us through Pennsylvania, 
and if some measures are not speedily taken for the 
defense of that colony neither Fort Frederick' nor 
its garrison can be of much service. Besides the gar- 
rison at Fort Frederick, we have at present two hun- 



1 A fort erected by Governor Sharpe near the present town of Hancock, 
Washington County. It cost £2000, and bad barracks for the accom- 
odation of two hundred men, and on an emergency could contain 
rice tliat numlicr. It had bastions and curtains faced with stone, and 
1 each bastion was mounted a six-pounder. 



dred men from the militia of Baltimore and Prince 
George's Counties distributed on this side that fort 
and about Connegocheague ; yet that settlement is, I 
am advised, almost broken up, and several hundred 
persons have lately retreated thence, and retired to the 
more populous parts of the county," some of them, 
as we have seen, not stopping in their flight until they 
reached Baltimore. Besides Ihe aid which Baltimore 
Town afforded in other ways, it contributed to the 
general defense in another and rather peculiar mode. 
The Assembly voted a large appropriation in 1756 
for the prosecution of hostilities and the protection 
of the province, and as one of the means of raising 
the desired amount, levied a tax on all bachelors of 
twenty-five years and upwards.'- 

Many of these gentlemen paid this tax for the next 
eight years, being doubtless too patriotic to deprive 
the province of this source of revenue during the con- 
tinuance of hostilities, which terminated, however, as 
far as danger to Maryland was concerned, with the 
capture of Fort Du Quesne in the latter part of 1758. 
In spite of the many alarms to which its inhabitants 
had been subjected by the war, and the heavy bur- 
dens which it involved, there can be no doubt that 
the growth of Baltimore had been promoted by the 
continuation of hostilities, which prevented the ex- 
tension of settlements by the great influx of German 
" Palatines" and other immigrants who came in be- 
tween 1756 and 1763, and compelled the people of the 
frontier to take refuge in the large towns. 

This conclusion is supported by the fact that Balti- 
more's commercial importance suddenly increased at 
this period, and within a year after the declaration of 
peace it became the chief mart of trade in the prov- 
ince, a position it has ever since retained. 



- Under this provision the following persons were called upon to pay 
their quota to the province: Thomas Harrison, John Moale, Andrew 
Buchanan, Daniel Chamier, Sr., James Frauklin, Jonathan Plowman, 
John Shule, Dr. John Stevenson, Edward Parish, William Baxter, 
Thomas Dick, John Mercer, and Mark Alexander, citizens of Baltimore 
Town ; Jeremiah Johnson, Keese Bowen, William Cole, Thomas Harvey, 
Richard Rawlings, Edward Stevenson, Hugh Gray worth, Charles How- 
ard, Beale Owings, Samuel Owiugs, Jr.,/olin Donghaday, Nathan Crom- 
well, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hooker, Nathaniel Stinchcomb, Walter 
Bosley, John Fishpaw, William Barney, Jr., Anthony Gott, Jr., Abel 
Brown, Jr., Michael Huffand, Aquilla Price, Mordecai Hammond, Henry 
Stevenson, of Edward, Samuel Bond, of Peter, William Harvey, Jr., John 
Gibbon, Thomas Johnson, Thomas Cockey Deye, Benjamin Whipps, 
Samuel Worthington, and Edward Peritany, of St. Thomas' Parish, Bal- 
timore County ; and William Osbourne, Garret Garretson, John Peacock, 
James Kemble, Philip Cover, W. Husband, Jr., James Lee, Jr., Isaac 
Webster, Samuel Wallace, J. Billingsley, Jr., Richard Johns, Joseph 
Hill, J. Lee Webster, J. Worthington, John Love, Thomas Husband, 
Samuel Wilson, George Clark, David Clark, Josiah Lyon, William Wood, 
Robert Dunn, John Cooper, John Wilkinson, Thomas Cooper, Stephen 
Cooper, David Tate, David Maxwell, Joseph Bromely, M. Webster, Jr., 
James Cresswell, Joseph Wilson, Edward Hanson, F. Billingsley, Rich- 
ard Keen, Robert Brjarly, of Robert, Robert Darby, Samnel Perryman, 
James Foster, William Hill, William McClure, Moses Hill, Nathaniel 
Giles, and C. Worthington, Jr., of St. John's Parish, then in Baltimore 
but now partly in Harford County. 









1^ POWHATAjS 







FAC-SIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL MAP OF CAPT. JOHN SMITH OF HIS EXPLORATIONS OF THE CHESAPEAKE B 



ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 



CHAPTER IV. 



ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 



History has not preserved for us the exact date of 
the first settlements in Baltimore County, as it has 
done in the case of the ancient town of St. Mary's, 
but there is good reason to believe that, although this 
section of the province was not formally erected into 
a county until about 1659, the white man had effected 
a lodgment there long previous to this time. Indeed 
there is evidence to prove that even before the settle- 
ment of Jamestown, Spanish adventurers had pene- 
trated this region, for we learn from Capt. Smith's 
narrative that while a prisoner in the hands of Pow- 
hatan, he discovered that some of the subjects of the 
savage chief had suffered injuries from Spanish ves- 
sels, and framing his own story to suit the prejudices 
of his hearers, pretended that his people had been 
overpowered in a fight with the Spaniards, and had 
sought shelter in the Chesapeake. It was the Chesa- 
peake, signifying in the Indian dialect " mother of 
waters," that first received the weary and impatient 
voyagers who came to found the " mother of States," 
and it was but little more than a year afterwards, on 
the 2d of June, 1608, that Capt. Smith undertook the 
first of his two famous explorations of the Chesa- 
peake. In these two expeditions he visited every 
inlet and bay on both sides of the Chesapeake from 
Cape Charles to the river Susquehanna, sailed up 
the Patapsco, and probably entered the harbor of Bal- 
timore. He brought back with him so accurate and 
ample an account, and so faithful a plan of every por- 
tion of the territory explored by him, that all subse- 
quent researches have only expanded and illustrated 
his original report; and his map has been made the 
ground-work of all delineations, with no other diver- 
sity than what has inevitably arisen from the varieties 
of appropriation and the progress of settlements. 
The little company that made the first exploration 
under Smith sailed in an open barge of about three 
tons burthen, and consisted of " Walter Russell, doc- 
tor ofphysicke, Ralfe Morton, Thomas Momford, Wil- 
liam Cantrill, Richard Fetherstone, James Burne, 
Michell Sicklemore," whom Smith describes as "Gen- 
tlemen," and "Jonas Profit, Anas Todkill, Robert 
Small, Jame Watkins, John Powell, James Read, 
Richard Keale, Souldiers." This voyage of discovery 
occupied nineteen days, a very brief period consider- 
ing the large number of points at which the expedi- 
tion stopped to make observations and to institute in- 
quiries among the savages. After passing the " straites 
of Limbo," now Hooper's Straits, at the southwestern 
extremity of what is now Dorchester County, they 
crossed the bay to the western shore. 

" So broad is the bay here," says Smith, in his narrative, " we could 
scarce perceive the great Iiigli clifts on the otiier side ; liy tliem we an- 
chored that niglit and called them Riccard's Cliftes. 30 leagues we sailed 



more northwarde not finding any inhabitants, leaving all the eastern 
shore, low islandes, but overgrowne with wood, as all the coast beyond 
them so far as we could see ; the westerne shore by which we sayled we 
found all along well watered, but very mountainous and barren, the val- 
leys very fertile, but extreme thicke of small wood as well as trees, and 
much frequented with wolves, bears, deere, and other wild beasts. Wee 
passed many shallow creekes, but the first we found navigable for a ship 
we called Bolus [the Patapsco], for that the clay in many places under 
the clifts by the high water marUe did grow up in red and white knots 
as gum out of trees ; and in some places so participated together as 
though they were all of one nature, excepting the color, the rest of the 
earth on both sides being hard and sandy gravel, which made us think 
it hole-armainiack and t*'rra sifjiUata." 

On the 24th of July, Smith set out from James- 
town on his second exploration of the Chesapeake. 
He ascended as far as the Susquehanna, and even 
sailed some distance up that river, for he relates that 
they lost their " grapnell among the rocks of Susque- 
sahanocks," somewhere probably in the neighborhood 
of Port Deposit. 

Doubtless other explorations followed those of Capt. 
Smith, but the next of which we have any record is 
that of a trader named Spilman, who in 1621 was sent 
from Jamestown to trade among the Indians for corn, 
and whose party was all captured and killed by the 
Anacostans, near the present site of Washington City. 
One Capt. Henry Fleet, who was with Spilman, was 
among the captured, and remained in captivity for 
several years. After his release he returned to Eng- 
land, and fitting out a vessel in 1627, revisited the In- 
dian town of Towaccomoco (afterwards St. Mary's 
City), and traded largely with them for furs. He 
made many voyages of this cliaracter, but by no 
means confined himself to this locality, his journal 
showing that he carried on a brisk trade with all the 
Indian towns far and near in which there was any 
hope of obtaining the valuable beaver-skins which 
constituted the principal part of his traflSc. But it 
would seem that even as early as 1632 he found a 
competitor fully as enterprising as himself, one Charles 
Harman, who appears to have been as familiar with 
the country as Fleet, and of whom the latter com- 
plains for having carried off " 1500 weight of beaver, 
and cleared fourteen towns." 

It was in October, 1629, that Sir George Calvert, 
first Lord Baltimore, arrived in Virginia, and, im- 
pressed by the beauty and resources of the country, 
determined to apply for a grant of territory; but it was 
not until the 20th of June, 1632, that his charter was 
finally granted, and not until the 27th of March, 1634, 
that the infant colony arrived at St. Mary's. But the 
province had at least one flourishing white settlement 
when the " Ark" and the " Dove" reached the shores of 
Maryland. There can be no question, of course, as to 
the prior settlement of Kent Island by Claiborne, nor 
as to the fact of his having astablished a trading-post 
on Palmer's (now Watson's) Island, at the mouth of 
the Susquejianna, before the occupation of Maryland 
I under Lord Baltimore's grant. Claiborne's settlement 
on Kent Island was probably made as early as 1627, 
for, although his license to trade was not obtained 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



until May ]6, 1631, he had received authority to ex- 
plore the Chesapeake Bay four years before this time, 
and that he had not neglected to plant a settlement on 
Kent Island very soon after this general authorization 
is evident from the fact that the " Isle of Kent" had 
a representative (Capt. Nicholas Matian) in the Vir- 
ginia House of Burgesses in the year 1631-32. 
Kent Island, therefore, it would seem, must have had 
a considerable population in 1631 to entitle it to rep- , 
resentation in a legislative assembly. But there is j 
some evidence to show that even before Claiborne 
established his trading-post on Palmer's Island in 
1627-28-29, a previous colony had been planted there, 
and that all the members of this adventurous party 
had been murdered by the Indians, probably the 
fierce Susquehannoughs, who had their principal seat 
in this vicinity. Both Smith's voyages were made as 
early as 1608, and it was doubtless his glowing descrip- 
tions which fired the imaginations of other colonists, 
and led to the settlements on Palmer's and Kent 
Island. It is quite evident from these frequent jour- 
neys into what afterwards became the territory of 
Maryland that the attractions and advantages of this 
region had become familiar in the other colonies, and 
even in the mother-country, some years before George 
Calvert received his charter. It is not probable that 
the first settlement on Palmer's Island was a solitary 
and unsupported venture, or that the large territory 
formerly embraced within the limits of Baltimore 
County was peopled entirely by emigrants from St. 
Mary's. The population of the Virginia colony at 
Jamestown had increased rapidly, and reports of the 
prosperity of the country reaching the Old World, 
numbers were induced to emigrate to the shores of the 
Chesapeake. Whatever, indeed, may have been the 
date at which the first settlements in Baltimore 
County were made, it is certain that we were indebted ' 
at an early period for much of the population of this 
region to Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. 
Our border troubles with Pennsylvania led many of 
the inliabitants of the adjacent counties of that State 
to remove to Maryland, and the dispute with the 
Dutch over the title to Delaware produced an almost 
wholesale emigration of the Swedes into our midst. 
In a short time "fifty persons, including several fami- 
lies, removed to Maryland and Virginia." Scarcely 
thirty families remained in New Amstel, "and other j 
places day by day," says Stuyvesant, " are growing I 
worse and worse." The natural direction of this emi- 
gration was by way of the present town of Elkton, and 
from thence it penetrated into the heart of the territory 
afterwards erected into Baltimore County. The first 
Baltimore County court, as will be seen elsewhere, ', 
was held in what is now called Cecil County, and the 
first county-seat was at Bush River, said to be about ' 
two miles below the present town of Bush, in Harford 
County. This fact indicates that the upper part of j 
the county was at first the most thickly settled, and j 
there is conclusive evidence to show that it long main- 



tained this numerical superiority. The settlement on 
the Bush River, known as Old Baltimore, continued 
to be the county-seat for many years, a fact which 
proves that point to have been for a long period the 
centre of pojmlation, and the subsequent removal of 
the court-house to Joppa, instead of to some more 
southern or western locality, shows that even after 
the lapse of half a century the northern and eastern 
portions of the county were still by far the most 
populous. They continued to be so for many years 
longer, for the county-seat was not removed to Balti- 
more until 1768, and Joppa, during more than fifty 
years, was not only the chief mart of the county, but 
the point which seems to have been fixed upon by 
common agreement, or perhaps by law, as the most 
convenient for elections, and a variety of purposes, to 
a majority of the people of the county. It was not 
until 1768 that the inhabitants of Baltimore Town and 
the surrounding country grew strong enough to dis- 
pute this supremacy, and even then they would seem 
to have .succeeded in obtaining the removal of the 
county-seat under false pretences with regard to their 
population, for we find that on the 28th of February, 
1770, in pursuance of an act of Assembly, an election 
was held for the purpose of giving the people in the 
lower and upper districts an opportunity to determine 
where lay the strength of the county and the greater 
number of votes, and that the upper sections elected 
their representatives by a considerable majority. The 
polls were held in Baltimore Town for the lower, and 
Bush River fOr the upper districts, and the vote polled 
was as follows: 



1181 
U6T 
1119 



Caudidates — Alwve. 

Thomas Cuckey Deye 1572 Samuel Owings 

John Paca 1354 John Moale 

John Matthews 1293 George Eisteau 

Aquila Hall 1220 1 Kobert Alexander.. 



All this shows how slowly the stream of population 
moved into the interior, and throws additional and 
interesting light upon the history of early coloniza- 
tion in this State. Settlements, in the beginning, 
clung closely to the shores of the bay or the banks 
of the larger rivers, and nearly every plantation of 
consequence was placed within -easy distance of some 
water highway, the only sort of road which the early 
colonists found already prepared for them. Thus 
from the first the " backwoods" was the wilderness, 
and the backwoods was simply the unsettled region 
removed from navigable water; and thus it happened 
that both shores of the bay and its estuaries were set- 
tled up to the mouth of the Susquehanna before the 
interior of even Charles, St. Mary's, Talbot, and Kent 
Counties had ceased to be called the " backwoods." 

The tide of immigration from the north was met by 
an upward current from the south, and accordingly 
we find among the early settlers of this region emi- 
grants from Delaw.are, Pennsylvania, and New York 
on the one hand, and from Virginia on the other. 
Among the most prominent settlers from the north 
may lie mentioned Augustine IForman, wlio founded 



ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 



:i small colony on Bohemia River, witliin the then 
limits of Baltimore County, hut now included within 
those of Cecil. Our first introduction to Herman is 
in 1659, when hewas .sent by Governor Stuyvesant, of 
New York, on an embassy to ask, " in a friendly and 
neighborly way, the redelivery and restitution of such 
free people and servants" as had taken refuge in 
Maryland, and to make other demands with reference 
to the border troubles then existing. Herman was a 
native of Prague, Bohemia, and emigrated to the 
Dutch settlement at Manhattan. After his visit to 
Maryland as one of the Dutch commissioners, he re- 
moved to the latter province, and in 1663 took up 
land on Elk River, Cecil County, where " Bohemia 
Manor" and "Port Herman" still preserve his mem- 
ory. In 1664 he and his family were naturalized as 
citizens of Maryland by an act of Assembly, — the first 
act of the kind passed in the colonies. Herman was 
the great man of the region ; he had his deer-park, 
the walls of which were still standing in 1859 ; he rode 
in his coach driven by liveried servants; his mansion 
commanded a fine view of the Bohemia River to the 
Chesapeake Bay. It is said he died in 1686. 

Nathaniel Utie, who was one of the foremost pio- 
neers of civilization at the head of the Chesapeake, 
and whose name is preserved in that of Spesutie 
(Spes-Utie) Island, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, 
upon which he settled probably before the formation 
of the county, filled a prominent part in the early 
history both of Maryland and Virginia. Becoming 
involved in political troubles in the latter State, he 
removed to Maryland, and in May, 1658, was licensed 
to trade with the Indians for furs, and to arrest all 
persons who were trading in the upper part of the bay 
without license. On the 12th of July following he 
was commissioned captain of all the forces between 
the coves of Patuxent River and the Seven Moun- 
tains, and was appointed to command as his own 
company all the forces from the head of Severn River 
to the above mountains. In 1666 he was one of the 
commissioners appointed to effect an agreement be- 
tween Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland to 
suspend the planting of tobacco for a year, so as to 
enhance its value. He became a member of the 
Governor's Council, one of the magistrates of the 
province, and was one of the first representatives of 
the county in the Assembly, holding a seat in that 
body in 1662, 1666, and 1669. He took an important 
part in the effort to dispossess the Dutch on the Dela- 
ware, and was altogether one of the most prominent 
figures in the early history of the county. George Utie, 
probably a near relative of Nathaniel, represented 
Baltimore County in the Assembly in 1661, and was 
commissioned sheriff in 1666. The former importance 
of Spesutie Island may be estimated from the fact that 
a meeting of the Council was held there in'1661. 

Baltimore County was erected into a county about 
1659 ; the exact date is involved in some doubt. Be- 
fore this year, however, the county is not mentioned 



in the legislative proceedings as having any represen- 
tatives. Its original limits were much more extensive 
than they are at present, including Harford and 
Cecil Counties, and, there is good evidence to prove, 
stretching as far south on tlie eastern shore as the 
Chester River, and perhaps embracing the whole of 
the county of Kent. The first description of its 
bounds is found in the proclamation of June 6, 1674, 
by which it was declared that the southern bounds of 
Baltimore County shall be "the south side of Pa- 
tapsco River, and from the highest plantations on that 
side of the river, due south two miles into the woods." 
By the act of 1698 a boundary line was adopted be- 
tween Baltimore and Anne Arundel County, which 
had been located by commissioners appointed under 
an act of Assembly passed in 1696. This line, which 
is particularly described in this act of 1698, and which 
began upon the bay about one mile and a quarter to 
the south of Bodkin Creek, attached to Baftimore 
County a considerable tract of country lying south of 
the Patapsco ; but in 1725 this act of 1698 was re- 
pealed, and the present boundary by the Patapsco was 
established. The western boundaries of the county 
were undefined, and in the absence of the act or order 
erecting Baltimore County, we are unable to say what 
were the original western limits assigned to it. At 
one time it extended to the head of the Patuxent ; 
afterwards the head of the Patapsco became its west- 
ern boundary, and was so until the formation of 
Frederick County in 1748. On the north Baltimore 
County extended to the extreme limits of the province. 
Its eastern limits have for many years been an interest- 
ting subject of dispute, but there is strong evidence to 
show, as we have said, that they formerly embraced 
Cecil County, and extended down the eastern shore to 
the Chester River, probably including the whole of the 
territory forming the present county of Kent. In the 
early records of the province and county may be found 
scores of deeds and patents for lands on the Elk, the 
Bohemia, and the Sassafras Rivers, which are de- 
scribed as lying in Baltimore County, Capt. Nathaniel 
Utie, for instance, holding lands on the Sassafras, 
which are set down as in Baltimore County. There 
are also several official references, in proclamations 
and elsewhere, to points on the eastern shore north 
of the Chester River as within the limits of Baltimore 
County. The act of 1707, ch. 8, throws further light 
on this subject. ■ It provides for the removal of 
Thomas Howell, " now lying under execution for 
debt, in the custody of the sheriff' of Cecil County, 
into the custody of the sheriif of Kent County," and 
this removal was made necessary " by the late division 
of those counties, whereby this Howell became an in- 
habitant of Kent County," showing that at least a por- 
tion of Kent had previously been embraced within the 
limits of Cecil, which itself, as has been shown, had 
originally been included within Baltimore County. 

Cecil County, named after Cecilius Calvert, second 
Lord Baltimore, was erected in 1674, and the records 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



show that by the terms of the proclamation creating 
it it wiis described as extending " from the mouth of 
the Susquehanna River down the eastern side of the 
bay, to Swan Point ; thence to Hell Point, and thence 
up Chester River to the head thereof." This proves 
conclusively that Cecil County originally embraced 
the county of Kent, and Cecil itself, oi a part of it, 
was carved out of Baltimore County, as the deeds and 
patents testify. Deeds to lands some distance south 
of the Sassafras River, and described as lying in Bal- 
timore County, have been discovered, and doubtless 
others as far south as the Chester River could be 
found by a complete examination of the old records. 
Probably when Cecil was separated from Baltimore 
County in 1674 the division was made with reference | 
to, if it was not dictated by, the geographical situa- 
tions of the two sections and their natural boundaries, 
the Susquehanna River and the bay. 

Cecil County, as we have stated, was created in 
1674, but its present boundaries were defined by the 
act of 1706, ch. 3, which enacts " that Cecil County 
shall contain all the lands on the north side of Sassafras 
River and Kent County, and shall be bounded on the 
east and north by the bounds of the province, and on 
the west by Susquehanna and the bay." 

Harford County, named after Henry Harford, the 
last proprietary of Maryland, and the illegitimate son 
of Frederick, the sixth and last Lord Baltimore, was 
created in 1773, and is bounded as follows : " Begin- 
ning at the mouth of the Little Falls of Gunpowder 
River, and running thence with said falls to the foun- 
tain head ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line ; 
thence with that line to the Susquehanna River ; 
thence with that river to the Chesapeake Bay ; thence 
with the bay, including Spesutie and Pool's Islands, 
to the mouth of Gunpowder River ; and thence up 
said river to the beginning." 

Carroll County, named after Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, and created out of Baltimore and Freder- 
ick Counties, was created in 1835, with the following 
boundaries: "Beginning at the Pennsylvania line at 
Rock Creek ; thence to the Monocacy River ; thence 
to the junction of the Monocacy and Double Pipe 
Creek ; thence with the course of Pipe Creek to the 
point of junction of Little Pipe Creek and Big Pipe 
Creek; thence with Little Pipe Creek to its junction i 
with Sam's Creek ; thence with Sara's Creek to War- , 
field's Mill ; thence with the Buffalo road to Parr's 
Spring ; thence with the western branch of the Pa- 
tapsco Falls to the point of its junction with the north- 
ern branch of the Patapsco Falls; thence with the 
northern branch of said fails to the bridge erected 
over said falls on the turnpike road leading from 
Ueisterstown to Westminster; thence in a straight 
course to the Pennsylvania line, running north seven- 
teen degrees east; thence to the Pennsylvania line to 
the place of beginning.'" 



CHAPTER V. 

ANCIENT COUNTY-SEATS. 
Old Baltimore— Foster's Neck— Joppa— Ball imore Town. 

It is somewhat singular that while our records have 
handed down to us the name of the person at whose 
house the County Court held its first session, as well 
as the year in which this event occurred, we find no 
reference to the establishment of a regular county- 
seat until 1683, or about twenty-two years afterwards. 

By Chapter V. of the act of 1683 a port of entry 
was established "on Bush River, on the town land, 
near the court-house," and it is at this point that his- 
tory first introduces us to the original capital of the 
county. From the language of the act it is apparent 
that this town on the Bush River was already the 
county-seat when it was made a port of entry, but how 
long it had enjoyed that dignity is not known. It is 
not reasonable to suppose, however, that justice had 
been without a fixed and local habitation since the 
meeting of the first court at the house of Capt. Thomas 
Howell- in 1661 ; and it is probable that Old Balti- 
more had been the county-seat for some years be- 
fore 1683. As early as 1674 an act was passed " for 
erecting a court-house and prison in each county 
within this province," but, even without express pro- 
vision, the necessity for the establishment of a county- 
seat must have forced itself upon the public attention 
soon after the organization of the county government, 
and in selecting a place for this purpose the general 
convenience must naturally have been one of the prin- 
cipal objects in view. The county at that time included 
within its limits Harford, Cecil, and at least a part of 
Kent, and an examination of the map shows that Old 
Baltimore occupied a convenient position with refer- 
ence to all these different sections. The interior, or 
backwoods, was then but thinly settled, most of the 
inhabitants still being afraid to trust themselves far 
from the bay or the borders of navigable streams, so 
that the town on Bush River was not only reason- 
ably central, as far as the large proportion of the popu- 
lation was concerned, but was easily accessible by 
water, which was then the principal and favorite 
mode of travel. 

The lapse of time has left so few traces of Old 
Baltimore that the identification of the site on which 
it stood cannot be made with absolute certainty. 
Recent researches, however, have thrown so much 
liiiht iin tlir subject that we can now, with tolerable 
ecMiii'lriH-. , |M.iiit almost to the exact spot where- the 
fiisi 1 (.uiiiy-Mut was located. Old Baltimore, in all 
probability, was situated about seven miles south of 
Perrymansvilie, two miles northeast of the Philadel- 
phia and Wilmington Railroad bridge over Bush 
River, and four miles above the Chesapeake Bay, and 
was an isthmus about a quarter of a mile wide be- 

i Capt. TlK.nms Howell at this time lived within tlie limits of what is 



ANCIENT COUNTY-SEATS. 



43 



tween Bush River on the south aud Rumney Creek 
on the north. It was immediately upon Bush River, 
and commanded a noble view for miles up the river 
and down its course to its junction with the Chesa- 
peake. 

Besides the concurrent testimony of at least six 
ancient maps to the correctness of this identifica- 
tion of the site of Old Baltimore, the natural objects 
in the vicinity still bear witness to the former exist- 
ence of a town in this locality. Long rows of large 
cedar-trees strike the visitor with their venerable ap- 
pearance, and their regularity and isolation indicate 
that they were the results of careful culture rather 
than of spontaneous growth. Nor is the fact without 
significance that while the land between Old Balti- 
more and Perrymansville is very barren, that in the 
vicinity of the former is believed to be about the most 
productive in Harford County. Besides a portion 
occupied by a clover-field, the old site itself is covered 
with alder-bushes and refuses cultivation, as if, having 
once been set apart for the higher uses of civilization, 
it disdained to revert to the less ambitious purposes 
of agriculture. A rude fence at present incloses the 
whole site, and on entering the gate the visitor sees 
two log houses, such as are used by servants on a plan- 
tation, while hard by is an old-fashioned well with the 
horizontal pole for raising and lowering the bucket 
so common in former days. In the eastern part of 
the field are the remains or ruins of a burial-ground 
in a grove of large walnut-trees, and " here rest the 
bones of William Osborne, who built the first house 
in the present Harford County at Old Baltimore on 
'Old House Point.'" About a quarter of a mile 
norch of the field is the residence of Mr. Richardson, 
the proprietor of the site of the ancient town. The 
road from the north to the south, starting from a ferry 
over the Susquehanna, just below the present rail- 
road bridge at Havre de Grace, crossed Swan Creek 
to Old Baltimore ; and here, at Old House Point, there 
was a ferry over Bush River, and this was the great 
route of travel. The ferry was attended by Philip 
Philips, who afterwards purchased it, and providing 
" entertainment for man and beast," contrived through 
these two sources of revenue to make a comfortable 
fortune. The wharf at Old House Point has long 
since decayed, but the large stones which formed the 
abutments can still be plainly seen at low tide. Three 
miles from Old Baltimore, as stated by Freeborn Gar- 
retson (in his journal), is the place of thefiret church 
building of any kind in Baltimore County. Here, at 
Gravelly, are the almost obliterated remains of the 
"log church"; and it was to this place, about fifteen 
years after the decadence of Old Baltimore, that the 
remains of the dead with their tombstones were prob- 
ably removed from the burial-ground that has been 
mentioned. This log church was the parent of St. 
George's parish, now known as "Spesutie Church," 
and the records of the latter contain the names of 
many of the descendants of the " Old Baltimoreans." 



From an act of 1696 it appears that many of the 
court-houses in the province had been built upon land 
to which the counties had no legal title, and the com- 
missioners were authorized to perfect these titles by 
purchase. The court-house at Old Baltimore would 
seem to have been one of these, for under date of 
April 1, 1700, we find a deed from Michael Judd, the 
younger, of Baltimore County, and Mary, his wife, 
conveying to "John Hall, gent, and others, inhabit- 
ants and freeholders of the county," all "that piece 
or parcel of land wherein the court-house of the said 
county now standeth." 

The precise date at which Old Baltimore ceased to 
be the county-seat is to a large extent a matter of 
conjecture. An impression prevails that the court- 
house was removed from Old Baltimore to Foster's 
Neck, on the Gunpowder, by the act of 1706, but the 
act in question contains no allusion whatever to the 
location of the court-house at that point, and it is 
not until we come to the act of 1707 that we find 
a provision for the erection of a new county-seat. 
This latter act, as will be seen, failed to secure the 
sanction of the queen, and it was not until 1712 that 
its provisions were confirmed ; but it is also to be 
noted that the act of 1706, which provided for the 
establishment of a port of entry at Foster's Neck, was 
also vetoed by the queen, and was never re-enacted, so 
far as the records show, so that, even had it directed 
the location of the county-seat at Foster's Neck, it 
would have been without force or effect. It seems 
probable, therefore, that the county-seat remained at 
Old Baltimore until 1712, and that when it was taken 
from that place it was removed to Joppa, and not to 
Foster's Neck, as has hitherto been generally sup- 
posed. 

The history of Joppa, although involved in less ob- 
scurity than that of Old Baltimore, is clouded at 
many points with the uncertainties which inevitably 
accumulate around a town which belongs so entirely 
to the past. Careful research has, however, rescued 
from ancient and decaying records facts enough to 
give us an idea of the general outline of its history, 
and to enable us to form a tolerably correct opinion 
of one of the most interesting of the earlier Maryland 
towns. Although we first meet with " the town of 
Joppa" in the act of 1712, the place was called into 
being five years before by the act of 1707, which itself 
was a sort of supplement or amendment to a law of 
1706. This last legislative mandate proposed to create 
no less than forty-two new towns at a single breath, 
and among them provided for three in Baltimore 
County, — one "at Whetstone Neck, on Patapsco 
River;" one upon the land called "Chilberry, on 
Bush River;" and "one on Foster's Neck, on Gun- 
powder River." How many of these paper towns fell 
still-born from the womb of this prolific law it is not 
necessary to consider. Whether that at Foster's Neck 
ever existed except in the legislative intention seems 
a matter of dispute, but at all events its life was a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



brief one, for in the following year (1707) the Assem- 
bly directed the site at Foster's Neck " to be deserted, 
and in lieu thereof fifty acres to be erected into a town 
on a tract of land on the same river, belonging to 
Anne Felks, and called Taylor's Choice, and the 
court-house to be built there." All acts of Assembly 
required the royal assent, but as it was not supposed 
there would be any objection to the change of site 
proposed in the law of 1707, work was at once begun 
on the new town, streets were laid out, and the court- 
house was in course of construction, when, to the gen- 
eral surprise, the queen dissented both to the act of 
1706 as well as to that of 1707. For the next five 
years Joppa, if it lived at all, lived only as a sort of 
illegitimate town, and probably consisted simply of 
the buildings in process of construction and those 
already built when the queen's veto suspended its 
legal existence and checked its progress. In 1712, 
however, a new act was passed, fixing the County 
Court at the house built on Taylor's Choice, " in the 
town of Joppa." Joppa had still, however, to pass 
through a further period of probation, for it had no 
sooner been freed from its former disability than it 
was discovered that it was built not exactly upon the 
sand, but upon the property of a minor, who could 
not give a clear title. In this unfortunate state Joppa 
languished for the next twelve years, when it was at 
last delivered from all its troubles by a final act of 
the Assembly. This act of 1724 recites that 

"the iuhabitauts of Baltimore County have made to appear to this 
Assembly tliat a publiclc court-house and prison have been erected at 
Joppa, in the said county, at their expence, and that the riglit of the land 
is in a minor, under the age of twenty-one yeais, who (although his 
father, Col. James Maxwell, hath received full satisfaction for the said 
land) cannot convoy the same, and that the said inhabitants have like- 
wise set forth and made appear that the business of that county is 
greatly delayed and obstructed by the want of some convenient places of 
entertainment, at or near the court-house, the officers thereof and 
suitors thereto being obliged to go a great distance for necessary accom- 
modation, and lying under several other inconveniences that the erec- 
ting of a town at the same place would probably remove." 

It then proceeds to enact " that the land already 
allotted for the building of a court-house and prison 
shall be and remain to the use of the said county for- 
ever, any law, usage, defect, or other thing to the con- 
trary notwithstanding." Thomas Tolley, Capt. John 
Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd, and John Stokes, 
or any three of them, were authorized and empowered 
to purchase twenty acres of land at Joppa, and to 
superintend the surveying and laying out of the same 
"into forty equal lots, erected into a town, and so as 
the public buildings aforesaid be included within the 
twenty acres aforesaid, and that the same lots shall be 
laid out so as not to affect the buildings or improve- 
ments of Col. James Maxwell, or his son, already 
made at the place aforesaid." The commissioners 
were directed to meet at an early day to carry out the 
instructions of the act, anil mi the lioth of April, 1725, 
proceeded to bargain willi >'<■}. .Mm\ well, the owner, 
for the land. They oilV-rcd liijn llir,,. pounds (£3) an 
acre for his land, which he at first declined to ac- 



cept, but afterwards, when a warrant was about to be 
; placed in the hands of the sheriff requiring him to 

assess and condemn the i)roperty, he came to terras, 

and the purchase was concluded without further 

trouble. 

It was not until the latter part of .lune, 1726, that 

the survey was completed and the town laid off. The 
1 surveyor of the county, Col. John Dorscy, received 

for his services five hundred pounds of tobacco from 

the County Court. In his formal certificate Col. Dorsey 

states that he has 

] "laid out for the said town twenty acres of land, being part of a tract 

, of land called Taylor's Choice, beginning (for thesaid town) at a bounded 
while oak standing near the bank of the said river and near the mouth 
and on the east side of the easternmost branch of the said river, and 
running thence south eiglity-two degrees and a half, east forty perches; 

' thence north seven and a half degrees, east eighty-four perches; thence 
north eighty-two and a half degrees, west forty perches; thence south 
seven and a half degrees, west eigbty-four perches to the said bounded 
tree containing and laid out for twenty-one acres of land, more or less. 

j Twenty-one acres whereof for a town called Joppa." 

j Joppa was northwest of Foster's Neck, and Foster's 

I Creek is still known, and is the southeastern boundary 

of Col. John Carroll Walsh's land, Taylor's Creek 

being between Col. Walsh's land and Joppa farm. 

I " Taylor's Choice" was granted March 4, 1661, to John 

j Taylor, who also had other tracts in the immediate 

neighborhood. Taylor was one of the commissioners 

i of Baltimore County, and with others held a court, 

j probably the first held in the county, at the house of 

Capt. Thomas Howell, the presiding commissioner, 

on the 20th of July, 1661. In 1719, Taylor's Choice 

was resurveyed for Col. James Maxwell, who was then 

presiding justice or judge of the county, a position 

I which he held for twenty years. The judges of the 

r courts appear to have been alive to the importance of 

a proper location for the seats of justice, as two of 

them would seem to have been land-owners at or near 

Joppa when the town was laid out. Joppa, as-we 

I have seen, was laid out into forty lots of half an acre 

I each, exclusive of the one-acre lot set aside for the 

! use of St. John's parish church, and was divided by 

[ Court Street and Church Street running east and west, 

j and Low Street and High Street running nearly north 

and south. The lots were offered at one pound seven 

I shillings each, to be paid to Col. James Maxwell, with 

a fee of two shillings and sixpence to the clerk for 

every entry made by him. 

By the terms of the act of Assembly, the owner of 

the land was to have the first choice in the selection 

, of lots, and accordingly we find the first entry made 

in the name of Col. Maxwell, the form of the entry 

; being as follows: 

"(No. 23) July the eighth, one thousand seven hundred and twenty- 
six, comes Col. James Maxwell (the owner of and person interested in 
the said land) and makes choice of the lot (No. 23) which ho desires 
may be entered in his came, which is hereby accordingly done at tiie 
request aforesaid and risque of the same James Maxwell." 

On the same day (July 8th) Asaell Maxwell, son of 
Col. James Maxwell, took up lot No. 24; Col. John 
Dorsey, in the name and for the use of his son, Green- 



ANCIENT COUNTY-SEATS. 



45 



bury Dorsey, took up lot No. 4; John Crockett took 
up lot No. 3, and John Stokes lot No. 5. On July 
20th Daniel Hughes took up lot No. 22; Thomas 
White, clerk of the court, lot No. 1 ; Eoger Matthews 
lot No. 2, and Capt. Thomas Sheredine lot No. 19. 
Lot No. 21 was taken up by Aquila Paca, 
sheriff of the county, on the 25th of July, 
and lot No. 18 by Jo'hn Hall, Jr. ; No. 17 by 
John Roberts, July 27th ; lot No. 26 on July 
28th, by Joseph Ward, inn-holder; lot No. 
6 by Eichard Hewitt, Aug. 4th ; lot No. 27 
by Nicholas Day, Aug. 4th ; lot No. 20 by 
Thomas Tolley, on the same date ; lot No. 
16 on Aug. 5th, by Aquila Paca; lot No. 28 
on Aug. 5th, by William Hammond; lot 
No. 40 by Benjamin Jones, Sept. 25th; lot 
No. 7 by William Lowe, Oct. 8th ; lots Nos. 
8 and 9 by Joseph Calvert, " late merchant 
of Kent County," Dec. 19th ; lot No. 39 by 
James Lsham, March 30, 1727 ; lot No. 13 by 
Joseph Calvert, June 10th ; lots Nos. 34 and 
35 by James lsham, Sept. 2d ; lot No. 15 by 
William Lowe, Sept. 12th; lot No. 10 by 
Joseph Calvert, March 12, 1727 ; lot No. 29 
by Catharine Hollingsworth, widow, Oct 9, 
1729; lot No. 30 by same for her son, Val- 
entine Hollingsworth, June 29, 1730; lot 
No. 18 by Samuel Ward, " carpenter" (being 
same lot at first taken up by John Hall, 
Jr.), July 8, 1730; lot No. 30 by Abraham 
Johns, for the use of Stephen Higgins, of 
Anne Arundel County, Dec. 3, 1730 ; and 
lot No. 31 on the same day, for the use of 
Samuel Maccubins. Purchasers of these lots 
were required to build within twelve months 
houses that should cover not less than four 
hundred square feet, and the act rather 
quaintly declared that " none of these houses 
shall be suffered to have any chimney, un- 
less the same be built with brick or stone." 
The first purchasers of several of the lots 
having neglected to build houses within 
the required time, the town commissioners, 
Messrs. Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, and 
John Stokes, in accordance with the provis- 
ions of the act, adopted an order on June 27, 
1727, directing the clerk to enter these lots 
afresh should there be any new applicants, 
and this was done in several instances. 
Greenbury Dorsey took up his lot No. 4 a 
second time; Jonathan Hughes succeeded 
David Hughes in the ownership of lot No. 
22 ; Nicholas Day took up lots Nos. 26 and ^ j,^, 
28, previously taken up by Joseph Ward 
and William Hammond; lot No. 18 was resold to 
Thomas Sheredine; lot No. 16 to William Lowe; 
lot No. 40 to Jeremiah Sutton, on April 23, 1729 ; lot 
No. 30 to John Higginson, Sept. 8, 1731 ; and lot No. 
18, which had been sold twice before, to Hannah 



Ward, of Joppa, on Oct. 1, 1731. It would seem that 
the lawyers of those days did not care especially for 
water as a beverage, for it was not until the 8th of 
August, 1728, .some two years after Col. Maxwell's lot 
was taken up, that it was thought necessary to have a 









5s f 



- 1^ 



^^ S 



II 



^ ^ 



^- I- 






3 







j^-^ 



(7SJ 



■f7oJ 









PLAT OF JOPPA IN 1725. 
Prison ; B, Court-House ; C, Old Prison ; D, St. John's Parish Church. 

public well in the vicinity of the court-house, at which 
time the commissioners of Joppa satisfied any tem- 
perance principles that may have existed by adopting 
a general order to the effect that " the money that is or 
shall be raised for the use of the said town be applied 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



towards digging a well on the court-house lands, and 
it is further resolved that either of the commissioners 
aforesaid may covenant with any person who shall be 
inclinable to do the same on reasonable terms." Col. 
Dorsey's plat of the town gives its length as eighty- 
four perclies, and the width forty perches, exactly 
twenty-one acres, showing forty lots, exclusive of the 
church lot, with the church, court-house, and two 
prisons conspicuously delineated, while adjacent to 
the new prison is a small lot marked " Amen Corner," 
which was sacred to the whipping-post and the pil- 
lory. It does not seem probable that the names al- 
ready given embraced all the inhabitants of Joppa, 
as in the act of 1724 reference is made to " the build- 
ings or improvements of Col. James Maxwell, or of 
his son, already'made at the place aforesaid," and in 
the proceedings of the county commissioners in 1725 
the surveyor is directed to respect the "dwelling- 
house of Mrs. Elinor Rumsey." This latter is believed 
to be the sole house now standing on the site of Joppa, 
it having been known for many years as the " Rumsey ' 
Mansion." Benjamin Rumsey, a member of the Con- 
tinental Congress, and one of the most distinguished j 
men of the State, died here March 7, 1808. Addi- i 
tional color is given to the supposition that Joppa had 
already made some progress before the act of 1724 by 
the fact that the original act of 1707 locating the 
town set apart fifty acres for that purpose, and the 
law of 1724 appropriated only twenty acres. Between j 
1707 and 1724,— that is, in 1712, — another act was i 
passed, as has already been stated, " settling Balti- 
more County court-house at Joppa," and it seems ' 
only reasonable to suppose that other buildings had I 
.sprung up upon part of the fifty acres at first desig- 
nated. This would explain the limitation to twenty 
acres in the act of 1724, it being then unnecessary, in 
this view of the case, to adhere to the original number. 
It is quite evident from all that has been said that 
the erection of Joppa into a town and its develop- 
ment into the metropolis of the county was the ob- 
ject of special and influential effort. The pertinacity j 
with which the projectors of the town clung to the 
site they had chosen, in spite of the many obsta- 
cles in the way of their success, and the special in- | 
ducements oflTered to trade, as well as the special fa- j 
cilities provided for reaching the county-seat, indicate 
either the presence of influential sponsors at the 
cradle of Joppa, or the firm conviction in the public 
mind that this particular site possessed peculiar and 
unrivaled advantages. All roads led to Rome, and 
so, on a smaller scale, all the most important roads of 
Baltimore County would seem to have led to Joppa ; j 
'and even now the numerous " old Joppa roads" 
through Harford and Baltimore C<junties serve to 
remind us of the ancient prominence of the place, 
and the obvious design to make it a great commercial | 
centre. But it was in the act of 1724 itself that we i 
see especially the signs of fostering care. The la,st j 
section of that act provided 



'* That there shall be allowed to all debtors whatsoever, owing auy to- 
bacco to any person or persons whatsoever, or liowsoever, such debtor 
bringing his tobacco to the town aforesaid, and there paying the same to 
his creditor or creditors, or his or their receivers, the sum of ten pounds 
of tobacco per cent, for every hundred pounds of tobacco so brought to 
the place aforesaid, and there paid as aforesaid; to be deducted out of 
such debtor*s said debt, or allowed of in bar or discount of any action to 
be brought against any debtor or debtors, by any creditor or creditors, in 
any court within this province." 

This new way of paying old debts, it is almost unne- 
cessary to say, speedily became very popular, and in a 
short time Joppa became a great tobacco market, which 
meant a great deal in those days, when tobacco was 
king, and when it often usurped the place of money 
in the trade and commerce of the colonies. The 
mode of getting this great staple to the county me- 
tropolis was not a little ingenious, and though it sa- 
vored somewhat of that laziness which is the mother 
of invention, served all the purposes of the times. 
Each hogshead of tobacco was made to render active 
assistance in its own transportation by means of a 
gudgeon or pin fastened in each end, to which hoop- 
pole shafts were attached, and fastened to the collar 
of the horse, which thus rolled his load to town, and 
from this circumstance the roads so used were called 
" rolling roads," a name which many of them still 
retain. These " rolling roads" poured vast quanti- 
ties of tobacco into Joppa, and with tobacco came a 
very considerable commerce not only with the West 
Indies, but with Europe. Though her population was 
not large, it was doubtless a very busy one, and prob- 
ably one of no inconsiderable wealth. Although the 
removal of the county-seat to Baltimore in 1768 was 
the death-warrant of Joppa, the commercial glory it 
had gained did not pass from it all at once, and tra- 
dition says that so late as the American Revolution 
a vessel of war was built there. 

Still other and incidental evidences of the import- 
ance of Joppa have survived to us. The Maryland 
Gazette of March 5, 1752, informs us that at an elec- 
tion held there for representatives in the Legislature 
" more people were present than ever before at any 
election in that county, or perhaps any in the prov- 
ince." Joppa, moreover, had her dealings in real es- 
tate, and at the present day, when it is difficult to 
discover even the ruins of this ancient town, it sounds 
strangely to read that " in the town of Joppa there is 
a spacious brick dwelling-house, kitchen garden, abd 
sundry outhouses (to be sold) in very good repair," or 
the following advertisement in the Gazette of Oct. 23, 



" May McCulloch Executrix and Anthony Stewart executor of David 
McCulloch, deceased, offer for sale or rent the following property in the 
town of Joppa lately possessed by D. McCulloch, where he lived; His 
dwelling-bouse, built of brick, two stories high, consisting of three rooms, 
two closets and a passage on the first floor ; four rooms and a passage on 
the second floor, and a cellar under the whole house. Adjoining the 
dwelling-house is a kitclien built of brick one story high. There is also 
a large warehouse, situated on the water side, built of stone, consisting 
of three floors, calculated to receive grain, salt, &c. ; a store-house built 
of wood, consisting of a store-room, and a room off the store, proper for 
a counting room; a small house not far distant from the store, built of 
wood, new, projter for un office ur a couritiug-hoi 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMOKE CITY. 



47 



, hen-house, Ac, and a garden and the whole lot well pailed 
in; also a store-house built of wood, and a counting-house with a fire- 
place, and a large stable." 

Not less strangely sounds the announcement that 
" on Thursday, the 11th of October (1759), will be run 
for at Joppa, in Baltimore County, a purse of twenty 
pistoles, by any horse, mare, or gelding," and on " the 
12th and 13th races will be run" for purses of ten I 
and six pounds current money respectively. " Every I 
horse, etc., to be entered with Isaac Kisteau in the ' 
town aforesaid the day before they run, and the own- 
ers to pay one shilling in the form of entrance 
money." In case of any dispute, it was announced 
that "the same would be decided by Col. William 
Young and James Christie." It was doubtless on 
occasions of this sort that " the Governor and a num- i 
ber of gentlemen visited the town." Joppa had also 
amusements of another character. Jan. 10, 1752, 
" Martha Bassett and Mary Powell were hanged at 
Joppa, pursuant to sentence, for the murder of Mrs. | 
Clarke. The execution of John Berry, the wicked 
contriver of this scene of villany, was deferred until 
yesterday (January loth), when he was to be exe- 
cuted near the place where the murder was commit- 
ted, and afterwards hung in chains." And on Nov. 
28, 1753, "John Barrett was executed at Joppa for 
the murder of his wife some time ago, and was after- 
wards hung in chains on a gibbet as high as Haman's 
Gallows near Baltimore Town, where he committed 
the fact." 

Joppa, too, was ablaze with the patriotic ardor of 
the Revolutionary period, as the following extract 
from the Gazette of April 10, 1 776, fully indicates : 

" We learn from Joppa that a special messenger came to that town on 
Sunday last with the agreeable news of the repeal of the Stamp Act. 
The same being immediately communicated to the inhabitants, the 
greatest joy appeared imprinted in every countenance; the day could 
not be celebrated in such a cheerful manner as the occasion required, 
but the evening was ushered in with the ringing of bells, and every ] 
other decent signal of joy, and every house in the town was illumi- 
nated, and the houses of Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Tolley, on the opposite side 
of the river. The evening concluded with the greatest decency and de- 
corum."! 

But while Joppa was thus flourishing, " Baltimore 
Town" had not been standing still, and soon grew i 
into a formidable rival to her elder sister. Finally, in 
1768, the population of Baltimore had so greatly in- \ 
creased that, from a sense of its own dignity, perhaps, I 
as well as from the inconvenience to which its citizens ! 
were subjected in attending court at Joppa, Balti- ' 
more demanded and obtained an act removing the ' 
county-seat from Joppa and locating it within its 
own borders. From this time may be dated " the de- 
cline and fall" of the ancient town of Joppa. The 
removal of the county-seat to Baltimore was, how- | 
ever, merely the evidence of a decline which must 
already have begun, and not its sole or principal 
cause. The history of Joppa is, in fact, simply a 

1 Bishop Asbury.in his "Journal," says, "On Tuesday, Dec. 2, 1773, 
at Joppa, there were many people from the country and some from the 



striking illustration of the principle that great cities 
are made by the laws of trade and commerce, and not 
by acts of Assembly. Joppa was, to use the phrase 
of the present day, a flat town, but, with all the sup- 
port she received, it was found impossible to bribe 
commerce to depart from its inflexible laws for any 
great length of time, or to found a great business 
centre by any system of subsidies, no matter how in- 
genious. No vestige of Joppa's former greatness, 
scarcely a vestige of its existence, now remains. After 
the removal of the county records to Baltimore, which 
was attended with considerable turbulence, the old 
court-house at Joppa was sold, and soon crumbled 
away ; the town wharves, at which hundreds of the 
largest merchantmen had laden, were gradually de- 
serted for those of her more prosperous rival ; and 
her dwellings disappeared one by one, until at the 
present day their foundations can scarcely be traced, 
and a solitary tenement of antique style and venerable 
appearance on the Harford shore of the Gunpowder 
River, about a mile northwest of the railroad bridge, 
alone marks the spot where Joppa once stood. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 

Jones' Town— The First Settlers— Fell's Point— City Extensions— The 
Belt. 

It may be said of cities, as of men, that some "are 
born great, some achieve greatness, and some have 
greatness thrust upon them." Joppa, as we have seen, 
furnishes an illustration of an eflbrt to thrust muni- 
cipal greatness upon a pet location which was unfit 
for the important purposes for which it was designed, 
and which was unable to support its artificial dignity. 
Baltimore's growth, on the other hand, is to a large 
extent an equally striking example of the arduous 
greatness which is achieved by patient effort and 
gradual triumph over natural obstacles. No one, 
indeed, who reads its early history would be apt to say 
that it was born great, or that it had much cause ap- 
parently to thank either nature for any special favors, 
or its founders for any signal manifestations of wis- 
dom in the selection of the particular site which it 
occupies. Certainly, it is not too much to say that 
they builded more wisely than they knew. Surrounded 
by rugged hills, hemmed in by boisterous water-courses, 
and flanked by malarious marshes, there seemed little 
prospect that the rough hamlet planted on this appa- 
rently unpropitious site would rise to the dignity of 
metropolitan honors. Nor were the natural diflScul- 
ties of the situation to be vanquished in a day, and 
while the diversity of surface gives great beauty and 
variety to the present city, it has placed in its way 
obstacles with which few other American cities have 
had to contend. The founders of the town had from 



48 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the very beginning to do battle with nature for the 
possession of the site, and their successors are even 
yet forced to continue the struggle. Marshes have ' 
had to be drained, hollows filled up, hills leveled, 
streams diverted and bridged, walled in, and tun- 
neled ; and still as the city grows difficulties present 
themselves requiring no little engineering skill to 
master; while the eccentricities of Jones' Falls, a 
pacific brook for the most part, but subject at long 
intervals to freshets which convert it into a swollen ; 
and boiling torrent, laying the lower part of the city j 
under water, still perplex the city authorities. De- 
spite these disadvantages, however, the site presented I 
so many desirable features that the town was enabled 
to hold its own. The hills of the north and west, with 
their rapid streams, afforded abundant water-power 
for milling ; the soil was more fertile than in the 
sandy regions to the south and east ; the harbor was 
admirably safe, and deep enough for the light-draft 
vessels that carried on our first commerce ; the climate I 
was less rigorous in winter than that of the regions | 
nearer the mouth of the Susquehanna, and more 
healthy than that of the coast settlements lower down | 
the bay. Forests of fine timber surrounded it ; oak, 
chestnut, and other deciduous trees to the north and i 
west, and yellow or pitch pines and other conifers to i 
the south and east ; building-stone of fine quality, 
and mines of rich iron ore were within easy hauling 
distance. In fact, Baltimore lies at the junction of i 
two botanical and two geological systems, and enjoys 
the advantages of both. 

Of these advantages, however, not all were known 
at the time of the first settlement, and the original 
settlers of the future great metropolis of the State 
seem to have been most impressed with those of the 
harbor, as we find that within the first three days after 
the town was laid out, in 1730, all the lots toward the ! 
river were taken up, and but one on Long, afterwards 
Market, and now Baltimore, Street. Yet but a single 
street — Calvert — actually reached navigable water; 
for the alluvion carried down by the falls made the 
northern side of the basin a mere mud shoal, with 
islands overflowed at high tide ; while between the 
eastern limits of the town and the Falls was a large i 
marsh, reaching down to the water-line. Charles I 
Street ended at Uhler's Spring Branch, about the 
corner of the present Lombard Street ; and the north 
end of Calvert Street was terminated by a precipice, 
about where the Battle Monument now stands. 

It was on this contracted and unpromising spot 
that the rude beginningsrf)f the 'present great city of 
Baltimore were made. The old province of Maryland ! 
rested on tobacco, and perhaps Baltimore owed its 
existence to the same plant. All the business trans- | 
actions of that period in the province began and i 
ended in tobacco, and if the proprietary government 
had not received its taxes in the same currency, it is j 
possible that the foundation of Baltimore might never 
have been laid. The government needed a means of 



support, and received its revenues in tobacco ; and 
when it began to establish its tobacco warehouses for 
storing this bulky weed, every planter sought to get a 
port as near his own door as possible. And thus, as 
the Assembly was creating these ports of entry with 
their tobacco warehouses by the score, the settlers 
near the forks of the Patapsco began to petition the 
Legislature to give them a custom-house or town of 
their own, and fixed upon the north side of the Middle 
Branch, the "Spring Gardens" property, which still 
retains that name, as a likely site to meet their views. 
But John Moale was the owner of the land, and be- 
lieving that it was rich in iron ore, used his influence 
to defeat the bill. The projectors then turned their 
attention to the North Branch, and selected the farm 
which was known as " Cole's Harbor." 

The whole tract of land embraced under this name 
consisted of five hundred and fifty acres, and it ap- 
pears from the records that Thomas Cole obtained a 
warrant for three hundred acres of this tract on the 
13th of January, 1668, which was renewed on the 
8th of June of the same year. Maj. Samuel Gold- 
smith claimed in it five rights of fifty acres each for 
transporting Robert Parker, Nicholas Banks, Thomas 
Pickerall, Edward Jackson, and Elizabeth Hopkins, 
and assigned these rights to John Collet. Collet as- 
signed them to George Yates the 8th of February, 
1668, with the exception of fifty acres, which were 
laid oft" for John Bearing, and George Yates assigned 
these two hundred acres to Thomas Cole on the 8th 
of June, 1668 ; the remaining fifty acres of the tract 
coming to Cole by assignment from John Blomfield, 
the assignee of Roger Sheekey, " for his, the said 
Sheekey, transporting himself into Maryland in 1649." 
Cole's Harbor was resurvcyed for Thomas Cole Aug. 
28, 1668, and patented to him Sept. 4, 1668, "to be 
held in free and common socage, by fealty only, for 
all manner of services, yielding and paying therefor 
yearly unto us, our heirs, at our receipt at St. Maries, 
at the two most usual feasts in the year, viz. : at the 
Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin 
Mary, and at the Feast of St. Michael, the archangel, 
by even and equal portions, the rent of eleven shil- 
lings sterling in silver or gold, and for a fine upon 
every alienation of the said land, or any part or parcel 
thereof, one whole year's rent in silver or gold, or the 
full value thereof, etc." This tract, which was in the 
shape of a rhomboid, extended from about Harford 
Kun, on the east, westwardly along the shore of the 
harbor for a mile, thence northward about half a mile, 
and was divided into nearly equal parts by the stream 
afterwards known as Jones' Falls. 

On Feb. 17, 1698, James Todd obtained a warrant 
for Cole's Harbor, and had the tract resurveyed, which 
then proved to contain but five hundred and ten acres, 
and had it patented to him June 1, 1700, under the 
name of "Todd's Range," at a rent of ten shillings 
and two and a half pence per year. In June, 1701, 
James Todd and wife conveyed to Charles Carroll 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



" all the residue of Todd's Range," a portion having 
previously been sold to one Hurst. Thomas Cole, 
however, was by no means the " oldest inhabitant," 
or the first settler. 

As early as the 15th of June, 1661, Peter Carroll 
surveyed for David Jones three hundred and eighty 
acres of land on the line of the stream now known a-s 
Jones' Falls. David Jones is said to have been the 
first actual settler, having his residence on the north 



with additions, which was called " Ely O'Carroll." 
It was patented on the 10th of February, 1696, five 
hundred acres each to Daniel and Charles Carroll, at 
the yearly rent of two pounds per annum for the 
entire tract. In 1711, Charles Carroll sold thirty- 
one acres of his tract to Jonathan Hanson, who erec- 
ted a mill near the northwestern intersection of the 
present Bath and Holliday Streets. Among others 
who took out patents to lands included within the 




MAP OF THE ORIGINAL TRACTS OF LAND INCLUDED WITHIN THE PRESENT LIMITS OF BALTIMORE. 



side of his Falls on Jones Street, which by the inter- 
ference of our law-makers has been changed into 
Front Street. His house was near the intersection 
of French Street, not far from what was known as 
" Finn's Bridge." Other settlers followed from time 
to time. On the 13th of January, 1695, Charles Car- 
roll surveyed one thousand acres of land " lying in 
Baltimore County on the north side of Patapsco River 
in the woods upon Jones' Falls, and on the west side 
of the said Falls," being a portion of Cole's Harbor, 



limits of Baltimore, were Alexander Mountenay, 
Charles Gorsuch, and Jo^jn Howard. Mountenay* 
obtained a warrant for two hundred acres of land, 
afterwards called "Mountenay's Neck," on the 8th 
of February, 1661, but did not receive his patent 
until June 30, 1663. The patent states that Lawrence 
Porter assigned two hundred acres to Mountenay, at 
the rent of four shillings sterling per annum, but we 
can find but one entry where L. Porter demands one 
hundred acres for transporting himself and servant in 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



1661. There is another entry in the land records I 
where Margaret Kinsey assigns fifty acres, Robert 
Ball one hundred acres, and William Likelif'ty acres 
to Alexander Mountenay in 1601, which is no doubt 
the correct entry. Mountenay's Neck, which was on 
each side of Harford Run, was resurveyed the 27th of 
April, 1737, for William Fell as escheat land, " one 
hundred acres being in possession of Thomas Sligh," j 
and " one hundred acres being in possession of Thomas j 
Sheredine." i 

Charles Gorsuch, said to have been a member of the 
Society of Friends, on Feb. 24, 1661, patented fifty 
acres of land afterwards known as Whetstone Point, 
lying between the branches of the Patapsco River 
and the present site of Fort McHenry. The proprie- 
tary rent paid was one pound per annum. Gorsuch, 
however, vacated this land, and a patent for it at a 
yearly rent of two shillings was granted on June 2, 
1702, to James Carroll, who called it Whetstone. It 
was assigned to various persons until March 29, 1723, 
when it was resurveyed as " Upton Court," and finally 
pa.ssed into the hands of the Principio Furnace Com- 
pany, whose property, as will be seen, was confiscated 
during the Revolution. By the act of 1706, ch. 14, 
"Whetstone Point" was made a port of entry, the 
first within the present limits of the town of Balti- 
more, j 

On the 20th of June, 1668, John Howard patented j 
"Timber Neck," comprising two hundred acres, lying 
between the middle and north branches of the Pa- 
tapsco, and being that part of the city now occu- 
pied by Howard, Eulaw, Paca, and other streets bor- | 
deringon the middle branch of the Patapsco. "Lunn's 
Lot," whicli also appears to have belonged to Mr. 
Howard's estate, touched Mr. Moale's land on the i 
east, and extending northward to Jones' Falls, I 
bounded the Cole's Harbor lands on both east, north, [ 
and south, and " Chatsworth," " Ridgely's Delight," j 
and " Timber Neck" on the west. Adjoining and ; 
above Upton Court was John Moale's " Spring Gar- 
den" property called " David's Fancy." 

The discovery of the iron ore deposits on the shores j 
of the Patapsco must have tended to stimulate 
speculation in land patents in the vicinity of Balti- j 
more, and of course attracted population and made 
trade necessary. But it was the custom-house that I 
created Baltimore, or, at least, precipitated its foun- | 
dation. Accordingly, when the government needed ' 
a warehouse in which to store the perishable article 
from which it received its revenue, a petition was 
.signed by "the leading men of Baltimore County," 
and presented in the Upper House of Assembly on 
the 14th of July, 1729, " praying that a bill may be 
brought in for the building of a Town, on the North 
side of Patapsco River, upon the land supposed i 
to belong to Messrs. Charles and Daniel Carroll." 
The petition was accompanied by the following in- 
dorsement; "We the susbscribers, proprietors of the 
land mentioned in the within petition, do consent 



there may an act pass as prayed in the usual terms : 
Charles Carroll, Daniel Carroll." The petition having 
been favorably received, such a bill was reported and 
read, and went through the Assembly with reasona- 
ble rapidity. On July 25th it was read a second , 
time and amended, next day engrossed, and on 30th 
passed. On August 8th the bill was signed by Ben- 
edict Leonard Calvert, Esq., Governor, on behalf of 
Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, proprietary of 
the province of Maryland and Avalon. The law read, 
" A bill entitled an act for erecting a town on the north 
side of the Patapsco, in Baltimore County, and for lay- 
ing out into lots sixty acres of land, in and about the 
place whereon John Flemming now lives." It will be 
noticed that the petition designates lands " supposed 
to belong to Charles and Daniel Carroll," whereas 
the act designates a place " whereon John Flemming 
now lives." John Flemming was a tenant of the Car- 
rolls. His house stood near the banks of Uhler's Run, 
not far from the present intersection of Charles and 
Lombard Streets. The change in the phraseology of 
the bill was probably due to the fact that the title of 
the Carrolls was at this time in dispute and in litiga- 
tion. 

When this act of Assembly for laying out Balti- 
more Town was passed, John Flemming was probably 
the sole inhabitant within the limits of the proposed 
town. Within the limits of Cole's Harbor, however, 
on the east side of the Falls, according to the returns 
of Richard Gist's survey made for Edward FeU, there 
were in 1726 three dwelling-houses, a mill, some to- 
bacco-houses, and an orchard. 

The act for founding Baltimore appointed Maj. 
Thomas Tolley, William Hamilton, William Buck- 
ner, Dr. George Walker, Richard Gist, Dr. George 
Buchanan, and Col. William Hammond commis- 
sioners of the town. All of these gentlemen were 
men of consequence, and all but one were justices of 
the peace, and had represented the county frequently 
in the Legislature. The act provided that they should 
hold their positions as commissioners for life, with 
power to fill vacancies in their board, and they were 
authorized and directed to "purchase (by agreement 
or valuation of a jury) sixty acres of land, on the 
tract whereon John Flemming now lives, commonly 
known by the name of ' Cole's Harbor,' and to lay out 
the same in the most convenient manner into sixty 
equal lots." But little is known of John Flemming 
beyond the fact that he lived on the original site of 
Baltimore. But, although it is certain that he did 
not take up one of the sixty lots into which the town 
was laid off, the name did not disappear.' Of the 
commissioners much more is known. Mr. Gist, then 

1 The first directory ever published iu Baltimore, that of 1796, con- 
tains the name of John Flemming, carpenter, who lived on the Bouth 
side of Queen's Street, Fell's Point. In 1804 there was a John Flemming, 
an "accountant," who lived on the east side of Harrison Street, near 
Raltiniore Street. Finally in 1S12, August 12th, John Flemming, J. P. 
for Montgomery County, took the depositions of Alexander Hanson and 
his associiites, victims of the anti federalist riots in Bultimoro. 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 




ALTIMOIIE. 



deputy surveyor of the western shore, was the sou of i 
Christopher Gist, who had settled on the south side 
of the Patapsco as early as 1682, and died hefore the 
river became the bounds of the county. Dr.Buchanan, 
who came from Scotland, purchased lands and prac- 
ticed medicine in the county from the year 1723. 
Col. Hammond was from all accounts the son of John 1 
Hammond, who settled upon the north side of the I 
Patapsco as early as 1695. Mr. Hamilton purchased i 
lands in the county, as appears by the records, in 1710. 
Dr. Walker, with a brother James, had practiced medi- j 
cine in Anne Arundel County some years, but came 
to reside in Baltimore County about the year 1715, 
and was the proprietor of that old seat and tract of , 
land on the west side of the town called " Chats- | 
worth." Mr. Buckner had not apparently been long j 
settled in the county, but in 1726 became purchaser 
of several tracts of land in Patapsco Neck. The act 
under which the town was laid out was a liberal one. ; 
It provided that when the land had been laid out, , 
.surveyed, staked, and divided into convenient streets j 
and lots, and the lots numbered, the owner of the ! 
ground was to have first choice of one lot, and then 
the rest to be taken up at will ; none to take more 
than one lot in the first four months, and none but 
citizens of the county to take up any lots within the 
first six months. Lots were to be built upon within | 
eighteen months after entry, the buildings to cover 
not less than four hundred square feet (that is, for , 



instance, a house 20 by 20, or 10 by 40), and all lota 
not taken within seven years to revert to the original 
owners of the land. 

On Monday, the 1st of December, 1729, Richard 
Gist, William Hamilton, George Buchanan, and Dr. 
George Walker, four of the commissioners, met and 
agreed with Charles Carroll — acting for himself and 
his brother Daniel, then absent — for the purchase of 
the town site. The price agreed upon was forty shil- 
lings per acre, in current money of Maryland, or to- 
bacco at the rate of one penny a pound ; not quite 
six hundred dollars in money of the present day for 
the entire town tract. The articles of agreement were 
duly signed by Charles Carroll and the four commis- 
sioners, and on Jan. 12, 1730, a second meeting was 
held, at which Messrs. William Buchanan, William 
Hammond, Richard Gist, George Buchanan, and Dr. 
George Walker, with Philip Jones, the county sur- 
veyor, were present. The commissioners appointed 
Dr. George Walker, one of their number, clerk, and 
he was duly sworn in before Justice Richard Gist. 
Philip Jones laid off the town, commencing at a 
" bounded red-oak" on the water side (at the corner 
of the lot marked 37 in the town plat), a spot not very 
far from the present northwest corner of Light and 
Pratt Streets. The line then ran northwesterly, along 
or near Uhler's Run (now called Uhler's Alley) 
towards what was then called a " Great Eastern road" 
and a " great gully" or drain at or near the present in- 



52 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tersectiou of Sharp and German Streets ; thence across The town lot was shaped like an Indian arrow-head, 

the present Baltimore Street, east of the gully, north- its point towards the west, the sharpest fluke (No. 1» 

easterly and parallel with the Great Easterm road, j on the map) towards the north. It was traversed by 

afterwards called the Church road,' and now McClel- ' three streets: Long Street (afterwards Market and 

lan's Alley, to the precipice which overhung Jones' now Baltimore Street), running east and west one hun- 

Falls at or near the southeast corner of Pleasant and dred and thirty-two and three-fourths perches, from 

Charles Streets ; then with the bank of Jones' Falls I about McClellan's Alley to the swamp which edged 



(which then swept along the bed of St. Paul and Cal- 
vert Streets at the foot of Pleasant Street) south- 
wardly and eastwardly various courses with a horse- 
shoe bend to the low grounds which lay ten perches 
west of Gay Street, about the intersection of the 
present southwest corner of Holliday and Lexington 



Holliday Street, and four perches wide, intersected at 
right angles by Calvert Street, then not named, fifty- 
six and one-fourth perches from the hill near the Falls 
(where the Battle Monument now stands) north, to 
the river side south, also four perches wide, and by 
Forest Street, now Charles Street, eighty-nine and 



Streets ; thence due south along the margin of those . one-fourth perches in the same course, and three 




PLAT OF BALTIMORE TOWN 



LND JONES' TOWN. 



low grounds to the river-bank on the north side of 
the harbor, which then came up near the present in- 
tersection of Gay and Lombard Streets ; and thence 
by that bank various courses, nearly as Lombard 
Street now runs, westwardly and southwardly to the 
first mentioned point.' 



1 From the fact that it led to St. Paul's church. 

! The surveyor's certificate was as follows : " Baltimore County to wit : 
Pursuant to the directions of the commissioners appointed by the act of 
Assembly to lay out a town on Patapsco River, called Baltimore Town, 
I, Philip Jones, Jr., do hereby certify that I have laid out the same, be- 
ginning at a bounded red oak, and running thence east five perches and 
one-half; then north twenty-one degrees east ten perches; then north- 
east nineteen perches ; then north sixty-nine degrees east twelve perches ; 
then south seventy-two and a half degrees east twenty-two perches; 
then south fifty-five degrees east fourteen perches; then south thirty 
degrees west twenty-three perches; then south foi-ty-iuie and a half de- 



perches wide. There were also nine lanes of the 
width of one perch each and of various lengths, since 
widened, and called Second, South, Light, Hanover, 
East, Belvidere, Lovely, St. Paul's, and German Lanes. 
Thus the original " Baltimore Town" was comprised 
within the westernmost basin of the Patapsco near the 
present Exchange Place on the south, the chalk hills 
of Charles and Lexington Streets on the north, thedeep 
drain or Uhler's Alley on the southwest, the present 
course of McClellan's Alley on the west, and on the 
east by the big swamp, which, bordering Jones' Falls, 



grees west seventeen perches ; thence by a direct line to the place of 
beginning, containing 60 acres of land, more or less. Surveyed and laid 
out this fouVteentli day of January, I7:i0, per me, Philip Jones, surveyor 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



ran up by its western flank as far on the present Hol- 
liday Street as Lexington or Saratoga Streets. Jones' 
Falls, the absolute easternmost limit, swept round in 
a deep horse-shoe bend, penetrating as far as the cor- 
ner of Calvert and Lexington Streets, and thence 
going northeastwardly along the line of Calvert 
Street. The terminus of Calvert Street on the south 
marked the river front, the basin then coming up to 
about the middle of Lombard Street as it was after- 
wards called. The speculators in town lots evidently 
fancied that Calvert Street was to become the" main 
thoroughfare, since it led to the water. The county 
wharf was built at its foot, and the street was named 
after the Lord Proprietary's family. The lots, con- 
taining about one acre each, and numbered from one 
to sixty, commencing on the north side of Long (Bal- 
timore) Street, and running westward, returned east- 
ward on the south side. Lot No. 1 was a square acre 
northwest corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets ; 
Nos. 2,. 3, and 4 the present City Hall site, and so on. 
No. 19 was the site of St. Paul's church ; Nos. 7 and 
8 the new post-oflice site ; No. 10 where the new Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad building stands, at the 
northwest corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets; 
No. 59 where the Sun newspaper building now stands, 
but including much more ground besides, and No. 51 
in site of the American building. 

On Jan. 14, 1730, the first lots were taken up, and 
Charles Carroll, who, as the owner of the property, 
had the first choice, selected lot No. 42, nearly on the 
northeast corner of the basin and Calvert Street ; 
Philip Jones, the surveyor, was given second choice, 
and took No. 37, corner of Light and Pratt Streets, 
and including the site of the present Maltby House ; 
James Jackson chose lot No. 38, on the water front, 
transferring it subsequently to Samuel Peele; Dr. 
George Walker took No. 52, adjoining Mr. Carroll's ; 
Richard Gist took No. 48, on the northwest corner of 
Calvert Street and the basin ; Wm. Hammond took 
No. 45, next to Mr. Gist's on the west; Mordecai 
Price No. 55 (afterwards transferred to Capt. Robert 
Gordon), midway between South and Holliday Streets, 
on the water front; and Christopher Gist No. 56, next 
to that of Mr. Price, on the east. All these gentlemen 
secured their title to these lots by beginning and fin- 
ishing on them houses that covered at least four hun- 
dred square feet of ground within less than eighteen 
months after taking them up. On January 15th the 
following lots were taken up, but were forfeited for 
non-compliance with the provisions of the law : No. 
44, at the southern end of Light Lane (now Light 
Street), by Thomas Sheredine; No. 53, on South Lane 
(South Street), stretching on the west side to the water 
front, by Wm. Buckner ; and No. 26, at the western 
terminus of Long (Baltimore) Street, on the north 
side, by James Powell. On the 16th Charles Ridgely 
took up No. 54, on the east side of South Lane, and 
extending to the water, which was subsequently trans- 
ferred to John Diggs, who built upon it, and on the 



same day Luke Trotten took up No. 36, at the south- 
ern end of Forest (now Charles) Street, on the west 
side, which was afterwards transferred to Philip Jones, 
who complied with the law and built his house within 
the required time. On the 14th Capt. Robert North 
took up No. 10, northwest corner of Baltimore and 
Calvert Streets, and Richard Hewitt No. 35, on the 
west side of South Forest Street, both of which were 
forfeited for non-compliance with the building pro- 
vision ; and on the same day No. 50, on the southeast 
corner of Long and Calvert Streets, was taken up 
by Lloyd Harris, who built as required by the law. 
On the 20th Thomas Sheredine, for the use of his son, 
took up lot No. 14, northeast corner Long Street and 
St. Paul's Lane, which was forfeited ; on January 21st 
Lloyd Harris took up for John Gorsuch lot No. 51, 
on the southwest corner of Long Street and South 
Lane, a portion of which is now occupied by the 
ofiice of the American, Gorsuch afterwards conveying 
to Harris, who built upon it. April 18, 1730, David 
Robinson took up No. 47, on the southwest corner of 
Long and Calvert Streets, now occupied partly by the 
banking-house of Alexander Brown & Sons, and after- 
wards conveyed to Richard Gist, who built on it; 
July 1st John Risteau took up No. 15, northwest 
corner of Long Street and St. Paul's Lane, and built 
on it ; August 18th Wm. Hammond took up No. 46, 
southeast corner Long Street and Light Lane, who 
built and afterwards took another lot ; same day Mar- 
tin Parlett No. 42, southwest corner of Long Street 
and Light Lane, which he afterwards forfeited. Feb. 
22, 1731, the vestry of St. Paul's parish took up lot 
No. 19, bounded nearly by the streets now known as 
Saratoga, Charles, and St. Paul's, on a part of which 
the present St. Paul's church now stands ; April 30th 
Dr. James Walker took lot No. 9, northeast corner of 
Long and Calvert Streets, and built on it; July 16th 
George Walker took up No. 53, which had been origi- 
nally taken up by Wm. Buckner, who had forfeited it 
by failing to build. November 15th John Giles took 
up No. 39, on the east side of South Forest Street, 
which he forfeited ; May 12, 1732, Richard Lewis took 
up No. 11, on the west side of Calvert Street at its 
northern extremity, where Barnum's Hotel now stands; 
May 20th Richard Gist took up No. 59, southeast 
corner Long Street and South Lane, a part of which 
is now occupied by the iSun iron building ; June 28th, 
1734, Rev. Joseph Hooper took up No. 32, and on July 
3, 1734, took up No. 44, previously taken by Capt. 
Thomas Sheredine ; August 8th Thomas Woodward 
took up No. 39, and paid for it in paper currency of 
Maryland ; September 16th Rev. Joseph Hooper took 
up lots Nos. 16 and 21, north of Long Street, No. 16, 
fronting on St. Paul's Lane, and No. 21, on Forest 
(Charles) Street; March 4, 1735, John Smith, cooper, 
of Baltimore County, by his proxy, Richard Gist, took 
up No. 43, on Light Street; March 28th Joshua Hall, 
" joyner," of Baltimore County, took up No. 10, which 
had been taken by Capt. North, but no^ built upon ; 



54 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



November 21st Rev. Joseph Hooper took up, in the 
name and for the use of Rev. John Humphreys, lot 
No. 42, originally taken up by Martin Parlett; Jan. 
19, 1736, Rev. Joseph Hooper, not having built upon 
lot No. 44, asked and obtained leave to re-enter the 
same to his use ; January 23d Thomas Woodward, in 
the name of Capt. Francis Kipps, took up lot No. 40, 
on the east side of Forest Street; on the same day 
Mr. Woodward took up, for Gideon Donaldson, lot No. 
41, southeast corner of Long and Forest Streets ; Jan. 
27, 1737, Joshua Hall had lot No. 10 re-entered in his 
name ; March 4, 1738, Joshua Hall ordered lot No. 
14, which had been taken up by Thomas Sheredine on 
Jan. 22, 1730, in the name of his son, to be entered in 
his (Hall's) name; same date Wm. Rogers took up 
lots Nos. 42, 43, and 44, running along the west side 
of Light Lane from Baltimore Street to the basin, 
which lots had been forfeited by the previous owner. 
A portion of this land is still owned by his heirs. 

Thus the first Baltimore Town was laid out and 
disposed of. But the takers were not immediately 
greedy, though in a few years the whole land was ab- 
sorbed, and applications were made for the lots for- 
feited by delinquents. Still, as yet there was nothing 
to invite extravagance in city building or improve- 
ments by extending streets, building bridges, leveling 
hills, and filling marshes ; all of which tasks have 
fallen on the successors of the first enterprise. 

But the limits of the town were soon enlarged. In i 
172(5, Edward Fell had settled east of Jones' Falls, i 
In 1730 his brother, William Fell, bought the tract ! 
of land known as Copus' Harbor, built a house on • 
the line of what is now Lancaster Street, and thus j 
gave a name to Fell's Point. That part of the town, 
therefore, so long the jealous rival of the westerly 
town, was practically founded about the same time 
with it. On Aug. 8, 1732, the Assembly passed an act j 
for the erection of Jones' Town into " a town on a creek, 
divided on the east from the town lately laid out in 
Baltimore County called Baltimore Town, on the 
land whereon Edward Fell keeps store." This was 
the beginning of " Old Town," a title still familiar to 
our ears. It was so called, perhaps, because people 
first began to settle in that part of the Cole's Harbor 
property lying between Hanson's mill and Fell's 
store, so that, in point of houses and people, " Old 
Town" is older than Baltimore Town. Fell's store 
was on Front Street near French Street. Jonathan 
Hanson's mill was, as we have stated, about the pres- 
ent intersection of Bath and Holliday Streets. He 
had bought the property — thirty-one acres — of Charles 
Carroll, in 1711. It was part of the original tract of 
Cole's Harbor. Mr. Hanson built a strong dam 
across the Falls at this point, and put up a substantial 
mill. The backing of the waters by this dam tended 
to drain what was afterwards called Steiger's Meadow. 
Steiger was a butcher, who lived at the southwest 
corner of Ralliiunre and Charles Streets; and in 
17r)<) he purclias,.,! „f Dr. William Tavlor the wooded 



marsh in the bend of the Falls, and then on the east 
side of the stream, which he drained and cleared for 
the pasturage of his cattle. "Steiger's Meadow," 
with the spongy condition of " Harrison's Marsh" be- 
low, and the continued overflowing of Harford Run, 
tended to make both Baltimore and Old Town very 
sickly places, where the melodies of frogs and mosqui- 
toes could always be heard. Mr. Hanson sold out his 
mill property, as well as all his interest in twenty 
acres of land lying on both sides of Jones' Falls, in 
1741, to Edward Fottrell, an Irish gentleman, who 
imported the materials and erected the first brick 
house with freestone corners, and the first two-story 
house in the town without a " hip-roof." It stood 
near the northwest corner of Calvert and Fayette 
Streets, and was the dwelling-house of Mr. Fottrell. 
He returned to Ireland before the Revolution, when 
his property was confiscated and sold. 

Old or "Jones' Town," as it was designated by the 
act, was called after David Jones, who is said to have 
been the first actual settler,, and who took up lands on 
the line of the Falls as early as June 15, 1661.' 

The act creating it appointed Maj. Thomas Shere- 
dine, Capt. Robert North, and Messrs. Thomas Todd, 
John Cockey, and John Boring, commissioners, with 
power to purchase (by agreement with the owner, or 
by valuation of a jury in case of the owner's refusal 
to sell) ten acres of land out of the said tract, lying 
most convenient to the water, and to lay out the same 
into twenty lots, to be numbered from one to twenty 
for better distinction thereof The surveyor was di- 
rected to return a plat of the town to the county 
clerk, to be kept by him among the county records ; 
the owner of the land to have his first choice for one 
lot, after which the remaining lots were to be taken 
up at pleasure, with the restriction, however, that 
none but inhabitants of the county were to take up 
lots within the first six months, and that no person 
was to purchase more than one lot during the first 
four months after the laying out of the town. The 
same conditions were contained in this act as in that 
creating Baltimore Town with reference to the erec- 

1 It may not be generally known that the ownership of the bed of 
Jones' Falls was the subject of litigation as recently as 1817, an eject- 
ment suit having been brought to determine the question of title in the 
case of LawBon*s heirs va. Kennedy. It appears from the record that 
Charles Carroll, of Annapolis, became seized of a portion of the original 
tract of Cole's Harbor lying on both sides of the Falls, and that in 
1757 be conveyed to a certain Wm. Lyon a parcel of this laud lying on 
the west side of the stream, and by the terms of the conveyance running 
and binding upon it, and that soon after in the same year he conveyed 
another part of the same tract to a certain Alexander Lawson, lying on 
the east side of the Falls, and running and binding upon them by the 
terms of the conveyance. "That portion of the Falls," say the court, 
" running between and dividing these two parcels of land, it is admitted, 
was navigable for small boats until about the year 1786, when the old 
bed of the Falls became dry in consequence of the water being drawn 
into a canal cut to straighten the course. The plaintiffs claim under a 
deed to Lawson, and assert a title to the middle of the old bed of the 
Falls. The defendant contends that the title to the land thus abandoned 
by the stream is still in the State, or in himself in virtne of a grant of 



of ( 



mi Lawson 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



tion of houses within eighteen months, and the for- 
feiture of the lots in case of non-compliance with the 
provision. Any lots not taken up within seven years 
were to revert to the owner of the land, and the com- 
missioners were directed to appoint a clerk who should 
be sworn to make true and impartial entries of their 
proceedings, the entries to be made up in a small 
bound book and lodged with the clerk of Baltimore 
County Court for public inspection. The town was 
to be called Jones' Town, and possessors of lots were 
to pay one penny current money per annum to the 
Lord Proprietary and his heirs forever. Of the com- 
missioners, Maj. Sheredine had taken up land in the 
county as early as 1721, and in 1734 purchased the 
Kingsbury lands at the head of Back River, where 
the iron furnace was afterwards erected, and Gen. 
Smith built a mill. Capt. North had taken lot No. 
10, at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Calvert 
Streets, in Baltimore Town, and upon the laying out of 
Jones' Town had visited the Patapsco and carried 
freights in the ship " Content," which he commanded, 
as early as 1723.' 

Thomas Todd was the son and heir of Capt. Thomas 
Todd, who removed from Virginia and purchased the 
land at North Point in 1664, which had been first 
taken up by Wm. Batten and Thos. Thomas. John 
Cockey purchased near the Patapsco in 1728 ; the 
year following his brother Thomas settled in the 
limestone valley on the York road, and their name 
is preserved in the town of Cockeysville, on the line 
of the Northern Central Railroad. Mr. Boring was 
a merchant, whose father had bought several tracts of 
land on Patapsco Neck in 1679. 

On Oct. 28, 1732, four of the commissioners, Capt. 
Thomas Sheredine, Capt. Robert North, Thomas 
Todd, and John Cockey, met, and after appointing 
George Walker as their clerk, issued their warrants 
to the sheriff of the county commanding him to sum- 
mon a jury of substantial freeholders to assess the 
value of the ten acres to be apportioned for the town, 
and to inquire as to the ownership of the land. On 
Nov. 4, 1732, all the commissioners met, and inquired 
of William Fell, then in actual occupancy of the 
land, whether he would sell ten acres of the tract, to 
which he answered positively that he neither could 
nor would sell any of it ; whereupon, a jury of free- 
holders returned by the sheriff, proceeded to inquire j 
as to the ownership of the land, and found by their 
verdict the orphans of Col. Richard Colgate, deceased, 
to be the owners, and judged the value of it to be 
three hundred pounds of tobacco per acre, or twelve 
pounds thirteen shilliugs for the tract. At the same 
time, also, Philip Jones, surveyor, began the survey, 
and laid out ten acres of land by the direction of the 
commissioners, but could not then complete the sur- 
vey for want of time. On Nov. 22, 1732, three of the i 

1 His daughter Helen, on May 25, 1758, married John Moale. Slie was j 
the first female child horn in Baltimore Town, and lived to see Balli- 
more a city of nearly eighty tliunsand inhabitants*. 



commissioners being present, ordered the surveyor to 
complete the survey, which he did " some small time 
afterwards." 

The new town a.s laid off had nearly the shape of a 
parallelogram, or rather of a rectangular figure of 
greater length than breadth, and lay " convenient to 
the water," as the act had required. It boasted three 
streets corresponding with the meanders of the banks 
of the Falls. The first on the bluff overhanging the 
falls was called Front, Short, and Jones Streets, and 
ran from a great gully at Pitt (now Fayette) Street 
to the ford at the intersection of the old road where 
French Street commenced, and near the present Bath 
Street bridge, which crosses the Falls. The second 
street, running parallel with the town and dividing it 
in the centre, was called High Street; and the third, 
binding the town on the east, was called Green, now 
Exeter Street. The only cross street was Bridge, 
now Gay Street, at the southwest corner of which and 
Jones Street stood Mr. Fell's store. Before tlie erec- 
tion of the bridge at Gay Street the communication 
between the two towns was, of course, very much ob- 
structed by the wide marsh which bounded the 
stream, and which ran northwardly as far as the pres- 
ent Eager Street bridge, spreading westward from the 
margin of the Falls to the present HoUiday Street. 
What is now Harrison Street, from its head at Gay 
Street to the Patapsco, was a swamp, — the resort of 
sportsmen for snipe and woodcock, — and, indeed, the 
lower part of it, below the present Maryland Institute 
and market, did not disappear until the present cen- 
tury. The communication, therefore, between Balti- 
more Town and its adjunct, Jones' Town, was incon- 
venient and sometimes dangerous, and eflected only by 
a ford which then existed near Hanson's mill, about 
the site of the present Bath Street bridge. Accord- 
ingly, a bridge was soon erected by the respective in- 
habitants of the towns, at the point where Gay Street 
bridge now stands, and the street was for a long time 
called Bridge Street, so that the townfolk and trav- 
elers, who, if they did not choose, in the unoccupied 
and unbuilt condition of the land at that early day, 
to flounder through the swamp and swim the falls if 
it happened to be high, might cross the open lots and 
pass to Jones' Town by this permanent viaduct, which 
doubtless contributed more than anything else to 
create a union of the two towns. 

Although the survey of Jones' Town was completed 
shortly after the 22d of November, 1732, there seems to 
have been some delay in opening the lots for entry, and 
it was not until July 20, 1733, that the first lot was taken 
up. On that day John Gordon took up lot No. 1, at the 
head of Jones Street, which ran along the line of the 
Falls; and on the same day Edward Fell took up 
No. 4, William Fell No. 6, and Thomas Boone No. 5, 
all of which were in Jones or Front Street. On 
August 13th Capt. Robert North took up No. 2 ; 
August 18th, Capt. John Cromwell No. 3; August 
20th, Capt. John Boring Nos. 17 and 18 ; September 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



2d, John Cockey No. 7. On Feb. 19, 1735, John i 
Cockey took up lot No. 3, vacated by Capt. John 
Cromwell, and re-entered lot No. 7 in his name ; Feb- 
ruary 20th William Fell took lot No. 4, originally 
taken by his brother, Edward Fell, who had neglected 
to build ; on the same day William Fell took up Nos. 

15, 16, 19, and 20, and on March 5th Nos. 8 and 9. 
May 10th Col. John Smith took up No. 14, and No- i 
vember 8th Thomas Matthews No. 10 ; Aug. 14, 
1736, Capt. John Boring had lot No. 17 re-entered in I 
his name ; September 21st William Fell had Nos. 15, i 

16, and 19 re-entered in his name, and George Walker, 
clerk, took up No. 20, formerly taken by William 
Fell ; December 27th William Fell had Nos. S and 9 | 
re-entered in his name; December 31st Dr. Buckler 
Partridge took up No. 11 ; July 2, 1737, Dr. Partridge 
had lot No. 10, formerly taken up by Thomas Mat- 
thews, and situated at the southern extremity of Jones 
Street, entered in his name. Aug. 3, 1737, Thomas j 
Taylor, of Baltimore County, took up No. 12, near 
the southern end of Green, now Exeter, Street; j 
August 30th George Walker took up the next lot on 
Green Street, No. 13 ; March 20, 1738, William Fell 
re-entered No. 16 ; June 6th George Walker re-en- 
tered No. 20, and on the 20th sold all his interest in 
lot No. 13 to Redman Dearing, and on the 29th his ! 
interest in No. 20 to Joshua Hall. On July 18th No. 

9 was entered, at the request of William Fell, in the i 
name of John Boring, while on the same day Fell re- 
entered No. 8 in his own name ; May 29, 1739, John 
Connell took up No. 13, previously taken by George 
Walker ; April 7, 1740, Capt. Robert North took up 
Nos. 8, 9, and 16, which had been vacated by the 
former owners, and on April 8, 1740, Mary Hanson [ 
took up Nos. 5 and 6, and the same day Thomas ! 
Sheredine, John Boring, and Robert North, commis- 
sioners of the town, decided to close out the remain- ] 
der of the lots not taken up, for the sum of one hun- 
dred and fifty pounds of tobacco for each lot. Under 
this resolution, and on the date of its adoption, Alex- 
ander Lawson took up lot No. 12, Capt. Thomas 
Sheredine lot No. 11, and Edward Fell lot No. 20. 
On August 18th William Fell re-entered No. 4, and 
on Nov. 19, 1741, Alexander Lawson re-entered lots 
Nos. 11 and 12. These brief extracts from the origi- 
nal records serve to show how slowly these two settle- 
ments on Cole's Harbor were formed, growing for ' 
years only house by house and lot by lot, and giving 
for a considerable period but little promise or prophecy 
of the greater things to come. 

The lots in Jones' Town were all sold shortly after 
1741, but a good many lots in Baltimore Town were I 
still on the hands of the commissioners. On the 28th 
of September, 1745, however, on the joint petition of : 
the inhabitants of Baltimore and Jones' Town, it was i 
enacted by the Assembly, " That the same towns, now 
called Baltimore and Jones' Towns, be incorporated 
into one entire town, and for the future called and 
known bj' the name of Baltimore Town, and by no 



other name." The act further provided that the 
bridge (there being but one at that time) built by the 
inhabitants on the "branch" that divided the two 
towns at Gay Street should for the future be deemed 
a public bridge, and repaired and kept at the charge 
of Baltimore County. Capt. Darby Lux, Maj. Shere- 
dine, Capt. Robert North, Dr. George Buchanan, Col. 
William Hammond, Thomas Harrison, and William 
Fell were appointed commissioners, and authorized 
to see the present and former acts relating to the two 
towns put in execution, and cause them to be carefully 
surveyed by their outlines, including the branch over 
which the bridge was built. The commissioners were 
also directed to cause all lots taken up and improved 
to be regularly surveyed, substantially and fairly 
bounded, and numbered, and they w^ere likewise au- 
thorized to determine all disputes about the bounds 
of lots. They were further empowered to employ a 
clerk, and " to levy, assess, and take by way of dis- 
tress, if needful, and from the inhabitants of the 
town, by even and equal proportion, the sum of three 
pounds yearly, to be paid to their clerk," and were 
invested with all the legal rights and claims of the 
former commissioners of the two towTis. One section 
of this act was a very unfortunate one, and has caused 
Baltimore a great deal of loss by narrowing the 
water-front, and enabling many people to get rich 
at the community's cost. This was the tenth section 
of the act, which provided that all improvements, 
of what kind soever, either wharf, houses, or other 
buildings, that have or shall be made out of the 
water, or where it usually flows, shall (as an encour- 
agement to such improvers) be forever deemed the 
right, title, and inheritance of such improvers, their 
heirs and assigns, forever. Under this section a great 
deal of property has been taken. The basin origin- 
ally extended north to Water Street (now Lombard), 
and at one point to Mercer Street ; on the west it came 
half-way to Hanover Street, at the foot of Conway 
Street. Between the mouth of Jones' Falls and 
Fell's Point was a great bay called the cove, and 
the water-lines and port warden's lines at Canton 
and Locust Point and Spring Garden were all origin- 
ally much inside of their present limits. The in- 
cursions made by the " improvers" in some cases 
have been formidable indeed. Not less than four 
hundred acres of solid ground were thus acquired 
on the different fronts of the basin and lower harbor 
before people became aware of what was being 
done. When it was too late to be remedied it was 
discovered that the " docks," left by commerce, were 
a hindrance, a nuisance, and a serious source of dis- 
ease. Those in the upper part of the basin were filled 
up when Pratt Street was extended through, but the 
rest of the stagnant pools are still permitted to re- 
main. 

Of the new commissioners of Baltimore Town, Capt. 
Lux commanded a ship in the London trade as early 
as 1733, an<l in 1743 purchased lots 43 and 44, on the 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



57 



west side of Light Street, where he resided and trans- 
acted much business. The commissioners appointed 
as their chief clerk William Lux, son of Darby Lux, 
in place of Dr. Walker, who died in 1743. 

The communication by the bridge, which brought 
the Great Eastern road from the ford directly through 
parts of the town, gave value to the intermediate 
grounds, and the whole land and marsh, containing 
twenty-eight acres in all, was purchased of Mr. Car- 
roll in 1747 for one hundred and sixty pounds ster- 
ling by Mr. Thomas Harrison, merchant, who ar- 
rived from England in 1742, and built a house near 
the northeast corner of South and Lombard Streets, 
buying the lots nearest the water on each side of South 
Street. Eighteen acres of this tract, known as Harri- 
son's Marsh, lay between Baltimore and Jones' 
Towns, and being in the limits of neither, served 
to separate inconveniently what the Assembly had 
already joined together. Mr. Harrison, who was 
doubtless of a thrifty mind, may have made his pur- 
chase from Mr. Carroll with a view to its annexation 
to the city, and with an eye to its future division into 
town lots, but whether he did or not, a petition was 
presented to the Assembly in 1747 from the inhabit- 
ants of Baltimore asking the incorporation of these 
eighteen acres within the town limits. Accordingly, 
on the 11th of July, 1747, the Assembly passed the 
desired act, providing, as in previous instances, for 
the laying off and survey of lots, etc. This addition, 
lying principally on the west side of the Falls, covered 
the territory in which Frederick, Harrison, and parts of 
Gay, Holliday, Water, and Second Streets were after- 
wards laid off, and comprised all the fast land between 
the eastern limits of Baltimore Town and Jones' Falls. 
The act contains several significant indications that 
the town had commenced to .showsigns of growth and 
progress. The commissioners were empowered to 
open and widen certain streets and alleys which were 
too narrow for the public use and convenience, and 
were authorized to hold two annual fairs, beginning 
on the first Thursday of May and October, and lasting 
three days, during the continuance of which every 
person within the bounds of the town was to be free 
from arrest, except for felony or breach of the peace, 
and all persons coming to or returning from them 
were to have the like privilege for one day before the 
fair, and one day on their return therefrom. To guard 
against fires, housekeepers were required to keep lad- 
ders tall enough to reach the tops of their chimneys. 

On March 19, 1749, Thomas Sheredine and Thomas 
Sleigh bought of John Hurst, and on the 15th of No- 
vember, 1750, of Richard Colgate's sons, John and 
Thomas, their several rights to the residue of Cole's 
Harbor, east of Exeter Street, and between Plowman 
and French Streets, with lots on each side, comprising 
eighteen acres of land ; and at the session of 1750 the 
Assembly, pursuant to the petition of the inhabitants, 
of the county, empowered the commissioners of Bal- 
timore Town to cause about twenty-five acres of laud. 



including doubtless the recent purchase of Sheredine 
and Sleigh, and lying " on the nortli aud east sides of 
that part of Baltimore Town formerly called Jones' 
Town," to be surveyed and laid out into lots and 
streets, and directed that it should then be considered 
a part of the town "to all intents and purposes, as 
fully and amply as if included originally thereiu." 

But although the town was thus rapidly growing 
in territory, it is not to be supposed that it presented 
anything like the appearance of a city. It was still 
but a small, straggling village, with houses perched 
irregularly here and there upon the cliffs and hills, or 
nestling in the lowlands at the sweet will and pleasure 
of each individual householder. " Eligible lots" were 
still far more numerous than takers, and the supply 
of suitable locations for residences greatly in excess of 
the demand. Fortunately, a patriotic artist of those 
times has handed down to us a picture of the town as 
it appeared in 1752, which, rude as is its execution, 
is evidently drawn from the life, and makes up in facts 
what it lacks in imagination. This drawing, which 
hangs upon the walls of the Maryland Historical So- 
ciety, is attributed to John Moale, the son of that 
parliamentarian who was so successful in protecting 
his iron-mines. The sketch has been improved by 
others, who have filled up with some details much of 
the space left bare by Mr. Moale in his original and 
homely draft. The principal street, as portrayed in 
our view of Baltimore one hundred and thirty years 
ago, is Calvert, and there is a brick building laid 
down which is ascertained to be the house that stood 
within a few years at the corner of Calvert and Mer- 
cer Streets, and was, at the date of Moale's drawing, 
Payne's tavern. There was a rival tavern at the 
northwest corner of Baltimore and Light Streets, kept 
by William Rogers, who took up lot No. 42 on the 
original town plat, March 4, 1738. In the basin we 
see the brig " Philip and Charles," belonging to Mr. 
Rogers, and the sloop " Baltimore," owned by Mr. 
Lux. Most of the houses are clustered in the space 
bounded by Baltimore, Calvert, the water-front at 
I Water Street, and Charles Street, though the town 
i straggles out both eastwardly and westwardly, and 
the parish church of St. Paul's stands far off up the 
hill, at the head of what are now called Charles and 
Lexington Streets. In spite of the many acres which 
t had been added to it by generous acts of Assembly, 
j Mr. Moale's drawing shows us that it only contained 
I at this time twenty-five houses, one church, and two 
taverns ; it is interesting to know that four of them 
were of brick, and while there were several two stories 
in height, the town boasted but one brick house of two 
stories without a " hip-roof." Each house is care- 
fully surrounded by its own rude wooden fence, some 
frugal citizen is cultivating a field of tobacco upon 
land close to the water's edge, and apparently within 
the " municipal" limits, and South, St. Paul's, Light, 
and Charles Streets wander up and down the hills in 
crooked, irregular lines, looking more like cow-paths 



58 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




1, 2, T»„ H. 
3, Near the 

5, German and Sharp Streets. 

6, Baltimore Street. 

7, Tobacco Inspection House on Charles Street. 

8, On Vulcan Alley. 

9, Kesidence of Capt. Darby Lux, Bank and Light Streets. 

10, Near corner St. Paul and Chatham Streets. 

11, St. Paul's Church, the first built. 

12, Mr. Rogers', northeast corner St. Paul and Baltimore Streets. 

13, Kaminskey's Tavern, German and near Light Street. 

14, Northwest corner Calvert and Bank Streets. 

than thoroughfares for human trade and travel, it 
being quite evident that in laying them off the sur- 
veyor, honest Philip Jones, has proceeded on the 
principle that the curved line is the line of beauty. 
The wooden wall which had been built around the 
town some two years before to protect it from the In- 
dians does not appear in Mr. Moale's drawing, but 
doubtless it had by this time been pretty thoroughly 
consumed by the more needy citizens. Mr. Moale's 
picture of Baltimore Town in 1752, which was after- 
wards improved by Edward J. Coale and Daniel 
Bowly, is happily supplemented by another record of 
the same year, — a sort of primitive directory, which 
introduces to us by name all the families then com- 
posing the embryonic city. In general only the heads 
of ftimilies are given in this directory, and the female 
portion of the community is ignored except in one or 
two special instances. The names as given are as fol- 
lows: "Capt. Lucas, William Rogers, Nicholas Rog- 
ers, Dr. William Lyon, Thomas Harrison, Alexander 
. Lawson, Bryan Philpot, Nicholas Ruxton Gay, James 
Gary (inn-keeper), Parson Chase, Mr. Paine, Chois 
Carnin, Dame Hughes (the only midwife among Eng- 



Fayette and Calvert Streets. 

16, Mr. N. Rogers', near corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets. 

17, Mr. Ward's, 

18, Near South and Second Streets. 

19, Corner of Lombard and South Streets. 

20, Southeast corner of South and Baltimore Streets. 

21, HoUiday Street, near Fayette. 

22, Near Gay and Front Streets. 

23, Sloop " Baltimore," the second vessel. 

24, Calvert Street Wharf. 

25, Brig of N. Rogers, the first Square-rigged Vessel of the Port. 

26, Jones' Falls. 

lish folk), Charles Constable, Mr. Ferguson, Mr. Gold- 
smith, Mr. John Moore, Mr. Sheppard (tailor), Bill 
Adams (barber), George Strebeck (only wagoner, drove 
a single team), Jake Keeports (carpenter), Conrad 
Smith, Capt. Dunlap, Jack Crosby (carpenter). Bob 
Lance (cooper), Philip Littig (whose wife was ac- 
coucheuse among the German population), John 
Wood, Hilt Stanwitch (laborer), Nancy Low, Mr. 
Gwinn." 

The town had at this time about two hundred in- 
habitants, allowing ten persons to a family, which is 
probably not an over-estimate in view of the fact that 
it was a slave-holding community. The natural 
features of the site have already been adverted to, 
and it was many years before they were greatly 
changed from the wild and rugged aspect with which 
they met the founders of the city. At the time of 
which we speak (1752) the hills still raised their 
undiminished heads in every part of the infant me- 
tropolis, the streets were paved only by their native 
heath, and Jones' Falls in unbridled license, spreading 
its waters over much adjacent territory, hemmed in 
the town cm the east with tributary marshes, and 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



59 



rolling in its sinuous course as far up as St. Paul 
and Saratoga Streets, dashed its spray contemptuously 
into the very face of the insignificant settlement. 

On the 17th of November, 1753, the Assembly again , 
extended the limits of the town by adding to it thirty- j 
two acres of Cole's Harbor, which Joshua Hall had 
purchased of Mr. Carroll, being part of the tract 
which lay between the town and the lines of Lunn's \ 
lot at the south, west and north of Baltimore Town, | 
commencing on the basin near the mouth of Uhler's 
Run, and including the grounds between the original 
western limits of the town and Lunn's lot, and run- 
ning to the Falls side, north of Church Lane (Mc- 
Clellan's Alley) and City Spring, where John Fra- 
zier rented a shipyard and resided. 

In 1755 the population of the town was consider- 
ably augmented by the arrival of a vessel loaded with 
French Acadian exiles, who had been driven from 
Nova Scotia. These wretched exiles were received 
with ready and generous hospitality. They were at 
first lodged in private houses, and a number were 
sheltered in the unfinished dwelling of Edward Fot- 
trell. In a short time these peaceable, frugal, and 
industrious exiles were able to construct some small 
but comfortable houses upon South Charles Street, 
near Lombard, giving to that quarter the designation 
of " French Town," which it long retained. The 
descendants of many of these exiles are still living 
among us. At this time the town was also receiving 
accretions from other quarters. In 1759, Jonathan 
Plowman, an English merchant, arrived in Baltimore, 
and bought several acres of land of Mr. Sleigh, ad- 
joining the last addition east of the Falls, and built 
a house at the northeast corner of York (Baltimore) 
and High Streets, and in 1760 Mr. Philpot purchased 
of Mr. Sleigh most of the peninsula between the Falls 
and Harford Run, south of Baltimore Street, and 
built a house at the northeast corner of Baltimore 
Street bridge, which caused the bridge afterwards 
built to be known by his name. In 1763, Messrs. 
Plowman and Philpot laid out some of their ground 
between the Falls and Harford Run into streets run- 
ning northwest to southeast, and nearly parallel with 
the former stream, with other streets at right angles 
with them ; and Mr. Fell about the same time laid 
ofl' part of the tracts of land on the east which his 
father had purchased of Harris, Carter, and others 
(buying of Sleigh himself part of Mountenay's Neck, 
and all the ground two years before resurveyed and 
patented by the name of Fell's Prospect), with streets 
running north, south, east, and west, except on the ex- 
treme point itself, where he was governed by the course 
of the river. In this year also Messrs. John Brown, 
Benjamin Griffith, and Samuel Purviance settled in 
Baltimore. The former was from New Jersey, and 
having learned his trade in Wilmington, erected a 
pottery on the east side of Gay Street. Mr. Purvi- 
ance, who came from Donegal by way of Philadelphia, 
erected a distillery on the southeast corner of Lombard 



and Commerce Streets, with a wharf. Mr. Griffith 
came from New Castle, and having purchased Fell's 
lot adjoining Gay Street bridge, rebuilt it by contract, 
and it was afterwards called by his name. In the 
following year William Spear, of Lancaster, took the 
water-lot near Gay Street, and wharfing out about one 
thousand feet to a small island, erected a bakery there. 
This locality is still known by the name of Spear's 
Wharf. 

In 1765 the Assembly added to the town thirty-five 
acres belonging to Cornelius Howard, including a part 
of Lunn's lot, especially the South Baltimore portion. 
Lunn's lot, which extended from Timber Neck and 
David's Fancy northward until it joined the Belvi- 
dere estate of the Howards, was so called from the 
original patentee, who sold the property, it is supposed, 
about the year 1668, to John Eager, Jr., — John Eager 
Howard's maternal grandfather. This last addition 
to the town included the present Conway and Barre 
Streets, so called after the successful opponents of the 
Stamp Act in the British Parliament, and extended 
northwardly between the west side of Charles and the 
east side of Liberty to Saratoga Street. In November, 
1776, Thomas Harrison, Alexander Law.son, and Brian 
Philpot, the then owners of the marsh adjoining the 
town on the east, were directed by an act of Assembly 
"to remove the said nuisance at their own proper ex- 
pense" by "wharfing in all such marshy ground near 
the water with a good and sufficient stone wall," and 
by " covering the marsh with stones, gravel, and dirt," 
after the completion of which it was ordered to be 
laid off into lots and added to the town. This se- 
cured the draining of all the marsh, or " mash" 
market section of the town, and added largely to 
its area. Messrs. John Smith and Wm. Buchanan 
had before this, in 1759, purchased of Mr. Harrison 
the lots fronting on Gay and Water (now Lombard) 
Streets, and commenced building two wharves, each 
about one thousand feet long, to the channel of the 
river, which wharves still bear their names. 

By the act of 1773, Fell's and Plowman's additions 
were made to Baltimore, consisting of about eighty 
acres of land, lying on the east and southeast sides of 
the town, and embracing what has long been known 
as Fell's Point. Plowman's addition was the tract 
east of the Falls and south of York Street (now East 
Baltimore Street), and Fell's all his father's purchases 
of Mountenay's Neck, and generally the land from 
York Street down to the " cove."' Mountenay's 
Neck, as we have seen, was resurveyed for Wm. 
Fell as escheat land on April 27, 1737, and had 
passed at his death in 1746 to his son Edward. 
Wm. Fell's brother, Edward, it will be remembered, 
"kept store" on the site of Old Town, and when 
he died in 1738 left all his property to his nephew 
and namesake. It appears, however, that previous to 
his purchase of Mountenay's Neck, Wm. Fell bought 
the tract of land called " Copus' Harbor," and built 
a mansion there on the site of Lancaster Street, and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



this was doubtless the beginning of the settlement at 
the Point. It was Wm. Fell's son, Edward, who laid 
out Fell's Point in 1763, but he did not live to see 
the Point annexed to Baltimore, as he died in 1766, 
leaving an infant son, William, whose name fre- 
(juently occurs in the later history of the town. 
Part of this new addition to the town was on high 
ground, and being healthier than the localities clo.ser 
to the Falls, had early become a popular quarter for 
the wealthier merchants and traders. Some of the ' 
old mansions in that quarter still hint at the ease and { 
luxury of those who dwelt in them, dilapidated and 
forlorn as their present surroundings are. In 1765, 
shortly after the Point had been laid off, Capt. Charles 
Ridgely and Mr. Griffith purchased water-lots of Mr. | 
' Fell west of the public wharf, the latter building a 
wharf and warehouse, which was the first there; and 
Benjamin Nelson, shipwright, who had moved from 
Charlestown, Cecil County, established a shipyard 
in Philpot Street. Three years later Isaac Griest, also 
from Cecil, took the water-lot east of the public wharf; 
the ensuing year George Patton, who came from Ire- 
land, erected a wharf on the west end of the Point, 
and three years after, Jesse Hollingsworth another 
on the east, the remainder of the water-lots being 
chiefly taken and improved in the mean time by 
Messrs. Purviance, Wells, Smith, Mackie, and Van 
Bibber. The Point, containing all the artisans and 
articles requisite for building and fitting vessels, was | 
already the rival of the town in 1765. The first set- [ 
tiers were at a great loss to determine in which part 
to buy, as most likely to improve, and those who had 1 
sufficient money and enterprise generally took lots . 
both in the town and at the Point. That the rivalry 
between the towns before this was great is evident 
from an advertisement that appeared in the Maryland 
Gazette of July 31, 1766, in which Anne Fell, execu- i 
trix of Edward Fell, calls on those who have pur- } 
chased lots of ground " in a place laid out for a town 
on Fell's Point, Patapsco River, to pay their several 
arrearages." She mentions that some persons have i 
spread a report that the title to the lots was dispu- ; 
table, that the water was bad, and the Point not i 
healthy, in order to intimidate strangers from taking 
said lots, and declares that she can prove all these 
reports to be utterly false and unfounded. John 
Bond, who acted for Anne Fell, endeavored to dispel - 
these false rumors, which are said to have been put 
in circulation by Baltimore land-owners, and finally 
leased or sold many of the lots. Several years before 
the annexation of the Point, however, a correspondent 
of the Philadelphia Chronicle, in March, 1767, com- 
plains that, owing to the bad and crooked roads lead- 
ing from the west side of the Susquehanna to Phila- 
delphia and the extravagant price of ferriage, most | 
of the trade of that section was being sent to and j 
shipped from New Castle, Del., and urges the Leg- 
islature to make the ferries free, and repair and ; 
straighten the roads, as the welfare of the province ' 



of Pennsylvania was involved. " The port of Balti- 
more," says the writer, " in this instance our rival, is 
daily increasing its shipping and the number of its 
merchants, and in consequence its trade and opulence. 
It has many natural advantages, and there can be 
little doubt but that it will soon become an object of 
the Legislature's peculiar attention, which may make 
it a great mart and flourishing port." 

Baltimore was indeed growing, and twenty years 
later got to be quite a place. Its mills were nu- 
merous and busy ; it had a large foreign trade with 
the West Indies and with Europe ; its trade with 
the interior of Maryland and Pennsylvania was im- 
jjortant ; above all, it had received large accessions 
of active, enterprising citizens, — thrifty Germans 
from Pennsylvania or from Fatherland; French from 
Acadia and the West Indies ; Scotch-Irish from 
Derry ; Irish gentry from other places. It was men 
like Stevenson, Harrison, Steiger, Purviance, Patter- 
son, Buchanan, Philpot, Plowman, Yeiser, the Smiths, 
and their stamp, no less than the natives of the 
county, who gave Baltimore its impulse of growth. 
These people traded with the world, aud their busy 
craft, when the war of 1775 broke out, turned priva- 
teers, and enriched them and the town with the spoils 
of British commerce. In 1768 an act was passed " for 
erecting a court-house and public prison for Balti- 
more County, in the town of Baltimore, and for 
making sale of the old court-house aud prison." This 
was the act by which the county-seat was removed 
from Joppa, and from this period we can date the 
growing importance of Baltimore. Messrs. J. B. Bord- 
ley, John Ridgely, John Moale, Robert Adair, Robert 
Alexander, William Smith, and Andrew Buchanan 
were appointed commissioners to build the prison and 
court-house, which the act directed should be con- 
structed on the upper part of Calvert Street, next to 
Jones' Falls. 

While Baltimore was thus made the county-seat, 
yet it must have resembled anything else than a city. 
The hills were not yet cut down, the streets were 
not paved, the houses were poor, mean, irregular. 
Robert Gilmor, in his reminiscences, mentions that 
he caught crabs with a stick while walking around 
the water-front from Jones' Falls via Lombard Street 
to Charles and Lee Streets (the foot of the latter being 
called "Deep Point"); that he learned to swim in 
Jones' Falls at the corner of Calvert and Lexing- 
ton Streets, and " the water was so deep that once a 
man was drowned here ;" boats coming up to the 
powder-house, which stood at the foot of the preci- 
pice on which the court-house was erected, near the 
southeast corner of Calvert and Lexington Streets; 
and that in the Revolutionary war he saw a mounted 
bugler swamped in the quagmire in front of the pres- 
ent site of the Sun office. Calvert Street then ceased at 
the south side of Fayette Street; there was no Holli- 
day Street on account of the Falls and Steiger's. 
meadow ; there was good shooting of snipe and wood- 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



cock on Harrison's Marsh, where the Centre Market 
now stands ; there was a mill where the gas-house 
now is on Holliday Street, and Englehart Yeiser had 
not yet cut the canal through Steiger's meadow 
which diverted Jones' Falls from its old horseshoe 
curve to its present bed. When the old court-house 




was built (on the site of the Battle Monument) the 
bluff at St. Paul, Fayette, and Lexington Streets ex- 
tended to North Street, then descended in an abrupt 
precipice to the Falls, and the court-house stood sheer 
and toppling upon the very edge and comb of this 
bluff, at the then head of Calvert Street, until, by the 
ingenuity of Mr. Leonard Harbaugh (afterwards a 
town commissioner), it was, in 1784, underpinned and 
arched and the street opened. At that time the arch 
under the court-house was supplied with stocks, pil- 
lory, and whipping-post, and Justice straddled over 
the city's centre like Gulliver in Liliput. There was 
little attempt at grading or getting a definite co-ordina- 
tion of levels. Mr. Gilmor says the court-house stood 
on a hill sixty or a hundred feet above the level of the 
basin, and about thirty or forty feet above the level 
of the present pavements. The houses and style of 
building were as irregular as the streets and wharves. 
A portrait of the town, taken about the time of Mr. 
Harbaugh's prodigious feat, adds spice of vivacity to 
manifest accuracy : 

" It was a treat," says Hon. John P. Kennedy, " to see this little Balti- 
more Town just at the termination of the war of independence, BO con- 
ceited, so bustling and debonnaire, growing up like a saucy, chubby hoy, 
with his dumpling cheeks and short, grinning face, fat and mischievous, 
and bursting incontinently out of his clothes in spite of all the allow- 
ance of tucks and broad selvages. Market Street had shot, like a Nu- 
remberg snake out of its toy box, as far as Congress Hall [Sharp Street 
and Baltimore], with its line of low-browed, hipped-roof wooden houses 
in disorderly array, standing forward and back, after the manner of a 
regiment of militia with many an interval between the files. Some of 
) painted blue and wiiite and some yellow, and here 



and there sprang up a more magniticent mansion of brick, with windows 
like a mutiplication table and great wastes of wall between the stories, 
with occasional courtyards before them, and reverential locust-trees, 
under whose shade bevies of truant school-boys, ragged little negroes, 
and grotesque chimney-sweeps 'skyed coppers' and disported themselves 
at marbles." 

The evident truth of these details about the houses 
of the town is confirmed by the message of Mayor John 
Montgomery to the City Council in January, 1826. 
He shows that even then, of 10,416 houses returned 
by sweep-masters, 101 only were of four stories, 1608 
were of three stories, 1524 being of one story, while 
7183, seven-tenths of the whole, were only two stories 
high. In James Robinson's "Baltimore Directory for 
1804," when the " city" was eight years old, Howard's 
Park, trees and all, began at Saratoga Street, the west 
end stopped at Green Street, and the separation of 
Fell's Point from Old Town was complete. The 
"co\e" south of Aliceanna Street had begun to be 
filled up, but the swamps of Harford Run were two 
blocks broad, and Wilkes Street (Eastern Avenue) was 
a "causeway" indeed. The "meadow" was still un- 
filled, though Yeiser's Canal had been cut, and there 
were half a dozen mills on the line of the Falls from 
the Gay Street bridge to Col. Howard's place at Bel- 
\ idere. 

At the November session of 1781 the Assembly 
added to the town six acres and one hundred' and 
teh square perches of land belonging to John Moale, 
east of the Falls ; and also eleven acres and fifty-six 
square perches belonging to Andrew Steiger, and 
known as Steiger's Meadow, which had been drained 
by the enterprise of Englehardt Yeiser, and the re- 
I mainder of Fell's Prospect, or as much of it as the 
commissioners might think proper. By the act of 
1782, ch. 2, the commissioners were directed to annex 
the remainder of John E. Howard's tract of land, 
called Lunn's lot, or so much as they might think 
necessary, and by a later act of the same year part of 
Howard's Timber Neck, Parker's Haven, Kemp's Ad- 
dition, and Gist's Inspection was also added on the 
petition of the owners, Benj. Rogers, Charles Ridgely 
(son of John), Christopher Hughes, Henry Brown, 
j John Mercer Porter, George MeCandless, Thos. Rus- 
[ sell, Robert Moore, David Williamson, Charles Fred- 
erick Wiesenthall, John Wells, Jonathan Hudson, 
John Sterrett, Geo. Prestman, John Gorden, Thos. 
Dorsey, John Dorsey, Samuel Chase, Wm. Hammond, 
and David Rusk. In 1796 the town was incorporated, 
and in 1799, agreeably to the powers of the corpora- 
tion, an addition was made to the city of a small par- 
cel of ground situated north of Saratoga Street, and 
the bounds of Harford Street and Canal were fixed, 
together with the channel of the basin. The addi- 
tion thus made was described in the ordinance as lying 
in that part of the precincts bounded on the south by 
Saratoga Street, on the west by an alley one hun- 
dred and twenty feet from Howard Street, on the 
north by New Street, and on the east by Lerew's 
Alley. In 1816 the Legislature passed an act to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




I i>l Ml \1 1 L^ <)1 li M I IMOR 



annex the " precincts," as the suburban property was 
called, to the city of Baltimore, against the consent 
of about nine-tenths of the people of both the county 
and city. By this annexation the city acquired a 
population of sixteen or seventeen thousand souls. 
By this act it was provided 

"that the precincts of Baltimore City, and all that part of Baltimore 
County which is included in the following metes aud bounds, shall be 
and are hereby annexed to aud made part of the ciy of Baltimore; that 
is to say, bounded on the north by a line drawn parallel with Bitltimore 
Street in said < ity, through a point one mile and a half due north from 
the centre of Baltimore and Calvert Streets in said city, and extending 
eastwardly seven hundred perches fr.im tlie said point to a public road 
passing from the Philadelphia post-road, by the dwellings of Amo< Loney, 
Thomas Worthington, and others, and westwardly six hundred and forty 
perches from the same point ; on the east by a line binding on the east 
Bide of said road, to the Philadelphia post-road, and from the Philadelphia 
post-road, by a straight line, to the northeast corner of the Lazaretto lot, 
including said lot, and then with the lines of said lot to the Patapsco 
River; on the south by a line drawn from the Patapsco River, at the ter- 
mination of the lastrmentioned line, to the most uorthern part of Whet- 
stone Point, on the main branch of the Patapsco River, and ninning 
with and bounding on thesaid main branch, excluding the land ceded to 
the United States on Whetstone Point for the use of a fort, to the place 
called the Kerry Point, being the junction of the said main branch with 
the middle branch aforesaid, and thence due west to the western side of 
the midille branch aforesaid ; and on the west by a line running from the 
termination of the last-mentioned line on the western shore of the mid- 
dle branch, and binding on the said shore, to the north of Gwynn's Falls, 
thence up aud with the southwest side of Gwynn's Falls to a point oppo- 
site to the mouth of Gwynn's Run, thence with a straight course to the 
mouth of Gwynn's Run, aud thence with a straight line to the end of the 
aforementioned six hundred and forty perch lino." 

The boundaries established by this act constitute 
the present limits of the city, the area of which lias 
By the 



been extended since the act of 



act of 1817 the city of Baltimore was directed to be 
divided into twelve wards, as nearly equal in propor- 
tion as possible, and John Eager Howard, William 
Gibson, William Cooke, William McMechen, Henry 
Thompson, John Hillen, Joseph Townsend, Nathan- 
iel Williams, John McHenry, James Mosher, and 
1 George Winchester were appointed commissioners 
with authority to survey and lay off within the 
limits of the city all such streets, lanes, and alleys as 
they might think proper and convenient, and to cause 
the same to be marked with such durable landmarks 
as they should think necessary. The commissioners 
were further empowered to assign 

"one name to any street which in the whole or in parts may have 
acquired different names, and when two or more streets may be known 
by the same name, to alter and change them ; and the names so given 
of all the other streets shall be written on the plots thereof, to be re- 
turned to the said commissioners, by which name they s 



The commissioners were, moreover, authorized to em- 
ploy a surveyor or surveyors to ascertain and mark 
out the limits of the city, and accordingly employed 
Thomas H. Poppleton, whose map of Baltimore, laid 
out in conformity with the metes and bounds already 
given, is still the recognized and only authority of its 
kind on this subject. 

On March 9, 1850, the General Assembly passed an 
act to provide " for taking the sense of the people of 
Baltimore County on the propriety of separating said 
county from the city of Baltimore." The preamble ' 
of the act rei'ited that it had been represented that 



THE FOUNDING OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



the "interest and convenience of the people of Balti- 
more County would be greatly promoted, and the 
administration of justice in said county be rendered 
more speedy and efficient, if the said county were 
separated from the city of Baltimore," and enacted 
that an election should be held on the second Wednes- 
day in the following May, at which the matter should i 
be submitted to the qualified voters of the several ' 
election districts. By the provisions of the act three j 
persons were to be elected from each district, who ' 
were to meet on the first Monday in June at some j 
central place in the county, and then determine and 
fix upon a suitable site for the erection of the public 
buildings ; and the commissioners were directed, in ' 
making their decision, which was to be final, to take 
into consideration the "general interest of the people 
of the county, and the facilities of access and depar- 
ture" from the site so selected. The commissioners of 
Baltimore County were authorized to sell, exchange, 
or dispose of all or any part or parts of the county's 
proportion of the joint property of the county and 
city, except the court-house and record oflice ; and 
the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore were em- 
powered to treat with and purchase the county's in- 
terest in the joint property. No option was left with 
regard to the sale of the court-house, as it had been 
expressly provided by the act of 1834, ch. 1.51, that if 
a separation should take place at any time between 
the city and county " the whole estate in the present 
court-house shall be vested in the city of Baltimore, 
upon the payment to Baltimore County of one-half 
of the value thereof" 

In pursuance of this act an election was held at 
the time designated, and on the 3d of June, 1850, ths 
commissioners chosen from the several districts met 
in Baltimore, and organized by the selection of James 
L. Kidgely as chairman, and William E. Cole as sec- 
retary. The entire day, however, was consumed in 
the discussion of the various propositions submitted, 
none of which received the approval of a majority of 
the convention, which finally adjourned until the 
second Monday in August, with the understanding 
that they would then definitely settle the matter 
without further postponement. The convention ac- 
cordingly reassembled on the 12th of August, but the 
opponents of the separation act were found to be too 
strong for its friends, and finally succeeded in " kill- 
ing" it by effecting an adjournment until March, 
1852. Eighteen of the commissioners were in favor 
of locating the county-seat somewhere, and eighteen 
were opposed to locating at all ; but the latter voted 
solidly, while the former probably could not agree 
among themselves. The Baltimore County Advocate 
of August 17th, commenting upon the unsatisfactory 
action of the commissioners, expressed the opinion 
that the great body of the people of the county were 
in favor of separation, adding, " when another bill is 
formed for this object, let it be left to the vote of the 
people, and let there be some different provision for 



locating the public buildings. There is where the 
difficulty lies now," 

In the mean time a constitutional convention as- 
sembled at Annapolis, on the 4th of November, 1850, 
and adopted a new constitution, which went into 
effect on the 4th of July, 1851. By the fourth sec- 
tion of the fourth article of the new constitution 
the State was divided into four judicial districts, 
Alleghany, Washington, Frederick, Carroll, Balti- 
more, and Harford Counties to compose the first, and 
Baltimore City the third. By the eighth section of 
the same article the State was also divided into eight 
judicial circuits, Baltimore City making the fifth, and 
Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil Counties the sixth. 
"The Court of Common Pleas," the " Superior Court," 
and " Criminal Court" were also established in Bal- 
timore City. The judicial functions of the city and 
county being now completely separated, as the politi- 
cal relations had been by the incorporation of the 
city in 1796, the Legislature at its next session in 
1852 passed the necessary laws for carrying out the 
provisions of the new constitution. On the 27th of 
February it passed two laws, one to authorize the 
officers of Baltimore County to " keep their respective 
offices within the limits of the city of Baltimore until 
provision shall be made by law for the location of a 
county-seat within the said county, and the erection 
of a court-house and all other appropriate buildings 
for the convenient administration of justice in said 
county," and the other " to authorize the courts for 
Baltimore County to hold their sittings within the 
limits of the city of Baltimore." On the 9th of March 
the Legislature also passed an act repealing the legis- 
lation of 1850, which had placed the authority to 

\ locate the county-seat in the hands of commissioners, 

I and on May 31st it passed an act providing for the 
valuation and severance of the ownership of property 

I held jointly by the city and county, and directing the 

I appointment of three discreet persons from each to 
make the necessary assessment and division. The 

I commissioners appointed for this purpose on the part 
of the city were Messrs. Fielding Lucas, Jr., Chris- 
tian Keener, and Nathan F. Dushane ; and those on 

I the part of the county were Messrs. Thomas B. 

I Cockey, Joshua Hutchins, and Joab Bernard. These 

! gentlemen qualified for the performance of their 
duties early in September, and were already far ad- 
vanced in their work when the Legislature, on May 
30, 1853, passed an act providing for the location of a 
county-seat for Baltimore County. By this act the 
judges of election were directed to open polls on the 

'■ third Wednesday of November following, " at which 
the qualified voters of the said county may vote by 
written or printed ballots, designating thereon the place 
for locating the county-seat of justice." It was pro- 
vided that if no place should receive a majority of the 

i whole number of votes cast at the first balloting, a 
second election should be held, at which the voters 
should be confined to the three places having the 



64 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



higliest number of votes at the first election ; and if no 
one of the three places voted for at the second elec- 
tion should have a majority of all the votes cast, then 
a third election should be held, at which the voters 
should be confined in their choice to the two places 
having the highest number of votes at the second 
election. 

Before any election had been held under this act, a 
convention of delegates, appointed by the citizens of 
Baltimore County for the purpose of recommending 
a site for the county town, met at the court-house in 
Baltimore. A committee, previously appointed, re- 
ported that after visiting a number of places and 
making the necessary examinations they had con- 
cluded to recommend with some qualification, and by 
a vote of five to three, the place known as the Rem- 
ington estate, situated on the west of the old cattle- 
show grounds on Charles Street Avenue, and between 
the York and Falls turnpikes. After several hours 
spent in exciting debate, the convention proceeded to 
ballot for the place, and after several ballots the Alms- 
house property at Calverton was selected by a vote of 
fourteen to twelve for the Remington estate. The 
matter had still, however, to be submitted to the pop- 
ular tribunal, and when the election was held on the 
third AVednesday of November (18.53), Clover Hill 
received 784 votes; the Almshouse, 776 ; Towsontown, 
582; Cockeysville, 317; Geographical Centre, 266; 
Huntington, 221 ; Remington, 158; Spring Hill, 104; 
and Homestead, 70. None of these places having 
received a majority of all the votes cast, a second elec- 
tion was held on Wednesday, Jan. 3, 1854, in which 
the Almshouse, Towsontown, and Clover Hill were 
the places voted for. At this election Towsontown 
received a considerable plurality, and the contest was 
narrowed down to that place and the Almshouse. 
Finally, on the 13th of February, the question was 
again submitted to the voters, and Towsontown was 
selected as the county-seat. The result was celebrated 
in the new county-seat with much enthusiasm and 
with a grand illumination, the old frame tavern be- 
longing to H. B. Chew, on the top of Sater Hill, being 
set on fire the more fittingly to honor the important 
occasion. Efforts have since been made from time to 
time to remove the county-seat from Towsontown, but 
always without success. 

In April, 1874, the Legislature passed an act "to 
extend the limits of Baltimore City by including and 
annexing a part or portion of Baltimore County in 
and to the said city, and to provide for taking a vote 
of the people residing in said part or portion to be so 
annexed for or against such annexation." This act 
proposed to extend the city limits two miles north- 
ward, and one mile to the ea.st and west. As an in- 
ducement to the people of this district (commonly 
known as the "Belt") to vote for annexation, it was 
provided that all property situated in the territory to 
be annexed should be assessed at one-half its cost 
value for the period of ten years after the jiassage of 



the act. After a warm and exciting canvass the ques- 
tion was submitted to the people of the "Belt" on 
the 5th of May, and annexation was defeated by a 
vote of 1115 against it to 574 in its favor, being a 
majority of 541 against annexation. The following is 
the official vote by precincts : 

For. Against. 

Ist Precinct, l8t District 116 81 

1st " 3(1 " "'2 173 

1st " 9tli " 12li 186 

2d " 9tli " I'le 248 

let " 12th " 37 235 

3d " 12th " 14 111 



CHAPTER VIL 

PENNSYLVA\I.\ BORDER TROUBLES. 

The dispute with regard to the boundary line be- 
tween Maryland and Pennsylvania was the occasion 
not only of much bitter feeling, but of actual col- 
lisions and conflicts between those living near or 
occupying debatable ground.' 

The original area of Baltimore County embraced a 
portion of this disputed region, and in the troubles 
which arose from the antagonistic claims of the two 
provinces many of its principal citizens were in- 
volved. As early as December, 1732, Lord Bahimore, 
who had come to Maryland to settle the disputes, 
wrote to Governor Patrick Gordon of Pennsylvania, 
calling his attention to the fact that "a most out- 
rageous riot had lately been committed in Maryland 
by a great number of people calling themselves Penn- 
sylvanians." John Lowe, of Baltimore County, his 
wife and family were the victims of this border raid, 
which seems to have been entirely without justifica- 
tion or excuse, as far a.s Lowe, at least, was concerned. 
The dwellers on the Maryland side of the border, as 
may be supposed, were not slow in retaliating, and in 
May, 1734, John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall, 
from their settlements on the Susquehanna, and two 
others from the borders of New Castle County, were 
carried off by the Maryland authorities and confined 
in the Annapolis jail. These troubles, however, would 
seem really to bave begun with Penn's first settle- 
ment in the province, for we learn from the Pennsyl- 
vania records that at a council held at Philadelphia 
in 1684 a letter from one Samuel Lands was read, 
" concerning Col. George Tallbot's goeing with three 
Musqueters to y* houses of William Ogle, Jonas Er- 
skin,and AndreisTille, and tould them if they would 
not forthwith yield Obedience to y° Lord Baltimore, 
and Own him to be their Propor, and pay rent to 
him, he would Turne them out of their houses and 
take their Land from them." And from the same 
source we learn that in 1686 "y° Marylanders have 
lately reinforced their fort at Christina, and would 

I Sue a full review of the lumudar}- troubles in the writer's " History 



PENNSYLVANIA BORDER TROUBLES. 



not suffer John White to cut hay, but thrittend those 
he imployed to do it with their gunns presented 
against them, and that what hay they had cut y" 
Marylanders sayd they would throw it into y" river." 
Moreover, it appears that about, this same time one 
Maj. English " came into y" county of New Castle 
with about fourty armed horsemen; left them at John 
Darby's whilst Maj. English and a Mary Land Capt. 
came to New Castle, where John White meeting him, 
made complaint to him of the abuses don him by y" 
Mary Landers at y' fort. Maj. English tould him 
that if thou wilt say ' you drunken dogg, Ned Eng- 
lish, lett me cutt hay,' I will give you leave." 

Inroads and exasperations of this character con- 
tinued on both sides for a long period, and appear 
not to have ceased even after the king himself had 
commanded the peace. In 1717 we hear complaints 
of " certain persons from Maryland who had lately 
surveyed out lands not far from Conestoga, and near 
the thickest of our settlements, to the great disturb- 
ance of the inhabitants there;" and in 1722 "the se- 
cret and underhand practices of persons" from Mary- 
land are referred to with virtuous indignation in the 
minutes of the Pennsylvania Councils, — " these secret 
and underhand practices" consisting apparently in 
an attempt to survey and take up lands on the west 
side of the Susquehanna. In this same year Gover- 
nor Keith sent a letter to the Governor of Maryland, 
in which he refers to a report that " two magistrates 
of Pennsylvania, with some others, had been taken 
prisoners by a party of men in arms from Cecil 
County, and carried before the justices of Kent 
County, who detained them in custody two days, and 
afterwards dismissed them upon a verbal promise to 
appear there next court." 

In 1735, William Rumsey, a surveyor of Maryland, 
was apprehended by the sheriff of New Castle County 
and taken before the Governor of Pennsylvania, 
charged with committing and causing others to com- 
mit great abuse and violence against several inhabit- 
ants of Chester and Lancaster Counties, for no other 
reason " than that those persons asserted the juris- 
diction of this province (Pennsylvania) in those parts 
where they live." In 1736, Governor Ogle directed 
Thomas White, deputy surveyor, to lay out two hun- 
dred acres of land in the disputed territory of Balti- 
more County, and lying on the west side of the Sus- 
quehanna, for each of the following persons : Henry 
Munday, Edward Leet, Charl. Higginbotham, James 
Kaine, John Smith, Hugh Kaine, James Nickleson, 
Robert Trotter, Robert Rowland, William Miles, 
William Greenlee, Stephen White, John Cross, John 
Kaine, Sr., John Kaine, Edward Ryly, Patrick Sav- 
age, Arthur Browlee, James Love, Anthony Dixson, 
Benjamin Dixson, John Morrow, Thomas King, 
Ralph Higginbotham, John McNabb, James McGee, 
Barnibe Clarke, Thomas Moore, Richard Ryan, 
George Bond, Thomas Linass, William Linass, John 
Linass, John Coats, Robert Jesson, George Moore, 



Robert Moore, Gibbons Jennings, Thomas Scarlet, 
William Carpenter, Richard Pope, Thomas Charlton, 
John Charlton, Sr., Edward Charlton, John Charlton, 
Thomas Charlton, Jr., Arthur Charlton, Henry 
Charlton, Jr., Richard Sedgwick, William Betty, 
William Betty, Jr., William Webb, Thomas Dawson, 
and John Dawson. Henry Munday and Edward 
Leet, however, were arrested by the Pennsylvania 
authorities, and this design to occupy the debatable 
land fell through. Among those who suffered in these 
border frays was Elisha Gatchel, a member of the 
Society of Friends, and a justice of the peace for the 
county of Chester, who was carried off by a party of 
Marylanders under Capt. Charlton, taken across the 
line, and made to give bail to answer the charge of 
speaking disrespectfully of Lord Baltimore. The 
most striking incident of these border feuds was the 
attack upon Thomas Cresap, then a citizen of Baltimore 
County, which was made by a body of armed men 
from Pennsylvania, who set fire to the house in which 
he, together with his family and several neighbors, had 
taken refuge, and attempted to murder them as they 
made their escape from the flames. Cresap had formed, 
with the knowledge of Governor Ogle, an association 
of about fifty men for the purpose of driving out the 
German settlers on the west side of the Susquehanna, 
and in the prosecution of their design they killed one 
Knowles Dant, who had resisted them. Cresap was 
then attacked, as related, made prisoner, and carried 
to Philadelphia, where the streets and doors were 
thronged with spectators to see the "Maryland 
monster," who taunted the crowd by exclaiming, half 
in earnest, half in derision, " Why, this is the finest 
city in the province of Maryland!" 

! Before the formation of Cresap's association the 
sherif}' of Baltimore County, with the sanction of the 
Maryland authorities, had marched with three hun- 
dred men at his back to eject the German settlers 
from their possessions, but was persuaded to relinquish 

j his design on a pledge from the Germans that they 

I would consult together and give an answer to Lord 
Baltimore's requisition to acknowledge his authority. 
The attack upon Cresap added fresh fuel to the bitter 
feeling already prevailing, and Governor Ogle, after 
in vain demanding the release of Cresap, " ordered 
reprisals, and four German settlers were seized and 
carried to Baltimore, and a band of the associates, 
under one Higginbotham, proceeded forcibly to expel 
the Germans. Again the Council ordered out the 
sheriff of Lancaster and the power of his county, 

j with directions to dispose detachments in proper 
positions to protect the people. When the sheriflT en- 
tered the field the invaders retired, but returned as 
soon as his force was withdrawn. Captures were 
made on both sides ; the German settlers were 
harassed perpetually, in many instances driven from 
their farms, and in others deterred from every attempt 
to plant or improve." In October, 1737, sixteen 
Marylanders, under the leadership of Richard Low- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



der, broke into the jail at Lancaster and released 
Lowder's brother and a number of others who had 
been apprehended by the sheriff of Lancaster County. 

This fierce border warfare at length attained so 
alarming a character that the Governor and both 
Houses of Assembly of Maryland found it necessary 
to make a true representation to the king and the 
proprietary " of the impious treatment which this 
province in general, and more particularly your 
Majesty's subjects residing on the northern borders 
thereof, have of late suffered from the Government 
and inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvania." 

From this address it appears that the German set- 
tlers, of whom so much has been said, had in the first 
place applied to the authorities of Maryland for per- 
mission to settle on the land in dispute, that consider- 
able quantities of land had been allotted to them (in 
what is now York County, Pennsylvania), and that 
for a time they had paid taxes to the government of 
Maryland, and in every other way acknowledged its 
jurisdiction. The address charged, however, that they 
had been seduced from their allegiance by emissaries 
from Pennsylvania, who had promised them lighter 
taxes under that province, and that they had accord- 
ingly refused to yield any further obedience to Mary- 
land, under the pretence that their lands were within 
the limits of Pennsylvania. It was to reduce these peo- 
ple to submission and to maintain the proper authority 
of Maryland that Cresap's association was formed, 
and it was in the attempt to defend her territory from 
encroachment that he was subjected to the violence 
and imprisonment for which the Governor and As- 
sembly now sought redress. This address had the 
effect of drawing from the king an order in council, 
dated Aug. 18, 1737, in which the Governors of Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania were commanded, on pain of 
His Majesty's highest displeasure, to put a stop to the 
tumults, riots, and outrageous disorders on the borders 
of their respective provinces. The dangerous situa- 
tion of affairs in the two provinces at this time and 
the desire to conciliate the crown produced a ready 
compliance with this order, and an agreement was 
made in 1738 providing for the running of a pro- 
visional line between the provinces which was not to 
interfere with the actual possessions of the settlers, 
but merely to suspend all grants of the disputed terri- 
tory as defined by that line until the final adjustment 
of the boundaries. 

Col. Levin Gale and Samuel Chamberlaine, on the 
part of Maryland, and Richard Peters and Lawrence 
Snowden, on the part of Pennsylvania, were appointed 
commissioners to run the line, and began operations 
in the spring of 1739, when Col. Gale was called away 
by sickness in his family, and Mr. Chamberlaine de- 
clining to proceed in the absence of his colleague, the 
Pennsylvania commissioners, by the order of Governor 
Thomas, continued the work alone, and ran the line 
westward of the Susquehanna " to the most western 
of the Kittochtinny hills." 



Though this provisional line put a stop to the bor- 
der troubles, the boundary question remained a sub- 
ject of contention until the 4th of July, 1760, when 
it was finally determined by an agreement between 
the Penns and Lord Baltimore. In 1763 the east-and- 
west line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, known 
as Mason and Dixon's line, from the names of the 
surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, was 
established. Mason and Dixon, whose services had 
been secured by Lord Baltimore and Thomas and 
Richard Penn in London, arrived in Philadelphia on 
the loth of November, 1763, and having settled upon 
their " tangent-point, they proceeded to measure on 
its meridian fifteen miles from the parallel of the 
most northern part of Philadelphia, the north wall of 
a house on Cedar Street, occupied by Thomas Plum- 
stead and Joseph Huddle." They thus determined 
what was to be the northeastern corner of Maryland, 
and on the 17th of June, 1765, they had carried the 
parallel of latitude to the Susquehanna, and having 
run their lines two hundred and forty-four miles from 
the Delaware River, and within thirty-six miles of the 
whole distance to be run, they were prevented from 
completing it by the Indians. Subsequently the line 
was carried out to its destination by other surveyors. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



The Sons of Liberty — Oppositio 



' the Stamp Act — The Non-Importa- 



After the close of the French and Indian war in 
I 1763, the British government, to relieve its financial 
' embarrassments, and to punish the colonies for the 
1 reluctance and insubordination they had shown in 
meeting its demands, resolved to tax them. Governor 
Sharpe, of Maryland, in his devotion to the crown 
and the proprietary, had at a very early period urged 
upon Cecilius Calvert, secretary of the province, in 
London, the necessity of Parliament "raising a fund 
in the several provinces by a poll-tax," or by imports, 
" or by a stamp duty." Accordingly, on the 22d of 
March, 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, by which 
all legal documents and newspapers were ordered to 
be stamped, and agents were sent to the colonies 
to sell the stamps to the people. In all the colonics 
strong excitement prevailed. Public assemblies put 
forth protestations the most eloquent, resolves the 
most determined, in opposition, while the merchants 
of the larger towns and cities, whose patriotism 
preferred the public weal to private emolument, 
entered into engagements not to import goods from 
England until the act should be repealed ; from 
one end of the continent to the other the love of civil 
liberty strengthened the nerve and animated the 
hearts of the colonists. The Assembly of Maryland 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



was not in session, and was not convened until Sep- 
tember, and consequently could enter no immediate 
protest against the Stamp Act. But the people did ' 
not wait for the action of the Assembly. Meetings 
were held in nearly all the counties, at which resolu- I 
tions were passed denouncing the act as a gross viola- 
tion of the liberties of the people, and promising 
to resist it by all lawful means. Mr. Zachariah 
Hood, the stamp-distributor appointed for Mary- 
land, was a native of the province, and this fact 
served to increase the popular indignation and in- 
tensify public feeling. He arrived at Annapolis late 
in August, 1765, but before he received the stamps 
the populace assembled, and on the 2d of September 
tore down the house in which he was preparing to 
store them. In Baltimore and elsewhere he was hung 
in effigy, and becoming alarmed for his safety he fled 
to New York, where a few weeks later, on November 
28th, the Sons of Liberty forced him to resign his 
obnoxious office. After this Hood returned to An- 
napolis, and carried on his ordinary business without 
molestation. He was afterwards rewarded by the 
British government with a commissionership at 
Turk's Island, and died at St. George's, Bermuda, 
on May 4, 1789. In return for the discomfiture of 
"the first and last stamp-distributor of Maryland," 
the Sons of Liberty of Baltimore, through Thomas 
Chase, William Lux, Daniel Chamier, Robert Alex- 
ander, and Robert Adair, sent a formal letter of 
thanks to the patriots of New York. On the 24th of 
February, 1766, a large number of the most promi- 
nent citizens of Baltimore assembled at the market- 
house, and organized an association for the avowed 
purpose of removing the cause of the partial suspen- 
sion of public affairs by compelling the officers at 
Annapolis to transact business without stamped 
paper. They adjourned to meet at the seat of gov- 
ernment on the 1st of March ensuing, and at the 
same time invited the Sons of Liberty of the other 
counties to be present and co-operate with them. In 
the mean time they notified the public officers of their 
coming, and advised them to be in readiness to receive 
them. One of these very polite notifications is pre- 
served in the Council records, and runs thus : 

"Sir, the Blmttiug up of the public offices, and thereby impeding 
justice, being of the greatest consequence to the community, the Sons of 
Liberty have resolved to assemble at the city of Annapolis on Friday, the 
28th inst., in order to obtain that justice which has been so long with- 
held ; and of this you are to take notice, and be at home to receive them. 

Hereof fail not at your . Your obedient servants, 

"Sons of Liberty." 

At the appointed time the Sons of Liberty of Balti- 
more and Anne Arundel Counties were personally 
present, and those of Kent by deputy. Upon their 
organization, application by petition was made to the 
chief justice of the Provincial Court, the secretary of 
the province, the commissary -general, and the judges 
of the land-office, requiring them, on pain of expul- 
sion, to open their respective offices on the 31st of 
March. The answers they received were not entirely 



satisfactory, and the Sons of Liberty, after requesting 
the attendance of the other organizations, adjourned 
to meet at Annapolis on the day assigned for the 
officers to proceed with their business. The day 
arrived and the Sons of Liberty were at their post. 
They repaired in a body to the Provincial Court to en- 
force their petition. It was at first peremptorily re- 
fused, but it was again earnestly insisted upon and 
demanded " by the Sons of Liberty with united hearts 
and voices," and yielding to the urgency of the de- 
mand, after receiving a written indemnification, the 
Provincial Court passed the following order, which 
was at once acceded to by the public officers, con- 
formably to the petition, and the detested Stamp Act 
was in Maryland forever null and void: " It is by the 
court here ordered that the clerk of this court from 
henceforth issue all manner of process, file all plead- 
ings, give copies, and transact all business whatsoever 
in his office for which application shall be made to 
him by any inhabitant of this province as usual wiih- 
otit stamped paper." At last the British government 
gave way, and to the great joy of the colonies repealed 
the Stamp Act on March 18, 1766. 

In 1767 the British ministry determined to try an- 
other mode of taxing the colonies, and on June 29, 
1767, laid a duty (to take efi'ect after November 20th) 
on all tea, paints, glass, and paper imported into the 
colonies, established a board of customs at Boston to 
collect the revenues throughout America, and legal- 
ized writs of assistance. 

The people took up the matter, and in April, 1768, 
propositions were made by the Sons of Liberty in 
the various colonies to revive the non-importation 
associations, and letters to that effect were addressed 
to the merchants of Baltimore and others. In accord- 
ance with these suggestions, a general meeting of 
Maryland merchants was held at Annapolis, June 20, 
1769, " for the purpose of consulting on the most effec- 
tual means of promoting frugality and lessening the 
future importations of goods from Great Britain." 
An agreement was signed by all the associators, in 
which they bound themselves neither to import, buy, 
nor sell any article of British production, except such 
as were absolutely necessary, until the obnoxious law 
should be repealed. Owing to the violations of the 
non-importation agreement by Rhode Island, a meet- 
ing of the inhabitants of Baltimore was held on the 
4th of June, 1770, to take into consideration this sub- 
ject as well as- the violation of the agreement by the 
sloops "Industry" and "Speedwell," which had en- 
tered the port of Baltimore on the 31st of May with 
contraband cargoes. The meeting resolved not to 
trade with the inhabitants of the colony of Rhode 
Island, and the vessels were ordered to depart from 
the province, which they did a few days afterwards. 

On the 1st of August, 1768, Horatio Sharpe was su- 
perseded by Sir Robert Eden, Bart., the brother-in- 
law of the proprietary, as Governor of Maryland. He 
assumed office on the 5th of June, 1769, and on the 12th 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of April, 1770, the British ministry repealed all the 
duties except that on tea. The partial repeal of this 
act caused the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, 
and Boston, to abandon the principles of the non- 
importation association, and to recede from the agree- 
ment which had been made. The abandonment of 
these pledges by the New York merchants was at 
first received with general indignation, and the New 
Yorkers were denounced as enemies of their country ; 
but the final defection of all the northern cities ren- 
dered the effectual maintenance of the general system 
impracticable, and the merchants of Baltimore, who 
were the first to adopt the non-importation agreement 
in the province, called a meeting on the 5th of Octo- 



on the 25th of October to determine the matters in 
question, and appointed Jonathan Hudson, John 
McClure, John Merryman, and John Boyd as the 
representatives of the Baltimore merchants. At the 
appointed time the convention met, but the senti- 
ments of a large majority of its members were found 
to be decidedly unfavorable to the proposition to 
recede from the non-importation resolves, and the 
action of a portion of the Baltimore merchants was 
denounced as " indecent and inconsistent ;" and it 
was resolved "that if the merchants and traders'of 
Baltimore Town shall depart from the non-importation 
agreement, we will not buy, take up, or receive any 
goods whatever from such of them who shall by any 




ber, 1770, to determine upon the expediency of re- 
scinding the association, as for as it related to the 
articles not taxed. No merchants on the continent 
adhered more strictly to their engagement than the 
merchants of Baltimore, so long as they thought they 
could by any means bring about a repeal of the act 
of Parliament complained of But after New York, 
Philadelphia, and Boston had repudiated the asso- 
ciation, they came to the conclusion that their ad- 
herence, without the support of the other colonies, 
would not accomplish their designs, and they there- 
fore wished to be released from an engagement 
which bound them to useless self-sacrifice. The 
meeting proposed a general convention at Annapolis 



means break the association." As the policy of non- 
importation was useless unless all concurred in it, the 
Baltimore merchants may have braved the censures 
of the country brethren and admitted British goods. 
Tea, however, which was still taxed, was not received. 
In another controver.sy which was agitating the pub- 
lic mind at this time Baltimore took a prominent and 
conspicuous part. The fees of the public officers 
were regulated by an act of Assembly passed in 1768, 
but it expired by limitation in October, 1770. The 
Assembly at its last session had refused to renew the 
law, but Governor.Eden, on the 26th of November, at- 
tempted to do so by proclamation. This act of Gov- 
ernor EJoti's was regarded as a measure of arbitrary 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



69 



prerogative, usurping the very right of taxation which 
the colony had been so long defending against the ag- 
gressions of Parliament. It aroused a strong opposition, 
and public feeling was much excited. Public meet- 
ings were held, and the proclamation was publicly 
hung and buried in Baltimore, with all the accom- 
paniments of scorn and contempt that could be devised, 
and the representatives of the county, Messrs. Charles 
Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, Aquila Hall, and 
Walter Tolly, Jr., who were elected in May, 1773, 
were instructed " to testify their thanks to the ' First 
Citizen' (Charles Carroll of Carrollton) for his 
spirited, eloquent, and patriotic opposition to the 
proclamation" in the controversy with ' Antilon' 
(Daniel Dulany) during the campaign." 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

A General Congress proposed — B.iUimore Aroiieed— 'Notes of Preparation 
—The Second Burnt Offering to Liberty— Congress convenes in Balti- 
more — A State Government organized. 

As soon as it was announced in America that the 
Tea Act was to be carried into effect it was generally 
denounced as a scheme to establish the right of Parlia- 
ment to tax the colonies and to give the East India 
Company (who had accumulated a large quantity of 
the tea, and who were very anxious to find a market 
for it) a monopoly of their trade. This scheme aroused 
great indignation in the colonies, and the people of 
Boston having invoked the assistance of the other 
colonies in a general effort to stop all importations 
from Great Britain, Samuel Adams transmitted their 
appeal to the people of Baltimore, addressed to 
the care of William Lux, and immediately on its 
reception, on the 23d of May, 1774, a meeting was 
called at the court-house for the 25th, which duly 
assembled, and after some deliberation appointed a 
Committee of Correspondence, composed of Robert 
Alexander, Robert Christie, Sr., Isaac Vaif Bibber, 
Thomas Harrison, John Boyd, Samuel Purviance, Jr., 
Andrew Buchanan, William Buchanan, John Moale, 
William Smith, William Lux, and John Smith. In 
consequence of the great importance of the subject, 
the Committee of Correspondence on the same day 
forwarded the communications which they had re- 
ceived from Boston to Annapolis and the South, and 
on the 31st of May a second meeting of the people of 
Baltimore was held, at which resolutions were passed 
recommending that all trade with Great Britain and 
the West Indies should cease. As the trade with the 
West Indies was at that time the most profitable car- 
ried on by Baltimore, this proposal shows how ready 
her citizens were to sacrifice their private interests 
for the general good. It was also recommended that 
delegates from all the counties should meet at An- 
napolis, and that all the colonies should send repre- 



sentatives to a General Congress, to devise some plan 
for the preservation of American liberty. The Balti- 
more merchants further resolved to cut off all dealings 
with all parties who would not come into the non- 
importation plan, and in pursuance of their resolu- 
tions deputed Capt. Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, 
son of John, Walter Tolly, Jr., Thomas Cockey Deye, 
William Lux, Robert Alexander, Samuel Purviance, 
Jr., John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, and George 
Risteau to attend the general meeting to be held 
at Annapolis, and appointed the same gentlemen, 
together with John Smith, Thomas Harrison, William 
Buchanan, Benjamin Nicholson, Thomas Sollers, Wil- 
liam Smith, James Gittings, Richard Moale, Jonathan 
Plowman, and William Spear, a Committee of Cor- 
respondence. 

The honor of first suggesting a general congress of 
delegates from all the colonies is generally conceded 
to Virginia, but an examination of the facts shows 
that Baltimore is equally entitled to the claim. On 
the 27th of May the members of the Virginia House 
of Burgesses met by agreement at Williamsburg, 
and adopted a resolution recommending their Com- 
mittee of Correspondence to communicate with the 
several corresponding committees of the other colo- 
nies upon the " expediency of appointing deputies 
from the several colonies of British America to meet 
in general congress annually at such place as may 
be thought to be most convenient." Although this 
resolution was adopted on the 27th of May, the letter 
communicating it to the other colonies was not dated 
until the 31st; and, as we have seen, on that day the 
people of Baltimore, at their deferred meeting, adopted 
a similar resolution ; and in announcing it to the 
other colonies, in a letter of June 4th, speak as if 
they were the originators of this movement.' Thus 
it will be perceived that if there is any merit in being 
among the first to suggest a great and leading meas- 
ure, the recommendation of the people of Baltimore 
on the subject of a general congress pre-eminently 
entitles them to its claim ; that Congress did assemble, 
according to these suggestions, and from their delib- 
erations resulted the declaration that the colonies 
were free and independent States. In June and July 
the people of Baltimore subscribed liberally for the 
relief of Boston and Charlestown, Mass., and for- 
warded several vessels loaded with provisions as a 
free gift to the suffering poor. 

On the 12th of November a meeting of the free- 
holders and other inhabitants of Baltimore County 
and Baltimore Town was held at the court-house, with 
Andrew Buchanan in the chair, and Robert Alexan- 
der, clerk, to select a committee for the purpose of 
carrying into effect the non-intercourse resolutions of 
Congress, and the following persons were chosen : 

For Baltimore Town — Andrew Buchanan, Robert Alexander, William 
Lux, John Moale, John Merryman, Richard Moale, Jeremiah Townley 
Chaae, Thomas Harrison, Archibald Buchanan, William 1 



' See the writer's " History of Maryland," ii., p. 147. Purviance, p. 22. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



liam Siuitli, James Calhoun, Benjamin Griffith, Gerald Hopkios, William 
Spear, John Smith, Barnet Eichelberger, George Woolsey, Hercules 
Courtenay, Isaac Griest, Mark Alexander, Samuel Pur\'iance, Jr., Fran- 
cis Sauderaou, John Boyd, George tindenberger, Philip Rogers, David 
McMaclien, Mordecai Gist, John Deaver, and Isaac Vanbibher. 

Patapsco Lower Hundreds — Capt. Charles Ridgely and Thomas Sellers. 
PaUipsco Upper— Z:vc\ie.riah McCnbbin, Charles Ridgely, son of William, 
and Thomas Llu\ il. linck Uii'er f';);'cr— Samuel Wurtliington, Benjamin 

NichoIsuii,'l'l 1^ I ' Iv' \ h. \. , .l-hii I 111 - I,, h.iii.y Lux, and William 

Randall. I / ' M i i '..ii.tson. Middle River 

Upper — Ni ' ^1 , , \\ : , m'^'ton. Middle Uiver 

Lower— \hiu^ I .. i -. > i ,,.!,_ 1, ., ,,.l w .,!;< , i..!!., Si, Soldier's Delighl— 
George Iliste.iu, John IIi)\vani, Thomas tJist, Sr., Thomas Worthington, 
Nathan Cromwell, and Nicholas Jones. Middlesex — Thomas Johnson and 
Mayberry Helnies. Dediirare— John Welsh, Rezin Hammond, and John 
Elder. North — Jeremiah Johnson and Elijah Dorsey. Pipe Creek — Rich- 
ard Richards, Fredelick Dicker, and Mordecai Hammond. Gunpowder 
CJijier— Walter Tolley, Jr., James Gittings, and Thomas Franklin. Mine 
Pun — Dixon Stansbury, Jr., and Josias Slade. 

Although the proprietary government still existed, 
in name at least, the control of affairs was really in 
the hands of the Provincial Convention. This body 
called upon the people of Maryland to lay aside all 
minor disputes and "unite in defense of the com- 
mon rights and liberties ;" and in December, 1774, it 
began preparations for giving armed assistance to 
Massachusetts if the attempt was made to subdue that 
colony by force. All males from fifteen to sixty were 
to be enrolled into companies, armed, equipped, and 
drilled, ready for service. Ten thousand pounds were 
to be raised by a levy on the counties to furni.sh the 
militia with arms and ammunition. The amount of 
Baltimore's subscription was fixed at nine hundred 
and thirty-three pounds, which was next to the largest 
in the province, that of Frederick County being put 
at thirteen hundred and thirty-three pounds. The 
Baltimore committee, to which was intrusted the 
power of levying this amount, were solicitous that 
their brethren of limited means should not be required 
to contribute any i^ortion of the levy, and in their 
appeal to the citizens of Baltimore suggest that "care 
ought to be taken to avoid laying any part of the 
burthen upon the people of narrow circumstances, 
hoping that those whom Providence has blessed with 
better fortunes will, by their generosity, supply the 
necessity of calling on those whose fortunes are con- 
fined to the mere necessaries of life." The sum to be 
raised was apportioned among the various districts as 
follows : 



Gunpowder Upper 79 17 6 

North Hundred 51 17 6 

Middlesex 3:) 7 C 

Wyne Run 5:i 00 

Back River Upiier., Hi 00 



Middle Ri' 






61 



Delaware Lower 

Middle River Upper.. 
Soldier's Delight 



63 Oil 
87 12 6 



Patapsco Lower .'iO 2 6 

Pipe Creek 34 5 

Westminster 51 00 

Baltimoie Town West.... 72 7 6 

Deptford 30 2 6 

Baltimore Town East 26 12 6 

930 00 




MOKDfcCAI tIM. 



On April 29, 1775, the Maryland Convention recom- 
mended that six hundred pounds be raised in the 
counties by subscription, and fifty-six pounds was the 
proportion assigned to Baltimore County. 

On the 3d of December, 1774, as we learn from a 
letter of Mordecai Gist himself, the first military com- 
pany in the province was organized for the Revolu- 



tion. It was formed in Baltimore Town, under the 
name of the " Baltimore Independent Cadets," and 
the articles of organization were as follows : 

"We, the Baltimore Independent Cadets, being impressed with the 
sense of the unhappy situatiou of our suffering brethren in Boston, 
through the alarming conduct of General Gage, and the oppressive un- 
constitutional acts of parliament 
to deprive us of liberty, and en- 
force slavery upon his majesty's 
loyal liege subjects of America in 

"For the better security of 
our lives, liberties and proper- 
stances, we think it highly ad- 
visable and necessary, that we 
form oui-selves into a body i.r 
company in order to acquire mili- 
tary discipline; to act in defense 
of our country agreeable to the 
resolves of the Continental Con- 
gress. And, first, as dutiful sub- 
jects to King George the third, 
our Koyal Sovereign, we ac- 
knowledge all due allegiance, under whose banner we wish to support 
the dignity of his crown, and the freedom and liberty of this constitu- 

" Secondly, we resolve, after a company of sixty men have voluntarily 
subscribed their names to this paper, that public notice thereof shall be 
given and a meeting called to elect officers of said company, under whose 
command we desire to be led and will strictly adhere to, by all the sacred 
ties of honor, and the love and justice due to ourselves and country; and 
in case of any emergency we will be ready to march to the assistance of 
our sister colonies, at the discretion and direction of our commanding 
officer so elected, and that in the space of forty-eight hours' notice from 
said officer. 

"Thirdly and lastly, we firmly resolve to procure at our own expense 
a uniform suit of clothes, viz. : Coat turned up with buff and trimmed with 
yellow metal or gold buttons, white stockings, and black cloth half boots ; 
likewise a good gun with cartouch pouch, a pair of pistols, belt and cut- 
lass, with four pounds of powder and sixteen pounds of lead, which shall 
be ready to equip ourselves with on the shortest notice ; and if default 
shall be found in either of us contrary to the true intent and meaning of 
this engagement, we desire and submit ourselves to trial by court-mar- 
tial whom we hereby fully authorize and impower to determine punish- 
ments adequate to the crimes that may be committed, but not to extend 
to corporal punishment. Given under our hands this third day of Decem- 
ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four. 
A. McLure, James Clarke, Barnet Eichelberger, Richard Gary, Jr., Chris- 
topher Hughes, W. Beard, Henry Sheaff, Matthew Scott, John Spear, 
Mordecai Gist, John McLure, Samuel Smith, John Smith, Jr., J. Ken- 
nedy, Hugh Youug, Wm. Hammond, Wm. Stone, Abraham Risteau, 
Moses Darley, Robert Buchanan, George Lux, N. Ruxton Moore, David 
Plunkett, J. Riddle, Brian Philpot, Charies McConnell, Christopher 
Johnston, Thomas Jones, Philip Graybell, Thomas Russell, David Hop- 
kins, John Lahavan, A. McKim, Robert McKim, Alexander Donaldson, 
Walter Roe, Wm. Sterett, G. McCall, Jonathan Hudson, Thomas Lane- 
dale, James Govane, Wm. McCreery, Thomas Ewing, Robert Porttens, 
Christopher Leon, Caleb Shields, David Evans, Simon Vashon, David 
McMechen, George Peter Keeports, John Weatherburn, Matthew Pat- 
tou, H. Watere, Wm. Yeaton, John Deitch, James Sowervell, J. Magoffin, 
George Matthews, Robert Brown." 

This company was organized by the election of 
Mordecai Gist captain.' 

1 Mordecai Gist, son of Capt. Thomas Gist and Susan Cockey, was born 
in Baltimore Town in 1743. He was educated at St. Paul's parish school, 
and at the breaking out of the Revolution was a merchant doing busi- 
ness on Gay Street. His ancestors were early immigrants to Maryland, 
and took an active part in the affairs of the province. Cliristopher Gist 
was of English descent, and died in Baltimore County in 1691. His wife • 
was Edith Cromwell, who died in 1694. They had one child, Richard, 

ol-s in 1729 for laying oil llalliniore Town, and was presiding niagis- 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



On Jan. 16, 1775, the inhabitants of Baltimore 
Town " qualified to vote for representatives" met at 
the court-house for the purpose of selecting delegates 
to represent the county in the " provincial meeting 
of deputies" to be held at Annapolis on April 24th, 
and to carry out the resolutions of the last conven- 
tion. Capt. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, 
WalterTolley, Jr., Chas. Ridgely (son of John), Rob- 
ert Alexander, Saml. Purviance, Benj. Nicholson, 
Darby Lux, Jeremiah Townley Chase, George Ris- 
teau, Thomas Harrison, John Moale, Andrew Bu- 
chanan, Wm. Lux, and Saml. Worthington were 
chosen delegates to the convention, and the following 
persons were added to the Committee of Observation 
appointed at the meeting in November : 

Patapsco Lower Hundred— Charles Rogers, John Gorsuch, "Wm. McCub- 
bin, and Wm. Willinmson. Palapsco Upper — Jas. Croxall, John Elliott, 
and Edward Norwood. Back River Upper — John Cockey, Edward Tal- 
bot, Joshua Stevenson, Edward Cockey, Ezekiel Towson. Middle River 
J^per—Benj. Rogers, Robt. Cummiugs, Benj. Buck, Joshua Hall, Gist 
Vaughau, and Benj. Merryman. Back River Lower — Moses Galloway, 
George Goldsmith Presbury, Abraham Britton, and Nicholas Britton. 
SoUier't Delight— Thomas Cradock, Charles Walker, Saml. Owings, Jr., 
Christopher Randall, Jr., and Benj. Wells. Middlesex— J ncoh Myers, 
Richard Cromwell, and Thos. Rutter. Delaware — Christopher Owiugs, 

trate in 173G. In 1705 he married Zipporah Murray. Christopher Gist, 
one of his sons, because of his knowledge of the country on the Ohio 
and his skill in dealing with the Indians, was chosen to accompany 
Washington on his mission in 1753, and it was from his journal that all 
subsequent historians derive their account of that expedition. Chris- 
topher Gist, the son of Richard, married Sarah Howard, the second 
daughter of Joshua and Joanna O'CarroU Howard, and had four chil- 
dren, — Nancy, who died unmarried, and Thomas, Nathaniel, and Rich- 
ard. Christopher, with his sons Nathaniel and Richard, was with Brad- 
dock on the fatal field of Monongahela, and for his services received a 
grant of twelve thousand acres of land from the king of England. It is 
said that Thomas was taken prisoner at Braddock's defeat, and lived 
fifteen or sixteen years with the Indians in Canada. Richard married 
and settled in South Carolina, and was killed at the battle of King's 
Mountain. He has descendants living in that State. Thomas, after his 
release from captivity, lived with his father on the grant in Kentucky, 
and became a man of note, presiding in the courts till his death, about 
1786. Gen. Nathaniel Gist married Judith Carey Bell, of Buckingham 
County, Va., a grandniece of Archibald Carey, the mover of the Bill of 
Bights in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Nathaniel was a colonel in 
the Virginia line during the Revolution, and died early in the present 
century at an old age. He left two sons, Henry Carey and Thomas 
Cecil Gist. His eldest daughter, Sarah Howard, married the Hon. Jesse 
Bledsoe, a United States Senator from Kentucky, and a distinguished 
Jurist ; his grandson, B. Gratz Brown, was the Democratic candidate for 
Vice-President in 1872. The second daughter of Gen. Gist, Anne (Nancy), 
married Col. Nathaniel Hart, a brother of Mrs. Henry Clay. The third 
daughter married Dr. Boswell.of Lexington, Ky. The fourth daughter, 
Eliza Violetta Howard Gist, married Francis P. Blair, and they were the 
parents of Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, ex -Postmaster-General, 
and Gen. Francis P. Blair, Jr. The fifth daughter married Benj. Gratz, 
of Lexington, Ky. 

Mordecai Gist was a member of the Baltimore non-importation com- 
mittee in 1774, and besides being captain of the " Independent Cadets," 
in January, 1776, was made major of Smallwood's First Maryland Regi- 
ment, and commanded it at the battle of Long Island, in August, 1776, 
in the absence of its colonel and lieutenant-colonel, who were attend- 
ing a court-martial in New York. In 1777 he was promoted to colonel, 
and made brigadier-general, Jan. 9, 1779. He was present at the sur- 
render of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and after the war settled near Charles- 
ton, S. C. He married three times. His first wife was a Mrs. Carman, 
of Baltimore County, who died shortly after marriage. His second wife 
was Miss Sterrett, of Baltimore, who died in giving birth to a son. His 
third wife was Mrs. Cattell, of South Carolina. She also bore him a son. 
One of the boys was named Independent, the other States. Gen. Gist 
died at Charleston, Aug. 2, 1792. 



Benj. Lawrence, and Nicholas Dorsey, Jr. North — Jno. Hall and Stephen 
Gill, Jr. Pipe Creek — John Showers and Geo. Everhart. Gtinpowder Up- 
j)€?-— Samuel Young, Jesse Bassey, Thomas Gassaway Howard, James 
Bosley, Wm. Cromwell, and Zaccheus Barrett Onion. Mine Run— Ei- 
ward Stansbury, John Stevenson, Danl. Shaw, Wm. Slade, Jr., Jos. Sut- 
ton, and Jno. Stewart. Baltimore ToMii— James Sterett, Charies Ridgely, 
Wm. Goodwin, Dr. Charles Wiesenthal, and Thos. Ewing. 



i It was, moreover, resolved that subscriptions should 
I be opened in each Hundred, agreeably to the resolu- 
I tion of the Provincial Convention ; and after assert- 
I ing that forcible resistance to every illegal attempt 
upon their liberty and property was not repugnant to 
the oaths of allegiance, the meeting significantly au- 
I thorized William Goodwin, Richard Moale, William 
Buchanan, and William Lux to purchase three thou- 
sand pounds of powder and twelve thousand pounds 
of lead for the use of Baltimore County. These war- 
like preparations denoted something more than the 
passive resistance of a non-importation association. 
The hearts of the people were in the cause, and all 
over the province men were arming and drilling to be 
ready for the struggle. When the convention met in 
April its proceedings were found to chime in with the 
popular feeling. The news of the conflicts at Lexing- 
ton and Concord, which reached Baltimore at 10 
I P.M. on the 27th of April, 1775, served .still more to 
influence the public mind, and so rapidly did the 
martial ardor spread that by July there were seven 
companies under arms in the town. 

On the 26th of July the Maryland Convention 
adopted the Articles of Association of the Freemen of 
I Maryland, which amounted to a practical declaration 
[ of independence. To carry out their purposes, the 
convention appointed a Council of Safety, which had 
charge of all the military preparations and adminis- 
tered the government ; and the counties elected Com- 
mittees of Observation, which saw that the orders of 
the convention were enforced. The courts of justice 
still performed their duties, and thus, with the courts, 
the convention, and the committees, all the ma- 
chinery of a regular government was provided. 

The convention also authorized the enrollment of 
forty companies of minute-men in the province, of 
sixty-eight privates each. It assigned five companies 
to Baltimore County, which were to compose one bat- 
talion. All the other freemen of the province be- 
tween sixteen and fifty years of age were to be en- 
rolled in the militia. The convention also directed 
the freeholders of Baltimore County to assemble at the 
court-house on the 23d of September to elect a Com- 
mittee of Observation, " who were to have full power 
and authority to carry into execution the association 
and resolves of the Continental Congress and Con- 
ventions of this province." At the appointed time 
the following persons were elected : John Moale, Jer- 
emiah T. Chase, James Calhoun, Benjamin Nichol- 
son, Andrew Buchanan, Thomas Sollers, John Crad- 
ock, James Gittings, Robert Alexander, Samuel 
Purviance, William Wilkinson, Charles Ridgely (son 
of William), Walter Tolley, Jr., Darby Lux, John 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Cockey, William Smith, William Buchanan, William 
Lux, Jobu Boyd, John Smith, Zachariah McCubbin, 
Jr., Capt. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Harrison, Benja- 
min Griffith, William Eandall, Thomas Gist, Sr., 
Stephen Cromwell, Isaac Griest, Thomas Cockey Deye, 
Mordecai Gist, John Stevenson, Ezekiel Towson, Jer- 
emiah Johnston, William Aisquith, John Howard, 
George Risteau, and Abraham Britton. The follow- 
ing gentlemen were elected at the same time delegates 
to the Provincial Convention to serve for one year: 
Robert Alexander, Benjamin Nicholson, John Moale, 
Walter Tolley, Jr., Jeremiah Townley Chase. 

On the 5th of May, 1775, Peyton Randolph, Ed- 
mund Pendleton, George Washington, Benjamin 
Harrison, and Richard Henry Lee, delegates from 
Virginia, and Richard Caswell and Joseph Hewes, 
delegates from North Carolina, arrived in Baltimore 
i on their way to Philadelphia to attend the Continen- 
tal Congress. They were met a short distance from 
the town by three companies of militia, and escorted 
to the Fountain Inn, which formerly stood on the 
northeast corner of the present Light and German 
Streets, where the companies saluted the delegates 
with a triple discharge of musketry. On the follow- 
ing day four companies of the town militia were 
drawn up on the common, where they were reviewed 
by Col. George Washington, accompanied by the 
other delegates, who were pleased to express their 
satisfaction in the appearance and behavior of the 
officers and men. In the afternoon the delegates 
were escorted by the reverend clergy and principal 
gentlemen of the town, preceded by Capt. Gist's in- 
dependent company, and ' the officers of the other 
companies, to the new court-house, where an enter- 
tainment was provided. Among other toasts, the 
delegates were pleased to give the following: "May 
the town of Baltimore flourish, and the noble spirits 
of the inhabitants continue till ministerial tyranny be 
at an end." 

In July the ship " Totness," Capt. Warren, owned 
by Mr. Gildart, of Liverpool, and bound to Baltimore 
with a cargo of salt and other articles, ran aground 
off West River. While lying there a rumor soon 
.spread on shore that she contained goods that were 
contrary to the non-importation association, and a 
number of the associators going on board advised the 
crew to remove their own private property, after 
which, on the 18th, they set her on fire and burnt her 
to the water's edge. Mr. Eddis, in one of his letters 
written at this time, says, " this is the second burnt- 
offering to liberty within this province ;" the burn- 
ing of the " Peggy Stewart" at Annapolis, on the Iflth 
of October, 1774, being the first. 

In the mean time active prejiarations were being 
made for the coming storm. In December, 1775, the 
Maryland Convention again assembled, and on the 
18th ordered the Committee of Observation of Fred- 
erick to send to William Lux, at Baltimore, three 
thousand pounds of powder. On the 27th, Dr. Charles 



F. Weisenthal, of Baltimore Town, was appointed 
supervisor of the manufacture of saltpetre in that 
! county, and on December 28th a loan of one thousand 
pounds was authorized for the erection of a powder- 
1 house " within fourteen, and not less than six, miles 
j from Baltimore Town." On the 1st of January, 1776, 
the convention resolved to raise at once a force of one 
thousand four hundred and forty-four men, eight com- 
i panies of which were to be formed into a battalion, 
; and commanded by Col. William Smallwood, Lieut.- 
I Col. Francis Ware, First Maj. Thos. Price, and Second 
! Maj. Mordecai Gist. Major Gist was from Baltimore, 
and at this time commanded the "Independent Ca- 
dets." He was succeeded in the command of his 
j company by Samuel Smith, captain ; James Camp- 
j bell, first lieutenant; Joseph Ford, second lieutenant; 
and Brian Philpot, ensign. The convention also au- 
[ thorized the raising of an independent company of 
artillery at Baltimore Town, with the following offi- 
cers : Capt. Nathaniel Smith, First Lieut. William 
i Woolsey, Second Lieut. Alexander Furnival, and 
Third Lieut. George P. Keeports, and ordered that 
three companies of the battalion should be stationed 
there. The uniform of the soldiers and sailors was 
hunting-shirts; that of the latter to be blue and the 
, former of other colors. At the same time the prov- 
: ince was divided into five districts, Anne Arundel, 
Baltimore, and Harford Counties constituting the sec- 
ond, under the command of Gen. Andrew Buchanan, 
of Baltimore Town. 

While thus actively preparing for the contest with 
the British armies, Baltimore merchants were fitting 
i and sending out those formidable cruisers and pri- 
vateers which preyed so seriously upon British com- 
merce, and gave so important an impulse to the com- 
mercial activity of the town. In March, 1776, Annapo- 
lis and Baltimore were thrown into the greatest conster- 
nation by tlie approach of the British sloop " Otter," 
accompanied by two tenders, and some prizes she had 
taken on the way. Many persons, for fear of a bom- 
bardment, hastily removed their effects to places of 
safety. On hearing of this alarm the committee of 
York, Pa., generously offered to raise a rifle company, 
and send it to Baltimore at an hour's warning to aid 
in the defense. From Harford County a battalion 
under Col. N. Ramsey marched to the defense of the 
town. In the harbor of Baltimore was lying the 
Maryland ship " Defence," nearly completed, and 
her commander, Capt. James Nicholson, made haste 
to get her ready to attack the enemy. Capt. Samuel 
Smith's company of Col. Smallwood's battalion offered 
to serve as marines, and more volunteers presented 
themselves than the ship could hold. The morning 
was misty, and the British commander was taken by 
surprise. The " Otter" and tenders made their escape, 
but the prizes were recaptured. This scare hastened, 
the completion of the defenses of Baltimore which 
had been ordered by the Provincial Convention. This 
work was now proceeded with, and over two hundred 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



and fifty colored men were employed in erecting a 
boom between Whetstone Point and the Lazaretto, 
and building batteries and mounting guns at these 
points. Contracts were made with Daniel and James ; 
Hughes, of Antietam, Washington Co., Md., George , 
Matthews, of Baltimore, and John Yoast, of George- 
town, for the manufacture of cannon; while in the ; 
mean time a number were borrowed from the Com- 
mittee of Safety of Philadelphia. A chain was also , 
stretched across the mouth of the harbor, supported j 
by twenty-one sunken schooners. This obstruction, I 
however, was removed soon after. Beacons or signal' ! 
stations were also established on the shores of the Pa- 
tapsco and the Chesapeake for communicating intel- 
ligence of the approach of the enemy. 

About this time a correspondence between Gov- 
ernor Eden and Lord George Germaine of the British 
ministry was intercepted, showing that the former 
was co-operating with the enemy, and Gen. Charles 
Lee, then at Williamsburg, Va., considered the matter 
as of so much importance that he forwarded an urgent 
request to Samuel Purviance, chairman of the Com- 
mittee of Safety at Baltimore, to direct the immediate j 
arrest of the Governor. The convention not being in j 
session at the time, and Mr. Purviance believing that 
the precaution was necessary and that he had the 
power to make the arrest, instructed Capt. S. Smith, 
on the 18th of April, 1776, to proceed to Annapolis, 
seize the person and papers of Governor Eden, and 
detain him until the will of Congress was known. 
Capt. Smith and a sufficient guard proceeded to An- 
napolis to arrest the Governor, but the Committee of 
Safety at that point refused to allow him to execute 
his orders, and the convention which assembled in 
May censured Mr. Purviance in the severest terms for 
overstepping his authority, although Congress had 
€xpressed its approval of his course. Governor Eden, 
however, was ordered to leave the province, which he 
did on June 24, 1776, on board one of the British ' 
ships. ! 

The adoption of the Declaration of Independence , 
was nowhere received with livelier demonstrations of I 
joy than in Baltimore. On the 11th of July it was 
printed in the Maryland Gazette, and on the 29th it 
was proclaimed at the court-house in the presence of 
the independent companies and militia, amid the 
loudest applause, accompanied with salvos of artillery 
and "universal acclamations for the prosperity of the 
free United States." At night the town was illumin- ] 
ated, and an effigy of the British king paraded through 
the streets and burned in derision of his forfeited 
authority. 

Before the adoption of the declaration by Congress, 
the Convention of Maryland, on the 25th of May, 
elected the following field-officers for the militia of 
Baltimore County: 

Gunpouider Battalion. — Walter Tolley, Jr., culoliel, Darby Lux lieu- 
tenant-colonel, James Gittings firet major, Thomas Sollers second, ami 
Benjamin Rogers quartermaster. Soldier^s Delight BnttaWm. — Thomas ' 



Gist, Sr., colonel, Samuel Owings lieutenaut-colonel, John C. Cradock 
first mt^ior, Isaac Hammond second, and .Joseph Gist quartermaster. 
Baltimore Town BaKaiion.— William Buchanan colonel, John Moale 
lieutenant-colonel, Benjamin Nicholson fii-st major, Thomas Jones 
second, and James Calhoun quartermaster.' 

The convention also proceeded at once to secure 
the independence it had declared on the 3d of July 
by strengthening the military force of the province 
and placing it at the disposal of Congress. It pro- 
posed to raise three thousand four hundred and five 
men — the proportion authorized by Congress — to form 
a flying camp, to serve until Dec. 1, 1776, under Brig.- 
Gen. Thomas Johnson, Jr. The force was to be 
divided into four battalions of nine companies each, 
of which four were to be furnished by Baltimore 
County, officered as follows: First company, Zach- 
ariah Maccubbin, captain ; Thomas Yates, first lieu- 
tenant; John Christie, second lieutenant; and Thos. 
Lingan, ensign. Second company, John E. How- • 
ard, captain; Thomas Lansdale, first lieutenant; Wil- 
liam Riley, second lieutenant; and Robert Morrow, 
ensign. Third company, John Stevenson, captain ; 
Edward Oldham, first lieutenant ; James Ogleby, 
second lieutenant; and Joseph Lewis, ensign. Fourth 
company, James Young, captain ; James Bond, first 
lieutenant; John Smith, second lieutenant; and 
James Tool, ensign. On July 6, 1776, by another 
resolution the convention ordered four companies of 
Germans to be raised, two in Baltimore County and 
two in Frederick. On the same day, in obedience to 
instructions from Congress, tliey ordered Col. Small- 
wood to march with his regiment to Philadelphia and 
place himself under its orders. In pursuance of these 
instructions, Col. Smallwood on the lOtli of July em- 
barked at Annapolis six companies of his regiment 
for the head of Elk River, and on the same day Maj. 
Gist embarked three companies of the regiment at 
Baltimore Town for the same place, from whence 
they marched to Philadelphia. From thence they 
moved to Elizabethtown, N. J., where they were at- 
tached to the brigade of Brig.-Gen. Lord Stirling. In 
August they participated in the battle of Long Island, 
and under Gist saved the American army from de- 
struction after a loss of over one-half of their com- 
mand. The American prospect now looked gloomy. 
Congress, fearing an attack upon Philadelphia, on the 
12th of December adjourned to meet at Baltimore on 
the 20th. On Friday, Dec. -Jd. 177(1, Congress met in a 
.spacious three-story an<l atiii luiililiiii,' which stood on 
the southwest corner of ^<ll:u■llc• :in<l lialtimore Streets. 
The house was built by Jacob Fite, and was then 
the farthest house west in the town, and one of the 
largest, and in memory of the event with which it was 



1 In May, 1775, there were eight companies of militia organized in 
Baltimore County, and commanded respectively by Capts. James Gittings, 
John Tully Young, Job Garretson. John Mercer, Josiaa Bowen, John 
Staudiford, William Cromwell, and James Bosley. In December of the 
same year seven other companies were formed, commanded respectively 
by Capts. Andrew Buchanan, Benjamin Nicholson, James Cox, Zach. 
McCubbin, Thomas Rutter, William Cromwell, and James Bosley. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




OEX. WILLIAM SMALLWOOD. 



associated it was always afterwards called " Congress 
Hall." The first proceeding of Congress in Baltimore 
was the reception of the credentials of John Houston, 
Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, George Walton, and 
Nathan Brownson, the delegates from Georgia. On the 
23d, Rev. Patrick Allison, of the Presbyterian Church, 
and Rev. William White, of the Episcopal Church, 
were elected chaplains. At the same time Robert 
Patton was appointed door-keeper, and James Long 
messenger. Notwithstanding that there was a spirit of 
hostility silently working among the members against 
Gen. Washington, 
in consequence of 
the alarming state 
of affairs, by a reso- 
tion passed De- 
nilier 27th they 
vested him with 
itatorial powers 
r six months, au- 
-^ ' ■ ihorizing him to 

raise and officer 
sixteen additional battalions of infantry, three thous- 
and light horse, three regiments of artillery, and a 
corps of engineers, to form magazines, to displace or 
appoint any officer under a brigadier-general, take 
necessary supplies by force, arrest and confine dis- 
affected persons, etc. On the same day Mr. Hillcgas, 




printer of the bills of credit, or Continental notes, em- 
ployed, with the approval of Congress, the following 
superintendents of the press from Baltimore : 

Thomas Harrison, William Smith, and John Merryman, Jr. William 
Spear was added on Feb. 26, 1777. Tlie following persons were also ap- 
pointed signers of money : William Aisquith, John Griffith, Hercules 
Courtney, John Cockey, James Kelso, Richard Cromwell, James Cal- 
houn, George Welsh, Theodore Bassell, Thomas Donellan, John Boyd, 
Benjamin Levy, Samuel Hillegas, and William Govett. During the 
session of Congress in Baltimore the following persons were added to the 
signers of money: Benjamin Brannon, William Gibson, John Philpot, 
Kichard Johns, Robert Dorsey. Mark Alexander, John Dorsey, Edward 
Gaither, William Young, George Patterson, Richard Stringer, Samuel 
Stringer Coale, Rinaldo Johnson, Saint George Peale, Joseph Gaither, 
Zachariah Maccubbin, Dennis Griffith, James Franklin, John Barney, 
Hans Creery, Clement Brook, William Hammond, James Walker, Ho- 
ratio Johnson, .Tohn Taylor, Aquita Norris, Darby Lux, and Daniel Car- 
roll.l 



1 The prisoners from Philadelphia and North Carolina were placed under 
the charge of Benjamin Gritfith, audcoufined in the court-house and jail 
and other buildings. On Sunday night, December 29th, a number of the 
North Carolina prisoners escaped from the jail, but three of them, Alex- 
ander and Daniel McCleod and Murdock McCastle, were captured at 
Broad Creek, in Sussex County, Va. During the winter the prisoners 
were removed to Lancaster, Pa., Dumfries and Leesburg, Va., and 
Frederick Town, Md. While Congress was sitting in Baltimore, Dr. 
Mackenzie was in charge of the sick United States soldiers ; Peter Gal- - 
loway rode e.\press from Annapolis, Baltimore, and Frederick ; Jonathan 
Hudson was appointed paymaster of the town ; Saint George Peale was 
elected commissary of military stores in Maryland, and Gerard Hopkins, 
son of Richard, was quartermaster in Baltimore; John Gibson was au- 
ditor-general, and the Baltimore Committee of Observation were ordered 
to remove all the powder belonging to tlie Continentals from the ware- 
houses of the town " to a convenient house some distance therefrom," to 



THE WAK FOR INDEPENDENCE. 



75 



On Feb. 17, 1777, Congress resolved to adjourn to 
Philadelphia on the 25th, but on that day the resolu- 
tion was suspended. On the 27th, however, it ad- 
journed, and met in Philadelphia on the 4th of March. 

The Proprietary government having been over- 
thrown, it became necessary to form a permanent 
government for the State. The convention having 
no power to do this, ordered an election for delegates to 
a new convention. Baltimore Town not yet having a 
voice in the government except through her repre- 
sentatives from the county, the convention directed 
that two representatives be chosen from that town and 
Annapolis "temporarily," the same "to be modified 
or taken away on a material alteration of the circum- 



more Town on the 5th. The judges chosen by the 
convention for Baltimore County were Andrew Bu- 
chanan, Thomas Gist, and James Gittings; for the 
town, James Calhoun, John Merryman, and William 
Aisquith. Then placing the government in the 
hands of the Council of Safety, the convention dis- 
solved on the 6th of July. On August 14th the dele- 
gates elected to the new convention to form a consti- 
tution and State government assembled at Annapolis 
and elected Matthew Tilghman president. Baltimore 
County was represented by Charles Ridgely, Thomas 
Cockey Deye, John Stevenson, and Peter Sheppard; 
Baltimore Town by John Smith and Jeremiah T. 
Chase. Soon after the convention assembled the Dec- 




stances of those places." The election for the county 
was to take place on Aug. 1, 1776, and for Balti- 

be placed under the care of Capt. Samuel Smith and a guard. William 
Lux, James Calhoun, and David Stewart were appointed appraisers of a 
cargo of wool brought into Baltimore by a New York privateer. At the 
same time settlements were made with Capt. Levin Winder for convey- 
ing the North Carolina prisoners to Baltimore; to George Lindenberger 
for conveying Hessian ofBcers and their ser\'ants, prisoners, from Balti- 
more to Dumfries, Va. ; to Capt. William Galbraith for hire of guard for 
Carolina prisonei-s; to Thomas Rutter and men for guarding prisoners 
to Leesburg, Va. ; to William Lavely, innkeeper, for entertaining Hessi:in 
oflficers and servants in Baltimore; to Jacob Myers for entertaining Vir- 
ginia light horse; to Henry Sheafe for guarding prisouers ; to John 
Griffith for entertaining North Carolina prisoners; to Daniel Grant for 
entertaining guard over the treasury ; to George Pressman for plastering 
court-house by order i f Congress, and to John Griffith for supplies fur- 
nished the hospital. 



laration of Eights and Constitution and form of gov- 
ernment were taken up and freely discussed from day 
to day, both in and out of the convention, by the 
members, the people, and the press. After revision 
and amendment, on the 3d of November the Bill of 
Rights was adopted, and on the 8th the constitution, 
having been discussed paragraph by paragraph, was 
also agreed to. For introducing the new govern- 
ment the constitution directed that an election should 
be held for electors of the Senate on Nov. 25, 1776, 
and that the electors should meet at Annapolis on the 
9th of December following, and select fifteen persons 
for the first Senate of Maryland. On the 18th of 
December an election was to be held for members of 



76 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the House of Delegates and sheriffs. The General 
Assembly was to meet at Annapolis on Feb. 10, 1777, 
and elect a Governor and Council for the residue of 
the year. After appointing Thomas Gist, Sr., Edward 
Cockey, and Henry Stevenson, Jr., judges of election 
for Baltimore County, and John Merryman, Jr., 
James Calhoun, and Benjamin GrifSn for Baltimore 
Town, the convention, on the 11th of November, ad- 
journed. At the specified time the elections took 
place, and Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, 
John Stevenson, and Peter Sheppard were elected to 
the House of Delegates from Baltimore County, and 
Jeremiah Townley Chase and John Smith from Balti- 
more Town. On the 5th of February the first As- 
sembly of Maryland under the new constitution con- 
vened at Annapolis, and organized the new govern- 
ment on the 13th by the election of Thomas Johnson 
as the first Governor of the State of Maryland. He 
was inaugurated on the 21st of March, amid great 
rejoicings and with much ceremony, closing with a 
ball and other festivities. The new government being 
now complete, the Council of Safety, on the 22d of 
March, surrendered its powers, and the State was under 
a regular constitutional republican government. 



CHAPTER X. 

PE.\CE AND INDEPENDENCE. 

The Loyalists — Indepeudent Company — Lafayette in Baltimore — Patri- 
otic Action of tbe Mercliants and Ladies — Cessation of Hostilities — 
The Maryland Line. 

Baltimore, in spite of her devotion to the Revo- 
lutionary cause, had her share of loyalists, chief 
among whom was Robert Alexander, who had been 
one of the first to excite the people to resist the en- 
croachments of the British crown. He was one of 
the "Sons of Liberty" in 17G5, a member of the asso- 
ciation for the non-importation of European goods in 
1769, and his "sub-oratory in June, 1774, influenced 
Baltimore County to adopt the resolves of Boston." 
He represented the county in the several Provincial 
Conventions from June, 1774, to June, 1776, and 
during all this time was a warm supporter of the 
popular cause. He served on nearly all the impor- 
tant committees in the conventions and in Baltimore 
Town; was secretary of the Baltimore Committee of 
Observation in 1775, and a Western Shore member of 
the Council of Safety. He was one of the " Associ- 
ated Freemen of Maryland," and on the 9th of De- 
cember, 1775, was appointed a deputy to the Conti- 
nental Congress. On the 4th of July, 1776, he was 
re-elected to Congress, but his name does not appear 
among its proceedings at this time, and shortly after- 
wards he fled from the State, and became a prominent 
member of the " Associated Loyalists of America." 
In June, 1778, he wrote to the Governor to be allowed 
to return to his family and friends, which was refused, 



and in 1780 he was outlawed for treason, and his 
property confiscated. At various times judgment of 
outlawry for treason was rendered in the General 
Court at Annapolis against about a hundred leading 
: Tories, among whom were Patrick Kennedy, Daniel 
\ Chamier, William Smith, Edward Carnes, James 
I Sommerville, Richard W. Parkin, John Lynch, Henry 
Stevenson, John Christie, and James Hall, of Balti- 
1 more County. Daniel Chamier had been sheriff of 
! the county; Dr. Henry Steven.son had built a splen- 
i did mansion, and laid out superb grounds and gar- 
' dens on the hills near the Falls in the rear of the 
I jail ; James Sommerville had been a respectable 
merchant of the town. In 1780 the General Assem- 
; bly passed an act "to seize, confiscate, and appropri- 
ate all British property within this State." Owing 
to the sales of many valuable pieces of property 
under this law, the town was greatly improved. 
Among the valuable property confiscated and sold 
was twenty acres of meadow land along the line of 
the west side of Jones' Falls, near Fayette, Lexington, 
and Saratoga Streets, belonging to Edward Fottrell. 
It was purchased by Benjamin Grifiith, Philip Hall, 
and Richard Lemmon for £2590. Eight acres of 
meadow land about the same place belonging to 
■ James Christie, Jr., was sold to Matthew Ridley for 
£1020. The wharf and warehouse belonging to Eben- 
ezer Mackie was sold to Gen. Gist and R. Long for 
£3800. An undivided half of the wharf and ware- 
house of James Christie was sold to Capt. Aquila 
Johns for £2560. The house of William Russell was 
sold to John McAllister for £2850. The two squares 
of ground fronting on the east side of Charles Street, 
from Baltimore to Lombard Street, with a depth run- 
ning about midway between Charles and Light 
Streets, were divided into thirteen lots and sold on 
tbe 4th of April, 1781, to David Poe, Henry Wilson, 
I Capt. John Swan, Luther Martin, Dr. Fred. Ridgely, 
John Snyder, Michael Diffenderfer. Lot No. 11, on 
the town plat on the west side of Calvert Street be- 
tween Fayette and Lexington Streets, was divided 
into six lots and sold to John McLure and Gen. Gist 
for £2120. Lot No. 38, on the south side of Pratt 
Street between Charles and Light, was divided into 
three parts and sold to Capt. John Dorsey for £1500. 
The house of John Weatherburn was sold to Capt. 
John Swan for £2765. During 1781 the property of 
the " Principio Company" on Whetstone Point, con- 
taining four hundred acres, was sold in lots to James 
Hutchings, Samuel Chase, Capt. Samuel Smith, Mat- 
] thew Ridley, Thorogood Smith, John Browne, David 
I Poe, Nathan Griffith, William Patterson, Alexander 
j W. Davey, Thomas Yates, William Whetcroft, Capt. 
I Robert Henderson, James Toole, Jeremiah T. Chase, 
{ Gen. Gist, Jonathan Hudson, Brittingham Dickinson, 
Luther Martin, Charles Ridgely, Nathaniel Ramsey, 
Robert Long, Samuel Hughes, A. McAllister, and 
John H. Stone. The State also confiscated and sold 
the following estates of tlie Principio Company in 



PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE. 



77 



Baltimore County : " Buck's Range," containing seven 
hundred and fifty acres, sold to Job Garretson ; " Car- 
nass Scrutiny," three hundred and sixty acres,' to 
Mark Alexander; " Bouring's Landing," one hun- 
dred acces, to Jeremiah T. Chase ; " James' Park," 
one hundred and seventy-five acres, to James Hughes ; 
" Inlan's Oblong," one hundred and fifty acres, to J. 
T. Chase; and "Inlan's Choice," one hundred and ' 
fifty acres, to the same party. 

In the early part of 1777 the loyalists in Somerset 
and Worcester became so troublesome that it was i 
found necessary in February to dispatch Gen. Small- [ 
wood, with Col. Gist and the Continental regular com- j 
panics of Capts. Deane and Goodman, and Capt. Ste- 
rett's independent company of Baltimore merchants, 
to repress them. This independent company of mer- 
chants was composed of the representative men of 
Baltimore, as will be seen by the following names 
attached to its muster roll : 

John Strieker, James A. Buchanan, Jas. H. McColloch, Samuel Ste- 
rett, Kobert Rankin, James Calhoun. Jr., Wm. Ferguson, George Wiley, 
George N. Blackiuston, George Sears, Wm. T. Penchey, Eoliert Mickle, 
Archibald Buchanan, Thomas Earle, T. H. Bacher, Isaac Caraton, Thos. 
Calwell, Nicholas G. Ridgely, John Gordon, Robert Gilmor, Jr., John 
Kennedy, Moses Moreau, Wm. Gilmor, Andrew Clopper, Francis Mc- 
Keuua, Wm. Smith, Jr., Benj. Williams, Jos. Rice, John McClelland, 
Jr., Solomon Robinson, Marcus McFarlaud, Wm. Stenson, Thos. Mc- 
Eldery, .Ia.s. Sloan, J. F. Kennedy, Wm. Slater, Hugh McCurdy, Jos. F. 
Percival, Jos. Young, Jas. Angele, Archibald Moncreitt, John Starck, Jr., 
John Anderson, J. Williams, Jr., Josiah Crosby, John Stump, Jas. Mc- 
Colloch, Reuben Etting, John C. Wederstrandt, Edward Johnson, Lam- 
bert Smith, Isaac Graybell, John McFadon, Thos. Drysdale, John Mc- 
Kim, Jr., L. Croxull, Thos. Johnson, John Ross, Thos. Kelso, J. M. 
Campbell, John Rutter, Thos. Croxall, L. Everret, John Hillen, Josias 
Clements, Standish BaiTy, Lawson Alexander, Joshua Kirby, Joshua 
Merryman, Isaac Smith, James Cumniing, J. Russell, Jas. Purviancc, 
James Nicolls, John Leggett, Geo. Byerly, Thos. Bodley, J. S. Buchanan, 
Thos. Bailey, Jr., Alex. Coulter, Thos. Parkin, Jonathan Askew, Jos. 
Spear, 0. H. Williams, Jr., Wm. B. Smith, Wm. Godwin, Jr., Jos. Swan, 
Henry Payson, Francis Hollingsworth, Jos. Sterett, Wm. Cochrane, 
Robert Moale, J. H. Pui-viance, J. Winchester, Robert Wilkinson, Thos. 
McKenna, Geo. Harkins, Richard Doughaday. 

The uniform of this company was as follows: "A 
cocked hat and black cockade ; black stock ; a long 
blue coat faced with scarlet and edged with white, 
with white buttons and white lining ; white vest and 
breeches ; white stockings, and half boots. The hair 
to be dressed, platted, turned up behind, and secured 
with a comb." The commissioned officers were armed 
with "hangers and espontoons;" the non-commis- 
sioned oflicers and privates were armed "with muskets 
of bore sufiicient for balls of the eighteenth part of a 
pound, a good bayonet and belt, two spare flints, a 
knapsack, canteen, and a pouch with a bos therein to 
contain not less than twenty-four cartridges, each to 
contain a proper amount of powder and ball." The 
non-commissioned oflicers to wear side-arms. 

On the 20th of August, 1777, the British fleet, con- 
sisting of upwards of two hundred and sixty sail, 
passed Annapolis, entered the Patapsco, and made a 
feint towards Baltimore, coming to anchor on the 21st 
of August ofi" Bodkin Point. On the following day it 
weighed anchor and proceeded up the bay, and on the 



25th anchored in Elk River, six miles below Elkton, 
Cecil Co. The militia of the State was at once called 
out, and a force of twelve hundred and fifty men were 
ordered to repair to Baltimore and Harford towns and 
await the directions of Washington. On the 27th a 
large body of the enemy entered the Gunpowder River, 
and after landing and plundering the farms in the 
neighborhood of Swann Creek took up their line of 
march for Joppa. The eighth battalion of Harford 
County militia soon assembled and threw up a small 
fort, armed with four-pounders ; and the enemy find- 
ing they could not capture the place without some 
resistance abandoned the undertaking. Baltimore 
and the neighboring counties were fortunately soon 
relieved of the presence of the royal army, Philadel- 
phia and not Baltimore being Gen. Howe's objective 
point. About this period Baltimore lost several of 
her most gallant sons in the army, among whom may 
be mentioned Maj. James Cox, who fell on the unfor- 
tunate field of Germantown, " while nobly defending 
his country's cause," being shot through the body 
within twenty paces of the enemy's breastworks. 
Not many months afterwards another of Baltimore's 
brave representatives, Col. Nathaniel Ramsey, won 
the highest distinction at the battle of Monmouth. 
At the most important crisis of the day, when Lee's 
retreat had nearly thrown the whole American army 
into confusion, Washington asked for an ofiicer to 
check the advance of the enemy. Col. Ramsey at 
once presented himself, and the commander-in-chief, 
taking him by the hand, said, " If you can stop the 
British ten minutes, till I form, you will save my 
army !" Col. Ramsey answered, " I will stop them 
or fall !" He more than redeemed his promise, and 
holding the enemy in check for half an hour, did not 
retreat until the British troops and his own were 
mingled together ; when, borne back by the over- 
whelming weight of the foe, he retired slowly in the 
rear of his troops, sword in hand, and, disputing 
every foot of the ground, fell at last, pierced with 
many wounds, in the sight of both armies upon the 
spot which he had so heroically defended. Happily 
history can add that he recovered from his wounds, 
and lived to enjoy the liberties which he had so nobly 
labored to secure. 

In the early part of 1778 Baltimore County was 
again called on by the Legislature for a quota of 
two hundred and eighty-one troops, and about the 
same time Count Pulaski established his headquarters 
in the town, and applied himself diligently to the 
task of raising the independent corps afterwards 
known as Pulaski's Legion. In spite of the contem- 
poraneous requisition of the Legislature, Pulaski's 
success was even greater than he had anticipated, and 
by October he had raised a force of three hundred 
men. They were organized into three companies of 
horse and three of infantry, and on the 29th of July, 
1778, he gave a public review of his independent 
legion to the citizens and military authorities of 



78 



HISTORY OF BATiTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




made the subject of a poer 



Baltimore. It is said that while Pulaski was raising 
his legion in Baltimore he visited Lafayette, who was 
lying wounded in the care of the Moravians at Beth- 
lehem, Pa. His presence, according to the tradition, 
made a deep impression 
upon the minds of the 
inhabitants of that place, 
and when it was known 
that he was organizing 
an independent legion in 
Baltimore, the Moravian 
sisters of Bethlehem pre- 
pared a banner of crimson 
silk, with designs beauti- 
fully embroidered by their 
own hands, and sent it to 
Pulaski with their bless- 
ing. This rather problem- 
atical incident has been 
I by Mr. Longfellow, who 
has attempted to render the scene more eflective by 
the introduction of "cowls," "altars," and " censers," 
things that would have been mere abominations to 
the simple brethren of Bethlehem. The banner is now 
in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. 
On the 9th of May, 1779, a squadron under Sir 
George Collier, consisting of transports and galleys, 
with twenty-five hundred men, commanded by Gen. 
Matthews, entered the Chesapeake-, and taking pos- 
session of Portsmouth ravaged and plundered the 
adjacent country. The British being accustomed to 
speak of Baltimore with some bitterness as a " nest 
of pirates," their proximity to the town always pro- 
duced more or less alarm, the people doubtless fearing 
severe reprisals from an enemy to whose commerce 
they had done so much damage. Their presence at 
Portsmouth at this time excited the apprehension that 
they might meditate an attack upon Baltimore, and i 
immediately upon the receipt of the intelligence that 
the British were in the bay, the militia of the several 
counties were ordered to hold themselves in readiness 
to march to the defense of the town at a moment's 
notice, while the public stores, merchandise, records, 
and other valuable property were sent to places of 
safety. The merchants of Baltimore organized as a 
corps of light dragoons, and placed themselves under 
the command of Gen. Andrew Buchanan; and Col. 
Samuel Smith, the hero of "Fort Mifflin," being in 
town, on the 18th of May tendered his services to the j 
Governor, which were accepted. On the 20th all the } 
militia of the State were ordered to Baltimore, and 
the town placed in a complete state of defense. The i 
British, however, did not make an attack, but de- j 
parted for New York, satisfied with their marauding i 
achievements at Portsmouth and Norfolk. Gen. 
Greene having been made quartermaster-general of i 
the army, on the 3d of September, 1779, appointed 
Col. Henry HoUingsworth, of Cecil County, his | 
deputy for the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and on '• 



the 7th James Calhoun, of Baltimore, as his deputy 
for the Western Shore. These officers, together with 
the " Continental agents," were licensed by the Gov- 
ernor and Council " to purchase in the State for the 
army, according to the act of Assembly for the more 
effectual preventing, forestalling, and engrossing, and 
for the purpose therein mentioned." On September 
10th, Robert Buchanan was appointed Continental 
agent for Baltimore, and on the 17th John Greer was 
appointed assistant deputy quartermaster-general for 
the lower part of Frederick and the upper part of 
Baltimore County, and David Poe to the same office 
for Baltimore. 

In July. 1780, in response to an appeal from Wash- 
ington for troops, the Legislature passed an act " to 
encourage the raising of a volunteer troop of light- 
horse in Baltimore Town, and each county of the 
State." By this act any number of militia, not over 
forty-five and not under fifteen years of age in Bal- 
timore Town, were authorized to form themselves 
into troops of light horse, provided each man fur- 
nished his own horse, arms, and equipments. From 
this time until the close of the war Baltimore seems 
to have been almost continually called upon for sup- 
plies of men, money, or provisions. But local patriot- 
ism met these demands more than half way ; and, to 
supply the almost naked and famishing soldiers, vol- 
untary associations were formed in Baltimore and 
other parts of the State, and contributions of every 
character made for the relief of the suflering armies. 
While these contributions were still being made, 
Gen. Greene, about the middle of November, passed 
through Baltimore on his way to take command of 
the southern army ; and reported that it was in " so 
defenseless a state" that " a twenty gun ship might 
lay the town under contribution ;" and in this de- 
fenseless place, as if to invite the enemy, the State 
had collected a magazine of shot and shell. 

While Baltimore was left in this unprotected con- 
dition, her sons were doing noble service in every 
section of the country ; and Gen. Greene, on his arri- 
val in the South, found that the two Maryland regi- 
ments which had fought so gallantly at Camden 
comprised fully one-half of his available force. On 
Feb. 22, 1781, Lafayette, under instructions from 
Washington, set out for Virginia with a force of 
twelve hundred men, for the purpose of checking the 
ravages of the enemy in that State ; and as it was de- 
sired that his movement should be made as rapidly 
as possible, Timothy Pickering, quartermaster-gen- 
eral, and Charles Stewart, commissary-general, ad- 
dressed a communication to Samuel Purviance, of 
Baltimore, asking that supplies for the troops might 
be prepared in advance. In response to these letters, 
Gen. Gist, David Poe, James Calhoun, and Capt. 
Keeports, of Baltimore, with gentlemen in Annapolis • 
and elsewhere, were instructed by the Governor and 
Council to seize all the salt and fresh meats in their 
districts, and impress all the wagons, carriages, teams. 



PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE. 



79 




drivers, vessels, etc., and send them to the head of the 
Elk for the purpose of transporting the troops, can- 
non, stores, and baggage to Virginia. On his arrival 
at the head of the Elk, Lafayette received a letter 
from Governor Thomas Sim Lee, dated the 3d of 
March, in which he wrote : " We have ordered all 
the vessels at Baltimore and in this port to be im- 
pressed and sent to the head of the Elk to transport 
the detachment under your command, and have di- 
rected six hundred barrels of bread to be forwarded 
in them." As the transports were slow in arriving, 
Lafayette, at the suggestion of his aid-de-camp, Maj. 
James McHenry, who was a citizen of Baltimore, de- 
termined to appeal to the merchants of that town, | 
who were ever ready to respond to the demands of 
patriotism, and at all times freely contributed of their j 
substance for the support of the common cause. On 
the 6th of March, Maj. McHenry wrote to the mer- 
chants of Baltimore for aid to transport Lafayette 
and his army to the South, and immediately upon the 
receipt of his letter, a public 
meeting was called by the 
merchants, at which Robert 
Purviance, William Patter- 
son, and Matthew Ridley 
were appointed a committee 
to co-operate with Maj. Mc- 
Henry in procuring supplies 
of money, clothing, etc., for 
the troops. At the same time 
they transmitted a letter to 
Maj. McHenry, promising to 
spare no exertions to expe- 
MAj. JAMES M'HENRY. dltc Lafaycttc's enterprise. 
With the aid thus afforded, 
Lafayette embarked his forces at the head of the Elk, 
and, under the convoy of Commodore James Nichol- 
son in the privateer " Nesbit," of Baltimore, and sev- 
eral smaller privateers, crossed the Chesapeake, and 
arrived safely in the harbor of Annapolis on the 13th 
of March. Finding that the French fleet had not yet 
arrived in the Chesapeake, he re-embarked his forces 
and returned to the head of the Elk, where he arrived 
on the 8th of April. 

On the 26th of March, while Lafayette's force was 
at Annapolis, Gen. Phillips arrived at Portsmouth 
from New York with a reinforcement of two thousand 
British troops. He was instructed to relieve Gen. 
Arnold and take command ; and in case Gen. Corn- 
wallis should be successful in the Carolinas, he was 
to move up the Chesapeake with a large force to Bal- 
timore, and to take position near the Susquehanna on 
the Eastern Shore, where it was expected a large 
number of loyalists would join him. In view of this 
threatened attack, the State concentrated all her 
energies to resist the invaders. On the 6th of April, 
the inhabitants of Baltimore assembled in town- 
meeting at the court-house, and took into con.sidera- 
tiou the security of the town. A committee composed 



of Isaac Griest, Robert Henderson, Thomas Johnson, 
James McHenry, Nathaniel Smith, Nicholas Rogers, 
and William Smith were appointed, with full power 
to devise and direct any plan for the security of the 
town that the circumstances and ability of Baltimore 
would permit. Governor Lee also wrote to Lafayette 
on the 8th of April, requesting him to detach a por- 
tion of his force for the defense of the town, and on 
the 13th Lafayette crossed the Susquehanna, and on 
the following day arrived in Baltimore. Immediately 
upon his arrival, to conciliate his troops and supply 
their wants, Lafayette determined again to apply to 
the merchants of Baltimore for assistance. At this 
time the credit of Congress was so low that nothing 
could be obtained on its promises, and the army was 
in want of almo.st everything necessary to its comfort. 
The generous spirit of Lafayette triumphed over these 
difficulties. Pledging his private fortune for the re- 
payment, he borrowed ten thousand dollars from the 
merchants with which to purchase shoes, linen, 
spirits, and other articles of immediate necessity for 
his detachment. He gave his simple obligation, and 
among others the following merchants contributed 
the amounts set opposite their names : 

.Tacob Hart ?2T 

Richard Carsou 2'. 

Nathaniel Smith '.' 

Nicholas Rogeiij 1<* 

Ridgely & Priiigle s- 

Stephen Stewart '■'■1 

William Neill -11 

Daniel Bowley -■:: 

Hugh Young 4.:. 



.1. '■illi'nm 


$272.62 

110 76U 


. ■',','; .V.iinVlT'.'.V.V.'. 
.lohnMcLure.'.. ..!'...! 


250.16VI 

124.76 

.. 351.10 
.... 468.13 

.. 117.0314 

468.13 

468.13 

468.13 


Samuel Hughes 


702.20U 



Russell 4 Gilman : 

On the 24th of May Congress passed a resolution 
] thanking the merchants of Baltimore for the gener- 
ous assistance rendered Lafayette, and when shortly 
I afterwards he asked permission to return to France, 
I it directed the " superintendent of finance" to take 
means for discharging his obligation. As Lafayette 
gave "the march the air of a frolic," a ball was given 
I in his honor at the assembly-room, by the most prom- 
I inent citizens of the town. It is said that during 
the evening one of the ladies, observing that Lafay- 
ette appeared sad, inquired the cause. " I cannot 
enjoy the gayety of the scene," he replied, " while so 
many of the poor soldiers are in want of clothes." 
" We will supply them," was the prompt and patriotic 
response. The next morning the ball-room was turned 
into a clothing manufactory. Fathers and husbands 
furnished the materials; daughters and wives plied 
the needle at their grateful task. Lafayette never 
forgot the timely assistance obtained in Baltimore, 
and on more than one occasion expressed his sense of 
j the deep obligation to the m^fchants and citizens of 
the town. Indeed, but for this assistance, his expe- 
dition must have come to a final halt in Baltimore, 
and the whole enterprise have been brought to a lame 
and impotent conclusion. About the 1st of June the 
retreat of Lafayette towards Maryland again excited 
' apprehensions of invasion, and the utmost exertions 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



were made on all hands to meet the approaching 
danger. Baltimore was placed in a complete state of 
defense, arms and ammunition were distributed to all 
the male inhabitants capable of performing military 
duty, and a code of signals was adopted for assembling 
the troops. Such was the alacrity of the people of 
the State that two new regiments were formed in a 
few days ; a fine body of cavalry was also speedily 
raised and mounted, among which was a troop of 
" Baltimore Light Dragoons," composed of the most 
substantial merchants of the town, and commanded 
by Capt. Nicholas Kuxton Moore, who joined Lafay- 
ette on the 6th of July ; these last were no holiday j 
soldiers, for they marclied with the remainder of the 
force into Virginia, and were actively engaged in the j 
campaign that followed. They returned to Baltimore 
early in August, the movements of the enemy render- i 
ing their longer stay unnecessary. Previous to their j 
departure they received the thanks of Gen. Lafayette 
and Governor Nelson, as well as of Gen. Morgan 
(under whose immediate command they were placed), j 
for their patriotic and spirited behavior. During the j 
latter part of July the movements of Cornwallis at 
Portsmouth gave rise to the apprehension that an 
attack was to be made upon Baltimore, and active | 
preparations for defense were at once set on foot, i 
The public stores were ordered to be removed from 
the town, and the militia of the State were directed 
to rendezvous in Annapolis and Baltimore. The 
spirit which animated the people at this crisis was 
intense. The militia in all portions of the State im- 
mediately obeyed the summons, and in forty-eight i 
hours a force of two thousand eight hundred eifective I 
men assembled in Baltimore. ; 

On the 30th of August, 1781, in response to a re- I 
quest from Washington, who was marching south to j 
attack Cornwallis, the Governor and Council called 
upon the various counties for supplies of clothing I 
and provisions for his army, directing that Baltimore 
County should furnish four hundred head of cattle, j 
and empowering David Poe, quartermaster of Balti- 
more, and others to impress all vessels, wagons, and i 
teams capable of transporting troops and military 
stores. On the 4th of September the French cutter ; 
"Serpent," of eighteen guns, under Capt. Arne de la j 
Laum, arrived in Baltimore with dispatches for Gen. 
Washington, announcing the safe arrival in the 
Chesapeake of Admiral de Grasse with twenty-eight 
ships of the line. On the 8th Washington, accom- \ 
panied by Adjt.-Gen. Hand and a number of officers, ; 
crossed the Susquehanna and pushed forward to Bal- 
timore. He was met outside of the town by a large 
number of di.stinguished citizens on horseback, and 
Capt. Nicholas R. Moore's troop of light dragoons, i 
and escorted to the Fountain Inn. His arrival was 
honored with every mark of respect and esteem, and [ 
in the evening the town was illuminated and a ban- 
quet given at Lindsey's cofl'ee-house. A committee of 
citizens, comi)()sed of William Smith, Samuel Pur- 



viance, Jr., John Moale, John Dorsey, and James 
Calhoun, presented him with an address of welcome, 
to which Washington made a suitable reply. On the 
11th of September a large body of French troops, 
under the command of Count de Rochambeau, arrived 
in Baltimore on their way to Annapolis, and encamped 
in the neighborhood of Howard's Park. On the 16th 
they renewed their march, and were followed through 
Baltimore during the week by an immense train of 
wagons, carts, etc., loaded with baggage, provisions, 
and military stores. This was the last act of the 
great military drama, as far as Baltimore was con- 
cerned, for on Saturday, the 20th of October, the 
joyful news reached Annapolis that Cornwallis had 
surrendered. On the Monday following Baltimore 
and Annapolis were illuminated, and the public re- 
joicings which Annapolis commenced soon spread 
throughout the colonies. On the 23d of March, 
1788, the news that a general treaty of peace had 
been signed reached Philadelphia, and on the 22d of 
April, Governor Paca, in pursuance of the recom- 
mendation of Congress, issued his proclamation de- 
claring the cessation of arms by sea and land, and 
enjoining obedience to the treaty, and appointing 
Thursday, the 24th of April, as a day of public re- 
joicing. On the 21st the joyfixl news of peace and 
independence was celebrated in Baltimore with great 
enthusiasm ; the town was brilliantly illuminated at 
night, and, as may well be imagined, many patriotic 
toasts were drank. 

Count de Rochambeau and his troops arrived in 
Baltimore, on their return from Yorktown, about the 
close of July, 1782, and encamped in Howard's Park, 
on the ground where the Cathedral now stands. On the 
4th of August the French troops in the city, num- 
bering about five thousand men, were reviewed by 
Governor Lee, Count de Rochambeau, several distin- 
guished strangers, and a large number of citizens. 
On the 22d of August the greater part of the French 
forces left the city, marching northward in five divi- 
sions, accompanied by the cavalry and infantry of the 
legion of the Duke de Lauzun. the regiments of Bour- 
bonnois, Deux-Ponts, Saintonge, and Soissonnois. On 
the 24th Count de Rochambeau departed for Phila- 
delphia ; before doing so, however, he addressed a 
letter to the citizens of Baltimore, in which he said, 
" Your willingness to receive us in your houses, your 
attentive politeness to us, have been a sufficient return 
for the services which we have been so happy as to 
render you." After the departure of the main army 
there remained about five hundred French troops in 
the town, under the command of Gen. La Valette ; 
these troops left the town soon afterwards with the 
good wishes of all classes, and Gen. Valette declared 
he would never forget the happy days he had passed 
among the citizens of Baltimore, and begged that , 
they would " believe that their remembrance would 
be forever dear to his memory." Gen. Greene, with 
his secretary, Maj. Hayne, arrived in Baltimore on 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



the night of the 25th of September, 1783, on his route 
northward. He put up at Grant's Fountain Inn, and 
would seem to have been pleased with his experience 
in Baltimore, if we are to judge from the following 
e.xtract from his diary : 

" Baltimore is a most thriving place. Trade tiourishes, and the spirit 
of building exceeds belief. Not less than three hundred houses are put 
tip in a year. Ground-rents are a little short of what they are in Lon- 
don. The inhabitants are all men of business. Here I had the pleasure 
of meeting two of my old officers, Gen. Williams and Col. Howard. The 
pleasure of meeting is easier felt than described. The inhabitants de- 
tained me four days to pay me the compliments of an address and a pub- 
lic dinner. The affection of the inhabitants was pleasing, and the atten- 
tion of the people flattering. Hyrne got wounded here with a spear, and 
though it penetrated the heart he still survived." 

Now that the war was over the remnants of the 
Maryland regiments began to return to their native 
State to be disbanded. Many of these veterans bore 
honorable scars, still more returned with health 
broken down by hardships and disease, and nearly all 
were penniless and in rags. The Maryland Line, now 
numbering about five hundred men, under the com- 
mand of Brig.-Gen. Gist, embarked at Charleston, S.C., 
on transports, and arrived at Annapolis late in July, 
1783. A portion soon after marched to Baltimore, ar- 
riving there on the 27th. Before their departure for 
home. Gen. Greene, in a letter to Governor Paca, thus 
referred to the Maryland troops in the Southern army : 
" I should be wanting in gratitude not to acknowl- 
edge their singular merit and the importance of their 
services. They have spilt their blood freely in the 
service of their country, and have faced every danger 
and difficulty without a murmur or complaint." 

While Congress was sitting at Annapolis, on the 
14th of January, 1784, it ratified the definite treaty 
of peace, which had been concluded and signed at 
Paris on the 3d of September ; and on the 20th of 
.lanuary, Governor Paca issued his proclamation an- 
nouncing the same to the people of the State. The 
flag of the United States was now acknowledged over 
all the world, and the new Federal Republic had won 
an undisputed place among the nations. To bring 
about this glorious result no town in any of the States 
had done more than Baltimore ; in proportion to size 
and population, none had done so much.' During the 
war Maryland furnished to the Continental army over 
fifteen thousand regularly enlisted men and between 
four and five thousand militia, besides the various in- 
dependent companies and marine and naval forces, 
and the recruits furnished various organizations from 
other States. From the spring of 1780 to the close 
of the war the Maryland Line alone, of all the Ameri- 
can troops, received not a shilling of pay, and suffered 
from insufficient supplies of food and clothing; yet, 
as Gen. Otho H. Williams wrote to Governor Lee, 
" no distresses, no dangers, ever shook the firmness of 
their spirits, nor induced them to swerve from their 
duty." And whenever firmness and heroic courage 
were needed, whether in fierce onset or stubborn re- 
sistance, whether defeat was to be turned into vic- 



tory, as at the Cowpens, or an army to be saved by 
devoted self-sacrifice, as at Long Island, the com- 
manders knew that they could always rely on the 
Maryland Line. 



CHAPTER XL 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF BALTIMORE. 
The NaUonal Capital— Aggressions of Great Britain— Patriotic Resolves. 

Although the protracted struggle with Great 
Britain left Baltimore, in common with the rest of 
the State, impoverished and exhausted, the war had 
not been without its compensations, and by the op- 
portunities it had afforded for the enterprise of 
cruisers and privateers, had laid the foundation of 
much of the future commercial greatness of the 
town ; and accordingly it was not long before Bal- 
timore began to show signs of growth and prosperity, 
and to attract capital and enterprise from many dif- 
ferent quarters. These evidences of future great- 
ness did not pass unobserved, and shortly after the 
war many Tories and loyalists began to flock back 
to the town with the intention of sharing its im- 
proving fortunes. The citizens of Baltimore, how- 
ever, had no idea of permitting their bitterest foes 
in the struggle for independence to participate in the 
blessings which had been so hardly won, and accord- 
ingly, on the 21st of June, 1783, they assembled in 
town-meeting at the court-house and adopted a series 
of resolutions, in which they called upon their repre- 
sentatives in the Legislature to procure the passage 
of a law " prohibiting all persons whatsoever from 
returning to and residing within this State as citizens 
who have withdrawn themselves from the United 
States of America since the 15th of April, 1775, and 
have joined and abetted the armies or councils of the 
King of Great Britain." 

While thus sternly setting their faces against the 
return of those who had proved traitors to their 
country in her hour of trial, they gladly embraced 
the opportunity of showing that they had not for- 
gotten the friends who had come to their succor in 
their time of need, and when, on the 26th of August, 
1784, Lafayette paid a visit to Baltimore, he was re- 
ceived with the most distinguished marks of love and 
respect. A public dinner was given in his honor by 
the merchants, and he was presented with a congratu- 
latory address expressing in the strongest terms the 
esteem and gratitude of the community. In reply to 
this address, he said, — 

" Tour affectionate welcome makes me feel doubly happy in this visit, 
and I heartily enjoy the flourishing situation in which I find the town 
of Baltimore. Amidst the trying times which you so kindly mention, 
permit me with a grateful heart to remember, not only your personal 
exertions as a volunteer troop, your spirited preparations against a 
threatening attack, but also a former period when, by your generous 
support, an important part of the army under my command was for- 
warded — that army to whose perseverance and bravery, not to any merit 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of mine, you are merely indebted. Attending to American concerns, 
gentlemen, it is to me a piece of duty as well as a gratificatioD to my 
feelings. In the enfranchisement of your ports and their peculiar situ- 
ation, it was pleading to France to think a new convenience is thereby 
offered to a commercial intercourse, which every recollection must render 
pleasing, and which, from its own nature and mutual goodwill, cannot 
fail to prove highly advantageous and extensive. Your friendly wishes 
to mo, gentlemen, are sincerely returned, and I shall ever rejoice in every 
public and private advantage that may attend the citizens of Baltimore." 

Gen. Washington having been unanimously chosen 
President of the United States, arrived in Baltimore 
on his way to New York on the 17th of April, 1789, 
accompanied by Charles Thompson and Col. Humph- 
ries. He was met some miles from tow'n by a large 
body of citizens on horseback, and was greeted by the 
ringing of bells and salvos of artillery. A committee 
composed of Jame.s McHenry, Nicholas Rogers, 
Joshua Barney, Paul Bentalou, John Bankson, Isaac 
Griest, E. Smith, O. H. Williams, Thorogood Smith, 
William Clemm, and John Swan presented him 
with a complimentary address, and in the evening 
he was entertained at a sumptuous banquet given at 
the Fountain Inn, at which the leading citizens of 
the town were present. The next morning he was in 
his carriage at half-past five o'clock, and left town 
surrounded by a body of citizens on horseback, and 
amid the discharge of cannon. His escort accom- 
panied him seven miles, when "alighting from his 
carriage, he would not permit them to proceed any 
further, but took leave, after thanking them in an 
affectionate and obliging manner for their politeness." 
Mrs. Washington with her two grandchildren, Eleanor 
Parke and George Washington Parke Custis, arrived 
in Baltimore on the 19th of May, on her way to join 
her husband. She was met at Hammond's Ferry by 
several of the citizens, and received with great demon- 
strations of affection and respect. There was a dis- 
play of fireworks in her honor, and she was serenaded 
(as the ancient chronicles inform us) "by an excellent 
band of music, conducted by gentlemen of the town. 
We shall only add that, like her illustrious husband, 
she was clothed in the manufacture of our country, 
in which her native goodness and patriotism' appeared 
to the greatest advantage." It may be added that 
at this period Gen. Washington passed through Balti- 
more very frequently on his way to or from Phila- 
delphia, and that the same patriotic demonstrations 
always greeted his arrival in the town. 

Congress being occupied in the consideration of a 
suitable location for the national capital, Baltimore, 
among other places, pressed its claim for the honor, 
and as early as February, 1789, the merchants and 
other citizens of the town commenced to raise a pro- 
visional loan for the purpose of erecting the necessary 
public buildings, as an inducement for the selection 
of Baltimore as the permanent seat of government. 
In May, 1790, when a bill was introduced in the 
United States Senate " to determine the permanent 
seat of Congress and the government of the United 
States," it would seem that Baltimore and Conne- 



cocheague, on the Potomac, " were about equally 
balanced for some time in the number of supporters. 
Mr. J: Smith set forth the advantages of Baltimore, 
and the fact that its citizens had subscribed forty 
thousand dollars for public buildings." The motion 
to insert Baltimore instead of the Potomac was, how- 
ever, negatived by a vote of thirty-seven to twenty- 
three. The rapid growth of the " town of Baltimore" 
and its increasing commerce " excelled at this time 
the admiration of its citizens." The clearances from 
its port from the 1st of January, 1788, to the 1st of 
January, 1789, amounted to six hundred and fifteen 
vessels, consisting of fifty-two ships, seven snows, one 
hundred and twenty-six brigs, two hundred and sev- 
enty-six schooners, and one hundred and fifty-four 
sloops. Of these, twenty-four ships, twenty-nine 
brigs, and twenty-eight large schooners and sloops 
belonged to the port. A correspondent in the Mary- 
land Gazette, in showing the advantages of Baltimore 
for the permanent residence of Congress, says that it 
has " as secure a harbor for shipping as the world can 
afford ; a capacious basin, capable of being made to 
contain one thousand ships, without any risk from 
winds, injury from freshets, or ice in the winter, or 
worms in the summer;" and "Jones' Falls might, at 
small expense, be conducted through every part of 
the town ;" fuel, coal, and lumber they had " for cen- 
turies to come." Another correspondent proposes to 
inclose the basin on the east by a wharf with a draw- 
bridge running from West Falls Avenue across the 
basin ; on the west by Light Street ; on the north by 
Camden Street ; and on the south by Lee Street, 
within which space there would be, " along the town 
and point, water sufficient to accommodate all the 
ships belonging to the United States." Another cor- 
respondent, who did not admire the appearance of the 
town, said, " Should Congress ever settle in Balti- 
more, what would foreign ambassadors think of their 
taste, when they observed but few tolerable streets in 
all the metropolis, and even those disgraced by such 
a number of awkwardly-built, low, wooden cabins, 
the rest of the town being divided by irregular, nar- 
row lanes '?" 

On the 9th of July, 1793, fifty-three vessels with 
about one thousand white and five hundred colored 
refugees from Cape Francois, who had fled from 
the horrors of the St. Domingo insurrection, arrived 
in Baltimore, and were received with that practical 
sympathy and generosity which the town seems 
always to have extended to the unfortunate. Many 
of them were quartered in the houses of the citizens 
until they could find permanent homes, and a com- 
mittee composed of Robert Gilmor, George Presst- 
man, Philip Rogers, Samuel Hollingsworth, Jere- 
miah Yellott, James Carey, James McHenry, Robert 
Smith, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Thomas McElderry, 
Stephen Wilson, John O'Donnell, Adam Fonerden, 
Thomas Coulson, Col. Daniel Smith, David Plunkett, 
Samuel Sterett, Mr. Voucher, Mr. Cazanave, and Paul 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



Bentalou were appointed to solicit subscriptions for 
their relief, and in a very few days succeeded in rais- 
ing twelve thousand dollars for the benefit of the des- 
titute. Those more fortunate who brought capital 
with them entered into trade, in which a number 
achieved eminent success ; others introduced new arts 
of cultivation, and plants both ornamental and escu- 
lent, hitherto unknown in the neighborhood ; and, 
with succeeding arrivals from the southern and west- 
ern parts of the island, contributed to increase the 
wealth as well as the population of the town. 

In the year 1794 some of the western counties of 
Pennsylvania lifted the arm of defiance against the 
government, in what is known as the " Whisky In- 
surrection," and Gen. Samuel Smith, the hero of Fort 
Mifflin in 1777, and at that time the able representa- 
tive of Baltimore in Congress, was appointed to com- 
mand the militia of Maryland. A requisition was 
soon made for Baltimore troops by the Governor, in 
consequence of a report that the insurgents had as- 
sembled in considerable numbers near Cumberland, 
and that their design was to seize the arms belonging 
to the State deposited in an arsenal near Frederick. 
The order came on Sunday while the people were at 
their several places of worship, and Gen. Samuel 
Smith, who was in the First Presbyterian church, 
was called out by an express. When the service was 
over the drums were beating to arms, and the troops 
were ordered to assemble on the parade-ground near 
Harford Kun ; the Governor's letter was read, and 
several companies volunteered on the spot. Those 
of the Fifth Regiment were ordered to parade at the 
court-house on Monday morning at nine o'clock, and 
to furnish themselves with knapsacks and blankets. 
They paraded according to order, and took up the 
line of march under the command of Col. Strieker, 
the Twenty-seventh Regiment following on Tuesday 
morning. Knapsacks of coarse linen were made on 
the spur of the occasion (for the troops were not then 
furnished with them), and marked with the members' 
respective names in ink.' 

1 ADiong the military orgauizatioDS raised in the town during this 
period were Capt. Macltenheimer's company of " First Baltimore Light 
Infantry;" Capt. Strieker's "Independent Company;" Capt. Coulson's 
"Mechanical Company;" the Baltimore "Sans Culottes," Capt. James A. 
Buchanan; a rifle company, Capt. Jesson ; M^. Lowry's "First Balti- 
more Battalion ;" a company of grenadiers, Capt. Hugh Thompson ; a 
company of light infantry, Capt. William Robb; a troop of horse, Capt. 
John Bowen ; and another by Capt. Nicholas Ruxtou Moore. It may be 
mentioned in this connection, although somewhat out of chronological 
order, that in the year 1798, on the prospect of a war with France, a 
considerable revival took place among the volunteers ; old companies were 
filled up and new ones formed. A meeting of the "Sans Culottes" was 
called, the name changed to the " Baltimore Independent Blues," and a 
number of new members added. Capt. Buchanan having been promoted 
in the interim, Lieut. Reuben Etting was chosen captain, Staudish 
Barry lieutenant, and Swallen Barry ensign. Shortly after a band was 
formed in the company which made it very popular, and it continued to 
increase until the attack on the " Chesapeake" in 1807, when another re- 
vival took place, audit became necessary to form it into two companies. 
Additional officers were elected, and the company provided themselves 
with painted knapsacks, numbered and lettered. 

On his retirement to piivate life in 1797, Washington again passed 



The subject of a city charter, which had occupied 
the minds of the people of Baltimore for nearly ten 
years, was taken up by the Legislature in 1793, and an 
act passed on the 2Sth of December for consideration ; 
but the inhabitants of the Point, the mechanics, car- 
penters, and republican societies offered such strong 
opposition that it was abandoned, and it was not 
until the .31st day of December, 1796, that Baltimore 
obtained the long-desired act of incorporation. 

In consequence of the depredations committed by 
the American privateers under the French flag against 
British commerce in 1794, and the extraordinary pre- 
tensions of the British government, fears of a war 
were entertained, and great preparations were made 
in Baltimore to meet it. In 1795 her citizens had 
vigorously protested against Jay's treaty with Eng- 
land, and in 1798, when the insults and aggressions 
of the French Directory seemed to threaten imme- 
diate war, her merchants had called a meeting at the 
Exchange, and subscribed over forty thousand dollars 
on the spot for the construction and equipment of 
two sloops of war, to be offered to the government." 

Not content with these manifestations of their 
spirit, the merchants of Baltimore drew up a me- 
morial to Congress urging that body to adopt more 
decided measures, and presenting in the strongest 
light the wrongs and injuries to which our national 
rights and commercial interests had been subjected. 
In spite, however, of individual and national protests 
the acts complained of continued, and no redress was 
obtained. 

On the 23d of June, 1807, the frigate "Chesa- 
peake," which had been built in Baltimore, was fired 
upon off the capes by part of a British squadron, 
and some of her crew carried off under the pretense 
that they were deserters. This outrage created the 
greatest excitement, and meetings were held in all 
the principal cities of the country, at which the gen- 
eral indignation was vehemently expressed. A meet- 
ing was held in Baltimore on the 29th of June, with 
Gen. Samuel Smith as chairman, and John Stephen 
as secretary. Resolutions of the strongest character 
were adopted, pledging the lives and fortunes of the 
citizens of Baltimore to the support of the govern- 
ment, and Alexander McKim, Thomas McElderry, 
James H. McCulloch, James Calhoun, Samuel Sterett, 
Robert Gilmor, Mark Pringle, and John Stephen 
were appointed a Committee of Correspondence. In 
the midst of the open discontent and treasonable ut- 

through Baltimore, where he was met by a crowd of citizens on horse 
and on foot, who thronged the road to greet him, and by a detachment 
from Capt. HoUingsworth's troops, who escorted him through as great a 
concourse of people as Baltimore had ever witnessed up to that time. 
On alighting at the Fountain Inn the general was saluted with reiter- 
ated and thundering huzzas from the spectators. 

2 The committee appointed to solicit subscriptions for this purpose was 
composed of Robert Oliver, David Stewart, George Sears, John Strieker, 
and James Barry. The two sloops, which were afterwards named the 
*' Maryland" and the " Chesapeake," were launched the following year. 
The merchants also fltted out three armed privateers of twenty guns 



84 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



which followed the embargo act of 1807, and 
the enforcing law of a year later in the Eastern 
States, the citizens of Baltimore, on the 30th of Janu- 
ary, 1808, assembled in town-meeting at the Centre 
Market-House to express their confidence in "the 
wisdom and integrity of the statesmen who now pre- 
side at the national councils," and to show their 
determination to support the government and to 
resist, with every energy we possess, all attempts to 
violate the majesty of the law." In a short time the ! 
market was crowded to excess, and on motion of j 
Tobias E. Stansbury, Edward Johnson, mayor of the I 
city, was called to the chair, and Col. James A. ! 
Buchanan made secretary. Upon the organization of j 
the meeting, the mayor appointed the following lead- 
ing merchants of the city a committee to draft a set { 
of resolutions expressive of the views of the citizens 
of Baltimore upon the momentous questions which 
were then agitating the country : James Calhoun, j 
William Patterson, George Warner, Tliomas McEl- j 
derry, Tobias E. Stansbury, John Donnell, James 
Mosher, James Biays, William Wilson, John Hol- 
lins, Thomas Dickson, George Stiles, Peter Levering, 
Henry Payson, and John Strieker. And on the 21st '< 
of May, 1812, when it had been shown that embargo j 
laws, protests, and repeated representations to the i 
British crown were all alike useless in protecting the i 
national honor from outrage and contumely, a Demo- | 
cratic convention of delegates from all the wards of [ 
Baltimore assembled at the Fountain Inn, and after 
selecting Joseph H. Nicholson as president, and John 
Montgomery secretary, adopted resolutions calling 
for war against England, and against France also, if ; 
the latter should not afford redress for the wrongs in- 
flicted. These resolutions were ordered to be signed | 
by the members of the general committee and trans- 
mitted by the chairman to the President of the 
United States. The resolutions were signed by the 
following persons: 

Joseph H. NicllolSDn, A. R. Levering, David Fulton, Charles Bohn, 
William B. Barney, John Montgomery, Christopher Hughes, Jr., Ben- 
jamin Berry, Nathan Levering, J. W. McCulloch, William Camp, J. S. 
Hollins, Joseph Jamison, James Hutton, Peter Diffenderfer, S. Briscoe, 
E. G. Woodyear, Hezekiah Piice, George Milleman, Hezekiah Sliles, 
James Armstrong, Joseph Smith, Daniel Conn, John Kelso, James C. 
Dew, J. A. Buchanan, Lemuel Taylor, Luke Tiernan, Wm. Wilson, J. L. 
Donaldson, L. Hollingsworlh, James Martin, James Wilson, G. J. Brown, 
Kichard Mackall, Edwaid Johnson, George Stiles, James Williams, Wil- 
liam McDonald, William Pechin, James Biays, David Burke, Thorndike 
Chase, Timothy Gardner, Thomas Sheppard, George Warner, N. F. Wil- 
liams, J. H. McCulloch, Theodoric Bland, Christian Baum. 



CHAPTER XIL 

THE WAR OF 1812. 



The Invasion of Canada — The Defenses of Baltimore — Battle of Bladens- 
burg— Battle of North Point— The Star-Spangled Banner— Peace. 

On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war 
against Great Britain. The declaration produced 
great excitement. Baltimore, unlike Boston, which 



at this juncture was for peace at any price, at once 
girded up her loins and prepared for the conflict. 
Maryland, through her Legislature, immediately 
pledged " the lives and fortunes" of her citizens to 
the public service, and made an appropriation for 
raising the State's quota of six thousand militia. In 
Baltimore the enthusiasm of the volunteers was such 
that the recruiting officers were compelled to suspend 
enlistments by companies and regiments and give 
precedence to the old military organizations. The 
war was thought just and necessary, and the public 
enthusiasm could scarcely allow the expression of any 
difference of opinion. This temper was illustrated 
only too forcibly in the outburst of indignation 
against the editors of the Federal Republican, which, 
while without justification or excuse, was an extreme 
manifestation of the intensity and depth of the war 
spirit. 

At the beginning of the war the government deter- 
mined upon the invasion of Canada, and while the 
regular troops were forwarded to the frontier, a por- 
tion of the Maryland militia was called into service, 
at the expense of the State, to garrison the forts at 
Anuapolis and Baltimore. In Baltimore the fortifica- 
tions were manned by the city militia, and Capt. Col- 
lins' and Lieut. Sterett's companies of Baltimore 
militia were sent to Annapolis to garrison Fort Madi- 
son. Within six weeks after the declaration of war, 
Capt. Nathan Towsou, of Baltimore County, organ- 
ized a, company of volunteer artillery in the city and 
county, and marched northward to join the Second 
Regiment of artillery, commanded by Col. Winfield 
Scott. Another artillery company was formed about 
the same time, composed of merchants of Baltimore, 
and commanded by Capt. Joseph H. Nicholson, chief 
justice of the Baltimore Court and one of the judges 
of the Court of Appeals, with John Barney and Na- 
thaniel F. Williams as lieutenants. The Fencibles 
tendered their services to the general government as 
a part of the garrison of Fort McHenry, and their 
offer was soon after accepted. Several other volunteer 
companies also tendered their services to the Presi- 
dent, but owing to the unfortunate state of the Federal 
finances their offer was not accepted until the State 
could provide for their comfort. Nearly a regiment, 
however, was sent forward to the frontiers of Canada 
at this juncture from Baltimore, under the command 
of Col. Wm. H. Winder, 

" and the most ample funds," says Niles^ Rcgvder, " are provided from the 
liberal purses of our citizens to supply them' with every necessai^ to 
their leaving home. About fifteen thousand dollars have been sub- 
scribed for the purpose, and any reasonable sum may be obtained in ad- 
dition if the service shall require it. Several gentlemen subscribed live 
hundred dollars each.'* 

On the 5th of October another company of volun- 
teers, consisting of one hundred rank and file, under 
the command of Stephen H. Moore, marched from 
Baltimore to join Col. Winder. 

" Perhaps no body of men," says Mr. Niles, " were ever better calcu- 
lated and provided for the service o.\pected of them. They were fitted 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



out in the most substantial manner, by the munificent patriotism of tlie 
people of Baltimore, with every necessary ; and were, besides, presented 
with an elegant flag by the patriotic ladies of the Seventh Ward." 

While the people of Baltimore were thus actively 
engaged in strengthening the hands of the govern- 
ment, her volunteer soldiery were doing gallant and 
effective service in the north. As a military opera- 
tion, however, the invasion of Canada in 1812 was a 
failure, relieved somewhat by the gallant deeds of 
Towson, Elliott, Covington, Winder, Moore, and other 
brave Marylanders. On the sea we were more suc- 
cessful, for we had proved by the close of the year 
that we were more than a match for Britannia in both 
skill and courage. To the Federal navy Baltimore 
contributed largely, and within four months after the 
declaration of war her wealthy merchants had sent to 
sea forty-two privateers and letters-of-marque, carry- 
ing about three hundred and thirty guns, and from 
two thousand eight hundred to three thousand men. 
These "skimmers of the seas" were the great thorns 
in the side of the enemy, and harassed and annoyed 
them in every quarter of the globe, and even at the 
entrance of their own ports in old England itself. 
They took and destroyed millions of property, and 
were, beyond all doubt, chief instruments in bringing 
about a permanent peace. By way of reprisal for the 
immense damage inflicted upon her commerce, Eng- 
land, in March, 1813, sent out a squadron of ten armed 
vessels, under Admiral Cockburn, and declared all the 
coast, except Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and 
Rhode Island, to be in a state of blockade. The ad- 
miral entered the Chesapeake and began a system of 
devastation, plundering and destroying the villages 
and plantations on both shores. The inhabitants de- 
fended themselves as best they could, and applied to 
the Federal government for help, but it was refused 
them, although Marylanders were fighting in the 
Canada campaign, and favors were being granted to 
States which were clamorous for peace upon almost 
any terms. The local authorities of Baltimore, how- 
ever, were not idle, and on the 11th of March, 1813, 
the Governor visited Baltimore and directed Gen. 
Samuel Smith, of the volunteer militia, to " take the 
earliest opportunity of making the necessary arrange- 
ments of the militia for the defense cf the port of 
Baltimore." Maj. Beall, of the United States army, 
and Capt. Gordon, of the navy, were directed to co- 
operate with Gen. Smith, and Mr. James W. McCul- 
loch was appointed acting deputy quartermaster-gen- 
eral. Col. Wadsworth, of the United States ordnance 
department, was placed in charge of the defenses, 
and under his direction Fort McHenry was much 
strengthened, and Fort Covington built. The guns 
of the abandoned French frigate " L'Eole"' were 
borrowed from the consul and mounted, and to these 
Gen. Smith afterwards attributed the preservation of 



Fort McHenry. " The enemy knew they were 
mounted, and knew they carried balls of forty-two 
pounds weight, and that furnaces had been prepared to 
make them red hot." When Gen. Smith assumed 
id of the forces in 




1 A French seventy-four, 
nearly wrecked off the co 
demned and sold. 



:h came to Baltimore, Jan. 22, 1806 ; being 
she was stripped of her guns, and con- 



and around Baltimore he 
found Fort McHenry in 
no condition for a con- 
flict; "one of the plat- 
forms was rotten ; the 
water battery was totally 
destroyed ; the ground 
between the fort and thi> 
water was in its natuml 
state, affording a gooi 
cover to an attacking en- 
emy ; some of the car- 
riages within the fort gen. sAMrEL smith. 
were unfit for service; 

there were no furnaces ; and in fine, the fort was not 
in condition to repel a serious attack from a formidable 
British fleet." By direction of the Secretary of War, 
Col. J. G. Swift, of the United States Engineers, was 
sent to Baltimore, and under his direction an extensive 
line of water battery was erected in front of the fort, 
mounted with thirty-two heavy cannon, with furnaces 
attached. For a more extended defense of the city, " in- 
cluding the rear of Fort McHenry, the cove, the point 
between the fort and flag-staft' point, and the point 
opposite Fort McHenry on the northeast side of the 
harbor," he recommended to the Secretary of War " to 
have twelve eighteen-pound cannon mounted on trav- 
eling field-carriages, completely appurtenanced, at- 
taching to them two pinnaces." This train was to be 
" disposed so as to run four of the pieces with a furnace 
to any position on the Fort McHenry side, and eight of 
them with furnace to the point opposite Fort McHenry, 
to be used as the position of the enemy may require." 
He further suggested that "bridges should be con- 
structed over every creek or river in the route from 
Baltimore to any point of attack, removable at will." 
Upon taking command of the defenses of Baltimore, 
Gen. Smith made an address to the troops, in which 
he said, — 

" That the militia of Baltimore City and County stood high in the esti- 
mate of the general government and of the public generally; that as 
regulai-s could not be well spared for the protection of the diffeient sea- 
ports, the E.\ecutive of the United States had to rely on the militia of 
such places for their immediate defense; that in placing this reliance on 
the patriotic militia of this city he would not be deceived, for the alacrity 
with which they had attended to the first calls of discipline was sufficient 
evidence that they would always be found at their posts in time of need." 

On the 16tli of April, Cockburn's fleet, which had 
been slowly moving up the bay, plundering and de- 
stroying as it went, appeared at the mouth of the 
Patapsco, and threatened the city, which had already 
been "pointed out for military execution in papers 
published by citizens of the United States," the ani- 
mosities and jealousies of other cities scarcely suffer- 
ing them to conceal their joy over the impending ruin 



86 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of Baltimore.' Before this time the enemy had not 
attempted anything of great importance except what 
was incidental to a mere blockade. But now they 
stopped all intercourse with the city by water, cutting 
ofl' an immensely valuable trade and stinting her citi- 
zens of even their ordinary supplies of provisions. 
To crown all, says Mr. Niles, "'internal foes of the 
city co-operating with the enemy alarm those accus- 
tomed to deal with us from the interior, and destroy 
the whole trade and curtail the supplies for the sub- 
sistence of the people of this populous city." The 
total annihilation of trade, which threw out of em- 
ployment all classes of mechanics, and the exorbitant 
price of most of the necessaries of life, compelled a 
great number of worthy people to choose between 
emigration or dependence on charity. 

While thus assailed by her enemies and abandoned 
by those whom she had considered her friends, it was 
a fortunate thing for Baltimore that perfect good feel- 
ing prevailed between the Governor and the city, and 
that all classes of her citizens vied with each other in 
zeal for the common defense and in fortitude in bear- 
ing privation and loss. In spite of the great distress 
occasioned by the general suspension of business, the 
merchants of Baltimore about this time answered the 
application of the general government for a loan by 
a subscription of three million dollars, while on the 
13th of April, 1813, the City Council appropriated 
twenty thousand dollars for the defense of the city, 
which was directed to be expended under the direction 
of the mayor, and Messrs. James Mosher, Luke Tier- 
nan, Henry Payson, Dr. John Campbell White, James 
A. Buchanan, Samuel Sterett, and Thorndike Chase. 
This sum proving insufficient, a meeting of the citi- 
zens was held and a loan not exceeding five hundred 
thousand dollars was advised, the committee of sup- 
ply being enlarged by the addition of John E. How- 
ard, George AVarner, J. Kelso, K. Gilraor, William 
Patterson, and Messrs. Deshon & Burke. Individual 
citizens likewise made liberal subscriptions, the com- 
mittee of public supplies " rendered all the services 
that could have been obtained by the earlier appoint- 
ment of a quartermaster," and Gen. Armstrong de- 
clared that the city was "making itself ready com- 
paratively with little expense to the United States, 
and would no doubt be prepared to meet the enemy." 

While the enemy's squadron was lying off Balti- 
more, the measures for defense went on with the 
greatest activity. The militia, under the command of 
Gen. Smith, erected a water battery, mounted with 
forty-two-pounders, and built furnaces for heating 
shot, in accordance with the suggestions of Col. Swift. 
Look-out or signal boats were established far down 
the Patapsco, and cavalry, infantry, and artillery were 
stationed along the shores of the bay with a "code of 
signals." Fort McHenry was strengthened by the 
mounting of a number of thirty-two-pounders. Col. 



' History of Maryland,' 



, p. 37. 



Wad.sworth, of the United States Engineers, laid off 
other fortifications, and several old hulks were sta- 
tioned in the river for the purpo.se of being sunk in 
the channel if necessary. A small work for six guns 
was also thrown up by the brickmakers without 
charge, and in the ensuing year, during the bombard- 
ment of Fort McHenry, destroyed one of the enemy's 
barges in their night attack and compelled them to 
retreat.'- The day the enemy appeared off the Pa- 
tapsco Mr. Niles says was a proud one for Baltimore: 

"It was astonishing to perceive tlie animation of tbe pi^nple on the 
firing of tlie alarm gun. Only one spirit prevailed. There was no fear 
but the fear of being too late on duty ; no party but to repel the enemy. 
This generous feeling went through all ranlis of society. We have per- 
fect harmony (if such a thing can be), and the din of arms haa not dia- 
turbed the quiet of the citizen. The place is profoundly tranquil. The 
marching of the volunteers occasions no bustle. Ml things are done in 
decency and order. On the evening of that day they captured two 
packets from Baltimore bound for Queenstown. The packet boat ' Pa- 
tapsco' was captured by the enemy's small boats off North Point, with 
the mail, a large number of passengers, and over two thousand dollars in 
specie. The passengers were detained over night under guard, and on 
the following day were put on board an old boat, with scarcely any pro- 
visions and no water, to make the best of their way to Queenstown with 
a permit from the admiral." 

The 22d of April still found the British squadron 

lying inactive within a few miles of the city, contenting 

itself with predatory excursions and rapid raids into 

the adjacent country, in which, however, they got 

little else than hard knocks. It is quite evident that 

the military authorities expected to come into close 

quarters with the enemy, for we find Gen. Smith, on 

the 27th of April, writing to Edward Johnson, mayor 

of the city, at the suggestion of Col. Wadsworth, to 

advise that the fire-engines and fire companies be 

held in readiness in case of attack, "so that in such 

an emergency [which doubtless meant the firing of 

the city by the anticipated bombardment] they may 

be employed with the best practical effect." These 

apprehensions might possibly have been realized but 

for the vigorous preparations for defense that had 

been made, and the prudent precautions adopted by 

Gen. Smith to prevent the enemy from sounding the 

river and examining the fort. Under the pretext of 

transmitting a letter to the Secretary of War, Admiral 

Cockburn sent a flag up the river, which, by Gen. 

Smith's instructions, was met at a distance of four 

] miles by his aide-de-camp, and detained by Capt. 

1 Chaytor, who commanded one of the flotilla barges at 

' that point, until an answer could be returned. While 

! waiting for Gen. Smith's reply, the British messenger 

' asked whether the guns of the French seventy-four 

had been mounted, and was told that the heaviest 

I had been placed in position ; and this information, it 

1 was afterwards said in the fleet, prevented an attack 

being made at that time. ' Finding Baltimore too well 

prepared to be attacked with any hope of success by 

2 It would seem that Fort McHenry was further strengthened by the 
"first marine artillery of tlie Union," described as "a body of invaluable 
men, masters and mates of vessels," to whom the city is representetl as 
" indebted for the transportation and mounting of twenty great guns for 
a new battery there." 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



the force then under his command, Admiral Cockburn 
proceeded to revenge himself for his disappointment 
by plundering Sharp's, Poole's, Tilghman's, and Poplar 
Islands, and by dispatching expeditions for the de- 
struction of the towns and villages at the head of the 
bay. This savage mode of warfare not unnaturally j 
spread terror through all adjacent parts of the State, { 
and a report having reached Baltimore on the 5th of 
May that the British were once more advancing to 
attack the city, the alarm guns were fired, and the 
city was thrown into great bustle and apparent con- 
fusion. It was calculated that upwards of five thousand 
men were under arms and in their proper places an 
hour after the alarm was given. In the afternoon it 
was discovered that the alarm was a false one, and 
the soldiers were dismissed. An attack was still ex- 
pected, however, for many women and children were 
sent away to places of safety, and work was actively 
continued on twenty large barges and several gun- 
boats intended for the special defense of the city. 

On the 1st of June, Admiral Warren entered the 
Chesapeake with a considerable naval reinforcement 
for Cockburn and Beresford, bearing a large number 
of land troops and marines under the command of 
Sir Sidney Beckwith. The British force now in the 
Chesapeake consisted of eight ships of the line, twelve 
frigates, and a considerable number of small vessels. 
Such a force evidently foreshadowed an attack upon 
some important point. By the capture of the bay 
craft they were supplied with numerous tenders pre- 
cisely adapted to the navigation of our waters. With 
these and their barges they made repeated expedi- 
tions, and kept the country in a state of constant 
alarm. Baltimore, believing herself to be the chief 
object of this expedition, made every preparation to 
receive the enemy. Several companies of militia and 
volunteers from Prince George's and the other counties 
of the State were ordered to the defense of the city, 
and relieved the citizens for a time from the fatigues 
of garrison duty. Brig. -Gen. Miller commanded in i 
June a stationary force of two thousand men, which, 
with the local strength, was supposed suflicient for 
any emergency. To repel the advances which the I 
increased power of the enemy now authorized him to ' 
attempt, the militia throughout the State were more 
regularly embodied, and the Governor called the at- 
tention of the more distant militia ofiicers to their 
powers and duties under the laws. In the latter part 
of May, Governor Winder convened the Legislature 
in extra session, and that body, while deprecating the 
singular manner in which Maryland's application for 
assistance had been received by the Federal govern- 
ment, with that spirit of unselfish patriotism which 
distinguished her citizens throughout the war, ap- 
propriated the sum of one hundred thousand dollars 
for the defense of the State. A further application i 
to the government for protection against invasion 
resulted in the reply that " so far as expenditures I 
have arisen or shall arise, in consequence of militia ' 



calls made by the State, without the participation of 
the United States, no provision is found to exist under 
the present laws." While the Legislature was thus 
taking measures for that protection which the general 
government refused to afford, a respectable memorial 
was presented to it from the citizens of Baltimore, 
setting forth the undefended state of the city, and the 
fact that the city banks had, in the emergency, made 
a loan for the purpose of strengthening the fortifica- 
tions and arming the citizens ; of which loan they 
prayed the Legislature to assume such part as might 
not be refunded by the Federal government. They 
further asked that, as the Assembly might not be able 
to con.sider the matter at once, the municipal authori- 
ties might be authorized to levy a tax on the citizens 
to liquidate the debt pending the ultimate action of 
the Legislature. Both of these requests, however, 
were refused. 

On the 8th of August three ships of the line, five 
frigates, three brigs, two schooners, and a number of 
small vessels moved in sight of Baltimore, as if de- 
signing an attack. Promptly the forts were manned, 
and seven hundred men of Col. Jamison's regiment 
of the Baltimore County brigade were ordered "to 
defend a narrow pass of high land seven or eight 
miles from the city towards North Point." The 
cavalry of the Baltimore City and County brigades 
of militia, under the command of Lieut.-Cols. Biays 
and Moore, assembled on Hampstead Hill, and pro- 
ceeded to North Point to make themselves better ac- 
quainted with the ground in case the enemy should 
attempt to land, while on the elevated grounds east of 
the city (now Patterson Park) about forty pieces of 
artillery, eighteen, twelve, six, and four-pounders, 
mounted on field-carriages, were collected, and the 
"marine artillery company," Capt. George Stiles, 
manned their " marine battery" of forty -two-pounders 
on the water front of Fort McHenry .' Awed probably 
by these formidable preparations, the British forces 
determined to turn their attention to weaker points, 
and accordingly resumed their savage warfare on the 
Eastern Shore. While the citizens of Maryland were 
thus energetically engaged in the protection of their 
own firesides, they also bore an ample part in the 
dangers and honors of the arduous campaign on the 
frontiers of Canada; and though sorely pressed at 
home, over a thousand volunteers and recruits from 
the city and State were sent forward to the main army 
during the summer of 1813. Nothing more important 
than skirmishes took place in this quarter until April 
27, 1813, when the town of York, now called Toronto, 
was captured. Capt. Stephen H. Moore's company 
of Baltimore volunteers had the honor to be in the 
advance, and nobly sustained the character of their 
native city for gallantry and steady courage. In the 

1 Among Baltimore's defenders at this time was Capt. Brooker's corps 
of Richmond and Washington volunteers, and according to the captain, 
" never were soldiers more hospitably entertained" than were these 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



midst of the assault the magazine of one of the bar- 
racks, containing five hundred pounds of powder, blew 
up, killing and wounding more than two hundred of 
the victorious column. Two of Capt. Moore's com- 
pany were killed by the explosion, five men severely 
wounded, and he himself received injuries necessita- 
ting the amputation of his leg. The " Baltimore Vol- 
unteers," however, had the satisfaction, when the town 
capitulated that afternoon, of placing in advance of 
any other, the flag presented to them by the ladies of 
the Seventh Ward, " on the highest pinnacle of the 
Government House in the capital of Upper Canada." 
On the 27th of May, Fort George was attacked and 
taken, and in this action also Baltimore and Mary- 
land volunteers were in the front of the battle. In 
the struggle at Burlington Heights, on the 6th of June, 
they also took a prominent part; and Gen. Lewis, in 
his official report of the action, says, " Hindman, 
Nicholas, Biddle, and Towson are young soldiers who 
would do honor to any service;" and to the troops 
under their command, with a few others, he ascribes 
the salvation of the army. 

The overthrow of Napoleon in the spring of 1814 
left Great Britain free to increase her forces in the 
United States, and to supply what had hitherto been 
wanting, — a land force to co-operate with the squad- 
ron, which, without it, could do nothing of import- 
ance. It was therefore resolved to increase Cock- 
burn's fleet in the Chesapeake, and to send over a 
large body of veteran troops who had served under 
Wellington in Spain. Stronger preparations for de- 
fense were also made 
on this side. Commo- 
dore Joshua Barney was 
placed by the Navy De- 
partment in command of 
a flotilla, or small fleet 
of gunboats and barges, 
fitted out in Baltimore in 
the summer of 1813 to 
defend the shores of the 
; and though not 
able to attack Cockburn's 
ships, he did great ser- 
vice in checking and 
driving off' the enemy's 
raiding-parties. In April, 1814, his little fleet was 
ready for active service, and after several minor en- 
gagements won a considerable naval victory over the 
enemy on the 10th of June in St. Leonard's Creek. 

It was known that a serious attack was intended 
upon Baltimore or Washington, and Brig.-Gen. Wil- 
liam n. Winder, lately exchanged, and returned from 
Canada, where he had been kept prisoner since his 
capture at Stony Creek, was placed in command of 
the military district which embraced Maryland, the 
District of Columbia, and part of Virginia. He en- 
tered upon his duties with the utmost energy, but 
soon fiiund tlial tlu' new district was "without maga- 





zines of provisions or forage, without transport tools 
or implements, without a commissariat or efficient 
quartermaster's department, without a general staff", 
and finally without troops." He urged the govern- 
ment to call out four 
thousand militia, part to 
be stationed near Balti- 
I more, and part between 
South River and Wash- 
ington, so as to be ablf 
to support each other in 
case of a landing of the 
enemy. The govern- 
ment, however, paid im 
attention to his request, 
and all the force he 
could muster was about 
a thousand regulars and gp„ „. ^ windkr. 

an uncertain number of 

militia. On the 14th of August, Admiral Cochrane 
arrived in the Chesapeake with a fleet, bringing more 
than three thousand veteran troops from France, under 
Gen. Robert Ross, and the plan of attack was at once 
arranged. A portion of the force, under Capt. Gordon, 
was sent up the Potomac to bombard Fort Washing- 
i ton and open the way to the capital ; a few vessels, 
under Sir Peter Parker, were dispatched up the Ches- 
apeake, as if to attack Baltimore, while the main 
! body, under Admiral Cochrane, ascended the Patux- 
ent, as if to engage Barney's flotilla, which was lying 
I near Nottingham, but really with the design of attack- 
ing Washington if there seemed a reasonable prospect 
I- of taking it. On August 19th and 20th, Cochrane 
landed about four thousand five hundred men at Bene- 
dict, on the west bank of the Patuxent, who at once 
began their march northward under the command of 
I Gen. Ross. Cockburn's flotilla of barges went up the 
i river at the same time, and after compelling Barney to 
j set fire to his boats at Mount Pleasant, joined Ross at 
Upper Marlborough, and on the 24th of August the 
whole force marched for Bladensburg, where a battle 
ensued between the British forces under Gen. Ross 
i and the Americans under Gen. Winder. The Amer- 
I leans were completely routed, and the British entering 
I Washington burned the capitol and other public 
buildings. The Baltimoreans at Bladensburg were 
under the command of Gen. Tobias Stansbury, of 
I that city, and consisted of two regiments of militia, 
I — the Fifth Regiment of Baltimore volunteers, under 
I Lieut. -Col. Sterett, Maj. William Pinkney's rifle bat- 
i talion, and two companies of volunteer artillery, with 
! six-pounders, under Capts. Myers and Magruder, also 
from Baltimore. Commodore Barney, with his sailors, 
j had charge of a battery of heavy guns, and were sup- 
ported by United States marines. The Baltimore 
troops, about eight hundred in all, " worn down with 
hunger and fatigue," reached Bladensburg on the 
evening of the 2nd. 



After I 



Wasli 



rton it became evident 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



that Baltimore would be next attacked. A feeling 
of special hostility was entertained against this city 
on account of the mischief done by its privateers, and 
the high spirit and courage of its people. An emi- 
nent British statesman declared that Baltimore was 
" the great depository of the hostile spirit of the 
United States against England," and Admiral Warren 
said, " Baltimore is a doomed town." A London paper 
said, "The American navy must be annihilated, their 
arsenals and dockyards must be consumed, and the 
truculent inhabitants of Baltimore must be tamed 
with the weapons which shook the wooden turrets of 
Copenhagen." Indeed, Gen. Ross openly boasted that 
though the heavens " rained militia," he would make 
his winter-quarters in Baltimore. Thus forewarned, 
the inhabitants of Baltimore immediately set about 
making further preparations for defense. Up to this 
time half a million of dollars had been expended in 
the defense of the city, under the direction of the 
mayor, Edward Johnson, and a Committee of Safety 
composed of James Mosher, Luke Tiernan, Henry 
Payson, Dr. J. C. White, James A. Buchanan, Samuel 
Sterett, and Thorndike Chase. A Committee of Vigi- 
lance and Safety, of which Mayor Johnson was chair- 
man and Theodorick Bland secretary, co-operated 
unceasingly with the military, and on the 27th of 
August, three days after the battle of Bladensburg, 
issued the following order : 

" Whereas, the coniDiaudiug officer has required the Hid of tlie citizens 
in the erection of worlis for the defense of the city, the Committee of 
Vigilance and Safety having full confidence iu the patriotism of tlieir 
feliow-citizens, have agreed on the following organization for the pur- 
pose of complying with the request of the major-general : 

"The inhabitants of the city and precincts are called on to deposit at 
the court-house, in the Third Ward; Centre Market, in the Fifth Ward; 
market-house, Fell's Point ; riding-school, in the Seventh Ward ; or take 
with them to the place required, all wheelbarrows, pick-axes, spades, and 
shovels that they can procure. 

"That the city and precincts be divided into four sections, the first 
section to consist of the eastern precincts and the Eighth Ward; the 
second to comprise the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Wards ; the third to 
comprise the Second, Third, and Fourth Wards ; and the fourth to com- 
prise the First Ward and western precincts. 

" That the exempts from military duty and the free people of color of 
the First District, consistiug of the eight wards and eastern precincts, 
assemble to-morrow, Sunday, morning at six o'clock at Hampstead Hill, 
with provisions for the day, and that Arthur Mitchell, Daniel Conn, 
Henry Pennington, John Chalmers, William Starr, Thomas Weary, 
Henry Harwood, and Philip Cornmiller be charged with their superin- 
tendence during the day. 

"That those of the Second District, comprising the Fifth, Sixth, and 
Seventh Wards, assemble at Myer Garden on Monday morning at six 
o'clock, under the superintendence of William Parks, Capt. Watts, Lud- 
wig Herring, William Ross, William Carman, Daniel Howlaud, Caleb 
Earnest, and James Button. 

" That those of the Third District, comprising the Second, Third, and 
Fourth Wards, assemble at Washington Square on Tuesday morning at 
six o'clock, under the superintendence of Frederick Leypold, William 
McCleary, John McKim, Jr., Henry Schroeder, Alexander McDonald, 
Eli Hewitt, Peter Gold, and Alexander Kussell. 

"That those of the Fourth District, comprising the First Ward and 
western precincts, assemble at the intersection of Eutaw and Market 
[Baltimore] Streets on Wednesday morniug at six o'clock, under the 
superintendence of William W.Taylor, William Jessops, Edward Harris, 
George Decker, William Hawkins, Isaac Philips, William Jones, and 
John Hignet. 

" The owners of slaves are requested to send them to work on the days 
assigned in the several districts. 



" Such of our patriotic fellow-citizens of the county or elsewhere as 
are disposed to aid iu the common defense are invited to partake in the 
duties now required on such of the days as may be most convenient to 

On the same' day the committee adopted further 
resolutions calling upon all good citizens to keep a 
careful watch upon all suspected persons, and to con- 
tribute to the defense of the city.'- 

A committee composed of Col. John E. Howard, 
Richard Frisby, and Robert Stewart was appointed to 
wait on Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith and request him to 
assume military command of the city in accordance 
with the expressed desire of Brig.-Gen. Strieker, Maj. 
Armistead, Capt. Spence, and Commodore Perry, who 
was then in Baltimore. On the 2d of September the 
Committee of Vigilance and Safety, in view of the 
distress occasioned among many of the poorer fam- 
ilies by the absence of husbands, brothers, and fathers 
in the army, adopted the following resolution, and 
appointed a Committee of Relief to solicit subscrip- 
tions for their support. In order more etfectually to 
carry out this good work, committees of inspection 
were appointed, who were directed to ascertain and 
relieve the meritorious poor in their respective wards.* 

About the same time the committee called upon 
the " good people of this and the neighboring States 
to bring to the city for sale" supplies for the support 
of the troops, assuring all who should " visit the city 
for this laudable purpose" that they should be " free 
from the danger of impressment of their horses, 
wagons, or carts, or of any species of interruption to 
themselves." 

To these various appeals all classes of citizens re- 
sponded with generous enthusiasm ; their ordinary 
avocations, which until this time had scarcely been 
interrupted, were now altogether laid aside, and every 



1 The Committee of Vigilance and Safety was composed of the follow- 
ing members: Henry Stouffer, Solomon Etting, Elias EUicott, Samuel 
Hollingsworth, Benjamin Berry, Henry Payson, William Lorman, James 
A. Buchanan, William Wilson, William Patterson. Adam Fonerden, 
James Wilson, Joseph Janiieson, Cumberland Dugan, William Camp, 
James Armstrong, James Taylor, Peter Boud, Robert Stewart, Fred. 
Schaeffer, Richard Stevens, Hezekiah Waters, David Burke, George 
Woelper, Hermanns Alricks, John Kelso, Richard Frisby, Col. J. E. 
Howard, George Warner, and Theodorick Bland. 

- The patriotic ardor of the citizens is well illustrated by the reply of 
John Eager Howard to a suggestion of surrender : " I have," said be, " as 
much property at stake as most persons, and I have four sons in the 
field. But sooner would I see my sons weltering in their blood and my 
property reduced to ashes than so far disgrace the countiy." "Put nie 
down for fifty thousand dollars for the defense of Baltimore," said Isaac 
McKim when he heard Boss was coming. 

^ The Committee of Relief was composed of James Ellicott, W. W. 
Taylor, Elisha Tyson, Richard H. Jones, L. Wethered, Luke Tiernan, 
William Riley, James Mosher, Joseph Townsend, Peter Diflfonderfier, 
William Brown, Daniel Difi^enderfl'er, William Trimble, William Mande, 
William Procter, and John Ogsden. 

■•The ward committees were; First Ward — Isaac Tyson, Isaac Mc- 
pherson, Christian Keller, John Hignet. Secmtd ITard— Elisha Tyson, 
Cornelius Comegys, Richard H. Jones, and Moses Sheppard. Third Ward 
— L. Wethered, Luke Tiernan, Henry Schroeder. Fourth Ward—Jamee 
Sloan, William Riley, John McClure. Fifth Ward— Baitzer Shaefl'er, 
Daniel Rowland, Samuel McKim. Sixth IFurd— William Ross, Jacob 
Miller, William Brown. BeeenDi ITard— William Trimble, William 
Paiks, Samuel Wilson, Joshua Mott. Eighth Wurd— James H. Clarke, 
Nathaniel Knight, John Murphy. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



one who could wield a musket, even old men and boys, j 
were found in the ranks, and each day marched to ' 
the sound of martial music to their occupation of 
laboring on the line of the intrenchments and fortifi- 
cations. ( 

The chief fortifications constructed by the citizens j 
were two long lines of breastworks, extending from 
Harris' Creek northward across Loudenslager's or 
Hampstead's Hill (now the site of Patterson Park), ' 
about a mile in length, along which at short dis- 
tances semi-circular batteries were thrown up, armed 
with cannon on field-carriages. Behind these on 
more elevated sites, commanding the lower line, were 
several additional batteries, one of which, known as 
Rogers' Bastion, may still be seen, well preserved, on 
the harbor side of Patterson Park, overlooking Fort 
McHenry and the surrounding country. There were 
also connecting lines of breastworks and rifle-pits, 
running parallel with the northern boundary of the i 
city, commanded in turn by inner bastions and bat- ! 
teries, the precise location of which is not known. I 

Nor was the water approach neglected. A four-gun 
battery was constructed at Lazaretto Point, Canton, 
and between this point and Fort McHenry, across 
the mouth of the harbor, a number of vessels were 
sunk. Southwest of the fort, near what is now Wi- 
nans' wharf, guarding the middle branch of the Pa- 
tapsco from the landing of troops who might en- j 
deavor to assail Fort McHenry in the rear, were two 
redoubts, five hundred yards apart, and called Fort 
Covington and the City Battery.' 

In the rear of these, upon the high ground at the j 
foot of Light Street, on the present site of Battery 
Square, was the Circular Battery of seven guns. A 
long line of platforms for a battery were erected a 
few yards in front of Fort McHenry, which was 
called the Water Battery, and upon which was | 
mounted a number of forty-two-pounder guns bor- 
rowed from the French consul. 

The British army, after several days' rest, having 
replenished their store of fresh provisions by plun- , 
dering the people on the shores of the Patuxent, at 
daybreak on the 6th of September embarked on 
board of their fleet, weighed anchor, and stood with 1 
a fair wind for the Chesapeake. After sailing down j 
the bay, at mid-day on the 7th they entered the Po- 
tomac, and after moving up that stream for two days, 
for the purpose of deceiving the Americans and to 
keep them in suspense as to the next point of attack, 
on the night of the 9th the whole squadron hastened 
back to the Chesapeake and stood for the mouth of 
the Patapsco. 

It was probably this and the other delays succeed- 



1 In 1854 a joiut resolution was introduced in tlie City Council re- 
queBting the Seuatora from Maryland in Congress to procure the passage 
of an act donating tlie old battery, known as Fort Covington, iu the 
Seventeenth Ward, and the adjacent ground, belonging to the United 
States government, to the city of Baltimore for the purpose of converting 
it into a public square, which is now known as Biversiile Park. 



ing the capture of Washington which saved Balti- 
more from the hands of the enemy. On the evening 
of the 24th of August, Washington was in the posses- 
sion of the British army, and on the morning after 
the battle the enemy was again at Bladensburg, on 
his retreat to Benedict. Had Ross made directly for 
Baltimore at this time, attacking it from the west 
side, he would doubtless have effected its capture. 
But the time between the 24th of August and the 
12th of September afforded the necessary opportunity 
for the reorganization of the army that had been 
beaten at Bladensburg and the concentration of fresh 
troops at Baltimore. An immediate attack from the 
western and northern sides of the city would, more- 
over, not only have prevented the formation of an 
effective army of defense at Baltimore, but would 
have rendered the formidable batteries at Fort Mc- 
Henry and the fortifications and intrenchments on 
the eastern and northern sides entirely unavailable. 
As it was. Gen. Ross waited until a strong army had 
been thrown into Baltimore, and then advanced 
against it directly in the teeth of the numerous bat- 
teries and fortifications on the eastern side of the 
city. History presents but few instances of such ac- 
commodating generalship. 

On Sunday evening, September 11th, about seventy 
of the enemy's vessels were anchored off" North Point, 
about twelve miles from the city of Baltimore by 
water, and fourteen by land. The beautiful moon- 
light night was chiefly spent by the fleet in preparing 
for an immediate debarkation. At three o'clock on 
Monday morning, the 12th, the boats of every ship 
were lowered, and the troops landed under cover of 
several gun-brigs anchored within a cable's length of 
the beach. The boats went in divisions, the leading 
one of each being armed with a carronade. By seven 
o'clock they had landed a force of about seven thou- 
sand men, composed of infantry, artillery, marines, 
and sailors, completely equipped, each man bearing 
eighty rounds of ammunition, a spare shirt and 
blanket, and cooked provisions for a three days' 
march. The most perfect system characterized every 
movement. Not the slightest doubt as to the result 
existed in the minds of the officers who planned the 
campaign, and the troops looked eagerly forward to 
the promised plunder. 

The final arrangements having been made, the 
Light Brigade, commanded by Maj. Jones, of the 
Forty-first Regiment, led the advance ; then followed 
the artillery, consisting of six field-pieces and two 
howitzers, all of them drawn by horses ; next came 
the Second Brigade, then the sailors, and, last of all, 
the Third Brigade. Flank patrols and reconnoitering 
parties were likewise sent out. Thus it was that the in- 
vading army, under the leadership of Gen. Ross and a 
brilliant array of stafl^-oflicers, marched towards th'e 
" doomed town" on Monday morning, Sept. 12, 1814. 
At the same time the frigate's bomb-ketches and 
small vessels, under Admiral Cockburn, approached 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



and ranged themselves in a formidable line to bom- j 
bard the fort and the city. 

In the mean time the citizens were not idle, though 
the disasters which had befallen our arms in previous 
encounters gave but slight ground for hope of success 
in any contest with veterans fresh from victorious 
strife with the legions and the genius of Napoleon. 
The unhappy field of Bladensburg was fresh in their 
memory, and the smouldering ruins of Washington 
showed the fate to which Baltimore was doomed if 
the invaders were successful. " The prospect to 
which they looked forward was indeed gloomy, — to 
the sailor, imprisonment and fetters; to the soldier- 
citizen, the prison-ship ; to the merchant, confisca- 
tion and ruin ; to the house-owner, the torch of the 
incendiary; and to the chaste matron and her pjire 
and beautiful daughters, the foul license of a brutal 
soldiery. But the storm of war shook not their firm 
hearts. The citizen-soldiery of Baltimore on that 
gloomy Sunday bade a tearful adieu to their wives 
and children, put on the harness of battle, and 
went forth to meet the insolent invader." 

The city now became an active military camp. 
Those who could afford it 
sent their wives and chil- 
dren out of the city. The 
banks suspended specie pay- 
ments, and much valuable 
property was removed to the 
interior for protection. The 
batteries and intrenchments 
were all manned. Commo- 
dore Rogers, who had gen- 
eral charge of the batteries 
with about twelve hundred 
men-of-war's-men, in his of- 
ficial report gives the posi- 
tion of his respective batteries and forces as follows: 

'* In the general distribution of the forces employed in the defense of 
Baltimore, with the' concurrence of the commanding general, I stationed 
Lieut. Gamble, first of the ' Guerriere,' with about one hundred seamen, 
in command of a seven-gnn battery, on the line between the roads lead- 
tug from Pliiladelphia and Sparrow's Point. 

"Sailing-Master De la Zouch, of the ' Erie,' and Midshipman Field, 
of the ' Guerriere,' with twenty seamen, in command of a two-gun bat- 
tery, fronting the road leading from Sparrow's Point. 

"Sailing-Master Uaniage, of the * Guerriere,' with twenty seamen, in 
command of a iive-gnn battery, to the right of Sparrow's Point road. 

"And Midshipman Salter, with twelve seamen, in command of a one- 
gun buttery, a little to the right of Mr. Kamage. 

" Lieut. Kuhn, with the detachment of marines belonging to the 
* Guerriere,' was posted in the entrenchment between the batteries occu- 
pied by Lieut. Gamble and Sailing-Master Ramage. 

" Lieut. Newcomb, third of the ' Guerriere,' with eighty seamen, occti- 
pied Fort Covington, on the Ferry Branch, a little below Spring Gardens. 

" Sailing-Master Webster, of the flotilla, with fifty seamen of that 
corps, occupied a six-gun battery on the Ferry Branch, known by the 
name of Babcock. 

" Lieut. Frazier, of the flotilla, with forty-five seamen of the same corps, 
occupied a three-gun battery near the Lazaretto. 

" And Lieut. Kutter, the senior olBcer of the flotilla, in command of all 
the barges, which were moored at the entrance of the passage between I 
the Lazaretto and Kort McHenrj-, in the left wing of the Water Battery, I 
at which was stationed Sailing-Master Hodman and fifty-four seamen of 
the flotilla." 





Fort McHenry was under the immediate command 
of Maj. George Armistead, of the United States 
artillery. His force consisted of one company of 
United States artillery, Capt. Evans, and two compa- 
nies of Sea Fencibles, under Capts. Bunberry and Addi- 
son. Of these three companies thirty-five men were 
unfortunately on the sick-list and unfit for duty. Gen. 
Smith also furnished him with Capt. Joshua H. Nich- 
olson's (Judge) volunteer artillery company of the 
" Baltimore Fencibles," and 
the " Washington Artillery" 
under Capt. John Berry, and 
the " Baltimore Independent 
Artillerists," Capt. Charles 
Pennington, all of Col. David 
Harris' regiment of the Bal- 
timore artillery. A detach- 
ment of Commodore Bar- 
ney's flotilla, under Lieut. 
Rodman, also volunteered 
their services. In addition. 
Gen. Winder furnished Maj. 
Armistead with about six \n.i. ukijuck \hmistk.vi). 
hundred infantry, under the 

command of Lieut.-Col. Stewart and Maj. Lane, con- 
sisting of detachments from the Twelfth, Fourteenth, 
Thirty-sixth, and Thirty-eighth Regiments of the 
United States infantry, — the total force in the fort 
amounting to about one thousand efiectivc men. 

Maj. Armistead arranged his force in the following 
manner : The regular artillerists, under Capt. Evans, 
and the volunteers, under Capt. Nicholson, manned 
the bastions in the star fort ; Bunbury's, Addison's, 
Rodman's, Berry's, and lieutenant commanding Pen- 
nington's command were stationed on the lower works ; 
and the infantry were in the outer ditch to meet the 
enemy in case they effected a landing. 

The Franklin Artillery, Capt. Joseph Myers ; Bal- 
timore Union Artillery, Capt. John Montgomery; 
American Artillerists, Capt. Richard B. Magruder; 
Eagle Artillerists, Capt. George J. Brown ; First Bal- 
timore Volunteer Artillery, Capt. Abraham Pyke; 
Steiner's Artillery, of Frederick, Capt. Henry Steiner ; 
United Maryland Artillery, Capt. James Piper; and 
Columbian Artillery, Capt. Samuel Moale, all under 
the general command of Lieut.-Col. David Harris, 
took positions in the various lines and batteries. The 
trenches were occupied by some seven thousand 
militiamen and volunteer infantry, chiefly composed 
of our own citizens. A portion of these were the First 
Rifle Battalion of Maryland militia, commanded by 
Maj. Wm. Pinkney, in which were the Sharpshooters, 
Capt. Edward Aisquith ; Union Yagers, Capt. Dominic 
Bader ; and Fell's Point Riflemen, Capt. William B. 
Dyer. The Fifth Regiment was commanded by Lieut.- 
Col. Joseph Sterett, and contained the Baltimore 
Yagers, Capt. Philip B. Sadtler; First Baltimore 
Light Infantry, Capt. John Skrim ; Mechanical Vol- 
unteers, Capt. Benjamin C. Howard; Washington 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Blues, Capt. George H. Steuart; independent com- 
pany, Capt. Samuel Sterett; Baltimore United Vol- 
unteers, Capt. David Warfield ; Union Volunteers, 
Capt. Christian Adreon ; Baltimore Patriots, Capt. 
Robert Lawson ; and the Independent Blues, Capt. 
Aaron R. Levering. The Sixth Regiment was com- 
manded by Lieut.-Col. Wm. McDonald, and comprised 
eleven companies, commanded respectively by Capts. 
Thomas Sheppard, Gerrard Wilson, Peter Gait, Wm. 
Brown, Thomas L. Lawrence, Benjamin Ringgold, 
Luke Kierstead, Samuel McDonald, Robert Conway, 
Nicholas Burke, and John G. Dixon. The Twenty- 
seventh Regiment was commanded by Lieut.-Col. 
Kennedy Long, and comprised eight companies, com- 
manded by Capts. James McConkey, John Kennedy, 
James Dillon, Benjamin Edes, John McKane, Peter 
Pinney, George Steever, and Daniel Schwarzauer. 
The Thirty-ninth Regiment was commanded by Lieut.- 
Col. Benjamin Fowler, and contained eight compa- 
nies, commanded by Capts. Archibald Dobbin, Thomas 
Warner, Thomas Watson, John D. Miller, Andrew E. 
Warner, Henry Myers, Joseph K. Stapleton, and Wm. 
Roney. The Fifty -first Regiment was commanded by 
Lieut.-Col. Henry Amey, and contained eight compa- 
nies, officered by Capts. Jacob Deems, Wm. Chalmers, 
John H. Rogers, Michael Haubert, John Stewart, 
James Foster, Michel Peters, and Andrew Smith. 
The Fifth Regiment of Maryland Cavalry was com- 
manded by Lieut.-Col. James Biays, and contained 
the Independent Light Dragoons, Capt. Jehu Boul- 
din ; First Baltimore Hussars, Capt. James Sterett ; 
Maryland Chasseurs, Capt. James Horton; and the 
Fell's Point Light Dragoons, Capt. John Hanna. 

The York Volunteers, attached to the Fifth Regi- 
ment, were commanded by Capt. Michael H. Spang- 
ler; the Hanover Volunteers, attached to the Thirty- 
ninth Regiment, by Capt. Frederick Metzger; the 
Hagerstown Volunteers, attached to the same regi- 
ment, by Capt. Thomas Quantrill ; and the Maryland 
Cavalry by Capt. Jacob Baer. 

The Eleventh Brigade, Third Division, was under 
the command of Brig.-Gen. Tobias E. Stansbury. 
The First Brigade was commanded by Brig.-Gen. 
Thomas Forman, and the Third Brigade by Brig.-Gen. 
John Strieker. 

The command of the whole military force of the 
city devolved upon Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith. Gen. 
William H. Winder arrived in Baltimore on Septem- 
ber 10th, and assumed command of a division. 

We have thus mentioned the more important prep- 
arations made for the reception of the enemy, desig- 
nated the fortified lines of defense, and given the 
relative positions of the troops. As we have already 
stated, intelligence reached the city of the arrival of 
the enemy's fleet, which was announced to the people 
on Sunday afternoon, Sept. 11, 1814, by the fire of 
three cannon from the court-house green. This signal 
threw the city into the most intense excitement. The 
churches were at once dismissed; the congregations 




flocked homeward ; the drums beat to arms ; men on 
horseback rapidly galloped to and fro through the 
streets rousing the people, and all hastened to their 
mustering-places. Each man was supplied with one 
day's provisions and thirty-six rounds of ammunition. 

It was decided to send out a reconnoitering-party 
to " feel the enemy." The question being raised who 
should compose this party, it was speedily settled by 
the gallantry of Gen. Strieker, who claimed it as a 
right, as the brigade which he had the honor to com- 
mand consisted entirely of Baltimore militia, and 
should be foremost in defending their homes. The 
order was accordingly given, and about three o'clock 
his brigade, consisting of five hundred and fifty of the 
Fifth Regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Sterett ; six hun- 
dred and twenty of the Sixth, under Lieut.-Col. Mc- 
Donald; five hundred of the Twenty -seventh, under 
Lieut.-Col. Long; four hun- 
dred and fifty of the Thirty- 
ninth, under Lieut.-Col. 
Fowler ; seven hundred of 
the Fifty-first, under Lieut.- 
Col. Amey ; one hundred 
and fifty riflemen, under 
Capt. Dyer; one hundred 
and forty cavalry, under 
Lieut.-Col. Biays, and the 
Union Artillery of seventy- 
five men, with six four- 
pounders, under Capt. 
Montgomer}-, making an 

aggregate of three thousand one hundred and eighty- 
five effective men, marched out Baltimore Street upon 
the Philadelphia road. The troops were full of en- 
thusiasm, and marched forth with all the glitter of a 
dress parade. On passing tlie outer breastworks and 
batteries, moving steadily on in brisk step to stirring 
music, with flags fluttering in the breeze, they were 
greeted with enthusiastic cheers. 

The route of march was the old Philadelphia 
road to Long Log Lane (now known as North Point 
road), and thence to the Methodist meeting-house 
near the head of Bear Creek, seven miles from the 
city. Here the troops bivouacked for the night, with 
the exception of the riflemen, wiio were posted along 
the skirts of a low pine wood, near a blacksmith-shop, 
two miles in advance ; while the calvary were pushed 
still ftirther forward and stationed at the end of Gor- 
such's farm, a mile and a half beyond, with orders to 
place videttes in tlie vicinity of the enemy to main- 
tain a careful watch and patrol, and to report promptly 
to headquarters every movement of the enemy. 

At seven o'clock on Monday morning, September 
12th, information was received from the advanced 
scouts that the enemy were debarking troops undei; 
cover of their gunboats, which lay off the blufi" 
of North Point, within the mouth of the Patapsco. 
Immediately upon receipt of this intelligence Gen. 
Strieker sent back his baggage under a strong 



GEN. JOHN STRICKER. 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



guard, and moved forward three-fourths of a mile 
with the Fifth and Twenty-seventh Regiments and 
his battery. With these he formed the first line of 
battle, as follows : the Fifth Regiment he posted on 
the edge of a thick oak forest, behind a rail-fence, at 
right angles with the road, on which the left flank 
rested, while the right extended to Bear Creek. The 
Twenty-seventh Regiment occupied the correspond- 
ing position on the other side of the road, on which 
their right rested, their left being covered by a branch 
of Back River and a marsh. They were also on the 
skirts of a wood and behind a rail-fence. The artil- 
lery was stationed directly at the head of the lane 
between the two regiments. The Thirty-ninth Regi- 
ment was placed about three hundred yards in the 
rear of the Twenty-seventh, and the Fifty-first about 
the same distance in the rear of the Fifth, forming a 
parallel to the front line. The Sixth Regiment formed 
a reserve, and was stationed in front of a rail-fence, 
about half a mile back of the second line of battle. 
Having thus formed his battle-lines, Gen. Strieker 
gave orders that the Fifth and Twenty-seventh Regi- 
ments should receive the enemy on their approach, 
and, if necessary, fall back through the Fifty-first 
and Thirty-ninth Regiments, and form on the right 
of the Sixth. The riflemen were deployed where 
they had been stationed, the evening before, behind a 
large sedge-field, with a thick wood of pine or fir in 
their rear ; and as the cavalry, still in front, were to 
inform them of the enemy's approach, they were 
ordered to take advantage of the covering of the 
wood and to annoy his advance. Meanwhile, the 
British forces were moving rapidly up the main road, 
and horsemen continually coming in announced their 
near approach. Just at this time, greatly to the gen- 
eral's surprise, he discovered that the entire body of 
riflemen were falling back to the main position, hav- 
ing listened to a groundless rumor that the enemy 
were landing on Back River to cut them off. This 
part of the plan having been frustrated, the rifle corps 
was placed on the right of the front line, by this 
means better securing that flank. After marching 
for an hour or more the enemy, feeling perfectly con- 
fident of success, halted at Gorsuch's farm, where they 
spent another hour in resting and robbing hen-roosts, 
etc. 

When the Americans heard of these proceedings of 
the enemy, several officers volunteered to dislodge 
them. Levering's and Howard's companies, about one 
hundred and fifty in number, from the Fifth Regi- 
ment, under Maj. Richard K. Heath, Capt. Aisquith's 
and a few other riflemen, about seventy in all, one 
small piece of artillery with ten men, under Lieut. 
Stiles, and the cavalry were pushed forward to sur- 
prise the enemy and provoke a general engagement. 

With the force mentioned Maj. Heath pursued his 

march to the front, under the belief that the enemy 

were two miles off. After proceeding about half a mile 

the major ordered the riflemen to deploy as skirmishers 

7 



upon both flanks in advance to guard against an am- 
buscade. The order had just been given, and the 
riflemen were on the point of diverging to the right 
and left, while the column moved steadily down the 
road, when, as the head of it ascended a small emi- 
nence, there appeared at the distance of about one 
hundred and fifty yards the vanguard of the enemy's 
forces moving up. A sharp fire was immediately 
opened upon both sides. The American infantry oc- 
cupied the road, while the rifiemen, who had taken 
position upon the flanks, but not yet left the column, 
availed themselves of whatever advantages the ground 
afforded to use their weapons with effect. An order 
was given to move the piece of artillery to the front, 
which was obeyed, but it was withdrawn without 
being used. The British light troops deployed rapidly 
in open order to the right and left, advancing into 
the thick wood which skirted the American right, and 
hastening to gain a copse of wood standing in a field 
upon the American left. 

At this time, says the " Subaltern in America" in 
his narrative, the skirmish was " tolerably hot and 
extremely animated." " The Americans," he con- 
tinues, 

"as individuals were at least our equals in the sliill with which they 
used the weapon, yet from the very commencement it was on our part 
a continual advance, on theirs a continual retreat. We drove them from 
thicket to thicket, and tree to tree, not indeed with any heavy loss, for 
they were no less expert In linding shelter than in taking aim, but occa- 
sionally bringing down an individual as he was running from one cover 
to another. Our own loss again was very trifling. 

" Two men killed and about a dozen wounded made up the sum of our 
casualties, and it may witli truth be asserted that everything was going 
on as the general himself could have wished. But unhappily he was 
not satisfied of this. The firing struck him as being more heavy and 
more continued than it ought to be ; he was apprehensive that he had 
fallen into some serious ambuscade, and unwilling to trifle with the 
safety even of a few companies, he rode forward for the purpose of satis- 
fying himself that they were safe. How bitterly had the whole expedi- 
tion cause to lament that step. He had scarcely entered the wood when 
an American rifleman singled him out; he fired, and the ball, true to its 
mark, pierced his side. When the general received his death-wound I 
chanced to be standing at no great distance from him. I saw that he was 
struck, for the reins dropped instantly from his hand, and he leaned for- 
ward upon the pommel of his saddle, and though I would not suffer my- 
self to imagine that there was any danger, I hastened towards him, but 
I arrived too late. His horse making a movement forward he lost his 
seat, and but for the intervention of his aide-de-camp's arm must have 
fallen to the ground. As it was, we could only lay him at length upon 
the grass, for his limbs could no longer perfoi-m their office, — it was but 
too manifest that his race was run. . . . His aide-de-camp (Capt. McDou- 
gal) having seen the general laid by the roadside, left him to the care 
of Admiral Cockburn and galloped back for assistance." 

Rev. Mr. Gleig, of the British army, in his narra- 
tive says, — 

" We were drawing near the scene of action when another officer came 
at full speed towards us, with horror and dismay in his countenance, and 
calling aloud for a surgeon. Every man felt within himself that all 
was not right, though none was willing to believe Ihe whispers of his 
own terror. But what at first we could not guess at, because we dreaded 
it so much, was soon realized, for the aide-de-camp bad scarcely passed 
when the general's horse, without a rider, and with the saddle and 
housings stained with blood, came plunging onwards; nor was much 
time given for fearful surmise as to the extent of our misfortune. In a 
few minutes we reached the ground where the skirmishing had taken 
place, and beheld poor Boss laid by the side of the road, under a canopy 
of blankets, and apparently in the agonies of death. As soon as the 
firing began he had ridden to the front, that he might ascertain from 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



wheuce it originnted, and, niiiigliug with the fikirmi^hers, was shot in 
the side by a ritleinan. The wound vna mortal ; lie fell into the arms 
of his aide-de-camp, and lived only long enough to name his wife, and to 
commend his family to the protection of his country. Ho wag removed 
towards the fleet, and expired before his bearers could reach the boats." ^ 

On the death of Ross the command of the invading 
army devolved upon Col. A. Brooke, of the Forty- 
fourth Regiment, and under his direction they pressed 
vigorously forward. Maj. Heath found his situation 
becoming e.xtreraely perilous as a iire began to be 
opened upon each flank, as well as in his front ; he 
was compelled to order a retreat. Just after giving 
the order his horse had one of his hind legs broken 
by a ball, and the major dismounted. 

The death of Gen. Ross no doubt changed the plan 
of operations on the British side. Had he lived he 
■would probably have pushed directly on to the at- 
tack of Gen. Strieker's front line, and then Gen. 
Strieker's j^lan would have been followed out ; for, 
anticipating such an attack, he had ordered his two 
front regiments to retire by files from the right of 
companies, after holding their ground as long as they 
could, and thus passing through the Thirty-ninth and 
Fifty-first, which were directed to open and afford a 
passage, the skirmish would have been renewed from 
time to time, until the retiring troops reached the 
strong ground where the Sixth was posted, and where 
another struggle would have been made by the united 
force of the brigade.^ But this judicious plan of 
operation, so well calculated to employ his force to the 
best advantage, and to obtain the double object of 
checking the enemy and fiirailiarizing his own troops 
to battle, was rendered impracticable by the cautious 
proceedings of Col. Brooke. That officer had just 
learned from his experience with the Baltimore rifle- 
men that desultory skirmishes were no light matters, 
and he therefore proceeded according to rule, as if he 
were opposed to a disciplined army. Observing the 
short extent of Gen. Strieker's front, he halted his 
attacking columns until he could detach the Fourth 
Regiment to turn the left flank of the American army. 
Gen. Strieker, with a promptness and decision which 
reflect the highest honor upon his skill, instantly 
changed his plan to meet the unexpected and cau- 
tious movement of his adversary, and brought up his 
second line to the support of the first. The Thirty- 
ninth Regiment was stationed on the left of the 
Twenty-seventh, while two pieces of artillery were 



' A story obtained partial currency at the time, and has often been re- 
peated since, that Gen. Ross was slain by two boys concealed in a tree. 
The story is wholly without foundation. Daniel Wells and Henry Mc- 
Comas, to whose memory a niouument has been erected at Ashland 
Square, Baltimore, generally enjoy the reputation of having killed Ri)ss. 
Both were privates in Capt. Aisquith's company of sharpshooters, and 
were sent in advance with the other troops to annoy the enemy. They 
were both standing in the front rank of their company, and the moment 
after they fired were both killed. 

2 The intention of Gen. Strieker appeal's to have been a succession of 
skirmishes rather Uian a pitched battle, which is indicated by the manner 
in which he drew up his troops when he expected an attack ; and 
this probalily accounts for his not taking with him a larger detachment 
of artillery. 



j detached to the left of the Thirty-ninth. The Fifty- 
first Regiment formed at right angles with the line, 

I resting its right near the left of the Thirty-ninth. 

j This order, being badly executed, created for a mo- 
ment considerable confusion, which was rectified, 
however, by the efforts of Brigade-Majs. Frailey and 
Calhoun, who corrected the error of Lieut.-Col. 
Amey and posted the Fifty-first in its ordered 
position. 

In the mean time, according to our narrator, 

" the British soldiers moved forward with their accustomed fearlessness, 
and the Americans, with much apparent coolness, stood to receive them. 
Now, however, when little more than a hundred paces divided the one 
lino from the other, both parties made ready to bring matters more 
decidedly to a personal struggle. The Americans were the flret to use 
their small-arms. Having rent the air with a shout, they fired a volley, 
begun upon the right, and carried away regularly to the extreme left; 
and then loading again, kept up an unintermitted discharge, which soon 
in a great degree concealed them from observation. Nor were we back- 
ward in returning the salute. A hearty British cheer gave notice of our 
willingness to meet them, and firing and running, we gradually closed 
upon them with the design of bringing the bayonet into play. . . Volley 
upon volley having been given, we were now advanced within less than 
twenty yards of the American line, yet such was the denseness of the 
smoke that it was only when a passing breeze swept away the cloud for 
a moment that either force became visible to the other. The flashes of 
the enemy's muskets alone served as an object to aim at, as, without 
doubt, the flashes of our'muskets alone guided the enemy." 

The Fifty-first Regiment, which had been intrusted 
with the protection of the left of the line, after firing 
a volley at random, broke and fled in wild disorder, 
producing a like effect in the second battalion of the 
Thirty-ninth Regiment. All efforts to rally the fugi- 
tives proved fruitless. Col. Brooke, instantly perceiv- 
ing his' advantage, and hoping to effect a general rout, 
came on with a rapid discharge of musketry, which 
was not returned until they had approached within 
a short distance, when our artillery, loaded with 
" grape and canister, shot, old locks, pieces of broken 
muskets, and everything which they could cram 
into their guns," opened an incessant and deadly 
fire, while from right to left along our entire line 
one volley of musketry and rifle-shots followed 
another. Our troops, weakened by the desertion of 
the Fifty-first and companies of the Thirty-ninth, 
numbered hardly more than one thousand four hun- 
dred men. Defeat seemed almost inevitable, but there 
was no disposition to flinch on the part of the mem- 
bers of the city brigade, who were determined to re- 
trieve the honor of their command. 

As the British line continued to advance in over- 
whelming numbers, exchanging fires with the Amer- 
ican infantry and receiving that of the artillery, which 
was w'ell served throughout the whole engagement, 
the action became warmer and warmer, until Gen. 
Strieker, having accomplished the purpose which he 
had in view, ordered a retreat to his reserve, and 
owing to the fatigued state of the regiments which- 
had been engaged, and the probability that his right 
flank might be turned by a quick movement of the 
enemy, he finally fell back to a position near the city. 
Thus ended what was then called the battle of Long 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



Log Lane, now known as the battle of North Point, 
after about an hour and a half of hard fighting. 

Gen. Strieker retired with his brigade in good order 
to Worthington's Mill, and as the enemy did not pur- 
sue, he again fell back and took a position on the left 
of the line, about a mile in advance of the intrench- 
ments, where he was joined by Gen. Winder, who | 
had been stationed on the west side of the city, but 
now ordered, with the Virginia brigade, under the 
command of Gen. Douglass, and Capt. Bird's United , 
States dragoons, to take post on his left. The con- 
duct of the city brigade, with the exception of the 
Fifty-first and the second battalion of the Thirty- 
ninth Regiments, who were seized with the panic to 
which raw troops are so subject, deserved the highest 
praise. Veterans could not have done more. Al- 
though the American line retreated from a foe near at 
hand and might have been expected to incur the heavy 
loss which is inflicted upon a retiring party, yet the 
aggregate loss of the British was greater than that of 
the Americans. The loss, for example, stated in the 
official reports of the British officers, was two hun- 
dred and ninety, exclusive of the naval brigade under 
Capt. Crofton ; while on the side of the Americans it 
was only two hundred and thirteen, among whom 
were some of the most prominent citizens of Balti- 
more. This may perhaps be accounted for by the 
slight protection a portion of the Americans had be- 
hind fences, a circumstance of which the officers and 
men availed themselves with great coolness, and the 
deliberate aim they took, thus increasing the de- 
structiveness of their fire. John Lowry Donaldson, 
adjutant of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, a distin- 
guished lawyer, and Baltimore's representative in the 
State Legislature, was killed, also Gregorious Andre, 
first lieutenant of the Union Yagers, First Rifle Bat- 
talion. Levi Clagett, third lieutenant in Capt. Nich- 
olson's artillery company of Baltimore Fencibles, was 
killed in the bombardment of Fort McHenry, and in 
the two engagements the following non-commissioned 
officers and privates were killed : G. Jenkins, J. Rich- 
ardson, W. Alexander, T. V. Beeston, D. Howard, J. 
H. Marriott of John, J. Armstrong, M. Desk, J. Craig, 
R. Neale, J. Evans, J. Haubert, D. Davis, H. G. 
McComas, J. Burneston, G. Fallier, J. Jephson, E. 
Marriott, J. Dunn, P. Byard, B. Reynolds, J. Gregg, 

A. Randall, J. H. Cox, J. Wolf, D. Wells, R. K. Cook- 
sey, J. Wallack, J. C. Byrd, W. Ways, C. Bell, J. 
Clemm, T. Garrett, J. Merriken, C. Cox, U. Prosser,' 

B. Bond.i 

That raw militia should have met in open fight 
and parted upon equal terms with the choicest troops 
of the British army, who had won laurels in the Pe- 



1 Tlie following Americans were captured at Baltimore and exchanged 
Oct. 13, 1814 : Jas. H. McColloch, Henry Brice, Geo. Keput, Jacob Noyle, 
John Robinson, Jas. N. Marriott, Chaa. Goddard, Walter Muskett, Bryan 
Allen, Geo. Rentzel, Jacob Hubbard, Benj. Fleewood, Thos. Bringham, 
Jno. Pidgeou, Luther A. Norris, David Davis, Wni. Collins, Jno. Lamb, 
Jas. Davidson, Wm. Kean, Jr., James Gibson, Richard K. Cook, Robert 
Smith, Jno. Jephson, Geo. Bennett, Conrad Euler. 



ninsular war, would have been no slight achievement. 
But the terms were by no means equal. The Ameri- 
cans, it is true, retreated ; but, as we have shown, this 
was part of the plan. The closest calculation cannot 
make the number engaged upon the American side, 
after the withdrawal of the regiment upon the left, 
more than sixteen hundred ; and the chimerical idea 
of effectually checking the whole British army did 
not for a moment present itself to the mind of Gen. 
Strieker. He came out to skirmish and no more.' 
His object was to let the British general see that the 
city of Baltimore was a prize not to be had T^ithout a 
struggle; and the severity of that struggle was fore- 
shadowed by the determination with which his ad- 
vance was contested. 

The enemy slept on the field of battle, and at an 
early hour on Tuesday, the 13th, they took up their 
line of march for Baltimore. Our British narrator 
says, — 

" On our march to-day the Americans had at last adopted an expedient 
which, if carried to its proper length, might have entirely stopped our 
progress. In most of the woods they had felled trees and thrown them 
across the road ; but as these abatis were without defenders, we experi- 
enced no other inconvenience than what arose from loss of time, being 
obliged to halt on all such occasions till the pioneers had removed the 
obstacle. So great, however, was even this hindrance that we did not 
come in sight of the main army of the Americans till evening, although 
the distance traveled could not exceed ten miles. 

" It now appeared that the corps which we had beaten yesterday was 
only a detachment, and not a large one, from the force collected for the de- 
fense of Baltimore, and that the-account given by the volunteer troopers 
was in every respect correct. Upon a ridge of hills which concealed the 
town itself from observation stood the grand army, consisting of twenty 
thousand men 2 Not trusting to his superiority in numbers, their gen- 
eral had there intrenched them in the most formidable manner, having 
covered the whole face of the heights with breastworks, thrown back 
his left so as to rest upon a strong fort erected for the protection of the 
river, and constructed a chain of field redoubts which covered bis right 
and commanded the entire ascent. Along the side of the hill were like- 
wise fleches and otlier projecting works, from which a cross-fire might be 
kept up ; and there were mounted throughout this commanding position 
no less than one hundred pieces of cannon. 

" It would be absurd to suppose that the sight of preparations so wai^ 
like did not in some degree damp the ardor of our leaders ; at least it 
would have been madness to storm such works without pausing to con- 
sider how it might best be attempted. The whole of the country within 
cannon-shot was cleared from wood and laid out in grass and corn-fields, 
conseijuently there was no cover to shelter an attacking army from any 
part of the deadly fire which would be immediately poured upon it. The 
most prudent plan, therefore, was to wait till dark, and then, assisted by 
the frigates and bombs, which we hoped were by this time ready to co- 
operate, to try the fortune of a battle. 

" Having resolved thus to act. Col. Brooke halted his army, and having 
secured it against surprise by a well-connected line of pickets, the 
troops were permitted to light iires and to cook the provisions. But 
though the rain still fell in torrents no shelter could be obtained, and 
j as even their blankets were no longer at hand, with which to form 
gipsy-tents, this was the reverse of an agreeable bivouac to the whole 

" Darkness had now come on, and yet no intelligence had arrived from 

I the shipping. To assail this position, however, without the aid of the 

I fleet was deemed impracticable ; at least our chance of success would be 

greatly diminished without their co-operation. As the left of the 

i American army extended to a fort built upon the very brink of the 

j river [Lazaretto], it was clear that could the ships be brought to bear 

upon that point, and the fort be silenced by their fire, that flank of the 

position would be turned. This once effected there would be no difii- 

culty in pushing a column within their works, and as soldiers intrenched 

always placed more reliance upon the strength of their intrehchmenta 

- Not more than twelve thousand. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



than upon their own pereonal exertions, the very sight of our people on 
a level with them would in all pi-obability decide the contest. At all 
events, as this column was to advance under cover of night, it might 
easily push forward and crown the hill above the enemy before any ef- 
fectual opposition could be offered, by which means they would be in- 
closed between two fires and lose the advantage which their present 
elevated situation bestowed. All, however, depended upon the ability of 
the fleet to lend their a.'^istance, for without silencing the fort this flank 
could scarcely be assailed with any cliauce of success, and therefore the 
■whole plan of operations must be ol»atiged."i 

The " Subaltern" says, — 

"To the fleet the fort on the wat^r was accordingly left, which by 
bombardment would, it was presumed, reduce it to ruins in a few hours ; 

the sigual fdr a general movement in line. As hour after hour stole on 
we turned our gaze with feverish anxiety towards the river. All, how- 
ever, continued as it had been before. No flash told that the shipping 
had taken their stations; the noise of firing was unheard, and the most 
serious apprehensions began to he entertained that the plan had, for 
some cause or another, miscarried. At last, when midnight was close at 
hand, a solitary report, accompanied by the ascension of a email bright 
spark into the sky, gave notice that the bombardment had begun. An- 
other and another followed in quick succession, and now every man 
instinctively sprung from the earth and grasped his arms. The point to 
be passed was, we well knew, in our immediate front. Our ears were on 
the stretch for the musketry, which ought soon to be heard in the oppo- 
site direction; in a word, we stood in our ranks for a full hour, under 
the influence of that state of excitation which, while it lacks the 
faculty of speech, renders the senses, both of sight and hearing, acute 
to an almost unnatural degree. 

"Such was our situation, both of body and mind, from midnight, when 
the ships began to open fire, up to the hour of two. That all things 
went not prosperously was manifest enough. 

"At last Col. Brooke, having waited until he considered it imprudent 
to wait longer without knowing the disposition of the fleet, and whether 
he was to be supported, determined, if possible, to open a communi- 
cation with the fleet, and for that purpose dispatched an officer to make 
an eff'ort to reach it. After many adventures he arrived on the river-bank 
just in time to meet a party who had been sent by Admiral Cochrane for 
the same purpose to Col. Brooke. By tliem lie was conveyed to the Ad- 
miral, who informed him ' that no effectual support could be given to the 
land force, for such was tlie shallowness of the river that none except 
the very lightest craft could make their way within six miles of the 
town, and even tliese were stopped by vessels sunk in the channel and 
other artificial bars, barely within a shell's longest range of the fort.' 
With this unwelcome news he was accordingly forced to return. . . . 

" Having brought his report to headquarters, a council of war was in- 
stantly summoned to deliberate upon what was best to be done. 'With- 
out the help of the fleet it was evident that, adopt what plan of attack 
we could, our loss must be such as to counterbalance even success itself, 
while success under existing circumstances was, to say the least of it, 
doubtful. And even if we should succeed, what would be gained by it? 
We could not remove anything from Baltimore for want of proper con- 
veyances. Had the ships been able to reach the town, then, indeed, the 
quantity of booty might have repaid the survivors for their toil and con- 
soled them for the loss of comrades ; but as the case now stood, we should 
only fight to give us an opportunity of re-acting the scenes of Washing- 
ton. . . , About three hours after midnight the troops were accordingly 
formed upon the road and began their retreat, leaving the pickets to 
deceive the enemy and to follow as a rear-guard." 2 

If Gen. Ross had lived it is possible, and indeed 
probable, that he might have attempted to force the 
intrenchments or pass around them, with a view of 
approaching the city upon a quarter where the natu- 
ral advantages of the ground were not as great. But 
the experienced eye of Gen. Smith had contemplated 
both these probabilities and provided against them. 
The heavy artillery, which was planted in batteries, 
manned by brave and skillful artillerymen, and the 
numerous corps of infantry which lined the intrench- 

i Gleig'8 Narrative, p. 190. 2 ibid., p. 196. 



ments would have rendered the first a fruitless effort 
whether made by day or night. If by day, the de- 
struction of the assailing force would have been almost 
certain ; and ample means were provided if the attack 
had been made by night to throw upon the advancing 
column such a blaze of light that the aim of the de- 
fenders would have been unerring. Xo direct attack 
could have succeeded. If, on the other hand, a cir- 
cuitous route had been taken, the advantages of a 
knowledge of the country and of numbers would have 
probably turned the scale in favor of the American 
troops, a part of whom had shown on the day before 
that they, could meet the invaders in the field with a 
gallantry well adapted to inspire caution in an enemy. 
It seems, however, that the enemy did make a feint 
to pass around .the intrenchments, for Gen. Smith, in 
his oflScial report to the Secretary of War, dated Sept. 
19, 1814, says,— 

"On Tuesday the enemy appeared in front of my intrenchments, at 
the distance of two miles, on the Philadelphia road, from whence he had 
a full view of our position. He manceuvred during the morning to- 
wards our left, as if with the intention of making a circuitous march 
and coming down on the Harford or York roads. Gens. Winder and 
Strieker were ordered to adapt their movements to those of the enemy, 
so as to baffle this supposed intention. They executed this order with 
great skill and judgment by taking an advantageous position, stretch- 
ing from my left across the country, when the enemy was likely to ap- 
proach the quarter he seemed to threaten. This movement induced the 
enemy to concentrate his forces (between one and two o'clock) in my 
front, pushing his advance to within a mile of us, driving in our videttes 
and showing an intention of attacking us that evening. I immediately 
drew Gens. Winder and Strieker nearer to the left of my intrenchments 
and to the right of the enemy, with the intention of their failing on his 
right or rear should he attack me ; or, if he declined it, of atUcking him in 
the morning. To this movement and to the strength of my defenses, which 
the enemy had the fairest opportunity of observing, I am induced to 
attribute his retreat, which was commenced at half-past one o'clock 
Wednesday morning. In this he was so favored by the extreme dark- 
ness and a continued rain that we did not discover it until daylight. I 
consented to Gen. Winder pursuing with the Virginia brigade and the 
United States dragoons; at the same time Maj. Randall was dispatched 
with his light corps in pursuit on the enemy's right, whilst the whole of 
the militia cavalry was put in motion for the same object. All the troops 
were, however, so completely worn out with continued watching, and 
with being under arms during three days and nights, exposed the 
greater part of the time to very inclement weather, that it was fouud 
impracticable to do anything more than pick up a few stragglers. The 
enemy commenced his embarkation that evening, and completed it the 
next day at one o'clock. It would have been impossible, even had our 
troops been in a condition to act offensively, to cut off any part of the 
enemy's rear-guard during the embarkation, as the point where it waa 
effected was defended from our approach by a line of defenses extending 
from Back River to Humphrey's Creek, on the Patapsco, thrown up by 
ourselves previous to their arrival." 3 

In the mean time the enemy detei*miued to lay aside 
tjae musket for the mortar and bomb-shell, and moved 
his fleet of sixteen ships (including five bomb-vessels) 
within about two miles and a half of Fort McHenry. 
About two o'clock on Tuesday morning, September 
13th, the enemy opened fire from his five bomb-ves- 
sels at the distance of about two miles, and the whole 
of Tuesday and Tuesday night was employed in air 
effort to subdue the passive resistance of the fort by 
an incessant shower of shell, which the garrison was 
unable to return. There was something exceedingly 

3 NiUs' Segiater, vii.. p. 26. 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



97 



jMcturesque and beautiful in the silence of that fort.^ 
Having no means of reaching the enemy at that dis- 
tance, which he took care to keep, the fort's brave de- 
fenders were compelled to endure without reply an 
incessant bombardment for twenty-four hours, and 
with a few brief exceptions, when the incautious 
enemy ventured too near, and the sullen silence of 
the garrison was broken by such a salute from their 
heavy artillery as compelled a prompt retreat, the in- 
dignant defiance of the fort was manifested only by 
the waving of its flag calmly floating in the breeze. 
The language addressed to the eye by the continued 
and proud waving of that flag can never be forgotten 
by those who saw it. It told everything at a glance, 
and the feeling which it excited was most happily ex- 
pressed by Francis Scott Key in a burst of genuine 
poetry which is destined to live as long as the history 
of our nation shall be read or told. 

The bomb and other vessels ranged in a half-circle 
in front of the fort, kept up a furious bombardment 
both day and night, and fired over eighteen hundred 
shells with multitudes of round-shot and rockets. 
Many of the shells weighed two hundred and twenty 
pounds, and the incessant roar of the cannon and the 
deafening and continuous scream of the shells and 
rockets added terrors to the awful spectacle of a can- 
nonade by night. About midnight, screened by total 
darkness only broken by the flashes of their own artil- 
lery, a few bomb-ketches and rocket-boats with a 
squadron of barges, numbering altogether about 
eighty and manned by about twelve hundred men, 
pushed up the cove beyond Fort McHenry to effect a 
landing and attempt an escalade in the rear. They 
passed the fort and moved for the shore with loud 
cheers. Fort Covington, the City Battery, Fort Mc- : 
Henry, and the Circular Battery instantly brought 
every gun to bear upon the barges, and a terrible fire 
was opened. The concussion was tremendous ; every 
house in the city was shaken to its foundation, and 
the aff'righted population believed that all was over. 

No eye was closed in Baltimore that night, and 
many expected that the morning sun would rise upon 
a scene of havoc, plunder, and conflagration. And 
when through the gray mists of dawn they saw the i 
bright Stars and Stripes still waving over the ramparts ' 
of Fort McHenry, a burst of gratitude went up to I 
heaven for the deliverance. 

The mortar-boats and barges which passed Fort 
McHenry, after losing many men and suffering con- ; 
siderable damage, being saved from destruction by the i 
darkness, retreated to their distant positions out of 
reach of shot, whence they kept up the ineffectual 
bombardment until six o'clock next morning, when 
they, like the army, drew off, both worsted and con- 
vinced of the much greater probability of their own 
capture or destruction than that of Baltimore. 



I There is one circumstance in the narrative of the 
I defense of Baltimore upon which the citizens of Mary- 
I land can always dwell with peculiar pleasure, and 
that is the cheerfulness and promptness with which 
our neighbors from the interior country repaired to 
our assistance. Three companies from Pennsylvania 
— from York, Hanover, and Marietta— and one from 
Hagerstown attached themselves to Gen. Strieker's 
I brigade, and bore an honorable share in the fatigues 
I and dangers of the day. Large bodies of troops from 
I Virginia and Pennsylvania,^ as well 'as from many 
parts of our own State, hastened to our relief with a 
brotherly affection. Two brigades of Virginia militia, 
amounting to twenty-five hundred men, constituted a 
part of Gen. Winder's immediate command which 
hovered on the right flank of the British army during 
I the whole of its stay before the intrenchments. On 
I the 13th this force was increased by the whole, or 
nearly the whole, of Gen. Strieker's brigade, so that if 
I Col. Brooke had attempted a circuitous route to the 
city he would have had in his front a body of six 
thousand men, whilst an equal number would have 
marched out from the intrenchments and assailed 
j him in fiank. The number which were collected en- 
abled Gen. Smith thus to place his troops so as to 
menace his enemy on every quarter, and assume a 
position which proved his high military skill. 

Intelligence of the defense of Baltimore was re- 
ceived throughout the country with every demonstra- 
tion of joy. The joy of the Baltimoreans, rescued, 
as it seemed to them, from the very jaws of destruc- 
tion, cannot be described. Measures were taken for 
a perpetual celebration of the event; rewards were 
proposed for those who had filled distinguished posi- 
tions in the defense; and a beautiful monument in 
the centre of the city perpetuates the names and 
memory of those who fell in defense of their homes. 
Around it, on each returning anniversary of the day, 
amid dense crowds of spectators, the pomp of mili- 
tary escort, and the stirring strains of martial music, 
march, under a tattered flag, a handful of aged men, 
their number lessening every year, the survivors of 
that eventful 12th of September, the honored com- 
pany of " Old Defenders." May it yet be long ere 
the last survivor of that venerable band performs his 
solitary circuit! 

Notwithstanding the retirement of the enemy from 
Baltimore, the works of defense were pushed forward 
to completion, as the "hated Baltimore" expected 
the enemy to return for a second attack. The enemy, 
however, re-embarked on board of the fleet on the 
15th, and on the 17th of September they got under 
way and sailed for the bay, and on the 18th arrived 
at their old anchorage in the Patuxent River, when 
they renewed their expeditions for plundering and 
robbing the inhabitants. 



Gen. WillcmsoD, an old and experienced officer from Maryland, Baid, 2 Among the volunteers from Pennsylvania for the defense of Balti- 

The defense of Fort McHenry was of no ordinary character, for the more «ere James Buchanan (afterwards President of the United States) 

passive resistance of danger is the test of vaIor."-lf™,o.V»,i., p. 795. and Judge Henry Shippen ™ =«ies, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Owing to some dissatisfaction among the militia 
officers in and around Baltimore, a number of them 
resigned in October, among whom were Maj.-Gen. 
Samuel Smith and Gen. Strieker. Gen. Robert Good- 
loe Harper was appointed in the place of Gen. Smith, 
and Lieut.-Col. James Sterett, of the Fifth Regiment, 
was appointed brigadier-general of the Third or " City 
Brigade," in the place of Gen. Strieker, notwithstand- 
ing Col. William McDonald, of the Sixth Regiment, 
was the senior officer of the brigade. 

On the 18th of November the First Cavalry Regi- 
ment, and the Fifth, Sixth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty- 
ninth, and Fifty-first Regiments of infantry, and Maj. 
Pinkney's rifle battalion were " honorably discharged, 
with the thanks of the major-general commanding 
for their good conduct, orderly behavior, and atten- 
tion to discipline during their service." 

At the opening of the war the Federal government, 
instead of providing for tlie common defense, ex- j 
hausted the public treasury in support of its futile 
scheme of an invasion of Canada. The fruit of this 
ill-advised policy was that when the enemy was at ! 
the door it had not the means to protect the Federal 
capital from pillage and conflagration. At this gloomy 
time, when the cabinet at Washington seemed para- 
lyzed by dismay and could give no help, the State of [ 
Maryland appropriated more than four hundred and j 
fifty thousand dollars from her own treasury to help j 
the Federal government, while the city of Baltimore 
appropriated one million dollars more, advanced by 
her own citizens, for the purposes of defense. By 
the judicious expenditure of this sum Maryland was 
placed in an attitude of defense. But for the fact 
that the State was enabled to repel the enemy, to save 
her chief city from destruction, and escape with no 
worse harm than the plundering and burning of farm- 
houses along the coast, she was indebted only to the ; 
stout hearts and the open purses of her sons ; to the j 
Federal government she owed nothing. It was by 
the losses sustained during the war and the failure of 
the government to reimburse the State that the foun- 
dation of our present State debt was laid. In the city 
of Baltimore, up to the year 1815 the current rev- 
enues were sufficient to pay the expenses, and there 
■was no permanent city debt. But during the war the 
treasury became exhausted by advancing money for 
the public defense, and the Committee of Safety were 
compelled to take loans from the banks and private 
citizens, which were assumed by the city, and became 
the nucleus of the present city debt. In the year 
1816 the rate of city tax was twelve and a half cents 
on each one hundred dollars, or one-eighth of one jicr 
centum on the amount of assessment. 

The defeat of the British before Baltimore hastened 
the conclusion of peace, as it was among the first in | 
that brilliant series of events that illustrated the 
truth that a united nation of freemen battling for the I 
right are invincible. 

The American commissioners who were in Europe 




endeavoring to make an honorable peace with Great 
Britain met in Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814, 
when a treaty was signed. BIr. Christopher Hughes, 
Jr., of Baltimore, who was then our charge d'affaires 
at Stockholm, and secretary to the commissioners, 
arrived in Annapolis on the 13th of February, in the 
schooner " Transit," and immediately set out for 
Washington. The tidings of peace which Mr. Hughes 
brought to the United States 
were as welcome as they were 
unexpected. Cannon thun- 
dered, bells rang, bonfires 
and illuminations lighted up 
the towns and cities, and 
marked the public satisfac- 
tion. In Annapolis the State 
House and other buildings 
were brilliantly illuminated, 
and Baltimore followed in 
the same spirit, and, in ac- 
cordance with a proclama- 
tion of the mayor, with a j,,,^, , i,,,,,,., m. 
general illumination on the 

evening of the loth of February. Upon the ratifica- 
tion of this treaty of peace, on the 10th of April, 1815, 
a large meeting of the citizens of Baltimore took place 
in the city, at which Joseph H. Nicholson, Nathaniel 
Williams, William Wilson, John McKim, Jr., James 
Hutton, Levi Hollingsworth, Wm. McDonald, George 
Stiles, John Owens, Nathaniel F. Williams, Jesse 
Eichelberger, Wm. Krebs, and Edward G. Woodyear 
were appointed a committee to forward to President 
Madison a congratulatory address upon the successfiil 
termination of the war, and an expression of their ad- 
miration for the " enlightened wisdom and patriotic 
firmness" by which his conduct was distinguished 
during the extraordinary trials to which the country 
had been subjected. In his reply to this address the 
President said, — 

" 111 tile varied scenes wbich have put to the test the constancy of the 
nation Baltimore ranks among the portion most distinguished for devo- 
tion Ui the public cause. It has the satisfaction to reflect tliat it boldly 
and promptly espoused the resort to arms when no other honorable choice 
remained; that it found in the courage of its citizens a rampart against 
the assaults of an enterprising force; that it never wavered nor tem- 
porized with the vicissitudes of the contest : and that it had an ample 
share in the exertions which have brought it to an liunorable conclusion." 



CHAPTER XIIL 

PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 
The Revolutionary War— The War of 1S12— The War in South America. 

It is, and ought to be, a matter of pride with Bal- 
timoreans that the first cruisers of the navy of " The 
Thirteen United Colonies" were fitted out, manned, 
and armed in Baltimore, sailed under Maryland 
officers, and to a very great extent owed their efficiency 



privIteers and armed vessels. 



99 



to the energy and enterprise of her ship-builders, and 
to the patriotism and sacrifices of her citizens. The 
first act of the Continental Congress for the formation 
of a navy was promulgated on the 13th of October, ^ 
1776, and in the same month the Continental Marine i 
Committee at Baltimore fitted out two cruisers to make 
the first essay of the American navy. 

A Bermudian vessel was purchased, armed with ten 
guns, called the " Hornet," and placed under the 
command of Capt. William Stone, with Joshua Bar- 
ney as second oflBcer, or master's mate. Mrs. Barney, j 
in her " Memoir of Commodore Barney," says, — I 

" A crew had not yet been shipped, and the duty of recruiting one was 
assigned to Barney. Fortunately for his purpose, just at this moment a 
new American flag, sent by Commodore Hopkins for the service of the 
'Hornet.' arrived from Philadelphia. Nothing could have been more 
opportune or acceptable. It ivaa the first Conlinentnl jJag that had been 
seen in the State of Maryland, and next morning at sunrise Barney had 
the enviable honor of unfurling it to the music of drums and lifes, and 
hoisting it upon a staff planted with his own hands at the door of his 
rendezvous. The iieart-stirring sounds of the martial instruments, tlien 
a novel incident in Baltimore, and the still more novel sight of the rehel 
colors gracefully waving in the breeze, attracted crowds of all ranks and 
eyes to the gay scene of the rendezvous, and before the setting of the 
same day's sun the young recniitiug.officer had enlisted a full crew of 
jolly rebels for the ' Hornet.' " 

At the time the " Hornet" was purchased the 
schooner "Wasp," mounting eight guns, was also 
fitted out and placed under the command of Capt. 
Charles Alexander. These two vessels left Baltimore 
late in November, and were the first regular cruisers 
that went to sea under the new government. They i 
joined the fleet of Commodore Hopkins, at the mouth ( 
of the Delaware, and aided in the descent on New 
Providence. A short time after this the " Wasp" 
captured a British tender in the Delaware, and Bar- 
ney, who had been transferred to her for his gallant 
conduct, was made a lieutenant in the Continental 
navy. 

On the 13th of December, 1775, Congress ordered 
the fitting out of thirteen ships for the Continental 
navy, and under this act the " Virginia," a frigate of 
twenty-eight guns, was built at Fell's Point by Mr. 
Wells, ship-builder. It was finished early in the spring 
of 1776, and Capt. James Nicholson was assigned to 
the command. Having received her crew and equip- 
ments, the " Virginia" made an attempt to get to sea, 
March 30, 1776, but ran aground between the capes, 
and was captured by the British frigate " Emerald," 
Capt. Caldwell. Capt. Nicholson escaped, but Lieut. 
Joshua Barney, with his brother William, who was 
an ofiicer of the marines, and the rest of the crew fell 
into the hands of the enemy. Congress instituted an 
inquiry, but acquitted Capt. Nicholson of all blame. 
He subsequently fought two of the most remarkable 
naval combats of the war. 

Not only did the State of Maryland and town of 
Baltimore lend their aid to the construction and 
equipment of the infant navy of the United Colonies, 
but there was also a Maryland navy, built, equipped, 
manned, and maintained by Baltimore Town and the 



State, which rendered most valuable services both in 
defense and attack during the war of the Revolution. 
The " Defense," mounting twenty-two si.x-pounders 
and swivels, fitted out at Baltimore, under Capt. 
James Nicholson, was a successful cruiser, and cap- 
tured many prizes. The brigs "Friendship" and 
"Amelia," the sloop-of-war "Hebe Johnson," twenty- 
two guns, the galleys "Johnson," "Independence," 
" Baltimore," " Conqueror," " Chester," " Molly," 
and others, the barges "Revenge," "Terrible," "in- 
trepid," "Protector," "Experiment," "Venus," "De- 
fense," "Reformation," "Dolphin," and "Fear- 
naught" rendered most valuable service in the waters 
of the Chesapeake and elsewhere. Among the gal- 
lant ofiicers and men of the Maryland navy who dis- 
tinguished themselves in the Revolutionary contest 
were Capts. James Nicholson, James Cooke, Thomas 
Grason, John Belt, John Gordon, Robert Dashiell, 
John Green, James Stewart Davis, Zedekiah Walley, 
William Corbin, William Middleton, Levin Spedden, 
Daniel Brian, William Delisle Frazier, and John 
Lynn.' 

1 Dec. 12, 1776, the Maryland navy numbered twenty-five vessels, car- 
rying each from twenty to thirty guns. 

September 13th, Capt. George Cooke, appointed to the command of the 
" Defense," carrying twenty-two six-pounders and several swivels, went 
on a cruise and captured five brigs. 

The British vessel " The Otter," March 7, 1776, accompanied by several 
tenders, passed the Severn sailing towards Baltimore. They captured a 
New England schooner in the Patuxent, and two or three small vessels. 
Dispatches sent throughout the province quickly assembled a defensive 
force. Capt. Nicholson, in the " Defense," stood out from Baltimore with 
the purpose of grappling "The Otter," but she moved quickly out of the 
Patapsco. This gallant little vessel we find advertised Nov. U, 1778, as 
follows : " The ship * Defense,' sufficiently armed and manned to keep off 
small privateers, will take in tobacco in Wye River, delivered alongside, 
for Nantz, in France, the freight one-half for the owner, with the prefer- 
ence of having the proceeds back in woolens, linens, or the like articles, 
on half the usual freight, it being intended to mount twelve guns and 
ship a sufficient number of men for her voyage back." In July the 
State sold the State boat "Amelia." In June a large number of bay 
craft were impressed by the State to convey to the Head of Elk the pro- 
visions bought by the government in Virginia. In December the galleys 
" Independence" and the " Baltimore" were dispatched, under a resolu- 
tion of the General Assembly, on an expedition southward. In accord- 
ance with the resolution of Congress of Sept. 2, 1778, the brig " Friend- 
ship," Capt. Thomas Parker, another ship, " Susannah," Capt. Davis 
Hatch, loaded in Maryland with flour for the Eastern States ; also sloop 
"Hannah," Capt. Paul Hussey, schooner "Swan," Capt. Styles, for 
Boston, the " Chester" and the " Conqueror," with the " Dolphin," with 
Commodore Grason, were dispatched on a cruise of two months around 
the capes for the protection of commerce. The schooner " Hazard," Capt. 
Perkins, was dispatched with flour for Portsmouth, N. H. April, 1779, 
sloop "James," Capt. Shadrach Ames, with flour to Virginia; sloop 
" Molly," Capt. Peregrine Dunk, with flour to Virginia, and several vessels 
sent to the French fleet with supplies and vegetables. Col. Henry Hol- 
lingsworth was authorized, April, 1780, to press vessels necessary for the 
transportation of troops from the Head of Elk to Virginia ; Commodore 
Grason, those in Annapolis. The vessels were under the command of 
Commodore Gnason, with Capt. Joseph Middleton, Lieut. James Ewing, 
and Lieut. James Skinner, Nov. 17, 1780. " Some of the enemy's small 
armed vessels have lately visited several places on the Eastern Shore 
and the mouth of the Patuxent, where they have committed the greatest 
outrages. Not content with plundeiing the inhabitants of their ne- 
groes, cattle, and other property, they have savagely laid many of 
their habitations in ashes. Rousby Hall, the elegant seat of Col. William 
Fitzhugh, and a handsome dwelling-house. Hie property of John Parran, 
Esq., both situated near the mouth of the Patuxent, are entirely con- 
sumed by the means of these incendiaries." 



100 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COWNTY, MARYLAND. 



The defense of tlie State and " its trade" were not 
wholly withdrawn from the exertions of the citizens, 
and the act of Congress of the 23d of March, 1776, 
authorizing the fitting out of private armed vessels, 
offered to the enterprise and patriotism of the citi- 
zens of Baltimore an opportunity of acquiring wealth, 
while defending their commerce and protecting the 
people from the depredations of the common enemy. 
Under this act privateering became a business as well 
of fortune as of patriotism. Under the supervision of 
men of the highest naval character, this kind of vol- 
unteer warfare was kept from degenerating into piracy, 
its too common consequence. The maritime law of 
nations until 1856 gave no protection to the property 
of peaceful traders on the high seas. While on land 
the articles of war respected private property, on the 
sea every species of property belonging to the people 
of a belligerent was liable to lawful capture and con- 
demnation. The people of Baltimore availed them- 



selves of their legal privilege to a greater extent than 
any other city or town of the United States. The 
powerful navy of Great Britain blockaded the Chesa- 
peake and destroyed the commerce of Baltimore. 
Hundreds of vessels were idle, confined to the port, 
and their crews unemployed. In this condition the 
best citizens of Baltimore became volunteers on the 
sea, as well as volunteers on the land, and from the 
decks of their private armed vessels displayed the 
same valor and intrepidity that characterized their 
behavior in the ranks of the army. 

Prior to the acts of Congress, the Council of Safety 
issued licenses to privateers, but upon the passage of 
the act of March 23, 1776, a Court of Admiralty was 
established by the Convention of Maryland, with 
William Hayward as judge. 

The archives of Maryland exhibit the following list 
of authorized privateers from April 1, 1777, to March 
14, 1783 : 



Baltimore Privateers from 1777 to 1783. 



Schooner Montgomery- 
Ship Chase 

Brigantiue Buckskin H 

Schooner Gist 

Sloop Black Jake 

Schooner Beggar's Pi 
mission 

Schooner Swallow 

" Pr.t..m:ir- .. 

Sloop Mai - 
Schooner \\ illi ni . 

Gen-'smullv. 
Sloop General Gates... 

Schooner Swift 

Sloop Peggy 

Brig Delaware 

Sloop Morris and \\';i 1 1 

Brig Saratoga 

Sloop Delight 

" Molly 

Schooner Willi.^ ;ii, i ^l; 

Brig Bail til 
" La(.:iiiii|i. '^ |i-ii. 

Sloop Coui.i..nl 

Schooner Be^jgar'fl Beui 

Sloop Fly 

Schooner Savage 

Sloop Eicharilson 

" Eclipsn 

" Wu,^liii"jt..ii 
Schooner \\ i ; v w , in 

Sloop DoIpiiMi 

BrigBurlin. 
Schooner WM: -I .i: ■ 
Sloop I!utl. I 



Adriaua 

Lady Washington 
mer Lively 



John Burnell.. 



Edward Brooke 
Henry Geddes.. 
Robert Polk 



hn\ and Samuel Pnrviance.. 



Thomas Steele.. 



2.") I 



6 6 ... William Hammond, Thomas Bussell, Stalia Hep- 

j burn, J. & J. Wilson 

l.^l i 4' Hugh Y.ninK 

:f» 1/ >* l!"l.evt T Unon, nfClinrles County 

"' Mil > \ l; [■niviii,,, I ii\ , Howley, and others 



Kolierl BnoboJi 

F. Stiles 

Jonathan Parsons.. 
Henry Geddes 



, Earlo, 



Charles Wallace 

S. & R. Purviauce.. 

Hugh Young 

State of Maryland.. 

Vanbibber, etc 

Daniel Bowley 

Samuel Hughes 



1 Hill.. 



i-liiiWinn 

Henry Geddes 

Juhn Wainwright. 

Joseph Veasey 

Nathaniel Cooper.. 
! Joliii Baldwin 



« 


z. 


1 


5C 


10 10 






4 






li 




7 






9 




\'l 


,..• 





Isaac Vanbibber 

William Patterson.. 
S. & R. Pnrviance... 



John Wainwright.. 

Joseph Veasev 

I. & A. Vanbibber.. 



Baltimore, April 1, 1777. 

April 30, 1777. 

" April 31, 1777. 

June 17, 1777. 

June 23, 1777. 



July 7, 1777. 
July 23, 1777. 
July 25, 1777. 
Aug. 5. 1777. 
Sept. 12, 1777. 
Dec. 10, 1777. 
Oct. 20, 1777. 



Oct. 20, 1777. 
Ann Arundel, Oct. 19, 1777. 
Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1777. 



Talbot, July 25, 1778. 
Baltimore, July 30, 1778. 

Aug. 3, 1778. 

Aug. 10, 1778. 

Aug. 6, 1778. 

Aug. 18, 1778. 
" Sept. 12, 1778. 

Sept. 14, 1778. 



Oct. 9, 1778. 

Oct. 14, 1778. 
Dorchester Co., Oct. 16, 1778. 
Baltimore, Oct. 10, 1778. 
Dorchester Co., Oct. 26, 1778. 
Baltimore, Nov. 7, 1778. 



Nov. 9, 1778. 



PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 



Baltimore Privateers from 1777 to 1783.— Continued. 




I Sloop Ariii:i|-li- . 

ShipBuikikin 

Brigantino Siilly... 

Sloop Little Sam... 

Schooner Jonies.... 

Speedwel 

Sloop Swift 

" Franklin 

" Fly 

" Despatch 

I " General Gate-! 
1 Schooner General < 

Brig ColuDibns 

Sloop Porpns 

Brigantine Snake. . 



Ship Fancy 

Schooner Camden.. 

'* Dragon... 

Sloop Despatch 



4i Henry Hooper.. 
...I A. &G. Bucha 
... Hugh and ■William McBride.. 

2: Hugh Young & Co 

2 James Williams & Co 

...| S. & R. Purriance and others 

4i Arch. Buchanan, I). Bowley.. 

i David Weems 

6' David Stuart 

6 Blair McClanagan 

4 .lohn McClure, John Sterett-. 

Daniel Bowley 

Ill William Patterson 

... -lohn Johnson 

- II. ll.CniininKluiiii 



14 8 E. & J. Crockett, J.Sterett.'.', 
4 ...' S. S. Magruder 



Dec. 16, 1778. 
Dec. 18, 1778. 
Dec. 19, 1778. 

Dec. 26, 1778. 

Jan. 8, 1779. 

Jan. 9, 1779. 

Jan. 11, 1779. 

Feb. 4, 1779. 

Feb. 12, 1779. 

Feb. 15, 1779. 

Feb. 6, 1779. 

March 11,1779. 
" March 30, 1779. 

Annapolis, March 30, 1779. 
Baltimore, April 6, 1779. 



Annapolis, April 23, 1779. 
Baltimore, April 28, 1779. 

May 3, 1779. 

May 6, 1779. 

May lU, 1779. 
" May 1.5, 1779. 

May 19, 1779. 
Philadelphia, May 31, 1779. 
Maryland, 1779. 
Baltimore. June 14, 1779. 

June 15, 1779. 



BrigFMX l:.„i.un,n h.,.!,:,): 

Schooner Fly i:.,i..i, I; u,.i..|(.l 

Sloop Isabella I., i in I' i[.[.. 

Schooner Johnson I'lr. i ll.i,.|.i. 

Sloop Bennington l:..l,ii • i ,., 

Schooner Lark A\'i]li;iiii i '.iv\:iiii 

Little Davy Thomas Kell 

Brig Maryland i Benjamin King 

Sloop General Lincoln : John Harrison 

Sloop Hope George GarBton 

Brigantine Queen of France Thomas Saunders... 

Schooner Betsey John Nichols 

Brig Lady de Miralles J..se]..h Fariljault... 

" Alexander ..... I ii-rn,!- i 'i>ii\\;i\ ... 

Brigantine Donia.\ II M ill 

Talbot... - 1 ,,i. 

Sloop General Way n. \, , 

Brig Hercules l.itn. . 1 m 1. . 

Schooner Peggy 11.1'ntiian] 

Despatch Thomas Walker.... 

Molly Joseph Elliott 

Sloop Lark Cartlien Thomas Waters 

Schooner Cljaiici- D. Durliani 

Brig Black !■ ■■ .l..hn l:..-..i, 

BrigFox...,' ' ' ''",,:. i;, ',':"'"];. .^,,i.','u. 

Schooner I.i '.'n il r m I II n- ■ \ . 

" BUnvson l;, lii.i.llnn ;i 

FhairtH ".','. ....... .'Tn-r|.h h .mIv . 

" Isabella LrMi, Tii|.|.i/ 

" Centurion Vi)li:ini \\ "..i.-cn 

Brigantine Virginia Joseph Grei-nway... 

Schooner Morrice C. Harrison 

Holker William Coward.... 

Brig Ranger Thomas Johnson.... 

Schooner Jennie Fcndant..' Thomas Giljlions.... 

Sloop Porpoise Willi. mi \\ . .iii- 

Brig Willing Lass ' Tli.m W ,r, ,i, 

Schooner Two Sisters "W ilh i n, i i, 

" Laurens ■\\illi.iii \\ i : 

SloopJane M. I'.d i. m^ n 

Schooner Freemason I William Thonnis.... 

Brig Duke C. Warring 

" Porgie J.Faribault 

Schooner Dorchester James Frazier 



i 4 William Neill 

r, 2 John McClure & Co 

I 4 Alexander Murray 

.1 5; John Dorsey & Co'. 

.1 4 D.Stewart 

i| 2' Hooe& Harrison 

1 10 Stevenson, Steward & > 

; ... James Williams & Co.. 

'. 6| John Dorsey 4 Co 

i' 6 H.Nichols 

' 8 John Dorsey * Co 



... Archibald Patterson... 
2 J.Moses * Co 



John Dorsev & Co.. 



Matthew, Ridley * Co 

Daniel Bowley, J. McClure 

K.il.rii M ., Ml riiila.; S. Steward, 



July 19, 1779. 
July 26, 1779. 
Aug. 11, 1779. 

Aug. 13,1779. 
Aug. 14, 1779. 
Aug. 18, 1779. 



30, 1779. 
Maryland and Virginia, Oct. 18, 

1779. 
Maryland and Virginia, Oct. 19, 

1779. 
Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1779. 
Maryland, Oct. 30, 1779. 
Baltimore, Nov. 4, 1779. 
Nov. 18, 1779. 
Philadelphia, Nov. 29, 1779. 
Talliot County, Dec. 3, 1779. 
Baltimore, Dec. 11, 1779. 
Jan. 3, 1780. 
Feb. 28, 1780. 
Annapolis, Feb. 29, 1780. 
Dorchester Co., March 10, 1780. 
" March 11, 1780. 
Philadelphia, March 13,1780. 



March 18, 1780. 

April 6, 1780. 

April 18, 1780. 
Alexandria, Va., April 11, 1780. 
Baltimore, April 19, 1780. 



" April 22, 1780. 

April 24, 1780. 
Worcester Co., Md., May 3, 1780. 
Baltimore, May 6, 1780. 

May 9, 1780. 
" May 10, 1780. 



...j C. Crookshank. 

...] S.Smith & Co 

2' Robertson Stevens.. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Privateers from 1777 to 1783.— Continued. 




PRIVATEEKS AND ARMED VESSELS. 



Baltimore Privateers from 1777 to 1783.— Continued. 




Name of Vessei. | Caiitain. 


S 

•o 

i 

22 
17 

f 

-.iO 
20 
16 
24 
15 
20 


it 

•S "3 

I 

1(1 ... 


Owners. 


Date of Commission and where 
Owned. 


Schooner Squirrel 1 W. Coward 


A Buchanan 


Baltimore, Aug. 27, 1782. 
;; Aug. 28, 1782. 

i; Sept". 6, im' 

Sept. 26, 1782. 
Sept. 27, 1782. 

2 Oct 12,1782. 

Oct. 14, 1782. 
II Oct. 25, 1782. 

Oct. 26, 1782. 

Dec. 2, 1782. 
Dec. 7, 1782. 
Dec. 11, 1782. 
Dec. 14, 1782. 
Dec. 28, 1782. 
Jan. 1, 1783. 
Jan._4, 1783. 

Jan. 23,1783. 
11 Feb. 10, 17S3. 

March 14, 1783. 


Return 1 Ed. Peters 

A.ieel..|.e Ci,.,,. r.r.rston 

Ship Jullv T,,, . .' H,,,,- ,„ 

Brigai.t,,;. -..•. .M|,-,.„. 1 , ,.... 
SchSoi,.., r; :.-! i 

BrigCerr. ' ' ' " 1 ' , . 

Sclloon.-, r. ,,,,,! ,,-, , |^ 

Schoouli"r;i.'.,V.'.'.'... • |i, >-/,,., ■ . 

II. IV, IK, 11. \Mulv 

FreeniBn ;Wni. Thomas 

Brigantine Conquedor, of 
Madrid J. Latreyte 


T.^Jolinson, D. Resso, and D. PattersonV.".'."'."'.'.;;;; 

II 1,1 > . >l,-.-ienniorr& zSeSoifeZ.V.7."!"!!;.";!."." 
1 11 M.,,,iiv, of New Orleans 


W 11, 1 ,x I'rimJ DVBowieyrZ;Z"""!;"Z'"!!" 

1. \V„,\hi„„tu„ ai,airfatel\\\V.V.'.".''.'.'.V.V.'.'.V.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'. 
C. Crookshank 




S. & A.Cr.imio and R. Smith & Co., of Cape Fran- 
1 1 , iii M, :,. 1 Ni,;ii'eU,'of'Kiiad6iphia'.!;'.!;'. 


S' -, 1 1' 1 ,M, T. Stansburj 

P.Briamant. 

W.Weems 

■ T. Conway 

r.,,.;H,i,,K II ii,iK„ig .las. Forbes 

Ship G,i..lin,. J. Angus 

Schooner Jackett i Ed. Piirkinson 

Brig Duke de Crillon : P. Barrier 

Brigantine Hibernia S. Benezett 

Eagle R. Ewart 

Schooner Havana T.Chauning 

Greyhound H. Willson 


10 ... 

i '.'.'. 

5 ... 

7... 
7... 


S. steward & Son and Thos. Yates 

Geo. Salmon 

Pringle & Wilson, of Philadelphia 

Thos Russell 


Thos. Worthington 



The above is a list of two hundred and forty-eight 
privateer-s with letters-of-marque and reprisals which 
sailed from the port of Baltimore in the period from 
April 1, 1777, to March 14, 1783. They carried an 
aggregate armament of eighteen hundred and ten 
guns and six hundred and forty swivels ; the number 
of men being omitted in many of the letters, cannot 
be given. 

These privateers were the nurse of the infant navy 
of the country, and many of our most distinguished 
naval officers began their careers as captains or officers 
of Baltimore cruisers. We need only refer to the 
names of John Rogers, Samuel Rogers, David Porter, 
Alexander Murray, Joshua Barney, and Joseph El- 
liott as an evidence of the character of the men who 
commanded our early privateers. 

The admiralty notices in the archives show how 
well the work of capture was carried on. We select 
a few of these : 

Jan. 2, 1777.—" Enterprise" vs. brigantine " Clementina." 

" Enterprise," Capt. Campbell, vs. sloop " Fame." 
Jan. 21. — " Montgomery," Commander Wm. Rogers, vs. schooner " Han- 

" Montgomery," Commander Wm. Kogere, vs. brigantine 

" Minerva." 
" Lexington," U. S., Commander Wm. Halloch, rs. brigan- 
tine '* Mary Ann." 
1778.—" Mary and Elizabeth," Commander John Rian, vs. sloop " Little 
John." 
"Antelope," Capt. F. Folger, and "Felicity," Capt. Cole, rs. 

" Jack-o'-the-Lantem." 
" Recovery," Capt. Chadwick, vs. a barge, the schooner " William 

and Polly, ' the " Betsey," a whale-boat, and a pettiaugre. 
" Revenge," " Terrible," and " Intrepid," Capts. Thos. Grason, 
Robert Dashiell, and Levin Speddiu, rs. two schooners and a 



" Kitty," Henry Darnell, vs. sloop " Swift." 

Notice of payment of prize-money to " Harlequin," for captain of 

ship " Lydia." 
" Sturdy Beggar," Capt. John McNeal, vs. brigantine " Provi- 
j dence and Mary." 

Same against ship " Elizabeth." 

" Revenge," Capt. Gosland, vs. sloop " Maccaroni." 

These and many other notices show how well the 
work of making the goods of an enemy contribute 
to the support of the war was carried on by Baltimore 
privateers. 

The cruises of these privateer.s were filled with 
romantic adventure and hair-breadth escapes, and 

1 are well worthy of preservation. The Chesapeake 
Bay was infested with Tories, refugees, thieves, and 

I pirates, whose depredations were not confined to ves- 
sels and commerce, but, aided by the numerous rivers, 
bays, and indentations of the coast, they roamed at 

I large, plundering defenseless houses and robbing 

[ whenever opportunity offered. To break up the nests 
of these pirates, to capture and punish them, and to 
protect the land as well as defend the commerce, all 
fell within the duty of the Maryland navy and the 
Baltimore privateers. 

The enemy, notwithstanding his great superiority 
in vessels of war, resorted also to privateers, and 
numerous actions took place between the private 
armed vessels of both belligerents. Off the mouth of 
the Rappahannock, on the 13th June, 1779, an engage- 
ment took place between a fleet of Maryland priva- 
teers, composed of the " Baltimore Hero," commanded 
by Capt. Earle, the brigs " Lively," Capt. Belt, the 
" Lady Washington," Capt. Greeliway, and four pilot- 
boats, with two of the enemy's privateers, each mount- 



104 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing twelve guns. Capts. Earle and Belt immediately 
came to close quarters with the enemy, and a severe 
contest ensued. The capture of the enemy's vessels 
was only prevented by the timely arrival of a fleet, 
which rendered the contest too unequal, forced the 
Baltimore fleet to retire, but not until it had retaken 
an American privateer from the enemj'. 

The " Antelope," Capt. Folger, and the " Felicity," 
Capt. Cole, recaptured the British ship "Resolution," 
laden with sugar and cotton for Amsterdam, captured I 
by Earl Cornwallis off" Charleston, S. C, and on re- I 
turning from Gaudaloupe they captured the British j 
privateer " Jack-o'-Lantern,"' carrying six guns and 
one hundred and thirty-six men, in 1781, off" the Pa- 
tuxent River. Another of the enemy's privateers, 
mounting three guns and carrying thirty men, was 
captured at sea by the " Antelope," Capt. Garston. 

The schooner " Flying Fish," of Baltimore, bound 
to Havana, was captured by the privateer brigantine 
" Glory," of St. Augustine. Her owner and captain, 
M. Delisle, with a lad of eighteen years, was left on 
board with a prize crew of six men. The captain 
having tried by every means to recapture his vessel I 
without loss of life, on the 7th of October, 1782, was 
in self-defense obliged to kill the prize-master ; and 
having secured the crew in the hold, recovered his 
vessel, and safely brought her to Savannah. 

The action which the " Naval History"'^ styles " the 
most brilliant that ever occurred under the national [ 
flag" was fought by the " Hyder Ally," commanded I 
by Lieut. Joshua Barney, carrying sixteen six-pound- j 
ers and one hundred and ten men, with the " General 
Monk," mounting twenty nine-pounders and carrying 
one hundred and thirty-six men, commanded by Capt. 
Rogers of the British navy. To rid the Delaware 
River and bay of refugee barges and privateers, Lieut, j 
Barney proceeded from Philadelphia, convoying at ; 
the same time a fleet of merchant vessels to sea ; and 
while in this service a British fleet hove in sight, and 
the "General Monk" bore down upon the " Hyder 
Ally." The presence of overpowering numbers did 
not deter the gallant Barney from promptly accept- 
ing the challenge of the "General Monk ;" and seiz- 
ing a raking position within pistol-range, he fought 
his ship with such gallantry as not only to capture 
her adversary, but to win the applause of his country 
and merit the high compliment of the historian of 
his country's navy. 

Notwithstanding the success that attended the eflTorts 
of Baltimore privateers, many were captured, lost at 
sea, or destroyed to prevent their falling into the 
hands of the enemy. The material damage done to 
the enemy by privateering has been estimated at 
one million pounds, but the benefit derived by the 

1 This " JackK)'-Lanteru" had given very great annoyance to com- 
merce. Previous to her capture by the " A ntelope" she had captured a uew 
scliooner from Boston, bound to Baltimore, near the entrauce of tiie 
capes and sent her to New Yorlj, and later, off the mouth of tlie Potomac, 
a schooner from Baltimore to Virginia. 

- Cooper's Naval History, i., p. 269. 



States, their citizens and their cause, must be meas- 
ured not only by the money value, but by the material 
aid and assistance derived from those captures, and so 
urgently needed by the people. 

Again during the war (1793) between England 
and France many Baltimore privateers sailed under 
French letters-of-marque issued by citizen Genet to 
prey upon the commerce of Great Britain. The num- 
ber of these vessels sailing from Baltimore under the 
French flag is stated to have been from forty to fifty, 
but as no patriotic motive could be pleaded for their 
justification, they can now be regarded as but very 
little better than legalized pirates, inspired by no 
higher purpose than individual gain and plunder. 

The war of 1812-15 between the United States and 
Great Britain called for the utmost exertion of our 
merchant marine to supplement the great disparity in 
number of ships and weight of metal between the 
navies of the belligerents. Baltimore quickly re- 
sponded, and the part taken by her merchant marine 
was equally as meritorious as that of her citizens in 
the army. Her swift-sailing ships were to be seen on 
every sea, and the commerce of Great Britain suffered 
from their attacks in all quarters of the globe. It 
may be stated, as showing the immense profits of 
some of those vessels, that the "Rossie" in forty-five 
days took prizes valued at one million two hundred 
and eighty-nine thousand dollars, and from July to 
November of her next cruise captured prizes that 
yielded one million five hundred thousand dollars. 
The " Rolla" captured prizes valued at two million 
five hundred thousand dollars, and the " Amelia" 
others worth five hundred thousand dollars. 

War was declared on June 18, 1812, and on Satur- 
day, July 11th, Niks' Register says, " From Balti- 
more there will, in a few days, be at sea twelve or 
fifteen of the fastest sailing and best found and 
appointed vessels in the world, carrying from ten to 
sixteen guns each, and from eighty to one hundred 
and twenty men." On the following day " seven 
privateers sailed from Baltimore," and " within four 
months her merchants sent to sea forty-two armed 
vessels, carrying about three hundred and thirty guns, 
and from two thousand eight hundred to three thousand 
men." Had the brave commanders of these adven- 
turous cruisers been in the Federal service their names 
would have been placed high in the roll of honor, but 
as it is the names of Barney, Boyle, Staflbrd, Murphy, 
Wilson, Wiscott, Pratt, Southcomb, Veasy, Levely, 
Grant, Dawson, Moon, Richardson, and a host of 
others have been almost or quite forgotten ; and 
neither does the storied marble commemorate, nor 
the historic page record, the gallant services that, by 
crippling the enemy's navy, contributed so much to 
our success. 

Among the most notable privateers and letters-of- 
marque that sailed out of the port of Baltimore to 
harass and annoy British trade and commerce we 
may mention the following : 



PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 



105 



The " Dash," July 10, 1812, captured in Hampton 
Roads the British schooner " Whiting." 

The "Falcon," on the 18th of July, on her passage 
from Boston to Bordeaux, with four guns and sixteen 
men, when on the coast of France, was engaged with 
the British cutter " Hero," with five guns and fifty 
men, for two hours and a half, and finally beat her 
off, with considerable loss on both sides, after re- 
pulsing the enemy three times in his attempt to board. 
On the next day the "Falcon" was attacked by a 
British privateer of six guns and forty men, and 
although considerably injured by her engagement 
with the cutter the day previous, she bravely returned 
the privateer's fire for an hour and a half, when, the 
captain and several of the crew of the " Falcon" being 
wounded, she was carried by boarding while her colors 
were still flying. 

The privateer " Dolphin," Capt. W. S. Stafford, was 
one of the most active cruisers of the war. On the 
26th of July she captured an English vessel worth 
eighteen thousand dollars, which was followed in Au- 
gust by the capture of the British schooner " Fanny," 
valued at the same sum ; and in the same month she 
also destroyed several droggers, and sent the schooner 
" James" into port. Soon after she captured three 
other vessels. The ship "John Hamilton," five hun- 
dred and fifty tons, mounting ten guns and carrying 
thirty men, laden with seven hundred tons of ma- 
hogany, was captured by her after a short action and 
sent into Baltimore. When off St. Vincent, on the 
25th of January, 1813, she captured the " Hebe," six- 
teen guns and forty men, after a very severe engage- 
ment, in which the captain of the enemy's vessel was 
wounded. In this action the "Dolphin" lost four 
men, but was rewarded not only by her victory over 
the " Hebe," but by the capture of her consort. After 
this series of brilliant exploits, the "Dolphin" passed 
through the blockading squadron, and arrived at Bal- 
timore Feb. 13, 1813. 

On the 3d of April, 1813, the British seventy-four 
"St. Domingo," three frigates, two brigs, one schooner, 
and two pilot-boat tenders anchored off the mouth of 
the Rappahannock River for the purpose of attack- 
ing the " Dolphin," two letters-of-marque bound for 
France, and one for -Savannah, which were anchored 
in the mouth of the river. While awaiting an oppor- 
tunity to escape, the American vessels were attacked 
by seventeen British launches and tenders containing 
about forty men each. Two of the letters-of-marque 
were taken with slight resistance, and the other ran 
aground near the shore. The " Dolphin" bore the 
brunt of the action, and the whole force of the enemy 
was soon brought to bear upon her. The Register 
says, " It was indeed a desperate fight against fear- 
ful odds. The contest was sustained for two hours 
with a gallantry peculiar to American sailors. The 
enemy finally succeeded in boarding, but the fight 
was not done. On the ' Dolphin's' deck the battle 
lasted fifteen minutes, when, overwhelmed by num- 



bers, the brave Stafford submitted, the enemy some 
time before having pulled down his colors. It appears 
very certain that the British had fifty-nine killed and 
wounded in the affray." 

The " Globe," Capt. James Murphy, was another 
very successful privateer. The ship "Sir Simon 
Clark," sixteen guns and thirty-nine men, with a 
cargo of sugar, rum, coffee, etc., and worth one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars, was captured by the 
"Globe" and sent into Norfolk; she also brought 
into Hampton Roads a British ship of twenty-two 
guns; also the schooner "Ann," four guns, laden 
with logwood and mahogany ; and captured, after a 
brisk engaecement, the letter-of-marque ship " Boyd," 
mounting ten guns, which she sent into Philadeljjhia. 
While Capt. Murphy was sailing off the coast of 
Portugal he had a desperate engagement with an 
Algerine sloop-of-war, which continued for three 
hours and a half, ending in the repulse of the Algerine 
vessel. He followed this with the capture of the brig 
"Kingston," with a valuable cargo of rum, which he 
sent into Ocracock, N. C. ; with that of the ship 
" Venus," fourteen guns, which he sent into Beaufort, 
S. C. ; with the destruction of the schooner " Eliza- 
beth," from Lisbon to London ; and the capture of 
the ship " Pelham," and several other valuable ves- 
sels, which were also sent into port. On the 3d of 
November, 1813, the "Globe," then under the com- 
mand of Capt. Richard Moon, had a desperate en- 
gagement with two English packets at half pistol-shot 
distance. The largest brig mounted eighteen guns, 
and the other sixteen twelve-pounders. The former 
surrendered, but owing to the disabled condition of 
the "Globe" managed to get away. The loss of the 
" Globe" was eight killed and fifteen wounded. The 
force of the " Globe" was a "Long Tom" amidships, 
and eight twelve-pound carronades, with a comple- 
ment of ninety men, including officers and marines. 
The enemy, it was supposed, lost twenty-seven men 
killed and wounded, besides being terribly cut up in 
their hulls, sails, and rigging. 

The brig " Bellona," laden with Madeira wine and 
fruit, was also captured by the " Globe." 

On the 30th of August, 1812, Commodore Barney 
arrived at Newport in his schooner " Rossie," after a 
short but successful cruise of forty-five days along the 
eastern coast of the United States. During his voyage 
he captured fifteen vessels, nine of which he burned 
or sunk. The prizes amounted to about two thousand 
nine liundred and fourteen tons, manned by one hun- 
dred and sixty-six men, and valued at one million 
two hundred and eighty-nine thousand dollars. He 
remained in port about ten days, when he again put 
to sea, and shortly afterwards captured the British 
ship " Kitty," seized the brig " Nymph," captured 
and burned the ship " Princess Royal," the brigs 
" Fame" and " Devonshire," and the schooner 
"Squid," and captured the brig "Brothers," which 
he manned with sixty prisoners and sent to St. Johns 



106 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



to be exchanged for as many Americans. On Aug. 
3, 1813, he captured and sunk the brig " Henry" and 
schooner " Race Horse," burned schooner " Halifax," 
manned the brig " William," and gave the schooner 
" Two Brothers" forty prisoners, and sent them to St. 
.Johns on parole. August 9th he captured the ship 
" Jenny," mounting twelve guns, after a short action, 
and sent her into port. On August 10th the " Rossie" 
seized the " Rebecca," from London, and the ship 
" Euphrates," and after being chased by a number 
of British frigates and ships of war, on the 16th of 
September fell in with the British packet-ship 
" Princess Amelia," when a desperate action com- 
menced at close quarters, which resulted in a drawn 
battle after both vessels had suffered considerable loss. 
On October 8th the " Rossie," in company with the 
"Globe," captured the schooner "Jubilee" and sent 
her into port, and in the same month the " Rossie" 
seized the ship " Merrimack;" and the result of this 
cruise was the capture of two hundred and seven- 
teen prisoners and three thousand six hundred and 
ninety-eight tons of shipping, valued at over one 
million five hundred thousand dollars. 

Four days after the arrival of the British fleet in 
Lynn Haven Bay, on the 8th of February, 181.3, the 
letter-of-marque schooner "Lottery," Capt. John 
Southcomb, of Baltimore, bound for France, with six 
guns and twenty-eight men, was attacked by nine 
boats containing two hundred and forty men from 
the British squadron. Capt. Southcomb with his 
brave companions gallantly sustained the attack for 
two hours and thirty minutes, during which time 
it was supposed that more Englishmen were killed 
and wounded than the whole crew of the schooner. 
The captain was wounded by five musket-balls, one 
of which passed through his body, and finding that 
he had exhausted all his ammunition, and that the 
enemy swarmed on his deck, he deemed further re- 
sistance a useless waste of brave men's lives and sur- 
rendered. The enemy had already pulled down the 
colors themselves. Capt. Southcomb was taken on 
board the British frigate " Belvidera," where he soon 
after died, and Capt. R. Byron kindly sent his body 
with a letter of condolence, in which his conduct 
was spoken of in terms befitting a gallant enemy, to 
his friends in Norfolk, where he was buried on the 
16th of February with grand military and naval 
honors. He was in the twenty-sixth year of his age. 

The action between the " Nonesuch," Capt. Levely, 
of Baltimore, and a British ship and schooner off 
Martinique, on the 28th of September, 1812, also 
shows how well the.se volunteers fought: "When 
within reach of the ship," says Capt. Levely, " she 
gave us a broadside. We bore down upon her and 
hoisted American colors, and returned ten broadsides, 
accompanied each time with a heavy volley of mus- 
ketry, the .ship and schooner keeping up a heavy fire 
upon us with their great guns and musketry. The 
engagement lasted three hours and twenty minutes. 



when the bolts and breachings of our guns fore and 
aft were carried away on both sides. We could then 
only use our musketry, or we should certainly have 
captured them both. We dismounted several of the 
ship's guns, and damaged her very much in her hull 
and rigging. From the confusion which appeared on 
board, we judge that we must have killed and wounded 
a considerable number of men ; she bore away for 
Martinique; we being much crippled in our sails and 
rigging could not pursue her. The ' Nonesuch' lost 
during the action one ofiicer killed (Mr. Wilkinson) 
and three seamen (Samuel Christian, Lewis Riley, 
and David McCarthy), and six seamen wounded. The 
British lost seven killed and sixteen wounded." 

The " Nonesuch" captured the schooner " Perse- 
verance" and the brig " Francis," and sent them into 
Charleston ; she also captured the schooner " Fame," 
laden with dry goods and oil, and sent her into Sa- 
vannah. 

The privateer schooner "Highflyer," of Baltimore, 
on the 27th of July, 1812, captured the schooner 
" Harriet," with eight thousand dollars in specie, and 
also the British ship " Diana," one of the Jamaica 
fleet, richly laden with rum, sugar, and coffee. The 
" Highflyer," after a brisk action with great guns and 
musketry, captured the ship "Jamaica," carrying 
seven guns, by boarding, the ship " Mary and Ann" 
striking her colors at the same time. Both ships 
reached the United States safely, loaded with sugar, 
rum, coffee, logwood, etc. On her second cruise the 
" Highflyer" captured the brig " Porgie," from An- 
tigua, laden with rum and molasses ; also the brig 
" Burchall," and a number of droggers (coasting ves- 
sels) plying between the West India Islands. The 
brig " Active," carrying ten guns and a rich cargo, 
was sent into Charleston by the same privateer. 

The privateer " Sarah Ann," of Baltimore, in Au- 
gust, 1812, captured the ship "Elizabeth," laden with 
coffee and ginger, and carrying ten guns. The schooner 
" Minorca" was captured by the " Wasp." The 
schooner " Hussar," loaded with presents for Admiral 
Warren, was sent into Savannah by the " Liberty," 
of Baltimore. The letter-of-marque " Baltimore" 
captured the brig "Point Shares," loaded with fish, 
and the " Wasp" captured the schooner " Dawson," 
with a cargo of rum and coffee. The " Tom," of Bal- 
timore, captured the British mail packet " Town- 
send," from Falmouth, England, after a severe en- 
gagement, and the ship " Betsey" was taken by the 
"Revenge," of Baltimore. The " Liberty" also cap- 
tured about this time (1812) a prize schooner valued 
at sixty thousand dollars. The "Rolla" captured 
and burnt the schooner " Swift," and in a storm Capt. 
Dewley was compelled to throw overboard all his 
guns excepting one. He, however, continued his 
voyage, and near Madeira, from the 12th to the 15th 
of December, the "Rolla" captured, manned, and 
sent to the nearest ports the following valuable ves- 
sels, which were part of the Cork fleet: ship "Mary," 



PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 



107 



fourteen guns, of Bristol, laden with hardware, etc. ; 
ship " Eliza," of ten guns, laden with twenty thou- 
sand bushels of wheat; ship "Bio Nouva," eighteen 
guns, laden with dry goods ; ship " Apollo," ten guns, ' 
richly laden with king's stores ; brig " Boroso," six 
guns, laden witli dry goods, and a schooner given up 
to discharge prisoners, making a grand total of seven 
vessels, fifty-eight guns, one hundred and fifty pris- { 
oners, and property worth between two and three 
millions of dollars. Brig " General Prevost," from 
Halifax, for Demerara, was captured by the " Kolla" 
in 1813, and sent into New Orleans. 

The " Comet," Capt. Thomas Boyle, was a famous 
privateer from the port of Baltimore. Capt. Boyle, 
although not born in Baltimore, was married there 
on the 6th of October, 1794, and died at sea, Oct. 12, 
1825. He commanded a ship when only sixteen 
years old, married at eighteen, and died when only 
forty-nine. Mr. Coggeshall says, " He possessed 
many of the elements of a great man, for in him were 
blended the impetuous bravery of a Murat with the 
prudence of a Wellington. He wisely judged when 
to attack the enemy, and when to retreat with honor 
to himself and to the flag under which he sailed. 
Had he been commander in the United States navy 
his fame and deeds would have been lauded through- 
out the country ; but as he only commanded a pri- 
vateer, who speaks of him ?" 

Soon after the breaking out of the war the " Comet" 
put to sea, and captured the ship " Hopewell," of four- 
teen guns and twenty-five men, after a sharp action, 
and sent her into Baltimore. This rich prize was 
valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
Soon after the " Comet" captured the ship " John," 
fourteen guns and thirty-five men, with a cargo also 
valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and 
sent her into Baltimore. 

On the 14th of January, 1813, Capt. Boyle, when 
oif the coast of Pernambuco, discovered four sail 
standing out of the harbor. They proved to be three 
English vessels, consisting of a ship of fourteen guns 
and two brigs of ten guns, under convoy of a Portu- 
guese brig, national vessel, mounting twenty thirty- 
two's and one hundred and sixty-five men, making in 
all a force of fifty-four guns. After a desperate con- 
flict the " Comet" compelled the British vessels to 
surrender. Soon after the fight and capture of the 
three British vessels the gallant Boyle fell in with 
and captured the Scotch ship " Adelphi," belonging i 
to Aberdeen. She was from Liverpool, bound for ! 
Bahia, of three hundred and sixty-one tons, mounting 
eight long twelve-pounders, laden with salt and dry I 
goods. The " Comet" was subsequently chased by 
the famous British frigate " Surprise," which she 
easily outsailed, and continued on her cruise down 
among the West India Islands. On the 6th of Feb- 
ruary she fell in with two brigs, and after a short chase ! 
captured them. One proved to be the " Alexis," of 
Greenock, from Demerara, loaded with sugar, rum, ' 



cotton, and coft'ee, mounting ten guns ; the other was 
the Dominica packet, of Liverpool, from Demerara 
bound for St. Thomas, laden with rum, sugar, cotton, 
and coffee, mounting ten guns. A short time after 
Capt. Boyle was chased by the man-of-war brig 
"Swaggerer," which he outsailed with ease, and 
captured the schooner "Jane," from Demerara for St. 
Thomas, loaded with rum, sugar, and coflTee. Soon 
aftpr the capture of these prizes Capt. Boyle returned 
home, and arrived safe in Baltimore on the 17th of 
March, passing through the British blockading squad- 
ron, bidding defiance to their vigilance and numbers. 

The " Comet" remained in port long enough to 
make a few repairs, and to water and provision, when 
she sailed on another successful cruise. The first 
prize was the schooner " Messenger," laden with rum 
and molasses, which was sent into Wilmington, N. C, 
followed in a few days by the " Vigilant," a tender to 
the admiral of the Windward Island station. Nine 
other vessels were also captured and sunk by the 
" Comet" on this cruise, besides four valuable prizes 
which were manned and sent to the United States. 
She had a terrible battle with the ship " Hibernia,'" 
of eight hundred tons, twenty-two guns, and a large 
complement of men, but was beaten off". The fight 
lasted about eight hours. The privateer had three 
men killed and sixteen wounded ; the ship had eight 
killed and thirteen wounded. The " Comet" also 
captured another British vessel, which, being short of 
provisions, put into Porto Rico for a supply, and was 
given up to the English claimant. The " Comet" in 
this cruise captured nineteen prizes. 

In 1814 the " Comet" captured fourteen vessels in 
the West Indies, twelve of which were destroyed and 
two sent into North Carolina. 

The revenue cutter " Surveyor," of Baltimore, 
carrying six small guns, on the 12th of J.une, 1813, 
while anchored in York River, was captured by the 
barges of the British frigate " Narcissus." The enemy 
were discovered about one hundred and fifty yards 
distant from the vessel, and Capt. Samuel Travis, 
finding that he could not bring his guns to bear, 
furnished each of his men with two muskets. They 
held their fire until the British were within pistol- 
shot, but the enemy pushed on, and finally carried 
the vessel by boarding, with a loss of three men 
killed and a large number wounded. Capt. Travis 
and his crew of fifteen men and boys were taken on 
board the "Junior," and on the following day the 
senior oflicer of the " Narcissus" returned the captain 
his sword, with a very complimentary letter.' 

The " Liberty," of Baltimore, destroyed the sloop 
" Reasonable" in 1812, and ransomed the schooner 
" Maria." The schooner " Pearl" was sent into port, 
and a British privateer, which the " Liberty" had 
captured, was divested of her armament, and then 
given up for want of room for the prisoners. The 



" Hietory of Maryland," vol. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



" Liberty" also captured the schooner " Dorcas," and j 
after relieving her of her cargo of dry goods released ■ 
her. I 

The letter-of-marque schooner " Ned," of Balti- ' 
more, Capt. Dawson, arrived at New York on April 
24, 1813, after a very successful cruise. After a close 
action of nearly one hour she captured the English 
letter-of-marque brig "Malvina," ten guns. The i 
cai)tain of the "Malvina" was killed. The "Ned" | 
was chased several times off the coast by British 
men-of-war, but outsailed all of them. 

The " Sparrow," of Baltimore, captured in 1813 the 
schooner " Farmer," laden with cotton, but afterwards 
released her. Later in the war the " Sparrow" loaded 
at New Orleans with a cargo of sugar and lead and 
sailed for New York, but on the voyage was driven j 
ashore near Long Branch and bilged. The cargo was { 
saved by the militia of the place. The letter-of- ' 
marque schooner " Sabine," of Baltimore, among ' 
other prizes, captured and burnt a fine brig loaded 
with cotton. The "Siro" captured the ship "Loyal 
Sam," ten guns, with twenty-three thousand five hun- 
dred dollars in specie and a large quantity of indigo 
on board, which arrived safely at Portland, Me. In 
1814 the "Siro," while on her way to France, was 
captured and sent into Plymouth, England. The 
letter-of-marque " Enterprise," of Baltimore, cap- 
tured in 1813 the schooner " Louisa," twenty-six 
men, two hundred and two tons, one gun, and laden 
with rum and sugar. The letter-of-marque "Pilot" 
captured a brig laden with fish, and also the schooner 
" Lily," which was relieved of part of her cargo and 
released. She also captured the brig "Mary Ann," 
laden with rum and molasses, which was ransomed 
for four thousand dollars. The "Revenge" in 1813 
sent in the valuable ship " Manly," four guns, laden 
with wine, oil, etc. A brig laden with sugar and 
molasses, captured by the privateer " Caroline," was 
recaptured by the British off Charleston; she also 
captured the brig "Criterion," laden with rum, and 
sent her into Stonington, Conn. The "Caroline" 
early in 1814 captured the brig " Elizabeth," and sent 
her into Charleston. The brig " Experience" was also 
captured by the "Caroline," but was lost on the 
island of Cuba. She captured three other vessels, 
which were manned and sent into port, besides two 
vessels which were burnt. In 1815 the " Caroline" 
captured the brig " Stephen," fourteen guns and 
thirty men. A brig laden with wool was captured 
and burnt by the letter-of-marque " Grampus," of 
Baltimore, Capt. Murphyj on her passage from 
France. The " Grampus," while cruising among 
the Canary Islands, captured the British brig " Spec- 
ulation," but afterwards released her. Soon after a 
British sloop-of-war hove in sight so well disguised 
as a merchantman that Capt. Murphy was decoyed 
under her guns before he discovered his mistake. 
When within half pistol-range the enemy, poured 
a broadside from her main-deck batterv into the 



" Grampus," and killed Capt. Murphy and a number 
of his crew. The " Grampus" suffered greatly in her 
sails and rigging, but by great exertion escaped, and 
shortly afterwards captured and burned the brig 
"Ceres" in the Bay of Biscay. On the 18th of 
June, 1814, the " Grampus" and " Patapsco," of 
Baltimore, and the schooner "Dash," of Boston, 
were chased by the " La Hogue," seventy-four, in 
Boston Bay, but all escaped. Later in the year the 
" Grampus" made another voyage, and captured the 
British transport-brig " Doris," which was sent into 
Marblehead, and a brig loaded with rum and mo- 
lasses. She also sent into New York the ketch 
" Exjiedition," laden with wine and barilla. The 
brig "Catharine and William," captured by the 
" Grampus," was lost near Beaufort, S. C. Capt. 
W. S. Stafford, famous for his defense of the " Dol- 
phin" in the Chesapeake in 1812, was attacked off 
Charleston on the 27th of November, 1813, by five 
boats from a British brig-of-war. When close upon 
him he destroyed one of the boats with grape-shot, 
and gave the rest employment in saving their com- 
rades. The "Lion," privateer of Baltimore, arrived 
in L'Orient, France, with about four hundred thou- 
sand dollars on board, after having destroyed fifteen 
or twenty English vessels off the coasts of Spain and 
Portugal ; and the letter-of-marque " Patapsco" sent 
in a schooner laden-with sugar, coffee, etc. She also 
captured the valuable brig " Europa," ten guns and 
twenty-two men, with one hundred and seventy-five 
tons of sweet oil, and sent her into port. A sloop was 
captured and sunk by the letter-of-marque schooner 
" Delisle," of Baltimore, which also destroyed the 
ship " Bonita." 

The letter-of-marque "Tuckahoe," of Baltimore, 
captured the schooner " Sea-Flower," and also burned 
the schooner " Hazard." She also captured another 
prize, and sent it into port. She narrowly escaped 
capture off Long Island by an English fleet, but by 
superior sailing arrived safely in Boston in March, 
1814. The " Kemp" in 1814 captured a valuable 
schooner loaded with dry goods, and also the brig 
" Louisa," laden with oil and fish, which was sent 
into Elizabeth City, Va. The " Kemp" also captured 
and burnt the brig "Betsey and Mary." The same 
privateer captured the ship "Calypso," with three 
thousand dollars in specie on board, and the brig 
" New Frederick." 

On the 3d of December, 1815, the "Kemp," on a 
cruise to the West Indies, de.scried a small fleet of 
merchant ships, eight in number, under convoy of a 
frigate. The privateer attacked the fleet, and carried 
off, after a severe contest, four of the largest vessels ; 
one of the brigs and her cargo was estimated to be 
worth three hundred thousand dollars. The " Kemp" 
also sent in another brig with a valuable cargo. The 
" Kemp" arrived in Baltimore loaded with rich goods, 
capturing after a sharp contest lasting forty minutes 
a British brig mounting fourteen guns, and carrying 



PRIVATEERS AND ARMED VESSELS. 



forty men. The privateer " York," of Baltimore, 
when off the coast of Nova Scotia, on the 18th of 
April, 181.5, had a severe engagement with the British 
transport-ship " Lord Somers." During the action, 
Capt. Staples, of the " York," and five of his men 
were killed and twelve wounded. In this disabled 
condition, the privateer was obliged to haul off and 
give up the contest. The " York" soon after captured 
the schooner " Diligence," sloop " Regulator," ship 
"Antonia," brigs "Betsy," "Harvest," "William" 
(ten guns, fourteen men), "Rover," and two others, 
and the East Indiaship " Coromandel," of five hundred 
tons, all of which had valuable cargoes. After a suc- 
cessful cruise along the coast of Brazil and the West 
India Islands, the " York" succeeded in making her 
way home. Her prizes were valued at about one 
million five hundred thousand dollars. 

The privateer " Surprise" was an exceedingly for- 
tunate vessel. Early in 1814 she captured the ship 
" Hebe," and sent her into a Southern port. The 
brig " Kutozoff," of six guns, and valued at fifty thou- 
sand dollars, was carried after a sharp action by 
boarding and sent into Frankfort, Me. The " Sur- 
prise" arrived at Newport, R. I., after a cruise of one 
hundred and three days, a part of which time she had 
spent in the British and Irish Channels. During her 
voyage she was chased sixteen times, and made in all 
thirteen prizes. The schooner " Fox," captured off 
the Irish coast, was used to dispose of her prisoners. 
Among her prizes were the brigs "James and David," 
the " Fidelity," and the " Fortitude," which with a 
valuable cargo was sent into Maine. The " Surprise" 
arrived at Salem late in 1814, after a fortunate cruise 
of one month, during which time she captured twenty 
British vessels, some of which were very valuable. 
On her next cruise the " Surprise" captured the 
transport-brig " Endeavor," which was destroyed on 
Rockaway Beach, near New York, by the English 
men-of-war. The brig " Argo" was also captured by 
the " Surprise," and the following, which were burnt : 
brigs " Charlotte," " Lively," " William," " Maid," 
" Polly," ship " Milnes," and schooners " Prince Re- 
gent" and " Sally." The English privateer " Lively," 
one gun and seventeen men, was brought into Salem 
by the same vessel, and a cargo valued at fifty thou- 
sand dollars was taken from the ship " Caledonia." 
Brigs "Eagle," "Traveler," "Wellington" (four guns 
and fifteen men), and "Eliza" were used as cartels 
for the exchange of prisoners. The " Surprise" also 
captured the brig " Albion," schooner " Charlotte 
Ann," and recaptured the boat " Ann." During her 
last cruise, which only occupied one month, she cap- 
tured twenty British merchantmen, including one 
small privateer. She made one hundred and ninety- 
seven prisonei-s, released one hundred and sixty, and 
brought into port thirty-seven. The " Surprise" on 
her next cruise sent into Boston the brig " Cossack," 
which had been captured by the " Grand Turk" off 
Salem, but recaptured by the " Bulwark," seventy- 



four, and sunk the schooner " Mary." On the 24th 
of December, 1814, the "Surprise" was at Brest, and 
[ fired a salute, which was answered by the French ad- 
miral with eleven guns. The British schooner " Lucy 
Ann" was captured by the "Surprise," as was the 
! brig "Forth." As the "Surprise" left the port of 
I Brest she was chased for several hours by a British 
j sloop-of-war, which fired fifty guns at her without 
effect. On the 28th of January, 1815, the " Surprise" 
■ ca])tured, after a short engagement, the English ship 
" Star," mouuting eight twelve-pound guns, with 
twenty-six men. The prize was sent into New York, 
! and proved to be an exceedingly rich one, being val- 
ued at three hundred thousand dollars. Its cargo 
consisted of the following articles : 1180 bags of 
sugar, 5021 bags of coffee, 45 tubs of camphor, 297 
bags of sago, 224 cwt. of sapan wood, 22 bales of 
nankeens, 83 cases of cinnamon, and 45 cases of tor- 
toise-shell. The " Expedition," of Baltimore, in 1814 
captured a brig from Lisbon, and recaptured the val- 
uable schooner " Adeline," which had been captured 
by a British frigate. The private armed schooner 
" Perry" captured a schooner loaded with rum and 
sent her into the Delaware. The " Perry" was only 
out ninety days, during which time she captured 
twenty-two British vessels, eighteen of which she de- 
stroyed and sent four to the United States. She sent 
the schooner " Rambler," with dry goods, into Wil- 
mington, N. C. Brig " John" and brig " Nancy" 
were captured by the " Perry," which arrived in the 
Delaware about the 1st of February with a full cargo 
of chosen spoils. She was chased some eight or ten 
times by brigs, sloops-of-war, frigates, and razees, but 
laughed at them all. The letter-of-marque schooner 
" Midas" captured and burnt the .schooner " Francis" 
off the French coast. The " Midas" also captured 
I the British brig " Astrea," ten guns and twenty men, 
i and sent her into Savannah ; the English privateer 
schooner "Dash," with a crew of forty men and 
several guns ; three coasting vessels, laden with seven 
hundred bales of cotton, and the ship "Pizarro," 
brigs " Esperanza" and " Elsinore," which were .sent 
I into port. The schooners " Eugene" and " Stinger" 
I were destroyed. The " Zebec Ulter," of Baltimore, 
I sent into Charleston the brig " Robert ;" also captured 
the brig " Swift," four guns, eighteen men, brig " Lord 
Nelson," and schooner " Nancy," and burned two 
others. A schooner was given up to paroled pris- 
oners, and the privateer schooner " Amnesty," one 
gun, twenty-four men, was burnt, together with two 
other small vessels. The " Zebec Ulter" captured five 
or six other vessels which were released, but a brig of 
fourteen guns was manned and sent to France, and 
two others were sent to the United States. In passing 
through Long Island Sound she was attacked by two 
British boats, one of which she captured, but the 
other escaped. The commander of the barge was 
killed. The " Zebec Ulter" afterwards went to sea 
and captured the ship " Anne," of four hundred and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



seventeen tons, and sent her to New York. She also 
captured the brigs " Maria," " Annabella," " Mo- 
hawk," and the sloops " Twins," " L'Esperance," and 
" Constitution." 

The " Pike" sent in the schooner " Hope," ship 
" Mermaid," and burnt the British brig " Pike." She 
also captured a schooner, but gave her up to the pris- 
oners, and burnt the schooner " Industrious Bee." 
The schooners " Venus," " Lord Nelson," and brigs 
" Jane" and " Orient" were captured by the " Pike," 
together with several other vessels, which were re- 
leased or used as cartels. The " Pike" was finally 
cliased ashore on the Southern coast, and captured 
by the enemy's boats. A part of her crew escaped, but 
forty-three were taken prisoners. During her cruise 
she paroled two hundred and fifty prisoners. The 
ship " Samuel Cummings," four hundred tons, cap- 
tured by the " Pike," was also wrecked on the Southern 
coast. The " Lawrence," of Baltimore, sent to Port- 
land, Me., the ship " Commerce," laden with supplies 
for the British army ; she also captured the brig 
" Canada," ten guns, which was sent into Wilming- 
ton, N. C. The cutters "Eliza" and "Peggy," the 
" Dart," the ship " Christian," and schooner " Ata- 
lanta" were captured by the " Lawrence," which ar- 
rived in New York on the 25th of January, 1815. 
During her cruise the " Lawrence" took thirteen val- 
uable prizes, and manned eight of them. The prizes 
aggregated more than three thousand tons, and the 
prisoners numbered one hundred and six. Later in the 
year the " Lawrence" captured and sent into North 
Carolina the brig " Peter," and also captured the 
brig " Athill," eight guns, which was sent to Brest, 
France. The brig " Eagle" was also one of her 
prizes. 

The " Amelia," of Baltimore, in 1814 captured the 
brig " Liddelle," and made a cartel of her ; the brig 
" Jessie," six guns, was burnt, and schooner " Ann" 
was sent as a cartel to Halifax. The " Amelia" ar- 
rived at New York after a cruise of eighty-five days, 
during which time she had taken fourteen hundred 
tons of shipping, with property valued at one million 
dollars, and eighty prisoners. On her next cruise 
she captured the following vessels : brigs " Colier," 
" Harmony," " Ann," " Elizabeth," and a ship of 
eight guns, besides having a sharp combat with the 
" Neptune." Among the last vessels captured by her 
was the brig " Polly." The " Amelia" arrived safe at 
Philadelphia in April, 1815, with a full cargo of 
valuable goods taken from the enemy. During her 
cruise she captured ten British vessels ; some she de- 
stroyed, and others she ordered into port. The 
" Amelia" carried but six guns and seventy-five men. 
The captured vessels amounted to two thousand two 
hundred and seventy tons, one hundred and twelve 
prisoners, and thirty-two carriage-guns. She was 
frequently chased by the enemy, and once for fifty- 
three hours, but was fortunate enough to evade all 
her pursuers. 



The " Mammoth," of Baltimore, was another very 
j successful privateer. In 1814 she sent into port the 
; brig " Camelion," from the West Indies, laden with 
rum and molasses. Off the coast of Newfoundland 
I she had a severe action with an English transport-ship, 
laden with three or four hundred troops. She was 
compelled to haul off after doing considerable damage 
to the enemy. She afterwards captured the sloop 
" Farmer," and brigs " Britannia" and " Ceres," and 
three other brigs in ballast. In 1815 she captured the 
brigs " Uniza," " Sarah," " Sir Home Popham," and 
schooners " Two Brothers," " Eapid," and ship 
"Champion." The " Ann Eliza" was destroyed, and 
j the bark " Mary," brigs " Alexander" and " Char- 
i lotte," and ship " Mentor," with valuable cargoes, 
j ordered into port. The schooners "Thomas" and 
1 " Good Intent" and brigs " Joseph" and " Eliza" 
were given up. The "Mammoth" in all made twenty- 
one prizes, and paroled about three hundred prisoners. 
She arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., full of rich spoils 
from the enemy. 

The " Harrison" sent into a Southern port in 1814 
the schooner " Octavia," and soon after captured the 
J ship " Julia," brig " Mary Ann," schooners " John 
Duncan" and " Louisa." After removing from the 
prizes goods to the amount of one hundred thousand 
dollars the vessels were destroyed. A schooner with 
a large amount of specie on board was captured and 
j sent to the United States. The " Harrison" arrived 
at Wilmington, N. C. in 1815, with a full cargo of 
j goods taken from the enemy, with the loss of her cap- 
tain in an engagement with a British sloop-of-war. 
! In September, 1814, the "Harpy," of Baltimore, 
fell in with the British packet " Princess Elizabeth," 
and after a warm but short action the packet surren- 
dered. She had three men killed and several wounded. 
The "Princess Elizabeth" was armed with ten guns 
and thirty-eight men. She had on board as passengers 
a Turkish ambassador for England and an English 
officer, aide to a British general, and a second lieuten- 
ant of a " seventy-four." The privateer divested the 
I packet of ten thousand dollars in specie, five pipes of 
Madeira wine, and her armament, and ransomed the 
vessel for two thousand dollars, and then allowed her 
to proceed on her course to England. 

After a very successful voyage the " Harpy" went 
to Portsmouth, N. H., and after a cruise of twenty 
I days returned laden with the choicest spoils of the foe 
and sixty prisoners. She captured the schooner 
j "Britannia," and burnt her and the brig "Halifax," 
! packet, with a valuable cargo ; also the transport- 
j ship "Amazon," six guns and eighteen men, an ele- 
gant vessel with a cargo of provisions ; also the 
transport-ship " Budges," four hundred and forty tons, 
six eighteen-pound carronades, and a large cargo of 
rum, etc. The prizes of the " Harpy" were valued at 
five hundred thousand dollars. She immediately put 
to sea, and soon captured the ship "Jane," and burnt 
the brigs " William Nelson," " Louisa," and schooner 



PRIVATEEKS AND ARMED VESSELS. 



Ill 



" Nine Sisters." She also captured the ships " Wil- 
liam and Alfred" and the " Garland." The " Harpy" 
arrived at Salem, Mass., in April, 1815, with a valu- 
able cargo of rich merchandise of every description 
taken from her prizes, secured on the coast of Eng- 
land, in the Bay of Biscay, and along the coast of 
Spain and Portugal. She had among other articles 
over one hundred thousand pounds sterling in British 
treasury notes and bills of exchange. The " Harpy" 
was a beautiful vessel of three hundred and forty- 
nine tons, and carried fourteen heavy guns and about 
one hundred men. 

The " Fairy," of Baltimore, captured and burnt the 
sloop " Active." The privateer " Leo" captured the 
brig "Alexander" and several other vessels at sea, 
and was herself captured by a British frigate while in 
distress oS the coast of Spain. Tlie English brig 
" William," from the coast of Africa, valued at sixty 
thousand dollars, was sent into Newbern, N. C, by a 
Baltimore privateer. About the same time a British 
schooner was captured by the " Resolution" and sent 
into Charleston, S. C. The brig " Lord Wellington" 
was captured by the letter-of-marque " Diamond," 
and burnt. 

The East India Company's ship " Countess of Har- 
court," five hundred and twenty tons, six heavy guns 
and ninety men, outward bound, laden with dry 
goods, brandy, rum, etc., separated from a British 
fleet in a gale, was captured in the British Channel 
by the " Sabine," of Baltimore, and sent into port. 
This was a very valuable prize to her captors. The 
brig " Fire-Fly," laden with drugs and silks, was 
brought into Wilmington, N. C, by the " Sabine." 
She was valued at one hundred thousand dollars. 
The "Sabine" also captured the cutter "Flying 
Fish" and the brig " Aaron," which were sent into 
port. The British packet "Landraile," carrying 
several guns and thirty-three men, was captured, after 
a hard fight, in the British Channel by the "Syren," 
of Baltimore. Two ves.sels were also captured by the 
"Syren" about the same time (1814), one of which 
was burnt and the other released. The "Syren" 
also took the ship " Emulation" and another off the 
British coast, and destroyed them, and captured the 
brig "Sir John Sherbrook," of twelve guns. On re- 
turning from her cruise in 1815 she was run ashore 
by the pilot near the mouth of the Delaware, where 
she was attacked by three barges from a razee at 
anchor, which were kept at bay for two hours. 
Finally the privateer was set on fire, and the crew 
escaped on shore. 

The "Whig" captured the cutter "Jubilee," and 
made a cartel of her; she also captured and burnt the 
schooner "Alexandria," brigs "Irish Minor," " Prin- 
cess Mary," " Eliza," and ships " Esperance," " Lon- 
don," and " Postethwell." She made several other 
prizes on this cruise, and arrived at New York with 
a valuable cargo and twenty-three prisoners. She 
also made some prizes in company with the " David 



Porter," of Boston. The " Whig" also captured the 
sloop "Enterprise," and brigs "Brunswick" and 
" Race Horse," and schooner " Britannia." The brig 
" Mary and Eliza" was captured by the " Argo," of 
Baltimore, and burnt. 

We have already referred to the brave Captain 
Boyle in the privateer "Comet," of Baltimore. His 
next cruise was in the privateer " Chasseur," or the 
"Pride of Baltimore." It is .said of this "skimmer 
of the seas" that " she was the fleetest of all vessels, 
and the story of her cruises is a tale of romance of the 
most exciting kind." She was a privateer brig, ele- 

I gant in model, and carried sixteen guns and about 

j one hundred officers and men. With this formidable 

] vessel, Capt. Boyle captured eighty vessels, of which 
thirty-two were of equal force with the "Chasseur," 
and eighteen superior. Many of the prizes were of 
great value ; three of them alone were valued at four 

I hundred thousand dollars. 

Early in 1814 the " Chasseur" captured the schooner 
" Miranda," sloop " Martha," and several other ves- 
sels, which were destroyed. One of them had on 
board a large amount of specie. The " Chasseur" 
also captured the brig " Melpomene," six guns, and a 
fine London packet-ship, twelve guns, laden with 
four hundred pipes of brandy and wine. On the 
same cruise she captured the ship " Joanna," valued 
at thirty thousand dollars, and also several other 

, valuable vessels, including the ships " Mary and 
Susan" and " Adventure," and the schooner " Arrow." 

j The " Chasseur," in her various voyages, was some- 

j times in the West Indies; then on the coasts of Spain, 

, Portugal, and France ; and then in the Irish and 
British Channels, spreading the wildest alarm among 

I England's commercial marine. So much was she 

I feared in the West Indies and the islands of the 
Carribean Sea, that the merciiants there implored 

j Admiral Dunham to send them " at least a heavy 
sloop-of-war" to protect their property. The admiral 
immediately sent them the frigate " Barrossa." Dur- 

j ing her last cruise, only seventeen days previous to 
her arrival in port, her heroic commander captured, 
about six leagues to windward of Havana, his Bri- 
tannic majesty's ship "St. Lawrence," mounting fif- 
teen carriage guns, with a crew of seventy-five men. 

j This action lasted but fifteen minutes, when the 
Englishman surrendered his vessel, having been com- 
pletely cut to pieces. Fifteen of his crew were killed, 
and twenty-five wounded. The " Chasseur" had but 

I five men killed and eight wounded, and received 

j little or no damage in her hull. 

I At this period it was the general custom for the 

' British admirals on our coast to issue what the Ameri- 
cans called paper-blockades, declaring the whole coast 
of North America in a strict state of blockade. Sev- 
eral of these blockade proclamations had recently 

I been issued by Admiral Sir John Borlaise Warren 
and Sir Alexander Cochrane. As a burlesque on these 

I proclamations, Capt. Boyle while sailing in the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



British Channel issued the following proclamation 
and sent it by a cartel to London, with a request to 
have it posted up at Lloyd's Coffee-House : 

" Bi/ Thnnms Boijle, Esq., Oommiiniler of Ihe privateer arvu-d hrirf 

"Whereas, It has become customary with the Admirals of Great 
Britain commanding small forces on tlie coast of tlie United States, 
particularly Sir John Borlaise Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane, to 
declare all the cbast of the United States in a state of strict and rigorous 
blockade, without possessing the power to justify such a declaration, or 
stationing an adequate foice to maintain said blockade. I do therefore, 
by virtue of the power and authority in me vested (possessing sufHcient 
force), declare all the ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, 
islands, and seacoast of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
land in a state of strict and rigorous blockade. And I do further de- 
clare, that I consider the force under my command adequate to maintain 
strictly, rigorously, and effectually the said blockade. And I do hereby 
reijuire the respective officers, whether captains, commanders, or com- 
manding ofiicerB, under my command, employed or to be employed on 
the coaiits of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to pay strict attention 
to the e.xecution of this my proclamation. And I do hereby caution and 
forbid the ships and vessels of all and every nation, in amity and peace 
with the United States, from entering or attempting to enter, or from 
coming or attempting to come out of any of the said ports, bays, creeks, 
rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, or seacoasts, under any pretense whatso- 
ever. And that no person may plead ignorance of this my proclamation, 
I have ordered the same to be made public in England. 

"Given under my hand, on board the 'Chasseur,' day and date as 

' Thomas Bovle. 
" (By command of the commanding officer) 

"J. J. Staxuurt, Secretary." 

On the 8th of April, 1815, Capt. Boyle, after a suc- 
cessful cruise, arrived at Baltimore in the " Chasseur" 
with a full cargo of spoils. On entering the port the 
" Chasseur" saluted Fort McHenry in a handsome 
manner, and upon reaching the dock her brave cap- 
tain and crew were welcomed by all classes of the 
community. 

During the three years of the war Great Britain 
lost about two thousand ships and vessels of every 
description, including men-of-war, two-thirds of 
which number were captured by American privateers 
and private armed vessels. And although Baltimore 
was frequently blockaded by the British fleets, she 
took the lead in fitting out these vessels, and was more 
active and patriotic in annoying the enemy than any 
other city in the Union.' 



1 In testimony of this fact Mr. Coggeshall, in his " History of American 
Privateers," says, "When I call to mind the spirit and acts of the lialti- 
moreans during our last war with England, I am inspired witli a feeling 
of esteem and veneration for them as a brave and patriotic people that 
will endure with me to the end of my existence. During the whole 
struggle against an inveterate foe they did all they could to aid and 
strengthen the hands of the general government, and generally took the 
lead in fitting out efficient privateers and letters-of-marque, to annoy 
and distress the enemy, and even to ' beard the old lion in his den," for 
it is well known that their privateers captured many English vessels at 
the very mouths of their own ports in the British Channel. When their 
own beautiful city was attacked by a powerful fleet and army, how nobly 
did they defend themselves against the hand of the spoiler ! The whole 
venom of the modern Goths seemed concentrated against the Baltimo- 
reans, for no other reason but that they had too much spirit to submit to 
insult and tyrannical oppression. Many of the eastern people made a 
grand mistake in counting on the magnanimity of the British nation to 
do them justice by mild and persuasive arguments. In making these 
remarks in praise of Baltimore, I do not mean to disparage the noble 



There were fifty-eight privateers sailing from Balti- 
more during the war of 1812, fifty-five from New 
York, forty from Salem, thirty-two from Boston, four- 
teen from Philadelphia, and from all the States com- 
bined only two hundred and fifty. 

Baltimore furnished many privateers to the States 
in the South American War of Independence. To 
the injured party the privateer is a "pirate." In the 
Revolutionary war the English government regarded 
the Chesapeake Bay as a " nest of pirates," and in 
1817 the Spanish minister at Washington wrote to Mr. 
Monroe that " it is notorious that . . . whole squad- 
rons of pirates have been fitted out from Baltimore 
and New Orleans." He claimed that Capt. James 
Barnes, of the " Swift," a privateer under the flag of 
Buenos Ayres, had violated the laws of nations, the 
neutrality of their government, and the existing 
treaties in making " a regular entry of his vessel at 
the custom-house of Baltimore, declaring his cargo to 
consist of bales and packages containing silks, laces, 
and other valuable articles, all, as you may suppose, 
plundered from the Spaniards ;" that the " Orb," the 
" Maria," the " Paz," and the " Komp" were all 
"pirates," sailing out of Baltimore to plunder Span- 
ish commerce and capturing millions of dollars at a 
time ; and as such he designated " the corsair ' Mon- 
gore,' the ' Portoris,' the ' Independencia del Sud'* 
(Commodore James Chaytor), the 'Congress,' the 
'Regent,' the 'Republicano,' the ' Alexta,' the 'Ca- 
lypso,' the ' Clifton,' the ' Felix Cubano,' and the 
'Young Spartan,'" all of Baltimore. Commodore 
James Chaytor, Thomas Taylor, Joseph Staftbrd, 
James Barnes, John Chase, Thomas Boyle, Francis 
Mason, John D. Daniel, Henry Childs, J. W. Stephen, 
Capt. Huffington, Capt. Davey, Capt. Fish, James 
Rogers, Capt. Revilla, Joseph Almeyda, Capt. Moore, 
and Capt. Watkins, all from Baltimore, commanded 
privateers engaged in the South American war. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

WAR WITH MEXICO. 
Baltimore and Washington Battalion — Death of Ringgold and Watson. 

On the 27th of February, 1845, the United States 
Senate pa.ssed joint resolutions for the annexation of 
the republic of Texas to the United States as one of 
the States of the Union ; the next day they were con- 
curred in by the House of Representatives, and on 
the 1st of March they were approved by the President. 
Mexico, which still claimed Texas as a portion of her 

patriotism of many other cities of our glorious Union; but I do mean 
to say that if the same spirit that fired the hearts and souls of the Balti- 
moreans had evinced itself throughout our entire country, it would have 
saved every American heart much pain and mortification, and would, in 
my opinion, liave shortened the war." 

2 The Spanish ship "Triton," captured by this vessel, was valued at 
one million five hundred thousand dollars. 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



territory, treated the act of annexation as a declara- 
tion of war, and Congress having formally recognized 
the existence of hostilities, on the 13th of May, 1846, 
the President made his requisition uiJon the Governor 
of Maryland for two regiments of infantry as the quota 
of the State, which was promptly responded to by a 
proclamation of the Governor calling for troops. 
Upon the receipt of the Governor's proclamation, 
the City Council of Baltimore passed a resolution re- 
questing the mayor to convoke the people in town- 
meeting, and in compliance with this resolution 
Mayor Davies issued his proclamation, and on the 
23d of May the citizens assembled in Monument 
Square. The meeting was called to order by Jacob 
I. Cohen, Jr., who nominated Mayor Davies as 
chairman, and T. Parkin Scott and Thomas Yates 
Walsh as secretaries, with some of the most promi- 
nent citizens as vice-presidents. Col. Davies, in a 
short and appropriate address, stated the object of the 
meeting, after which Robert M. McLane offered a 
preamble and resolutions, which he prefaced by a 
patriotic speech. After the adoption of the resolu- 
tions, Hon. Reverdy Johnson made a speech of great 
eloquence and patriotism, and was Allowed by Gen. 
Samuel Houston, United States Senator from Texas 
and the hero of San Jacinto, who was received with 
great enthusiasm. The meeting was closed by an ad- 
dress from Hon. William L. Yancey, of Alabama. Dur- 
ing the progress of the meeting news from Mexico was 
received and read by Col. Davies, and at the mention 
of the death of the gallant Maj. Ringgold, at the 
battle of Palo Alto, every 
head was uncovered, and 
many a manly cheek was 
suffused with tears. 

In all sections of the 
State volunteers were or- 
ganizing, and pressing to 
be placed upon active duty, 
and such was the spirit of 
the Baltimoreans that they 
alone could have filled the 
full quota of troops re- 
quired from Maryland un- 
der the President's requisi- 
tion. This noble- emulation was so great that re- 
cruiting soon had to be discontinued, and those who 
were mustered into the service were held as a reserve, 
and not as a portion of the State's quota of volun- 
teers. The Baltimore Clipper of May 20, 1846, re- 
ferring to this generous enthusiasm, says, — 

" The company under Capt. James E. Stewart are still encamped on 
Chase's Hill, busily engaged iu drill and military exercise, and steadily 
increasing their numbers. The rifle company formed at the Exchange 
encamped yesterday morning in the park (Howard's). The Chesapeake 
Bifiemen, tinder Capt. Steiner, meet every evening for drill, and are rap 
idly tilling up their ranks. The ship-masters and othei-s on the Point, as 
well as the German citizens, are forming a volunteer company to be ten- 
dered to the President for service in Mexico. The whole number of 
volunteers in the several corps which are organized is between four hun- 




dred and live hundred men, and a better set of soldiei-s, when they have 
learned the arts and mysteries of war, could not be selected from our 
citizens." 

Fortunately, however, for some of those who were 
eager to participate in the defense of their country, it 
was arranged that a battalion of six companies should 
be formed, composed of four companies recruited in 
Baltimore and two from Washington City, to be 
designated the " Battalion of Baltimore and Washing- 
ton Volunteers." 

The four companies from Baltimore were composed 
of the following officers : 

Company A. — Captain, James E. Stewart; Lieuten- 
ants, Benjamin Ferguson Owens and Samuel Wilt ; 
Additional Second Lieutenant, David P. Chapman. 

Company B. — Captain, James S. Piper. Companies 
A and B were the first and second companies of Bal- 
timore volunteers, and were known as the "President's 
Guards." 

Company E. — Captain, John R. Kenly. This 
company was known by the name of " Baltimore's 
Own." 

Company F. — Captain, James Boyd. This company 
was known as the " Chesapeake Riflemen." Capt. 
Steiner, who at first commanded the company, was 
prevented from accompanying it by severe illness 
brought on by his incessant exertions in its organiza- 
tion. 

The battalion was commanded by Lieut.-Col. Wil- 
liam H. Watson, of Baltimore. 

This battalion, which was second to none in the 
army in discipline and bravery, embarked on the 
transport steamer " Massachusetts" on the 13th of 
June, 1846, and on the 16th got under way for the 
seat of war. After a voyage of fourteen days the ship 
arrived off the island of Brazos, Mexico, and on the 
Ist and 2d of July the troops were landed. On the 
9th they took up their line of march for Mexico, and 
on the 24th, after suflering greatly from the extreme 
heat, etc., reached the main army of occupation, and 
camped opposite the Mexican town of Burita. It is 
foreign to the aim of this work to follow these gallant 
soldiers in the campaign that ensued, and it is 
sufficient to say that their brilliant courage and stead- 
fast determination in every scene of the war in which 
they took part drew encomiums from the most dis- 
tinguished sources, and fully sustained the honor and 
reputation of their native city. The battalion con- 
tinued in service until the 30th day of May, 1847, 
when, their term of service having expired, they were 
mustered out and honorably discharged. A large 
number of the men, however, re-enlisted under Capt. 
Boyd, Lieut. Taneyhill, and others. 

Those who returned to Baltimore were welcomed 
home with distinguished honors and hearty congratu- 
lations, and on the 10th of July, in compliance with 
the request of the battalion, the first American flag 
ever planted on the walls of Monterey was presented 
to the city of Baltimore by Capt. James E. Stewart, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




LIEDT.-COL. 1 



the senior officer, on behalf of the command which 
had so gallantly borne it. The mayor received it in 1 
the presence of a large audience with an eloquent 
address, which was appropriately responded to by 
Capt. John R. Kenly. In the capture of the city of 
Monterey the commander of the battalion, Lieut.-Col. 
Wm. H. Watson, of Baltimore, lost his life. Shortly 
after Capt. Kenly's return 
he was informed by Gov- ; 
ernor Pratt that the Presi- i 
dent had notified him that a 
battalion of volunteers was 
to be raised in the District j 
of Columbia and the State 
of Maryland, of which the j 
President was to appoint | 
the lieutenant-colonel, and j 
Governor Pratt the major. 
Recruiting was going on 
slowly for such an organiza- 
tion, and with the assist- 
ance of Capt. Kenly, on the 20th of July, 1847, a | 
sufficient number of companies were enlisted to an- ' 
thorize the appointment of major by the Governor, 
and on that day Capt. Kenly was commissioned major 1 
of the District of Columbia and Maryland Regiment J 
of volunteers. He immediately entered upon the dis- j 
charge of his duties, and also soon succeeded in raising 
a sufficient number of volunteers to form an artillery : 
company, which was commanded by Capt. Lloyd 
Tilghman, and attached to the battalion.' 

On the 24th of July, Maj. Kenly embarked from [ 
Fort McHenry on the transport-ship " Alexandria," 
with the three Maryland companies under his com- | 
mand, and in one month dropped anchor off the 
port of Vera Cruz. These companies were commanded I 
respectively by Capts. Henrie, Brown, and Barry, i 
The other companies of the battalion were com- i 
manded by Wm. H. Degges, Lawrence Dolan, Mar- 
cellus K. Taylor, and Francis B. Schaeffer. Of these | 
Dolan, Taylor, and Schaefier had been lieutenants in 
Watson's battalion, and Isaac H. Morrow and John 
Harper had been attached to the same command. 
Among the list of officers of companies attached to 
the regiment were Capt. James Boyd, Lieuts. James 
Taneyhill, and Franklin B. Nimocks, all of whom had 
been members of Watson's battalion. On the 29th of 
May, 1848, peace was declared, and on the 16th of June 
the Baltimore regiment marched from Jalapa for home. 
From this brief review it will be seen that Balti- 
more furnished her full quota of soldiers during the 
contest with Mexico. She contributed Col. Watson's 
battalion of about four hundred men ; next about 
fifty men to Capt. Walker's command ; then came the 
enrollment of voltigeurs, the filling up of Capt. 

:tmor»f« iin/^nr T.ianf I 



rd's company, and the enlistments under Lieut. 



1 Capt. Tilglimau'8 company was composed of upwards of ninety men, 
and were a remarkably fine body, almost all of its members being under 
forty years of age. 



Marriott; and finally the Watson Guards, Capt. 
Dolan, the Mechanical Volunteers, Lieut. Brown, and 
the Twiggs Riflemen, Capt. Taylor. In this imperfect 
enumeration the large number of those who enlisted 
in the regular army and in tHe navy have not been 
reckoned. Altogether, Baltimore contributed at least 
a regiment and a half to the army of the United 
States, and every member of the commands mentioned 
enlisted without an official call from the executive, 
their participation in the war being in every sense of 
the term a voluntary act.^ 



CHAPTER XV. 

POLITICAL PROGRESS. 

Legislative Representation— Federal Hill— Van Buren Electors— Politi- 
cal Conventions— Eeform Constitution— Know-Notliing Party— E»- 
form Party. 

Under the charter of Jlaryland the legislative 
power was lodged in the bands of the proprietary, 
with the proviso that it should be exercised "by and 
with the advice, assent, and approbation of the free- 
men, or of the dielegates or deputies," the right being 
reserved to him of selecting the mode in which they 
should be assembled. The warrants for convening 
the Assemblies issued by the Governors at the founda- 
tion of the province determined whether they should 
be convened in person or by deputies ; or if by depu- 
ties, the number of deputies to which each county 
should be entitled and the manner in which they 
should be elected. From the first Assembly of the 
province until the government pas.sed into the hands 
of Cromwell's commissioners there was no settled or 
uniform mode of convening Assemblies. At that 
time the elective franchise was not highly appreci- 
ated, and there are several instances showing that the 
inconvenience of personal attendance and the obliga- 
tion to defray the expense of delegates occasionally 
caused it to be considered a grievance. " Until 1650 
the delegates were elected for hundreds or settle- 
ments, and the warrant for each Assembly specified 
the number to be elected for each hundred. There 
was no regular delegate system before this period, and 

- Among the Baltimoreans and Marylanders who achieved the high- 
est distinction in the Mexican war were Lieut.-Col. William H. Watson, 
MaJ. (now Gen.) John R. Kenly, Maj. Samuel Ringgold, Capt. Randolph 
Ridgely, Col. Trueman Cross, Maj. William Lear (born in Harford 
County, and mortatly wounded at the head of his regiment in the battle 
of Monterey), Passed Midshipman John Ringgold Hynson, Capt. Samuel 
H. Walker, Capt. Oden Bowie, Lieut. Raphael Semmes, Lieut. Arnold 
Elzey, Lieut. John Contec, Lieut.-Col. William H. Emory, Brev.-Mig. 
James Lowry Donaldson, Col. Robert C. Buchanan, Lieut. Isaac S. 
Sterett (United States navy), Lieut. James Madison Frailey (United 
States navy), Capt. Henry Little, Capt. James E Stewart, Mi\j. Daniel 
H. McPhail, Brev.-Maj. John Eager Howard, Brev.-Maj. James J. 
.\rcher, Capt. James E. Marriott, Capt. James Piper, Lieuts. Alexander 
H. Cross, Robert Swan, Robert H. Archer, William U. Fitzhugh, Brig.- 
Gen. Bonnet Riley, Capt. Frankliu Buclianun, and Surg. Ninian Pink- 
ney, of the United States navy. The gallant Watson fell in the attack 
npon the city of Monterey, on the 21st of September, 1846. Maj. Ring- 
gold was mortally wounded at the battle of Palo Alto. 



POLITICAL PROGRESS. 



perhaps this arose from the existence of the right 
then generally conceded to the freemen of appearing I 
in the Assembly in person or by proxy. It was not 
until 1659, when the Lower House was made to consist 
only of delegates, that its organization became regu- 
lar. At the session of 1659 four delegates were called 
from each county, and from this period until 1681, 
with one exception, the summons permitted the elec- 
tion of two, three, or four delegates in each, at the 
option of the people. In the latter year the number 
was reduced to two by the proprietary's ordinance; 
but in 1692, after the establishment of the royal gov- 
ernment, the constitution of the Lower House was reg- 
ulated by law, and four delegates were again allotted 
to each county. The right of representation thus es- 
tablished upon the basis of equality amongst the 
counties existed without alteration until the Ameri- 
can Revolution." Thus it appears that from the col- 
onization until 1650 the right of representation had 
no regular character. Sometimes the Assemblies had 
the nature of the " Ecclesia'" of the Athenians. 
They were assemblies of the freemen generally rather 
than of representatives. Every freeman had a right 
to be personally present, and this right being a per- 
sonal privilege, like that of a member of the English 
House of Peers, he might either appear in person or 
by proxy. When the Assemblies were so constituted 
the government was a pure democracy, being admin- 
istered by the people in person. At other times the 
freemen were permitted to appear only by delegates 
or deputies, elected in the manner prescribed by the 
warrants of election. The three sessions of 1640, and 
those of July, 1641, and 1642, were of the latter char- 
acter; the other sessions were of the former, which 
was the prevailing character. After the commotions 
of the civil war in England had ceased, and the gov- 
ernment was restored to the proprietary by Cromwell's 
commissioners, viz., from 1669, the Assembly con- 
sisted only of delegates, and from that period the 
right of appointing proxies or appearing personally 
wholly ceased. Yet it was not until 1681 that auy 
restrictions appear to have been imposed upon the 
people in the choice of delegates. It was the dispo- 
sition of both the proprietary and the people to ex- 
tend rather than to abridge the right, and it was not 
until it was esteemed a privilege that restrictions 
were imposed. By the proprietary's ordinance of the 
6th of September, 1681, the same qualifications were 
required for delegates as for voters, and these qualifi- 
cations were continued as to both until the Revolu- 
tion. This ordinance confined the privilege of being 
delegates to all freemen having a freehold of fifty 
acres, or residents having a visible personal estate 
of £40 within the county. The qualifications were 
re-established by law in 1692,- and continued by 



iMcMahon. 

2 There was one change, however : 
mitted to hold office or to vote, and ' 
double tax on their lands. 



the successive acts of 1704, 1708, 1715, and 1716' 
until the beginning of the Revolution, and they were 
then preserved by the provisional government. When 
Maryland joined in the Declaration of Independence, 
in 1776, a new constitution was adopted, by which it 
was provided that the House of Delegates should be 
chosen in the following manner : " All freemen above 
twenty-one years of age, having a freehold of fifty 
acres of land in the county in which they offer to 
vote and residing therein, and all freemen having 
property in this State above the value of £.30 current 
money, and having resided in the county in which 
they offer to vote one whole year next preceding the 
election, shall have a right of sufirage in the election 
of delegates for such county." These provisions were 
continued without alteration until 1802, when the 
property qualification for voters was entirely abol- 
ished, and the elective franchise was placed under 
new regulations applicable as well to elections in 
Baltimore as in other parts of the State. These reg- 
ulations excluded persons of color, previously enjoy- 
ing the right of franchise when free and possessing 
the necessary property qualifications, and conferred the 
right to vote exclusivehj upon " free white persons, citi- 
zens of the State, above the age of twenty-one, and 
having a residence of twelve months next preceding 
the election in the city or county in which they offered 
to vote." Elections by viva voce vote and the prop- 
erty qualifications were still required " in persons to 
be appointed or holding offices of profit or trust;" but 
in November, 1809, John Hanson Thomas, of Freder- 
ick County, introduced a bill 
in the Assembly by w hich all 
such clauses of the con>»titu- 
tion were repealed, and m 
the following year the act 
was confirmed. Under the 
constitution of 1776 the qual- 
ifications of a member of tli 
Houseof Delegates incluil. I 
besides the other requiMt 
of a voter, the possession of 
an estate of £500 The time 
of election was the first Mon- 
day of October in each 
year ; the mode was viva voce 
in the counties were the sheriffs;* in An 

a Owing to the prevalence of the smallpox, the General Assembly, 
which was to have met In AnnapoUs on the 28th of March, 1757, was 
adjourned, by order of the Governor, to meet in Baltimore on Tuesday, 
the oth of April. But, in consequence of the failure of the members to 
attend in time, it did not meet until Friday, April 8th. The session 
was opened by a speech from Governor Horatio Sharpe, who gave a re- 
port of the conference held in Philadelphia with the Earl of Loudoun 
and the other Governors, and laid before them a plan for the better de- 
fense of His Majesty's colonies in America, and asked the Assembly to 
assist in carrying the plan into execution, and to furnish supplies, etc., 
which was complied with most readily. On Monday, May 9, 1757, the 
Assembly, after passing seventeen very important laws, adjourned to 
meet in Annapolis on the fourth Tuesday in August, 1757. 

< Tip to the division of Baltimore County into seven election districts 
by the act of 1798, ch. 115, all elections were held by the sheriff at the 




the judges of elections 
ipolis the 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



municipal authorities ; and in Baltimore, at first its 
commissioners, but after its erection into a city tlie 
mayor and Second Brancli of the City Council, with 
whom it remained until 1799. Until that year " there 
had been but one place for holding the elections in 
Baltimore, as well as in the counties, but a new system 
was then adopted for both. The eight wards into 
which the city was divided for the election of the 
City Council were made election districts for the 
delegate elections, and the judges of elections for 
members of the First Branch of the Council then be- 
came judges for the latter elections also."^ Before 
1776 Baltimore had enjoyed no separate representa- 
tion in the Assemblies ; but under the constitution of 
that year it was allowed two representatives in the 
House of Delegates. The Senate consisted of fifteen 
members, taken indiscriminately from any part of the 
State, with the sole restriction that nine of them were 
to be residents of the ^v^est and six of the east side of 
Chesapeake Bay. Their term of office was five years, 
and they were chosen by an electoral college, com- 
posed of two electors from each of the counties, and 
one each from Annapolis and Baltimore. The elec- 
tors were required to possess the qualifications neces- 
sary for delegates, and met at Annapolis on the third 
Monday in September after their election, to proceed 
to the election of a Senate. The qualifications of a 
senator were that he should be above the age of 
twenty-five, should have resided in the State for the 
three years next preceding his election, and should 
have real or personal property above the value of 
£1000. 

After the conclusion of the Revolution political 
sentiment in the State was divided between those who 
favored the enlargement of the powers delegated to 
the Federal Congress and those who, fearing that 
such an enlargement would imperil the independence 
and sovereignty of the States, insisted that these 
powers should lie striitly (■i.ntined within the origi- 
nal limits. After tlir n.lo|iiioii of the Federal Consti- 
tution in 1787,- and its >iilis(ijurnt ratification by the 



court-house or place of meetiug of the county court. The sheriff caHed 
together three or more justices of tlie court, who with the clerk of the 
County Court, were required to sit as a court, and during their sitting the 
sheriff was to '* make or cause to he made public proclamation, tliereby 
giving notice to all freemen ol your said county wlio have in their said 
county a freeholil of fifty acres of land, or wlio shall be residents and 
have a visible estate of forty pounds sterling at the least, thereby re- 
quiring them to appear at your couuty court-house at a certain time, 
not less than ten days from such proclamation made for electing and 
choosing deputies and delegates to serve for your said county in a Gen- 
eral Assembly;" and they continued to vote at the court-house of the 
county down to 1799 or 1800. By the subsequent act of 1799, ch. 60, 
commissionei-s were appointed in all the counties of the State to lay them 
ofl" into election districts, and Richard Johns, Zachariah McCubbin, Jo- 
sias Pennington, Wni. Gwynu, Nicliolas Merrymnn, Francis Snowden, 
Charles Jessop, George Nace, Jr., and Beal Owings, of Christopher, were 
appointed to lay off and liound the seven districts into which Baltimore 
County was divided, and to fi.\ the places for holding elections in eacli 
district. 

1 McMahon, p. 462. 

2 The ratification of the new Federal Constitution in July, 1788, was Uie 
occasiou of public demonstiations of approval in all portsof tlie countiy. 



States, a struggle for supremacy at once began be- 
gan between these two parties, which was nowhere 
more earnestly conducted than in Baltimore. The 
depth and intensity of public feeling was manifested 
in the State and Federal elections of the day, and a 
degree of bitterness developed scarcely exceeded in 
the political agitations of any subsequent period, On 
the 6th of October, 1788, an election for delegates to 
the General Assembly for Baltimore Town com- 
menced and was continued until half-past seven 
o'clock on the evening of the 10th, when by consent 
of the parties the polls were closed. The Federal 
candidates were James McHenry and John Coulter, 
and the candidates of the Anti-Federalists were 
Samuel Chase and David McMechen. The vote was 
as follows: James McHenry, 636 ; John Coulter, 622; 
Samuel Chase, 502; and David McMechen, 494. The 
following contemporaneous description of the elec- 
tion shows how bitterly the fight was waged : 

"On the first day Dr. McHenry and Coulter's party paraded through 
the town carrying a ship and a pilot-boat, with drum beating, tifes playing, 
and colors flying, followed by a large body of respectable characters, mer- 
chants and gentlemen, and a very large number of persons not entitled to 
vote, and the whole body took possession of the polls at the hour ap- 
pointed for taking the vote, and kept possession the whole day, and all 

ACCESS TO THE HUSTINGS DEPENDED ON THEIE PLEAStlKE. On the second 

day of the election the friends of Mr. Chase and Mr. McMechen (a re- 
spectable number of citizens and all voters except some very few) took 
possession of the hustings, but were forced from their station by^f iolence, 
and many of tliem were beat and grossly abused by persons who were 
NOT voters, encouraged and assisted by others. From the whole conduct 
of McHenry and Coulter's party a great number of peaceable citizens 
were deterred and prevented from coming to the hustings; many made 
the attempt in vain. Hand-bills were dispei-sed every evening through 
the town threatening to publish the names of those who voted for Chase 
and McMechen as enemies to the new- federal government." 

In compliance with a resolution of Congress, the 
General Assembly of Maryland, on the 22d of De- 
cember, 1788, passed "an act directing the time, 



In Baltimore a procession was foi-med on Philpot's Hill, under the direc- 
tion of Capts. Moore and Plunket, in which both parties, forgetting their 
recent feuds, joined in fraternal harmony. The mechanical trades, the 
liberal professions, all united in the procession, and respectively dis- 
played their appropriate banners. Commodore Barney performed a con- 
spicuous part on this occasion. He had a small boat, fifteen feet in length, 
completely rigged and perfectly equipped as a ship, which was called 
the " Federalist," which being mounted upon four wheels and drawn by 
the same number of horses, took its place in the procession ; he com- 
manded the ship, and was honored with a crew of captains, who at his 
word and the boatswain's pipe went through all the various manoeuvres 
of making and taking in sail, to the great delight of the crowded win- 
dows, dooi-s, and balconies by which they passed. The ship was imme- 
diately followed by all the captains, mates, and seamen at that time in 
the port of Baltimore. It was paraded through all the principal streets 
of Fell's Point and the otlier portions of the city, aud finally anchored 
on the lofly bank southwest of the basin, which from tliat occurrence 
received, and has ever since borne, the name of " Federal Hill." On this 
spot a dinner had been provided, at which four thomand persons sat down 
together, and made the welkin ring with shouts of "huzza for the con- 
stitution !" This idea of carrying a full- rigged ship in procession origi- 
nated entirely with Capt. Barney. The evening was ushered in by s 
bonfire on Federal Hill and fireworks. After the pageant was over it 
was resolved to present the ship to Gen. Washington in the name of the 
merchants and ship-masters of Baltimore. It was launched and nari" 
gated by Commodore Barney down the Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of 
the Potomac, aud thence up the river to Mount Vernon. Gen. Washing- 
ton acknowledged its receipt in fitting terms in a letter to " Wm. Smith 
and otliei-s," of Baltimore. 



POLITICAL PROGRESS. 



117 



places, and manner of holding elections of represen- ; 
tatives of this State in the Congress of the United I 
States, and for appointing electors on the part of the j 
State for choosing a President and Vice-President of I 
the United States, and for the regulation of the said 
elections." By this law the State was divided into 
six districts, which were numbered from one to six. 
The first district was composed of St. Mary's, Charles, 
and Calvert Counties ; the second of Kent, Talbot, 
Cecil, and Queen Ann's Counties ; the third of Anne 
Arundel (including Annapolis) and Prince CJeorge's 
Counties; the fourth of Baltimore (including Balti- 
more Town) and Harford Counties;' the fifth of 
Somerset, Dorchester, Worcester, and Caroline Coun- 
ties ; the sixth of Frederick, Washington, and Mont- 
gomery Counties. 

It was provided that the first election should be 
held on the first Wednesday in January, but after 
this on the first Monday of October in every second 
year thereafter. The electors were to consist of eight 
persons, five to be residents of the Western Shore and I 
three of the Eastern Shore. There were to be six { 
representatives, who were to be residents of the dis- 
trict they were to represent, but every person coming 
to vote for such representative "shall have a right to 
vote for six persons," thereby giving each voter the 
right to vote for the general ticket. The elections to 
be free and made viva voce. The mode of electing 
senators to represent Maryland in the United States 
Senate at this time engaged the attention of the pub- 
lic, and after considerable discussion the State Senate 
proposed to the House of Delegates, and it agreed, 
" that the two Senators to represent this State should 
be elected by a Joint ballot of both houses ; and that 
no person should be elected a senator from this State 
unless by a majority of the attending members of both 
houses." 

Tuesday, Dec. 9, 1788, being the day appointed for 
the election, thirteen members of the Senate and 
seventy of the House of Delegates attended in joint 
convention, when a resolution was adopted declaring 
" that one senator should be a resident of the Western 
and the other of the Eastern Shore." Hon. Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton and Uriah Forrest were put in 
nomination for the Western Shore, and Hon. John 
Henry and George Gale for the Eastern Shore, and 
upon counting the ballots Henry received 41, Gale 
41, Forrest 41, and Carroll 40. There being 83 bal- 
lots cast and neither of the candidates receiving a 
majority, a second ballot was taken with the follow- 
ing result : Henry 42, Gale 40, Carroll 41, and Forrest 
41. Mr. Henry receiving a majority, was declared 
elected United States Senator, after which the Legis- 



1 After the cenaus of 1800, Maryland was emitted to nine representa- 
tives in Congress, and the electoral districts were again altered by act of 
Assembly. Baltimore City and County became the fifth, to elect two, one 
to be a resident of each jointly elected, and Gen. Smith and Col. Nich- 
olas A.Moore were elected: but the former being appointed United 
States Senator, Wm. McCreery was chosen in his place. 



lature adjourned until the next day, when Mr. Carroll 
was elected by 42 to 39. The first constitutional elec- 
tion for representatives to Congress and electors for 
President and Vice-President took place in January, 
1789, and resulted in the triumph of the Federal 
ticket. The aggregate vote of Baltimore Town at 
this election was about 1200 votes, and that of Balti- 
more County about 1300. Speaking of this election, 
the Maryland Journal of Jan. 13, 1789, says, — 

'* Long has been the struggle between the Federals and the Anti-Federals 
in this town, and evei-y artifice and exertion have been used by the latter 
to unfetter themselves from the disgraceful, just, and self-acquired name 
of Anti-Federal ; they disclaimed the title, but they would not abandon 
the detested pi-inciples. This town has been truly distinguished, and, we 
hope, known and honored through America as truly Federal. The elec- 
tion for representatives to Congress and electors of the President and 
Vice-President was finally to establish the political character of the citi- 
zens of Baltimore, and therefore both parties exerted their utmost powers 
to carry the characters they set up. A very respectable committee of 
this place addressed the Federals and called on them to support the Fed- 
eral ticliet, in which William Smith, Esq., of this town, a genuine Fed- 
eral, a merchant of the first representation, of an independent fortune 
and considerable family connections, was named for this district, against 
whom the Anti-Federals appointed Mr. Samuel Sterett, a young gentle- 
man of fair character and respectable connections. The contest lasted 
four days (nlmost the whole time allowed by law), and the Federals were 
crowned with conquest, Mr. Smith having at the close of the polls a ma- 
jority of seven votes. Thus our beloved Constitution was triumpliant 
over its base enemies, and the trump of Federalism drowned the expiring 
cries of ttie Anti-Federalist in this town. The Federals will use their 
victory with temper and moderation. Now all our factions, all our wars 
shall cease, and Federals rule our happy land in peace." 

A correspondent observes that 

" William Smith had a less number of votes in this town than the other 
five candidates on the Federal ticket, and that Mr. Sterett had the 
highest number on the Anti-Federal ticket. He also remarks that in 
Baltimore County, Mr. Sterett polled almost five times as many votes as 
Mr. Smith, but this may be accounted for as the county has ever been Anti- 
Federal, and Sterett is connected with very influential characters in the 
county, and many arts were practiced to render Mr. Smith unpopular." 

Another correspondent observes 

"that three hundred and eighty aliens were naturalized last October in 
this town, during the then election, by Judge Hanson, that fifty of them 
offered to vote for William Smith, Esq., and twenty-two offered to vote 
for Mr. Samuel Sterett ; the judges refused to receive their votes, declar- 
ing their opinion, that a foreigner naturalized according to act of Assem- 
bly for naturalization (passed July session, 1779) was not entitled to vote 
unless such foreigner had resided in Baltimore Town a year after such 
naturalization, although such foreigner had lived in Baltimore Town 
one year preceding the day of holding the electioti, uud was otherwise 
qualified to vote." 

The correspondent adds 

" that the judges disregarded fas immaterial) the circumstance that such 
foreigner came to this State with intention to settle therein, and would 
not permit him to swear to such intention." 

In October, 1789, James McHenry and Samuel Ster- 
ett were elected without opposition to the General 
Assembly from Baltimore Town, and at the same 
time William McCreery, George Keeports, and John 
Wetherburn were chosen comptrollers. The four 
delegates from Baltimore County chosen in 1789 were 
Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely (son of William), 
James Gittings, and Richard Owings. 

When the Constitution of the United States went 
into operation, Maryland, as has been said, was divided 
into six districts for the election of representatives in 
Congress, and one member assigned to each, but all 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the members were voted for by general ticket through- 
out the State. At this election in 1789, when there 
was nothing particularly or locally interesting to Bal- 
timore, she cast a comparatively small vote, which was 
divided almost equally between the two sets of can- 
didates. From some unknown cause Baltimore after- 
wards became dissatisfied with five of the members 
then elected, and at the next election it was deter- 
mined to leave them out. Accordingly a short time 
before the election of 1790 a caucus was held, and 
Philip Key, Joseph Seney, William Pinkney, Samuel 
Sterett, William Vans, Murray and Upton Sheredine 
were nominated as candidates. Upon the announce- 
ment of this ticket the counties became alarmed at 
the supposed assumption of power and influence on 
the part of Baltimore, and immediately called a con- 
vention of deputies in Baltimore, on the 23d of Sep- 
tember, 1790, who were authorized to nominate can- 
didates. On the day appointed the counties' deputies 
assembled and nominated as their candidates Michael 
Jenifer Stone, Benjamin Contee, George Gale, and 
Daniel Carroll, four of the old members, and James 
Tilghman, of James, and Samuel Sterett.^ 

When the election came oft' Baltimore cast up- 
wards of three thousand votes for her own ticket, 
while six votes was the highest number which any 
one of the county candidates received. In the coun- 
ties the vote was very much divided between the two 
tickets, and as a consequence Baltimore elected her 
ticket by a large majority, and thereby took control 
of the politics of the State.' 

The counties now regarded the plan of electing 
members of Congress by general ticket as " destruc- 
tive of their influence and interests," and at the next 
session of the Legislature, on the 19th of December, 
1790, the law was changed, so that the elector only 
voted for a candidate in his own district, it being en- 
acted " that every person entitled and offering to vote 
for representatives for this State in the Congress of 
the United States shall have a right to vote for one 
person being a resident of his district at the time of 
his election." This change of the law confined the 
direct influence of Baltimore to the election of its own 
ticket, as at present, and the counties were restored to 
their " proper station and dignity and independence." 
The electors of President and Vice-President were 
still to be chosen by general ticket, but five of them 
were to be residents of the Western Shore and three 
of the Eastern Shore.^ 



1 Gen. Wm. Smallwood was president of tlii 

- Samuel Sterett received llie highest nuniher of votes cast in the 
State, 16,420. 

3 In 1791 the electors for choosing port-wardens and .special comniis- 
' sionere met at the court-house Octoher 7th and elected the following 
port-wardens : Samuel Smith, James Calhoun, Jeremiah Tellott, John 
Strieker, George Salmon, Peter Hoffman, Samuel Owings, Isaac Griest, 
and Thomas Johnson ; Special Commissioners, Paul Bentalou, John Hil- 
len, John Mickle, James Wignell, John Coulter, Joseph Biays, Jolin 
Brown Potter. This election was certified to by James Clark, James 
Carey, James Edwards, William Winchester, Chas. Garts, George Sal- 
mon, Philip Rogers, David Plunkct, and Thomas Johnson. 



The congressional election of 1798 was conducted 
with considerable bitterness in Baltimore, as will be 
seen from the following extract from the New York 
Daily Advertiser of October in that year: 

" The election in Baltimore for members of Congress, which takes 
place this week, is very warmly contested. Mr. Winchester and Gen. 
Smith are the rival candidates. For some weeks the papers of that town 
have been almost exclusively devoted to the canvassing of the respective 
merits and pretensions of these gentlemen. Party spirit seldom ran 
higher. No means are left unemployed by either side to secure its ob- 
jects. The public conduct and private walk of the two candidates have 
been scrutinized with the severest and keenest eye. Depositions are 
brought forward, conversations are related, and the most secret are un- 
folded to general view. Nor have their exertions and zeal rested here. To 
rouse the torpid and unite and animate their partisans entertainments 
have been given, inflammatoi-y toasts drunk, and processions formed; 
some bouses have been threatened, one or two actually assaulted, and 
finally, to work up the passions of the multitude to the highest pitch, 
the adherents of the respective champions have resolved to distinguish 
themselves by difereiit badges on the days of election. How all this will 
terminate to-morrow's mail will inform us; but they are to us omens of 
serious and fatal disputes." 

To which the Federal Gazette adds, — 

" Unfortunately, heated as the minds of the people were at the election, 
and as they ever will be in large cities where votes are taken viva voce 
and at hut one poll, we can for the honor of Baltimore say but one house 
was assaulted, and that the contest terminated more peaceably than 
could reasonably have been anticipated." 

The elections of 1808, both State and national, were 
contested with great vehemence, and although the 
Federalists gained two or three members of Congress, 
and secured a majority in the Lower House of Assem- 
bly, the Democrats triumphed in Baltimore, electing 
Edward Johnson mayor, and celebrated their victory 
with great enthusiasm by transporting the successful 
candidates through the city in a boat mounted on 
wheels and drawn by horses, and by a bonfire on 
Gallows Hill, made of six pipes of gin imported from 
Holland "that had paid tribute to England." In 
the elections of the following year Baltimore City and 
County were still botli Democratic. When the war 
of 1812 commenced Baltimore was even more in- 
tensely Democratic than ever, and continued so all 
through that struggle. Political feeling ran higher, 
perhaps, than at any previous period, and the ill- 
advised utterances of the Federal Republican created 
an excitement which culminated in scenes of mob 
violence and riot. After the war (in 1815) consider- 
able discussion arose in the larger counties and in 
the city of Baltimore over tlte fact that the minority 
of the people of the State were governing the major- 
ity. Under the existing constitution the delegates 
were the representatives of the counties of the State 
and not of the people, thereby giving one man as 
much political weight in some of these counties as 
ten men in others. Annapolis, the capital of the 
State, and the city of Baltimore elected one elector 
of the Senate, — the counties two each. Annapolis 
had at tliis period from two hundred and thirty to 
two hundred and sixty voters, while Baltimore had 
from five thousand to six thousand, but each under 
the existing constitution were equal. Baltimore City 
and County elected six members of the eighty which 



POLITICAL PROGKESS. 



119 



at this time composed the House of Delegates, while 
Baltimore City and County paid about one-tliird of 
all the revenues of the State, except such as were 
derived from dividends on stocks, had very nearly 
one-fourth of the free population, and therefore, 
under a just distribution of the governing power, 
were entitled by contribution and by population 
to twenty of the eighty members in the House of 
Delegates. At the election of 1816 seven counties 
and two cities, notwithstanding they had a majority 
of nearly nine thousand votes cast in the State, were 
only entitled under this system to thirty-two members, 
while twelve counties which were in the minority 
sent forty-eight members. This question was dis- 
cussed with great animation during subsequent cam- 
paigns ; and in 1816 the political writers declared the 
attack of the " Baltimore Jacobins" the "most daring 
upon the rights of the people that ever was conceived 
in a country professing to be free to increase repre- 
sentatives." The election in September of that year 
is described " as the most bitter that ever transpired 
in Maryland. Not only had the Federal party to 
encounter the arts and zealous operations of the 
Democrats of the State, but the general government 
lent the aid of its influence in the election. The con- 
test was opened early in the winter by transporting 
voters from places where they could be spared, where 
the Federal majority was usually not very large. 
This the Federalists soon discovered and counter- 
acted. A number of United States soldiers were or- 
dered from Baltimore to man the condemned works 
at Annapolis, but with the greater object in view to 
endeavor to vote through the expected acquiescence 
of the corporation officers. This scheme failed on ac- 
count of the tardiness of their motions, as they did 
not reach the city more than six months before the 
election. Great quantities of money, and false and 
licentious papers, almost outraging shame itself, were 
poured forth everywhere by both parties. Truth and 
probability were set at defiance ; the most virtuous 
private characters were aspersed and criminated; 
nothing was left unessayed, however nefarious, which 
might conduce to gain success for either party." ' i 

Early in the session of 1818 a bill was introduced 
into the Legislature to alter the constitution of Mary- 
land so as to give Baltimore two additional members ! 
in the House of Delegates. This had now become a ' 
matter of serious importance to the city, as with the 
limited powers of the local authorities and the in- 
creasing needs of a large and growing municipality, ' 
it was found almost impossible for two representatives 
to attend to all the matters required of them in the 
Legislature. At this period, too, one-fourth of the 

1 At the State election held in October, 1818, the soldiers stationed at | 
Tort McHenry and the sailors and marines on board the United States ' 
vessel " Nonesuch" were mustered, furnished with ballots, marched 
to the polls and voted. The soldiers themselves said that their ballots | 
were dealt out to them by a sergeant on parade, that they were then j 
m polls and ordered to vote the tickets with which they ( 
1 famished. 



time of the Legislature was taken up with the busi- 
ness of Baltimore. Yet notwithstanding the equity 
of the claim, the necessity of the case, and the fact 
that the city now numbered over sixty thousand 
inhabitants, — a greater number than Calvert, Alle- 
ghany, St. Mary's, Kent, Charles, Caroline, Talbot, 
and Montgomery Counties combined, which together 
sent thirty-two delegates to the House, — with strange 
jealousy against the city the bill was rejected. So 
by this unjust distribution of representation one man 
in Calvert County, which only contained a population 
of four thousand and sixty-eight, had the political 
weight of twenty-eight in Baltimore. At the legis- 
lative session of 1819 a bill was passed by the House 
of Delegates to alter that part of the constitution 
relative to the election of Governor and Council, 
and providing for their election by the people. The 
Federalists bitterly opposed it by every means at their 
command. They declared it would be throwing the 
whole political power of the State into the hands of 
Baltimore, which, with her population of sixty-two 
thousand, could nominate and elect from among her 
own citizens at any time she pleased any person as 
Governor. They also endeavored to excite a prej- 
udice against the " Baltimore Jacobins" by declaring 
that the city contained one-third foreigners, — 

"who entertain strong prejudices in favor of the governments under 
which they were born, and whose main object in taking up a residence 
in this country was to accumulate riches, which the disturbed state of 
Europe for many years past rendered it impossible for them to do there* 
The true contest is now between Baltimore' and the counties, between 
the city and the country ; and the question which every voter, when he 
goes to tlie polls, ought to put to himself is, shall I vote for the men 
who, by effecting the changes which they have proposed and design, 
will place the great agricultural State of Maryland at the feet of the 
merchants, the bank speculators, the brokers, the lottery-office keepers, 
the foreigners, and the mob of Baltimore ? or shall I give my support to 
those who will maintain, in opposition to them, the honor, the dignity, 
and independence of the cultivators of the soil?" 

The bill was defeated in the Senate. In January, 
1820, Thomas Kell, a delegate from Baltimore, pro- 
posed a bill to increase the representation for that 
city, which was violently opposed by the county 
members and defeated.'^ Such was the force of preju- 
dice in Maryland that until 1826 no Israelite could 
hold any oflice, civic or military, in the State govern- 
ment. The subject was brought before the Legisla- 
ture in 1818 and at each succeeding session until 
1822, when a bill removing these disabilities was 
passed, but, in accordance with the constitution of the 
State, before it could become a law it was necessary 
that it should be confirmed by the Legislature of 182.3. 
The mea.sure was very unpopular with the people, 
and its passage created an extraordinary influence on 
their minds, so much so that in the election of mem- 
bers for the Legislature of 1823, out of forty members . 
that voted in favor of the bill only sixteen were re- 
turned to the next Assembly. . As there were about 
one hundred and fifty Hebrews in the State, represent- 



■ The practic 



if printing a daily journal of proceedings of the Legis- 
I of the members was not begun until January, 1823. 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing a capital of about half a million dollars, the pre- 
judice of the people soon subsided, the measure gained 
strength, and after a struggle of six or seven years pre- 
vailed. In Baltimore it became a sine qua non of the 
election of the delegate to avow himself in favor of it. 
Finally, on the last day of the session of 1824 (Sat- 
urday, Feb. 26, 1825), the "Jew Bill," as it was then 
called, or bill to alter the constitution so as to relieve 
persons from political disqualifications on account of 
their religious opinions, again passed the Assembly, — 
in the House of Delegates by a vote of twenty-six to 
twenty-five, only fifty-one out of eighty members 
being present. It was ratified by the Assembly of 
1825 in the House of Delegates by a vote of forty- 
five to thirty-two. Thus the Hebrews became free- 
men in Maryland, and at the election for members of 
the Baltimore City Council in October, 1826, Messrs. 
Solomon Etting and Joshua I. Cohen, two estimable 
gentlemen of the Hebrew faith, were chosen by the 
suffrages of a large part of the citizens of their sev- 
eral wards to represent them in the City Council. 
They were the first Hebrews ever elected by the 
people to office in Maryland.'- On the 20th of March, 
1829, an ordinance of the City Council was approved 
by the mayor providing for " the registering of all 
the qualified voters of the city of Baltimore." This, 
it is believed, was the first registry law ever passed in 
the State, but it had only a brief existence, for it was 
repealed by an ordinance approved Jan. 19, 1830. As 
early as October, 1825, Gen. Jackson was nominated 
by tlie Legislature of Tennessee as a candidate for 
President in 1828, and all the elections held in Mary- 
land in the interval turned upon the Presidential 
question. Both the " Administration" and the " Anti- 
Administration" parties held State conventions in 
Baltimore in 1827, and organized for the approaching 
struggle. The convention of the "Friends of the 
Administration" assembled in Baltimore on the 23d of 
July, 1827. The delegates for Baltimore County were: 

Philip Wilson, Abraham Cole, Thomas G. Gist, John Harryman, 
Nicholas Doreey, Nicholas E. Merryman, James Hood, John Wise, Wm. 
Jamison, Dennis Marsh, Dr. Elisha J. Hall, John B. Pearce, Charles 
Worthington, John Philpot, Beuj. Wilson, Sr., Kichard Fowler, Daniel 
Hostetter, Josiah Green, John Murray, Jr., John Buck, of Benj. Dr. Thos. 
Johnston, Henry V. Somerville, Edw. Buchanan, James W. McCuUoch. 

For the city of Baltimore, — 

Luke Tiernan, Gen. Wni. McDonald, Dr. Nathaniel Potter, Solomon 
Etting, Thorndick Chase, Peter Gold, John McKim, Jr., James L. Haw- 
kins, Charles S. Walsh, Nathaniel F. Williams, Robert Miller, William 
Stewart, James Harwood. Wm. Meeteer, James Conner, Thomas Kell.2 

As the time for another Presidential election ap- 
proached the Democratic party found two rival or- 
ganizations in the field, the National Republicans or 
Whigs, and the " Anti-Masons." The National 

1 In the election of delegates from Baltimore to the General Assembly 
in 1825 the " Anti-Slavery Society," recently formed in Baltimore, put 
forward Daniel Kiymond as their candidate, and he received six hun- 
dred aud twenty-four votes. 

'' The delegates to the Jackson General Convention, appointed May, 
1827, by Alex. McKim, in pursuance of resolutionsof a recent town-meet- 
ing, wore Roger 1). TaTie.v, Ueai Raiidiin, Jacoli G. Itavii-B. HuKh McEldery, 
Joel Vickers, Matthew li.Minetl, Wni. Kruhe, and Gc.HKe \Vjiicli«8ter. 



Anti-Masonic Convention, composed of about one 
hundred and twelve delegates, assembled in Balti- 
more at the Athenteum, on Monday, the 26th of Sep- 
tember, 1831, and on Wednesday, the 28th, nominated 
Wm. Wirt, of Maryland, for the Presidency, and Amos 
Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania, for the Vice-Presidency. 
The " National Republican" party, composed princi- 
pally of the friends of Mr. Adams and those who had 
become dissatisfied with the course of Gen. Jackson, 
met in convention in Baltimore on December 12, 
1831, with about one hundred and forty members in 
attendance, and on the following day unanimously 
nominated Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for President, 
and on the 14th John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, for 
Vice-President. Gen. Jackson had been designated 
by his friends in all parts of the Union at an early 
period after the commencement of his administration 
as a candidate for re-election, and a national conven- 
tion was necessary only to nominate a candidate for 
Vice-President. The convention for that purpose 
assembled in Baltimore on the 21st of May, 1832, 
and nominated Martin Van Buren, of New York, 
for the Vice-Presidency. Before his nomination, 
however, the convention adopted the following " two- 
thirds rule," which has ever since been adhered to by 
all Democratic conventions : 

"Itemlved, That each State be entitled, in the nomination to be made of 
a candidate for the Vice-Presidency, to a number of votes equal to the 
number to which they will be entitled in the electoral colleges, under 
the new appointment, in voting for President and Vice-President, and 
that two-thirds of the whole number of votes in the convention shall be 
constitute a choice." 



The convention met part of the time at the Athe- 
naeum, and part of the time at " Warfield's Church," 
in St. Paul Street near Saratoga, which was after- 
wards incorporated with N. C. Brooks' Baltimore 
Female College. During the proceedings of the 
convention a panic occurred, and one or two men 
jumped from a window and were somewhat injured. 

On the 23d of April, 1834, an immense meeting 
of the people was held in Monument Square to give 
expression to public sentiment with reference to the 
recent protest of President Jackson. Gen. William 
McDonald presided, with many of the most promi- 
nent citizens of Baltimore as vice-presidents. The 
meeting was addressed by John P. Kennedy, Charles 
C. Harper, Joshua Jones, and John V. L. McMahon, 
and the following resolution was adopted : 

" Resolved, That such citizens of Maryland as can attend and who are 
opposed to the doctrines promulgated by the President of the United 
States assemble for the purpose of forming a ' State Whig Society* in 
support of said constitution and laws, and to this end be it further re- 
solved, That a committee of sixty, with power to increase their number, 
be appointed by the chair with instruction and authority to prepare an 
answer to said protest or appeal, and such resolutions as they may deem 
appropriate to be submitted to that meeting, to iix aud give notice of the 
day and place for holding the same, to invite the attendance of distin- 
guished Whigs from all parts of the country and especially from Mary- 
land, to invite persons to deliver addresses on that occasion, and to pre- 
pare fundamental rules for the government of a State Whig Society ."3 

3 Mortin Van Buren ' 



POLITICAL PKOGRESS. 



Before the Presidential election of 1836 the mani- [ 
fest injustice of a minority of the people of the State I 
governing the majority, which had been the subject I 
of complaint for years, again violently agitated the , 
people, who made it the engrossing topic of discus- j 
sion and the great object in State politics. The dis- 
cordant elements in the most populous counties and 
the city of Baltimore, of both political parties, 1 
finally united and proposed that a convention of re- 
formers, without distinction of party, should be held I 
in Baltimore, to agree upon such measures as would 
insure success. On the 6th of June, 1836, the Reform 
convention, composed of delegates from Cecil, Har- 
ford, Baltimore, Frederick, Montgomery, and Wash- 
ington Counties and Baltimore City, assembled and 
adopted resolutions recommending the people of the 
State to elect at the next October election delegates 
pledged to introduce and support a bill providing for 
taking the sense of the people on the question of 
reforming the constitution of the State on the first 
Monday in May, 1837 ; and in the event of a majority 
of the people declaring themselves in favor of such 
reform, providing in the same bill for the calling of a 
convention for that object. It was further resolved 
that the members of the convention should be dis- 
tributed equally among the several congressional 
districts with the exception of the Fourth, which 
being a double congressional district was to have 
twice the number of representatives of any other 
district. It was also agreed that if the Legislature 
should refuse to pass the desired bill, the president of j 
the convention should reconvene it for the adoption 
of such ulterior measures as might then be deemed j 
expedient. The people seemed disposed to fully sus- j 
tain the recommendations of the convention, for the 
Assembly of 1835 had passed laws which tended to 
enlarge the representation of the more populous 
districts, and which only needed the confirmation of 
the ensuing Legislature to become a law. By this 
act two additional delegates were given to Baltimore 
City, and Carroll County was erected out of portions ! 
of Frederick and Baltimore Counties, thus giving 
four more representatives to this section of the State, 
and making the Reformers more urgent in their de- 
mands. On the 5th of September, 1836, an election 
for the purpose of choosing electors to select a State 
Senate was held, and resulted in the choice of twenty- 
one Whig and nineteen Democratic or Van Buren 
electors. When, in accordance with the constitution, 
the Van Buren electors assembled in Annapolis to 
choose the fifteen members of the State Senate, they 
were advised by large bodies of their constituents not 
to go into an election unless the Whig electors promised 
that at least eight members of the Senate should be 
selected from among persons known to be favorable to 
such a reform in the State constitution as would insure 
to all citizens living under it equal political rights and 
privileges. To this the Whig electors refused to ac- 
cede, and a " dead lock" was thus brought about 



which continued until the 19th of November, when 
it was at length broken and a Senate elected.' The 
Reform convention held another session in Baltimore 
on the 16th of November, and adjourned to meet in 
Annapolis on the first Monday of January, 1837. 
This meeting never took place, for the Assembly con- 
vened a few days afterwards and immediately entered 
upon the work of reform. They first confirmed the 
law, passed at the last session of the Assembly, to in- 
crease the delegation from Baltimore from two to 
four members; and in March, 1837, coerced by the 
state of public feeling produced and manifested by 
the course of the nineteen electors, the Legislature 
passed a law making many of the desired changes in 
the constitution. The people were given the power 
of electing the Governor; the Senate was entirely 
reorganized, one member being assigned to each 
county and the city of Baltimore, to be elected im- 
mediately by the people. The constitution of the 
House of Delegates was materially altered, five 
members being assigned to Baltimore City, Frederick 
and Baltimore Counties each, and it was provided 
that after 1840 every county having a population of 
over thirty-five thousand souls should have six dele- 
gates, and Baltimore City as many delegates as the 
most populous county. The first Democratic State 
convention under the reformed constitution was held 
in Baltimore on the 31st of May, 1838, and resulted 
in the nomination of William Grason, whose oppo- 
nent was John L. Steele. This election caused great 
excitement in Baltimore, where the opposing parties 
became involved in a serious affray while waiting for 
the returns in front of the newspaper-oflices in Gay 
Street. There wtis, as usual, much cheering and ex- 
citement as the polls of the different wards were 
successively announced ; but about eleven o'clock a 
fight took place, in which stones, brickbats, and 
bludgeons were freely used. The contest was kept 
up with occasional intermissions until two o'clock in 
the morning, when it was only quelled by calling 
out the City Guard. 

On the 27th of March, 1838, the Legislature passed 
an act for the registration of voters in Baltimore City, 
which was submitted to the people for approval on 
the 2d of October, and was ratified by an actual ma- 
jority of only fifty-two votes. The vote by wards was 
as follows : 

Wards. Registry. No Registry. Whole Number, 

First 531 392 990 

Secouii 394 412 863 

Thir.l 468 633 1,139 

Fmiitli 385 083 1,115 

I'ilth 702 393 1,163 

Sixth 558 482 1,077 

Sevocth 662 262 1,007 

Kighth 403 692 1,146 

Ninth 628 309 974 

Tenth 430 CIO 1,085 

Eleventh 649 589 1,282 

Twelfth 652 831 1,472 

6352 6300 13,316 

> For a more Uetailed account of this see the writer's " History of Mary- 
land," iii., p. 190. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The wliole number of voters in the city at that time 
was 13,316, and as the ordinance provided that those 
who did not vote at all should be recorded in its 
favor, there was an apparent or legal majority in its 
favor of 716. It was provided by this act that the 

" registers should require every person apidjing to be registered, and 
by them adjudged entitled to be registered to state, in addition to his 
name, the name of the street, lane, or alley in which he resided, and 
wliether he was a householder or a lodger, and if a lodger, the name and 
residence of his landlord or landlady ; and in case there were no number 
to the house, to designate its location in some other explicit mode, all 
which particulars were to be plainly entered opposite to his name upon 
the registration boolts. If a person were sick or absent from the city, 
or deprived from otlier cause of registering his name, any citizen of good 
standing could apply to the register to register his name if he were a 
qualified voter. The person so applying was to state under oath or afBr- 
mation the name of the person and Iiis place of residence when at home 
in tlie city. In case of a removal before the election from the ward in 
which a person was registered, he was entitled to vote in no other ward 
than that in which he was registered. Naturalized citizens were re- 
quired to produce their papers of naturalization as the only evidence of 
their citizenship, and every voter was required to have his name regis- 
tered every year." i 

Public sentiment, however, had not yet been edu- 
cated up to an appreciation of the advantages of regis- 
tration, and this law shared the fate of its predecessor 
and was repealed on the 15th of January, 1840. The 
year 1840 was one of intense political excitement in all 
sections of the country, and Baltimore did not fail to 
share in the general ^^itation. On the 5th of May the 
Democratic National Convention met in this city, at 
the Assembly Rooms, and nominated Martin Van 
Buren as its candidate for the Presidency, and on 
the day preceding one of the largest political gath- 
erings of the campaign took place at Canton. Never 
before was seen such an assemblage of people in 
this State at a political meeting. .In the language 
of John V. L. McMahon, the president of the day, 
" Every mountain sent its rill, every valley its 
stream, and lo! the avalanche of the people is here." 
The procession was one of the longest and most 
interesting ever witnessed in this country. From 
daylight until the hour of moving Baltimore Street 
from one extremity to the other, and indeed along 
the whole route, presented a spectacle beyond descrip- 
tion, animated and exciting. From corner to corner 
the streets presented one living mass of human beings ; 
every window was alive with fair, smiling faces ; 
from the top to the bottom every house was crowded. 
At a few minutes after ten o'clock the procession com- 
menced moving from the upper part of Baltimore 
Street, led by several barouches, each drawn by four 
white horses, the foremost containing Gen. S. C. 
Leakin, mayor of the city, Hon. Daniel Webster, 
and other distinguished personages. Then followed 
the delegations from the different States, commencing 
with the Northern States, each having their appropri- 
ate banners, etc. There were several log cabins, dec- 
orated with all the fixtures belonging to the mansions 
of the pioneers of the West, such as stags' antlers, 
beaver-traps, etc. Hard cider flowed freely, and 

1 This act was a substitute for a previous act passed at the same session. 



hunting-shirts were everywhere visible. Addresses 
were delivered by Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John 
Sergeant, Wm. C. Preston, John J. Crittenden, Cor- 
wiu, Ely, Cushing, Fillmore, Halstead, John P. Ken- 
nedy, Henry A. Wise, and other distinguished gen- 
tlemen. The number of persons present was estimated 
at twenty thousand.^ In spite of the great enthusiasm 
for the Whig candidate, the Democrats succeeded in 
securing a majority of thirty-one votes in the city of 
Baltimore. 

The Whig National Convention assembled in Balti- 
more on the 1st of May, 1844, in the Universalist 
church on Calvert Street, and nominated Henry Clay 
by acclamation as a candidate for the Presidency, and 
Theodore Frelinghuysen for Vice-President. On the 
2d of May a " Young Men's National Ratification 
Convention" assembled in Baltimore to indorse the 
nominees, and was one of the largest and most im- 
posing gatherings ever convened in the country. The 
procession down Baltimore Street to the Canton race- 
track (the place of meeting) was of the finest descrip- 
tion. Among the speakers of the occasion were Daniel 
Webster, Berrien, Crittenden, Clayton, George Evans, 
of Maine, Thomas Ewing, Morehead, Metcalf, Rey- 
nolds, Reverdy Johnson, and T. Yates Walsh. 

The Democratic National Convention met in Balti- 
more on the 27th of May, 1844, and nominated James 
K. Polk for the Presidency, and G. M. Dallas for the 
Vice-Presidency. On the 27th of May the Tyler Na- 
tional Convention also assembled at Baltimore, at 
Calvert Hall, and nominated John Tyler as their 
candidate for President. 

About this period a new party was organized which 
in some of the States took the old parties by surprise. 
The first announcement made by the Baltimore Clipper 
on the 5th of November, 1844, that it intended to sup- 
port the principles of the "American Republican" or 
" Native American" party was favorably received by 
a large number of citizens of Baltimore and the adja- 
cent counties. Meetings were held on the 26th of 
February, 1845, and every preparation made to ex- 
tend the party organization throughout the State. A 
city convention was held on the 5th of March, and on 
the 13th they issued an address " to the public," in 
which they declare the object of the party to be the 
correction of existing abuses, the banishment of all 
foreign influences, the prevention of frauds at elec- 
tions, and to make American feelings and interests 
pervade the nation. On the 29th of August, 1845, the 
Native American party put out the following ticket : 
for the Fourth Congressional District, Capt. Henry A. 
Thompson f for the House of Delegates, David Taylor, 
Joseph Breck, John C. Holland, David Parr, and 
Josiah Balderston. At the election in October Dun- 
can, the Native American candidate, received 1147 

s It was on this occasion that Mr. McMahon, in opening the meeting, 
uttered the celebrated expression, " I call the nation to order." 

3 He declined the nomination, and John McKim Duncan was selected 
as candidate in his place. 



POLITICAL PROGRESS. 



votes ; Jolin P. Kennedy, the Whig candidate, 4962 ; 
and William Fell Giles, Democrat, 5804. In the city 
a Temperance ticket was run for the House of Dele- 
gates, which received 212 votes, the highest number 
cast for any one of its candidates. In the general re- 
sult in the city the Democrats elected their Congress- 
men, sheriff, and delegates. At the first Council elec- 
tion held under the new divisions of twenty wards, 
instead of twelve as theretofore, the Democrats elected 
seventeen out of the twenty members composing the 
First Branch, and nine out of the ten composing the 
Second Branch. In the election of the 7th of Octo- 
ber, 1846, at which the question of biennial sessions 
of the Legislature was to be decided, the Whigs 
carried both branches of the Legislature by hand- 
some majorities. In Baltimore, Charles M. Keyser, 
the Whig candidate for State senator, beat Joshua 
Vansant, the Democratic candidate, by a majority of 
one vote' in a total poll of 14,871. Baltimore gave a 
majority of 694 against the biennial sessions bill, but 
it was carried in the State by a majority of 46.55 votes. 
In the election for mayor of Baltimore, Col. Jacob G. 
Davies, the Democratic candidate, was chosen by a 
majority of 106 votes over Aaron E. Levering, the 
Whig candidate. At the gubernatorial election in 
1847, Col. Philip Francis Thomas, the Democratic 
candidate, carried Baltimore by 1566 majority over 
William T. Goldsborough, the Whig candidate. 

The brilliant achievements of Gen. Taylor in 
Mexico and the successful issue of the war gave him 
great popularity, and a strong movement was soon 
1 made to place him in nomination as a candidate for 

I the Presidency. Although he was said to be a Whig, 

he had in all his correspondence disclaimed party at- 
tachments and party preferences, and had scrupu- 
j lously refrained from any declaration of his political 

1 opinions. A "Taylor State Convention," composed 

i of prominent and influential gentlemen of all parties, 

' assembled in Baltimore on the 26th of April, 1848, 

and nominated Gen. Taylor for the Presidency. 
I This " no party" convention, in their " address to the 

I people of Maryland and the United States," said that 

*' the only remarkable thing that characterizes this movement of ours 

( coneists, we may presume, in this, viz.: that we have met together incur 

I representative capacity, as citizens in the exercises of the rights of citi- 

J zens, without regard to parly di8tinctu>its ; and being of the opinion that 

\ Gen. Taylor is the only man who can unite the moderate men of all par- 

I ties and thus prepare the country for the severe ordeal through which 

our institutions may have to pass in the course of approaching events, 

we have chosen, without waiting for the permission of hasty conventions, 

to act upon that conviction, and to invite our countrymen who may upon 

reflection adopt the same views, to act in conjunction with us." 

The National Convention of the Democratic party 
met in Baltimore on the 22d of May, 1848, and nomi- 

I nated Gen. Lewis Cass for the Presidency, and Gen. 

I William 0. Butler for the Vice-Presidency. 

] A revision of the State constitution had long been 

agitated, and at the fall elections of 1849 in a num- 

1 This was the legal return, hut a subsequent recount by the judges 
I showed a majority of three votes. 



ber of the counties the Whigs and Democrats united 
in running " reform" tickets for members of the Legis- 
lature without reference to political distinctions, and 
in others and in Baltimore the candidates of both 
parties were pledged to the measure of " constitu- 
tional reform." In Baltimore all the Democratic 
candidates for the House of Delegates were elected 
by an average majority of 2118. In the election for 
Governor in the following year Enoch Louis Lowe, 
the Democratic candidate, received a majority in Bal- 
timore of 2759, while John H. T. Jerome, the Whig 
candidate for mayor, was elected by a majority of 777 
votes over J. M. Turner, Democratic candidate.'' 

The efforts for reform were successful, and a new 
constitution was framed and adopted by the people 
on the 4th of June, 1851. By the provisions of this 
constitution Baltimore City was separated from the 
county, and the representation of the former increased 
to ten delegates and of the latter to six in the lower 
branch of the Legislature.^ 

The National Democratic Convention for the nomi- 
nation of candidates for President and Vice-President 
met in Baltimore, at the Maryland Institute, on the 1st 
of June, 1852, and continued in session for several 
days. Its sessions were very exciting, and the two 
Houses of Congress adjourned to enable the members 
of that body to be in attendance. On the 3d the con- 
vention began" to ballot for President, and continued 
to do so until the forty-ninth ballot was reached, 
when Gen. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was 
nominated, W. R. King, of Alabama, being selected 
as the candidate for Vice-President. On the 16th of 
June the Whig National Convention assembled in 
Baltimore, at the Maryland Institute, and on the 21st 
nominated Gen. Winfield Scott, of New Jersey, on 
the fifty-third ballot, as their candidate for the Presi- 
dency, with Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina, as 
their nominee for vice-president. On the evening of 
the 21st one of the largest and most enthusiastic meet- 
ings that ever collected in Monument Square assem- 
bled there to ratify the Whig nominations. It was 
estimated that there were twenty thousand persons 
present. The election took place on the 5th of No- 
vember, 1852, and resulted in Baltimore in a Water- 
loo defeat for the Whigs by a majority of 4474 votes 
for Pierce out of 23,619 polled. The Free Soil can- 
didate received twenty-one votes in the city. After 
the defeat of the Whig Presidential candidates in 
Maryland that party reorganized, and with the help 

- Heretofore it had been the practice of both parties to " coop" their 
intemperate voters to prevent them from falling into the hands of their 
adversaries on the day of election. But at the fall elections of 1850 a 
difierent practice prevailed, and political opponents were seized and con- 
fined until the polls had been closed. Nor was this " cooping" practiced 
only on the intemperate, persons of respectability were also caged and 
kept from voting. A number of very prominent gentlemen made nar- 
row escapes from capture, and among them the mayor of the city, who, 
it is said, was indebted to the fieetness of his horse for retaining his liberty 
on the day of election. 

3 At the municipal election in 1852, John Smith Hollins, Democrat, 
was elected over Capt. France to the office of mayor by 3684 majority. 



124 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of the " American Party," ' which was now assuming 
shape, resumed the contest. In the fall elections of 
1853 both parties made desperate efforts to carry the | 
day. In Baltimore the partisans of the " Maine liquor 
law" elected their ten delegates by 964 majority, their j 
platform denouncing the manufacture, sale, and con- 
sumption of intoxicating liquors, and their delegates , 
being pledged to urge the prohibition of the traffic by j 
legislative enactment. In the fall of 1854 the Amer- 
ican or Know-Nothing party determined to nomi- 
nate a straight-out municipal ticket in Baltimore, and | 
with this object in view Samuel Hinks was selected 
as their candidate for mayor. The Democrats placed 
in nomination Wm. G. Thomas. In the contest con- 
siderable sectarian feeling was displayed against the 
Roman Catholics, which resulted in a complete tri- 
umph for Mr. Hinks by 2744 majority, and the elec- 
tion of fourteen members of the First Branch and , 
eight members of the Second Branch of the City 
Council by the American party. In the election for 
members of the City Council in 1855 the Democrats 
carried the city by 1029, and elected a majority of the 
members. The American ticket, however, was suc- 
cessful in the State, giving the control of the Legis- 
lature to that party. 

On the 8th of October, 1856, the mayoralty election 
occurred, the candidates being Thomas Swann, 
Know-Nothing, and Robert Clinton Wright, Demo- 
crat. The violence and disorder attending it^ pre- 
vented a free expression of the popular will, and Mr. 
Swann was elected by 1567 majority. On the 17th of 
September, in the same year, the "Old-Line Whigs" 
National Convention met in Baltimore, at the Mary- 
land Institute, and indorsed Millard Fillmore and 
Andrew Jackson Donelson, the Know-Nothing can- 
didates for President and Vice-President. At the 
Presidential election in November, 1856, Fillmore re- 
ceived in Baltimore 16,900 votes; Buchanan, 9870; 
and Fremont, the Republican candidate, 214.' At 
the municipal election of Oct. 19, 1857, the Know- 
Nothings carried all the wards in the city except the 
Eighth by a declared majority of 9066 votes, polling 
in all 11,896 votes, and the Democrats 2830 ; and at 
the gubernatorial election in November Thomas 
Holliday Hicks, the Know-Nothing candidate, car- 
ried Baltimore by an alleged majority of 9036. About 
August, 1858, an independent movement was insti- 

1 The first Know-Nothing mass-meeting was held in Monument Square 
on Thursday evening, Aug. 18, 1853, and was attended by nearly five 
thousand people. 

s See chapter on " Mobs and Riots." 

■■> The first Republican meeting held in Maryland assembled in Balli. 
more on the evening of Sept, 11, 1856. The meeting was organized, on 
motion of William Gunnison, by calling F. S. Corkran to the chair, and 
the appointment of William E. Cole, Jr., as secretary. After reading an 
"address to the Republicans of Maryland" the meeting 'adjourned. 
Upon leaving the room (Temperance Temple) Messrs. Corkrau, Gunni- 
son, and several others were rudely assaulted by a mob of several hun- 
dred persons that had gathered on the street. The mob then repaired 
to the office of the Wecker, the Gornjan Republican paper, which they 
assaulted with stones, and it was saved from being sacked only by the 
intervention of the police. 



tuted, though not such as was expected, and an inde- 
pendent candidate was nominated, which somewhat 
changed the aspect of affairs.* Early in September 
this independent movement published their " plat- 
form," and presented as their standard-bearer Col. 
A. P. Shutt, a gentleman of integrity, who had been 
a member of the Whig party, but since the rise of the 
Know-Nothing organization had taken no part in 
the politics of the day. But the hopes created by this 
movement were destined to disappointment, and Mr. 
Swann was re-elected on the 13th of October, 1858, 
by a pretended majority of 19,149. The election, in 
fact, was so evident a mockery from the beginning 
that about noon on the day of election Col. Shutt 
withdrew his name as a candidate, and advised his 
friends not to attempt to exercise their rights of fran- 
chise. If further evidence were needed to show the 
manner in which the election was carried, the figures 
would be sufficient comment. There must have been 
illegal voting, and a great deal of it, to have enabled 
the Eighth Ward to give 3307 majority for Col. Shutt, 
and the Fourth Ward to give 2507 for Mr. Swann. 
The mere formal record of votes sufficiently explains 
the character of the election. Out of the entire poll 
of 28,866 votes Col. Shutt is reported to have received 
but 4859, and of these 3428 are represented to have 
been cast in a single ward, leaving 1430 as the whole 
number of ballots deposited in his favor throughout 
the rest of the city. To our citizens these facts and 
figures were quite intelligible enough of themselves, 
and told too plainly of their shame and humiliation. 
The details and particulars of the various outrages 
that were committed by the ruffians who held undis- 
turbed possession of the polls were in every mouth, 
and were repeated and discussed by every fireside and 
in every counting-room, store, and tavern in the city. 
They were retailed from house to house, and from 
man to man, until there was scarcely an individual in 
the community who had not heard or did not know 
of some neighbor, friend, or acquaintance who on 
October 13th was driven and beaten from the polls, 
or was threatened, insulted, and intimidated in the 
vain attempt to exercise the right of suffrage. From 
the opening of the polls in the morning until their 
closing in the evening, in nineteen wards of the city, 
they were occupied and held by bands of armed 
bullies, who, as the returns show, permitted scarcely 
any to vote who did not openly show and as openly 
vote the " American" ticket. That ticket, moreover, 
was so marked upon the back with a blue chequered or 
striped pattern that, however folded, it could be rec- 
ognized without difficulty in the hands of the voter. 
By this means the secrecy of the ballot was effectually 
destroyed, and the ruffians who guarded every avenue 
to the polls were enabled to tell at a glance whose votes 
might be admitted and whose should be excluded. Not 

^ In 1858 a vote was taken on the question of calling a convention to 
remodel the State constitution, which resulted in the defeat of the effort 
for that purpose. 



POLITICAL PROGRESS. 



content, however, with excluding legal voters opposed 
to the election of Mr. iSwann, an immense proportion — 
probably not less than from two-thirds to three-fourths 
of the whole number polled — of illegal votes were 
cast in his favor ; men, and even boys, voting, not 
twice or thrice merely, but ten or fifteen times ; not 
only in different wards, but in the same ward ; not at 
diflerent hours of the day merely, but half a dozen 
times in succession, with scarcely an attempt at con- 
cealment or disguise. Other votes were polled which 
were purely fictitious, tickets being handed to the 
judges and received by them which were falsely rep- 
resented to have been tendered by persons in omni- 
buses and carriages who were unable to get out and 
walk to the window. In short, every trick and strat- 
agem which fraud could invent and every extremity 
to which violence could resort were successfully em- 
ployed for the purpose of electing the "American" 
candidate. These outrages upon the ballot-box and 
upon the persons of voters the judges were unable 
and the police unwilling to prevent. The former 
did not so much as dare to question an illegal vote, 
even when, as was frequently the case, they knew it 
to be such. The latter constantly refused to inter- 
fere for the protection of anybody. Under such cir- 
cumstances and in such a crisis a large number of 
the most respectable citizens of Baltimore organized 
a " City Reform Association" for the effective redress 
of grievances which were the common burden and 
disgrace of all and the reproach of the whole 
country. On the 1st of November, 1858, the Reform 
Association held a meeting, and adopted an address 
describing the purposes of the new organization and 
earnestly inviting the co-operation of their fellow- 
citizens, which was signed by Samuel W. Smith, 
president; Wm. H. D. C. Wright, Hugh A. Cooper, 
Dr. A. C. Robinson, Geo. Wm. Brown, vice-presi- 
dents ; Henry M. Warfield, recording secretary ; 
James H. Barney, corresponding secretary ; and 
Lambert Gittings, treasurer. 

Notwithstanding' the favorable auspices under 
which the Reform Association was organized, nothing 
was done in the fall of 1858 or in the spring of 1859 
to restore peace and good order. As the fall elections 
of 1859 approached, however, a large number of the 
citizens of Baltimore determined to make one supreme 
effort to crush out ruffianism and restore the reign of 
law. They therefore issued an invitation to their 
" fellow-citizens, irrespective of party," to assemble 
in " town-meeting at Monument Square on Monday 
afternoon, the 5th day of September, at four o'clock, 
to deliberate with us and devise some means of res- 
cuing our city from its present deplorable condition." 
Appended to this call were the names of over two 
thousand of the best and most prominent citizens of 
Baltimore. In consequence of inclement weather the 
"town-meeting" was postponed to Thursday after- 
noon, the 8th of September, at which time about ten 
thousand persons assembled in Monument Square. 



At the appointed hour Charles D. Hinks, on behalf 
of the Committee of Arrangements, presented the 
name of William Woodward for president of the 
meeting, and three gentlemen from each ward as 
vice-presidents. Patriotic and eloquent addresses 
were delivered by George W. Brown, James Hodges, 
and George M. Gill, and resolutions were adopted 
urging combined effort on the part of all respectable 
citizens, and requiring the president and vice-presi- 
dents of the meeting to appoint "a committee of 
twenty men, consisting of one from each ward," who, 
with the president of the meeting, should constitute 
a " Central Committee," which was " authorized and 
directed to nominate, at as early a day as may be ex- 
pedient and practicable, candidates, without regard to 
party, to be selected from the best, most reliable, and 
most competent men in the community." In pur- 
suance of these resolutions the following twenty-one 
conservative citizens were appointed as a " Reform 
Central Committee" : 

William Woodward, President. 
Wards. I Wards. 
First William Dean. Eleventh Dr. J. H. Thomas. 

Second Thomas J. Cochran. I Twelfth Charles J. Baker. 

Third Eilwiird W'. Robinson. Thirteenth Dr. A. C. Eobinson. 

Fdiirtli l:..l'.Mi ]:,tirMv — II t f. . I III Michael Warner. 

Filili ,1,111,1 Mi;.., I ,1,, I II I I'l ,i,iiiies Hooper, Jr. 

Si\tli |i! I il I'.i ,i,i: ,',. -,,■ I \lr\iinder Russell. 

Sew l;., ,1,11 , I 11.1. 1 -, ., I.,, , I.;; w illiam Swindell. 

Ei^htli J.KiLc- J', I lii'iM.i- I i;^lii< I iilh Edward Moon. 

Ninth Louis Chiller, , Ninotcenlh Joseph H. Kieman. 

Tenth George William Brown. ! Twentieth Allen A. Chapman. 

Mayor Swanu declined to co-operate with the com- 
mittee in the effort to procure honest judges, and 
while in the election for members of the City Council 
in October, 1859, the Reformers carried the Eighth, 
Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Fourteenth, and Nineteenth 
Wards, the most indisputable evidence was afibrded of 
inefficiency and bad faith on the part of the municipal 
authorities. With the election of the 2d of Novem- 
ber, for comptroller, members of Congress, and the 
Legislature, came one of the most momentous issues 
that had ever been presented to the citizens of Balti- 
more. Without entering into a detailed description 
of the events of the day,' it is sufficient to say that 
life was, as usual, sacrificed in the ineflectual struggles 
of individual gallantry. By two o'clock the Re- 
formers abandoned the polls in all the wards except 
the Eighth, perfectly satisfied that a fair election was 
impossible.'^ 

1 See chapter on " Mobs and Riots." 

2 As an illustration of the methods by which the American party car- 
ried elections the wonderful and rapid increase in the voting population 
of the Fourth Ward may be mentioned. In 1848, in the exciting Presi- 
dential election between Taylor and Cass, the total vote of this ward was 
1193. In the election of 18S0 it was 1007. In the Presidential contest 
between Scott and Pierce in 1852 it was 1133. Up to that time the vote 
of the Fourth Ward had never reached 1200, about the outside number 
of legal voters which its whole white population of 6611, returned in the 
census of 1850, would authorize us to expect. In 1856, which was the 
commencement of Mr. Swann's political career, this ward gave him 909 
votes, and his opponent, Mr. Wright, 288. The judges who presided at 
that election were of the appointment of Mr. Hinks, and were never 
charged with rejecting American votes on that occasion. The vote, 
therefore, of 1856, under circumstances as well calculated to bring it out 
as ever existed before or since, was altogether 1197, or only four more 



126 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Notwithstanding these first failures, tlie Reform 
party did not abandon its efforts, and on the 17th of 
Novemher a Reform convention was held, which was 
organizeil, on motion of S. Teackle Wallis, by calling 
C4eorge M. Gill to the chair. A more efficient organi- 
zation was etiected, and aCommittee on Contested Elec- 
tions was api)ointed to present the evidences of fraud 
to the Legislature, and another on legislation, to pre- 
Ijare and digest all legislation necessary to cure the 
evils the city was then laboring under. This latter 
committee consisted of William Henry Norris, chair- 
man ; P. Francis Thomas, I. Nevitt Steele, S. Teackle 
Wallis, and Neilson Poe. The following gentlemen 
were also associated by invitation in the task, and by 
day and by night for a period of six weeks gave their 
time, talents, and patriotism to their duties : John V. 
L. McMahon, John Nelson, George M. Gill, J. Mason 
Campbell, George W. Brown, C. Jervis Spencer, and 
C. J. M. Gwinn. On one occasion Reverdy Johnson 
was present, and would have continued to lend his 
talents to the work had he remained in the city. The 
fruit of their labors were the " Reform Bills," — the 
police law, the election law, and the jury law, — which 
were presented to the Legislature and promptly passed 
by that body. On the last day of the session the 
Legislature also declared null and void the pretended 
election of the 2d of November, 18r)9. The expul- 
sion of Charles L. Krafft, Thomas Booze, Robert L. 
Seth, George R. Berry, F. C. Crowley, R. A. McAllis- 
ter, Thomas M. Smith, Robert Turner, and Marcus 
Denison, the members of the House from Baltimore, 
on the last day of the session was regarded as even 
more ignominious than if it had taken place at an 
earlier period.' Realizing the nature and extent of 
the change which had been effected by the new police 
bill of 1860, it was determined to take advantage of j 
the protection which it afforded for the free expression j 
of public sentiment, and accordingly, on the 18th of 
August, 1860, a large meeting of " Independent Re- 
formers" was held in the saloon of the Law Building 
to provide for the nomination of candidates for mayor 
and City Council. On motion of George M. Gill, Dr. 
Alexander C. Robinson was chosen president, Hugh 
A. Cooper and Lawrence P. Bayne vice-presidents, 
with James P. Thomas and Henry M. Fitzhugh as 



secretaries. The officers of the meeting were directed 
to appoint a central committee to consist of one from 
each ward, to whom the duty of bringing forward in- 
dependent reform candidates was confided. In ac- 
cordance with these instructions the central committee 
was formed, and on the 29th of August it nominated 
George William Brown as 
the Reform candidate for 
mayor, and subsequently 
Reform candidates for the 
City Council. Samuel 
Hindes was nominated as 
the Know-Nothing candi- 
date for mayor. The elec- 
tion took place on the 10th 
of October, 1860, and a 
Reform mayor and a City 
Council composed entirely 
of Reformers were lifted 
into power by triumphant m.x- ... «. hi;..w.v. 

and genuine majorities in 

the midst of enthusiasm so great and so general as to 
show how terrible had been the oppression from which 
the people were now delivered. The vote in the im- 
portant city elections from 1854 to 1860 (inclusive) 
were as follows : 




Know. 
Nothing. 

B4 13,840 

60 13,902 

S57 17,849 

58 24,008 

359 18,211 

360 9,684 


Democrat 
11,096 
12,335 
8,213 
4,859 
5;334 


Reform. 


Majorities. 
2,744 Know-Nothing. 

i;5c7 ;; ;; 




i7,6'25 


12,877 " 
7,941 Reform. 



In the election for members of the City Council in 
1858 the Democrats were allowed to poll in the Twen- 
tieth Ward one vote ; in the Twelfth, two ; Nine- 
teenth, three ; Seventeenth, ten ; Fourteenth, eight ; 
First, twenty-four; Second, thirty-two ; Fourth, thirty- 
five; Seventh, thirty-seven; Sixteenth, ninety-one; 
Eighteenth, ninety-four; and the Eighth, ten hundred 
and thirteen ; and only two thousand eight hundred 
and thirty votes in the entire city. 



than the same ward had cast in the election between Cass and Taylor in 
1848. Under the fostering care of the " municipal governnieut" but a 
single year elapsed before a vast cliange was effected. In 1857, at the 
Governor's election, the judges apiwinted by the mayor for the Fourtli 
Ward recorded and returned a vote of 1879 polls,— 682 more tlian it had 
cast only the year before. In 1858 sucii were the improvements and 
facilities afforded by the " municipal government" and the judges and 
police that this ward got in a total vote of 2589, of which Col. Shutt re- 
ceived but 41, showing another advance in another single year of 710 
votes. It thus appeal's that under the mayors in the eight years pre- 
ceding Mr. Swanu's flret cleclion the vote of the Fourth Ward increased 
but the insignificant number which a man may count on the fingers of 
one hand, while under two years of Mr. Swann's administration there 
were added to it the handsome accession of 1392 votes, making a sum 
total considerably larger tlian double the number at the start. 
1 Mr. W. A. Wisong, who was elected on the .American ticitct, refused 



CHAPTER XVI. 

THE CIVIL WAR.2 
Prominent IjOcal Events from 18G0 to 1866. 

I860.— On the 20th of April the Republican State 
Convention assembled at Rechabite Hall, in Balti- 
more, and organized by the election of Montgomery 



= In the limited space at our command it is impossible to treat that 
portion of the history of Baltimore embraced between the dates given 
above except in the briefest possible manner. During the period in 
question almost every day bristled with " events," and every week gave 
birth to numberless incidents of local or general interest. The magni- 
tude of the subject and the multiplicity of the details required in a con- 
nected narrative of one of the most interesting and stirring epochs in 
the history of the city demand a far more extended and elaborate treat- 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



Blair as chairman. The convention was broken up 
by mob violence, but reassembled at a private house, 
and selected the following delegates to the Chicago 
convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
President : at large, Francis P. Blair, Sr., of Mont- 



las convention, together with the delegates from 
Louisiana and Alabama, who had been refused ad- 
mission, met at the Maryland Institute. The follow- 
ing States were represented by partial or full delega- 
tions : New York, Vermont, Virginia, North Carolina, 



gomery County, and Hon. William L. Marshall, Judge j Maryland, Georgia, Calfornia, Oregon, Florida, Ala- 
of the Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore; First ; bama, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, Mas- 
District, James Bryan, delegate, D. W. Orem, alter- j sachusetts, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Dela- 
nate; Second District, James Jeflries, delegate, W. j ware, and Pennsylvania. Hon. Caleb Cushing was 
P. Ewing, alternate ; Third District, Francis S. Cork- i chosen president, and after a harmonious session of a 
ran, delegate, James V. Wagner, alternate ; Fourth j few hours John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, was 
District, William E. Coale, delegate, Jonathan Shu- nominated for the Presidency, and Joseph Lane, of 
macker, alternate ; Fifth District, Charles Lee Ar- Oregon, for the Vice-Presidency. 



mour, delegate, E. J. Anan, alternate ; Sixth District, 
Montgomerj' Blair, delegate, Frederick Iddins, alter- 



-On the 26th of November several palmetto flags 
vere unfurled in Baltimore, one of tliem from the 



nate. They also adopted resolutions recommending j steeple of the old Liberty engine-house, on Liberty 
the delegates in the National Convention to cast their , Street near Fayette, by a number of persons belonging 
votes as a unit, and instructing them to advocate the j to a branch of an association of Southern volunteers, 
passageof a resolution, as a part of the platform of the | —On the 19th of December, Hon. A. H. Handy, 
Eepublican party, favoring the Jeftersonian plan of i commissioner from Mississippi to solicit the co-opera- 
colonizing the free negroes in some neighboring coun- tion of Maryland in the Southern movement, arrived 
try where, under the protection of the United States, i in Baltimore. The same evening he addressed the 
they might establish a free and independent govern- citizens at the Maryland Institute, explaining the 
ment. policy of the slave-holding States. On the 22d a 

—On May 9th the Constitutional Union Conven- large meeting of citizens was held at the Universalist 
tion, composed of Old-Line Whigs, former members | church, northeast corner of Calvert and Pleasant 
of the Know-Nothing party, etc., convened at the old 
First Presbyterian church, at the northwest corner of 
Fayette and North Streets. Twenty-two States were 



represented in this convention, California, Florida, 
Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, Rhode 
Island, Oregon, South Carolina, and Wisconsin not 
being represented. The platform was "The Union, the 
Constitution, and the enforcement of the laws." On 
the second day of the session John Bell, of Tennes- 
see, was nominated for the Presidency, and Edward 
Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. The 
convention was called to order by J. J. Crittenden, of 
Kentucky, and Governor Hunt, of New York, was 
selected as permanent chairman. 

— On the 18th of June the National Democratic Con- 
vention reassembled at the Front Street Theatre, and 
after a stormy session Virginia, on the 22d, with 
twenty-five of her thirty delegates, withdrew from the 
convention ; North Carolina, California, and Oregon 
followed Virginia; Kentucky and Tennessee retired 
for consultation ; Georgia refused to re-enter the con- 



Streets, calling for the assembling of the Legislature 
to define the position of Maryland in the national 
crisis. 

1861.— With the opening of 1861 Henry Winter 
Davis, a member of the National House of Repre- 
sentatives from Baltimore, issued an address in favor 
of the Union. Five thousand citizens of Baltimore 
signed a letter addressed to Governor Hicks approv- 
ing his course in refusing to convene the Legislature. 
The list was headed by Hon. John P. Kennedy. 
During the month of January, however, several 
prominent citizens publicly expressed their views in 
favor of co-operation with the South, among whom 
were Judge John C. Legrand, who addressed a letter 
to Eeverdy Johnson on the subject in answer to a 
Union speech made by the latter. 

— James Carroll, former Democratic candidate for 
Governor, announced his desire that Maryland should 
go with the seceding States. Coleman Yellott de- 
clared for a convention, and later in the month John 
B. Brooke, president of the Senate, and E. G. Kil- 



i-ention ; Missouri and Maryland prepared to carry j bourn, Speaker of the House of Delegates, urged the 

out a moiety of their delegations. On the 23d, Caleb Governor to convene the Legislature in response to 

Cushing, the president of the convention, and a ma- ] public meetings. 

jority of the Massachusetts delegation also withdrew. : —On January 10th a " Conference Convention," 
On the second ballot Stephen A. Douglas received I representing all parts of the State and all shades of 
18-ti votes out of 194^ cast, and was declared the opinion, met at the Law Buildings " for the purpose 
choice of the convention. On the same day the of conferring relative to the threatening condition of 
Democratic delegates who had abandoned the Doug- public affairs." Col. John Sellman, of Anne Arundel, 
~ I was chosen permanent president, and David M. Ferine, 

ment than can be given within our present limits, and we have there- | ^f Baltimore County, and Wm. F. Goldsborough, of 
fore been forced reluctantly to content ourselves with simply a chrono- \ ~r~. ■, . r^ ^ • • i *- rru *.• 

logical presentation of the most prominent events in Baltimore between ! Dorchester County, Vice-pres.dents. The convention 

the commencement and the conclusion of the Civil War. continued in session several days. Resolutions were 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



reported by S. Teackle Wallis and adopted expressing 
devotion to the Union, concurrence in the wisdom 
and propriety of the " Crittenden Compromise," and re- 
questing the Governor to issue his proclamation call- 
ing on the people to vote on the last Monday of Jan- 
uary for or against the calling of a convention, and 
asking that, in case of their favoring the call, he would 
issue his proclamation inviting the people to elect 
delegates to such convention on the second Monday 
of February. Among the delegates in this Conference 
Convention were David M. Ferine, Col. John S. Git- 
tings, Jos. Pope, Pleasant Hunter, Thomas Cockey, 
Robert Taylor, Fd. D. Lyon, John Q. Hewlett, Richard 
Grason, Richard J.Gittings, JohnRidgely,of H., John 
Philpot, Joseph Walker, and Benjamin Payne, of 
Baltimore County; and John P. Kennedy, S. Teackle 
Wallis, Henry M. Warfield, Adam Denmead, Dr. A. 
C. Robinson, Wm. McKim, Geo. A. Eaton, John W. 
Garrett, Dr. J. H. Thomas, Wm. Devries, Johns Hop- 
kins, Peter Morrell, and N. T. Dushane, of Baltimore 
City. 

On the evening of January 10th an immense 

Union meeting was held at the Maryland Institute, 
indorsing Governor Hicks and condemning South 
Carolina. The meeting was called to order by Wm. 
McKim, and Archibald Stirling, Sr., was chosen to 
preside. Among the vice-presidents were John P. 
Kennedy, Thomas Swann, John B. Morris, and Co- 
lumbus O'Donnell. Addresses were made by Wm. 
H. Collins, Augustus W. Bradford, Reverdy Jolmson, 
B. Deford, Wm. E. Hooper, Joseph Gushing, Jr., and 
J. A. Pearre. This memorable ma.ss-meeting had been 
arranged at a preliminary meeting held at the Law 
Buildings on the 29th of December, 1860, and was 
called by a committee consisting of Messrs. Wm. H. 
Collins, Wm. McKim, Benjamin Deford, Wm. E. 
Hooper, and Joseph Cushing, Jr. 

—On the r2th of January three companies of 
United States light artillery from Fort Leavenworth 
arrived in Baltimore and occupied Fort McHenry. 

—On January 16th Marshal Kane wrote to the 
mayor of Washington denying the rumor that armed 
associations were being formed in Baltimore for the 
purpose of making " unlawful demonstrations at the 
seat of government on the 4th of March." 

—January 30th, two companies of United States 
artillery from Fort Hamilton, New York, arrived in 
Baltimore on their way to Washington. 

—On the 1st of February the citizens of Baltimore 
who were "in favor of restoring the Constitutional 
Union of the States, and who desire the position of 
Maryland in the existing crisis to be ascertained by a 
convention of the people," assembled in town-meet- 
ing at the Maryland Institute. The assemblage, which 
was an immense one, was called together by anxiety 
with regard to the position of Maryland, and indig- 
uaticm at the course of Governor Hicks. The meet- 
ing was called to order by Joshua Vansaut, and Dr. 
A. C. Robinson was selected as president. The as- 



semblage was addressed by the chairman, Dr. Robin- 
son, Wm. Henry Norris, R. M. McLane, S. Teackle 
Wallis, ex-Governor Lowe, and Mr. Kilgour. The 
meeting invited the people of the State to send dele- 
gates to a convention to meet in Baltimore on the 18th 
of February. In pursuance of this call the State Con- 
ference Convention assembled in Baltimore, in the 
Universalist church at the northeast corner of Calvert 
and Saratoga Streets, on the day appointed. All the 
counties in the State were represented by gentlemen 
reflecting all shades of political opinion. It was or- 
ganized by the selection of Judge Ezekiel F. Cham- 
bers, of Kent County, as president, and Col. John C. 
Groome, of Cecil, David M. Ferine, of Baltimore 
County, Henry G. S. Key, of St. Mary's, J. F. Dash- 
iel, of Somerset, and Andrew Rench, of Washington 
County, as vice-presidents. After a session of two days 
the convention unanimously adopted an address "To 
the people of Maryland," and a set of resolutions, and 
then adjourned to meet in Baltimore on the 12th of 
March following. 

—During the night of Friday, February 22d, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, President-elect of the United States, 
passed through Baltimore on his way to the capital, 
having come from Harrisburg, Fa., by a circuitous 
route through Pliiladelphia. On Saturday, the,23d, the 
President's family arrived in Baltimore. The train 
was supposed to contain the President also, and was 
received by an immense crowd with groans and hoot- 
ings, but no personal violence was oftered to any one. 
Nearly the entire police force of the city, under com- 
mand of Marshal Kane, were on duty at the station. 
Mrs. Lincoln and family were escorted to the resi- 
dence of John S. Gittings, in Mount Vernon Place. 
After a few hours' rest she left for Washington on the 
same day. It is evident, from all the facts in the 
case, that Mr. Lincoln altered his arrangements at 
the suggestion of Marshal Kane, " to avoid," as the 
Baltimore America)) of Feb. 25, 1861, stated, " the at- 
tention of his political friends here, whose unpopu- 
larity with the great mass of the people is so notori- 
ous." On the 24th' Marshal Kane published an 
emphatic denial of the existence in Baltimore of a 
conspiracy to assassinate or offer violence to the Pres- 
ident, and on the 28th the Police Board formally 
stigmatized the rumors as " utterly destitute of any 
reasonable foundation."' 
—On the 12tli of March the State Conference Con- 
■ vention reassembled in Baltimore, and on the second 
day adjourned to await the action of Virginia, after 
appointing Messrs. Walter Mitchell, E. F. Chambers, 
Wm. Henry Norris, E. L. Lowe, Isaac D. Jones, and 
J. Hanson Thomas to visit the Virginia convention, 
then in session, and urge that body to recommend a 
border State convention. 

— On the 21st of March a company of about one 
hundred men, under command of Robert E. Haslett, 

' See full particulars in the writer's " History of Maryland," iii., p. 387. 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



left Baltimore by tne Norfolk boat en route for Charles- 
ton, S. C, to enlist in the army of the Southern Con- 
federacy. The company was organized by Mr. Has- 
lett and Thomas J. Goodrich, and was composed of 
unmarried men over nineteen years of age. On the 
28th the Norfolk boat carried a number of other vol- 
unteers for the Southern army. 

— At a late hour on Friday, April 12th, a dispatch 
was received from Charleston, S. C, announcing that 
the attack upon Fort Sumter had begun. This an- 
nouncement was followed by the most intense excite- 
ment, which continued until the end of the month.^ 

— On Saturday, the 13th, the newspaper offices and 
the streets in the vicinity were crowded with thousands 
of people throughout the entire day. As the crowd 
increased the excitement became more inten.se, but 
no difficulty took place until about eleven o'clock, 
when a young man made his appearance in the 
neighborhood of South Street, wearing upon his hat 
a Southern cockade. He was saluted with hisses and 
groans by the Union men, who raised shouts of "Take 
it off !" " Hurrah for the Union !" etc. About three 
o'clock in the afternoon it was announced that Fort 
Sumter was on fire, and the Union men assembled 
about the news-offices in great numbers, and made 
loud threats against any one sympathizing with the 
South. In spite of these threats, however, the South- 
ern sympathizers gathered in force, and for some time 
serious difficulties were apprehended. Through the 
exertions of the police quiet was partially restored, 
but about four o'clock the excitement was revived by 
the appearance of another cockade upon Baltimore 
Street. A portion of the crowd made a rush for the 
party wearing it, who proved to be a gentleman from 
North Carolina who was stopping at Barnum's Hotel, 
and cries of "Go in, Union men!" "Eally, minute- 
men !" and other riotous shouts were heard. The 
crowd pressed rapidly around the stranger, and al- 
though he was immediately surrounded by a number 
of sympathizing friends, he was forced up Baltimore 
Street until opposite the clothing establishment of 
Messrs. Noah Walker & Co., when a decided stand 
was made, and with the assistance of Sergt. McComas 
of the police department the gentleman was enabled 
to return to the hotel. On Sunday, the 14th, the first 
Confederate flag displayed in the harbor was hoisted 
on the bark "Fanny Crenshaw," lying at Chase's 
wharf, at the foot of Thames and Caroline Streets. 
While all hands were away except a boy a party of 
men went on board and made him lower the flag, 
which, however, was run up again by the captain on 
his return, and kept flying the rest of that day and the 

1 As an illustration of the position occupied by Maryland at the begin- 
ning of the contest, it may be mentioned that in April, 1861, the United 
States and Confederate States governments were both recruiting in Balti- 
more at oue and the same time, the Federal authorities having a recruit- 
ing agency on Camden Street near Charles, and the Confederates one in 
Marsh Market space. On the 21st of January, 1861, the schooner " Na- 
hant" was entered at the custom-house, presenting her clearance and 
manifest fi'om the authorities of the " Republic of South Carolina." 



whole of the next. On the 15th another small party 
of volunteers left Baltimore in the " Louisiana" for 
Charleston via Norfolk. On the same date John 
Thompson Mason, collector of the port; Levi K. 
Bowen, naval officer ; Dr. Findley, surveyor of the 
port ; Gen. John W. Watkins, United States marshal 
for the district of Maryland, and others resigned, and 
the following Federal appointments for Baltimore were 
made by the new administration : Henry W. Hofl'- 
man, of Alleghany County, collector; Francis S. Cork- 
ran, of Baltimore County, naval officer; French S. 
Evans, deputy naval officer ; William H. Purnell, of 
Worcester County, postmaster ; William P. Ewing, 
of Cecil, naval agent; William L. Marshall, judge of 
the Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore City, sur- 
veyor ; Frederick Schley, of Frederick County, ap- 
praiser at large ; John F. Meredith and Charles P. 
Montague, appraisers ; Washington Bonifant, of Mont- 
gomery County, marshal; and Arthur W. Machen, 
of Baltimore County, district attorney. On the 17th 
Mayor Brown, by proclamation, made an earnest ap- 
peal for peace and order, but with little effect. 

— The 18th was a day of great excitement. At 
noon a small party of young men sympathizing with 
the South, and in honor of the secession of Virginia 
on the day before, hoisted a Confederate flag near the 
the Marine Observatory upon Federal Hill, and began 
a salute of one hundred guns, but on the third round 
they were driven off, the cannon seized, and, with the 
powder, thrown into the basin, while the gun-carriage 
was broken up and the flag torn into shreds. Later 
in the day another Confederate flag was hoisted in the 
northern section of the city and saluted with one hun- 
dred guns. About two o'clock of the same day a force 
of about six hundred United States troops and Penn- 
sylvania volunteers arrived in the city. They were 
greeted with hisses and groans from the people on 
their march through the streets, and there would un- 
doubtedly have been a serious collision but for the 
efficient police arrangements. Numerous outbreaks 
occurred in the neighborhood of the newspaper-offices 
during the day, and in the evening a meeting of the 
States' Rights Convention was held in Taylor's build- 
ing, on Fayette Street near Calvert, and where, it is 
] alleged, very strong ground was taken against the 
passage of any more troops through Baltimore, and 
armed resistance threatened. A meeting was held at 
the same building in the morning by the " National 
I Volunteer Association," Hon. T. Parkin Scott pre- 
' siding, at which strong Southern speeches were made. 
Proclamations were issued by the Governor and mayor 
with a view of allaying the excitement, and a dispatch 
was sent to Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, stating 
that the feeling was intense in Baltimore, and that no 
more troops could pass through the city. Such was 
the condition of affairs in Baltimore when the memor- 
able 19th of April arrived ; with it came the news of 
the destruction of the Harper's Ferry arsenal and the 
approach of additional forces from the North, pro- 



130 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ceeding to the defense of Washington. The occur- 
rences of that day are given in detail elsewhere under 
the head of "Mobs and Riots." On the afternoon of 
the riot Messrs. H. Lennox Bond, John C. Brune, and 
George W. Dobbin were sent to request the President 
not to permit the passage of any more troops through 
Baltimore, and at four o'clock a public meeting was 
held in Monument Square, which was addressed by 
Dr. Alexander C. Eobinscm, Mayor Brown, William 
P. Preston, S. Teackle Wallis, John Wetbered, Charles 
Marshall, Robert M. McLane, Marcus Duvall, George 
M. Gill, and Governor Hicks. In the evening it 
was reported that more Northern troops were on their 
way to the city, and after a consultation between Mar- 
shal Kane, the mayor. Governor Hicks, and ex-Gov- 
ernor Lowe, it was determined to burn the railroad 
bridges of the Northern Central and Philadelphia, 
Wilmington and Baltimore roads in the vicinity of 
the city. The necessary order was accordingly given, 
and about half-past two o'clock Saturday morning, 
the 20th, two parties left the city, one, consisting of a 
squad of police, accompanied by one company of the 
City Guard under command of Capt. J. G. Johannes, 
and a number of armed citizens who volunteered their 
services, for the Northern Central Railroad ; the other, 
with a posse of police-officers and one company of 
tlie Baltimore City Guard under Col. Kane, for the 
Philadelphia road. The first party destroyed the 
bridge at Melvale, about five miles from the city, but 
the citizens not feeling satisfied with this proceeded 
farther and destroyed the bridge at the Relay House 
and the one near Cockeysville. The second party 
burnt the bridges over the Bush and Gunpowder 
Elvers and Harris' Creek. The telegraph-poles and 
wires were also cut and destroyed in several places on 
both roads. On Saturday, the 20th of April, another 
committee, consisting of Messrs. Anthony Kennedy 
and J. Morrison Harris, was sent to Washington to 
secure more satisfactory guarantees from the President 
with reference to the passage of troops through the 
city, and active preparations for defense were con- 
tinued. On Sunday morning Mayor Brown and Gov- 
ernor Hicks were summoned to Washington to con- 
sult the President with reference to the situation, and 
the Governor being absent, the mayor set out for that 
city at an early liour accompanied by Messrs. George 
W. Dobbin, John C. Brune, and S. Teackle Wallis. 
While the mayor was absent a man on liorseback 
dashed up to the marshal's office bringing intelligence 
that five thousand Northern troops were at Cockeys- 
ville, fifteen miles distant, and were marching direct 
for the city. The startling announcement was very 
soon spread abroad by the newspaper-offices, and in a 
few moments the whole city was on fire with excite- 
ment. The church bells were ringing for morning 
service when the quick roil of the drums at the vari- 
ous armories was suddenly heard calling the forces to 
arms, and its effect was instantaneous. Men rushed 
from the churclies to the armories; women hurried 



shrieking through the streets, supposing that the 
enemy was already in the city. Some of the churches 
were deserted, in others the services were cut short, 
and in less than fifteen minutes after the first alarm 
the streets were filled with people flying to arms to 
I meet the " invaders." The old " Town Clock" bell 
soon rang an alarm, and by eleven o'clock Holliday 
Street, from Baltimore Street to the old City Hall, 
and several adjacent streets were packed with a dense 
mass of citizens and soldiers. They were rapidly 
enrolled in companies of forty, and electing their 
captains, were marched to the headquarters assigned 
them to await further orders. Hundreds of persons 
made their appearance at the marshal's office armed 
i with small bird and heavy duck guns, bowie-knives, 
j pistols, and every description of weapon. After some 
five hours spent in hasty preparations the forces were 
all collected, under command of Col. Isaac R. Trimble, 
■ and ready for a move ; and at two o'clock several can- 
non were taken as far as Eager Street, near Green- 
mount Avenue, where they awaited the arrival of the 
remainder of the forces stationed on Holliday Street. 
About five o'clock the mayor sent a telegram to John 
I W. Garrett, saying " we have again seen the Presi- 
I dent. Gen. Scott, Secretary of War, and other mem- 
j bers of the cabinet, and the troops are ordered to 
j return forthwith to Harrisburg. A messenger goes 
' with us from Gen. Scott. We return immediately." 
Upon the receipt of this intelligence the militia and 
volunteers jiromptly dispersed, and quiet was restored. 
On Monday the volunteers and militia again assem- 
bled, and were thoroughly organized for immediate 
action whenever their services should be required. 
— On the 24th of April a special election was held 
I in Baltimore for the selection of delegates to the Gen- 
eral Assembly, which had been summoned by the Gov- 
ernor to meet in extra session at Frederick, Annapolis 
being in the hands of the Federal troops. But one 
ticket was presented, and 9244 votes were cast for 
i Messrs. John C. Brune, Ross Winans, Henry M. War- 
I field, J. Hanson Thomas, T. P.-vrkin Scott, H. M. 
I Morfitt, S. Teackle Wallis, Charles H. Pitts, William 
I G. Harrison, and Lawrence Sangston, the "States' 
I Rights" candidates. 

— On the 26th of April the propeller "Express"' 
landed troops and munitions of war at Forts Carroll 
and McHenry. On the same day an order was issued 
by the Board of Police Commissioners forbidding the 
display of flags, and some seventeen persons on Fed- 
eral Hill were arrested who refused to lower the United 
States flag. On the 29th there was a grand parade 
I of the First Light Division of the munici])al forces, 
consisting of the First and Second Brigades, under 
command of Maj.-Gen. Steuart. 

—On the 1st of May, Henry W. Hoffman entered 
upon his duties as collector, and the United States 
flag was hoisted upon the custom-house. About two 
o'clock a young man cut the lialyards with his pocket- 
knife. He was immediatelv arrested, and would have 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



131 



been hung by the uiob but for the protection of the 
police. On the .same day the order of the Police 
Board forbidding the removal of provisions from the 
city, which had been in force during the latter part 
of April, was rescinded. 

— On the 4th of May, Maj. Morris, commander of 
Fort McHenry, refused to obey a writ of habeas 
corpus issued by Judge Wm. F. Giles, of the United 
States District Court, for the purpose of releasing 
from the United States service an enlisted soldier 
named John George Mullen, who had petitioned for 
release on the ground of minority. On the same 
date an immense meeting was held in Baltimore to 
protest against Coleman Yellott's bill to appoint a 
Board of Public Safety. The powers proposed to be 
given to the board were very great, and included the 
expenditure of an appropriation of two millions of 
dollars for the defense of the 
State and the" entire control 
of the military, including the 
removal and appointment of 
commissioned officers. It was 
strongly pressed in the Legis- 
lature, but finally failed to pass. 
The proposed measure created 
intense opposition among Union 
men, as well as among some 
Southern sympathizers, being 
regarded as a mere substitute 
for an ordinance of secession. 

—On the 5th of May a Fed- 
eral force under Gen. Butler 
took possession of the Relay 
House, at thg junction of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad 
and the Washington branch, 
about six miles from Baltimore.' 

— On the 9th of May a large 
body of troops that had been 
transported from Perryville by 

steamboat landed at Locust ^ ^ 

Point, and being transferred to —Cl 

the cars, were immediately car- 
ried to Washington. There was 

no attempt on the part of the people or the au- 
thorities of Maryland to interfere with the troops. 
The mayor and a large police force were present. 



and a large crowd of spectators on the city side, who 
appeared to have been attracted by curiosity rather 
than a purpose to obstruct the passage of the troops. 
On the 13th the order prohibiting the display of flags 
was rescinded, and on the night of the 13th Maj.- 
Gen. Butler entered Baltimore with a large portion 
of his command and took possession of Federal Hill, 
no one offering the slightest resistance. On the fol- 
lowing day he issued a " proclamation," which was 
generally observed. The troops at Federal Hill, after 
a few days' stay, returned to the Eelay House ; but the 
position was held by some of the new regiments, and 
from that time a considerable force was kept in Bal- 
timore until the end of the war. In his proclamation 
Gen. Butler forbade the transportation of supplies to 
the South, and all assemblages of military organiza- 
tions. He forbade also the display of any 




1 While stationed there one of the soldiers who had partaken of too 
much pie and beer was taken sick, and this important fact Gen. Bntler 
thought momentous enough to mention in a special order (May 8th), 
in which he alleged that he " had found well authenticated evidence" 
that the man had "been poisoned by means of strychnine administered 
in the food brought into the camp." He then continued, in characteristic 
style: "Are our few insane enemies among the loyal men of Maryland 
prepared to wage war upon us in this manner? Do they know the ter- 
rible lesson of warfare they are teaching us? Can it he that they re- 
alize the fact that we can put an agent, with a word, into every house- 
hold, armed with this terrible weapon ?" Though most strongly posted 
and forniidably armed, the forces at Camp Relay were apprehensive of 
an attack by the " roughs" of Baltimore, and judged it pnident to apply 
to the mayor for the protection of the police. 



FOET FEDERAL HILL IN 1861. 

flags or banners, and directed all State military offi- 
cers to report to him. On the 14th, " for his hazard- 
ous occupation of Baltimore without the knowledge" 
and approbation of Gen. Scott, Gen. Butler was re- 
called to Washington, and Gen. Cadwallader ap- 
pointed in his stead. As soon as he was withdrawn 
the post on Federal Hill was amply garrisoned, and 
strong fortifications, mounting upwards of fifty heavy 
guns, and commanding the greater portion of Balti- 
more and Fort McHenry, were thrown up by the 
Fifth New York Zouave Regiment, under the direc- 
tion of Col. Brewerton, of the United States Engineer 
Corps. This fort inclosed the entire crown of the 
hill. The angles of the bastions were so arranged 
that the guns mounted on them could rake by an en- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



filading fire all the .streets by which the hill could be 
approached. When completed the work was a very 
strong one, its huge cannon in close proximity to 
South Baltimore, and effectually overlooking the city 
across the basin and the shipping below. A number l 
of other fort.s were afterwards constructed, that of 
Fort Marshall being the chief, a very strong work to 
the east of Patterson Park, and Fort Worthington, 
northeast of the Maryland Hospital. These were 
fully mounted and garrisoned. Besides these regular 
works, a number of others were at different times 
erected, and completely defended the city. These 
were numbered, beginning at the head of Baltimore 
Street, on the estate of Gen. George H. Steuart, 
whose property at that point was confiscated, and his 
mansion and extensive grounds devoted to the use of 
a hospital, known as the Jervis Hospital. Adjoining, 
on a ridge overlooking a wide extent of country, an 
extensive fortification was reared, the lines of which 
may still be traced. This was Fort No. 1, and these 
earthworks, regularly numbered, encircled Baltimore. 
Many of them were never used at all, and a number 
of the smaller ones, within what has now become an I 
inhabited part of the city, have since disappeared. 
Fort No. 4 stood at the intersection of Gilmor Street ' 
and the Liberty road, and No. 5 is now distinguished 
as the little eminence just within the Madison Ave- 
nue gate of Druid Hill Park. These two forts were 
garrisoned after the raid of 1864. No guns were ever 
mounted in No. 5, although several pieces of heavy 
ordnance were sent out, the company of the Veteran 
Eeserve Corps occupying it only a few weeks. Fort 
No. 7 was the extensive work near Mount Royal res- 
ervoir, and was garrisoned for a few days also in 
July, 1864, by the Union Club Company. Two heavy 
pieces of cannon were sent out there, but not mounted, 
and shot and shell provided. In addition to these 
strong lines of defense, there were numerous great 
hospitals in different sections of the city, as well as 
camps and barracks. 

— May 14th proved an eventful day for Baltimore. ' 
An immense Union meeting was held in East Bal- 
timore, James T. Randolph presiding, and the prin- j 
cipal addresses were delivered by John L. Thomas, 
Jr., John T. Wilmot, and Dr. Stafford," of Caro- 
line County. A schooner loaded with pikes from 
Winans' shop and Mini^rifles were seized. Bishop 
Whittingham issued a circular to the clergy of his , 
diocese forbidding the omission of the prayer for the ; 
President in the regular church service. On the same t 
day the Legislature adjourned, and Ross Winans, a ! 
delegate from Baltimore, was arrested at the Relay 
House and confined in Fort McHenry. He was re- 
leased on the 16th without- an examination. On the 
day after his arrest he was nominated for Congress, 
but his name was subsequently withdrawn. On the 
14th, Col. Hare, with twenty-eight of the New York 
volunteers, marched to the warehouse on the northeast 
corner of Gav and Second Streets, where a large num- 



ber of muskets and munitions of war were stored, and 
removed them to Fort McHenry. Over sixty wagon- 
loads of arms were thus secured, consisting of about 
two thousand nine hundred muskets, of which about 
two thousand were of the old flint-lock pattern, and 
three thousand five hundred pikes manufactured in 
Baltimore for the authorities. They were all the 
property of the city. 

— On the 21st another large seizure of arms belong- 
ing to the city, and stored at the McKim House, was 
made by order of the military authorities. On the 
25th of May, John Merryman, of Baltimore County, 
was arrested at his residence and removed to Fort 
McHenry, charged with treason. On the following 
day a writ of habeas corpus was issued by Chief Jus- 
tice Taney, directed to Gen. Greorge Cadwallader, re- 
turnable Monday, May 27th. Upon that day Col. 
Lee, aide-de-camp of Gen. Cadwallader, appeared in 
court and read a letter from his commanding officer 
declining to obey the writ. The chief justice then 
issued an attachment against Gen. Cadwallader, but 
the deputy marshal was refused admission to Fort 
McHenry, and was not allowed to serve the writ. 

— During the month of June, and until towards the 
end of it, there was .some lull in the intense excite- 
ment in Baltimore. On the 4th, Henry Winter Da- 
vis presented to Col. Morehead's regiment, encamped 
at Patterson Park, an American flag which was pur- 
chased by subscription by the ladies of East Balti- 
more. On the 5th a demand was served upon Messrs. 

D. J. Foley & Bro. by United States Marshal Boni- 
fant, under instructions from Mr. Cameron, Secretary 
of War, calling for the immediate delivery of all the 
powder of the Hazard Powder Company, of Enfield, 
Conn., which was stored in the powder-house of the 
company at lower Canton. About sixty thousand 
pounds, or three thousand five hundred kegs, valued at 
sixteen thousand dollars, were surrendered to the mar- 
shal. Messrs. A. L. Webb & Co., Baltimore agents of 
Dupont's powder-mills, in Wilmington, Del., were 
served with a similar notice, and a small amount in 
their charge turned over to the United States. The rifle 
manufactory of Messrs. Merrill & Thomas, engaged 
in manufacturing a breech-loading rifle in the Sun 
iron building, was seized by the United States mar- 
shal, who also took possession of a number of finished 
arms from their warehouse. No. 239 Baltimore Street. 
About fifty men were employed in the manufacture 
of the arms. On the 7th a search for powder and 
arms was made among the tombs in Greenmount 
Cemetery by a detailed party of Federal soldiers, 
nothing, however, being discovered. The cemetery 
had been strictly searched once before. The same day 
Governor Hicks issued a proclamation ordering all 
tlie State arms and equipments to be delivered to Col. 

E. R. Petherbridge, the agent appointed to receive 
them, the proclamation being " to warn and enjoin 
upon all citizens of Baltimore, the loyal as well as the 
disloyal, having in their hands and jwssession any 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



arras and accoutrements belonging to the State, to 
surrender and deliver up the same." 

— On the 8th the Southern ladies of Baltimore pre- 
sented to the Maryland Guard in Richmond a Con- 
federate flag, which was carried through the lines by- 
Mrs. Augustus McLaughlin. 

— On the 10th of June, Maj.-Gen. Nathaniel P. 
Banks, of Massachusetts, was appointed to the com- 
mand of the Department of Annapolis, with head- 
quarters at Baltimore, relieving Gen. Gadwallader. 

— On the 13th of June the election for the special 
session of Congress called by President Lincoln to 
meet on the 4th of July took place, and Henry May, 
the Independent and Conservative L^nion candidate, 
was elected over Henry Winter Davis by a majority 
of 2045. 

— At three o'clock on the morning of the 27th of 
June, Marshal Kane was arrested by a body of mili- 
tary and taken to Fort McHenry, where he was 
confined. On the same day Gen. Banks issued a 
proclamation infoi-ming the citizens that by virtue of 
authority vested in him, and in obedience to orders 
as commanding general of the military department, 
he had arrested and detained in custody Col. George 
P. Kane, marshal of police. Disclaiming all purpose, 
and announcing that his instructions did not authorize 
him "to interfere in any manner with the legitimate 
government of the people of Baltimore or Maryland," 
Gen. Banks went on to charge the existence in his 
department of combinations of war organized for 
resistance to the laws of the United States, pro- 
viding hidden deposits of arms and ammunition, 
encouraging contraband traffic with the enemies of 
the country, and stealthily waitiug opportunity to 
combine their means and forces with those in re- 
bellion against the authority of the government. 
Of these combinations he charged that Col. Kane 
was "believed" to be cognizant, and that he was 
" both witness and protector to the transactions and 
parties engaged therein," and consequently could not 
be regarded by the government as " otherwise than 
at the head of an armed force hostile to its authority, 
and acting in concert with its avowed enemies." 
The proclamation then announced that " for this 
reason" Gen. Banks, "superseding" Col. Kane's "offi- 
cial authority, and that of the Commissioners of 
Police," had arrested and detained the marshal ; and 
" in further pursuance of my instructions," he added, 
" I have appointed for the time being Col. John R. 
Kenly, of the First Regiment of Maryland volun- 
teers, provost-marshal, with the aid and assistance 
of the subordinate officers of the police department." 
On the same morning Col. Kenly proceeded to the 
office of the Board of Police, read to them the procla- 
mation, and, in obedience to the orders of Gen. Banks, 
notified them that their official authority was " super- 
seded." The president of the board protested against 
the proceedings, and asked time for reflection. Col. 
Kenly replied that his orders were to enter imme- 



diately upon the discharge of the duties assigned 
him, and that he should proceed at once to the Cen- 
tral Police Station, and demand there the surrender of 
the police authority exercised by Deputy Marshal 
Gitford. He then proceeded thither, followed very 
soon after by President Howard and Mayor Brown, 
who, after the demand had been made upon the 
deputy marshal, directed that officer to offer no oppo- 
sition to the demand, but to acquiesce in it for the 
time, until the board had an opportunity to draw up 
and utter a formal protest against the alleged "usur- 
pations." In compliance with this request, the deputy 
marshal and the police captains, who had been sum- 
moned, expressed their readiness to receive the orders 
of Provost-Marshal Kenly, who forthwith entered 
on his duties. Col. Kenly then issued an order " to 
the officers and men of the police force of Baltimore," 
notifying them of his assuming command, and direct- 
ing them to continue in the discharge of their duties 
subject to his orders and under the existing regula- 
tions. Matters being thus arranged, the Board of 
Police Commissioners, unable to resist the military 
power of the government, protested (the mayor 
uniting) in a dignified and becoming manner, as offi- 
cers of the State of Maryland, against the "arbitrary 
subversion of its laws and government," and refused 
to recognize the right of the officers and men of their 
police force to receive orders or directions from any 
authority but their own. Having thus asserted in 
the only mode left to them the supremacy of the laws 
of Maryland within their legitimate sphere, the board 
refrained from all interference with the proceedings 
of the provost-marshal, who at once commenced the 
appointment of individuals at his discretion to as- 
sume the places and perform the functions of the old 
force, which was discharged. After " superseding" 
the subordinates of the Police Board, Gen. Banks 
proceeded further, and removed the officers in charge 
of the police and fire-alarm telegraph, and substituted 
appointees of his own in their stead. 

Gen. John R. Kenly, who was thus appointed to 
the position of provost-marshal, was an officer dis- 
tinguished for gallantry displayed on the fields of 
battle in two wars. He was born in the city of Bal- 
timore in 1822. His father, Edward Kenly, emigrated 
to this country from England and settled in Harford 
County ; his mother was a Reese, and was a member of 
the Society of Friends. Gen. Kenly received the educa- 
tion obtainable at the private schools, and entered his 
father's counting-house, where he remained until his 
father retired from business. Studying law with John 
S. McCuUoch and James M. Buchanan, he was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1845. The Mexican war inter- 
rupted his practice, and under the spur of the patriotic 
ardor of those days he raised a company of volunteers, 
and June 2, 1846, joined the battalion of Lieut.-Col. 
Wm. H. Watson for twelve months' service. In the 
" Eagle Artillery" of Baltimore he had previously 
cultivated the ardor for military service, and risen to 



134 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the rank of lieutenant. Sailing from Alexandria, 
Va., the battalion landed at Brazos Santiago, on the 
Rio Grande, July 2, 1846, and marched with the army 
of Gen. Taylor from Bravo del IS'orte to Monterey. 
In the battles that preceded the fall of Monterey, 
Capt. Kenly participated, and when Watson fell, ral- 
lied and reformed the battalion, and kept it in action 
until the battle ended. For this action he was spe- 
cially mentioned by Capt. James E. Stewart. Bri- 
gaded with Gen. Quitman's Tennesseeans and Geor- 
gians, Capt. Kenly marched to Victoria, from whence 



Bridge. The command was stationed at Jalapa until 
the treaty of peace, and returned to Baltimore July 
22, 1848, and was honorably discharged at Fort Mc- 
Henry. The General Assembly voted Maj. Kenly the 
thanks of the State for distinguished gallantry dis- 
played on the field during the war with Mexico. 

Resuming the practice of law, Maj. Kenly was in 
1850 nominated by the Whig party for Congress, and 
had been nominated by the same party for the Legis- 
lature, but was each time defeated. He continued 
the practice of the law without interruption until 





^^^je^t-t^.^ 



they drove the enemy, and occupied the city. With 
the division of Gen. Twiggs, the battalion marched to 
Tampico, where, the term of service having expired, 
the command was mustered out of service. Capt. 
Kenly immediately returned to Baltimore, but re- 
ceiving a commission as major in a regiment raised 
in Maryland and the District of Columbia, he sailed 
from Baltimore within a month after his arrival, and 
with the battalion arrived at Vera Cruz ; from thence, . 
with Col. Hughes in command, Maj. Kenly marched 
towards the capital of Mexico, participating in the 
affairs at the San Juan, YA Paso, and the Natural 



1861, when the breaking out of the civil war again 
called him to the field. His sympathies and convic- 
tions being with the Union, his services were offered 
to and accepted by the Federal Government. His 
experience in the field, obtained in the Mexican war, 
made him a central figure in military matters in 
Maryland. He was appointed colonel by President 
Lincoln, June 11, 1861, having previously been pro- 
vost-marshal of Baltimore. Col. Kenly was severely 
wounded at the battle of Front Royal, where, after 
a desperate struggle, he was taken prisoner. Ex- 
changed on the ir)th of August, he was instrumental 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



135 



in obtaining the exchange of his command on the 
17th of September. Promoted to' brigadier-general, 
he was commissioned by President Lincoln, Aug. 22, 
1862, for "gallant conduct at the battle of Front 
Royal," where by delaying the Confederates lie pre- 
vented the capture of the army under Gen. Banks, and 
assigned to the command of the Maryland Brigade, 
which he had organized. He was placed in command 
of all troops in Baltimore, outside of the forts, when 
Gen. Lee advanced into Maryland. Hastening to join 
McClellan after the battle of Antietam, he rendered 
efficient services at Hagerstown and Harper's Ferry, 
where he commanded. The Maryland Brigade was 
assigned to the division of Gen. French in 1863, and 
then joined the Army of the Potomac under Gen. 
Meade as it was marching to Gettysburg. He ren- 
dered most valuable service, in the recapture of the 
Maryland Heights at Harper's Ferry. He was as- 
signed to the command of the Third Division, First 
Army Corps, on July 12th, and was with the Army of 
the Potomac until March 25, 1864, when by reason of 
the consolidation of the five army corps into three he 
was assigned to the command of a military district 
in the Middle Department, and severed his connec- 
tion with the Maryland Brigade. The occasion was 
availed of by one hundred and five commissioned 
officers of the brigade to express their regret at 
the separation, and to convey to him the expression 
of their friendship, regard, and respect. Subse- 
quently Gen. Kenly commanded at various times the 
Third Separate Brigade, Eighth Army Corps, a bri- ! 
gade in the Sixth and Nineteenth Army Corps in the 
Shenandoah Valley ; also the First Separate Brigade, 
Eighth Array Corps. Brevetted major-general of vol- 
unteers " for gallant and meritorious services during 
the war," March 13, 1865, he was honorably mus- 
tered out of service Aug. 24, 1865. The General As- • 
sembly of Maryland expressed " the gratitude of the 
people of Maryland as eminently due to Col. John R. 
Kenly, of the First Maryland Regiment, for his early, 
prompt, and distinguished services in the cause of his ; 
country," and the corporate authorities of Baltimore I 
presented him a sword, through Mayor Chapman, 
"for his distinguished services in defense of the 
Union during the war of the Rebellion." 

Gen. Kenly in 1872 wrote and published an inter- 
esting history of the war with Mexico in 1846-47, 
under the title of "Memoirs of a Maryland Volun- 
teer." Since the close of the late civil war Col. 
Kenly has devoted his attention to literature and to 
the practice of the law, where he has attained a very 
high position among the leading lawyers. 

— On Friday evening, June 28th, the "St. Nich- 
olas," a steamer running between Baltimore and va- 
rious landings on the Potomac River, left the city at 
her usual time, having on board about fifty passen- 
gers. Nothing in their appearance indicated that ' 
anything unusual was about to happen, and all passed 
off" very quietly until after the boat had touched Point 



Lookout, about ten o'clock p.m. Here several of the 
passengers landed, and a gentleman came on board, 
who afterwards proved to be Capt. Hollins, late of 
the United States naval service. He took his station 
on the deck in the rear of the ladies' saloon. Among 
the passengers who embarked at Baltimore was a very 
respectable-looking " French lady," heavily veiled, 
who had appeared much concerned about the arrival 
of the boat at Washington, but on reaching the Point 
she retired to her state-room, reappearing shortly after 
the boat had resumed its course as a stalwart man in 
a zouave uniform, who, climbing over the railing of 
the deck, whispered to Capt. Hollins, when both 
rushed below, and in a moment or two more the boat 
stopped. A party of some twenty-five men who had 
gone on board at Baltimore, disguised as mechanics, 
etc., now proved to be fully in the secret, and under 
the directions of Capt. Hollins and the " French 
lady," who was Col. Zarvona Thomas, of the Confed- 
erate army, but formerly of St. Mary's County, over- 
powered the officers and crew of the boat. She then 
headed for the Virginia shore, Capt. Kirwin, the com- 
mander of the boat, being informed by Thomas that 
she was now to be engaged in a privateering expedi- 
tion. At Cone Point, on the Virginia shore, most of 
the passengers were landed, and one hundred and 
twenty-five officers and men of Virginia and Tennes- 
see troops were taken on board, Capt. Kirwin and 
fourteen of his crew being held as prisoners. The 
steamer was then run down as faT as the mouth of 
the Rappahannock River, where three' large brigs 
lying off the shore were hailed. These vessels were 
at once boarded and taken as prizes, laden with ice, 
coal, and coffee, into Fredericksburg, where the 
steamer, with her captain and crew, were delivered 
into the hands of the Virginians, who shortly after 
released them. About ten days after this bold exploit 
the " French lady" was captured on her return to 
Baltimore and shut up in Fort McHenry. Marshal 
Kenly had despatched Lieut. Carmichael and John 
Horner to Fair Haven to arrest Neal Green, a barber 
doing business on Pratt Street near Frederick, charged 
with being a participant in the assault on the Sixth 
Massachusetts Regiment on the 19th of April, and 
with other offenses. They arrested Green on July 
8th, and were returning with him and his wife on 
the steamer " Mary Washington," and on conversing 
with some of the passengers, Lieut. Carmichael 
learned that Capt. Kirwin, with the engineer and 
another officer of the captured "St. Nicholas," were 
on board the "Mary Washington," returning to Bal- 
timore, as was also Col. Thomas, who had seized him, 
with seven or eight others of the captors. As soon 
as these facts were ascertained, and each one of the 
party recognized beyond doubt, Lieut. Carmichael 
directed Capt. M. L. Weems, the commander of the 
" Mary Washington," to proceed, on reaching Balti- 
more Harbor, to land the passengers at Fort McHenry, 
the direction being given while the steamer was off" 



136 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Annapolis. Soon afterwards Carraichael and Horner, j 
who were in the ladies' cabin, were approached by 
Thomas; who demanded to know by what authority 
the steamer had been ordered to land at Fort Mc- 
Henry. Carmichael informed him through authority 
vested in him by Provost-Marshal Kenly. On hear- 
ing this Thomas drew a pistol and called his men 
around him, while Carmichael and Horner, provided [ 
with revolvers, displayed them, and the other passen- 
gers supporting them, matters thus stood until the 
steamer stopped at Fort McHenry, when Carmichael 
at once informed Gen. Banks of his capture. The 
general instnutly unlcrccl out a company of infantry, 
who marcliril u< tiir -ir:niier and secured all the ac- 
cused exceptiii'^; 'I'hoiuas, who could not be found for 
an hour and a half. At length he was discovered se- 
creted in a bureau drawer in the ladies' cabin. He 
and the other prisoners were then marched into the 
fort and placed in confinement, while the witnesses, 
some tenor twelve in number, were also detained over 
night. 

— A new sensation was created on the 1st of July 
by the arrest of the Police Commissioners. They were 
arrested between three and five o'clock in the morn- 
ing, by Col. Morehead's Philadelphia regiment, which 
first proceeded to the residence of John W. Davis, and 
afterwards to those of Charles D. Hinks, Charles How- 
ard, and William H. Gatchell. All four of the com- 
missioners were conveyed to Fort McHenry, and with 
the exception of Mr. Hinks, who was released on ac- 
count of delicate health, were afterwards confined for 
more than a year in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor. 
William McKewen, the clerk of the Police Board, was 
also arrested, but was released in a few hours, there 
being no charge against him. A military force was 
marched into the city at an early hour and posted in 
ditierent quarters, and pieces of artillery planted in 
several of the streets. Meanwhile, Mayor Brown, 
being the only member of the Police Board who had 
not been deprived of liberty, in order to relieve his 
fellow-citizens from the embarrassments and perils of 
the situation, offered to undertake the management of 
the police. Gen. Banks, however, did not accept the 
ofter, and after some delay, on July 10th, announced 
by proclamation that he had appointed George R. 
Dodge, of Baltimore, marshal of police, vice Col. John 
R. Kenly, who had requested to be relieved. On the 
same day the troops were withdrawn from the central 
part of the city and marched back to their encamp- 
ments on the outskirts. 

— On the 4th of July the Sixth Regiment of Mas- 
sachusetts militia. Col. E. T. Jones commanding, and 
stationed at the Relay House, were presented with 
an elegant silk flag by the Union citizens of Balti- 

— July 8th the steamers "George Weems" and 
" Mary Washington" were seized by Gen. Banks under 
orders from the War Department, it being feared that 
they might share the fate of the " St. Nicholas." On 



the 18th, in Congress, the committee of the House of 
Representatives to whom had been referred a resolution 
to inquire whether or not the Hon. Henry May, rep- 
resentative from Baltimore, was in criminal inter- 
course with those in armed resistance to the govern- 
ment, submitted a report that there was no evidence 
of Mr. May's guilt. The report also exculpated the 
President and Gen. Scott from all suspicion of a cor- 
respondence with the Confederates through Mr. May's 
agency. Upon the adoption of this report Mr. May 
addressed the House upon the subject of the inquiry, 
warmly denouncing it as an unparalleled outrage upon 
his constituents, and then proceeded with some severe 
remarks upon the administration, when he was called 
to order by Mr. Stevens, of Pennsylvania. Mr. May 
then declined to proceed with his remarks at that time. 
He presented the memorial of the Police Commis- 
sioners of Baltimore. Ex-Governor Francis Thomas, 
of Maryland, replied to Mr. May, and maintained that 
the recent election demonstrated the fact that the vast 
majority of the people of Maryland entirely approved 
the military measures of the administration. On the 
29th of July the "Joseph Whitney," steamboat, 
touched at tlie wharf of Fort McHenry at six p.m., 
and received on board the Police Commissioners and 
Richard H. Alvey, Samuel H. Lyon, John W. Ku- 
sick, James E. Murphy, Charles M. Wagelin, Dr. 
Edward Johnston, and T. C. Fitzpatrick. These gen- 
tlemen were transferred to Fort Lafayette, in New 
York Harbor, where they remained for some time, 
and from whence they were taken, with the arrested 
members of the Maryland Legislature, to Fort Warren, 
in Boston Harbor. The prisoners removed from Fort 
McHenry arrived at Fort Lafayette on July 31st. On 
the 6th of August Judge Garrison, of Kings County 
Court, Brooklyn, N. Y., issued a writ of habeas corpus 
for the production of the bodies of the Baltimore Po- 
lice Commissioners. Col. Burke, commanding Fort 
Lafayette, in answer to the writ, replied that he deeply 
regretted his inability to comply with it, " pending 
the exciting political troubles." Some discussion 
arose between the judge and the petitioners' counsel 
regarding Col. Burke's refusal, and he was ordered 
himself to appear and show cause why he should not 
be held for contempt. Nothing, however, came of 
this effort. In the Maryland Legislature, on the 5th 
of August, Mr. Wallis, from the Committee on Fed- 
eral Relations, submitted a long report upon the mem- 
orial of the Police Commissioners, accompanied by 
a series of resolutions strongly protesting against 
their detention, which were adopted by a very large 
vote. 

—On the9th of August, Messrs. John C. Breckenridge 
and C. L. Vallandigham being at the Eutaw House, 
their friends attempted to serenade them, but on the 
appearance of Mr. Breckenridge on the portico of the 
hotel, about ten o'clock in the evening, it soon became 
evident that his presence was obnoxious to a large 
portion of the crowd gathered below. He attcm]ited 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



137 



to address those assembled, but was continually inter- 
rupted and at length retired. Mr. Vallandigham did 
not appear. 

— On the 14th, Bishop Whittinghani issued an 
earnest pastoral letter to the clergy and laity of his 
diocese regarding the approaching fast-day appointed 
by President Lincoln. On the 15th the Union State 
Convention nominated Augustus W. Bradford for 
Governor, and S. S. Maffit for comptroller, and a 
series of very strong resolutions in favor of the Union 
and condemnatory of secession in any form were 
adopted as the platform for the campaign. At the 
same time the " Report of the Joint Committee of the 
Legislature of Maryland on Federal Relations in re- 
gard to the suppression of the Board of Police and j 
the imprisonment of its membei"s" was published in 
full. 

— On the 21st of August a number of Confederate I 
prisoners of war reached the city from Western Vir- 
ginia, having been captured at the battles of Philippi 1 
and Cheat Mountain. On their arrival in the city | 
they were taken to the Central Police Station, from 
whence they were conveyed to the custom-house ' 
building, but soon afterwards were allowed to proceed 
to the Gilmor House, where they were quartered for 
the night. They were on their parole, and were sent 
otf the next day to Old Point Comfort, where they 
were to be discharged. They received a great deal of 
attention from Confederate sympathizers, and were 
the recipients of many presents. 

— On September 5th the military authorities pro- 
mulgated an order forbidding the display and sale of 
all secession badges, flags, pictures, songs, photographs, 
music, neckties, infants' socks, etc. On the 6th, Mayor 
Brown was ordered by Gen. Dix to discontinue the 
payment of the old police force. On the 5th the City 
Gubernatorial Peace Convention a.ssembled at tlie hall 
corner of Calvert and Saratoga Streets to select dele- 
gates to represent the city in the State Peace Conven- 
tion to nominate candidates for Governor and comp- 
troller. Dr. Jolin F. Monmonier was called to the 
chair, and John P. Poe and T. S. Hutchins were ap- 
pointed secretaries. Fifty persons were put in nomi- 
nation for delegates, and after considerable balloting 
I. Nevitt Steele, George W. Herring, Joshua Van- 
saut, Neilson Poe, Robert Gilmor, Jr., Cliarles H. 
Meyers, John Milroy, William H. Jillard, James 
Hodges, Wendell Bollman, and Hugh Giflbrd were 
elected. A convention was held also on the same day 
at Towsontown for Baltimore County, resulting in the 
election of Prof N. R. Smith, Corville Stansbury, 
James H. Stone, John Bosley, William F. W. Brune, 
Jr., Peter Fowble, and Charles A. Buchanan as dele- 
gates to the State Peace Convention. On September 
7th the police arrested at the Battle Monument House 
at North Point twenty young men who were en- 
deavoring to make their way South. They were con- 
fined in Fort McHenry, and in a few days were trans- 
ferred to Fort Lafayette. N. Williams, coach-maker, 



was arrested about five o'clock on Sunday morning, 
just as he was about leaving his shop with his little 
daughter in a wagon drawn by two horses. The wagon 
was provided with a false bottom, which on examina- 
tion was found to contain eighteen large navy re- 
volvers, and a package of over one hundred letters to 
Baltimoreans in the South. Mr. Williams was sent 
to Fort McHenry. On the evening of September 9th 
a hearse containing a coffin was driven across Light 
Street bridge, and either from the irreverent manner 
of the driver or some other cause of suspicion the 
funeral party was challenged by a sentinel, and the 
coffin on examination was found to contain a quantity 
of guns, pistols, percussion-caps, and other contra- 
band articles, which, with the coffin, hearse, and 
horses, were duly confiscated. 

— On the 10th of September the Maryland State 
Peace Convention assembled at the Law Buildings, at 
the corner of St. Paul and Lexington Streets, and 
nominated candidates for Governor and comptroller. 
On the 11th of September, Col. Kane was transferred 
from Fort McHenry to Fort Lafayette, and afterwards 
to Fort Warren. 

— On the 12th and 13th of September, in accord- 
ance with an order of Maj.-Gen. Dix, commanding 
in Baltimore, the military police arrested George 
William Brown, mayor of Baltimore ; Ross Winans, 
Severn Teackle Wallis, Henry M. Warfield, Dr. 
\ J. Hanson Thomas, T. Parkin Scott, Henry M. 
Morfitt, Charles H. Pitts, William G. Harrison, and 
Lawrence ttangston, members of the House of Dele- 
gates from Baltimore City ; Henry May, member of 
1 Congress from the Fourth Congressional District; 
I Robert Denison and Leonard G. Quinlan, members 
j of the House of Delegates from Baltimore County ; 
Dr. A. A. Lynch, State senator ; Francis Key How- 
j ard, one of the editors of the Baltimore Exchaiuje ; 
and Thomas W. Hall, editor of The South. The 
I prisoners were temporarily confined in Fort Mc- 
Henry, and afterwards in Fort Warren, Boston 
Harbor. William W. Glenn, another of the pro- 
prietors of the Exchange newspaper, was arrested on 
i the 1-tth. Among those whose arrests were ordered 
were John C. Brune, a prominent merchant and 
member of the Legislature, and Dr. Alexander C. 
Robinson, both of whom, however, made their es- 
cape. It was about this period that James M. Haig, 
of Baltimore, and F. Wyatt and William Gilchrist, 
of Philadelphia, were arrested for sending munitions 
of war southward. A search for arms on the 16th of 
September resulted in finding about two hundred 
muskets concealed under the floors of Messrs. Egerton 
& Keys' auction bazaar, on North and Saratoga 
Streets, formerly known as the Old Mud Theatre. 
The armory of the Independent Grays, on High 
Street, was also entered, and about sixty muskets 
and some accoutrements seized. The next day the 
Maryland Club House, on the corner of Cathedral 
and Franklin Streets, was searched for arms, none 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



being found; and on the 18th, John H. Weaver's 
coffin warehouses were thoroughly examined, and the 
coffins and burial-cases closely inspected, without 
the discovery of any weapons. Christ Church was 
also ex,amined, but to no purpose. On the 28th the 
Purnell Legion, Maryland Union Volunteers, were 
presented, at the Washington Monument, with a flag 
from the ladies of Oldtown. On the 30th of Sep- 
tember the Sixth Michigan Regiment, encamped on 
the McKim estate, were presented with a flag by a 
number of Union ladies of the Eighth Ward. The 
City Council adjourned sine die on the evening of 
September 30th, the president of the First Branch, 
J. C. Blackburn, continuing to act as mayor in place 
of George William Brown until the next election, 
which was held on the 9th of October. i 

— On the 3d of October the United States gunboat 
"Pinola" was launched from the shipyard of Abra- 
hams & Ashcroft, being the first government vessel 
built in Baltimore since the opening of the war. On I 
the 9th of October an election for members of the ! 
First Branch of the City Council was held ; the 
candidates of the Union party had no opposition, [ 
the whole vote polled being 9.587. On the 6th of 
November the election for Governor, comptroller, 
members of the Legislature, judges of the courts, 
clerks, sherifl", commissioner of public works, and city I 
surveyor occurred. The Union candidate for Gov- 
ernor, Augustus W. Bradford, was elected, 17,922 votes I 
having been cast for him in Baltimore, against 3347 
votes cast for the Democratic candidate. Two even- 
ings before the election a very large L^nion meeting 
was held in Monument Square, at which William H. 
Collins presided. Addresses were made by Augustus 
W. Bradford, R. W. Thompson, of Indiana, and 
others. 

Augustus Williamson Bradford was born at Belair, ! 
Harford Co., Md., Jan. 9, 1806, and died on the 1st [ 
of March, 1881. He was educated at the Harford 
County Academy, and at St. Mary's College, Bal- 
timore, and after being admitted to the bar prac- 
ticed law in his native town. In 1838 he removed to ; 
Baltimore, and while still adhering to his profession, i 
he also threw himself into political life as an earnest I 
advocate of Whig principles, and a warm admirer of | 
Henry Clay. In 1844 he was an elector on the Clay 
ticket, and distinguished himself by his speeches 
during the canvass. But the defeat of Clay was so 
severely felt by him that he retired from political life, 
and for sixteen years neither made an address nor 
attended a meeting. In the mean time, however, he i 
held, from 1845 to 1851, by appointment of Governor j 
Pratt, the position of clerk of the Baltimore County j 
Court, and when he was legislated out of office by the 
adoption of the constitution of the latter year. Judges 
Frick, Purviance, and Legrand joined in a letter 
highly complimentary to him upon the discharge of j 
his official duties. Under appointment from Governor j' 
Hicks, Mr. Bradford was one of the rej>reseiitatives of ' 



Maryland at the Peace Conference which met at 
Washington in January, 1861, in whose deliberations 
he made himself conspicuous as an unconditional 
Unionist. It followed that upon the organization of 
the Union party in Maryland in the summer of 1861, 
he was made the candidate for Governor, and was 
elected by a majority of thirty-one thousand votes. 
In history he will always be known as the " war Gov- 
ernor of Maryland." During his four years' tenure 
of the office he was untiring in the organization of 
regiments for the Federal army, in recruiting for 
their shattered ranks, in looking after the comfort 
and welfare of the men in the field, and caring for 
the families that they left at home. On several 
occasions he visited the Maryland Brigade in the 
Army of the Potomac, once to present it with a stand 
of colors. His zeal made him obnoxious to the friends 
of the Confederacy, and in 1864, when a raid was 
made into the State by the Confederate forces, they 
burned his residence in Baltimore County, and left 
a note saying that the act was committed by order 
of Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, in retaliation for the 
burning of the house of Governor Letcher, of Vir- 
ginia, which was done by order of Gen. Hunter, of the 
Federal army. Thus a severe loss was inflicted upon 
Governor Bradford, but it did not shake his fidelity 
to the Union cause. He had been long convinced 
that slavery was not only morally wrong, but that it 
was also the worst possible system of labor, and on 
both grounds he advocated its abolition. But he pro- 
posed to undertake the task in a legal and constitu- 
tional manner, and therefore certain hasty people ac- 
cused him of indifterence, and desired to rush head- 
long into the work of abolishment. He reftised to be 
carried along by their impetuosity, and his calm, 
cool judgment prevailing, the Legislature which met 
in January, 1864, adopted his suggestions for the call 
for a constitutional convention. This convention 
met in the succeeding summer, and adopted the Free 
State Constitution, doing away with slavery, which in 
time was ratified by the vote of the people and of the 
Maryland soldiers in the field. The new constitution 
went into effect on Nov. 1, 1864, amid the rejoicings 
of the Union party and the hearty applause of the 
success of the Governor's labors. He presided over 
the meeting of the loyal Governors which was held 
at Altoona, Pa., in September, 1862, and from which 
the national government derived nuuh valuable 
counsel and encouragement. 

Governor Bradford was rather favorably disposed 
towards the reconstruction policy of President John- 
son, and in 1867 the latter appointed him surveyor of 
the port of Baltimore, which position he held until 
President Grant came into office. The Governor had 
supported the Republican party in the elections of 
1868 and thereafter, and in 1874 President Grant ten- 
dered him the position of appraiser-general in the 
Baltimore Custom-House, which he refused to accept 
because the office seemed to him one that required 



> 

f'"^ 




THE CIVIL WAR. 



139 



the services of an experienced and judicious mercliant, 
and his own pursuits had been so entirely outside 
such a sphere that he had neither mercantile educa- 
tion nor experience, so that to accept the oifiee would 
make him entirely dependent upon deputies and assist- 
ants, which would be utterly repugnant to his notions 
of official qualification or responsibility. It has been 
truthfully said of Governor Bradford that he was 
never an office-seeker, and that his administration of 
all the official trusts confided to him was character- 
ized by stern integrity and true sagacity. As the war 
Governor of Maryland, he occupied an exceedingly 
difficult and delicate position, having to hold the 
State steady in the Union ranks, and at the same time 
combat a multitude of secret or open influences that 
were bitterly ho.stile to him. That he bore himself 
so nobly and successfully in this trying ordeal is the 
strongest proof of his statesmanship. He was mar- 
ried in 1835 to Miss Elizabeth Kell, daughter of the 
late Judge Kell, one of the associate justices of the 
Sixth Judicial District when it was composed of Har- 
ford and Baltimore Counties. There are seven living 
children, whose names are Augustus W., Emeline K., 
Jane B., Lizzie, Charles H., Thomas Kell, and Samuel 
Webster. 

— On the 12th of November a committee of prom- 
inent Union citizens of Baltimore, consisting of Enoch 
Pratt, Galloway Cheston, Thomas M. Smith, Thomas 
AVhitridge, Archibald Sterling, Wm. J. Albert, Wm. 
C. Hooper, Wm. McKim, Henry D. Harvey, Wm. 
C. Robinson, P. G. Saurwein, Chas. E. Woodyear, 
and Wm. Callow, sought an interview with President 
Lincoln on the subject of employing Baltimore me- 
chanics on work for the government. On the 20th 
of November, Miller's Hotel, corner of German and 
Paca Streets, was searched by the police for arms, and 
several persons connected with the house were arrested. 
A boarder named T. Webster and his wife were seized, 
but the former managed to make his escape while on 
his way to Fort McHenry. 

—On the 10th of December, Lieut. David E. Whit- 
son, of Company I, Second Maryland Regiment, was 
shot and instantly killed by a private of the company 
named Joseph Koons, who was executed at Fort 
McHenry on March 7, 1862. On the 12th the Mary- 
land Senate, by a vote of twelve to five, declared va- 
cant the seat of Coleman Yellott, of Baltimore, and 
ordered a new election to be held to fill the vacancy. 

1862.---On Monday night, February 17th, Col. 
Samuel S. Mills and Thomas S. Piggott, one a pro- 
prietor and the other principal editor of The South 
newspaper, were arrested and confined in Fort Mc- 
Henry, and a few days afterwards John Mills, the 
publisher of the paper, was also arrested. 

— On the 12th, Bishop Whittingham transmitted to 
all the clergy of his parish a prayer of thanksgiving 
for the recent Federal victories, to be used on all oc- 
casions of public worship within eight days follow- 
ing the Sunday after its receipt. During this month 



notice of disloyal teachers in the public schools hav- 
ing been brought before the School Commissioners, a 
select committee consisting of George N. Eaton, presi- 
dent, Thomas W. Griffin, J. Asbury Morgan, Edward 
G. Waters, and John F. Plummer were instructed to 
j examine into and report upon the matter. They did 
I so and reported at some length, showing that there 
was very little ground for the charge, and asking to 
be discharged from further consideration of the sub- 
ject. On May 0th the friends of Governor Hicks as- 
[ sembled at the Maryland Institute, and under the 
I auspices of the Union Musical Association held a 
I concert in honor of the ex-Governor, and presented 
I him with a large and handsome national flag. The 
presentation address was made by Rev. J. McKendree 
Riley, to which Governor Hicks made a suitable reply. 
—On the 25th of May great excitement was created 
; in the city by the news of Gen. Banks' retreat and the 
j capture of Col. Kenly, of the First Maryland Regi- 
] ment. A dense throng of people filled Baltimore 
j Street from Calvert to Holliday Streets, and a num- 
ber of Southern sympathizers were set upon and 
badly beaten. The excitement continued for several 
days, the mob attacking and beating persons obnox- 
ious to them whenever they made their appearance 
[ on the street. On the 26th the Police Board issued a 
I proclamation declaring their determination to keep the 
peace at all hazards, and ordering all bar-rooms and 
restaurants to be closed. The various newspaper- 
offices were visited by the rioters and made to display 
the national colors. On the 31st of May a riot oc- 
curred among the inmates of Campbell's slave jail, 
on Pratt Street near Howard, which was only sup- 
pressed by the assistance of tlie police. 

—On June 1st, Gen. John A. Dix was transferred 
to Fortress Monroe, and was succeeded by Gen. John 
E. Wool, who arrived in Baltimore on the 8th. On 
the 27th of June a young man and woman were 
arrested for waving a window curtain to some Con- 
federate prisoners. On the 28th of June, Judge 
James L. Bartol, of the Court of Appeals, was ar- 
rested at Camden Station, while on his way to his 
home in Baltimore County, and confined at Fort 
McHenry. He was released after a few days' im- 
prisonment. At a late hour on the night of the 29th 
of June a report reached the city that the Confeder- 
ates were advancing, and the alarm-bells were imme- 
diately sounded to call the Union Leagues and loyal 
citizens together. The streets were soon thronged 
with armed men, and the work of barricading the 
approaches to the city was pushed with great vigor. 
At the request of Gen. Schenck, Commodore Dornin 
placed in position two gunboats at the foot of Broad- 
way, and one at the Long Bridge over the Ferry Bar 
road. On the day following Gen. Schenck declared 
martial law in Baltimore and the Western Shore 
Counties of Maryland. 

—On the 17th of July, Governor Bradford appointed 
a committee of fifty citizens of Baltimore, with John P. 



140 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Kennedy at their head, to assist in raising troops. 
The committee met on tlie 21st and asked the aid of 
the City Council. As this body had adjourned, act- 
ing Mayor John Lee Chapman called an extra ses- 
-sion, which met on the 22d. The First Branch unani- 
mously passed an ordinance appropriating three 
hundred thousand dollars for bounties to volunteers 
in the State regiments, but on the 23d it was rejected 
by the Second Branch. When this rejection was 
known, an angry crowd gathered, and began to de- 
nounce and threaten those members who had refused 
to vote for the measure, and on the adjournment sev- 
eral councilmen were assaulted with cries of " Hang 
the traitors!" and severely maltreated.' 

— On the 25th, at the suggestion of Gen. Wool, thfe 
following members of the Second Branch who had 
voted against the bounty ordinance resigned their 
positions in the City Council : Charles J. Baker, 
president, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Wards; De- 
catur H. Miller, Eleventh and Twelfth Wards ; Wil- 
liam Dean, First and Second Wards ; Jesse Mar- 
den, Third and . Fourth ; Asa Higgins, Nineteenth 
and Twentieth ; William Swindell, Seventeenth and 
Eighteenth ; Joseph Eobb, Fifteenth and Sixteenth ; 
Francis W. Alricks, Ninth and Tenth ; and John W. 
Wilson, Seventh and Eighth Wards. The appro- 
priation of three hundred thousand dollars was 
passed by both branches of the Council early in 
August, and on the 7th one of thirty thousand dol- 
lars was also made towards uniforming and otherwise 
equipping the First Light Division of Maryland 
Volunteers. Another ordinance passed about the 
same time, required all city officials, school-teachers, 
and employes, no matter in what capacity, to take 
the oath of allegiance. 

— On the 28th of July a large war-meeting was 
held in Monument Square, at which Governor Brad- 
ford presided. A resolution was adopted requesting 
the President to "instruct the general in command of 
this military department to require all male citizens 
above the age of eighteen to come forward and take 
an oath to maintain the national sovereignty para- 
mount to that of all State, county, or corporate pow- 
ers," and to " discourage, discountenance, and forever 
oppose secession, rebellion, and the disintegration of 
the Federal Union." Those who should refuse to 
take the oath which it was thus proposed to tender 
them were to be " sent through our lines into the so- 
called Southern Confederacy." A few days after- 
wards the First Branch of the City Council adopted a 
resolution requesting Gen. Wool to "administer such 
an oath to all the citizens of the city of Baltimore at 
the earliest possible period." Gen. Wool rejected 
this advice, " for the reason," as he said, that it would 
at a critical moment " send twenty thousand men to 
swell the army of Jefferson Davis." Early in August 



Gen. Wool issued an order requiring all persons leav- 
ing the city by the Potomac, Patuxent, or West Eiver 
boats to obtain permits from headquarters, and to take 
the oath, and policemen were stationed on the docks 
to see that the orders regarding passes were complied 
with. 

— On the night of August 14th, William H. Car- 
penter, one of the editors of the Maryland News Sheet, 
was arrested and sent to Fort McHenry, and the paper 
suppressed. Thomas D. Sultzer, assistant editor, was 
also arrested. Early in August an order was issued 
requiring all persons leaving the city to obtain per- 
mits. 

— On the 1st of September, William A. Van Nos- 
trand, city marshal of Baltimore, was appointed civil 
provost-marshal for the Middle Department, which 
included Baltimore. During August an ordinance 
was passed by the City Council requiring all teachers 
in the public schools to take the oath of allegiance. On 
failing to do so by the 20th of the month, they were 
to be dismissed. 

— The 3d and 6th of September were days of great ex- 
citement in Baltimore, occasioned by the Confederate 
invasion of Maryland. In view of the excitement, it 
was deemed advisable to appoint four hundred special 
policemen to preserve order. Several breaches of the 
peace occurred, and a number of Southern sympa- 
thizers were violently assaulted. On the 8th, Gov- 
ernor Bradford called upon the citizens of Baltimore 
to organize and complete the formation of the First 
Light Division of Maryland Volunteer Militia. To 
this appeal a large number of citizens responded. In 
compliance with the Governor's recommendation. 
Mayor Chapman on the 9th requested the citizens 
of Baltimore "to assemble in their usual places of 
meeting in the several wards every night this week, 
and form themselves into military companies for the 
defense of the city." At the same time Hugh L. 
Bond, A. Sterling, Jr., John T. Graham, W. H. Pur- 
nell, Theodore Hooper, P. G. Sauerwein, Tkomas H. 
Gardner, Dennis Carter, E. K. Petherbridge, T. T. 
Martin, E. S. Hutchinson, John H. Lloyd, A. C. Hall, 
and Henry Stockbridge published a request to all 
those who " desire to join an independent military 
organization for the defense of the city, to be called 
the Maryland Line, to call and register their names 
and residences at the post-office." Gen. Wool, in 
command of the military department, looked to the 
defenses of the city and planned additional works. 
The forts, under the command of Gen. Morris, were in 
complete readiness, as well as a fleet of heavy mor- 
tar vessels in the harbor, prepared to lay the city in 
ashes in case an outbreak occurred or the Confeder- 
ates effected a lodgment within its borders. In either 
of these events the destruction of Baltimore was cer- 
tain. Gen. Kenly, having recovered from his wound 
received at Front Royal, was appointed to the com- 
mand of the infantry of the city. 

— On the night of Friday, September 12tli, a squad 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



141 



of Baltimore police and military captured Capt. Harry ! 
Gilmor and Lieut. Grafton D. Carlisle at the house i 
of Dr. Luke T. Williamson, about seven miles from | 
the city on the Reisterstown road. [ 

— On the 8th of October the mayoralty election was 
held, the opposing candidates being John Lee Chap- 
man, the "regular Union," and Frederick Fickey, 
Jr., the " Union" candidate. The contest resulted in 
the success of the entire " regular Union" ticket for 
mayor and City Council, with the exception of the ; 
councilman from the Eleventh Ward. Mr. Chap- 
man received 9077 votes, and Mr. Fickey 12.3L The : 
long-anticipated draft to fill the quota of troops re- j 
quired from Baltimore, as well as from a number of 
the counties in the Stifte, commenced on October 
loth. The rendezvous was fixed in Baltimore at the 
inclosure of the former cattle show grounds, on 
Charles Street Avenue, the name of the locality being 
changed to " Camp Bradford." In many instances 
very high prices were paid for substitutes, the rate of 
prices ranging from three hundred to nine hundred 
dollars. On the 17th of the month, Gen. Morris, 
commanding Fort McHenry, issued a peremptory 
order forbidding any carriage to enter the gate of the 
fort, bringing supplies to Confederate prisoners who 
were confined there, and directing that all such sup- 
plies should be marked " Provost-Marshal's Ofiice" 
and left with the guards at the outer gate. A singu- 
lar petition about this time was circulated for the re- 
moval of Gen. Wool, on the ground of " total lack of 
judgment and discretion in the administration of the 
affairs of his important office." A copy of the peti- 
tion was brought to Gen. Wool, who indignantly de- 
nied its charges, and hearing that the framers of the 
petition held secret meetings at Temperance Temple, 
the building was visited on Tuesday evening, October 
28th, by Maj. William P. Jones, who arrested Thomas 
H. Gardiner, clerk of the Criminal Court; Thomas 
Sewell, Jr. ; Thomas R. Rich, one of Governor Brad- 
ford's aides ; and Alexander D. Evans. They were all 
removed to the police station, and the next day sent 
to Fort Delaware, but were released two days after- 
wards. 

— On the 26th of November, Col. J. Dimmick, com- 
mander of Fort Warren, was ordered to release all 
the Maryland State prisoners, and on the next day 
the following citizens of Baltimore were set at liberty : 
Severn Teackle Wallis, Henry M. Warfield, William 
G. Harrison, T. Parkin Scott, ex-members of the 
Maryland Legislature ; George William Brown, ex- 
mayorof Baltimore ; Charles Howard and William H. 
Gatchell, of the Baltimore Police Commissioners; 
George P. Kane, ex-marshal of Baltimore police ; 
Frank Key Howard, one of the editors of the Balti- 
more Exchange ; Thomas W. Hall, Jr., editor of the 
Baltimore South; and Robert Hull, merchant of Bal- 
timore. The Baltimore "State prisoners" arrived 
home on the 2Sth and 29th of November. Several of 
these gentlemen brought suit against the government 
10 



and military authorities for false imprisonment. On 
the 18th of December, Gen. Wool was notified by 
telegraph that he would probably be relieved in com- 
mand at Baltimore, and Gen. Robert E. Schenck, of 
Ohio, put in his place. The order was presented by 
Gen. Schenck on the 19th, and went into eflfect on the 
22d, when Gen. Wool relinquished command. 

1863.— On the 21st of January, Maj. William S. 
Fish was appointed military provost-marshal. On 
February 10th, Maj. Fish ordered a Methodist con- 
gregation worshiping at the New Assembly Rooms 
to keep " constantly displayed in a conspicuous posi- 
tion at the head of the hall a large-sized American 
flag." On the 14th the congregation gave notice that 
it would hold no further religious meetings at the 
New Assembly Rooms. Maj. Fish, however, sent a 
note to the trustees ordering them to display the 
flag wherever they might worship. 

— By invitation of the mayor and City Council, Gen. 
B. F. Butler visited Baltimore in the latter part of 
February, being met at the Camden Street depot by 
the mayor, John Lee Chapman, members of the City 
Council, and of the Union League Club, who es- 
corted him to the Eutaw House. He was tendered 
a reception at the Maryland Institute at night, whi^re 
he made an address in advocacy of the Union. During 
the day, while visiting Fort Federal Hill, Capt. Max 
Woodhull, an officer of the navy and commander of 
a United States gunboat, was instantly killed by the 
premature discharge of a cannon during the firing of 
a salute. He was directly in front of the gun, and 
only a few feet from it, and was literally blown to 
atoms. About this time Gen. William W. Morris, com- 
manding at Fort McHenry, issued an order forbidding 
any further supplies of food and clothing to be left at 
the fort for Confederate prisoners, as the United 
States government had ample facilities for supplying 
both. 

— On March 2d, Col. George P. Kane was arrested on 
the charge of being concerned in the formation of a 
company of seventy or eighty men to operate against 
the authority of the United States, but no evidence 
being brought to sustain the charge, he was released. 
March 7th Maj. Fish issued the following order: 

" Publishei-s of music, Baltimore City: Gentlemen, — The publication 
or sale of secession music is considered by the commanding general and 
the department at Washington an evil, incendiary, and not for the public 
good. You are therefore hereby ordered to discontinue such sales until 
further orders : also to send to this office any such music you may have 
on hand at present." 

— On the 11th all the music-dealers were summoned 
by Maj. Fish to appear at his office, where the sur- 
I render of all copper-plates of the prohibited music 
! was required. The music-dealers were also required 
to take an oath pledging them to good behavior for 
} the future. On the same day Fish issued the follow- 
ing order : 

] " Detective Poutier is hereby ordered to proceed to any photographist 

' or dealer in pictures in this city and seize all pictures of rebel generals 

and statesmen which they are publicly exposing for sale, as they have 



HISTORY OP BALT.IMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



beeu repeatedly requeBted uot to display such pictures for sale, and 
furthermore ordered by Marshal Van Nostrand not to sell such pictures ; 
and the sale of such pictures is hereby forbidden hereafter, unless by 
special permission of the military authorities." 

— On March 13th a fire occurred at Fort McHenry 
which totally destroyed a building used as quarters 
for some of the officers. The large number of soldiers 
in the city and the facility with which they obtained 
liquor led, about this period, to the passage of an 
order by Gen. Schenck forbidding the sale of strong 
drink to soldiers under penalty of imprisonment and 
the closing of the shops of proprietors so ofiending. 

— On March 20th a Union mass-meeting was held 
at the Maryland Institute, which was addressed by 
Andrew Johnson, Horace Maynard, Salmon P. Chase, 
and others. On the 28th an order was issued direct- 
ing the closing of all saloons and drinking-places in 
Baltimore City and County for the next forty-eight 
hours. 

— A large number of Confederate prisoners — five or 
six thousand — passed through Baltimore early in 
April, being sent from Camp Chase and other Western 
stations to the James River to be exchanged. Some 
of the prisoners who had the smallpox were quar- 
tered in Locust Point, where they were attended by 
Confederate as well as Federal surgeons. On one 
occasion a number of prisoners were quartered at 
Barnum's Hotel, but when they were discovered to 
be in communication with citizens they were all 
ordered into confinement at Fort McHenry. No one 
was allowed to display any sympathy for prisoners 
passing through the city. Jesse Hunt, president of 
the Eutaw Savings-Bank and former mayor of the 
city, was arrested for raising his hat in recognition of 
a party of Confederate prisoners. A great deal of ex- 
citement was occasioned about this time by the ban- 
ishment of a number of ladies, who were sent South 
because of their alleged activity in behalf of the Con- 
federate cause. On the 16th of April the City Coun- 
cil passed a resolution asking the mayor to issue a 
proclamation requesting the masters of shipping and 
all loyal citizens to display the national flagon April 
20th, that day having been set apart for a celebration 
by the National Union League of Baltimore ; also 
that the flag should be displayed from the public 
buildings, and that the public schools 'should be 
closed on that day. On the 20th a large Union mass- 
meeting was held at the Maryland Institute, at which 
Governor Bradford pr&sided. Among the speakers 
were G. W. Bradford, Montgomery Blair, Gen. 
Schenck, ex-Governor Hicks, David Paul Brown, of 
Philadelphia, and Governor Conner, of Delaware. A 
series of resolutions were adopted advocating the 
abolition of slavery. Large numbers of prisoners 
continued to be sent through Baltimore, and on the 
21st of the month a squad of thirty-seven arrived , 
from Harper's Ferry, nineteen of whom took the oath 
of allegiance and were sent to West Virginia. An 
additional number of ladies were arrested and sent 



' South by order of Gen. Schenck, all of them, it was 
charged, being active partisans. A stampede of slaves 
took place about the same time from the neighbor- 
hood of the Warren factory, on the York road, in- 
duced by intelligence of President Lincoln's procla- 
mation. After the battle of Chancellorsville a number 
of women were arrested as Confederate spies, one of 
whom was regularly enlisted as an orderly sergeant 

i in Jenkins' cavalry. Another lady was arrested for 
treason, her mother having already been sent through 
the lines, and the daughter was seized in consequence 

I of a letter which had fallen into the hands of the 

j police. About this same period a number of arrests 
were made of persons belonging to an association 
called the " Wooden Horse," and one hundred and 
seventy-five Confederate deserters were brought into 
Baltimore and took the oath of allegiance. 

— On the 1st of May the provost-marshal's quarters 
were removed from Taylor's building on Fayette 
Street to the Gilmor House on Monument Square 
(afterwards known as St. Clair's Hotel, now as Guy's 
Monument House), at the corner of Court-house 
Lane. 

— On the 12th of May, Gen. Schenck removed his 
headquarters irom Holliday Street to the Johnson 
building, at the northwest corner of Calvert and Fay- 
ette Streets, a jtart of which was also occupied by the 
medical department. 

— On the 25th of May the City Council passed a 
resolution approving the action of Gen. Burnside in 
causing the arrest of C. L. Vallandigham, of Ohio, 
and ordered copies of the resolutions to be sent to 
President Lincoln and Gen. Burnside. On June 
5th the Union convention to nominate a candidate 
for the Third Congressional District assembled at 
Temperance Temple, North Gay Street, with Michael 
Warner president, and Dr. James Armitage and 
John M. Stevenson as vice-presidents, and John M. 
Denison, secretary. Hon. Henry Winter Davis was 
nominated, Mr. Swann's name being also mentioned. 
On the 15th of June, in consequence of the invasion 
of the State by the Confederates, President Lincoln 
issued a proclamation calling for one hundred thou- 
sand men ; and in accordance with this proclamation 
Governor Bradford, on the 16th, issued an appeal to 
the people of Maryland to furnish the ten thousand 
men allotted to her by voluntary enlistment. 

On the same day the City Council was convened in 
extra session and passed an ordinance appropriating 
four hundred thousand dollars as a bounty fund, and 
providing for the payment of one hundred dollars to 
each person who should enlist before the 26th of June. 
Among the various organizations which offered their 
services under the call were the Independent Grays, 
the Washington Light Infantry, the Baltimore Union 
City Guards of East Baltimore, and the battalion of 
Baltimore City Guards. The situation seemed so ur- 
gent that Governor Bradford on the 17th decided to 
arm and equip all volunteers as they were received in 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



companies, without waiting for regimental organiza- 
tions. Saturday and Sunday, June 20th and 21st, 
were two days of great excitement in and around Bal- 
timore. Business was suspended, and there were ru- 
mors and counter-rumors, varying with every hour. 
Gen. Schenck was active in using every means at his 
command to place the city in a state of defense. He 
appealed to the " Loyal Leagues," and over six thou- 
sand men responded to his call. Each of the leagues 
formed companies, which elected their officers, and 
with three days' rations were sent to occupy the de- 
fenses of the city. On Saturday, the 20th, the City 
Council decided that one hundred thousand dollars of 
the four hundred thousand dollars appropriated for 
bounties should be devoted to the construction of forti- 
fications around the city. On the morning of that day 
about one thousand colored men were seized by the 
police in different sections of the city and marched 
out in squads of forty each to work on the defenses. 
At night another force was impressed to relieve those 
who had been at work throughout the day, and some 
white persons were also compelled t" a''=i»t in the 
work. The long trains of wagons 
and drays through the streets, 
carrying hogsheads, barrels, and 
other materials required for the 
barricades were rather a novel 
sight for Sunday, and brou ht 
to the mind the scenes present 1 
on Sunday, the 21st of A])iil 
1861. The work of erectin^ I h 
barricades progressed rapi ll\ 
and on Sunday, June 21st lli 
entire circuit of defenses wis 
completed and ready foi mill 
tary occupation at any m i 
ment that the scouts and [ i I 
ets should announce the q 
proach of the Confederates 1 Ik 
line of jntrenchments and foi 
tifications on all the approaclas 
to the city attracted thousand'? ot 
visitors. The barricades whith 
were erected in many parts closed 
the streets to carriages, and it 
was supposed would be effect- 
ual against cavalry, although 
some of them were so low that a 
horse could have cleared them 

with ease. They were generally constructed at the 
corners of streets by gathering one or two carts at 
each end on the sidewalk, and then by digging up 
stones on the roadway sufficient earth was thrown 
up to form an embankment, leaving a narrow pas- 
sage on each side for foot passengers. If an attempt 
had been made to take the city, the houses in the 
vicinity of the lines of barricades were to be occu- 
pied by riflemen. In addition to Fort McHenry, 
Fort Federal Hill and Fort Marshall, upon higher 



ground than Fort McHenry, mounted each with fifty 
to sixty guns of forty-two and thirty-two-pounders and 
eight-inch columbiads, with a few rifled pieces, could 
have destroyed Baltimore in a short time, this being 
the line of defense determined on if its capture could 
not be otherwise prevented. On the night of June 
29th the Confederate cavalry under Stuart approached 
within eight miles of Baltimore, and flying parties of 
Federals driven in by them soon spread alarm and 
confusion through the city. The impression prevailed 
that the Confederates were advancing in force, and at 
half-past eleven o'clock that night (29th) a general 
alarm was sounded, and the various Union Leagues 
and many other citizens assembled at headquarters, 
received arms, and marched to the barricades. In a 
few hours several thousand men were thus collected 
and placed under the command of Brig.-Gen. E. B. 
Tyler. Gen. Schenck and staff and the regular mil- 
itary forces of the city took up their position on the 
north of the city. The excitement continued all night, 
gradually lessening as it was found the Confederates 



did not arrive. Earl 



■Wth 




ot June, Gen. Schenck proclaimed martial law in the 
city of Baltimore and the counties of the Western Shore 
of Maryland. Orders were also issued forbidding the 
sale of arms or ammunition without a permit, pro- 
hibiting persons from leaving the city without passes 
from the provost-marshal, and requiring all stores, 
shops, manufacturers, drinking-saloons, and ether 
places of business, "other than apothecary-shops and 
printing-offices of daily journals," to be closed at five 
o'clock P.M., for the purpose of giving patriotic citi- 



144 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



zens an opportunity to drill and make themselves ex- 
pert in the use of arms. 

The city was now turned into a camp, and the tread 
of armed men and the word of command could be 
heard in every direction. At Gen. Schenck's request, 
the naval authorities took part in the measures for 
defense, and Commodore Dornin, the senior naval 
officer on duty in Baltimore, placed several gunboats 
in position to aid in repulsing any Confederate attacks. 
The United States gunboat " Eutaw," one thousand 
tons, carrying eight guns (two pivot and six broad- 
side), throwing an eleven-inch projectile weighing 
three hundred and thirty pounds, was stationed in the 
harbor near Thames Street. The gunboat " Daylight," 
carrying eight guns like those of the " Eutaw," lay at 
the foot of Broadway. The " Maratanza" lay farther 
up the harbor, in range of one of the principal streets, 
to bear upon the city and its approaches. She also 
carried eight guns. The United States gunboat 
" Seymour" was stationed near the Long Bridge at 
Ferry Bar, at the foot of Spring Gardens, command- 
ing that part of the harbor and overlooking the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad and the western section of 
the city. On the 1st of July, Gen. Schenck issued a 
proclamation forbidding the citizens of BalfSmore and 
the county to keep arms in their possession un- 
less enrolled in volunteer companies for the defense 
of their houses. The execution of the order was in- 
trusted to Gen. E. B. Tyler, and on the morning of 
July 2d, Col. Augustus Sprague's Fifty-first Massa- 
chusetts Regiment was placed at Gen. Tyler's dis- 
posal. In squads of three or four they acted in con- 
cert with the police in diligently searching the dwell- 
ings of persons supposed to be disloyal for arms. 
Furniture-wagons accompanied the squads, and as 
soon as arms of any description were discovered they 
were seized and placed in the wagons. Among the 
various arms seized were muskets, carbines, rifles, 
revolvers of all kinds, pistols, swords, sabres, bayonets, 
bird and ducking-guns. Some of the latter were 
very valuable, and many of the articles were old 
family relics. In some instances citizens refused to 
surrender their cherished weapons or permit their 
dwellings to be searched, when they were arrested 
and held in prison for a hearing. 

— The news of the battle of Gettysburg produced 
great excitement in Baltimore ; the streets and news- 
paper-oflices were constantly thronged by crowds of 
people eagerly seeking the latest intelligence. On 
the 3d of July, Gen. Schenck issued an order " re- 
questing and recommending that every house and j 
place of business of every loyal citizen of Baltimore 
shall have displayed upon it to-morrow, the 4th, from 
ten o'clock a.m. to six p.m., the American flag." In 
consequence of this order nearly every one complied 
with the request, and tho.se who failed to comply were 
marked, and afterwards paid the penalty. The de- 
mand for and the exhibition of colors were quite un- 
precedented. Very soon, too, the terrible results of 



I the battle became apparent from the large number of 
wounded officers and men, both of the Union and 
Confederate armies, who began to arrive in the city. 
Measures of relief for the wounded were at once 
adopted, and committees appointed to solicit and for- 
ward supplies. The City Council also appropriated 
about six thousand dollars, and with the amount con- 
tributed by the citizens, there was raised in Baltimore 
fifty thousand dollars in cash besides miscellaneous 
j articles. A large number of the surgeons of Baltimore 
j were dispatched to the battle-field at Gettysburg, and 
the Sanitary and Christian Commissions went to the 
same place with large quantities of medical stores, 
clothing, delicacies, etc. Many ladies and gentlemen 
I of Baltimore also went in search of friends and relations 
j wounded in the battle, or to act as nurses in the hos- 
j pitals, and a number of Sisters of Charity started on 
j the same noble mission. The Adams Express Com- 
pany, through Samuel Shoemaker, its efficient super- 
intendent, established a hospital corps, and sent J. Q. 
A. Herring, Mr. Shoemaker's able assistant, with a 
large quantity of ice and other stores for the relief of 
the sick and wounded. There were a great many 
Confederate wounded brought to Baltimore, and Gen. 
Schenck on the 10th of July issued an order forbid- 
ding private persons to receive or entertain wounded 
Southern officers and soldiers. 

— On the 20th of July a flag presentation took place 

at Fort No. 1 (Davis). The colored laborers who had 

j been at work upon the city fortifications purchased a 

large national flag, which was presented in their behalf 

to the military authorities by Col. Birney, who made 

a speech on the occasion. Col. Don Piatt received 

the flag for Gen. Schenck and responded, a salute of 

thirty-six guns closing the ceremony. 

— On the 27th of July, Col. Birney, who was recruiting 

j a regiment of colored troops, proceeded to Campbell's 

j slave jail, on Pratt Street near Howard, where, by 

virtue of an order from Gen. Schenck, he liberated 

the colored prisoners confined there and enlist«d the 

males in his regiment. He also visited the jails of 

Donovan, Wilson, Hines, and Fairbanks. 

—On the 31st of July the body of Capt. William D. 
Brown, of the Chesapeake Artillery (Confederate), 
who had been killed at the battle of Gettysburg, was 
interred at Greenmount Cemetery. As the relatives 
and friends were returning from the lot a detachment 
of soldiers appeared, by orders from headquarters, 
and arrested all the male attendants except the officia- 
ting ministers. Revs. Dr. Slicer, Sargent, and Owens. 
They were conducted to the headquarters of Brig.- 
Gen. Tyler, at the Gilmor House, and after a short 
detention were released. The charge against them 
was that the corpse was dressed in a new Confederate 
uniform. It appeared, hpwever, that Mr. Weaver, the 
undertaker, had only put on a small piece of gray 
cloth where the original uniform was ragged. 

— On the 10th of .\ugust the City Council passed a 
series of resolutions eulogistic of Gen. Schenck, and 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



thanking him for recognizing only two parties, the 
loyal and the disloyal ; also for his energy and ser- 
vices in placing Baltimore in a state of defense during 
the late invasion, and also for his declared purpose of 
inflicting damages for all property wantonly destroyed 
helonging to Union men. Gen. Morris, commanding 
at Fort McHenry, about this time issued an order 
authorizing the seizure of horses for military pur- 
poses within the limits of the city. Horses seized in 
accordance with the order which were found on 
examination to be unfit for military purposes were to 
be returned to their owners. In other cases when used 
no compensation was to be made to disloyal persons. 

— On the 22d of August the provost-marshal's office 
was removed to Donovan's slave jail, which stood on 
the southwest corner of Camden and Eutaw Streets. 
Gen. Tyler's headquarters were removed to the build- 
ing on Holliday Street which had formerly been oc- 
cupied by Gen. Schenck. 

—On the .31st of August the revenue steam cutter 
the " Wamazanda," built in Baltimore, was launched 
from the shipyard of John T. Fardy & Co., on the 
south side of the basin near Federal Hill. On the 
23d the revenue cutter " Kewanee" was launched 
from the shipyard of John A. Robb & Co., Fell's 
Point. In the evening a banquet in honor of the 
event was given at Guy's Monument House, which 
was participated in by many of the military and civic 
dignitaries of the city. It was at this period that Hon. 
Hugh L. Bond, judge of the City Criminal Court, 
addressed his famous letter to the Secretary of War 
advocating the enlistment in the Unicm armies of all 
classes of persons of African descent, whether free or 
slave. On Thursday, September 10th, the Baltimore 
County Unconditional Union Convention assembled 
at Temperance Temple, and passed strong resolutions 
approving the policy of the government. 

— On the 11th of September, Gen. Schenck issued an 
order for the suppression of the Baltimore Republican 
and the arr&st of the editors, and in accordance with 
the order the office was visited by the military about 
two o'clock in the afternoon and further publication 
of the paper stopped. Beale H. Richardson, editor 
and proprietor of the paper, and his son, Francis A. 
Richardson, and Stephen J. Joyce, associate editors, 
were taken into custody and conducted to the office 
of Col. Fish, where an order was shortly received 
from Gen. Schenck directing that they should be sent 
South by way of Harper's Ferry, with orders not to 
return under penalty of being treated as spies. The 
ground of arrest was alleged to be the publication of 
a piece of poetry entitled " The Southern Cross," 
which has been attributed to Mrs. Ellen Key Blunt. 

— On the 26th the City Council presented Gen. 
Schenck with complimentary resolutions indorsing 
his administration. The presentation sjieech was 
made by John G. Wilmot, of the Second Branch of 
the City Council, and was responded to by Gen. 
Schenck. 



—On the 28th the United States transport-steamer 
" City of Albany" took fire at her wharf and was 
seriously damaged. 

— On the 28th of September a mass-meeting of the 
Unconditional Union party in favor of emancipation 
was held in Monument Square, Mayor Chapman pre- 
siding ; among the speakers were Henry Winter 
Davis and Hon. S. P. Chase. 

—On the 29th of September the Baltimore Daily 
Gazette was also suppressed, and Messrs. E. F. Carter 
and W. H. Neilson, editors and proprietors, were ar- 
rested. On the same day Messrs. Michael J. Kelly and 
John B. Piet were arrested by government detectives 
upon the charge of selling a work entitled " Fourteen 
Months in the Bastiles of America," written by Frank 
Key Howard, of the Baltimore bar. 

—On the 26th of October occurred one of the largest 
and most imposing military parades of the troops 
stationed in and around the city that had been wit- 
nessed in Baltimore for many months previous. 

—On the 3d of November, Gen. Schenck published in 
Baltimore an order, dated the 27 th of October, requiring 
all voters at the approaching election whose loyalty 
might be challenged to take an oath of allegiance to 
the government. On the 2d of November, Governor 
Bradford issued a proclamation instructing the judges 
to obey the election laws of the State, and promising 
them protection in so doing. On the same day Presi- 
dent Lincoln addressed a letter to Governor Bradford 
slightly modifying Gen. Schenck's order, but not re- 
voking the clause requiring voters to prove their loy- 
alty by oath. Governor Bradford's proclamation was 
sent to the Baltimore newspaper-offices for publication 
in their Tuesday morning's editions, but before they 
appeared a written order was received from Gen. 
Schenck peremptorily forbidding its publication until 
further orders from him. The proclamation of the 
Governor, however, appeared in the columns of the 
Baltimore newspapers on the morning of the election, 
Wednesday, November 4th, with the sanction of Gen. 
Schenck, accompanied by a reply virtually repeating 
the instructions of his first order. In Baltimore there 
were four tickets in the field,— the Independent Union, 
Regular Union, Conditional Union, and Uncondi- 
tional Union. The candidates for Congress on the 
Unconditional tickets were: First District, John A. J. 
Creswell; Second District, Edwin H. Webster; 
Third District, Henry Winter Davis ; Fourth District, 
ex-Governor Frank Thomas ; Fifth District, Col. John 
C. Holland. The candidates on the Conditional 
Union ticket were : First District, John W. Crisfield ; 
Fifth District, Charles B. Calvert and Benjamin G. 
Harris. The five Unconditional Union candidates 
were all pledged to vote for the Radical administration 
candidate for Speaker. In the election for State offi- 
cers, the question of emancipation or slavery was to 
be tested. Those who were for the speedy abolition 
of slavery in the State voted for H. Goldsborough for 
comptroller of the treasury ; and those who wished 



146 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



to retain slavery in the State voted for Samuel S. 
Maffitt for that office. In Baltimore tlie entire Regular 
Unconditional Union ticket was elected, Goldsborough 
receiving 10,942 votes, and Maffitt 368. 

— On the 10th of November, Col. Fish issued an 
order forbidding the further publication of the Even- 
ing Transcript, a paper started but a few weeks be- ; 
fore under the proprietorship of William H. Neilson, 
formerly of the Gazette. 

— On the 18th of November, President Lincoln, who 
was on his way to participate in the dedication of the 
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, passed through 
Baltimore, and was received by the military and civic 
authorities with distinguished honors. On the 23d ' 
of November the draft commenced under the Presi- 
dent's call for additional troops, and was completed 
on the same day in the First and Eighth Wards, and 
on the next day the Second and other wards were 
proceeded with, and so on in rotation until all of ' 
tliem were completed. On the 30th of November, 
ex-Governor Thomas G. Pratt and Col. Nicholson 
were sent South with the injunction not to return 
during the war under penalty of being treated as 
spies. Their offense consisted in the refusal to take 
the oath of allegiance. Ex-Governor Pratt was soon 
released by order of the President, and returned on 
the 10th of January to Baltimore. In the latter 
l)art of November Gen. Schenck tendered his resig- 
n.ation as major-general of volunteers, to take effect 
on the 5tli of December. On the latter date Col. 
Fish also resigned the position of provost-marshal, I 
and Brig.-Gen. Henry H. Lockwood assumed com- 
mand of the department. On the same day Capt. 
French was appointed provost-marshal in the place ' 
of Col. Fish. On the 7th, Gen. Lockwood reap- 
pointed Col. Fish to the position, Capt. French 
resuming his duties as assistant provost-marshal. 

1864.— On the 15th of January, Col. Fish tendered 
his resignation, and was assigned to the command of 
a brigade of cavalry. On the evening of the 24th he 
was arrested by order of the Secretary of War on the ' 
charge of oiBcial corruption and fraud while acting | 
as provost-marshal of Baltimore. He was afterwards 
tried by court-martial, found guilty on nearly all the 
charges preferred against him, cashiered, and sent to 
the Albany penitentiary. On the 28th of January, 
Messrs. Stephen Joyce and Francis Richardson were 
rearrested at Nassau and brought to Baltimore, where j 
they arrived on the 29th. They were released for a i 
few days on parole, but on February 2d were rear- • 
rested, and on the following day were sent to Fort 
Delaware. 

— On the 11th of February the express passenger- > 
train which left Camden Station, Baltimore, for , 
Wheeling and intermediate points was captured by j 
Confederate raiders near Kearneysville depot, about • 
eight miles from Harper's Ferry, and the passengers ' 
relieved of their money, watches, etc. 

—On the 12th of March, Maj.-Gen. Lewis Wallace ' 



was appointed to the command of the Middle Depart- 
ment. He relieved Gen. Lockwood, and assumed 
command on the 22d. 

— On the 18th of March an attempt was made to 
break out of the provost-marshal's prison, but the 
effort resulted unsuccessfully. On the 30th, Rev. Dr. 
Bullock, of the Presbyterian Church, was arrested on 
the charge of harboring a Confederate officer, but was 
soon released. On the 1st of April a large meeting 
of the friends of constitutional reform was held at 
the Maryland Institute. William J. Albert presided, 
with John Lee Chapman and others as vice-presi- 
dents. Among the speakers were Henry Winter 
Davis, ex-Governor George S. Boutwell, of Massa- 
chusetts, and Gen. Wallace. 

— On the 6th of April the question of calling a State 
Constitutional Convention was submitted to the 
people, and resulted in the success of the new con- 
stitution party. In Baltimore the vote was 9102 in 
favor of the convention, and 87 against it. In Balti- 
more County the vote was 2046 in its favor, and 811 
in opposition to it. Lists of questions were submitted 
to persons whose disloyalty was suspected, and they 
were compelled to answer under oath detailed inter- 
rogatories touching their fidelity to the government. 

— On the 8th of April the city gave a banquet to 
the First and Ninth Maryland Regiments, exchanged 
and returned from Southern prisons. The Second 
Maryland reached home on the 13th of April, and met 
with an enthusiastic reception. On the 18th the great 
Maryland State Fair for the benefit of the United 
States Sanitary Commission commenced and con- 
tinued for several weeks. On April 26th, Gen. Wal- 
lace issued an order authorizing the confiscation of 
the property of all persons who had left the State and 
gone South. 

— On the night of the loth of May, Eugene Lamar 
and William B. Compton, of the Confederate army, 
sentenced to be hung as spies ; George E. Sherer, sen- 
tenced to fifteen years' imprisonment and hard labor 
for various offenses against the United States ; L. W. 
Dorsey, awaiting trial on charge of treason ; James 
Gibbens, of the Confederate army, captured near City 
Point by Gen. Butler's forces, effected their escape 
from Fort McHenry. 

— On the 23d of May a man named Andrew or Isa- 
dore Laypole, who had been court-martialed and con- 
demned as a Confederate spy, was hung inside of Fort 
McHenry. He made a short speech from the gallows, 
denying that he was a felon, then prayed fervently, 
and died bravely. 

—On the 20th of May, by order of the Secretary of 
War, the offices of the Independent Line of Telegraph 
were closed and the operators arrested. They were 
released the same day on parole by Col. Woolley, pro- 
vost-marshal. This action was caused by a spurious 
dispatch purporting to be a proclamation from the 
President calling for four hundred thousand additional 
men. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



147 



— On May 21st, Col. Woolley's detectives captured 
off Sandy Point two men bringing a large quantity of 
mail-matter from the South, a large number of the 
letters being addressed to persons in Baltimore. 

— On the 7th of June the Union National Conven- 
tion assembled at the Front Street Theatre for the pur- 
pose of nominating candidates for the Presidency and 
Vice-Presidency. Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, 
chairman of the National Executive Committee, called 
the convention to order and nominated as temporary 
president of the convention Robert J. Breckenridge, 
of Kentucky. Speeches were made by Senator Mor- ; 
gan and Dr. Breckenridge, and at the evening session 
Hon. William Dennison, of Ohio, was chosen perma- 
nent president. On the 8th the vote was taken, and 
although the Missouri delegation were instructed to 
cast their vote first in favor of Gen. Grant, the vote 
for President Lincoln was made unanimous, every , 
other State voting for him on the first ballot. The en- 
tire number of votes cast was 541. Forthe Vice-Presi- ' 
dency, on the first ballot 200 votes were cast for An- 
drew Johnson, 145 for Hannibal Hamlin, 113 for 
Daniel S. Dickinson, 28 for Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, 
21 for Rousseau, 6 for Schuyler Colfax, 2 for Attorney- 
General Holt, 1 for Governor Todd, and 1 for Preston i 
King. Before the ballot was announced several of 
the States changed their votes to Johnson, so that the 
final result was : Johnson 494, Dickinson 17, and 
Hamlin 9. 

^On Saturday, July 9th, an unofiicial dispatch an- 
nouncing the defeat of Gen. Wallace at the Mon- 
ocacy was received in the city, and created great ex- i 
citement. Between five and six o'clock on the 
morning of the 10th a general alarm was sounded 
throughout the city, calling the people to arms, 
which was promptly responded to. People rushed 
from their houses with guns in their hands, and 
squads were soon marching through the streets to 
the various headquarters. A proclamation was is- 
sued by Governor Bradford and Mayor Chapman, 
declaring that the danger was " imminent," and 
earnestly calling upon the citizens to come forward 
for the defense of the city without delay. Gen. John 
R. Kenly, with headquarters at Fort No. 1, at the 
head of Baltimore Street, was placed in command of 
the defenses west of Jones' Falls, and Gen. Lock- 
wood of those east of it. The Union Club called a 
meeting of its members, a company was formed, and 
they marched out under Capt. George A. Pope and 
took possession of Fort No. 7, overlooking the 
Northern Central Railroad, a short distance beyond I 
the Mount Royal reservoir. There they remained 
during the week. In the neighborhood of the 
custom-hoase. Exchange Place, and the docks south 
of them a curious scene was presented. Many ware- 
houses in that part of the city were used for govern- 
ment stores, and crowds of laborers were busily 
engaged in emptying them of everything likely to be 
seized by the enemy. Long lines of drays were 



rapidly loaded and sent off to places of safety, mostly 
to vessels which lay at the docks with steam up, ready 
to start down the river at a moment's notice. All 
the valuables in the treasury department at the 
custom-house had been sent off the preceding night, 
and the contents of the post-ofiice and pay depart- 
ment of the army and navy in the Exchange Build- 
ing were also hurriedly removed. Some of the army 
paymasters were absent on duty, but under the 
supervision of Maj. B. W. Brice, afterwards paymaster- 
general, their effects were all packed up and sent on 
board the steamer " Balloon." From an early hour 
in the morning until late in the night the spacious 
inclosures of the Camden Street Railway Station were 
crowded with anxious citizens. The olEcers of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were in their offices all 
night Saturday and during Sunday^ with engines fired 
up and trains ready, awaiting the emergencies of the 
occasion. As the morning advanced it was announced 
that a special train would be dispatched for Elli- 
cott's Mills, where Gen. Wallace had arrived with 
the wounded. About eight o'clock in the morning 
a special train arrived with three hundred and eleven 
wounded and sick from his command. They were 
taken in charge by Medical Director Dr. Josiah Simp- 
son, United States army, and removed to the hospitals 
in Patterson Park. During the morning an additional 
number arrived in ambulances by the Frederick turn- 
pike, together with many stragglers. At noon an- 
other special train with wounded arrived, and shortly 
after seven o'clock a special train of thirty cars, drawn 
by two locomotives, moved into Camden Station from 
Ellicott's Mills, crowded with the remnants of Gen. 
Wallace's command. Upon the arrival of this train 
it was surrounded by thousands of anxious spectators. 
Alexander's Battery and the Federal cavalry marched 
into Baltimore by the turnpike, nearly exhausted. 
Sigel's and Mulligan's wagon-trains, accompanied 
by their guards, also passed through the city, and 
proceeded to the East End, where they encamped. 
During the 10th and several subsequent days the 
Confederates under Maj. Harry Gilmor were scour- 
ing the country without resistance, sometimes ven- 
turing so near the city that they could be seen from 
it. On the morning of the 11th a squad of Confed- 
erate cavalry burned the house of Governor Bradford, 
about four miles from the city, in retaliation for the 
burning of Governor Letcher's house by Gen. Hunter 
in Virginia. During the night of the 11th, Maj. 
Gilmor's command passed through Towsontown, 
where they remained a few hours, refreshing them- 
selves at Ady's Hotel, and on departing presented 
Mr. Ady with a fine horse in return for his hospi- 
tality. During the raid Gen. Johnston's command fell 
in with Painter's celebrated traveling ice-cream sa- 
loon, and as they were out of rations, vanilla, lemon, 
and other ices were issued to the whole command, 
every man of which ate until he could eat no more. 
' On the morning of the 11th a party of Confederates 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE GIT? AND COUxNTY, MARYLAND. 



visited the house of Ishmael Day, an old man of about 
sixty-five years, in Baltimore County, and demanded 
that he should haul down an American flag which 
he had erected over his gateway. He replied, "Gen- 
tlemen, burn my house to the ground, but I will shoot 
any man that touches that flag." Upon this reply, 
Wm. Fields, one of the party, and a native of Balti- 
more, ajiproached to take down the flag, when the 
old man fired upon him with a bird-gun loaded with 
duck-shot, inflicting wounds from which he died in 
Baltimore on the 15th. Day managed to make his 
escape, but his house was burned. 

— At a late hour on Monday night, July 11th, Maj.- 
Gen. Edward O. C. Ord was appointed to the com- 
mand of the Eighth Army Corps and the Middle De- 
partment, and entered on his duties at once. He re- 
tained Gen. Kenly in command of the defenses, which 
were being strengthened and manned so as to com- 
mand every approach to the city. Additional earth- 
works and barricades were also thrown up in every 
direction. Gen. Lockwood was in command of the 
outposts. The colored men in the city were organized 
into companies, selected white oflBcers, and after 
being supplied with arms, were marched to the forti- 
fications. The City Council on the same day appro- 
priated one hundred thousand dollars for the erection 
of defenses, and unanimously adopted a resolution 
requesting the mayor to confer with the commander 
of the department with reference to the expediency 
of closing all places of business and the arming of 
all the citizens. Mayor Chapman had an interview 
with Gen. Ord the same evening, and, in accordance 
with their views, Governor Bradford on the 12th 
issued a proclamation, through Gen. John S. Berry, 
calling upon the whole enrolled militia of the city to 
prepare for immediate service. In response to this 
call the citizens assembled in their respective wards 
on Wednesday afternoon, July 13th, and were en- 
rolled for service. Those who refused or neglected to 
obey the call were sought out and forced to do duty 
on the fortifications and barricades. About ten thou- 
sand men reported under the Governor's proclama- 
tion, but on the 15th were released from assembling, 
although they were ordered to hold themselves in 
readiness in case of another alarm. For a few days 
Baltimore was entirely isolated from the rest of the 
country, except by water. Provisions and fuel doubled 
in price, and there was some suffering among the poor 
in consequence. The telegraph-wires were cut, rail- 
road-bridges burned, and travel almost entirely inter- 
rupted. The mails for Philadelphia and the North 
generally were sent by steamers for a day or two, and 
passengers from Philadelphia came to Havre-de-Grace 
by rail, and thence by steamboat to Baltimore. A 
few days afterwards train.s ran as far as the Gun- 
])owder Eiver, where the passengers and baggage 
were conveyed across on flatboats, and thence by rail 
to Baltimore. Gen. Ord directed that passes to leave 
the city should not be issued to any except those 



living outside of it who could prove their loyalty. 
These restrictions were abolished on the 14th, and on 
the same date the barricades were removed. By the 
20th the embargo which had been laid upon nearly 
every species of business was removed by order of the 
authorities, and business returned to its usual chan- 
nels. Nearly all the railroads were again in running 
order by the 24th, the greatest damage, as usual, hav- 
ing fallen upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
Gen. Ord remained in command of the forces of the 
Middle Department until the excitement subsided, 
when Gen. Wallace resumed his command. Not long 
after these events, Arthur Christie and wife, British 
subjects, were arrested for removing a national flag 
from the room of a Federal ofiicer who boarded in the 
same house with them. The matter was referred to 
the Secretary of War, who ordered Christie and his 
wife to leave the department and the State within 
twenty-four hours, and not to return during the war. 
— On the 4th of August a meeting was held in Light 
Street Methodist church for the purpose of raising 
funds for the relief of the people of Chambersburg} 
Pa., which had been burned on the 30th of July by 
the Confederates. The same day was observed as a 
day of fasting and prayer, in accordance with the 
President's proclamation. On the 23d of August, 
Gen. Wallace ordered Gen. Lockwood, commanding 
the third separate brigade, 

"to dftai! a competent officer from )iis command to proceed to the 
late reeideuce of Isbmael Day, Baltimore Co., Md., and make au esti- 
mate oi tlie damage sustained by him in the destruction of his property 
by the rebels during the late raid, anil assess upou and collect from the 
disloyal and disaflected persons residing within a radius of five miles of 
Mr. Day's farm a sum equal to the amount of the damages sustained by 
him, and to pay the same when collected to Mv. Day. The levy will be 
made upon the individuals according to their taxation list." 

—On the 24th of August a serious riot occurred in 
the neighborhood of the Union Relief Rooms be- 
tween a section of the provost-guard, consisting of 
Company A, and the Twenty-third Regiment of Penn- 
sylvania Veteran Volunteers. An attempt was made 
by the provost-guard to arrest some of the members 
of the regiment who were intoxicated, when the re- 
mainder endeavored to rescue their comrades, and the 
riot ensued, which was only quelled by the personal 
interference of Col. Woolley. 

— On the 29th of August, William H. Rogers, alleged 
spy, blockade-runner, and Confederate mail-carrier, 
John B. H. Embert, Braxton Lyon, and Samuel B. 
Home, alleged spies, soldiers, and blockade-runners, 
were sentenced to be hung at Fort McHenry, but the 
sentence was not carried into execution. 

— On the 2d of September, Capt. William Henry 
Wiegel was made first assistant provost-marshal. 
The 7th was observed in Baltimore and elsewhere as 
a day of rejoicing for the receiit Federal victories. 

— On the 13th, Gen. Wallace issued an order com- 
manding the closing of all stores on South Eutaw 
Street between Camden and Lee Streets, on Conway 
Street between Eutaw and Paca, and on Little Paca 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



149 



Street above Conway. The proprietors were also or- 
dered to remove their goods within three days. These 
shops consisted of clothing, cigar, jewelry, hat, cap, 
boot, variety, and fancy stores, confectioneries, and 
restaurants. The order closing them was issued in 
consequence of alleged abuses practiced by the pro- 
prietors upon soldiers, especially the substitutes who 
were quartered at the Union Relief and Soldiers' | 
Rest Rooms on Eutaw Street near Conway while on 
their way to join the army. 

— On September 19th, Gen. Wallace issued an order 
regulating the sales of gunpowder, and prohibiting 
sales in considerable quantities without permission 
from the military authorities. 

— On September 21st, George W. McDonald, alias 
M. M. Dunning, of the Third Maryland Cavalry, was 
executed according to the military code at Fort Mc- 
Henry for desertion and attempt to kill. 

— On the 30th of September the Evening Post was 
suppressed for the publication of articles offensive to 
loyal citizens. 

• — On October 10th a large Union mass-meeting was 
held in Monument Square, which was addressed by 
Gen. John R. Kenly, Henry Wilson, of Massachu- 
setts. Hon. Thomas Swann, R. Stockett Matthews, 
and Dr. Christopher C. Cox. 

— On the 12th of October the election of mayor and | 
City Council was held in Baltimore, and the new 
constitution was submitted to the voters of the whole 
State. By its provisions Baltimore was divided into 
three legislative districts, with a right to three sena- 
tors instead of one, and eighteen delegates instead of 
twelve. Before casting their ballots at this election, all 
suspected voters, besides being required to take the i 
test oath,. were also called upon to answer a number ! 
of searching interrogatories touching their loyalty. 
The declared total vote on the constitution in Balti- 
more was 11,832, of which 9779 was " for," and 2053 
"against." The total mayoralty vote was 14,618, of 
which John Lee Chapman, the "Regular Union" can- 
didate, received 11,334, and Archibald Stirling, Jr., 
" Independent Union," 3783. The vote in Baltimore 
County was 2001 in favor of, and 1869 against the 
constitution. 

— On the 17th of October the mercantile community 
was greatly agitated by the wholesale arrest of several 
business firms and their employes. A communica- 
tion was received from the War Department by Col. 
Woolley, provost-marshal, directing him to arrest the 
following persons, which was accordingly done : Ham- 
ilton Eiister & Co., dry -goods dealers ; Wiesenfield & j 
Co., clothiers; Jordan & Rose, dry-goods dealers; 
Isaac P. Coale & Bro., commission merchants ; ' 
Charles E. Waters & Co., hardware merchants ; A. ! 
& L. Friedenrich, gentlemen's furnishing articles ; 
Simon Frank & Co., jobbers ; at the store of Hamil- 
ton Easter & Co. : Hamilton Easter, J. H. Easter, 
John Easter, Jr., James H. Wheedon, James Conway, 
William P. Carroll, Benjamin Harrison, Charles 



Turner, James Fisher, William Haskinson, Thomas 
D. Fullerton, Isaac Heldic, Benjamin Perry, W. H. 
Webb, James M. Gwinn, Donal Paily, Charles S. 
Custer, Charles Calhoun, Edward Power, William H. 
Spencer, Robert Simons, John E. Burbag, John E. 
Kitsen, William Kitsen, Samuel Kitsen, George B. 
Baker, George R. Rhoades, James Carroll, Joshua R. 
Dryden, William Johnson, George R. Cross, M. 
Leaky, W . H. Arnold, Henry A. Hubbard, James R. 
Clarke, S. Parsons, John A. Field, William Fuller- 
ton, William McConkey, Thomas Mullooley, Cahas 
Mitchell, Charles F. Easter, and Benjamin Robinson ; 
at the house of Jordan & Rose: B. Stern, Solomon 
Rose, W. P. Rose, Isaac Rose, and Solomon Herman ; 
at the house of Isaac P. Coale & Bro. : John Guele, 
Washington Sanderson, John McMuUen, 'J. L. Bes- 
sick, Thomas Coale, and W. H. Jones ; at the house 
of Charles E. Waters & Co. : Robert Murray, E. L. 
Jones, and Charles E. Waters ; at the house of Wies- 
enfield & Co. : M. Wiesenfield, E. G. Lichy, Jr., Louis 
Newman, John Zoller, Wakeman Nelson, S. L. Lichy, 
Benjamin Hergesheimer, G. H. Pitcher, Valentine 
Benzen, Bennet Helling, Charles France, Thomas 
Gor.such, and Joseph Bumgardner; on Centre Mar- 
ket Space and Baltimore: Goody R. Wiesenfield, 
Michael Wiesenfield, Michael Wiesenfield, Jr., Fer- 
dinand Lazarus, Philip Danaburg, Nathan Stern- 
heimer, Abraham Fisher, and John Barrett; at the 
house of Friedenrich & Co. : Leon Friedenrich and 
Abraham Friedenrich ; at the house of Simon Frank 
& Co. : Simon Frank, Alexander Frank, Abraham 
Adler, John Robinson, Segus Mauniberg. The stores 
were immediately closed, guards stationed at the doors, 

I and the prisoners sent to Washington in a special 

! train. 

— On the 18th of October the LTnconditional Union 
State Convention assembled in Temperance Temple, 
with Gen. John S. Berry as president. Hon. John L. 
Thomas, Jr., nominated Hon. Thomas Swann for 
Governor, who was declared the unanimous choice of 
the convention. Dr. Christopher C. Cox was nomi- 
nated for Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. Alexander 
Randall for attorney-general, Hon. Robert J. Jump 
for comptroller, and Hon. Daniel Wiesel ibr judge of 
the Court of Appeals. On October 20th one hundred 
guns were fired from Fort Federal Hill in honor of 
Sheridan's victory in the Valley of Virginia. On the 
22d, M. J. Terry, agent of New York soldiers in the 
field, was arrested at his oflSce, No. 85 Fayette Street, 
on the charge of conspiracy to defraud voters at the 
Presidential election by substituting on the soldiers' 
ballots the name of Gen. George B. McClellan instead 

' of Abraham Lincoln. 

I —On the 24th of October, Thomas S. Alexander, of 

j the Baltimore bar, on behalf of Samuel G. Miles, a 
slave-owner, applied to the Superior Court of this 
city for a writ of mandamus to compel Governor Brad- 
ford to reject the soldiers' vote which was cast outside 
of the State on the ground of illegality. The applica- 



150 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tion was refused pro forma by Judge Martin, and an 
appeal was taken the same day to the Court of Ap- 
peals, which affirmed the decision on the 29th, Judge 
Bartol dissenting. On the 27th of October the Demo- 
cratic State Convention assembled in Baltimore. 

— On November 1st the Evening Loyalist was sup- 
pressed by order of Gen. Wallace. On the same day, 
by order of Gen. Wallace, three salutes were fired in 
honor of the new constitution, the first of thirty-five 
guns at daylight, the second of one hundred guns at 
noon, and the third of thirteen at sunset. On the 3d of 
the month a man was arrested at Camden Station 
having in his possession a large Confederate mail and 
a fine sword intended for Col. Harry Gilmor. The 
letter accompanying the gift led to the arrest of a 
lady of high social position in Baltimore. She was 
committed to jail, tried before a military commis.sion, 
found guilty, and sentenced to be imprisoned for five 
years and to pay a fine of five thousand dollars. She 
was sent to Fitchburg, Mass., under charge of Capt. 
W. H. Wiegel, but was soon afterwards released. 

— On the 8th of November the election for President 
and Vice-President took place. The vote for the 
Lincoln electors in Baltimore was 14,984, and for the 
McClellan electors 2953. The vote in Baltimore 
County for the Lincoln ticket was 2576, and for 
McClellan 2662. On the 9th of November, Gen. 
Wallace issued an order providing for the establish- 
ment of a Freedmen's Bureau in the Middle Depart- 
ment with the oflice at Baltimore, with Maj. William 
INL Este, A.D.C., in charge. " As it will be im- 
possible," said Gen. Wallace in this order, "to carry 
it out without having a place in which the sick, help- 
less, and needy can be temporarily rested and pro- 
vided for, Maj. Este is directed to take possession 
of the building known formerly as the Maryland 
Club House, but now named ' Freedman's Rest,' to 
select some excellent lady to take charge of the same 
as matron, and to suitably prepare and furnish as 
many rooms as may be required for the purpose pro- 
posed." Donations were also requested, and " lest 
the moneys derived from donations and from fines 
collected should prove insuflicient to support the 
institution," the order continued, "Maj. Este will 
]n-oceed to make a list of all the avowed rebel sym- 
|)athizei-s resident in the city of Baltimore, with a 
view to levying such contributions upon them in aid 
of the ' Freedman's Rest' as may be from time to time 
required." That portion of the order selecting the 
Maryland Club House as the " Freedman's Rest" 
was afterwards revoked. 

—On December 6th, Messrs. R. Q. Taylor & Co., 
hatters, were arrested and had their store closed for a 
few days for displaying over their door an umbrella 
of the obnoxious red and white. They were released 
on explaining that such umbrellas had been the sign 
in Baltimore from time immemorial. 

— On December 14th the large iron gunboat "Mon- 
ocacy," built for the government by Messrs. A. W. 



Denmead & Son, was launched from their shipyard 
at Canton. The "Monocacy" was the second vessel 
} of her class built in the country, and the largest war- 
ship built or repaired in Baltimore during the war. 
1865. — On the 3d of April the news of the evacua- 
' tion of Petersburg and the capture of Richmond was 
received in Baltimore and produced the wildest ex- 
citement. So va.st a concourse soon crowded the 
j streets in the vicinity of the newspaper-offices that 
j serious disturbances were apprehended, and a strong 
I force of police and military were detailed for duty in 
the central portions of the city. At three o'clock in 
\ the afternoon, in accordance with an order issued by 
Mayor Chapman, flags were unfurled from the engine- 
houses and the bells rung. At night the Union citizens 
illuminated their dwellings and places of business, and 
it was not until midnight that the exuberant feeling 
began to subside. A large stand was erected in front 
of the American office, where the thousands were ad- 
] dressed by several popular speakers. 
I — On the 4th a .salute of one hundred guns was fired 
j from Fort Federal Hill by order of Gen. Morris. On 
the 6th of April, in pursuance of an order of the 
i mayor and City Councils, the city was draped in 
I flags, the bells were rung, and cannon roared their 
I congratulations at the recent Federal triumph. Houses 
I streamed with bunting and battle-flags, pennants and 
revenue colors were suspended in all directions, and 
the city was dressed in red, white, and blue. Balti- 
more Street was decorated from Broadway to Carey 
Street, and the display of bunting was richer and 
more profuse than ever seen in any similar demon- 
stration in this city before. The streets were filled 
with thousands of people, and at night the entire 
city was brilliantly illuminated, especially the news- 
paper-offices, which were the centres of attraction. 
' Monday, the 10th, was also a day of intense excite- 
\ ment in Baltimore, owing to the intelligence of Lee's 
surrender. As soon as the news was received in Bal- 
timore of the assassination of President Lincoln, the 
police commissioners were convened in order to act 
in harmony with the military authorities in preserv- 
ing peace and order. The most stringent orders were 
issued to the police force, who were on duty both day 
and night at every prominent point. The drinking- 
! houses were all closed, and Gen. Morris, commander 
of the Middle Department, issued a proclamation sus- 
pending all travel to or from the city, either by railroad, 
steamboat, or turnpike, with a view of apprehending 
the murderers of the President in case they should be in 
the city or on their way to it. Gen. Morris also issued 
orders to the commanding officers of the troops around 
Baltimore to be ready for service at a moment's notice, 
and two pieces of ordnance were placed in Holliday 
; Street near Fayette. A section of a battery was also 
stationed near the quarters of the provost-marshal. 
j On the morning of the 15th of April, Mayor Chap- 
! man issued an order convening the City Council, and 
' requested all the shipping in the harbor, all public 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



151 



buildings and private residences, to display the United 
States flag at half-mast, and also that the various 
bells of the city be tolled between the hours of eleven 
and twelve A.M., and between the hours of five and 
six P.M. These requests were promptly complied 
with, and before night the whole city was draped in 
mourning. The courts adjourned, and in the evening 
the places of amusement were ordered to be closed. 
The City Council appropriated ten thousand dollars 
for the apprehension of the murderer or murderers, 
and soon all the roads swarmed with pickets ordered 
to arrest all suspicious persons. Commodore Dornin 
had charge of the harbor and an armed tug, to pre- 
vent any vessel from leaving the port. The Right 
Rev. William R. Whittingham, the Episcopal bishop 
of Maryland, is.sued an address to the clergy of his 
diocese, and Archbishop Spaulding also issued one 
to the Catholic clergy. 

— Gen. Wallace arrived in Baltimore on the 15th 
from Philadelphia, and on the 19th resumed com- 
mand of the department, which had been so satisfac- 
torily administered by Brevet Brig.-Gen. W. W. Mor- 
ris, United States army, who again took command of 
Fort McHenry and the other forts about Baltimore. 
Immediately after Gen. Wallace resumed command 
he issued the following order respecting the uniform 
worn by the pupils of the Catonsville Military Insti- 
tute : 

" Ueaikjuartf.bs Middle Division, Eighth Army Corps, 
" Baltimore, April 19, 1865. 
" General Orders No. 86. 

" The gray uniform worn by certain young meu, snid to be students, 
has become bo offensive to loyal soldiers and citizens that it is prohibited 
in this department. 

"This order will take effect from and after the 2oth of the present 



, " George H. Hooker, Aasl.-Adjl. General." 

— About half-past ten o'clock on the morning of the 
21st the remains of President Lincoln reached this 
city, and accompanied by a large military and civic 
procession, were taken to the rotunda of the Ex- | 
change, where the coffin was opened, and at least ten i 
thousand persons viewed the remains during the two j 
hours alloted. t 

— On the 24th of April the City Council passed a | 
resolution protesting " against the policy of allowing 
ex-Confederates to return and remain in the city, and 
requesting the military authorities not to tolerate this 
the worst of dangerous evils." On the 25th, Gen. 
Wallace, in accordance with the opinion of Attorney- i 
General Speed, issued an order prohibiting " prison- ' 
ers of war (rebels) paroled to return to their homes 
to await exchange" from remaining in the Middle 
Department, and commanding their arrest if found 
within its limits. 

— It was also proposed in the City Council to re- , 
quest the mayorto call a town-meeting of the loyal citi- 
zens, " that an expression of the loyal public of Balti- 
more may be had in relation to the presence in our 



midst of returned rebels, who, with an unblushing 
effrontery, presume to take their places again as mem- 
bers of our loyal community." In accordance with 
the orders of the commanding general, and out of re- 
spect for the dominant authority of the City Council, 
a large number of ex-Confederates were arrested for 
" coming into this department without authority," and 
upon taking the oath of allegiance were sent North, 
where they were tolerated. A great many, fearing 
criminal prosecution for acts committed while in the 
Confederate service or for participation in the troubles 
of Baltimore in April, 1861, fled from the city. 

— On the 19th, Gen. Wallace also sent a circular to 
all the clergymen in Baltimore, requesting them to 
" avoid everything in the least calculated to offend 
the sensibilities" of " men and women who esteem 
their loyalty only a little less sacred than their re- 
ligion." The excited state of feeling growing out of 
the assassination of President Lincoln and the return 
of paroled Confederate prisoners led to the passage 
of a resolution by the City Council requesting the 
military authorities to close the Methodist church on 
Franklin and Pine Streets, the church of the same 
denomination on Madison and Preston Streets, and 
to discontinue the meetings of the congregations wor- 
shiping at Red Men's Hall, on Paca Street, and at 
Winans' Chapel, all of which were charged with 
being composed of Southern sympathizers. 

—On the 24th, Gen. Wallace addressed a communi- 
cation to the City Council, through Col. Woolley, pro- 
vost-marshal, stating that the oath of allegiance had 
been taken by Rev. Drs. Bullock and Lefevre and 
Mr. Hamner and Capt. Trippe, and that he trusted 
that the action of the gentlemen named would prove 
entirely satisfactory. 

— On the 29th, Gen. Wallace addressed a letter to 
Mayor Chapman, in which he said, — 

"Both branches of the City Council, as appears by their resolution 
received to-day, formally request me as commander of this department 
•to remove from their midst' the Eev. J. J. Bullock, Eev. J. E. Ham- 
ner, Rev. J. Lefevre, and all such dangerous persons as are * inimical to 
our government.' The First Branch is at the same time pleased to inform 
me that, for reasons stated, it is not satisfied with the oath of allegi- 
ance which those reverend gentlemen have solemnly taken and sub- 
' scribed; on the contrary, it asks of me 'to require of them additional 
guarantees.' ... I feel sure, however, that I will not suffer in the 
opinion of these authorities if for once I differ with the Council and 
respectfully decline to accept their reasons as sufficient to justify the 
measures they have advised." 

— On the 29th of April restrictions on travel by 
steamer or sailing-vessel to the Western Shore of 
Maryland were withdrawn, and on the 4th of May 
all restrictions on trade were removed. 

—On the 2d of May, Gen. Wallace prohibited the 
sale of " portraits of any rebel officer or soldier, or of 
J. Wilkes Booth, the murderer of President Lincoln." 

—On the 18th of July, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock 
assumed command of the Middle Department with 
headquarters in Baltimore, with Lieut.-Col. Adam E. 
King as adjutant-general. On the 2d of August, Gen. 
Hancock issued an order requiring paroled prisoners 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of the late Southern armies who had not been par- 
doned by the President of the United States upon 
arriving within the limits of the department to re- 
port their presence and residence immediately to the 
nearest provost-marshal and register their names, 
and announcing that paroled prisoners non-residents 
of the department would not be allowed to enter it 
without the sanction of the department commander 
or higher authority. 

1866.— On the 12th of January another military 
order was issued, in which it was announced that 
"the provost-marshal's department will cease to exist 
in this command on the 31st of January. Brevet 
Brig.-Gen. John Woolley, United States Volunteers, 
provost-marshal, will take measures to close the ! 
books and records pertaining to his ofBce upon that [ 
date, and turn them over to the adjutant-general of j 
the department. Having completed this duty, he | 
will report by letter to the adjutant of the army for 
instructions. When it becomes necessary, the duties 
heretofore performed by the provost-marshal will de- 
volve upon Brevet Maj.-Gen. G. W. Getty, command- 
ing the district of Baltimore." In accordance with 
this order, all the books, papers, and records of the 
office of the provost-marshal-general of the Middle 
Department of the Eighth Army Corps were turned 
over on the .31st by Brig.-Gen. Woolley to Adam E. 
King, brevet colonel and adjutant-general of the j 
Middle Military Department. The closing of the j 
provost-marshal's department in Baltimore closed the 
reign of the military commanders in Maryland, and 
with the proclamation of President Johnson, on the , 
2d of April, formally announcing the conclusion of 
the war, the city resumed in a great measure the 
aspects and habitudes of peace.' \ 

Army Hospitals. — During the first two years of 
the war a large number of suitable buildings in Bal- ' 
tiniore were used for hospital purposes, by order of 
the Secretary of War, pending the construction of reg- 
ular hospitals. On the 25th of May, 1862, the medi- 
cal director of the department took possession of the i 
family mansion of Gen. George H. Steuart, on the ; 
north side of West Baltimore Street, near the city J 
limits, and converted it into an army hospital. This 
building, in connection with the adjoining barracks, , 
which were also reconstructed for hospital purposes, 
was capable of accommodating a large number of in- ' 
valid soldiers, and was called Jarvis Hospital, after 
Surgeon Nathan S. Jarvis, of the United States army, 
who was Medical Director of the Dejjartment of Mary- 
land and stationed at Baltimore, where he died May 
15, 1862. Brigade Surgeon J. Russell was put in 
charge of it. The Maryland Institute was also fitted 
up in 1862 as a hospital. In the same year a large 

1 Among tJiose arrested at various times during tlie war were Rev. 
Thomais H. Pritchard, of Franklin Square Baptist Church, wlio was sent 
South on the Kitli nf Anpust, isfi:), and Jtev. .lolin H. Dnshiell. who was 
arrested on the I5lh „f K,-l.nian, ISKl, hul «,,s i eh.iuse.1 slioillv after- 



block of warehouses on Union Dock, capable of ac- 
commodating eighteen hundred patients, was con- 
verted into hospitals, and in the latter part of the 
year the old Universalist church building at the 
corner of Calvert and Pleasant Streets was employed 
for the same purpose. 

Among other buildings used as ho.spitals were the 
Continental Hotel, on Holliday Street, the Gilmor 
House, now Guy's, on Calvert Street, the McKim 
mansion, in the northern section of the city, and 
Douglas Institute, then known as Newton University 
Hospital. 

Large hospital barracks were also erected in Patter- 
son Park, with a capacity for 1200 patients. In 1865 
a very large hospital was completed on grounds near 
the western terminus of Lafayette Avenue, in the 
western suburbs of the city, which was called the 
Hicks Hospital. The buildings were eighteen in 
number and two hundred feet in length, and could 
accommodate eleven hundred patients. The hospital 
was under the medical sujierintendence of Dr. Thomas 
Sinn, United St:ite:< volunteers. 

Union Relief Association.— In 1861, soon after 
the troops commenced moving through Baltimore to 
Washington, to be thence distributed to the various 
commands. Union citizens were accustomed to meet 
them at the depot and supply them with water and 
food. Naturally thrown together in this kindly work, 
it was concluded to call a public meeting and organ- 
ize a relief association. The meeting was held at 
Temperance Temple, on the 28th of June, 1861. S. 
Morris Cockran was called to the chair, and James A. 
Courtney was made secretary. John T. Graham ex- 
plained the objects of the meeting, and proposed a 
permanent organization, under the name of " The 
Union Relief Association of Baltimore." The asso- 
ciation was immediately formed, and the following 
gentlemen were nominated and elected officers : Presi- 
dent, A. Sterling ; First Vice-President, Wm. Robin- 
son ; Second Vice-President, Wm. S. Rayner; Treas- 
urer, Marcus Denison ; Secretary, John T. Graham. 

An executive committee, composed of one gentle- 
man from each ward, was elected, a collecting com- 
mittee for the several wards appointed, and a com- 
mittee of eleven was chosen " to attend to the wants 
of such regiments as might pass through the city be- 
fore the next meeting." This committee consisted of 
John T. Graham, James M. Wood, H. Eisenbrand, 
E. Crocker, J. A. Courtney, Aaron Fenton, Wm. 
Robin.son, Geo. K. Quail, A. M. Carter, J. C. Turner, 
and Joseph H. Audoun. 

A building was soon obtained at No. 75 Sharp 
Street, where the executive committee held its meet- 
ings, and where food for the soldiers was prepared. 
Relief was also extended to the families of Union 
soldiers of Maryland. Donations were received, and 
the sick and exhausted from passing regiments were 
taken in and cared for. 

The work was .■n.itiimcd at tliis localitv for two 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



months, when more extensive accommodations were 
found necessary, and the buildings Nos. 119 and 121 
Camden Street were rented and the premises on 
Sharp Street abandoned. On the 2d of September, 

1861, the executive committee for the first time met 
in the new rooms, and on motion of Mr. Jarboe com- 
mittees were appointed " on passports," " purveying," 
"on supplies," "on water," "on families of Maryland 
regiments," and " on the hospital." The latter com- 
mittee was made necessary by the department for the 
sick, set apart in the new building, where at one time 
about fifty patients were accommodated, but the 
national hospitals soon superseded this necessity. 
The Union ladies becoming interested in the matter, 
organized a Female Union Eelief Association, which 
proved a valuable coadjutor in the work of relief in the 
camp and hospital. As the winter approached it be- 
came necessary to feed the troops under shelter, and for 
that purpose the extensive warehouse No. 120 South 
Eutaw Street was rented and fitted up for the uses of 
the association. The report of the purveyors' com- 
mittee, composed of J. W. Butler, Joseph H. Audoun, 
and J. J. Chapman, shows that from the 8th of Sep- 
tember to the 31st of December, 18(51, the number of 
soldiers fed was 83,152 ; from the 1st of January, 

1862, to the 26th of June, 1862, the number fed was 
50,423. To give an idea of the work done by the as- 
sociation, it may be stated that from Jan. 1, 1862, to 
June 26th of that year the committee distributed 
46,687 pounds of ham, 4777 pounds of corned beef, 
64,200 pounds of bread, 357 pounds of butter, 7342 
pounds of cheese, and a large quantity of coflFee, 
sugar, and other edibles. 

The committee on Maryland regiments, composed 
of Messrs. S. F. Streeter, S. E. Turner, John A. Needles, 
Dr. James Armitage, H. C. Murray, J. J. Chapman, 
and Emanuel Crocker, distributed food to 5401 heads 
of families, representing at least 21,604 persons. The 
sanitary committee was composed of Dr. James Armi- 
tage, J. C. Pancoast, Richard King, E. S. Webb, and 
William CoUison. The auditors were Messrs. Wil- 
liam Robinson and J. B. Rose. In 1862 the report 
of the treasurer, Marcus Denison, shows that the re- 
ceipts of the year were $15,024.15, and the expen- 
ditures $15,036.34. Besides the active members, who 
jiaid a subscription of a dollar a year, there were a 
miiuber of honorary members, who paid not less than 
five dollars annually. 

The Christian Commission.— At the suggestion of 
Goldsborough S. Grifiith, tlie "Baltimore Christian 
Association" was organized May 4, 1861, for the pur- 
pose of ministering to the physical and spiritual wants 
of the soldiers who might be engaged in the approach- 
ing conflict. Among those who took an active part 
in this preliminary arrangement were William F. 
Cary, Rev. Thomas Coggins, William A. Wisong, 
John N. Brown, S. S. Stevens, Andrew Mercer, Lewis 
Henck, James Balloch, Dr. Henry S. Hunt, Richard 
Malliliun, Henry Bayley, Francis P. Stevens, John 



j T. Kelso, J. Henck, William B. Canfield, J. B. Still- 
I son, James Morfit, Lewis Raymo, George J. Zimmer- 
i man, William H. Mitlan, Solon Beale, Jacob Yeisley, 
George W. Sumwalt, Rev. Isaac P. Cook, George A. 
j Leakin, S. Gitteau, Andrew B. Cross, and Thomas 
I Myers. The Baltimore Association preceded any 
i other similar organization ; others followed it quickly 
j in Philadelphia, New York, and elsewhere, and on 
the 14th of November, 1861, a convention of the 
various organizations met in New York and formed 
the " United States Christian Commission." Mr. Grif- 
fith was appointed chairman of the Maryland Com- 
, mittee of the United States Christian Commission, 
! and selected as his associates Rev. George P. Hays 
and Rev. J. N. McJilton. Upon the establishment 
of a branch of the United States Christian Commis- 
sion in Baltimore, the " Christian Association" of the 
I city at once became an auxiliary of that branch, but 
maintained its own organization during the war. 
j These gentlemen continued to serve throughout the 
! war, with Mr. Grifiith as chairman, and Dr. McJilton 
as secretary. In 1864, Mr. Hays was chosen treasurer, 
and Rev. G. R. Bent, who had for some time been in 
the service of the association, was made general agent, 
to have immediate oversight of affairs in the office. 
In the same year a Board of Directors, consisting of 
seventy well-known citizens, was also elected, and em- 
braced many of the names already mentioned, so as 
to represent the different religious denominations and 
the difterent sections of the home-field. The district 
assigned the Maryland committee was very extensive, 
embracing the military camps and hospitals in Mary- 
land, a part of Virginia, West Virginia, and the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. The numerous hospitals in Balti- 
more were systematically visited and well cared for. 
Having for the most part faithful chaplains, the ladies 
of the city formed themselves into relief associations, 
one for each hospital, and thus gave themselves, with 
the co-operation of the gentlemen of the Baltimore 
Christian Association, to supply every necessity. 
Through these several agencies, and under their own 
personal supervision, the committee of the Christian 
Commission carried on their work. Few points made 
memorable by the great war surpass in sad and tender 
interest Camp Parole and its neighboring hospitals 
and barracks at Annapolis. Here came the thousands 
exchanged or waiting to be exchanged from the prisons 
at Richmond, Andersonville, Salisbury, Savannah, 
and elsewhere in the South. It was the privilege of 
I the Christian Commission, mainly through the Balti- 
more Association, to assist in bestowing such relief 
and comfort as were possible. When it could be done, 
delegates and stores were placed upon the transports 
on their way to the points designated for the exchange 
of prisoners, so that aid might be given at the'earliest 
moment. The work done at Annapolis was among 
the best and most fruitful of any performed by the Com- 
mission. Not only did kind nursing, with such sup- 
plies of food and clothing as were necessary, contribute 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



much to the restoration of the men, saving indeed many 
lives, but the religious training was not less appre- | 
ciated than the material comforts. The Commission I 
also did good service at the Confederate prison-camp i 
at Point Lookout, at the junction of the Potomac with 
the Chesapeake Bay, in St. Mary's County. 

The office of the Maryland committee was in the [ 
upper rooms of the warehouse, owned by the chairman, 
at No. 77 West Baltimore Street, near HoUiday. 
This large store-room being insufficient for the storage 
and shipment of supplies, in 1863 the upper floors of 
Apollo Hall, on the opposite side of Baltimore Street, , 
were secured as an additional depot. On the 2d of 
September, 1864, the following gentlemen, among | 
others, were added to the committee : Rev. T. Stork, ; 
Rev. Isaac P. Cook, Charles W. Ridgely, of Balti- j 
more ; Rev. R. C. Galbraith, of Govanstown, Balti- 
more Co. ; Rev. G. R. Bent. Delegates were ap- 
pointed from time to time to visit the hospitals and 
camps, to relieve the sick and wounded, and to dis- | 
tribute the holy Scriptures, religious tracts, and j 
other proper publications. In this work no discrimi- i 
nation was permitted or practiced, and relief was 
impartially extended to soldiers of both armies alike. 
The whole amount distributed by the committee 
during the war is estimated at two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. The balance remaining at the 
close of the war was donated to the Soldiers' Home, 
the Union Orphan Asylum, and other charities. 

Many of the most prominent citizens of Baltimore 
were connected with the beneficent operations of the 
Commission, and to few did it appeal in vain for aid. 
Of the many prominently interested in its benevolent 
work none showed more thorough earnestness in the 
cause than Mr. Goldsborough S. Griffith, who indeed 
was the founder of this practical and far-reaching 
charity. Mr. Griffith was born in Harford County, 
Md., Nov. 4, 1814, and was the son of a volunteer 
in the war of 1812, who lost his health in conse- 
quence of the exposures of camp-life, and died when 
his son was but a few months old. The family prop- 
erty, once considerable, was wasted by bad manage- 
ment, and they removed to Baltimore. When but a 
little more than twelve years of age he entered into 
the employ of the tobacco-manufacturing house of A. 
& J. Bonn, who were so greatly pleased with his 
fidelity and energy that they oftered him large in- 
ducements to remain with them until he should be 
twenty-one years of age, when they promised to estab- 
lish him in business. While, however, expressing his 
gratitude to these gentlemen, Mr. Griffith was com- 
pelled to decline their kindness, as he had other 
views for the future. With Archibald Golder he 
learned paper-hanging, at which he became remark- 
ably expert; and after refusing to go into partnership 
with Robert Golder in Philadelphia, he and a partner 
opened a paper-hanging and upholstering business 
in Baltimore. He wa.s only twenty-two years old, 
and he and his partucr had but five hundred dollars 



each, but they possessed commercial qualifications 
that were better than money, and soon built up a 
large and remunerative trade. Mr. Griffith bought 
out his partner at the expiration of two years, and 
in 18.54 sold the establishment to his half-brothers, 
Michael & Bros. Eight years previously he had 
opened a carpet-house, to which he now gave his 
whole business attention, and at the head of which 
he still remains. The firm is now G. S. (Jriffith tt 
Co., the other partners being his nephews, G. S. Grif- 
fith, Jr., and Thomas Riffle. While deservedly suc- 
cessful in commercial life, Mr. Griffith's fame more 
largely depends upon his intimate connection with 
philanthropic and charitable effort and the spread of 
the gospel. He is an elder of the First Reformed 
Church, and for twenty-seven years has been a dele- 
gate to the meetings of Synod and of the Maryland 
Classis. He is also connected with the Publication 
Board of the Reformed Church, and was a trustee of 
Franklin and Marshall College, at Lancaster, Pa., 
while the late ex-President Buchanan was the chief 
officer of the board. He is also a member of the 
Board of Home Missions of the Synod of the Poto- 
mac, and of the Board of Foreign Missions of the 
General Synod. In 1856 he was an American dele- 
gate to the Evangelical Alliance at Lubeck, Germany, 
and in 1857 to the Alliance at Berlin, on which latter 
occasion the members were received by the King of 
Prussia. For years he has been prominent in Sunday- 
school work, and is president of the Maryland Sun- 
day-School Union, besides being a member of the 
Sunday-School Board of the Synod of the Potomac. 
He has been a sincere Christian since the age of four- 
teen years, when he attended St. Peter's Protestant 
Episcopal Church, and was afterwards confirmed by 
Bishop Stone. In 1854 he connected himself with 
the Reformed Church, and for a long time has been 
treasurer of the General Board of the Orphans' Home, 
which is under the control of the General Synod. 
The Maryland Sunday-School Union, which has had 
perpetual immunities and privileges conferred upon 
it by act of Assembly, is a great engine of evangel- 
ization. During Mr. Griffith's presidency it has or- 
ganized or reorganized about thirteen hundred Sun- 
day-schools in Maryland. Among other official po- 
sitions which he holds or has held are those of com- 
missioner on the part of the city to visit the Indus- 
trial School for Girls, trustee of the Union Protestant 
Infirmary, member of the Board of Managers of the 
Boys' Home Society, of the Board of Managers of the 
Maryland Tract Society, of the Board of Managers of 
the House" of Reformation and Instruction for Colored 
Boys, and visitor to the city jail, besides which he 
has long been identified with the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association and temperance movements. He 
was one of the original projectors of the Children's 
Aid Society, the Society for the Protection of Chil- 
dren from Cruelty and Immorality, and the Maryland 
Prisoners' Aid Association, in each of which he holds 




v#? f^^^ 





THE CIVIL WAR. 



an important official position. He has represented 
Maryland at the InterDational Penitentiary Con- 
vention in London in July, 1872, at the Inter- 
national Prison Congress in Stockholm in August, 
1878, and at the International Sunday-School Con- 
vention in London in 1881. He is also correspond- 
ing member for the United States of the National 
Prison Society of France, and one of the Board of 
Directors of tlie National Prison Association of New 
York, and has attended all the National Prison Con- 
gresses held in this country, being always elected 
one of the vice-presidents. Mr. Griffith was active 
in the establishment of the House of Correction, and 
is one of the Board of Managers. In private and 
public charity he has given away between sixty 
and seventy thousand dollars. A history of his as- 
siduous labors in behalf of benevolence and Chris- 
tianity would fill volumes, and wherever known his 
name is highly honored for his life-devotion to good 
works. He was married May 30, 1839, to Elizabeth 
Diirst, whose parents were natives of Switzerland, her 
father being a merchant of Cologne, from whence he 
fled in the days of Napoleonic tyranny, and coming 
to America, fought for his adopted country at North 
Point in 1814, two years before he could become one 
of its naturalized citizens. 

Maryland Union Commission.— The Maryland 
Union Commission was also formed at the suggestion 
of Mr. Griffith, and after two preliminary meetings 
on the 5th and 18th of April, 1865, it was fully or- 
ganized by the election of G. S. Griffith, president ; 
Rev. C. Dickson, D.D., John C. Bridges, Hon. John 
M. Frazier, vice-presidents ; John N. Brown, treas- 
urer ; William A. Wisong, corresponding secretary ; 
Rev. E. R. Eschback, recording secretary ; and Rev. 
O. M. McDowell, financial agent. Among the mana- 
gers were William F. Gary, J. Henry Giese, John L. 
Reid, Henry W. Drakely, William Bridges, Jesse 
Tyson, E. M. Janney, Samuel M. Shoemaker, and A. 
M. Carter. The purpose of the society was " to co- 
operate with the people of the South in rendering as- 
sistance to those who were in want and had been 
impoverished by the ravages of war, and to save 
by timely generosity the tliousands of refugees whom 
the tides of war had cast upon our hands." The Com- 
mission was at first auxiliary to that of New York, 
but subsequently became a distinct and independent 
organization. The aggregate collections made during 
the twelve months of its existence amounted to $12,- 
402.63 ; the donations in goods, supplies, clothing, etc., 
were estimated at an equal amount, making nearly 
twenty-five thousand dollars distributed by the asso- 
ciation. The pressing necessity that called it into 
existence having disappeared, the Commission was 
dissolved in May, 1866. 

Baltimore Agricultural Aid Society.— This so- 
ciety was formed in 1865 by a number of the citizens 
of Baltimore irrespective of party to supply a portion 
of the Southern States, and more particularly Vir- 



ginia, with stock, farming-tools, and seed. For this 
purpose over eighty thousand dollars were subscribed 
and judiciously distributed by local agents who un- 
; derstood the wants of their immediate neighborhoods. 
The officers of this noble charity who came volun- 
tarily to the assistance of the people of the South "in 
I their sorest need, without wounding their pride or in- 
' suiting their poverty," were James Hooper, Jr., presi- 
dent; Charles J. Baker, vice-president; Daniel Miller, 
treasurer; Lawrence Sangston, corresponding secre- 
i tary ; Directors, James Carey, Wra. H. Baldwin, Wm. 
; Chesnut, G. Washington Ward, Charles Webb, Myer 
j Stein, Wm. Devries, Germon H. Hunt, Benjamin F. 
Cator, Charles M. Dougherty, Israel M. Parr, Wm. 
Crichton ; Executive Committee, James Hooper, Jr., 
Charles J. Baker, Charles Webb, James Carey, B. F. 
Cator. 
Southern Relief Association.— In the spring of 
I 1866 the ladies of Maryland organized the "Southern 
Relief Association," with Mrs. B. C. Howard as presi- 
j dent ; Mrs. J. Hanson Thomas, Mrs. Charles Howard, 
I Mrs. J. S. Gittings, Mrs. W. Prescott Smith, and 
Mrs. J. J. Bankard, vice-presidents ; Mrs. Peyton 
Harrison, treasurer ; Miss Dora Hoffman, assistant 
I treasurer ; Miss Frick, secretary ; Mrs. Samuel Hoff- 
man, Mrs. Charles Baker, Mrs. Samuel W. Smith, 
I Mrs. Thomas Murdoch, Mrs. Robert H. Carr, Mrs. 
I Joshua Vansant, Mrs. John F. Hunter, Mrs. Rich- 
ard Norris, Mrs. Louisa Cannon, Mrs. F. W. Elder, 
! Miss Harper, Miss Louisa Hoffman, Mrs. D. Preston 
' Parr, Mrs. T. Parkin Scott, Mrs. Lurman, Mrs. J. H. 
, B. Latrobe, Mrs. A. DuBois Egerton, Mrs. Allan 
Dorsey, Mrs. James F. Purvis, Mrs. James M. An- 
j derson, and Mrs. James Hodges, executive commit- 
I tee ; Auxiliary Managers, Lawrence Sangston, chair- 
I man ; Charles E. Waters, secretary ; John L. Weeks, 
I William L. Montague, Thomas J. Magruder, Israel 
I M. Parr, Lewis Turner, Sr., P. De Murguindo, C. W. 
I C. McCoy, George W. Herring, William H. Baldwin, 
Eben Faxon, D. Preston Parr, D. J. Foley, Charles 
M. Dougherty, James M. Anderson, Charles J. Baker, 
A. DuBois Egerton, William H. Perkins, J. J. Bank- 
ard, Ezra Whitman, Thomas Norris, Frederick Raine, 
W. Holtzman, Joshu^ Vansant, Robert R. Kirkland, 
I Francis B. Loney, William Crichton, Samuel G. Miles, 
Leonard Passano, James H. Barney, Charles E. Weth- 
ered, Benjamin F. Cator, Charles Webb, William Dev- 
i ries, James Hodges, Henry W. Slicer, B. B. Swayne, 
Francis Whitson, Augustus J. Albert, W. W. Glenn, 
I James Fryer, Clifford C. Anderson, Lewis A. Turner, 
Charles H. Rifllemeyer, and Herman H. Graue. 

To facilitate the objects of the association it was 
determined to hold a fair, which was opened on the 
'■ 2d of April, 1866, in the Maryland Institute. It was 
continued until the 13th of the month, and at its 
! close the net receipts were found to be $164,569.97, 
' which was distributed through committees to the 
j various Southern States. The committee for Virginia 
' was composed of Mrs. J. Harmon Brown, Mrs. A. D. 



156 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Egerton, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, who through almoners 
in that State distributed to the deserving citizens 
$27,000. The committee for North Carolina, com- 
posed of Mrs. J. J. Bankard, Mrs. Joshua Vansant, 
Mrs. Charles J. Baker, Mrs. J. Harman Brown, Miss 
Lizzie Wright, and Mrs. A. D. Egerton, distributed 
the sum of $16,500 in that State. The committee for 
South Carolina, composed of Mrs. Louisa Cannon, 
Mrs. Robert H. Carr, Miss Louisa Hoffman, Mrs. 
James M. Anderson, Mrs. Dr. Wilson Carr, Mrs. Mc- 
Sherry, Miss Henrietta Hoffman, distributed the sum 
of $19,750. The committee for Maryland for Southern 
refugees and special cases, composed of Mrs. J. J. 
Bankard, Mrs. Joshua Vansant, Mrs. Charles J. 
Baker, Mrs. J. Harman Brown, Miss Lizzie Wright, 
and Mrs. A. D. Egerton, the sum of $10,000. The 
committee for Georgia, composed of Mrs. B. C. How- 
ard, Mrs. R. Norris, Miss Harper, and Mrs. Read, 
the sum of $17,875. The committee of Florida, com- 
posed of Mrs. B. C. Howard, Mrs. R. Norris, Jr., 
Miss Harper, and Mrs. Read, the sum of $5500. The 
committee for Alabama, composed of Mrs. Samuel 
Hoffman, Mrs. Charles Howard, and Mrs. Frick, 
$16,250. The committee for Louisiana, composed of 
Mrs. Charles Howard, Mrs. Samuel Hoffman, Mrs. W. 
Prescott Smith, Mrs. F. W. Elder, and Miss Friik, 
$7500. The committee for Arkansas, composed of 
Miss Harper, Miss Spencer, and Mrs. Peyton Har- 
rison, $5000. The committee for Mississippi, com- 
posed of Mrs. Peyton Harrison, Mrs. J. H. B. Latrobe, 
and Mrs. Dora Hoffman, $20,625. The committee for 
Tennessee, composed of Mrs. Allan Dorsey, Mrs. Von 
Kapff, Mrs. Thomas Murdoch, $12,500. In 1867 the 
Legislature also appropriated one hundred thousand 
dollars " for the relief of the destitute people in the 
States wasted by civil war," and appointed commis- 
.sioners for its distribution. To this sum was added 
over twenty-one thousand dollars in money and goods, 
contributed by private individuals. As in many places 
the people were suffering for the want of food, the 
commissioners shipped large stores of provisions to 
various points in North and South Carolina, Georgia, 
and Alabama, to be distributed by agents appointed 
by the Governors of those States. The Secretary of the 
Navy of the United States, Hon. G. Welles, placed at , 
their disposal the United States .store-ship " Relief," 
by which a full cargo of corn and bacon was shipped 
to Mobile, Ala. 

The total amount distributed by the commissioners 
in supplies and money reached $106,623.65. In addi- 
ti<m to all this, there were a large number of contri- 
butions, of which not even an approximate estimate 
can be formed, made by individuals privately and sent 
through private channels. Nearly all' hearts were 
touched and purses op^ed, and it has been estimated 
that the relief thus afforded fell but little short of that 
which was publicly given. All the railroads of Balti- 
more and the bay steamers carried the contributions 
free of charge ; no commission was charged for ])ur- 



chase or storage, and liberal deductions were made by 
the merchants fidiii wliom the supplies were obtained. 
The Ladies' Depository.— The Ladies' Depository, 
No. 56 North (Jharles Street, Baltimore, was formed 
in 1867, for the purpose of uniting in organized effort 
those who were endeavoring to obtain needle and 
fancy work for the destitute ladies in the South, im- 
poverished by the war. The first officers and mana- 
gers were: President, Mrs. Peyton Harrison; Vice- 
President, Mrs. J. H. B. Latrobe ; Treasurer, Mrs. W. 
W. Spence ; Recording Secretary, Mrs. James A. 
Stewart; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Frick; Man- 
agers, Mrs. Charles J. Baker, Mrs. J. J. Bankard, 
Mrs. J. Harman Brown, Mrs. John Duer, Mrs. A. D. 
Egerton, Miss Frick, Miss Fothergill, Mrs. John S. 
Gittings, Miss G. R. Goldsborough, Miss Harper, 
Mrs. Peyton Harrison, Miss Dora Hoffman, "Mrs. 
Charles Howard, Mrs. John F. Hunter, Mrs. John H. 
B. Latrobe, Mrs. William H. Merrick, Mrs. F. Mur- 
doch, Mrs. Read, Mre. T. Parkin Scott, Mrs. Bayard 
Smith, Mrs. James A. Stewart, Mrs. B. R. Spaulding. 

Alphabetical List of Commissioned Officers from 
Baltimore City and Baltimore County in the 
Volunteer Force of the United States Army 
during the war of 1861 65.' 

Appointed from Baltimore City. 
A. 
Abererombie, William H., capt. 0th Infantry. 
Addison, Joseph T., 1st lieut. 4tb Infantry. 
Adreon, Christopher C.,lst lieut. and Q. M.8th Infantrj-. 
Adreon, Harrison, major 4th Infantry. (Brevetted lieut.-col. for gallant 

and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Ya.) 
Adreon, Wm. T., 1st lieut. and Q. M. 4th Infantry. 
Aivey, John B.,capt. 10th Infantry. 
Alexander, F. W., capt. Baltimore Battery, and capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 

(Brevetted major for gallantry in theiield.aud lieut.-col. for faithful 

services in the Subsistence Department.) 
Alexander, H. Eugene, capt. Baltimore Battery. (Brevetted major for 

gallant and meritorious services during the war.) 
Alexander, R. G., 1st lieut. .')d Cavalry. 
Algie, Wm. G., 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

AUard, Thomas B., lieut.-col. Dix Light Infantry, ami col. 2d Infantry. 
Allen, Edwin F., 2d lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Allen, Joseph H., capt. 3d Infantry. 
Allen, Sidney S., 2d lieut. Battery D, Light Artillery. 
Allen, Wm. H., 1st lieut. Dix Light Infantry, and 1st lieut. 4t)i Infan- 
try. 
Allenbaugh, Charles T., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Anderson, Henry P., 1st lieut. 3d Cavalry. 
Andrews, Wm. E., capt. 8th Infantry. 
Appel, Henry, Ist lieut. Isl Cavalry. 
Arniacost, James T., Ist liei 

gallant and meritorious 

and Five Forks, Va.) 
Armacost,* Lewis, 2d lieut. Ist Infantry. 
Armor, George F., let lieut. and tj. M. 2d Infantry. 
Artaud. Theodore, surgeon C. S. Vols. 
Atkinhead,* John, capt. 3d Infantry. 
Atkinson, Wm. L., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry, and capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Cav- 

Audoun, Joseph H., capt. Eagle Artillei-y. 
Axer, John, capt. 1st Cavalry. 



1 Only the highest rank attained by Stole commission or Presidential 
appointment in any particular regiment or corps is given. Those who 
died ill the service are indicated by an asterisk. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



157 



Babb, John D., 1st lieut. 6th Infantry. 
Baer, Edward R., surgeon 1st Infantry. 
Baer, James S., capt. 1st Infantry. 
Bakeman,* Edward W., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Baker, John J., Ist lieut. iBt Infantry. 
Ball, John, 1st lieut. and adjt. 7th Infantry. 
Balloch, James, hospital cliaplain U. S. Vols. 

Bamberger, Wm. W., col. 5th Infantry. 

Bankard, Charles H., 1st lieut. 1st Cavalrj-. 

Bankard, Josiah, capt. 4th Infantry, ami capt. and A. A. G. U. S. Vols. 

Barber, John G., 2d lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Barnes, Koljert C, capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 

Barrett, Gregory, Jr., lieut.-col. 4th Infantry. (Brevetted colonel.) 

Bartholoniee, Theodore M., capt. 12th Infantry. 

Barto, Charles H., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

Beacham, T. Stanly, 2d lieut. 7th Infantry. 

Bery, Adolph, major 3d Cavalry. 

Betts, Charles M., Ist lieut. 12tli Infantry. 

Beyer, Louis, capt. 4th Infantry, and capt. 3d Infantry. 

Biays, .Frank S., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Biays, Wm, J., 2d lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Bigelow, Waldo 0., capt. 2d Infantry. 

Binau, John, Ist lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Binder, Louis, 2d lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 

Binyon, Thomas, Ist lieut. Battery A, Light Artillery. 

Binyon, Thomas W., 1st lieut. Eagle Artillery. 

Bishop, John L., capt. 4th Infantry, and lieut.-col. 12th Infantry. 

Bitter, Christian, capt. 6th Infantry. 

Blumenberg, Leopold, major 5th Infantry. 

Boettger, Conrad, capt. 2d Infantry. 

Bolton, John H., assistant surgeon 7th Infantry. 

Boone, Charles H., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Booth, George W., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Borck, Edward, Jr., assistant surgeon 10th Infantry, and assistant sur- 
geon 3d Cavalry. 

Bowen, Charles H., capt. 2d Infantry. 

Bowen, Charges J., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. 

Bowerman, Richard N., col, 4th Infantry. (Brevetted brig.-gen. for gal- 
lantry and good conduct at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 

Bowie, Wallace A., 2ri lieut. Sth Infantry. 

Boyd, Isaac L , Ist lieut. Dix Light Infantry, and capt. 4th Infantry. 

Boyle, Wm. H., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Brady, James W., capt. 9th Infantry. 

Bradshaw, John J., 2d lieut. Ist Infantry, and major 6th Infantry. (Bre- 
vetted major for gallant and meritorious services before Petersburg, 
Va.) 

Bragg, Wm. F., capt. 2d Infantry, capt. 2d Cavalry, and capt. 1st (P. H. B.) 

Brandaw, Jacob, 2d lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 
Brasbeare, Wm. G., 2d lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Brian, John H., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Brian, Marion A., 2d lieut. Baltimore Battery. 

Brickman, Arthur O., chaplain 1st Cavalry, and chaplain 3d Infantry. 
Bride,* James, capt. Sth lufantry. 
Bridges, Stephen L., Ist lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Briscoe, Alexander M., let lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 
Broadfoot, Joseph 0., Ist lieut. Sth Infantry. 
Bromwell, John A., 2d lieut. 10th Infantry. 
Brooks, Albert J., Ist lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Brooks, Henry P., major 4th lufantry. 
Brown, Charles J., lieut.-col. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Brown, George W., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry, 
Brown, John W,, Ist lieut. 4th Infautry. 
Brown, Wm. H., Ist lieut. 3d Cavalry. 
Brown, Wm. R., 1st lieut. and Q. M. Sth Infantry. 
Bruce, John M., capt. Junior Artillery, and capt. Bat. D, Light ArtilleiT-. 
Bruetling, George W., 2d lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Brunner, Andrew B., major 2d Infantry. 
Buckley, David Z., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Bull, John W., chaplain Sth Infantry. 
Bull,* Randolph, 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Burk, Henry, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 
Burnham, Wm. H., 2d lieut. 7th Infantry. 

Burrows, Frederick H., 1st lieut., and adjt. 3d Infantry, 1st lieut. Ist 
(K. S.) Infantry and 11th Infantry. 
11 



Calder, Wm., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Callahan, Martin, 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry, and capt. 9th Inf. 
Camper, Charles, capt. Ist Infantry. 
Cantel, John B., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 
Car), Louis A., capt. 4th Infantry. 
Carroll, Charies, 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Carroll, John, capt. Sth Infantry. 

Carter, John C, assist, aurg. 4th Infantry, and assist, sarg. TT. S. Vofe, 
Carter, Joseph F., 2d lieut. 9tli Infantry, and capt. 3d Infantry. (Bre- 
vetted major for gallantry at Fort Stedman, Va.) 
Cassard, George C, 2d lieut. 10th Infantry. 
Cassard, Louis R.,capt. Sth Infantry. (Brevetted major for gallant and 

meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 
Caulfield, Thomas W., capt. 3d Cavalry. 
Chandley, John H., 2d lieut. Sth Infantry. 
Chaney, LouiSv 1st lieut. Sth Infantry. 
Chaney, William, 1st lieut. Sth Infantry. 
Chaney, William H., Ist lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Chase, John H., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Chenoweth, Ferdinand, Ist lieut. 4th Infantry. 
Childs, Jesse D., capt. 1st Infantry. (Brevetted major for gallant services 

at the battle of Dabney's Mill, Va.) 
Christopher, Z. W., 1st lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Church, Royal W., major Sth Infantry. 
Claridge, Joseph S., assistant surgeon 3d Cavalry . 
Clavy, James L., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Clemm,* John R., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Coale, John H., capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 
Coale, Wni. E , capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 

Cochrane, John S., 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry, and capt. 3d U. S. Vols. 
Coggins, Harry, capt. 6th Infantry. 
Colgate, Charles E., 2d lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Colouey,* Josiah B., major 1st Infantry. 

Conoway, Wm. E., capt. 2d lufantry, capt. 9th Infantry, capt. 11th In- 
fantry, capt. 1st (E. S.) Infantry. 
Conradt, George M., capt. 3d Infantry. 
Cook, James H., 1st lieut. and Q. M. Sth Infantry. 
Cooke, Wm. H., 1st lieut. Sth Infantry. 
Cooper, John W.. Ist lieut. PurnelL Legion Infantry, 
Cost, John L., 2d lieut. llth Infantry. 
Coulson, John B.,2d lieut. Ist (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Counselman, Thomas H. B,, 2d lieut. Ist Cavalry. 
Courtney, James A., capt. llth Infantry. 
Cox, Christopher C, surgeon U. S. Vols. 
Cram, Omer P., major 2d Infantry. (Brevetted major for gallant and 

meritorious conduct in the assault before Petersburg, Va.) 
Crawford, Wm. J., Ist lieut. 4th lufauti^. 
Creager,* Francis M., capt. Ist Cavalry. 

Crocker,* Charles W., capt. Dix Light Infantry, and capt. 3d Infautry. 
Crouch, David, capt. 4th Infanti-y. 
Culbertson, Cyrus D,, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 4tli Infantry (German Rifles), 

and 1st lieut, and Q. M. 3d lufantry. 
Cullimore, Wm. H., 2d lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Cummins, Jonathan P., capt. 9th Infantry. 

Currey, James H., assistant surgeon 3d Infantry, and surgeon U. S. Vols. 
Cushing, Richard C, Ist lieut. and Q. M. llth Infantry. 



Battery B, Light 



I Daneker, John F., 2d lieut. Battery A, and 2d 1 
I Artillery. 

Daneker, Wm. H., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. 

Daniel, J. Townsend, major 10th Infantry, and major lut (P. H. B.) 

j Danskin, Washington A., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
! Davis, John W., 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Davis, Thomas II., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Davis, Wm. H., capt. 4th Infantry. 

DeCIiariier, Charles L., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 

Deems, James M., lieut.-col. 1st Cavalry. (Brevetted col. and brig.-gen. 
! for gallant and meritorious services during the war.) 

Dietz, Charles, 1st lieut, 1st Infantry. 

Denison, Andrew W., col. Sth Infantry. (Brevetted brig.-gen. for merit- 
orious conduct in the battles of the Wilderness and Spoltsylvania, 
Va., and maj.-gen. for gallant conduct in the battle of White Oak 
I Road, Va.) 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Despeaux,* Joseph P., 2d lieut. Ist Cavalry. 

Deveney, John, 1st lieut. 4tli Infantry. 

DeVere, William T., capt. 3d Cavalry. 

Dexter, Charles H., 2d lieut. Eagle Artillery. 

Dittnian, John H., 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

Diver, William, capt. 11th Infantry. 

Dobson, George H., capt. :id Infantry. 

Dodge, Augustus W., assistant surgeon 4th Infantry. 

Dodson, John W., 2d lieut. 4th (P. H. B.) Infantry, and capt. 3d (P. H. B.) 

Infantry. 
Donoghue, William J., capt. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Dorsey, Algernon S., capt. let Cavalry. 

Dove, Milton C, 2d lieut. 2d Infantry, and capt. 1st Cavalry. 

Downs, Charles G., 2d lieut. Di.t Light Infantry, and capt. 3d Infantry. 

Dudrow, Charles E., 2d lieut. 1st Infantry, and Ist lieut. 2d Cavalry. 

Dulaney, Bladen T. F., capt. 1st Infantry, and Ist lieut. 2d Cavalry. 

Duncan, Charles V., Ist lieut. Ist (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

Duncan, David, 2d lieut. Junior Artillery. 

Dunlap, Albert, assistant surgeon 3d Infantry. 

Durand, Charles, 1st lieut. 4th Infantry (German Eiflee), and 2d lieut. 
3d Infantry. 

Dushane,* Nathan T., col. Ist Infantry. 

Dutton, Norris B., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 



Edgar, Charles W., 2d lieut. Dix Light Infantry. 

Ehlers, John D., capt. 10th Infantry. 

Ellers, John T., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Elliott, Joseph, 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. 

England, John H., 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Erich, Henry C, capt. 1st Cavalry. 

Evans, Charles H., 1st lieut. Baltimore Battery. 

Evans, George W., capt. Ist (E. S.) Infantry. 

Evans, Thomas H., capt. Dix Light Infantry. 

Evans, Thomas J., 1st lieut. 12tb Infantry, and capt. 1st (P. H. B.) 

Evans, Thomas E., capt. Ist Infantry. 



Faithful, William T., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Fay, James,* Ist lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Fayman, James D., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Feilen, Augustus, 2d lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Fensley, William, let lieut. 9th Infantry. 

Ferguson, Archibald D.. capt. 11th Infantry. 

Fiechtner, Charles G., Ist lieut. 6th Infantry. 

Fleckenstein, Louis, Ist lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Fletcher, Richard, 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Ford, John T., Ist lieut. 11th Infantry. 

Foster, Edward F., Ist lieut. and Q. M. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Toy. John H., capt. Dix Light Infantry. 

Frisby, Tliomas, capt. 5lh Infantry. 

Furlong, McKendree C , 2d lieut. 8th Infantry. 



Gallagher, Francis, capt. Ist (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

Gallagher, John H., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 

Galloway, Thomas, capt. Ist Cavalry. 

Gamble, George, 2d lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Ganster, Nicholas, capt. 5th Infantry. 

Gather, Uriah, capt. .'ith Infantry, and 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

Gareis, John A., 1st lieut. and adjt. 1st Cavalry. 

Gardner, Richard F., 1st lieut. and (J. M. 3d Infantry, and capt. 8th In- 

Gardner, T. H., additional paymaster U. S. Vols. (Brevetted lieut'Col.) 

Garmhausen, Frederick C, capt. 8th Infantry. 

Garrison, Thomas J., 1st lieut. and Q. M. 1st Infantry. 

Gault, J. Emory, Ist lieut. 2d Infantry, and 2d lieut. V. R. C. 

George, Wm. E., capt. let Infantry, and major 11th Infantry. 

Gehring, Charles J., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B ) Cavalry. 

Gibson, Wm., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Gillette, James, 1st lieut. and adjt. 4th Infantry (German Rifles) and 3d 

Infantry, and capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 
GilUngham, Christopher R., capt. 1st Infantry. 
GUlingham, Edward E., capt. Ist Infantry. 
GilUngham, Henry R., capt. 1st Infantry. 
Gilman, Judson, surgeon .5th Infantry. 



Gleesiin,* ,Iohn P., capt. 5th Infantry. 

Gl.-. ^ II I In r,.,,- ,1 , J, I lieut. 5lh Infantry. 

01. -I I III. I HI I Jil Infantry. 

Gnii, |; I . I ! t li,.iit. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

G'.M h. I 111,]. ( I, ,1 li - K., assistant surgeon 5th Infantry. 

Gursuch,» Robert Jl., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Graham, George R., 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. 

Graham, Henry G., major oth Infantry. 

Graham, John T., Ist lieut. and Q. M. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Gray, G. Earring, chaplain 9th Infantry. 

Greaser, Bernard N., 1st lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Grenewald, Leonard H., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

Grover, Burr 11., 1st lieut. Ist Cavalry. 



Haanel, Eugene, 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Hack, George W., capt. 2d Cavalry. 

Hack, Henry C, 2d lieut. 1st Infantry, and 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

Hadel, Wm., 2d lieut. 5th Infantry. 

Hall, John T., surgeon Purnell Legion Infantry, and 2d lieut. Baltimore 

Battery. 
Hall, Theodoric B., 1st lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Hamilton, John W., capt. loth Infantry, and capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Hammitt, Thomas P., Ist lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Hardesty, Frank H., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Harryman, John G., 1st lieut. loth Infantry. 
Haslup, Lloyd J., Ist lieut. 9th Infantry. 
Haugh, Henry, capt. Ist Infantry. 
Hawkins, Henry J., capt. 6th Infantry. 
Heath,* Levi T., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 

Heath, Stephen P., capt. 8lh Infantry, and lieut.-col. 5th Infantry. 
Heck, Frederick W., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Henderaon, John W., 2d lieut. 12th Infantry. 
Henkel, Adol]ih, 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Henry, Thomas, caj.t. Ist Infantry. 
Hera, Edwin B., chaplain 4th Infantry. 
Herold, John B., capt. 9th Infantry. 
Hickman, John T., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 
Hickman, William H., 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Hilferty, Felix, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

Hilleary, William T., 2d lieut. 1st Infantry, and capt. 3d Infantry. 
Hillebrand, Charles F., capt. Ist Cavalry. 
Hipsley, William H., 1st lieut. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Hitchcock, Robert S., chaplain 2d Infantry. 
Hodge, William E., 2d lieut. oth Infantry. 
Hodges,* Joseph C, capt. 3d Cavalry. 
Hoff, Augustus W., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Hoffman, William J., capt. 2d Cavalry. 
Hoffman, William W., 1st lieut. 2d Cavalry. 
HotTman, Geoige, capt. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 
Hogarth, William H., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
HoUoway, George N., capt. 10th Infantry. 
Holton,* Charles A., lieut.-col. 5th Infantry. 
Hopf, George, capt. 2d Infantry. 
Horn, John W., capt. 5th Infantry, and col. 6th Infantry. (Brevetted 

brig.-gen. for gallant and meritorious services in the campaign before 

Richmond and in the Shenandoah Valley, Va.) 
Hosmer, James R., 2d lieut. 8th Inf., and capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
Houle, Louis, 2d lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Howard,* Henry, Jr., lieut.-col. 2d Infantry. 
Hubbell,* Josiah S.,ast lieut. and adjt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Hughes, Joseph R., capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 
Hughlett, Robert E., 2d lieut. let Infantry. 
Hullett, David F., capt. 8th Infantry. 
Humes, Thomas, Jr., 1st lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Huneke, Peter J., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Husband, Albert S., Ist lieut. 4th Infantry. 
Huxford, David C, 2d lieut. Ist Infantry. 
Hyde, Edward I., capt. 4th Infantry. 



Inloes, Henry A., Jr., assistant surgeon 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Irelan, Charles Davis, capt. 5th Infantry, and capt. 8th Infantry. 
Irving, William H., major 5th Infantry. 
Isaacs, John W., Isl lieut. 4th Infantry. (Brevetted capt. for gallant and 

meritorious services at the battles of White Oak Road and Five 

Forks, Va.) 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



lieut.-col. 8th 



Jacobi, CharleB G. L., 2d licut. Purnell Legion Infantrj-. 
James, George W., Ist lieiit. 10th Infautry. 
Jeffers, Franklin, 2d lieut. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Jenkins, Charles H., 2d lient. U. S. Colored Infantrj'. 
Jenkins, John H., 2d lieut. Eagle Artillery. 
Jenks, William B. C, 2d lieut. 10th Infantry, and 2d lieu 
Johannes, Henry C, 1st lieut. lltli Infantry. 
Johannes, John G., lieut.-col. Purnell Legion Infantrj 

Infantry, and col. 11th Infantry. 
Johnson, Bowie F., 1st lieut. 8th Infantry. 
Johnson, Charles, 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalr)-. 
Johnson, Elijah H., 2d lieut. 2d Cavalry, and 1st lioul 

Cavalry. 
Johnson, George W , 1st lieut. and Q. M. 8th Infantry. 
Johnson, Louis E., additional paymaster U. S. Vols. 
Jones, Carleton S., 1st lieut. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Jones, Charles, 1st lieut. 10th Infantry. 
Jones, Stephen W., capt. 9th Infantry. 
Jones, William H., capt. 2d (E. S.) Infantry, and capt. Ist 



Karns, Roliert, capt. 2d Infantry. 
Eaupp, Charles L., Ist lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Keeno, Joseph R., capt. 11th Infantry. 

Keener, David, capt loth Infantry, and 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Kelso, William, 2d lieut. Ist Infantry. 
Kemp, Thomas E., Ist lieut. and adjt. 4th Infantry. 
Kenly, John E., col. lat Infantry, and biig.-Ren. U. S. Vols. (Brevetted 
maj.-gen. U. S. Vols, for gallant and meritorious services during the 

Kenly, William L., 1st lieut. and Q. M. Ist Infantry, and capt. and C. S. 
U. S. Vols. (Brevetted major for efficient and meritorious services.) 
Kennard, Louis E., 1st lieut. 8th Infantry. 
Keunard, Thomas A., 1st lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Keuhn, Adolph, 2d lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Killmeyer, Max, capt. 11th Infantry. 
King, Robert G., maj. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Kirkwood, Edwin C, 2d lieut. 5th Infanti-y. 
Kirzinsky, Henry, 2d lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rilies). 
Knobelock, Simon, capt. Ist Infantry. 
Knoppel, John, 1st lieut. Ist Infantry. 

Kogelshatz, Adolph, 1st lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 
Kraft, John W., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 
Kramer, John W., chaplain 1st Infantry. 
Kramer, Samuel, chaplain and major 3d Infantry. 
Krebbs, W. H. H., capt. and A. A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
Krein, John, capt. 3d Infantry. 
Kugler, George W., capt. Ist Infantry. 
Kulin, John J.\ 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Knnitz, Henry, Ist lieut. 2d Infantry. 



Landstreet, William T., col. 11th Infantry. 

Larrabee, William F., capt. 8th Infantry. 

Leakin, G. A., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. 

Leary, Augustus M., 1st lieut. Dix Light Infantry, and 1st lieut. 3d In- 

Leary, Peter, Jr., Ist lieut. Baltimore Battery. 

Lee, Charles C, asst. surg. 1st Cavalry. 

Lee, Jesse W., Jr., 1st lieut. and a^jt. Dix Light Infantry, and capt. 3d 

Infantry. 
Lefobore, Edmund C, 2d lieut. 6th Infantry. 
Leonard, William H., Ist lieut. and adjt. 8th Infantry. (Brevetted capt. 

for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 
Lewis. John W., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Lieb, Thomas, let lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Lilly, Charles L., 2d lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Lilly, Solomon H., 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Lindenstruth, Aug. W., 2d lieut. 3d Cavalry. 
Loades, James D., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Lockwood, Ellison J., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Long, John M., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Lonyi, Albert, capt. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 
Lovejoy, Perley B., capt. 9th Infantry. 
Lowe, Charles E., 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Lutz, Charles A., 1st lieut. 9th Infantry. 



Lynch, Joshua, capt. Dix Light Infantry. 
Lynch, Luke, 2d lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Lyon, Lemuel Z., capt. 1st Infantry. 



Mace, Oscar A., 2d lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Mahon, Jo.seph, chaplain 1st Infantry. 

Mansfield, James T., capt. 1st Infantry. 

Marsh, Snlome, lieut.-col. 5th Infautry. 

Marshall, William H., capt. 5th Infautry. 

Marshall, W. L., major and A. A. G. U. S. Vols. 

Martin,* James A., capt. 2d Infantry. 

Mathews, Wilber F., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Maughlin, Hugh A., asst. surg. 6th Infantry. 

Mayer, Brantz, additional paymaster U. S. Vols. (Brevetted lieut.-col. 

for faithful and mei'itorious services.) 
McAllester, H. Clay, capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
McComas, John W., 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. 
McConuell, John C, capt. 1st Infantry, and col. 3d Infantry. 
McCoy, Henry B., 1st lieut. 4tli {P. H. B.) Infantry, and capt. 3d (P. H. 

B.) Infautry. 
McDonald, James H., 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry. 
McDonald, Thos., 1st lieut. and Q. M. 4th Infantry. 

Mcllvain, John, asst. surg. Ist (P. H B.) Cavalry. 

McLaughlin, William, 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 

McLean, Thos. B., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

McNelly, William J., Ist lieut. Dix Light Infantry, and capt. 3d Infantry. 

McPhaie, D. H., additional paymaster U. S. Vols. 

Meads, Robert B., 2d lieut. Dix Light Infantry, and capt. 4th Infantry. 

Memmert, Frederick, capt. 5th Infantry. 

Merritt, Joseph B., capt. 1st Cavalry. 

Mettee, Joseph S,, 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. 

Metz, Ferdinand, 2d lieut. 5th Infantry. 

Meyer, Ilarman F., 2d lieut. 9th Infantiy. 

Miller, Jacob W., Ist lieut. Junior Artillery. 

Miller, John W., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Milless, L. 0., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Mills,* Thos. A., Ist lieut. 4th InfaTitry. 

Minifle, J. Woodtin, 2d lieut. 3d Cavalry. 

Mitchell, George T., Ist lieut. 2d (E. S.) Infantry. 

Mitchell, William, capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Moffett, Edwin W., capt. 8th Infantry. 

Mohr, John, 2d lieut. 10th Infifiitry. 

Molthe,* Magnus, Ist lieut. 5tli Infantry, 

Moody, Convers, 2d lieut. 11th Infantry. 

Moouey, Robert S., major l.st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

Moore, George W., 1st lieut. 9tli Infantry. 

Moore, William S., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Morgan, Wilbur P., surg. 9th Infantry. 

Morong, Edwin P., surg. 2d Infantry, and surg. U. S. Vols. 

Morris, Robert A., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 

Morrison, Elisha S., 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

Morrison, John W., 1st lieut. Ist Cavalry. 

Morton, Albert, capt. 3d Infantry. 

Moser, Andreas, 2d lieut. lOtli Infantry. 

Murray, Alexander, capt. 8th Infantry. (Brevetted major for gallant and 
uieritoriuns services at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 

Myers, Emanuel, 2d lieut. lltli Infantry. 



Neilson, Charles F. JI., surg. Gth Infantry. 
Nicholson, Edward E., 2d lieut. 4th Infantry. 
Noel, William A., capt. 5th Infiintry. 
Norman, William B., 1st lieut. 8th Infantry. 
Norris, Jacob, Ist lieut. and adjt. llth Infantry. 
Norris, William H., Surg. 5th Infantry. 
Norwood, Randolph, capt. 1st Cavalry. 



Onderdonk, D. W., surg. 10th Infantry, and surg. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 

O'Neill,* Charles Z., 1st lient. 2d Infantry, and capt. 4th Infantry. 

O'Neill, Heniy E., 2d lieut. 5th Infautry. 

Orem, J. Bailey, Ist lieut. 1st Infantry, and capt. 4th Infantry. 

Osswald, Ernest, capt. 10th Infantry. 

Ott, George L., 1st lieut. 10th Infantry. 

Owens, Benjamin B., 1st lieut. llth Infantry. 

Owings, Henry W., asst. surg. 4th Infantry, and surg. 2d (E. S.) Infantry. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Palmer, Jolin M., 2d lieut. 10th Infantry. 

Pannetti, John M. P., asst. surg. 4th Infantry (German Rifles). 

Patterson, William R., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Paul, W. Edward, 2d lieut. 10th Infantry, and capt. llth Infantry. 

Pearson, William H., let lieut. 1st (E. S ) Infantry. 

Pellicot, Julius, Ist lieut. 4th Infantry (German Rifles), and 1st lieut. lOth 
Infantry. 

Peters, Christian G., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Petherbridge, Edward R., major Purnell Legion Artillei-y. 

Phelps, Charles E., col. 7tli Infantry. (Brevetted brig.-gen. for gallant 
and meritorious services.!) 

Pierce,* H. Lindsley, asst. surg. 5th Infantry. 

Pierce, William H.j 2d lieut. 1 Ith Infantry. 

Pittman, Joseph K., 2d lieut. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Placide, Paul D., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Plowman, George H., capt. 3d Infautry. (Awarded a Medal of Honor 
for recapturing from the enemy the colors of a Pennsylvania regi- 
ment at Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1864.) 

Poisal, Francis A., 2d lieut. 2d Cavalry. 

Polk, Ernest, 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Porter, Nathaniel D., 1st lieut. 9tli Infantry. 

Prenier, Henry L. E., capt. 2d Infantry. 

Prentiss,* Clifton K., lieut.-col. 6th Infantry. (Brevetted lieut.-col. and 
col. for gallant and meritorious services before Petersburg, Va.) 

Prince, William H., Ist lieut. 2d Infantry, 1st lieut. 9th Infantry, and 
1st lieut. and Q. M. 3d Infantry. 

Pringey,* Frederick, 1st lieut. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Pryor, Richard W., 1st lieut. Juuior Artillery. 



Radcliffe, Samuel J., surgeon U. S. Vols. 

Ray, Richard M., 2d lieut. Junior Artillery, and 1st lieut. Battery D. 

Baybold, Thomas J., capt. 3d Infantry. 

Raymond, John D., 2d lieut. 3d Cavalry. 

Reddehase, Charles, capt. 10th Infantry. 

Reed, John, 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Eeed, Scth G., lieut.-col. Ist Infantry. 

Reese, Aquilla A., Isl lieut. 3d Infautry. 

Reese, John, 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 

Reese, William D.. capt 3d Infantry. 

Regester,* R. Wilson, 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Reinicker,* Charles H. C, capt. 3d Infantry. 

Roinicker, John F., Ist lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 

Revere,* William H., Jr., col. IDth Infantry', and col. 107th U. S. C. T. 

(Brevetted brig.-gen. for meritorious services.) 
Richardson, Charles II., Ist lieut. and adjt. 9th Infantry. 
Richardson, John B., 1st lieut. 10th Infantry. 
Richardson, Joshua N., lat lieut. llth Infantry. 
Riddle, Beal D., capt. 8th Infantry. 
Eigby, James H., capt. Battery A, Light Artillery. 
Rimby,* Jacob, Ist lieut. 4th Infautry. 

Eippard, William H., assistant surgeon Purnell Legion Infautry. 
Rizer, Eugene J., capt. 8th Infantry, and 2d lieut. llth Infantry. 
EobertB, Henry C, 1st lieut. Ist (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Eoby, George W., capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 
Rofl; James, capt. Dix Light Infantry, and capt. 3d Infantry. 
Rogers, William F., capt. loth Infantry. 
Ross, William E. W., lieut.-col. 10th Infantry, and lieut..col. 31st U. S. 

C. T. (Brevetted brig.-gen. for gallant and meritorious services.) 
Rothrock, Joseph M., 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Euelberg, Charles, capt. 3d Infantry. 
Rule, Henry, 2d lieut. 1st Infantry. 

Rutherford, Alexander, Ist lieut. 10th Infantry, and 1st lieut. llth Inf. 
Ruths, George, 2d lieut. 4th Infantry (German Itifles), and capt. 4th In- 

S. 
Sachs, John, lat lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Santmyer, Charles A., 2d lieut. 1st (P. II. B.) Cavalry. 
Santmyer, John M., major 2d Infantry. 

Sarbaugh,* Jacob, capt. 4th (P. H. B.) Inlautry, and capt. 3d (P. H. B.) 
Infantry. 

, Charles, 1st lieut. 3d Infanti-y. 



Rifles), 



1 Rifles), 



: 1st lieut. 



1 Gen. G. K. Warren's recommendation for this brevet reads, "for gal- 
lant conduct in battle May 8, 18()4, at Spottsylvania, Va." 



Saville, Thomas, capt 1st Infantry. 

Schad, Charles M., capt. 4th Infantry (German Rifles), capt. 3d Infantry, 

and capt. 10th Infantry. 
Schalitzky, Anthony, 2d lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Scherzer, Louis, 1st lieut. 4th Infantry (Ger 

3d Infantry. 
Schlennig, Fritz, 1st lieut. 8th Infantry. 
Schley, William Louis, col. 5th lufantry. 
Schmidt, Michael, 1st lieut. 4th Infantry (Ge 

3d Infantry. 
Schultz, Bolster, let lieut. 6th Infantry. 
Schwab, John C, 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Schwartz, John A., 1st lieut. 6th Infantry. 
Sehrt, John C, capt. 5th Infantry. 
Seibold, Lewis P., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infautry. 
Sewell, Thomas, Jr., lieut.-col. llth Infantry. 
Seymour, George, Ist lieut. and adjt. 5th Infantry. 
Shamburg, Francis, capt. 1st Cavalry. 
Shane, John H., 2d lieut. 1st (E. S.) Infantry. 
Sherwood, James H., capt. 3d Infautry. 
Shriver, Daniel C, 1st lieut. 4th (P. H. B.) Infantry, and 1st lieut. 3d 

(P. H. B.) lufantry. 
Sieforth, John, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 
Simon, Edmund, Ist lieut. and adjt. 10th Infantry. 
Simon, Frederick W., capt. 8th lufantry. (Brevetted major for gallant 

and meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 
Simpson, Benjamin L., lieut.-col. Purnell Legion Infantry, and col. 9th 

Infantry. 
Simpson, T. W., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. 
Sivel, Henry, capt. 2d Infantry. 
Smiley, John, 1st lieut. Purnell Legion Cavalry. 
Smith, Abram G., Ist lieut. and Q. M. loth Infantry. 
Smith, Andrew C, 2d lieut. 6th Infantry. 
Smith, Demarest J., capt. 6th Infantry. 

Smith, George, capt. 1st Infantry, and 2d lieut. Battery D, Light Ar- 
tillery. 
Smith, Henry C, 2d lieut. 10th Infantry, and Ist lieut. 7th Infantry. 
Smith,* Isaac H., 2d lieut. Ist Cavalry. 
Smith, Socrates A., 2d lieut. 2d (E. S.) Infantry. 
Smith, William M., 1st lieut. 3d Infautry. 
Smyser, William H., Ist lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Snyder, William L., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry, and 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Sellers, George L., Ist lieut. 9th lufantry. 
Spangler, James I>., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Spoouer, John A., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. 
Stanton, David L., col. let lufantry. (Brevetted brig.-gen. for gallant 

conduct at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 
Starkweather, Norris G., 1st lieut. Ist Infantry, and Ist lieut. 0th In- 

Stein, Edward, 1st lieut. 5th Infautry. 

Steiner, David C, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 6th Cavalry. 

Stephens, James M., 1st lieut. and adjt. 6th Infantry. 

Sterling, Thomas J., let lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Stewart, William H., additional paymaster U. S. Vols. 

Stevens, Nicholas B., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Stevenson, John M., surgeon 3d Infantry, and surgeon 3d Cavalry. 

Stewart, Henry C, aseistant surgeon 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Stewart, Thomas H., 2d lieut. 5th lufantry. 

Stinchcomb, John D., capt. 2d Infantry. 

Stoue, Llewellyn P., 1st lieut. loth Infantry. 

Stuart, George, 1st lieut. Ist Cavalry. 

Sudsburg, Joseph M., capt. 2d lufantry, capt. 4th Infantry (German 

Kifles), aud col. 3d Infantry. 
Sullivan, John, 1st lieut. loth Infantry. 
Sullivan, John H., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infautry. 
Sulci-, Johu H., 1st lieut. 4th lufantry. 
Suter, Martin, capt. 4th Infantry, capt. Ist (E. S.) Infautry, and mi^or 

llth Infantry. 
Sweeney, John, capt. 2d Infantry. 
Swcetiug, Edward T., 1st lieut. and y. M. Di.\ Light Infantry. 



Talbott, Charles A., let lieut. Battery D, Light Artillery. 
Talbott, Nicholas B., 2d lieut. 5th Infantry, 
Tall, Brufl' Vi'., capt. 5th Infantry. 

Tarr, Froilerick C, capt. 1st Infantry, capt. and A. A. G. V. S. Vols., aud 
uuy'or and additional paymaster U. S. Vols. 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



Taylor, Edgar G., 2d lieiit. Battery A, and Ist lieut. Eagle Artillery. 

Taylor, Wm., capt. Ist Infantry. 

Taylor, Wm. H,, 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 

Taylor,* Wm. H., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Thomas, Arthur G., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. 

Thomas, Wm., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 

Thomas, Wm. J., Ist lieut. 2d Infantry. 

ti, George W., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry, and 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. 
ihn A., Jr., Ist lieut. 2d Infantry, and 1st lieut. and adjt.4th 
Infantry. 

luel S., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Thompson, Solomon S., capt. 5th Infantry. 
Torney, John H., 2d lieut. 10th Infantry. 
Tower, Lawrence, capt. 7th Infantry. 
Trobler, Henry, 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Tucker, James H., 2d lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Tucker, John A., capt. 4th Infantry . 
Turner, John, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 9tli Infantry. 

U. 
Uber, Cailton A., Ist lieut. Dix Light Infantry. 
Uliler, John R., surgeon 5th Infantry. 
Undutch, Nicholas, Ist lieut. 9th Infantry. 



Valois, Gustavus, capt. 3d (P. H. B.) Infantry. 

Vaughen, Wm. P., capt. 11th Infantry. 

Vinton, Boliert S., hospital chaplain U. S. Vols. 

Von Borries, Otto, 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

Von Hagen, Sigismund, 2d lieut. 4th Infantry. 

Von Koerber, Vincent E., major 1st Cavalry. (Brevetted lieut.-col 

faithful and meritorious services during the war.) 
Von Marsdorf, Herman, 2d lieut. Ist Cavalry. 

Von Schilling, Louis, 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry and 2d lieut. 3d Cavalry. 
Von Wessely, Joseph, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 



Wain, George H., 2d lieut. Ist (P. II. B.) Infantry. 

Waite, Wm. W., 1st lieut. 3d Infantry. 

Walker, Joseph E., capt. Ist Infantry. (Brevetted captain for gallant 

and meritorious services at the battles of White Oak Uoad and Five 

Forks, Va.) 
Walmsley, John S.. lat lieut. 25th 0. S. C. T. 
Walsh, Patrick, 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 
Waltemeyer, Charles, 1st lieut. Ist Infantry. 
Waltemeyer, Francis G. F., capt. Ist Infantry. 
Walter, John H., 2d lieut. 3d Infantry. 
Walters,* Wm. H., 1st lieut. 5th Infantry. 
Warfleld,* L. A., capt. and C. S. U. S. Vols. 
Warner, John Edward, surgeon 1st Cavalry. 
Watkins, Wm. H., capt. Purnell Legion lufnntry. 
Watkins, Wm. M., 2d lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Watson, Hugh, capt. 1st Infantry. 

Watson, Hubert, 2d lieut. Di.\ Light Infantry, and capt. 4th Infantry. 
Way, Walter R., surgeon Ist (P. H. B.) Cavalry, and assistant surgeon 

U. S. Vols. 
Webb, Francis I. D., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry, and capt. 11th In- 

Webster, Thomas W., capt. 10th Infantry. 

Weiser, Lewis, 2d lieut. 1st Cavalry. 

Welsh, Charles A., capt. 4th (P. H. B.) Infantry, and capt. 3d (P. H. B.) 

Infantry. 
Wetschky, Charles, lieut.-col. 1st Cavalry. 

Wheeler, Henry W., 2d lieut. 10th Infantrj', and capt. 7th Infantry. 
Wheeler, Wm. T., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. 

White, Alpbonso A., surgeon 3d Infantry, and surgeon 8th Infantry. 
Whitson, David E., Jr., 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Wiegel, Wm. H., major and A. A. G. U. S. Vols. (Brevetted lieut.-col. 

and col. for gallant and meritorious services during the war.) 

Williams, Anthony C, capt. 4th Infantry. (Brevetted major for gallant 

ices during the war.) 



Williams, Stillman, 1st lieut. and Q. M. 3d Cavalry. 
Williamson,* Alex. S., capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Wills, Richard C, capt. 2d Infantry. 
Wilson, Charles A., 2d lieut.llth Infantry. 
Wilson, Edward, 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. 
Wollman, Edward, 1st lieut. loth Infantry. 
Wood, George J. P., capt. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 
Wood, Nicholas L., Jr., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. 
Wnodhull, Aaron, Ist lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) Cavalry. 
Woods, Hudson, capt. 6th Infantry. 
Woods, Wm. M., capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
Wright,* Charles W., capt. 1st Infantry. 



Yates, Wm. H., 1st lieut. and adjt. 2d Infantry. 
Teates, Henry P. P., assistant surgeon Dix Light Infantry. 
Young, John C, Ist lieut. 8th Infantry. 

Younger, Hiram B., 1st lieut. 2d Cavalry, and 1st lieut. 1st (P. H. B.) 
Cavalry. 

Z. 
Zimmerman, Benjamin F., major 1st Infantry. 
Zimmerman, George A., capt. 2d Infantry. 

Appointed from Baltimore County. 
Cadden, Charles W., assistant surgeon Pnrnell Legion, and surgeon 4th 

Infantry. 
Cole, William P., Ist lieut. 8th Infantry, and Q. M. Ilth Infantry. 
Cooper, Alfred S., 1st lieut. 9th Infantry. 
Conner, Charles A., Ist lieut. 7th Infantry. 
Dougherty, Benjamin F., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Dumphy, Richard G., 2d lieut. 7th Infantry. 
Ensor, J. Fulton, assistant surgeon 1st Cavalry, and surgeon 79th U. S. 

C. T. 
Fibbs. John M., 1st lieut. 1st Cavalry. 
Goudy,* Stephen, 2d lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Haverstick, Levi M.,capt. 12th Infantry. 
Holland, John C, lieut.-col. 5th Infantry. 
Jordan, Hansou P., 2d lieut. 9th Infantry. 
Kemp, J. McK., assistant surgeon Ist (E. S.) Infantry, and surgeon 11th 

Infantry. 
Matthews, Benjamin F., capt. 2d Infantry. 
Matthews, Thomas L., 1st lieut. and adjt. 2d Infantry. 
McComas, J. Marche, capt. 9th Infantry. 
McCrone, Alexander F., 1st lieut. Patapsco Guards. 
McNeal, Joseph W., 2d lieut. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Millender, John H., 1st lieut. 4th Infantry. 
Morrison, William D., capt. 7th Infantry. 
Pennington, Henry, 1st lieut. 2d Infantry, and Ist lieut. and adjt. 2d U. 

S. Vols. 
Reynolds,* Alfred D., 1st lieut. Ist Infantry. 
Reynolds, Jesse A., 1st lieut. 11th Infantry. 
Reynolds, Robert W , capt. 1st Infantry. 
Shealey, George W., capt. 8th Infantry. (Brevetted capt. for gallant and 

meritorious services at the battle of Five Forks, Va.) 
Shriver, George W., capt. 8th Infantry, and capt. 12th Infantry. 
Smith, Robert S., capt. 1st Infantry. 

Smyser, Henry C, 1st lieut. 2d (E. S.) Infantry, and capt. 11th Infanti?. 
Sommer, John, col. 2d Infantry, and capt. 2d Cavalry. 
StifBer, John N., 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Stonebraker, Jos. H., capt. 1st Infantry. 
Stonebraker, Washington, capt. Purnell Legion Infantry. 
Taylor, Benjamin F., col. 2d Infantry. (Brevetted col. for conspicuous 

gallantry in the assault before Petorsbuig, Va.) 
Whittle, Charles N., 1st lieut. 2d Infantry. 
Whittle, Samuel N., 1st lieut. 7th Infantry. 
Wilhelm, Henry, capt. 4th Infantry. 
Wilson, Isaac, 1st lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Wilson, James H., major 2d Infantry. 
Wilson,* John W., col. 1st Infantry. 
Wilson,* Malcolm, capt. 2d Infantry. 

Wilson,* Robert A., capt. 1st Cavalry, and 2d lieut. 1st Infantry. 
Yellott, Charies M., Ist lieut. let (P. H. B.) Infantry. 
Yellott, John I., major 1st (P. H. B.) Infantry. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



PROGIIESS AFTER THE CTVIL WAR. 



The constitution of 1864, as has been seen, virtually 
disfranchised nearly two-thirds of the citizens of the 
State. When the military regime came to an end 
and civil authority was once more fully established, a 
bitter struggle for political supremacy at once com- 
menced. 

The Legislature, which was largely Republican, 
passed "an act relating to the registration of the 
voters of the State," which was the first general and 
permanent registration law in Maryland. By this act 
the Governor was to appoint from the citizens " most 
known for loyalty, firmness, and uprightness three 
persons for each ward in the city of Baltimore, and 
for each election district in the several counties of 
the State," who were to be styled officers of registra- 
tion. They were to " register all free white male per- 
sons claiming and entitled to the elective franchise 
resident in or temporarily absent from the several 
wards of the city of Baltimore, and the several elec- 
tion districts of the counties." Three persons were 
also appointed to register the soldiers and sailors of 
the State in the service of the United States, stationed 
at convenient and accessible points, who were absent 
from their regular places of voting on account of the 
nature of their service, and qualified voters at the 
various camps, hospitals, etc. To all persons regis- 
tered they were to administer the oath of allegiance 
prescribed by the constitution of 1864, and also a fur- 
ther oath that they would answer truly all questions 
propounded touching their right to vote. They were 
empowered to exclude from the lists the name of any 
person who had done any of the acts enumerated in 
the third, fourth, and fifth sections of the constitution, 
notwithstanding the applicant had taken the oath of 
allegiance prescribed in section four of the first ar- 
ticle. In pursuance of this law, the Governor ap- 
pointed registers, who held a convention in Balti- 
more on the 2d of August, 1865, and adopted regula- 
tions for the guidance and government of registers 
throughout the State. A series of questions were for- 
mulated, to be propounded to the applicant for regis- 
tration, which effectually excluded from the privileges 
of the elective franchise not only those who had 
shown but even those who had felt the slightest 
sympathy for the Southern cause. The registration, 
when completed, showed that in Baltimore, out of a 
voting population of forty thousand, only ten thou- 
sand pensons were considered qualified to take part in 
the political government of the city. The total num- 
ber of persons registered throughout the State was 
only about thirty-five thousand in a voting popula- 
tion of ninety-five thousand. 

The first election under the registration law oc- 



curred on the 7th of November, 1865, when the peo- 
ple of the city were called upon to vote for a member 
of Congress, State senator, two members of the House 
of Delegates, sheriff, clerk of the Circuit Court, and 
city surveyor. The total vote polled in the city was 
a little over five thousand, and resulted in the success 
of the Republican ticket. The candidates for Con- 
gress were John L. Thomas, Republican, and William 
Kimmel, Independent. 

Early in January, 1866, at the instance of a num- 
ber of gentlemen from the counties, a meeting was 
formally called and held in Baltimore for the purpo.se 
of ascertaining whether the people of the city were 
willing to co-operate in calling a State convention of 
those who were opposed to the registration law. At 
this meeting resolutions were adopted calling upon 
the people of the different counties of the State and 
of Baltimore who were opposed to the registration 
law to hold primary meetings, and through them to 
appoint delegates to meet in convention in Baltimore 
on the 24th of January, 1866. 

The convention met at Temperance Temple, Balti- 
more, on the day appointed. Baltimore City was rep- 
resented by George M. Gill, William Dean, Capt. W. 
Wilson, James C. Wheedon, Ezra Whitman, John L. 
Smith, William H. Neilson, John Bolgiaho, Marcus 
Wolf, Thomas G. Pratt, Robert B. Morrison, William 
Crichton, George H. Brice, Edward J. Chaisty, Wil- 
liam J. Reiman, Levi Taylor, James R. Brewer, E. 
Wyatt Blanchard, George P. Thomas, George W. 
Herring, and P. D. Sutton; and Baltimore County by 
Hon. John Wethered, Hon. Samuel Brady, E. S. 
Myers, Charles Buchanan, R. J. Worthington, John 
S. Gittings, William M. I.saacs, D. Cameron, Jere- 
miah Yellott, Walter J. Ford, John S. Bidderson, 
John Glenn, Victor Holmes, and James C. Magraw. 
Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Montgomery County, was 
chosen president, with Col. James Wallace, of Dor- 
chester County, Hon. John Wethered, of Baltimore 
County, George M. Gill, of Baltimore City, J. Oden 
Bowie, of Prince George's, and George Schley, of 
Washington County, as vice-presidents ; and Milton 
Y. Kidd, of Cecil County, William H. Neilson, of 
Baltimore City, and Thomas E. Williams, of Prince 
George's County, as secretaries. The convention 
adopted an address " to the people of Maryland," in 
which were set forth the grievances which had called 
the body together, and appealed to the Legislature to 
correct the evils complained of. Aftej'a two days' ses- 
sion, before adjourning, committees were appointed to 
proceed to Annapolis and present the resolutions of the 
convention to the General Assembly then in session, 
and to procure signatures throughout the Stale to a 
memorial praying a repeal or modification of the con- 
stitution. The committee appointed to appear before 
the Legislature were accorded a respectfiil hearing, 
and in due time petitions signed by over twenty 
thousand citizens were presented to the General As- 
sembly, but that l)0(ly, on the 8th of February, 1866, 



PROGRESS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 



163 



resolved "that neither the temper or conduct of the 
peojjle of this State who have been hostile to the gov- 
ernment, nor the condition of our national affairs, 
nor the provisions of the constitution of the State 
warrant any interference with the registry law, and 
that it ought to be vigorously enforced." j 

On the 6th of June the ultra wing of the Uncondi- 
tional Union party in Maryland assembled in con- ' 
vention in Baltimore, and adopted a platform declar- : 
ing that "the registered loyal voters of Maryland ] 
will listen to no proposition to repeal or modify the | 
registry law," and cordially indorsing the reconstruc- | 
tion policy of Congress. This convention again met 
ij Baltimore on the 15th of August, and after adopt- 
ing similar resolutions, and appointing delegates to 1 
the Southern Loyalists' Convention, to be held at 
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on the 3d of Sep- j 
tember, nominated Col. Robert Bruce, of Alleghany 
County, as their candidate for State comptroller.' 

The Conservative wing of the Unconditional Union 
party in Maryland assembled in convention in Balti- 
more on the 25th of July, 1866, and nominated for 
comptroller Col. William J. Leonard, of Worcester I 
County. After the adoption of a long series of reso- | 
lutions and the appointment of delegates to the Phil- 
adelphia National Convention it adjourned. In the 
meanwhile a new set of officers of registriition were 
appointed who gave a more liberal construction to the 
law than their predecessors. 

On the 10th of October following the municipal 
election was held, and resulted in the success of .lohn i 
L. Chapman, the ultra Republican candidate. The 
total number of votes cast was 7993, of which 5392 
were given to Chapman, and 2601 to Daniel Harvey, 
the Conservative candidate. As the act of 1862, ch. : 
131, provided that for official mi.sconduct any of the | 
police commissioners might be removed by a concur- [ 
rent vote of the two houses of the General Assembly, 
or by the Governor during the recess thereof, those 
who felt aggrieved at the results of the recent election 
determined to make an effort to have the police com- 
missioners removed for their alleged partisan conduct. 
A meeting of citizens was accordingly held on the 
16th of October, when committees were appointed 
"to gather information touching the official miscon- 
duct of the police commissioners and appointees," and 
to prepare memorial lists to the Governor asking for 
their removal, and that the election should be set 
aside. 

In a few days a memorial signed by over four thou- 
sand citizens was presented to Governor Swann, ac- 
companied by numerous affidavits, praying for the 
removal of the commissioners. In their petition the 
memorialists represented that the commissioners, "dis- 
regarding alike the appeals of their fellow-citizens 

' On the 26th June, 186B, a mass-meeting was held in Monument 
Sijuare for the purpose of indorsing the policy of President Johnson 
and giving encouragement to Governor Swann in his support of the 
President's policy and his opposition to colored suffrage. 



and their own explicit oaths, ajjpointed the two hun- 
dred and forty judges almost without exception from 
the political party of which they themselves are 
members." 

They moreover charged that " the Board of Police, 
in violation of law and the liberty of the citizens, 
gave orders to the police justices not to hear any case, 
or take bail, or in manner release any person ar- 
rested or committed on the day of election, but in all 
cases to keep them confined until after six o'clock in 
the evening of that day." On the 18th of October, 
Governor Swann notified Messrs. Nicholas L. Wood 
and Samuel Hindes, the police commissioners, that 
he would take up their case on the 22d, at the execu- 
tive chamber at Annapolis, and inclosed copies of the 
memorial and affidavits for their inspection. The 
police commissioners denied the power of the Gover- 
nor to try them for " official misconduct," or to find 
them guilty thereof. Governor Swann, however, pro- 
ceeded to try their cases, and on the 1st of November 
announced his intention to remove Messrs. Hindes 
and Wood on several grounds which he distinctly 
specified. Pending the decision of Governor Swann, 
the State was threatened with invasion by armed par- 
tisans from other States, and military organizations 
were formed in Baltimore for the open and avowed 
purpose of resisting the authority of the laws. On 
the 24th of October, Gen. Grant wrote to President 
Johnson, declaring that there was no occasion to send 
troops to Baltimore, and on the 25th President John- 
son asked for the number of troops at convenient sta- 
tions near Baltimore, to which Gen. Grant replied on 
the 27th, giving the desired information. On the 1st 
of November, President Johnson announced to Secre- 
tary Stanton that, " in view of the prevalence in vari- 
ous portions of the country of a revolutionary and 
turbulent disposition which might at any moment 
assume insurrectionary proportions and lead to serious 
disorders, and of the duty of the government to be at 
all times prepared to act with decision and effect, this 
force is not deemed adequate to the protection and 
security of the seat of government. I therefore re- 
quest that you will at once take such measures as will 
insure its safety, and thus discourage any attempt for 
its possession by insurgent or other illegal combina- 
tions." 

When Governor Swann made his decision remov- 
ing the police commissioners. President Johnson, 
on the 2d of November, gave Secretary Stanton the 
following order: 

"ExECDTivE Mansion, Washington, D. C, Nov. 2, 18(i6. 

"Sir, — There is ground to apprehend danger of an insurrection in 
Baltimore against the constituted authorities of the State of Maryland, 
on or about the day of the election soon to be held in that city, and that 
in such contingency the aid of the United States might be invoked under 
the acts of Congress which pertain to that subject. While I am averse 
to any military demonstration that would have a tendency to interfere 
with the free exercise of the elective franchise in Baltimore, or be con- 
strued into any interference in local questions, I feel great solicitude 
that should an insurrection take place the government should be pre- 
pared to meet and promptly put it down. I accordingly desire you to 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 





call Gen. Grant's attention to the subject, leaving to his own discretion | 
and judgment the measures of preparation and precaution that should 
be adopted. Very respectfully yours, 

" Andrew Johnson. ! 
" Hon. EnwiN M. Stanton, Secretary of Wur." \ 

On the same day Gen. Grant sent an order to Gen. 
Canby, inclo.sing the orders from the President, and i 
directing him to hold troops in readiness for the an- ] 
ticipated difficulties in Baltimore. Gen. Canby came I 
immediately to Baltimore, and was followed in a few 
days by Gen. Grant, who reported on the 5th that 
"collision this morning looked almost inevitable. | 
Wiser counsels now seem to prevail, and I think there 
is strong hope that no riot will occur. Propositions 
looking to the harmonizing of parties are now pend- j 
ing." Messrs. Wood and Hindes, the police commis- 
sioners, having been removed by Governor Swann, | 
Messrs. William Thomas Valiant and James Young | 
were appointed on the same day to fill the vacant ' 
offices. The superseded board, however, procured | 
the arrest of the new appointees and the sheriff, Wil- j 
liam Thomson, who was assisting Messrs. Valiant and I 
Young, and had them all lodged in jail. They were 
arrested on a warrant issued by Judge Bond, of the 
Criminal Court, and were charged with inciting a 
riot. Judge Bond required them not only to give bail 
to keep the peace, but to bind themselves not to at- 
tempt to execute the duties of their office, and to this 
demand they refused to submit, and were therefore 
committed to jail. This proceeding caused the most 
intense excitement in the city, but there was no seri- 
ous disturbance of the peace. Several regiments of 
troops organized and were quartered at Fort McHenry, 
and Gens. Grant and Canby were besieged by the 
several factions at their headquarters in the city. 
Messrs. Hindes and Wood mustered in about three 
thousand five liundred regular and special police, and 
guarded the station-houses, their office, and prominent 
places in the city. As soon as the new police com- 
missioners and sheriff were committed to jail, their 
counsel waited upon Hon. James L. Bartol, one of the 
judges of the Court of Appeals, who was at his home 
in the city, and procured a writ of habeas corpus, 
which was made returnable on Monday, November 
5th, at 9 A.M., before the judge of the Superior Court. 
The writ was directed to the warden of the Baltimore { 
City jail, commanding him to produce -the bodies of 
William Thomas Valiant, James Young, and William 
Thomson, and have them before the judge at the time | 
named. At the time appointed it was stated to the j 
judges that the writs had been served, but it was un- 
derstood that they would not be obeyed. The court 
adjourned until November 8th, and in the mean time 
the police commissioners were kept confined. Du- 
ring their confinement, on the 6th of November, the 
election took place, and resulted in the triumph of 
the Conservative party. In the city a total vote of 
16,006 wiia polled for State comptroller, of which the 
Conservatives cast 8513, and the stalwart Republicans 
7493. 



Messrs. Valiant and Young, the new police com- 
missioners, were brought before Judge Bartol on the 
writ of habeas corpus on November 8th, and on the 
13th the judge rendered his decision releasing the 
commissioners, who immediately took possession of the 
office and entered upon the discharge of their duties. 
The marshal of police during the day surrendered the 
force under his charge to their orders, and on the 15th 
Messrs. Hindes and Wood surrendered their books, 
and turned over the station-houses and other property 
to the new commissioners, thus settling one of the 
most exciting difficulties that ever occurred in Balti- 
more. 

On the assembling of the Legislature on the 2d of 
January, 1867, a bill was introduced providing for a 
new election for mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 
but before it was signed by the Governor it was re- 
considered, and failed to become a law. 

The success of the Conservatives was followed by 
appeals to Congress on the part of their opponents, 
and by charges that the State had been revolution- 
ized, and that the safety of loyal men, and especially 
of the colored population, was endangered. These 
charges first took definite and official form in a notice 
of contest by Joseph J. Stewart, Republican candi- 
date for the Fortieth Congress from Baltimore, de- 
feated by Charles E. Phelps, Conservative, and then 
a member of the Thirty-ninth Congress. Mr. Stewart 
charged " that Thomas Swann, Governor of the State 
of Maryland, conspiring with officers of his own ap- 
pointment to defeat the law and revolutionize the 
State, did resort to measures revolutionary in their 
character, as against the loyal body politic of Mary- 
land." After considerable testimony had been taken 
on both sides, Mr. Stewart abandoned the contest in 
a published letter to Mr. Phelps, dated April 12, 
1867, admitting that the evidence had failed to pre- 
sent matter of serious controversy, and ottering to 
indemnify his opponent for the costs. 

The Republican State Convention, which assembled 
in Baltimore on the 28th of March, adopted resolu- 
tions which were presented to Congress, calling upon 
that body " to protect the loyal majority of the people 
of Maryland, both white and colored, in defeating the 
scheme of the revolutionists in the Legislature," and 
declaring that " we will oppose any new constitution 
set up in subversion of the existing constitution under 
the convention bill which does not express the will 
of the majority of the people without regard to color; 
and we will, with the aid of the loyal representatives 
of the nation, and by all means in our power, resist 
and destroy any such constitution as revolutionary 
usurpation." The Baltimore City Council also asked 
Congress to " assist the people of Maryland to form a 
State government, republican in form, and in unison 
with the spirit of the age." A petition for an injunc- 
tion to prevent the election authorized by the Legis- 
lature on the 20th of March, 1867, to decide whether 
or not a constitutional convention should be called. 



PROGRESS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 



was filed in the Superior Court of Baltimore on the 
30th of March. After an extensive argument on both 
sides Judge Martin, on the 2d of April, rejected the 
application. 

The election was held on the 13th of April, and 
the whole number of votes cast in the State was 
58,718, of which 34,534 were for a convention, and 
24,136 against it. In Baltimore the whole vote polled 
was 20,136, of which 11,013 were in favor of the con- 
vention, and 9123 in opposition to it. After a session 
of over three months the convention completed its 
work, and adjourned on the 17th of August, 1867. 
The election for the adoption or rejection of the new 
constitution was held on the 18th of September. 
The whole number of votes cast in the State in favor 
of its adoption was 47,152, and the whole number 
cast in opposition to it was 23,036, a majority of 24,- 
116 in its favor. The total vote in Baltimore was 
21,747, of which 16,120 were cast for its adoption, 
and 5627 against it, a majority in its favor of 10,493. 
The first election under the new constitution was held 
in Baltimore on Oct. 23, 1867, for judge of the Court 
of Appeals, chief and four associate judges of the 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore, and mayor and City 
Council. The vote for mayor was : R. T. Banks, Dem- 
ocratic-Conservative, 18,420 ; A. W. Denison, Repub- 
lican, 4896. At the State election on November 6th 
the candidates for Governor were Oden Bowie, Demo- 
cratic-Conservative, and Judge H. Lennox Bond, Re- 
publican. The total vote of the State was 85,744, of 
which Bowie received 63,694, and Bond 22,050. In 
Baltimore Bowie received 19,912 votes, and Bond 
4846. In the Presidential election of Nov. 3, 1868, 
the vote of Baltimore City was 21,553 for Seymour, 
and 9102 for Grant; the vote of Baltimore County 
was 4377 for Seymour, and 2335 for Grant. In the 
election for members of the City Council on the 27th 
of October, 1869, the whole number of votes cast was 
about 18,900, of which about 12,000 were cast for the 
Democratic candidates, 6120 for the Republican, and 
750 for the Workingmen's candidates. The Demo- 
cratic majority over the Republicans was about 6880, 
and about 5130 over both Republican and Working- 
men's candidates. The whole number of registered 
votes in the city at that time was 44,211. 

In March, 1870, the Legislature passed a law in- 
corporating Towsontown, the county-seat of Baltimore 
County, and on April 4th an election was held for five 
commissioners to serve one year. This was the first 
election in the State under the Fifteenth Amendment 
to the Federal Constitution, and was the first occasion 
on which colored men had been allowed to vote in 
Maryland since 1802. They were duly impressed 
with the importance of the new privilege, and cast a 
full vote for the Republican ticket, which was elected 
by a large majority. The election of Nov. 2, 1870, 
passed off" quietly in Baltimore considering the excite- 
ment of the campaign and the introduction of a new 
political element. All the colored voters appeared at 



the polling-places at an early hour, and the day seemed 
to be almost a holiday with them. United States 
deputy marshals were present at the polls in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the Enforcement Act, but 
there was no necessity for their services. The total 

; vote in the State was 134,525, of which 76,796 were 
cast for the Democratic and 57,729 for the Republican 
candidate, leaving a Democratic majority of 19,067. 
The vote in Baltimore for the Democratic candidate 
was 23,996, and for the Republican candidate 15,249 ; 
in Baltimore County the vote was 5384 for the Demo- 
cratic and 3101 for the Republican candidate. At 
the municipal election in Baltimore on the 25th of 

i October, 1871, for mayor and City Council, the entire 

' vote cast on the mayoralty ticket was 29,159, of 
which Joshua Vansant, the Democratic candidate, 
received 18,157 votes, and Charles Dunlap, the Na- 
tional Reformers' candidate, 11,062, a majority of 
7095 for Vansant. In the State election for Gover- 
nor, comptroller, attorney-general, and members of 
the Legislature, held on the 7th of November, the 
Democrats were again successful. On the State ticket 

. the Democratic candidates were William Pinkney 
Whyte, of Baltimore City, for Governor ; A. K. Syes- 
ter, of Washington County, for attorney-general; 
Levin R. Woolford, of Worcester County, for comp- 
troller. The Republican candidates were Jacob Tome, 
of Cecil County, for Governor; Alexander Randall, of 
Anne Arundel County, for attorney-general; and 
Lawrence J. Brengle, of Frederick, for comptroller. 
The total vote of the State was 132,728, against 134,- 
525 at the congressional election in 1870. The total 
number of votes cast for the Democratic candidate 
for Governor was 73,908, and for the Republican can- 
didate .58,820; Democratic majority, 15,088. 

On the 9th of July, 1872, the National Democratic 
Convention met in Baltimore, at Ford's Opera- House. 
Every State in the Union and nearly every Territory 
was fully represented. The spacious parquette and 
orchestra circle were filled with the delegates, ranged 
according to States in regular order. The stage was 
occupied by the officers of the convention and repre- 
sentatives of the press, and from this point the coup- 
d'reil was most striking. The house, brilliant with 
banners and flags, with the escutcheons of thirty-seven 
States pendent from the balconies, and with guidons 
designating the places of the respective delegations, 
was crowded from stage to dome with eager spectators, 
while the blended daylight and gaslight shed a soft 
and mellow lustre over the animated scene. James 
R. Doolittle, of Wisconsin, was chosen permanent 
president, with a long list of vice-presidents and sec- 
retaries. On the 10th the convention completed its 
work by adopting the platform of principles put forth 
by the Cincinnati Convention of Liberal Republicans, 
and by indorsing the candidates for the Presidency — 
Horace Greeley, of New York, and B. Gratz Brown, 
of Missouri — nominated by the same body. The 
whole number of votes cast was 732, of which Greeley 



166 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



received 086; Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, 21 ; 
James A. Bayard, of Delaware, 15 ; William Groes- 
beck, of Ohio, 2 ; and blank, 8. All the delegations 
except Delaware afterwards changed their votes to 
Greeley. The vote for Vice-President was : B. Gratz 
Brown, 713 ; John W. Stevenson, of Kentucky, 6; and 
blank, 3. Mr. Brown's nomination was then made 
unanimous. 

The Democrats opposed to the Greeley movement, 
or " New Departure," as it was called, held a conven- 
tion of about sixty delegates at the Maryland Insti- 
tute on the 9th of July to nominate " straight-out" 
Democratic candidates. They however confined 
their action to issuing an address and recommending 
a convention to be held at Louisville on September 3d. 
The choice of this party for President was Charles 
O'Connor, of New York, with John Q. Adams, of 
Massachusetts, as Vice-President. Mr. O'Connor, 
however, declined the nomination. In Maryland the 
election was for members of Congress as well as for 
President. The Greeley or " New Departure" ticket 
was carried by a small majority, as compared with 
that cast in 1871. The vote in Baltimore was 24,694 
for Greeley and 19,522 for Grant, and in Baltimore 
County was 4173 for Greeley and 3774 for Grant. In 
the Second Congressional District, Archer, Democrat, 
received 10,591 votes, and Hancock, Republican, 
10,303 ; in the Third District, O'Brien, Democrat, re- 
ceived 9675, and Turner, Independent, 8346 ; in the 
Fourth, Swanu, Democrat, received 12,148, and Gris- 
wold, Independent Democrat, 10,886. In the munic- 
ipal election in Baltimore on Oct. 22, 1873, Joshua 
Vansant, Democrat, was re-elected mayor, receiving 
22,751 votes, to 12,667 cast for David Carson, the Re- 
form candidate. 

The municipal election for mayor on the 27th of 
October, 1875, was a very spirited contest, and resulted 
in the choice of Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Democrat, over 
Henry M. AVarfield, the candidate of the Reform party. 
The total vote cast was 53,808, of which Latrobe re- 
ceived 28,238, and Warfield 25,571. The general elec- 
tion on November 2d, for Governor, attorney-general, 
comptroller of the treasury, and members of the 
Legislature, was one of the most animated political 
contests ever known in Maryland. The Democratic 
candidates were John Lee Carroll for Governor, 
Charles J. M. Gwinn for attorney-general, and Levin 
Woolford for comptroller. The opposition Reform 
candidates were J. Morrison Harris, of Baltimore 
County, for Governor; S. Teackle Wallis, of Balti- 
more City, for attorney-general; and Col. Edward 
Wilkins for comptroller. The total vote cast in the 
State was 157,984, of which Carroll received 85,454, 
and Harris 72,530. In the counties Harris was suc- 
cessful, but his majority in the State was overcome by 
the vote in Baltimore City, which stood 36,958 for 
Carroll and 21,863 for Harris, the total vote of the 
city being 58,821. Great frauds were alleged, and the 
election was contested before the I/Cgislature of 1876, 



which decided that the Democratic candidates were 
duly elected. 

At the congressional election of 1876, Roberts, 
Democrat, in the Second District, received 15,033 votes, 
and Harris, Reformer, 11,965; in the Third, Kimmel, 
Democrat, received 14,251, and Goldsborough, Repub- 
lican, 8562; in the Fourth, Swann, Democrat, 15,259, 
and Butler, Reform, 12,738. 

At the municipal election on the 24th of Oc- 
tober, 1877, the Democratic nominee was George P. 
Kane, the Workingmen's candidate Joseph Thomp- 
son, and the Reformers' Henry M. Warfield. The 
election passed oif very quietly, and resulted in the 
success of George P. Kane and all the regular 
Democratic nominees for both branches of the City 
Council by large majorities. Kane carried all the 
wards in the city except the Thirteenth and Twen- 
tieth, in which Thompson had small majorities. The 
total vote of the city was 51,091, of which Kane re- 
ceived 33,188, Thompson 17,367, and Warfield 536. 
Mayor Kane died on June 23, 1878, and a new election 
was ordered to fill the vacancy, which resulted in the 
selection, on July 11th, of Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Dem- 
ocrat, by a majority of 13,214 over R. Henry Smith, 
candidate of the Greenback and Workingmen's par- 
ties. The total vote was 16,002, of which Latrobe re- 
ceived 14,608, and Smith 1394. In the congressional 
elections of 1878, Talbot, Democrat, in the Second 
District, received 9818, Milligan, Independent, 3594, 
and McCombs, Greenback, 1271 ; in the Third District 
Kimmel, Democrat, received 11,676 votes, Thompson, 
Labor-Greenback, 4908 ; in the Fourth District Mc- 
Lane, Democrat, 11,064, Holland, Rei)tiblican, 6671, 
Quigley, Labor-Greenback, 627, and Gittings, Inde- 
pendent Democrat, 398. 

In the political campaign of 1879 the contest was 
narrowed down to a struggle between Democrats and 
Republicans. The municipal election for mayor and 
City Council on the 22d of October resulted in the 
re-election of Ferdinand C. Latrobe by a majority of 
5899 votes, and the election of eighteen Democratic 
and two Republican members of the First Branch of 
the City Council, and nine Democratic and one Re- 
publican member of the Second Branch. Mr. La- 
trobe received 25,729 votes, and William J. Hooper, 
the Republican nominee for the mayoralty, 19,830, 
and Mathiot, the Greenback candidate, 95. The 
Democratic majority was smaller than it had been 
since 1866 in a straight-out political contest be- 
tween Democrats and Republicans, the opposition in 
1875 having been formed by a fusion of Reformers, 
Democrats, and Republicans. 

In the election for Governor on the 4th of No- 
vember, 1879, William T. Hamilton, the Democratic 
candidate for Governor, received 90,771 votes, and 
James A. Garey, the Republican candidate, 68,609. 
In Baltimore the vote for Hamilton was 29,184, and 
for Garey 17,915 ; in Baltimore County Hamilton re- 
ceived 6852 votes, and Garey 4144. 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



167 



CHAPTER XVIIL 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF lULTIMORE. 



Although Baltimore Town was subject until its 
incorporation to the civil authorities of Baltimore 
County, within whose jurisdiction it was situated, it 
necessarily possessed from the first certain separate 
officers of its own invested with the requisite power 
for the management and direction of its affairs. The 
first local ofiicers were the seven commissioners ap- 
pointed to lay oft" the town, but the authority with 
which they were clothed by the original act of Aug. 
8, 1729, does not seem to have extended beyond 
the necessary powers connected with the laying out 
of the town, the sale and resale of lots, and the gen- 
eral superintendence of the work of building up the 
new settlement. By the act of Sept. 28, 1745, by 
which Baltimore and Jones' Town were " incorpo- 
rated into one entire town," seven new commissioners 
were appointed with enlarged powers. In addition 
to the duty of " seeing the present and former acts 
relating to the towns before mentioned put in execu- 
tion," the commissioners were required 

** to cauBe them to be carefully surveyed by their outlines, therein 
including the branch over which the bridge is built," and "from time to 
time (for preventing disputes) to cause all the lots" to be surveyed, 
bounded, and numbered. They were further authorized to*' till vacan- 
cies occurring in their number by death or otherwise, and to settle dis- 
putes about the bounds of lots, meeting at least once a year for this 
purpose, and to cause other sufficient boundaries to be fixed in the room 
of any missing or decayed." They were also invested with authority 
"to levy,asse88, and take by way of distress if needful, from the inhabit- 
ants of the town, by even and equal proportion, the sum of £^i yearly, 
to be paid to their clerk, and to demand and receive any money due the 



first 



■ the towns.' 



From time to time the originally limited powers 
of the commissioners were enlarged by successive 
acts of Assembly, until they came to exercise a gen- 
eral supervision over all the affairs of the town. 
Thus in 1763 we find them leasing a lot from Thomas 
Harrison for a market-house, which they and their 
successors were to hold as if "a legal body corpo- 
rate," and a few years later they were clothed with 
authority to appoint inspectors of various commercial 
commodities, and to act as judges of elections. The 
commissioners for many years continued to be the 
sole administrators of purely local affairs, and it was 
not until after the Revolution that the town began to 
feel itself too large for such nursery government, and 
to cherish the ambition of becoming a city. 

Accordingly, on the 2d of April, 1782, " notice is 
hereby given to all whom it may concern that the 
inhabitants of Baltimore intend petitioning the en- 
suing General Assembly to incorporate said town." 
Although this application was not successful, the 
Legislature could no longer altogether overlook the 
importance and growth of the town, and in the same 
year its claim to a more complete system of local gov- 



ernment was recognized by the passage of an act en- 
titled " An Act for the more effectual paving the 
streets of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County, and 
for other purposes." By this act Messrs. William 
Spear, James Sterett, Englehard Yeiser, George Lin- 
denburger, Jesse Hollingsworth, Thomas Elliot, and 
Peter Hoff"man were appointed "special commission- 
ers" with " full power to direct and superintend the 
leveling, pitching, paving, and repairing the streets, 
and the building and repairing the bridges within 
said town, and to devise and do all and everything 
necessary to promote this end which they may judge 
for the benefit or advantage of the said town and its in- 
habitants." It was further provided that the licensed 
auctioneer of the town shall pay to the special com- 
missioners " all moneys in his hands which have 
arisen, or which may hereafter arise, upon all sales by 
auction, in the manner and agreeable to an act to 
regulate auctions in Baltimore Town, in Baltimore 
County." The town commissioners were also re- 
quired to " pay said special commissioners all the 
moneys paid to them, or in their hands by virtue of 
their powers, for repairing the streets of said town ;" 
and the special commissioners were authorized " to 
borrow to the amount of five thousand pounds current 
money from the inhabitants of said town, pledging 
for the discharge thereof the whole or any part of the 
above appropriation." These sources of revenue 
proving insufficient for the purpose of "paving, 
cleaning, and keeping in repair the streets, lanes, and 
alleys, and for mending and keeping in repair the 
bridges within the said town," a tax was subse- 
quently directed to be levied on carriages, chairs, sul- 
keys, drays, wagons and carts, and riding-horses, — 

"an additional tax upon billiard tables, fifteen pounds per year; a tax 
upon rhe play-house, fifty pounds per year; an additional tax of thirty 
shillings on every chimney catching fire; on persons convicted in the 
county court of selling liquors without a license, an additional fine of 
30 shillings; an additional tax of five pounds annually on tavern 
licenses, and a tax not exceeding 2 shillings & G pence on every £100 
of assessed property within said town." 

The jurisdiction of the special commissioners re- 
lated, however, not only to the paving and repairing 
of streets and the mending and building of bridges, 
but to all matters connected with the sanitary condi- 
tion of the public thoroughfares. They were empow- 
ered to appoint a clerk to keep their entries and 
accounts, and collectors of the taxes mentioned, who 
were to turn over the same to their treasurer, who 
was required to give good and suflScient bond, and to 
make a yearly settlement with the commissioners, 
who were directed to cause this report to be published 
in the Baltimore newspapers " for the satisfaction and 
information of the citizens thereof." These special 
j commissioners were to be elected on the first Mon- 
day in October in every fifth year by nine electors 
j " qualified to be delegates to the General Assembly," 
I who were to be chosen by the " inhabitants of the 
i town of Baltimore qualified to vote for delegates or 
having real property in said town above thirty 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



pounds." It was further enacted that the special 
commissioners should he a body corporate, " by the 
name of special commissioners for Baltimore Town, 
with all the privileges of a corporate body, and to 
have one common seal and perpetual succession." 
And to prevent the abuse of the somewhat extensive 
powers conferred upon them, it was provided that 
" the inhabitants of Baltimore Town qualified to vote 
for delegates .shall elect annually by ballot at the 
election for delegates three persons, inhabitants of 
said town, skillful in accounts, and men of integrity 
and capacity, who shall be called comptrollers of 
accounts, who are to examine and certify that they 
have examined and approve or disapprove the annual 
accounts of the commissioners directed to be pub- 
lished in the newspapers, which approbation or dis- 
approbation shall also be published with the account." 
The comptrollers were to be allowed twenty shillings 
each for their trouble, and were directed to ascertain 
the pay to which the special commissioners should be 
entitled, the sum agreed upon by the comptrollers to 
be paid by the treasurer, the settlement to be annual, 
and the compensation confined to the acting special 
commissioners. Still another legislative concession 
to the town was made by the act of 1783, by which 
Samuel Smith, Daniel Bowley, John Sterett, Samuel 
Purviance, Thomas Bussell, Richard Ridgely, Robert 
Henderson, Thomas Elliott, and William Patterson 
were appointed wardens for the i)ort of Baltimore. 
The preamble of the act recognized the fact that it 
was " important to the State that proper persons 
should be appointed to preserve the navigation of the 
bason and harbour of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore 
County," and prescribed in detail the duties of the 
port-wardens, nine in number, who were to be chosen 
on the first Monday in October in every fifth year by 
the electors of special commissioners. To enable 
them more efiectually to discharge their duty of pro- 
tecting and preserving the " navigation of the bason 
and harbour," they were authorized by a subsequent 
act to " assess, levy, and collect on every vessel 
arriving at the said port of Baltimore, of fifty tun or 
more, a sum of money not exceeding two cents per 
tun, to be appropriated and applied by the said Board 
of Wardens to carry into effect the rules and regula- 
tions which they may from time to time make respect- 
ing the harbor and port of Baltimore." In 1784 the 
town commissioners were authorized by the General 
Assembly to establish a night-watch and to contract 
for the erection of lamps, the commissioners being 
required to " set down in writing at what stands it is 
fit for the said watchmen to be placed, how often they 
shall go the rounds, and also appoint the rounds 
each watchmen is to go." With special commission- 
ers, paved streets, port-wardens, night-watchmen, and 
lamps recurred the ambition for municipal dignity, 
and on the rith of November, 1784, a notice appeared 
in the columns of the Maryland Journal requesting 
the citizens " to meet at tin- murkct-lumse on Tuesdav, 



the 9th inst., at two o'clock in the afternoon, to con- 
sult whether it may not be expedient to apply imme- 
diately to the Legislature of this State to incorporate 
said town. As it is a matter of great consequence to 
the inhabitants, it is hoped the meeting will be very 
general; and as ' Civis' (a writer in the Maryland 
Gazette) seems to be apprehensive something unfair is 
intended, it is expected the meeting will be honored 
with his company in particular." Failing in this 
eflbrt, an attempt was made in 1786 to remove the 
State capital from Annapolis to Baltimore, but on the 
17th of January in that year the House of Delegates, 
by a vote of twenty ayes to thirty-two nays, refused 
leave to introduce a bill to that etfect. 

On the 8th of the following March an act was passed 
by the General Assemby " to ascertain the value of the 
land in the several counties of this State, for the pur- 
pose of laying the public assessment," in which the 
title of Baltimore to separate and distinct considera- 
tion was again recognized. By this act it was pro- 
vided that 

" Baltimore Town and its precincts in Baltimore Coiinty Bball be con- 
sidereil and taken as separate and distinct from the said county, and 
shall not be taken into the valuation of proper!}' in the said county, and 
an annual assessment for supplies shall hereafter be imposed upon the 
said town district, and separate from the said county, upon the value of 
the amount of all the lots and parcels of ground, houses, ground-rents 
and improvements, lands and real property in the said town, and the 
value of personal property in the said town, ascertained as hereafter 
sliall be directed by law ; and the limits and bounds of Baltimore Town 
aforesaid and its precincts, for the purpose aforesaid, hereby are ascer- 
tained aud established as follows, to wit: Beginning at the end of the 
east-southeast seventy perches line of a tract of land called Parker's 
Haven, and running thence with a straight line to the end of the third 
line of Carter's Delight, thence with a straight line to the beginning of 
Darly Hall, then with the t«-o flret lines of Darly Hall the whole length 
of the said lines, then with a straight line to the end of the east-north- 
east 278 perches line of Hap Hazard, then with a straight line to the 
beginning of Hap Hazard, then west-southwest twenty perches, then' 
south unto the land called Georgia, then bounding on the lines of Georgia 
Reverse unto the place where they first cross a small run that passes 
through a meadow in the land late of Charles Carroll, Esq., barrister, 
and falls into the head of a cove in the land late of Richard Perkins, 
then running down the said run into the head of the said cove, then 
with the said cove and bounding thereon, aud on the waters of the mid- 
dle branch to the Ferry Point, on Patapsco River, thence with the waters 
of the said river, and of the northwest branch of the said river, to the 
mouth of Harris' Creek, and thence with the waters of the said creek 
to the placeof beginning, and alUands, houses, aud improvements within 
the said limits and wards shall be considered aud taken, and hereby are 
declared to be Baltimore Town and its precincts. And be it enacted that 
the property within Baltimore Town and its precincts shall be valued 
and returned distinct from Baltimore County, and that commissioners 
of the tax shall be appointed for said town and its precincts separate 
from said county." 

It will be seen that this act, as far as purposes of 
assessment were concerned, separated Baltimore Town 
from Baltimore County, and gave it to that extent a 
distinct and independent existence some eleven years 
before it was formally made a city.' The special 

I The special commissioners in 1788 were Robert Walsh, David Stodder, 
John Hammond, Michael Diffenderffer, Leonard Harbaugh, George 
Franciscus, and Joshua Barney. On Aug. 7, 1789, they gave notice that 
they had appointed ".lohn Leakin to collect the taxes and fines which 
are now due or may become due for the present year." On the 11th of 
Septeniliei in Ihe same year He/.ekiah Watei's, clerk, gave notice that 
tlie cumiMissioueis of tlip tax fur Baltimore Town and precincts " will 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



commissioners, as has already been said, were required 
to make an annual statement of their expenditures, 
and the following report for 1789 affords a tolerably 
fair insight into the manner in which such things 
were done in those days : 



• Balli, 



I with the Sperial Con 



ing ill 
By halVi 



Ditto on l.illinr 
Ditto on hoi-ses 
Ditto on chimneys being 



collectoi-spen.-uiit 
By ditto for paviiiK ■ 
By ditto l)y Messrs 



1 from Thoa. Tates, Esq.. 



Meanwhile the effort to secure the incorporation of 
the town was not abandoned, and in 1791 the question 
was again agitated.'^ 

From a communication dated the 17th of Novem- 
ber in that year we learn something of the causes 
which had operated against the success of previous 
applications to the General Assembly : 

" It is well known," says the writer, " how much the citizens were agi- 
tated a few years since by an attempt to obtain a corporation; that the 
town was divided into a number of wards or districts; that gentlemen 
of character were appointed by each to meet, and if possible to agree 
upon a plan of incorporation which would meet with general approba- 
' tion. After a considerable time spent in the endeavor tlie scheme was 
abandoned as impracticable. It is probable parties prevailed at that time 
which do not, I hope, exist at present; and, as it frequently happens in 
the concerns of life, the ambition of some, the indifference o( others, 
and tlie sinister views of a few frustrated a measure which in all prob- 
ability would have redounded to the benefit of the whole." 

The persistent agitation of the subject at length 
bore fruit, and on the 28th of December, 1793, an act 
was passed by the General Assembly " to erect Balti- 
more Town, in Baltimore County, into a city, and to 
incorporate the inhabitants thereof." The incorpo- 
ration, however, was only conditional, the act pro- 
viding that it should " commence and be in force on 
the 1st of January, 1795, if the same should be con- 
firmed by the General Assembly at their session in 



meet at De Witt's coffee-house on Monday, 21st instant, to hear the ap- 
peals of such persons as are aggiieved by transfer of property." In 
1791 the special commissioners were Eobert Walsh, Michael Diffenderffer, 
John Hammond, John Mickle, Patrick Bennett, and George Franciscus. 

' lu October, 1791, James Carey, James Clarke, James Edwards, Wm. 
Winchester, Charles Gaits, George Salmon, Philip Bogers, David Plunket, 
and Thomas Johnson were chosen electors of special commissioners, and 
Stephen Wilson, Alexander McKim, and Samuel Hollingsworth were 
elected comptrollers of accounts. 

- A meeting of the inhabitants was called on the 16th of November, 
1791, in the Baltimore Daily lieposilory, to determine the propriety of 
applying to the General Assembly for incorporation. 



November, 1794;" but the terms of the act were not 
satisfactory to many classes of the townsfolk, and the 
confirmatory legislation was not secured.'' 

The objections entertained are stated at length in 
the following card in the Maryland Journal of Sept. 
12,1794: 

"The committees appointed by the iuliabitaiits of 'Deptford Hun- 
dred' [Fell's Poiut], by the precincts, and by the mechanical, Republican, 
and carpenters' societies of Baltimore Town, to whom it was referred, to 
report ou the law proposed by the General Assembly of Maryland at 
their last session fur erecting Baltimore Town into a city, and for in- 
corporating the inhabitants thereof, beg leave, agreeably to the instruc- 
tions given them, to represent the aforesaid proposed law as in their 
opinion defective and dangerous in the following respects: 

"1st. In making the body corporate to consist only of the free white 
inhabitants of said town, whereby free negroes and people of color are 
excluded from any direct share in the making and administration of 
those laws by which themselves are to be governed, contrary to reason 
and good policy, to the spirit of equal liberty and our free constitution. 

"2d. In constituting a council of electors for the election of the 
Fii-st Branch of the Common Council and of the mayor, because the people 
ought to have the right of judging of the qualifications of its own rep- 
resentatives, and because in a situation so limited as Baltimore every 
voter may be well acquainted with the character and merits of the sev- 
eral candidates. 

" 3d. In making the Common Council to he composed of two branches, 
becau-^e where unity of interests prevail (as itt the town of Baltimore) 
unity of sentiment in legislatoi-s is to be expected, and because the 
First Branch of the Common Council, from the sniallness of their num- 
bers and duration of their office, are perpetually open to the influence 
of the mayor. 

"4th. In so regulating the choice of the several officers of the cor- 
poration that the precincts are left without representation, whereby the 
people of the precincts whose property is to be taxed and whose persons 
are to be affected by the decrees of the Common Council are most un- 
JHstly and unconstitutionally deprived of their right of euflfrage. 

"5th. In requiring the age tif twenty-five years as a qualification in 
members of the Second Branch of the Common Council, because merit 
is not the exclusive attribute of any age, and because youth who have 
talents are hereby discouraged in their pursuit of legislative knowledge, 
whereby society must suffer. 

"6th. In requiring that an elector of the Fii-st Branch of the Com- 
mon Council and of the mayor shall be worth one thousand dollars iu 
real or personal property, because wealth ought not to be made a quali- 
fication to office, and because no restraint whatever ought to be im- 
posed on the will of the people ill the choice of the man (whether rich 
or poor) whom they believe best qualified to serve them. 

" 7th. In requiring no certain time of residence in the mayor of the 
city previous to his election as such, whereby a chief officer — whose 
duties, as prescribed by the corporation at-t, are most intricate and im- 
portant, in whom is necessary an exact knowledge of the laws and the 
wants of said city, a long residence therein and an intimate acquaintance 
with the local circumstances thereof— is liable to be obtruded upon the 
town just coming from the extreme parta of New Hampshire or Georgia, 
and after the residence of a day or an hour. 

"8th. In rendering the elected independent of the electors for too long 
a time, whereby inattentive and unfaithful riervantsmay be continued in 
office, to the great injury of the people and contrary to their express de- 
sire and approbation. 

"9th. In making the elections of olectora and members of the Second 
Branch of the Common Council to be held viva voce, because this method 
very much impedes the freedom of elections and lays the poor and mid- 
dling class of people too open to influence from the rich and the great, 
whom fear or interest may prompt them not to offend by giving a vote 
which they do not approve. 

"10th. In inflicting a severer punishment upon the inadvertent oflfeu- 
der who shall vote or attempt to vote in a ward of which he is not a 
resident, or on the mere citizen who shall he convicted of obstructing an 
election in any illegal manner, than upon the recorder, aldermau, or any 

a One of the principal grounds upon which the incorporation of the 
'city was urged was its rapid increase in wealth and population. The 
total value of the State's exports for the five years preceding the incor- 
poration of the town was $20,026,126, of which Baltimore's share was 
813,444,796. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



officer of the corporation who fihnll be fuuud guilty of tlie like offense 
are odious and u iijust distinctions, evidently calculated to screen the latter 
from the deserved punishment of their crimes. 

"11th. In giving power to two-thirds of each branch of the Common 
Council to expel a member without prohibiting them from expelling 
twice for the same offense, whereby the right of the people to choose 
their own roprosentatireA is violated, because what m.iy be considered as 
an offense in a representative by the Common Council may by his con- 
stituents be considered his greatest merit, and thus the people m:ty be 
deprived of the men uf their choice because two-thirds of the Common 
Council may think him, from his superior abilities or integrity, dangerous 
to their views of aggrandizement and amltition. 

*' 12th. In not granting power to the Common Council to provide for 
the good order and police of the precinct, whereas they have power to 
impose upon the precinct's indirect taxes, a clause, whether from design 
or oversight, most partial and unjust, whereby the precincts are made to 
bear the burden without sharing the benefits of the corporation. 

*'l3th. In granting power to the Common Council to fix the rates of 
wharfage, a power which may be productive of a most pernicious inter- 
ference with the rights of private property, whose real value or casual 
profits should be regulated by the control of times and circumstances 

"14th. In granting power to the Common Council to fix the rates and 
taxes of several classes of citizens, because the value and reward of in- 
dustry should be left to its own operation, and because no jirivileges 
should be withheld from any one part of the couimunity which all the 
other parts of it enjoy. 

"I5th. In granting power to the Common Council to prescribe the 
mode of trial in all prosecutions for fines, penalties, and forfeitures in 
consequence of the corporation act, subject to the future regulations of 
the General Assembly, a jwwer by which the inestimable trial by jury, 
the greatest security of the lives, liberty, and property of the people, 
and which the Declaration of Rights positively secures to us, is liable to 
be taken away from us by an act of Assembly. 

" I6th. In nut granting power to the Common Council to restrain all 
theatrical and other public amusements, a power which ought to be 
lodged in the Common Council, from the abuse that all public amuse- 
ments are likely to run into from the temptation to idleness, extrava- 
gance, aud immoiality. 

"17th. In not providing that the commissions of the recorder and 
aldermen may be revoked or annulled upon the address of the General 
Assembly, provided two-thirds of the membera of each house concur in 
such address, because the chancellor and all other judges of the State 
are made removable in this manner, and because if judges be made re- 
movable only on conviction of misbehavior in office, such may some- 
times be able to screen themselves under the subtleties of the law from 
thejust punishment of their guilt, aud then a wicked man be continued 
in office to the utter perversion of jubtice aud the oppression of the 

** I8th. In subjecting the money, arising from licenses given to tavern- 
keepers, ordinaries, aud retailers to tlie future regutatiousof the General 
Assembly, because these mouejs ought to be left entirely to the use and 
order of the city, and because to subject them to the disposition of the 
General Assembly is putting it in tlie power of that body to withhold 
from the city one mean, which both morality and necessity approve, of 
fiuppoitiugan establishment which immeiliately or at some future day 
may become very expensive. 

"19th. In granting to the city civil court concurrent powers and juris- 
diction with the county court in all civil matters, things, and causes 
where the defendant re^des within the city or precincts, which operates 
as a great grievance on the iuhabitants of the precincts, who are thus 
liable to be sued in Balliuiore County aud City civil courts, and to be 
summoned on juries in both. 

**2Uth. In declaring that the present clerk of Baltimore County shall 
be clerk of the said courts until bis death or removal, because all courts 
ought of rigiit to have the appointment of its own servants, iis being 
best qualified to judge of their merits; that such jmwer is agreeable to 
reason, founded in usage, and recognized by our constitution; that all 
the courts of the State enjoy it, and the courts of the city of Baltimore 
ought not to be deprived of it. 

"2l8t. In declaring that the fees of said clerk and other officers of 
said court shall be the simie as the fees established for the liiio officers 
iu the county courts, because, aa the coriwralion will be the best judges 
of the services rendered by such officers, they of course will be the best 
judges of the rewanl that is due them. 

"22d. In limiting the duties aud services of the mayor to the city 
le inhubitants of the precincts, who are thus 



depiived of the benefits resulting from the establishment 
for the support of which, nevertheless, they are obliged to ai 
'23d. In granting power to the recorder and aldermen 
any person suspected of being a vagrant or common prostitute to hard 
labor 08 a criminal for the space of one year, because it is making law 
to consist too much in the discretion of a single man, a power ever dan- 
gerous to liberty, because ever liable to abuse from the dictates of 
malice, interest, or caprice, and because the unfortunate stranger who 
cannot procure a security, though be may be innocent, is deprived of the 
trial by jury, aud liable to have punishment inflicted on him in common 
with the vilest criminal or most abandoned prostitute, and because it 
violates a most humane principle of law, which says that * His better that 
ten guilty persons should escape punishment than that one innocent 
person should suffer,' 

"24th. In declaring that no rehgious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification in any voter, or to any office or appointment, because it 
unnecessarily changes that part of our present constitution which re- 
quires 'a declaration of a belief iu the Christian religion on admission 
to any office of profit or trust." ^ 

At length, on the 31st of December, 1796, after 
years of agitation and repeated failures, the cherished 
object was accomplished, and the Legislature passed 
an act " to erect Baltimore Town, in Baltimore 
County, into a city, and to incorporate the inhabit- 
ants thereof." By the second section it was provided 
that 

"Baltimore Town, iu Baltimore County, shall be aud is hereby erected 

thereof constituted a body politic and corporate by the name of the 
mayor and City Council of Baltimore, aud as such shall have perpetual 
succession, and by their corporate name may sue and be sued, implead 
and be impleaded, grant and receive, and do all other acts as natural 
persons, and may purchase and bold real, personal, and unmixed prop- 
erty, or dispose of the same for the benefit of the said city, and may 
have and use a city seal, which may be brnkeu or altered at pleasure ; 
that the city of Baltimore shall be divided into eight wards, each ward 
to contain, as nearly as may be, an equal number of inhabitants; the 
first division shall be made by seven respectable citizens, or a m^ority 
of tiiem, to be appointed by the Governor and Council ; and the corpor- 
ation of the said city thereafter from time to time shall cause a correct 
division of the said city to be made into eight wards, according to the 
actual number of inhabitants, which divisions shall be reported as often 
as the increase or decrease of inhabitants in any ward or wards shall 
render it necessary in order to a just represeutation, and when the in- 
habitants shall increjise to forty thousand it shall then be divided into 
fifteen wards, and for any additional increase 
ward only shall be added for every twenty thousand, in or 
as nearly as may an equal number of voters in each ward 

By the third section it was enacted that 

"the Council of the city of Baltimore shall consist of 

one whereof shall be denominated the First Branch, and the other 

the Second Branch ; the Fii-st Branch shall consist of two members, 

of the most wise, sensible, and discreet of the people from each ward, 

who shall be citizens of the United States, above twenty-one years of 

age, residents of the said town three years preceding their appointment, 

and assessed ou the books of the assessor to the amount of one 

thousand dollars; and the voters for the First Branch of the said 

City Council shall have the same qualifications as \ 

to the General Assembly of this State, and the said election 



1 The comptrollers in 1796 were John Merryman, James Carey, Alex- 
ander McKim; the special commissioners in 1795 were Johu Mickle, 
James Wignell, John Hillen, John Brown, Joseph Townsend, Joseph 
Biays, and John Coulter, and Samuel Vincent clerk. The special com- 
missioners elected in October, 1796, were William Trimble, John Lee, 
Robert Stewart, Gabriel Gill, Baltzer Schaeffer, Jacob Myers, and Caleb 
Hewitt: tlie poit-wiudens were Janii-d Calbouu, Thomas Coal e, James 
lii.n -, w iiii nil i:i|. ii.n ,r,, v, J,,!,,, ii,,ihns, William Winchester, John 
> I i 1 iiiian. The electors were Job 

Mi I , [ I I ; [, John Mackenheimer, Thomas 

!^I' Ml. (;, \\ iMi ,hi Will,, \•^^ \,\ r . , William Jessop, and Thomas 

l>i\UU. 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



By the fourth section it was provided that the 

** first election for members of the Fii-st Branch of the City Council shall 
be held oa tlie third Monday in February, 1797, and on the third Monday 
in February in each and every year thereafter, at such places in each 
ward as the judges of the election in the first instance, and afterwards 
as the corporation by ordinance, shall direct; the election shall be held 
by wards, and no person shall be entitled to vole for any but the mem- 
bers of the ward of which he is a resident; three respectable citizens, 
resident in each ward, or a majority of them, in the first instance to be 
appointed by the commissioners of Baltimore Town, and afterwards by 
the mayor of said city, shall be judges of the elections in their respec- 
tive wards, and they sliall have power to appoint their respective 

By the sixth section it was enacted that 

" the Second Branch shall consist of eight members, who shall be chosen 
from the several wards, and no person shall be eligible as a member of 
the Second Branch who is not of the full age of twenty-five years, a 
citizen of the United States, and a resident of the said town four years 
previous to liis election, and assessed on the books of the assessor to the 
amount of two thousand dollars; and the members of the Second Branch 
shall continue in office for the term of two years next succeeding the time 
of their election." - 

The seventh section directed that 

' the mayor of the said city and the membeis of tlie Second Branch of the 
City Council shall be elected in the following manner, to wit : That each 
ward, at the time and place of electing the First Branch of the City Coun- 
cil, shall elect, viva voce, one person qualified to be a member of the Firet 
Branch as elector of the mayor, and of the membere of the Second Branch 
of the City Council on the third Monday in January next, and on the 
same day every second year thereafter, who shall, on the third Monday of 
February, 1797, and on the same day every second year thereafter, meet 
at the court-house or some other convenient place in the said city and 
elect by ballot a m»yor and eight members of the Second Branch, to 
serve for two years thereafter ; no person shall be eligible for mayor who 
is not of known integrity, experience, and sound judgment, twenty-five 
years of age, ten years a citizen of the United States, and five yeare a 
resident of Baltimore Town or City next preceding the election; and in 
case two or more pereous shall have an equal number of votes for mayor 
or members of tlie Second Branch, the electors shall determine by lot 
wliich of the pereons so having au equal number of votes shall be ap- 
pointed to tlie office of mayor or Second Branch of the City Council, as 
the case may require ; the said electors of the mayor and of tJie members 
of the Second Branch, before they proceed to elect, shall swear oraffirm, 
as the case may be, that they will elect, without favor, partiality, or 
prejudice, sucli person for mayor, and such persons as members of the 
Second Branch of the City Council, as they in their judgment and con- 
science believe best qualified for the said ofiices, and having the other 
qualifications required by this act; that the said electors shall be judges 
of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their members, but no 
person shall be elector of the mayor and members of the First Branch 
of the City Cuuucil at the same time; any vacancy happening in the 
electors of the mayor shall be filled up from the ward where such vacancy 
happened without delay, in such manner as shall hereafter be directed 
by ordinance, and any vacancy of the mayoralty happening, the same 
shall be filled up without delay by the electore of the mayor for the time 
being for the remainder of the term ; and all vacancies happening in the 
said Second Branch shall be filled up by the electors aforesaid." ^ 

By the eighth section it was enacted that the City 
Council 



1 By the act of 1797, ch. 54, elections 
Branch of the City Council were directed t 
day in October in every year. 

2 Property qualifications were required until 1809 "in persons to be 
appointed tu or holding offices of profit or trust," but in that year they 
were abolished by act of Assembly. 

a By act of 1797, ch. 54, the elections for electors of the mayor and the 
members of the Second Branch of the City Council were directed to be 
held on the firet Monday in October, 1798, and in every second year 
thereafter, and the electoi-s of the mayor, etc., were directed to meet on 
the first Monday in November, 179S, and in every second year thereafter, 
for the purpose of electing a mayor and members of the Second Branch 
of the City Council. 



"shall hold their firsts 
other place within said city, on the second Monday in February, 1797, and 
they shall meet on the second Monday of February in every year there- 
after, but the mayor may summon them to convene whenever and as often 
as it may appear to him that the public good may require their delibera- 
tions ; that three-fourths of the City Conncil shall be a quorum to do busi- 
ness, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day ; they may com- 
pel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such 
penalties as they may by ordinance provide ; they shall appoint their 
respective presidents, who shall preside at all their sessions and shall vote 
on all questions ; they shall settle their rules of proceedings, appoint their 
own officers, regulate their respective fees, and remove them at pleasure ; 
they shall judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their own 
members, and may, with the concurrence of thiee-fourths of the whole, 
expel any member for disorderly behavior or malconduct in office, but 
not a second time for the same cause ; they shall keep a journal of their 
proceedings, and enter the yeas and nays on any question, resolve, or 
ordinance, at the request of any member, and their deliberations shall 
be public; they shall ascertain by ordinance the compensation of their 
services, which shall not be increased during their continuance in office. 
The Second Branch of the City Council shall nominate two citizens to 
each office which may arise under this act and the ordinances of said 
corporation, and the mayor shall appoint and commission one of said 
nomination to fill the respective offices during pleasure; and the said 
mayor shall appoint proper persons to fill up all vacancies during the 
recess of the session, to hold such appointment until the ensuing session ; 
the City Council shall settle the salary of the firet mayor at their first 
session of the second year, and the Siilary of the succeeding mayors shall 
be settled previously to their appointment; all ordinances or acts passed 
by the City Council shall be sent to the mayor for his approbation, and 
when approved by him shall become a law, and shall then be obligatory 
upon the several courts and justices of the peace of Baltimore County, 
sheriff" and constables within the limits of the city of Baltimore, and all 
other pei-sous within the limits of the said city, to every intent and pur- 
pose as the acts of the General Assembly of Maryland, provided the 
said laws or ordinances shall not contain anything repugnant to the 
constitution or laws of this State or the United States ; but if the said 
mayor shall not approvo of such ordinances or acts, he shall return the 
same within five days, with his reasons in writing therefor, and if three- 
fourths of both branches of the City Council, on reconsideration thereof, 
approve of the ordinance or law, it shall then be an ordinance or law to 
all intents and purposes; and if any ordinance or law shall not be re- 
turned by the mayor within five days after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had approved it, 
unless the City Council by their adjournment prevent its return." By 
the ninth section the corporation was empowered to enact aud pass all 
laws and oidinances necessary to preserve tlie health of the city ; prevent 
and remove nuisances; to prevent the introduction of contagious dis- 
eases within the city and within three miles of the same ; to establish 
night-watches and patrols and to erect lamps ; to provide for a general 
survey of the city and precincts; to ascertain, when necessary, the 
boundaries and location of streets, lots, lanes, and alleys thereof; to 
establish new streets, lanes, and alleys, with the consent of the proprie- 
tors of the ground, and to alter and to straighten streets, lanes, and alleys, 
with the cousent of the proprietors of the lots or houses adjoining such 
streets, lanes, and alleys; to provide for the preservation of the naviga- 
tion of the basin and Patapsco River within the limits of ilie city of 
Baltimore and four miles thereof; for cleaning and deepening the basin 
and docks, aud for regulating the station, anchoring and mooring of 
vessels ; but no tax, direct or indirect, shall be laid on that part of Balti- 
more called Deptford Hundred (Fell's Point) for the preservation of the 
navigation of the basin, or for cleaning or deepening the basin or docks 
therein; to provide for licensing and regulating auctions and pawn- 
brokers within the city and precincts thereof; to restrain or prohibit 
gaming, and to providefor licensing, regulating, or restraining theatrical 
or other public amusements within the city or precincts; to erect and 
repair bridges; to pave and keep in repair all necessary drains and 
sewers, and to pass all regulations necessary for the preservation of the 
same; to establish and regulate inspections within the city, subject to 
the future acts of the General Assembly ; to regulate and fix the assize 
of bread; to provide for thesafe-keeping and preservation of thestandard 
of weights aud measures fixed by Congress, and for the regulating 
thereby all weights and measures used within the city or precincts ; to 
regulate party walls and partition fences ; to erect and regulate markets ; 
to provide for licensing and regulating (with the consent of the Mary- 
land Fire Insurance Company) the sweeping of chimneys and fixing the 
rates thereof within the city or precincts, aud for regulating the sweep- 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing of any cliimney by the neglect of which the safety of the city may 
be endangered, and to ascertain the width of those to be built in the 
city; to establish and regulate lire wards and fire companies; to regu- 
late and establish the size of bricks that are to be used in the houses to 
be built in the city; to erect and regulate pumps iu the streets, lanes, 
and alleys; to impose and appropriate fines, penalties, and forfeitures for 
the breach of their by-laws or ordinances; to lay and collect taxes not 
exceeding two dollars in the hundred pounds in any one year, except as 
before is excepted ; to enact by-laws for the prevention and extinguish- 
ment of fires; and to pass all ordinances necessary to give effect and 
operation to all the powers vested in the corporation of the city of Balti- 
more, provided that the by-laws or ordinances of the said corporation 
shall be in no wise obligatory upon the persons of non-residents of the 
said town, being citizens of tliis State, unless in cases of intentional vio- 
lation of by-laws or ordinances previously promulgated ; all the fines, 
penalties, and foi-feitures imposed by the ordinances of the corporation 
of Baltimore, if not exceeding twenty dollars, shall be recovered before 
a single magistrate, as small debts are by law recoverable, and if such 
fines, penalties. and forfeitures do exceed the sum of twenty dollars, then 
to be recovered by action of debt in Baltimore County court, in the name 
of the corpoi-atiou and for the use of the city of Baltimore."' 

Section 10 enacted 

" that the powere and authority vested in the town coumiissioners, 
special commissionere, and port-wardens, heretofore appointed by law 
for Baltimore Town, except the authority of the town commissioners 
to hold elections agreeably to the constitution and f..rni of government, 
shall cease and determine as soon as this act eliall ho in force and opera- 
tion ;•- and the corporation of the city of Bnltimoi e are hereby declared 
to possess and may provide for the exercise of all powers and authorities 
now vested in the said town commissioners, special commissioners, and 
port-wardens, except the holding of elections for delegates iu the Gen- 
eral Assembly ; but no rights acquired under the acts of the aforesaid 
board shall be annulled, impaired, avoided, or restrained by any act of 
the said corporation; and immediately upon the operation of this act, 
and organization of tlie corporation contemplated thereby, the records, 
papers, proceedings, moneys, accounts, and all other matters and things 
appertaining to the said commissioners of Baltimore, special commis. 
sioners, and port-wardens, sliall be lodged and deposited with such 
per-soD or persons as shall be appointed by the mayor and corporation of 
the city to receive the same, and all acts of the Legislature of the State 
of Maryland now in force shall continue and remain in force, but the 
powers and authorities thereby delegated to the commissiouei-s of Balti. 
more Town, special commissioners, and port-wardens, or any other tri- 
bunal or persons, touching the police of Baltimore Town or any of its 
internal concerns, shall be and they are hereby transferred and vested 
in the corporatiou hereby constituted, and the said corporation are hereby 
empowered to act under such laws in the same manner and as fully as if 
the said corporatiou had been particularly named in such laws; the 
mayor shall, in virtue of his office, have and exercise all the jurisdiction 
and powers of a justice of the peace, except as to the recovery of small 
debts, and may call upon any officer of the city intrusted with the receipt 
and expenditui-e of public money for a statement of his accounts as often 
as he or the corporation may conceive it necessary ; he shall see that the 
ordinances are duly and faithfully executed, and shall report annually 
to the corporatiou during the first five days of their session a general 
state of the city, with an accurate account of the money received and 
expended, to be published for the information of the citizens." 

It was further enacted by Section 11 that all the 
powere granted to the said corporation should ex- 
tend 

"to Deep Point, and to all wharves and other grounds heretofore made 
and extended into the basin of Baltimore Town, or which shall hereafter 
be made or extended into the same, which shall bo considered and taken 



1 Several additional powers were given by the act of 1797, ch. 54 ; and 
by the act of 1797, ch. 75, the mayor, with any two justices of the peace, 
was authorized to arrest and imprison "any French slave" who should 
be dangerous to the city, and send such slave to the West Indies. 

2 This part of the constitution was altered by 1797, ch. 57 (confirmed 
by 1798, ch. 2), which appointed other judges. By 1798, ch. 3, judges were 
appointed for elections of representatives in Congress, and of electoi-s of 
the President and Vice-President. By 1790, ch. 50, sec. 10, the judges 
of the elections for the First Brani:h of the City Council were to be judges 



of the 



imdssioners had 1 



as part of the said city." By the last section it was provided that the act 
should continue in force until " the first day of September, 1798, and the 
end of the next session of Assembly which shall happen thereafter," and 
by the act of 1797, ch. 54, the charter was made perpetual. 

Thus it will be seen that the act of incorporation 
was to a certain extent an experiment, and was only 
confirmed after it had been .subjected to practical trial. 
The citizens of the Point do not appear to have been 
over well pleased with the incorporation of the town, 
and it required all the influence of Messrs. McMechin, 
McHenry, Robert Smith, and Winchester, Baltimore's 
representatives in the General Assembly, to reconcile 
them to the charter; and in order to conciliate them 
the provision was introduced exempting the inhabi- 
tants of Deptford Hundred from any tax for deepen- 
ing the upper harbor or basin. On the oth of Janu- 
ary, 1797, Messrs. John Strieker, Philip Rogers, 
Emanuel Kent, Alexander McKim, James Calhoun, 
and James Stodder were appointed special commis- 
sioners by the Governor and Council to divide Balti- 
more into eight wards, in accordance with the act, 
and on the 9th they announced that they had made 
and "do declare the following divi.^iinii of the said 
city :" 

" The First Ward to comprise all that |iart of the city of Baltimore 
to the westward of Hanover Street and McClellan's Alley, including the 
west side of said street and alley, and all the west side of Charles Street 
north of the place where said alley intersects it. Second Ward: the 
east side of Hanover Street and McClellan's Alley to the west side of 
Light Street and St. Paul's Lane, inclnsive. The Third Ward: theeaat 
side of Light Street and St. Paul's Lane to the west side of Calvert Stleet, 
inclusive. The Fourth Ward : the east side of Calvert Street to the west 
side of South Street and North Lane, inclusive. The Fifth Ward; the 
east side of South Street and North Lane to the west side of Gay Street, 
inclusive. The Sixth Ward : the east side of Gay Street to Jones' Falls, 
inclusive. The Seventh Ward : the east side of Jones' Falls and the 
north side of Wilkes Street, inclusive. The Eighth Ward : all that part 
of Fell's Point to the southward of Wilkes Street, including the south 
side of said street." On the 14th of January the special commissioners 
appointed the following persons judges " to hold an election for the 
choice of the members of the First Branch of the City Council, and 
also for the choice of electoi-s of the mayor of the city, and of the 
members of the Second Branch of the City Council"; First Ward, Ellas 
Ellicott, John P. Pleasants, and George Decker; Second Ward, Lyde 
Goodwin, Samuel Owings, and Christian Keener; Third Ward, Zebulon 
Hollingsworth, John Swan, and John Merryman; Fourth Ward, George 
Salmon. Henry Nicolls, and Samuel Hollingsworth; Fifth Ward, Thoro- 
good Smith, Archibald Campbell, and Gerard Hopkins: Sixth Ward, 
George Presbury, Richard Carson, Jr., and Engelhard Teiser; Seventh 
Ward, Richard Caton, Christian Myers, and David Brown ; Eighth Ward, 
Job Smith, Joseph Biays, and Hezekiah Waters. 

By the fourth section of the act of incorporation it 
was provided " that the first election for members of 
the First Branch of the City Council should be held 
on the third Monday in February, 1797," and by the 
seventh section it was enacted " that each ward, at the 
time and place of electing the First Branch of the 
City Council, should elect, viva voce, one person 
qualified to be a member of the First Branch as elector 
of the mayor, and of the members of the Second Branch 
of the City Council on the third Monday in Jamtary 
next," who were directed to meet at the court-house 
OH the third Monday in February and " elect by ballot 
a mayor and eight members of the Second Branch." 

Tlie time of holding the election for members ot 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



173 



the First Branch of the City Council being fixed for 
the third Monday in February, and tlie time for 
choosing electors of the mayor and Second Branch 
being fixed for the third Monday in January, some 
difficulty was experienced in following the directions 
of the seventh section and choosing the electors of 
mayor and the Second Branch at the time of electing 
members of the First Branch. In order to reconcile 
these conflicting instructions and to follow the law as 
closely as possible, it was determined to solve the prob- 
lem by holding two elections, the first of which occurred 
on the 16th of January, 1797, and the second on the 
20th of February following. There appears to have 
been no opposition ticket in the field, and the election 
of January 16th resulted in the selection of the fol- 
lowing gentlemen as members of the First Branch 
and electors of the mayor and members of the Second 
Branch : 



, James Carey, Ephn 



First Ward.— Cou 
George Reinecker. 

. Second Ward. — Dr. George Buchanan, Samuel Owings. Elector, Wil- 
liam Gibson. 

Third Ward. — Zebulon Hoilingsworth, James McCannon. Elector, 
Jesse Hoilingsworth. 

Fourth Wurrf.— Hercules Courtenay, William Wilson. Elector, Jere- 
miah Yellott. 

Fifth Ward. — Thomas Hoilingsworth, Adam Fonerdeu. Elector, Philip 
Rogers. 

Sixth Wart!.— Jamos A. Buchanan, Peter Frick. Elector, Englehard 
Teiser. 

Sermth Ward. — Joseph Edwards, David Brown. Elector, John 

EiglUh Ward.— Joseph Biays, William Trimble. Elector, John Coulter. 

On the 20th of February the electors chosen on 
the 16th of January met, and elected James Calhoun 
mayor; and Wm. Goodwin, Nicholas Rogers, John 
Merryman, Henry NicoUs, Robt. Gilmor, David 
Stewart, Edward Johnson, Jr., and Job Smith as 
members of the Second Branch of the City Council ; 
and on the same day, to make assurance doubly sure, 
the citizens of the several ward.s again assembled at 
the various polling-places and voted for members of 
the First Branch, with the following result : 

First Ward, James Carey and Bphraim Robinson; Second Ward, Dr. 
George Buchanan and Samuel Owiugs ; Third Ward, Zebulon Hoilings- 
worth and James McCannon ; Fourth Ward, Hercules Courtenay aud 
David McMecheu ; Fifth Ward, Thomas Hoilingsworth aud Adam 
Fonerden ; Sixth Ward, James A. Buchanan and Peter Frick; Seventh 
Ward, James Edwards and Frederick Schaetfer ; Eighth Ward, Joseph 
Biays and William Trimble. 

The corporation having been thus formally organ- 
ized, the mayor called the City Council together at 
the court-house on the 27th of February, " to delib- 
erate on such matters, and to enact such laws and or- 
dinances, agreeably to said act of incorporation, as 
may appear to them right and proper." The City 
Council assembled at the appointed time,^ and or- 
ganized by the election of Hercules Courtenay as 
president of the First Branch, and John Merryman 

1 One of the first acts of the mayor and City Council was to address a 
letter to Gen. Washington expressing their regret at his retirement from 
public life, to which he responded in appropriate terms. 



as president of the Second Branch. Thomas Kell 
was clerk of the First Branch, and Thomas Roberts, 
messenger ; L. H. Moale, clerk of the Second Branch, 
and Benjamin Mason, messenger. The first ordinance, 
which was approved on the 6th of March, 1797, pro- 
vided " that the several clerks of the markets, the 
weighers, wood-corders, harbor-master, inspector of 
flour and of salted provisions, be and are hereby con- 
tinued in the exercise of the powers heretofore granted 
to them by the commissioners of Baltimore Town and 
the port-wardens until the corporation shall provide 
for the same." - On the 17th of March an ordinance 
was passed authorizing Richard H. Moale to receive 
the records, papers, proceedings, and accounts of the 
commissioners of Baltimore Town, special commis- 
sioners and port-wardens, and to keep them until the 
corporation should make further provision with re- 
gard to them. By the same ordinance William Gib- 
son was appointed to receive all the moneys in the 
hands of the commissioners of Baltimore Town, spe- 
cial commissioners and port-wardens, and to give 
bond and security for the faithful performance of his 
duty. By ordinance approved March 20th a corpo- 
rate seal was adopted.' On the 27th of March an or- 
dinance was approved by the mayor establishing a 
register and treasury department, and on the 10th of 
April an ordinance appointing city commissioners 
received the executive sanction. Municipal honors, 
however, were soon discovered to be costly affairs, 
and it was found necessary to provide funds to defray 
the current expenses of the new-born city. In order 
to do this without the imposition of additional taxa- 
tion, under which the " citizens" would probably 
j have grown restive, the mayor on the 24th of April 
I approved an ordinance "to prepare a scheme of lot- 
: tery to raise a sum of money for the use of the city of 
Baltimore." Four thousand tickets were to be issued 
at five dollars each, and $40,920 were to be distributed 
in prizes, leaving $9080 to be raised for the benefit of 
I the city. William McCreery, Dr. George Buchanan, 
and Richard Carson, Jr., were appointed commission- 
ers under the ordinance "to carry the scheme into 
I effect," * and were directed, after deducting a " com- 
j mission of five per centum on the amount of all tickets 
! by them sold as a compensation for their trouble, and 
to discharge the expenses of the lottery, to pay the 



2 The wood-corders in 1797 were John Gutho, First District; Charles 
Merriken, Second District ; Samuel James, Third ; and Peter Weary, 
Fourth District. Lanvaie Bari-y was clerk of the Hanover Market; 
James Long, clerk of the Centre Market ; and John Weir, clerk of Point 
Market. 

3 It was subsequently enacted that "the seal heretofore provided and 
used, the impression on which is a representation of the Battle Monu- 
ment, is hereby established and declared to have been and now to be the 
seal of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore." The first seal was 
oval, and of the same size as that now in use. A female figure represent- 
ing the Goddess of Liberty formed the centre ; in her right hand she held 
a balance, the symbol of justice, and in her left a spear surmounted by a 
cap, the emblem of liberty ; at her feet lay a figure representing tyranny. 
The central figure was surmounted by the historic thu-tcen stars and the 
words "City of Baltimore, 1797." 

* A similar ordinance was passed in March of the following year. 



174 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and all otlier 



balance to the treasurer of the city." On the 29th 
of April, 1797, an ordinance was approved establish- 
ing "the salary and compensation of the ofiicers of 
the city of Baltimore," which, after recognizing the 
fact that " those who dedicate their time, abilities, and 
labor to the public ought to receive a reasonable com- 
pensation for their services," provided for the pay- 
ment of the following salaries to the various munici- 
pal officials : 

"To the register of the city, inclutling stati 
pauses, twelve hundred dollars; to the treasur 
half per centum for receiving, and one-half per centum for paying, all 
public moneys ; to the city commissioners, each four hundred dollars ; to 
the harbor-master, two hundred and fifty dollars; to the superintendent 
of the machine for cleaning the basin, six hundred and fifty-six dollars 
and sixty-seven cents; to the clerk of the Centre Market, one hundred 
and sixty dollars; tcj tbi- clirk of the Hanover Market, eighty dollars; 
totbeclerk.i ili I im M u l..t. one hundred dollars ; to the clerks of 
the First :i II I ~ I .. I the City Council, Ave dollars per diem 

for each flii\ <: -- In the messengersof the First and Second 

Branches ot 111 ' :ii ■ 1 m.' dollar and fifty cents per diem for each 

On the 20th of January, 1798, the Legislature passed 
an act providing for a general assessment of real 
and personal property throughout the State, and five 
"sensible, discreet, and experienced" persons, to be 
known as commissioners of the tax, were appointed in 
each county and in the city of Baltimore to carry 
out its provisions. The commissioners for the city of 
Baltimore were William Goodwin, Sr., Thomas El- 
liott, Nicholas Rogers, George Salmon, and Peter 
Sharpe; those for Baltimore County were Charles 
Carman, William McKubbin, Zachariah McKubbin, 
William Gwinn, and Francis Snowden.' The com- 
missioners were directed to value all the property 
lying in the precincts of the city of Baltimore, " in 
the same manner and by the same rules as the prop- 
erty in said county," and to make the return of such 
valuation to the commissioners of the county, and not 
of the city. Under this assessment the value of the 
property of the city subject to taxation was returned 
as £699,519 9s. 2rf.^ 

In 1802 an ordinance was passed (approved March 
29th) " for the more equal division of the city of 
Baltimore into wards," by which the wards were es- 
tablished as follows : 

it pat t of the city westward of 



1 During the first year the mayor received two thousand two hundred 
dollars, and during the second year two thousand four hundred dollars. 
Subsequently his salary was fixed at two thousand dollars per annum. 
In 1871 it was increased to five tliunsand dollars. The members of the City 
Council originally received no couipeusation, the office being considered 
an honorary one, but they were subsequently paid one dollar and fifty 
cents a day for every day of actual service, which was afterwards raised 
to five dollars per day. In lu'l the compensation was increased to one 
thousand doIlalH \n-r iiiniinn. 

2 The tax ,1- - -I - l"i I '..1 11 IN 1 11 \ , ,1] [iNiiii-il liV tlie commissioners, 



s.racu 



precincts, con- 



of 18,011 persons during the previous ton years. I)y the census of 1810, 
Baltimore and its precincts contained 46,355 inhabitants, of whiijh 4672 



" The Second Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits 
aforesaid eastward to Charles Street till it intersects Pratt Street, thence 
down Pratt Street to the basin, thence with the meanders of the basin 
southwardly and westwardly with the limits of the city to Sharp Street. 

" The Third Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits 
last aforesaid as follows: to commence at the intersection of Charles 
Street and Pratt Street, and thence down Pratt Street to the basin, thence 
with the meanders of the basin to Calvert Street, thence with Calvert 
Street to Lovely Lane, thence with Lovely Lane to South Street, thence 
with South Street to Baltimore Street, thence across Baltimore Street to 
North Lane, thence with North Lane to the limits of the city, and thence 
with the limits of the city to Charles Street. 

" The Tourth Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits 
last aforesaid, beginning at Calvert Street dock, thence with the mean- 
ders of the basin to Smith's dock, thence across Pratt Street to Spear's 
Alley, thence with Spear's Alley to Water Street, thence along Water 
Street westward to Exchange Alley, thence with Exchange Alley to 
Second Street, thence across Second Street to Tiipolet's Alley, thence 
with Tripolet's Alley to Baltimore Street, thence with Baltimore Street 
to Gay Street, thence with Gay Street to Jones' Falls, and thence with 
Jones' Falls and the limits of the city to North Lane. 

" The Fifth Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the limits 
last aforesaid, beginning at Smith's dock, and running thence with the 
niean.leis uf llie ImsIii t.i JlcEldery's dock, thence with McEldery's 

il.i. 1. nil I II nil. Mil 1.1 I Sinice to Baltimore street, thence crossing 

l;,ii , ii, ii.-.t, thence with Harrison Street to Gay 

■ In, MMli \run 1 . ill! 11- all that part of the city from the limits 

last afuiesaid, liciiiiiniuK m McEldery's dock, and running thence with 
the meanders of the basin to Jones' Falls, thence with Jones' Falls to 
Philpot's bridge, thence crossing Jones' Falls and running along Balti- 
more Street extended and York Street to Harford Street, and thence 
crossing Harford Street and continuing along Dulaney Street eastward 
to the limits of the city, and thence with the limits of the city to Jones' 
Falls, thence with the said Falls to Gay Street. 
" The Seventh Ward to comprise all that part of the city from the 
I limits last aforesaid, beginning at Philpot's bridge, and running thence 
I with the Falls to the basiu, thence with the meanders of the basin to 
Alliceana Street, thence with Alliceana Street to the limits of the city, 
and thence with the limits of the city to Dulaney Street. 

" The Eighth Ward to comprise all the rest of the city to the south of 
Alliceana Street to the limits thereof.''* 

The first meeting of the City Council, as has been 
said, was held at the court-house, but it was soon 
found necessary to seek accommodations elsewhere. 
Rooms were accordingly rented from James Long, 
clerk of the Centre Market, whose house was situated 
at No. 1 Front Street, in convenient proximity to his 
place of business.'' 

It is probable that the first and second sessions were 
held at the court-house, and that Mr. Long's house 
was first occupied in 1799, for under that date we are 
informed that "the corporation of Baltimore com- 
menced their third session at the house of Mr. James 
Long." Here the City Council continued to meet 
until May, 1801, when an ordinance was passed al- 
lowing " James Long, for the occupation of his house 
by the City Council to the 1st of May, 1801, the sum 
of two hundred dollars." 

This would seem to have been intended as a final 
settlement with Long, as by ordinance passed in the 
previous March (approved March 7th) the City Coun- 
cil had appointed Zebulon Hollingsworth, Nicholas 

< In 181'2 Baltimore and its precincts (the suburbs) contained nearly 
fifty thousand people. There were five daily papers published in the city, 
not one belonging to a n.itive, and only one edited by a Marylandor. 

!• The residence of the mayor, Mr. Calhoun, was at the corner of Bal- 
timore and South Lane (now South Street), where it is likely he dis- 
cliarged the greater pai-t of his official duties. 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE; 



175 



Hogers, Eichard l^awson, Elias EUi«®Wt, and James ■ 
McCannen <»B»Biissioners to purchase a lot of ground ! 
and erect a tasty hall, and had empowered them " to 
procure farthwith a suitabJe homse tfor the accommo- 
dation of ih& City Council, and frar the office of the 
mayor and iregister, until the said city hall shall be | 
.completed." By a subseqment ordinance, passed on 
the -Ith of March, 1802, the .commissioners were di- i 
rected to suspend proceedings with reference to the i 
.erection «f the city hall, and on the 17th of March, 
1806, itlie (Ordinance authorizing its erection was ab- 
solutely repealed. It appears, however, from a proc- 
lamation of Mayor Calhoun on the 24th of September, 
1801, that rooms had been secured at the buildings I 
belonging to the Majyland Insurance Company on 
.South .Street, where tlie Cooaucil was called to con- | 
vene, and where it is probable it continued to meet | 
for a matuber of years. In 1812 a building at the 
.cojner of HoUiday Street and Orange Alley, with 
some a(^acent lots, was purcliased for municipal pur- 
poses, hut it does not seem to have been used by the 
idity Council. On the 4th of December, 1817, resolu- 
tions were passed by the City Council authorizing 
the mayor, the presidents of the two branches of the 
City Council, and Messrs. John Hollins, John C. 
White, Jajjues Mosher, and James AVilson to purchase 
for the aeeoramodation of the City Council and the 
•officers of the city the lot and buildings fronting upon 
East Fayette and Holliday Streets, belonging to the 
proprietors of the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, pay- 
able in stock to be issued for that purpose, bearing 
six per cent, interest, provided the purchase could be 
effected on reasonable terms. The purchase, however, 
was not effected, and on the 11th of February, 1820, 
a resolution was passed by the City Council directing 
the mayor and the presidents of the two branches to 
"have the house on Holliday Street owned by the 
city examined, and if in their opinion it can be made 
to afford convenient accommodations for the mayor's , 
office, the sessions of the Council, and other requisite ' 
offices," that they should " communicate the same to ' 
the City Council, together with an estimate of the [ 
probable expense of the necessary alterations for the • 
above purposes;" and if "found impracticable," that ! 
they should "ascertain whether any other suitable 
house can be obtained, and on what terms." The 1 
house on Holliday Street was probably found to be 
unsuitable for the purpose, and on the 9th of the fol- 
lowing March (1820) a resolution was passed request- 
ing the mayor " to ascertain during the present year 
from the Baltimore Exchange Company the best 
terms on which they will agree to furnish suitable 
accommodations for the city authorities in their build- ; 
ings; also the best terms on which the Maryland 
Insurance Company will dispose of their property 
situated on South Street, and further, the expense of 
erecting suitable accommodations on the city lot situ- 
ated on Holliday Street, and report the same to the 
City Council at their next session." The municipal 



departments were probably ftt this time occupying 
rooms in the building of the Maryland Insurance 
Company. On the 29th of March, 1821, the mayor 
by resolution was authorized " to rent the whole of 
the premises they now in part occupy, belonging: to 
the Maryland Insurance Company, at the annual rent 
of six hundred dollars." On the 20th of November 
in the same year a resolution was adopted diirectnng 
the city commissioners "to produce to *he Council 
earJy in January next a plan of a building suitable 
for the accommodation of the different branches of 
the city government, together with an estimate of the 
cast of erecting the same on the lot owned by the 
eity on Holliday Street in a plain and substantial 



On the 2(Jth of March, 1823, a resolution was ap- 
proved authorizing the mayor 

"rto lease from th« Baltimore Exchange Company for the term of five 
years the whole range of rooms on the second Door of tlie west side of 
theExcliange for the accommodHtion of the First and Second Branches of 
the City Council, two rooms in the said Exchange on the first floor, on 
the entrance from Gay Street, for the mayor anil register, and as many 
rooms in the basement story as will be necessary for the other oflicers 
of the corporation, together with suitable accommodations for necessa- 
liei, not to exceed eight hundred dollars annually for the whole." 

By the resolution of May 5th following the mayor 
was " authorized to make any arrangement with the 
president and directors of the Exchange Company 
that he may deem advisable for the better accommo- 
dation of the Council and the officers of the corpora- 
tion," provided the expense did not exceed eight 
hundred dollars per annum ; and by subsequent reso- 
lutions of September 23d and October 31st of the same 
year authority was given to have the rooms in the 
Exchange prepared for the reception of the City 
Council and various departments. On the 24th of 
January, 1824, "the exchange made by the mayor 
and the presidents of the First and Second Branches 
of the City Council with the directors of the Exchange 
Building, whereby the Council have obtained posses- 
sion of the range of rooms on the east side in the 
place of those on the west side, on the second floor of 
said building," was approved and confirmed by a reso- 
lution of the City Council. On the 15th of February, 
1828, the mayor was "authorized and directed to con- 
tract with the Exchange Company, for the term of 
two years from the month of October next, for the 
rooms now occupied by the corporation in the Ex- 
change Building, viz., the rooms occupied by the 
mayor, the register, and the collector, all on the first 
floor; the rooms occupied by the First and Second 
Branches of the City Council, and the rooms occu- 
pied by the city commissioners and Board of Health, 
all on the second floor, with the vaults in the base- 
ment attached thereto, at an annual rent not exceed- 
ing one thousand dollars." A few months before the 
expiration of the lease, on the 24th of January, 1830, 
the following report and resolution were presented in 
the First Branch of the City Council : 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



"The joint committee to whom was referred tlie expedienoy of renew- 
ing the contract with the Exclmnge Company for tiie rooma at present 
occupied by the corporation, wliich will expire on the let of October, 
report that they have had the subject under consideration, and are 
unanimously of the opinion that it is inexpedient to contiact with the 
Exchange Company on the terms which they offer the corporation. Your 
committee would briefly state the terms offered at which they would 
renew the contract for the two years next ensuing, viz.: fifteen hun- 
dred dollars per annum, which is an advance of fifty per cent, on the 
present annual rent. Your committee are satisfied that it is not tlie in- 
terest of the corporation to assume this charge, when they can be much 
more conveniently and comfortably accommodated by the offer of the 
property on lloUiday Street, late Peale's Museum, and they respectfully 
suggest the propriety of authorizing the purchase thereof, and thereby 
saving to the city an annual income of nine hundred and eighty-four 
dollars, as will more fully appear l»y the following estimate: the lot is 
fifty-one feet on the street, by a depth of upwards of one hundred feet, 
on which the building proposed to be purchased stands, subject to an 
annual rent to John McKim, Jr., and James and Charles Wilson of three 
hundred and si.x dollars, with the privilege of purchasing out at six per 
cent, the right of property from the lessee, as per note of Reuben 

Peale $1G0U.00 

To which add for altering and repairing, as per commissioner's state- 
ment accompanying this report $110(J.OO 

The necessary papering, painting, and furnishing 1300.00 

Interest on expenditure at five per cent., including ground-rent, will 

be 9506.00 

Which at one view will show the saving as stated in a part of this 

"Your committee unanimously recommend the adoption of the fol- 
lowing resolution: 

"Resolved, By the mayor and City Council of Baltimore, that the 
mayor be and he is hereby authorized to purchase from Reubens Peale 
the property on Holliday Street on which is erected the building known 
as the Baltimore Museum; and that he is authorized to draw on the 
register of the city for the sum of $1600.00, the consideration money, 
on receiving from said Peale a good and sufficient title to the same. 

" Wm. H. HiXSON, 1 

" Jos K. Stapleton > Commillee 
"Wm.Meeteee, ' J Pi"> Branch. 

"JOHS EtESE, ■) 

„ ^. itEANY ' Committee 

" Baltzer Schaefeer i ^^^'^^^'^ Branch. 

Peale, however, had become involved, and was not 
able to give a good title, and on the 30th of May fol- 
lowing another reso- 
lution was passed on 
the subject, by which 
the mayor and the 
"" presidents of the two 

,-^j^ - branches were invest- 

' . . II ed with authority " to 
?»- ImT^^- I'll i' ]iurchase the property, 

11 ,|^,r!-^«i f^ ' late Peale's Museum, 

"^ in Holliday Street, by 

such mode as they may 

deem expedient, and 

for sucli sum iis tiiry may think reasonable." The 

purchase was consummated on the 28th of June. 

It was soon perceived that the new quarters were 
but poorly suited to the purposes for which they had 
been selected, and with the passage of every year 
they became still less capable of accommodating the 
constantly enlarging departments of the city govern- 
ment. The question of providing a permanent city 
hall was di8cu.ssed from time to time, and was seri- 
ously considered at the Council session of 184G, when 



several plans were suggested, o'ne of which contem- 
plated the purchase of- the Exchange buildings for 
corporation purposes. In 1852 the subject was again 
agitated, and a committee of the City Council was 
appointed to select a site for a new city hall, and re- 
ported on the 6th of April in favor of the square of 
ground bounded by North, Fayette, Holliday, and 
Lexington Streets. On the 19th of January, 1853, a 
committee was appointed to recommend a suitable 
site for a city hall, which on the 19th of May pre- 
sented a report pointing out in strong terms the ne- 
cessity for a new building, and resolutions calling for 
the appointment of a commission " to locate and pur- 
chase a site and procure plans for a city hall." On 
the 10th of March, 1854, an act was passed by the 
Legislature authorizing the mayor and City Council 
of Baltimore to purchase a site for a city hall, and 
empowering them to issue certificates of city stock to 
the amount of four hundred thousand dollars, bear- 
ing five per cent, interest. An ordinance was accor- 
dingly introduced and passed on the 3d of May by 
the City Council authorizing the commissioners of 
finance to "lease from Messrs. George Brown and 
John White all that square of ground bounded on 
the north by Lexington Street or Orange Alley, south 
by Fayette Street, east by Holliday Street, and west 
by North Street." No practical steps were taken, 
however, for some years ; and in the meanwhile, on 
the 2d of April, 1857, a resolution was passed ordering 
the removal of the ofiices of the mayor and all the 
departments except the City Council chambers to" 
buildings on Holliday Street, previously the private 
residences of Messrs. George Brown and Hugh Gel- 
ston ; and the removal was effected during the latter 
part of June. The mayor's office was located on the 
first floor of the Brown mansion, and occupied the 
southern side, while the city register and comptroller 
occupied the rooms on the north side of the hall. The 
office of the city collector was in the front room of the 
Gelston mansion, and that of the Appeal Tax Court 
immediately in the rear. The health officer occupied 
the two front rooms on the second floor, and the city 
auditor those in the rear. Several of the rooms were 
occupied by the archives of the city, which were 
removed on the 26th of June. 

In his annual message of Jan. 16, 1860, Mayor 
Swann recalled the attention of the City Council to 
the subject of erecting a city hall, and on the 29th 
of March a resolution was adopted by the Council 
requesting the joint standing committee on city prop- 
erty " to prepare and report an ordinance to the Coun- 
cil, investing the funds of the McDonogh bequest in 
the securities of the city of Baltimore, and applying 
the same to the building of a new city hall, for the 
accommodation of the municipal government and all 
the various departments thereof." In pursuance of 
this resolution an ordinance was passed by the City 
Council, and received the approval of Mayor Swann 
on the 23d of July, 1860, wliich provided for the ap- 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF BALTIMORE. 



177 



pointment by the mayor of four commissioners, with 
himself as chairman, who should adopt a plan for the 
building and advertise for proposals for its construc- 
tion. It was provided that it should be erected upon 
the site selected, under the ordinance of 1854 ; that the 
building should be fire-proof and faced with marble; 
and that to defray the expense of construction the 
trustees of the McDonogh Educational Fund should 
lend five hundred thousand dollars of the fund to the 
building commission, for which the city was to pay 
six per cent, interest. A plan designed by Wm. T. 
Marshall was adopted, and on the 16th of October 
Messrs. Edwin A. Abbott, Edward S. Lambdin, Evan 
T. Ellicott, and C. Sydney Norris, the "Board of 
Commissioners of the New City Hall," were directed 
by ordinance to have the buildings on the lot selected 
for the city hall removed, and to procure suitable 
temporary accommodations for the city officials occu- 
pying the buildings in question. In his annua! mes- 
sage to the City Council, on the 7th of January, 1861, 
the mayor recommended that the erection of the city 
hall should be postponed, as the lowest estimates made 
exceeded the amount of the appropriation, and on 
the 18th of the ensuing April the ordinance providing 
for the erection of a new city hall was repealed. 
Further resolutions looking to the erection of a city 
hall were adopted in 1863, and in 1864 committees 
were again appointed and plans submitted. In his 
message of the 3d of January, 1865, Mayor Chapman 
referred to "the urgent necessity for the building 
of a city hall," and in response to his suggestions, on 
the 9th of June, 1865, Valentine Foreman submitted 
an ordinance in the First Branch of the City Coun- 
cil "to provide for the building of a new city hall," 
which, after passing both branches, received the ap- 
proval of the mayor on the 25th of the following 
September. This ordinance provided for the appoint- 
ment of a board of four commissioners, with the mayor 
as president, to serve without pay as the building 
committee to superintend the erection of the city 
hall ; and to meet the expense of its construction the 
commissioners of finance were authorized and directed 
to issue five hundred thousand dollars of city bonds, 
or so much thereof as might be necessary, bearing 
interest at the rate of six per cent. On the 29th of 
January, 1866, the Legislature passed an act author- 
izing the issue of city bonds to an amount not ex- 
ceeding six hundred thousand dollars for the erection 
of the building, and on the 24th of April in the same 
year a resolution of the City Council was approved 
by the mayor authorizing the commissioners of finance 
to purchase the property of Messrs. Thomas R. Wil- 
son and Henry R. Wilson for the sum at which it 
was ofiered to the city in 1860. On the 30th of May 
following an ordinance was approved by the mayor 
authorizing the commissioners of finance to redeem 
the ground-rents on the lots, and in pursuance of 
this authority the commissioners purchased from the 
Messrs. Wilson the property bounding on Holliday 



and North Streets and Orange Alley (Lexington 
Street) for the sum of forty thousand six hundred 
dollars ; they also purchased the ground-rents on the 
lots which had been leased from George Brown and 
John White under the ordinance approved March 
11, 1854, paying Mr. Brown .$49,000 and Mr. White 
$92,126, making the total amount paid for the site 
$177,726. An ordinance was also passed providing 
for the closing of Orange Alley, and the opening of 
Lexington Street between Holliday and North, by 
which the site was enlarged to an oblong square two 
hundred and thirty-four by one hundred and fifty-one 
feet. 

By the terms of the act of Assembly of the 29th 
of January, 1866, work was not to be commenced upon 
the city hall until the expiration of a year from its 
passage, so that operations could not be begun before 
the last of January, 1867. In the spring of that year 
Mayor Chapman appointed Messrs. Thomas B. Burch, 
John W. Kirkland, Thomas C. Basshor, and James 
Smith as the building committee required under the 
ordinance, and on the 25th of May they organized, and 
appointed George A. Frederick architect, and John 
B. Haswell superintendent. The removal of the old 
material on the site was soon efiected, and the cellar 
partly excavated and some of the foundation-walls 
laid during the latter part of the year. The work 
was commenced on the Fayette Street side of the 
building, and the corner-stone was laid with appro- 
priate ceremonies on the 18th of October, 1867.' 

On the 7th of November, 1867, the mayor, Hon. 
Robt. T. Banks, sent a special communication to the 
City Council suggesting the appointment of a joint 
committee to inquire into the validity of the con- 
tracts awarded by the building committee, and on 
the 11th another suggesting that the city had no 
authority to issue its bonds to raise funds for the 
erection of the city hall, because the ninth section 
of the act authorizing their issue had not been con- 
firmed and ratified by the General Assembly as the 
eleventh section required. A resolution was imme- 
diately adopted by the City Council suspending pay- 
i ments under the contracts and directing the law-ofii- 
cers of the city to take steps to bring the question to 
a prompt judicial decision. Legal proceedings were 
accordingly commenced in the Superior Court of 
Baltimore on the 12th of December, 1867, and the 
question having been decided in favor of the build- 
i ing committee by that tribunal, the case was taken to 
I the Court of Appeals, which, on the 12th of June, 
1868, reversed the ruling of Judge Dobbin, and 
decided that the ordinance of the 25th of September, 
j 1865, providing for the building of a new city hall, 
I was inoperative until its ninth section should be 



laid at the Boutheast coi 

On the 18th of February, 1S69, a resolution was adopted by the then 

! building committee directing the removal of the stone to the northeast 

1 corner of the building, upon the ground that the original point was un- 



usual in public 



andt 



ordingly carried 



178 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



confirmed and ratified by the General Assembly.' 
Before the decision of the Court of Appeals had 
been rendered application had been made to the 
General Assembly for new powers, and on the 30th 
of March, 1868, an act was passed by the Legislature 
authorizing the mayor and City Council of Baltimore 
to issue the bonds of the city to an amount not ex- 
ceeding one million dollars, the proceeds to be used 
in the construction of the proposed edifice, the issue 
of the bonds to be provided for by ordinance of the 
mayor and City Council, to be ratified by the voters 
of the city. 

This ordinance was passed and approved by the 
mayor on the 24th of .Tune, 1868, was duly submitted 
to the legal voters of the city on the 8th of July en- 
suing, and w-as ratified by a vote of 2057 in its favor 
to 753 against it. An amicable adjustment of the 
contracts given out by the former building committee 
was effected, and on the 5th of August, 1868, an ordi- 
nance was passed providing for the appointment of a 
new building commission to consist of six persons, 
with the mayor as chairman. The committee ap- 
pointed consisted of Messrs. George A. Coleman, 
John Ellicott, George W. Stinchcomb, Thomas J. 
Griffiths, George A. Davis, and Ogden A. Kirkland, 
and organized on the 3d of October, 1868. John J. 
Purcell was appointed superintendent, and Wm. Rob- 
ertson secretary, of the committee. The new com- 
mission at once proceeded to advertise for proposals 
for the construction of the building, and most of the 
marble and brick work of the basement was executed 
under its supervision. On the 4th of November, 1869, 
an ordinance was passed reducing the building com- 
mittee from six to five, and providing for their elec- 
tion by a joint convention of the City Council, and 
under its provisions Joshua Vansant, John W. Colley, 
Jchabod Jean, Samuel H. Adams, and J. Hall Pleas- 
ants were appointed as a new building committee, 
and organized on the 6th of November by the elec- 
tion of Joshua Vansant as president, and Walter E. 
Smith as secretary. At its session in 1870 the Legis- 
lature passed an act authorizing the City Council to 
issue additional city stock to the extent of one mil- 
lion dollars to meet the expenses of construction, and 
on the 11th of April in the same year an ordinance 
was adopted by the City Council providing for this 
new loan, which was submitted to the voters of the 
city, and was ratified by them on the 21st of April. 
On the 8th of February, 1872, an ordinance was 
adopted by the City Council providing for an addi- 
tional issue of five hundred thousand dollars of city 
stock, which was confirmed by act of Assembly and 
ratified by the voters of the city on the 7th of Marcli, 
1872, by a vote of 6042 in its "favor and 879 against 
it. On the 31st of March, 1875, the City Council 

> After the reraoval of the buildings on the site of the citv liall, the 

municipal departmeuts sought ciuarters at various points in the vicinity, I 

the mayor at one time having his oftice in the Johnson building, at the , 

northwcBt corner of Fayette and Calvert Streets. ' 



hoisted the United States flag above the new city 
hall and occupied their chambers there for the first 
time, and on the 9th of April the other departments 
also began to move into their new quarters.^ Special 
preparations were made for the dedication of the edi- 
fice, and Messrs. H. D. Loney, George A. Kirk, and 
Charles Streeper, on the part of the Second Branch, 
Wm. E. Stewart, Columbus W. Lewis, and Matthew 
W. Donavin, on the part of the First Branch, of the 
City Council were appointed as a special committee 
to make all the necessary arrangements. The 25th 
of October, 1875, was selected by the committee as 
the day for the ceremonies of the occasion, and the 
new city hall was formally dedicated on that date in 
the presence of a vast assemblage of citizens. The 
ceremonies included an imposing procession, embrac- 
ing the military, religious, and other organizations of 
Baltimore, and addresses by Joshua Vansant, chair- 
man of the building committee, and Hon. John H. 
B. Latrobe. 

The aggregate cost of the city hall, including the 
cost of furnishing and fitting it up, was $2,375,400.41. 
The whole amount of the several appropriations made 
for its erection was 12,500,000, thus making the cost 
$124,599.59 less than the estimate. The superficial 
area of the block on which the city hall is situated 
is 51,000 square feet, and the area occupied by the 
building 30,552 square feet. It fronts on HoUi- 
day and North Streets 238 feet, and on Fayette and 
Lexington Streets 149 feet. The linear circumference 
is 8421 feet. The height of the dome from the bed 
of Holliday Street is 227 feet, and from the top of the 
roof 132 feet. The height of the building to the top 
of the cornice at the main entrance on Holliday 
Street is 96 feet. It contains 102 rooms, and accom- 
modates all the departments of the city government. 
The exterior foundation walls to within 18 inches of 
the ground are built of Falls Road limestone, a spe- 
cies of gneiss of the utmost durability, and are five 
feet six inches thick. All the interior walls are built 
of brick, and vary from two feet six inches to seven feet 
in thickness, the latter being those of the dome and 
tower. All the brick used throughout were dark red 
or arch, and all the walls are built in Cumberland 
cement mortar. Above ground, all the exterior walls 
are faced with Baltimore County marble, a species of 
white magnesia limestone of very compact and fine 
grain, extreme hardness and durability, and capable 
of a very superior finish. Most of the stone was 
obtained from the extensive quarries of John B. Con- 
oily, near Cockeysville, about seventeen miles from 
Baltimore, on the Northern Central Railroad. The 
greater part of the blocks used in the construction 



- The large bell cast by Messrs. Joshua Kegister & Sons for the city 
hall was placed in position on the 12th of October, 1874. It weighs 
six thousand two hundred and eighty pounds, and the hammer one hun- 
dred and fifty pounds; it is five feet eleven inoliee in diameter, 
four feet eleven inches in height, and is affixed to a yoke weighing seven 
hundred pounds. It is popularly known as •' Big Sam," and was named 
after one of the junior members of the firm by which it was cast. 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 




were of large dimensions, and some in superficial area 
were probably the largest ever taken from any marble 
quarry. The columns of the portico are monoliths ; 
the slabs forming the ceiling and the floor of the bal- 
cony over the portico are eleven feet ten inches wide 
and fourteen feet long. The style of the architecture 
is the " Renaissance." The general plan or division 
of the mass consists of a centre structure four stories 
high and two connected lateral wings three stories 
high, the centre finishing with pediments, the others 
with Mansard roofs. The different fronts are well 
broken and relieved, and while the general character 
of the work is strong and well defined, — devoid of 
extravagant carving, which serves to accumulate 
dust and dirt, — it is in strict unison of design, and 
the tout ensemble is rich in admirable proportion and 
taste.' 

The architect was Geo. A. Frederick, and the su- 
perintendent John J. Purcell.^ 

The old city hall on Holiday Street is now used as 
a colored public school. 



1 We are mainly indebted for the above description to the official history 
of the city hall compiled Ijy Allen E. Forrester. 

2 The southeast corner of the present site of the city hall was for- 
merly occupied by the residence of Tr. White. Next to Dr. White's house 



CHAPTER XIX. 

THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 

Financial Condition of the City— Population— The Mayora and City 
Councilmen— Members of the Senate and House of Delegates — Regis- 
ters-Taxable Basis from the Earliest Period, etc. 

By the act of 1817, ch. 148, the city was divided 
into twelve wards, and finally into twenty wards by 
the acts of 1844, ch. 282, 1845, ch. 238, and 1847, ch. 
175. The present boundaries of the twenty wards of 
Baltimore were established by the City Council in 
1860, under ordinance No. 79, passed September 18th 
of that year, and are briefly as follows : First — Wolfe 
and Monument Streets, city limits and harbor line. 
Second — Wolfe and Bank Streets, Central Avenue, 

on the north was a back building; next to that the residences of Alex- 
ander and George Brown, and next to them the dwelling of James Wil- 
son, which was torn down when Lexington Street was opened from Hol- 
liday Street to North. The southwest corner of the lot was occupied by 
a three-story structure owned by the Messrs. White, and here the post- 
offlce was for a time located. North of this were the stables of the 
buildings on Holliday Street, and at the northwest corner of the lot 
stood the city watch-house, a shabby two-story affair, in the second story 
of which the Apprentices' Library was accommodated, "where lectures 
were delivered to the boys on history and geography by a very young 
student of law, and on mathematics by a prominent member of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Eastern Avenue, Jones' Falls, and harbor line. T}iird 
— Wolfe and Baltimore Streets, Central Avenue and 
Bank Street. Fourth — Central Avenjie, Fayette Street, 
.Tones' Falls, and Eastern Avenue. Fifth — Central 
Avenue, Monument and Hillen Streets, Jones' Falls, 
and Fayette Street. Sixth— 'WoMe and Monument 
Streets, Central Avenue and Baltimore Street. Seventh 
— -Eastern city limits. North and Harford Avenues, 
Ensor and Monument Streets. Eighth — Hillen and 
Ensor Streets, Harford and North Avenues, and Jones' 
Falls. A7«^A— Jones' Falls, Franklin Street, Charles 
Street, Pratt Street, and harbor line. Tenth — Charles, 
Franklin, Paca, and Pratt Streets. E/evrnth— Jones' 
Falls, Biddle Street, Druid Hill Avenue, Paca and 
Franklin Streets. Twelfth— 3 ones' Falls, North and 
Druid Hill Avenues, and Biddle Street. Thirteenth— 
Paca, Franklin, Poppleton, and Lexington Streets. 
Fourteenth — Paca, Lexington, Poppleton, and Pratt 
Streets. Fifteenth— Fintt, Howard, and Henrietta 
Streets, and harbor line. Sixteenth— PrsLtt, Poppleton, 
Cross, Hamburg, and Howard Streets. Seventeenth — 
All that part of South Baltimore south and east of 
Henrietta, Hanover, and Clement Streets. Eighteenth 
— All that part of South Baltimore south and west of 
Baltimore, Poppleton, Cross, Hamburg, Howard, Hen- [ 
rietta, and Clement Streets. Nineteenth — Baltimore, 
Poppleton, Franklin, and Fremont Streets, North 
Avenue, and city limits. Twentieth — Paca Street, 
Druid Hill Avenue, North Avenue, Pennsylvania 
Avenue, Fremont and Franklin Streets. The several 
precincts of the wards were designated by the Board 
of Police Commissioners under the act of 1876, ch. 
247. The city was divided into three legislative dis- 
tricts under Section 2 of Article III. of the consti- 
tution of 1864, the First District consisting of the 
First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Sev- 
enth Wards; the Second of the Eighth, Ninth, 
Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Nineteenth, and Twen- 
tieth Wards; and the Third of the Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and 
Eighteenth Wards. Each of these districts is en- 
titled to one senator and three delegates in the Gen- 
eral Assembly, giving Baltimore a total of twenty- 
one votes in the two branches of the Legislature. In 
another place attention has already been called to the 
unfairness with which Baltimore was treated in the 
matter of representation under the constitution of 
1776, and to the many efforts to secure her citizens 
political equality with those of the counties. Al- 
though at the present day the injustice is not so 
glaring as it was a century ago, it requires but the 
briefest examination to prove that the representation 
accorded the city is still based on anything but prin- 
ciples of fairness and equality. 

According to the census of 1880 Maryland contains 
934,627 inhabitants, and Baltimore 332,190, or largely 
over a third of the whole population of the State. In 
a total representation of one hundred and eight sen- 
ators and delegates in the General Assembly this 



would entitle the city to nearly twice the number of 
representatives which it has at present. Calvert 
County, with a population of 10,538, has three repre- 
sentatives in the General Assembly (one senator and 
two delegates), or just one-seventh the number al- 
lowed Baltimore with a population of over 330,000. 
In other words, Baltimore, which has a population 
more than thirty-one times larger than Calvert, has a 
representation only seven times as great. 

With this marked disproportion between her popu- 
lation and her representation, the day when all men 
shall be politically equal in Maryland cannot yet be 
said to have arrived. Forming over a third of the 
population of the State, and paying nearly sixty per 
cent, of the annual revenues of the Commonwealth, 
the metropolis of Maryland would seem to be entitled 
to claim a much larger representation than it actu- 
ally enjoys in the General Assembly. The city gov- 
ernment is vested in a mayor elected biennially, with 
a salary of five thousand dollars, and a City Council 
of two branches, — the First and Second. The First 
Branch consists of one member from each of the 
twenty wards into which the city is divided, elected 
annually, while the Second Branch consists of ten 
members, eacli member representing two wards, 
elected biennially. The members of both branches 
receive each one thousand dollars per annum. The 
mayor has a veto power that requires a vote of three- 
fourths of each branch to overcome. 

The present mayor of Baltimore is Hon. Ferdinand 
C. Latrobe, whose term expires in November, 1881. 
He has been three times elected to the chief magis- 
tracy of the city, and his administrations have been 
singularly popular and practical. He comes of a 
family highly distinguished in Maryland history. 
The son of that eminent lawyer and scholar, John 
H. B. Latrobe, and nephew of the famous engineer, 
B. H. Latrobe, who carried the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad over the Alleghany Mountains, he was born 
in Baltimore, Oct. 14, 1833, and was educated at the 
College of St. James, Washington Co., Md. He 
studied law with his father, and after being admitted 
to the bar, in 1858 he became assistant counsel of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and has par- 
ticipated in most of the important suits to which the 
corporation has been a party in the Maryland Court 
of Appeals. His early manifested inclination for 
public life was gratified by an election to the House 
of Delegates of the General Assembly of 1868, where 
he was acting chairman during the entire session of 
the Ways and Means Committee. He was thoroughly 
j a working member, and the author of various impor- 
j tant measures, among which was the military law. 
Governor Thomas Swann appointed him judge-ad- 
I vocate-general, and he and Adjutant-General John S. 
Berry were mainly instrumental in organizing eleven 
fine regiments of militia. He was re-elected to the 
General Assembly, and was elected Speaker of the 
House of Delegates, where he made an honorable 





/^^:^>^^!/^ 




THE CITY GOVEKNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



record as presiding officer. He took the stump for 
Greeley and Brown in 1872, and the next year was a 
candidate for the Democratic nomination for mayor 
of Baltimore, but was defeated by Hon. Joshua Van- 
sant. In 187.5 he was again a candidate, received 
the nomination, and was elected in October of that 
year. His administration was characterized by a 
number of reforms in the municipal government, es- 
pecially the abolishment of the extravagant port- 
wardens' department and the city yard, and the sub- 
stitution of the Harbor Board, consisting of seven 
gentlemen, who serve without pay and have charge 
of all matters appertaining to the harbor. In con- 
nection with the officials of the national government, 
they have secured a depth of twenty-five feet in the 
channels, so that the largest class of steamships can 
now enter the port. The improvement of Jones' 
Falls, the opening of many new streets and avenues, 
the replacement of the cobble-stones by Belgian- 
block pavements, the institution of an admirable sys- 
tem of fire-alarm telegraph, a reduction of the annual 
municipal expenses four hundred thousand dollars, 
and of the tax rate to $1.37 on the $100 of assessed 
property, the refunding of five millions of six per 
cent, debt at five per cent., and the exemption of the 
plant and machinery of manufacturers from city tax- 
ation, are all achievements connected witli Mayor 
Latrobe's administration. In 1877 he was a candi- 
date for renomination, and was defeated by the late 
Col. George P. Kane, but upon Col. Kane's death in 
1878, Mr. Latrobe was elected to fill out the unexpired 
term, and was renominated and re-elected in 1879. 
In 1881 he withdrew from the contest for the renomi- 
nation, which was conferred upon Hon. William 
Pinkney Whyte. It is confidently anticipated, how- 
ever, that because of his great public popularity and 
services he will not long be permitted to remain in 
private life. His talents are of a character too use- 
ful to the public to be confined to the limited sphere 
of individual station, and it is safe to say that Balti- 
more has never had an executive who has left a better 
official record, or who has earned a better right to the 
public gratitude and recollection. The wise and con- 
servative policy which he inaugurated, and the prac- 
tical benefits and reforms which have been accom- 
plished under his administrations, will make them- 
selves felt for many years to come, and will doubtless 
lead the way by their example to the still further im- 
provement of the public service. Mr. Latrobe is a 
pleasing orator, a well-read lawyer, and a financier of 
uncommon ability. For a long term of years he was 
counsel for the late Thomas Winans and for Winans 
& Co., and when Mr. Winans died he was chosen at- 
torney for the executors of that immense estate. He 
was married in 1860 to a daughter of Hon. Thomas 
Swann, who died in 1865, leaving one son, and in 1880 
he was married to the widow of Thomas Swann, Jr. 

While the mayor and City Council have all the 
usual authority of municipal corporations to raise 



money by taxation, a provision of the constitution 
of the State declares that "no debt (except as herein- 
after excepted) shall be created by the mayor and 
City Council of Baltimore, nor shall the credit of the 
mayor and City Council of Baltimore be given or 
loaned to or in aid of any individual, association, or 
corporation, nor shall the mayor and City Council of 
Baltimore have the power to involve the city of Bal- 
timore in the construction of works of internal im- 
provement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which 
shall involve the faith and credit of the city, nor 
make any appropriation therefor, unless such debt or 
credit be authorized by an act of the General Assembly 
of Maryland and by an ordinance of the mayor and 
City Council of Baltimore, submitted to the legal 
voters of the city of Baltimore at such time and place 
as may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved by 
a majority of the votes at such time and place ; but 
the mayor and City Council may temporarily borrow 
any amount of money to meet any deficiency in the 
city treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising 
from the necessity of maintaining the police or pre- 
serving the safety and sanitary condition of the city, 
and may make due and proper arrangements and 
agreements for the removal and extension, in whole or 
in part, of any and all debts and obligations created 
according to law before the adoption of this constitu- 
tion." 

Except where otherwise provided by ordinance or 
by the Legislature of the State, the mayor appoints 
all subordinate officers, by and with the advice and 
consent of the two branches of the Council in con- 
vention. 

In this connection there is an Appeal Tax Court, 
consisting of three judges, who receive a salary each 
of eighteen hundred dollars, with a clerk at a salary 
of sixteen hundred dollars, an assessor, and other offi- 
cers provided for by law. They are authorized to assess 
the property of all persons failing to make their own 
returns, and are authorized to make alterations, ad- 
ditions, or deductions in assessments, as they may 
deem proper. A part of the duty of the Appeal Tax 
Court is to grant permits for the erection of buildings 
within the city limits without charge. 

There is a register, who is elected biennially by the 

two branches of the Council in convention. The 

I duties of the register are numerous. Generally stated, 

1 he has charge of the moneys and securities of the 

corporation and its accounting officer. He gives bond 

in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, and has a salary 

of three thousand dollars. No money can be paid, 

however, except through a warrant of the comptroller. 

I The comptroller is appointed biennially by the 

i mayor. He performs the duties indicated by his 

i title, gives bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars, 

and has a salary of three thousand dollars. The 

I comptroller, although appointed by the mayor, can 

only be removed by the joint action of the City 

Council. 



182 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The law officers of the city government are a coun- 
selor, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dol- 
lars, a solicitor, whose salary is four thousand dollars, 
and an examiner of titles, with a salary of three thou- 
sand dollars. 

There is a city librarian at a salary of fifteen hun- 
dred dollars, with an assistant at a salary of nine 
hundred dollars. In addition to his other duties, the 
librarian procures all the stationery and printed 
matter required by the heads of the several depart- 
ments. 

The sanitary department of the city government is 
carried on by a Board of Health, consisting of a health 
commissioner, with a salary of two thousand five hun- 
dred dollars, and an assistant, with a salary of fifteen 
hundred dollars. There is also a Marine Hospital 
physician, subordinate to the Board of Health, with a 
salary of three thousand dollars, whose duties apper- 
tain to the sanitary condition of the port. 

The disbursements of the Health Department for 
twelve months ending Dec. 31, 1880, were : 

street and Garbage account, including contract for the re- 
moval of garbage $192,000.00 

General Health account, including post-mortems l:i,089.50 

Salary account 17,700.00 

Nuisance and Sewer account 7,722.23 

Marine Hospital account 14,994.69 

Total disbursements for twelve months 824.5,606.42 

The duty of attending to the streets of the city de- 
volves upon a " city commissioner," with a salary of 
three thousand dollars, and three assistants, with a 
salary of fifteen hundred dollars each. 

There is also a city surveyor, elected biennially by 
the qualified voters of the city. The compensation 
is fixed by a table of rates, according to the services 
performed by him. 

Besides the "city commissioner," there is a board 
of three persons, called " the commissioners for open- 
ing streets in the city of Baltimore," which deter- 
mines matters connected with the laying out, open- 
ing, grading, widening, or closing up of streets, lanes, 
and alleys. They hold their offices for three years, — 
one going out of office every year, — and have each a 
salary of twelve hundred dollars. 

There are an inspector of public buildings, five in- 
spectors of streets, two inspectors of sewers, and two 
inspectors of public cemeteries, who perform the 
duties indicated by their respective titles. 

This enumeration of the officers of the city govern- 
ment does not include all of its employes, but it will 
suffice to give a correct idea of the system provided 
for the conduct of its aflTairs.^ 

The following tables exhibit the financial condition 
of the city : 

Dec. 31, 1880, the funded and guaranteed debt was 
$36,092,298.06, and the productive as-sets $30,223,- 
899.36 ; the net debt is therefore $5,868,398.70. The 

1 Fur these imrlicul.us «e are in.k-l ted tu Ihu ren„, t of Ilun. John H. 



amount of funded and guaranteed debt the interest 
on which is provided for by taxation is $13,162,653.48.^ 
The details of the debt, as given in the register's 
report of Jan. 5, 1881, are as follows : 

Statement of Funded Debt, Dec. 31, 1880. 



Public Park.. 

Exempt 

Water 



Funding 

15 

Water i6 

Harford Run 
Improvement. 4 

City Hall 6 

One Million 6 

Valley Railroad. 6 

Five Million 6 

Consolidated 6 

Park Improve- 

city Haii!!;;!";; e 



When Payable. 



! after the year I860' $86,900.00 

" 1885 943,161..54 

" July 1, 18901 7,306,546.22 

" Sept. 1, 1890l .566,666.25 

" Sept. 1, 18931 410,353.87 

" July 1, 1894 263,000.00 

1894 3,737,000.00 

1900 800,000.00 

1916| 1,000,000.00 

1916| 5,000,000.00 



Jan. 



, 1920 1 



40,000.00 



City Hall 

Water 

Overdue Stock. 



July 1, 1884 

Jan. 1,1886 


1,000,000.00 
1,000,000.00 


Jan 1 1890 






2,211,068.05 






1000 000 00 








739,600.00 

1,000,000.00 

500,000.00 

6,346.33 

732 00 




March 7, 1902 








Total Funded Debt 


$34,600,298.06 



Indorsemeut W. Md. B. R. Co., 1st mtge... $200,000.00 

2d " ... 30O,O0tl,00 

3d " ... .S75,000.0<) 

Uuion R. K. Co., 1st mtge... 117,000.00 

Total Funded and Guaranteed Debt... 
From tvliich deduct — 

Water Loans of 1894 and 1916, the interest 
on which is paid by revenue from water 
rents $9,000,000,(10 

Park Loans, interest paid by City Passen- 
ger Railway Companies 555,566.2.5 

Cash in bank in reserve for the redemption 
of Water Stock of 1875 0,346.33 

And the following productive and interest- 
bearing assets: 

Mortgage on Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Co. $6,(.«X),000.rHl 

Union K. R. Co 117,000.00 

" West Md. B. B. Co. (First)... 200,000.00 

32,500 shares of Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road Company Stock, at $180 5,850,000.00 

Value of Sinking Funds 7,859,757.78 

550 shares Baltimore and Reisterstown 
Turnpike Company Stock, valued at 2,200.00 

625 shares Baltimore and Yorktown Turn- 
pike Company stock, valued at 3,125.00 

120 shares Baltimore and Havre-de-Grace 
Turnpike Company Stock, valued at 3,000.00 

137 shares Baltimore and Frederick Turn- 
pike Company Stock, valued at 206.00 

Market-houses, producing a 
yearly rental of. $46,0(JO.0O 

Improved wharf property, pro- 
ducing a yearly rental of 45,000.00 

other real estate, producing a 
yearly rental of. 7,601.88 

$97,601.88 
Capitalized at 6 per cent 1,626,698.00 



9,561,912.58 



$5,868,398.70 



2 It is an apparent anomaly that interest should be required to be paid 
ipou this amount, when, as is shown above, the actual debt of the city 
8 only $6,868,398.70 ; hut it must be recollecteil that of the thirteen mil- 
ions, over seven jjiillioiis is held in the sinking fund, upon whiih in- 
I'rest is paid by the city to itself 




- ^^^^ 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



The followiiuj are the iinproductive assets of 

ihecity: 
Second Mortgage on Western Maryland 

Bailroad Coniimny S3OO,000.0U 

Interest thereon to J;in. 1, ISSl 21b,000.00 

Tliird Mortgage 'ni Wi-imi >l;nvhiii(l 

Railroad Compaijv . 875,aX).l» 

Fourth Mortpa^e i>ii \^ ^l \ mimI 

Railroiul r,im]iain 1,000,000.00 

InteresltlMi.. n, I, i -M 610,000.00 

lO.OOOsliii! \ l^iiilroad Oom- 

Ijanv.it ^ . iai*100 1,000,000.00 

40006iiui.. >^ MnylandKail- 

road Cmtiii.hii -i i , i n -.'.ii 200,000.00 

7600 shares iif the Baltimore and Susque- 
hanna Tide-water Canal Company, par 
S60 380,000.00 

714 shares of the Baltimore and Hall 
Springs Kailway Company Stock, par 
S20 14,280.00 

Besida other properti/, mch as 
Court-houses, Record Office, City Hall, 
Jail, Police Stations, Fire-Engiue Houses 
and Apparatus, School-houses, Alms- 
house, Ice Boats, City Yard. Marine 
Hospital Grounds, Public Park^, etc., 

valued at 10,000,000.00 

S15,030,2S0.00 

From the total Fnnded and Guaranteed 

Debt $36,092,298.06 

Deduct the following: 
Overdue Water Stock, no interest allowed. 86,346.:!3 

Overdue Stock, no interest allowed 732.00 

And the following, the interest being pro- 
vided for: 
By the Baltimore and Ohio B. R. Co. on .. 5,000,000.00 
" dividend on Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Stock, being the in- 
terest on 4,875,000.1X1 

" West. Md. R. R. Co., 1st mortgage 

on 200,000.00 

" Citv Passenger Railway Companies 

o"[i 566,666.25 

" Water Board, from rents, on 9,000,000.00 

Union Railway CoTupany on 117,000.00 

terest on the One Million Loan... 1,000,000.00 
" Western Maryland Railroad Loan. 1,000,000.00 
And the Western Maryland Railroad Com- 
pany Bonds guaranteed by the city 1,176,000.00 

22,929,614.58 

Leaving the amount on which interest is 

paid by taxation at $1.'!,162,653.48 

viz. : ?2,768,661.54 interest (a 6 per ceut. 
40,000.00 " 4 

10,353,991.94 " 6 

S13,1C2,653.48 
OmdiiUm of the Sinkina Futidt Dec. 31, 1880. 

General Sinking Fund $7,491,618.33 

Public Park Sinking Fund „ 357,753.79 

Hillen Station Sinking Fund 10,485.66 

$7,859,757.78 

The public debt of the city, its investments and 
finances generally, are in charge of a board consist- 
ing of the mayor and two citizens, who are elected by 
the Councils in convention annually, and styled "the 
Commissioners of Finance." There is no salary 
attached to the ofiice. 

According to the census returns of 1880 the amount 
of the outstanding bonded debt of Baltimore City is 
$20,184,975, issued for the following purposes : 

Funded floating debt $3,422,800 

Improvement of harbors, rivers, wharves, canals, and water- 
power 952.064 

Parks and public places 103,965 

Public buildings 2,704,619 

Railroad and other aid 3,349,100 

Sewers 1,249,900 

War expenses _ 1,237,927 

Waterworks 7,164,600 

Total 820,184,976 

Drawing the following rates of interest: 

Six prr cent $11,467,966 

Five per cent 8.717,019 



The years of 
are as follows : 

Year of 
Issue. 

1860 

lS6i 

1864 

186.5 


issue and m 

84,028,883 
1237:927 
103,966 
460,000 


aturity of this bonded debt 

Year of Amount 
''l^t $680,800 




601,819 




349,100 










1894 


:::::;:: 2:172:000 






1869 

1870 


300,000 
664,200 
935,400 


1900 

Subsequent to 
1900 


2,849,500 

6,237,800 


1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1877 


794,900 
349,100 
486,600 
2,172.000 
4,992,600 
758 600 


$20,184,975 

















To offset this debt the city has productive assets 
amounting to $19,330,509, including 32,500 shares of 
Baltimore and Ohio and various turnpike stock, real 
estate, wharf property, and market-houses, producing 
a rental equal to $1,626,698, and the water rents, which 
equal a capital of $9,000,000. This leaves an un- 
covered bonded debt of only $854,466. 

The collector of State and city taxes is appointed 
annually to collect all taxes of every description levied 
or assgssed by the mayor and City Council, or by the 
General Assembly of Maryland. He gives bond in 
the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, and has a 
salary of two thousand dollars, in addition to which 
he is allowed one per cent, of the State taxes collected 
by him. He appoints a deputy at a salary of eighteen 
hundred dollars, cashier, and other officers required 
for the performance of his duties, as prescribed by 
the ordinance concerning the collection of taxes. 
The office of collector is at present filled by Charles 
Webb, who is a native of Baltimore, where he was 
born on the 21st of April, 1820. His father was of 
English birth, and although he did not settle in Bal- 
more until 1810, he was found among the defenders 
of the city at the battle of North Point four years 
afterwards. The popular esteem and confidence in 
which he was held was so great that, although he was 
a stanch Whig, he represented the Fourth Ward, 
which was Democratic, in the City Council. 

Mr. Webb's mother, whose maiden name was Clar- 
issa Legg, was born in Baltimore County, and died 
very recently in the eighty-third year of her age. 
She was a woman of great force of character, and 
greatly beloved on account of a life devoted to piety 
and charity. She was a member of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church for nearly seventy years. 

His early political affiliations were with the Old- 
Line Whig party, but when that party allied itself 
with the Know-Nothing organization, Mr. Webb's 
ideas of the nature and destiny of this government 
were too broad to allow him to continue his connec- 
tion with it, and he became its active opponent in the 
ranks of the Democratic party. He believed that the 
State ought not to have any connection with religious 
sects, that both ought to be free from such entangling 



184 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and perplexing alliances, and, moreover, that this 
country needed engrafted upon it a hardy foreign em- I 
igration, and should be the asylum for the oppressed ! 
of every nation. \ 

Mr. Webb took an active part, therefore, in the re- , 
torm movement of 1859 which resulted in the elec- 
tion of George William Brown mayor of the city of 
Baltimore, and was one of the celebrated committee 
of twenty, representing the Seventh Ward, who had 
charge of and managed that campaign to the success- 
ful result of re-establishing order and law in Baltimore, j 

Mr. Webb had alwa\-s declined political office until 
the position of city collector was tendered him by 
Mayor Kane in 1878. He discharged the duties of 
the onerous and responsible position with such fidelity 
and ability that upon the accession of Mr. Latrobe to 
the mayoralty upon the death of Mayor Kane he | 
was at once reappointed by the new executive, and 
has been continued in office up to the present time, [ 
not only with the entire approbation but at the actual 
desire of the whole community, as expressed in the 
public journals of every shade of opinion, and in the 
private utterances of all classes of citizens. These 
flattering evidences of general esteem and confidence 
have been fully merited by the zeal and efficiency 
with which the duties of his official station have been 
discharged. In these days of official corruption and 
dishonesty it is rare that the places of public trust 
are occupied by men of such high and unbending 
integrity as Mr. Webb, and it is rarer still to find 
united in one man the loftiest probity with the utmost 
diligence in the public service. In both these respects 
Mr. Webb's administration of his office has been of 
the most distinguished character, and he has " won 
golden opinions from all sorts of people." The en- 
ergy with which he has followed up and brought into 
the treasury the delinquent revenues of the city has | 
been as marvelous as it has been gratifying, and it | 
is no reflection upon previous officials to say that no 
former city collector has ever been so successful in the 
collection of taxes. Mr. Webb's efficiency in this po- 
sition has been largely due to his long business experi- 
ence and to the careful and systematic habits secured 
by early training. His career commenced when he was [ 
little more than a boy, when he entered his father's i 
factory in Ensor Street. When he became of age a : 
new firm was formed consisting of his father, Charles 
Webb, his brother James, and himself, under the style 
of Charles Webb & Sons. 

At the death of Mr. Webb's father in 1849 the , 
business was continued by the sons at the same place ' 
until 1852, when they became associated with James | 
Armstrong and Samuel Cairns. Although in full 
partnership, the business was conducted at the factory 
on Ensor Street under the firm-name of Charles & 
James Webb & Co., and another factory was con- 
ducted on Concord Street by Messrs. Armstrong & 
Cairns under the firm-name of James Armstrong & 
Co. The business was conducted in this wav until 



1855, when Samuel Cairns withdrew and Thomas 
Armstrong, a nephew of James Armstrong, was ad- 
mitted into the firm. In 1858, James Armstrong with- 
drew, leaving the factories under the charge of the 
three remaining partners, which partnership was dis- 
solved in 1865, but re-formed and continued until the 
present time under the firm-name of James Arm- 
strong & Co., James Webb conducting the Ensor 
Street factory, and Charles Webb and Thomas Arm- 
strong conducting that on Concord Street. 

Mr. Webb has always been a liberal subscriber and 
active participant in all public enterprises involving 
the advancement and improvement of his native city, 
and has held several positions of important trust, 
among them that of director in the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, to which he was elected by the reform 
Council of 1860. In 1845 he became a member of St. 
John's Lodge of Freemasons, and shortly after his 
admission he was elected to one of the chairs. He 
continued to ascend in regular order until he reached 
the highest office which the lodge could confer upon 
him. In 1853 he was chosen Grand Master by the. 
Grand Lodge of Maryland, and held the position 
until 1858, when he declined a re-election. His ad- 
vance in Masonry was more rapid than that of any 
man of his time. When the office of Grand Master 
was conferred upon him he was the youngest man 
who had ever filled the position, and the older heads 
who feared he was too young for its responsible duties 
were agreeably surprised to find that he presided with 
firmness and dignity, and at the knowledge of Ma- 
sonic jurisprudence evinced by his decisions. There 
has been no time when the assemblages of the Grand 
Lodge were more harmonious or the landmarks ad- 
hered to more rigidly than during his administration. 

Mr. Webb's public career has been adorned by 
the unfailing courtesy and consideration which have 
marked the discharge of his duties, while in his pri- 
vate life he has won hosts of friends by his kindly 
and genial qualities. His personal attachments are 
strong and enduring, and with him loyalty to friend- 
ship is only second to duty to the public. His chari- 
ties, though unostentatious, have been neither few nor 
insignificant, and genuine distress and deserving 
poverty always find in him a cheerful and bountiful 
giver. 

Modest, unassuming, and unostentatious, his life has 
been too retired to be well known socially to a large 
number of persons, but, honest and genuine himself, 
his friends without an exception are composed of 
the same class of men, and by them he is regarded 
with sincere aflfection. His energy has been trained 
to the systematic detail of business that accomplishes 
a great deal in a short time but nevertheless accurately 
and completely. Mr. Webb is, however, sufficiently 
known by the public to be implicitly trusted in any 
capacity in which he serves. His quick intelligence 
and thorough knowledge of public men and affairs, 
and his intuitive judgment with regard to character, 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



afford him superior advantages as an administrative 
officer. His conduct of the office of collector of 
taxes has received the strong approval and indorse- 
ment of his superior and cotemporaries in office and 
the hearty approbation of business men, not only of 
his own party but of his political opponents. The 
general judgment on Mr. Webb, as one of the most 
important officers of the municipal government, is 
that " He is the right man in the right place." 
■ Mr. Webb was married on the 8th of October, 1844, 
to Hester Cox, daughter of Isaac Cox, of Baltimore. 
They have five children living, three daughters and 
two sons. 

The following table gives the amount of taxes col- 
lected on account of the city for the last three fiscal 
years : 

Amount collected for year ending Dec. 31, 1878 $4,099,144.00 

Amount collected for year ending Dec. 31, 1879 3,93.'),905.78 

Amount collected for year ending Dec. 31, 1880 3,91.'),070.56 

The estimated requirements for 1880, as shown by the reg- 
ister's report, are 5,376,832.73 

And the receipts 2,882,833.00 

Leaving the amount to he levied for $2,493,999.73 

The basis for the levy of 1881 is $250,000,000, and 
the rate of taxation $1.37 on the hundred dollars. 
Adding the State tax, 185 cents, the total taxation 
for the year is $1.55| cents on the hundred dollars. 
The rate for 1880 (not including the State tax of 18f 
cents) was $1.37; for 1879, $1.50; for 1878 (fourteen 
months), $1.90; and for 1877, $1.75. 

The expenses of the city government for the year ending 

Oct. 31, 1876, were .' 94,921,261.61 

For the year ending Oct M, 1876 4,871,866.55 

' Dec. 31, 1877— fourteen months 5,800,286.86 

" Dec. 31, 187S 4,668,022.59 

Dec. 31, 1879 3,817,742.86 

Dec. 31, 1S80 3,947,799.27 

In 1878 the collections were 60^''j[ of the levy ; in 

1879 they were 65j%\ ; and in 1880 they were 70iVij- 

The taxable basis of 1880 was composed as follows : 

Eeal property $183,051,396 

Personal property 68,929,242 

$241,980,638 

These tables show a financial condition of excep- 
tional soundness and health at a period when almost 
every other large city in the country is weighed down 
by an immense burden of indebtedness. The careful 
and conservative policy which has been pursued in 
the management of the municipal finances, more 
particularly under Mayor Latrobe's administration, 
has saved Baltimore from what has become one of 
the great dangers of the period, and the result is that 
she could at any day, if the emergency should arise, 
clear away the whole of her indebtedness without the 
apprehension of any serious strain or the necessity of 
following the fashion of some other cities by going 
into voluntary bankruptcy. An examination of the 
financial statements of other cities shows " that there 
is not one of them with so small an indebtedness over 
and above its available or interest-bearing securities 
as is shown by the balance-sheet of the city of Balti- 
more," as there is undoubtedly none whose credit and 



financial character stand higher in the business world. 
At this date (Sept. 16, 1881) Baltimore City stock is 
quoted at the Baltimore Stock Board as follows: 

Birf— City 68,1890 118 

" " 68,1000 127K 

" 68,1916 126i| 



The population of Baltimore by the census of 1880 
is returned as 332,190. Of the total population, 157,- 
361 are males, 174,829 are females, 276,176 are natives, 
56,014 are foreign, 278,487 are white, and 53,689 are 
colored. The excess of females is about 5 per cent. ; 
the proportion of colored inhabitants to total popula- 
tion is 16.86 per cent. In 1870 the foreign-born pop- 
ulation of Baltimore was 56,484, and its ratio to total 
population was 21 per cent. There has thus been a 
decline of 470 in the actual number of our foreign- 
born population. The colored population, on the/ 
other hand, has increased from 39,559 in 1870 to 53,- 
689, a total of 14,130, or nearly 36 per cent., its ratio 
to total population advancing from 14.8 per cent, in 
1870 to 16 per cent, in 1880. As the total population 
of the city has increased only 24.28 per cent., the 
colored population has grown nearly 50 per cent, more 
rapidly than the city's general growth. This, how- 
ever, is due to the large influx of colored people from 
the counties rather than to any larger proportion of 
births. 

The following table shows the population of Balti- 
more at different periods from its foundation in 1730 
until the present time : 



Years. 

17.30 

17.62 

1774 

1776 

1782...., 



Population. Years. 



1800.. 



6,755 
8,000 
13,503 
26,114 
35,683 



The population of Baltimore City by wards, accord- 
ing to the census of 1880, is as follows : 



First I 27,190 

Second 14,097 

Third I 12,985 

Fourth I 9,621 

Fifth ' 12,966, 

Sixth ' 15,402, 

Seventh ' 27,218 

Eighth 14,250 



For. 


White. 1 


Col.i 


6,381 


26,196 




5,077 


13,421 j 


676 


2,SIIK 


11,317 


1,668 




.<,819; 

~'t.;i 


702 
3,432 
3,090 
2,352 
1,606 
1,224 
1,968 
4,169 
3,247 
2,478 
2,475 
4:i23 
3,671 

390 
4,207 












6,824 



"weutieth 20,.525 9,3;J4 11,191 18,4 

Total 332,190 ;157,361jl74,829' 276,176 56,014 '278,487 



I Including, in Baltimore City, 4 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 9 Indii 
in 3d Ward) 1 Chinese; in 5th Ward, 7 Indians; 10th Ward, 3 Chin 
12th Ward, 1 Japanese; 14th Ward, 1 Indian; 19th Ward, 1 Indian. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



In his " History of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebra- 
tion," Mr. Edward Spencer says, " Taking the average 
of the decennial increase in the city's population since 
the first census in 1790, we find that its rate of growth 
from the date of its incorporation has been about 4^ 
per cent, per annum, or 44.7 per cent, for the decen- 
nial period. From 1840 to 1850 the increase was 67 
per cent. ; from 1790 to 1800 it was 97 per cent. ; from 
1810 to 1820 it was 73 per cent. Between 1870 and 
1880 the increase was (nominally) only 24 per cent., 
but really much more, for we have been populating 
Baltimore County, and sending our workers to live at 
way stations on every railroad that runs into the city. 
With its true limits recognized, Baltimore, if it should 
maintain its average rate of increase, will in 1890 | 
have 550,0011 inhabitants, and in 1900 its population 
will reach SOd.OOK. These are not guess-work figures, j 
but accurate jirojections of the well-known rules for ! 
estimating the growth of population. Nothing but j 
pesulence or bitter and prolonged disaster can retard 
this rate of growth." ; 

The growth of property lias been still more rapid. 
" While population," says the same writer, " between 
1730 and 1880 has expanded 7600 times, property has 
expanded 95,000 times by the most moderate esti- 
mates. In 1774, Baltimore paid about $26,000 in poll- 
taxes to the proprietary government, making, with 
feudal rents and fees, a taxation of at least $30,000. 
Assuming that this taxation was equal (and the esti- 
mate is a moderate one) to two per cent, upon actual 
values, the property of the town at that date would 
be $1,500,000. In 1785 the assessment for town and 
county was on the basis of £1,700,000, equal to about 
$4,500,000. The city's share in this was about $1,- 
000,000, representing an actual value in real and per- 
sonal property of $4,000,000, the assessments being 
about one-fourth of real values. In 1798 the basis of 
assessment of the newly incorporated city was put at 
$2,240,000. The revenue that year was $32,865; the 
previous year only $14,412. In 1798, in other words, 
taxes were higher than now, being, on assessed values, 
$1.50 per $100. In 1808 the basis of assessment, re- 
duced to dollars, was $2,522,870 (obviously very low), 
and the revenue $53,731, over $2 on the $100, or 2 per 
cent. In 1813 the assessment basis was $3,325,848, 
revenue $90,000. In 1829 the assessment basis was 
$3,424,240, and taxes $314,288, equal to ten per cent, 
on assessed values, which, however, were less than 
one-fifth of the actual values. Taking these at about 
$17,000,000, we can understand that in 1839 the values 
were put at $55,793,370 ; in 1850 at $74,847,546 ; and { 
1860 at $138,505,765. The present rate of growth of i 
property is very rapid. The census valuations of I 
Baltimore property are not yet absolutely and exactly 
attainable, but it is easy to approximate them. In 
1870 these valuations were obtained, for Baltimore, 
by the addition of 70 per cent, to assessed valuations. 
The value of assessed property, real and personal, is 
given at $244,043,181. The value of unassessed and 



exempt property is given at $150,000,000. The value 
of Baltimoreans' property nominally in Baltimore 
County and there taxed is $30,000,000, to which must 
be added $10,000,000 unassessed. These figures give 
the following results in round numbers : 

Baltimore assessment, 1880 $244,000,000 

Add 70 per cent, for real value 170.800,000 

Baltimore's sharp in Baltimore County 30,000,000 

Add 100 per cent, for real value. (This is the 

county clerk's estimate) 30,000,OIX] 

Baltimore property unassessed 160,000.000 






Baltin 



1 1880.. 



$634,800,0 



" This is only $9,000,000 less than the true census 
valuation of all the property in Maryland in 1870 ; it 
is $223,000,000 more than the true valuation of Balti- 
more City and County in 1870. It shows that the in- 
crease of property has been 60 per cent, since 1870, a 
rate which is two and one-half times more rapid than 
the apparent rate of increase of population. Actually 
this growth has been in still greater proportion, since 
valuations in 1870 were upon an inflated currency 
basis, before the decline in prices, and they are here 
computed in lianl money." 

Values and Assessments of Baltimore Town and 
City of Property from the Earliest Period to the 
Present Time. 

1729.— Villus of tlif original town site, being 60 acres lying 
bftn .•in Sliar ,. Slr.-.-t and McClellan's Alley, Jones' 

F;il1^, ^ It it j.i ^iii r, till J the basin, purchased in 



-TliL- t,i . , . I . 1' ■ 1- 1T2 pounds of tobacco per 

J,,,;,', .; ...; „ 1,,. 1 1 i: town and county on 7410 

pti-oi,.. i. !,,,..., I, J, 4,520 pounds, commutable 

at 12 tiliilliiigs iiTul t; pence per hundred pounds.... 

Population about 5000. 

-For town and county of Baltimore 



-For Baltimore City (incorporated 1796) 

Revenue of the city from all sources in 1797, $14,412 
the same in 1798, $32,805. 
-For Baltimore aty 

Revenue of city from all sources in 1808, $63,781. 

The a.<-;c.s..<cil Viihie of tlie same property in the sam 



£1,703,622 
1,424,602 
699,519 



$3,127,626 
960,798 



1824.— Baltimore City assessment, including precincts 

1826.— " " " " " 

The revenue of the city in this year from all sources 
was $200,282. 
1828.— Baltimore City assessment, including precincts 

Revenue from all sources, $194,274. 
1829. — Baltimore City assessment at about one-fifth current 

(Up to 1800 the rule adopted for assessment of values 
for ta.xatiou was at the rate of about one-foui th 
current value; afterwards, for vearo about one 
fifth current value.) The leienue of the cit\ lu 
this year from all sources Mas ■«.il4,2'<8 

Assessment for Baltimoie Cit\ 



56,79i,370 
08,890,773 
77,847,546 
79,878,372 
83,576,254 
96,764,142 
101,165,204 
104,915,238 
106,627 885 
108,021,616 
110,606,079 
1 )'>,499,873 
1 i8,506,766 
138,199,960 
134,532,804 

135.091 aw 

139,417,797 
143.340,022 
144,928,217 
147,078,105 
206,144,348 
203,739,804 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



Wtimore City $207,181,550 

1876.— " 203,148,761 

1877.— " " " " 256,105,341 

1878.— " . " " " 249,266,695 

1879.— " " " " 244,04.3.181 

1880— " " " " 241,980,683 

1881.— " " " " 

Baltimore City Government in 1881. 

Mayor, Ferdinand C. Latrobe; Register, John A. Eobb; Comptroller, 
Josliua Vansant; City Counselor, James L. McLane; City Solicitor, 
Thomas W. Hall; Examiner of Titles, John Gill, Jr.; Finance Commis- 
sioners, Ferdinand C. Latrobe, James Sloan, Jr., Robert T. Baldwin; 
City Collector, Charles Webb ; Deputy Collector, J. T. M. Barnes ; Judges 
Appeal Tax Court, Columbus W. Lewis, James E. Carr, A. B. Patterson ; 
City Commissioner, John H. Tegmeyer; City Librarian, Samuel D. 
Smith; Superintendent City Hall, James Donnelly; Inspector Public 
Buildings, Robert S. Bentley ; Commissioners for Opening Streets, John 
B. Williams, James S. Morrow, Henry R. Curley; Health Commissioner, 
Dr. James A. Steuart; Assistant, Dr. James F. McShane; A. Robert 
Carter, Secretary; Physician at Marine Hospital, Dr. James McHenry 
Howard. Vaccine Pliysicians: First and Second Wards, Dr. James M. 
Sullivan; Third and Fourth Wards, Dr. S. H. Martin ; Fifth and Sixth 
Wards, Dr. E. C. Jordan ; Seventh and Eighth Wards, Dr. E. Hall But- 
ledge ; Ninth and Tenth Wards, Dr. J. V. Coonan ; EleTeuth and Twelfth 
Wards, Dr. I. K. Page; Thirteenth and Fourteenth Wards, Dr. Henry 
Darling; Fifteenth and Sixteenth Wards, Dr. J. D. Blake; Seventeenth 
and Eigliteenth Wards, Dr. R. B. Fishburno ; Nineteenth and Twentieth 
Wards, Dr. A. H. Saxton.i 

Mayors of Baltimore City from 1797 to 1881. 

17U7. — James Calhoun, resigned ; died Aug. 30, 1819. 

18W.— Thorogood Smith, elected May 10th to fill the vacancy occa- 
sioned by the resignation of James Calhoun ; re-elected Nov. 5, 1804. 

1808.— Edward Johnson. 

1816.— George Stiles, resigned Feb. 9, 1819. 

1819.— Edward Johnson, elected Feb. 10, 1819, to fill the unexpired term 
of G. Stiles, resigned. 

1820. — John Montgomery. 

1823. — Edward Johnson. 

1825. — John Montgomery. 

1823. — Edward Johnson. 

1825.— John Montgomery. 

1826. — Jacob Small, resigned. 

1830.— Wm. Stewart. 

1832.— Jesse Hunt. 

1836.— Samuel Smith, in place of Jesse Huut, resigned ; re-elected 1836. 

1838.— Sheppard C. Leakin. 

1840 — Samuel Brady, resigned. 

1842.— Solomon Hillen, Jr. 

1843.— .lames 0. Law. 

1844.— Jacob G. Davies. 

1848.— Elijah Stausbury. 

1850.— John Hanson Thomas Jerome. 

1862.— J. Smith HolliDS. 

1664— Samuel Hinks. 

1856.— Thomas Swanu. 

I860.— George Wm. Brown, arrested and imprisoned by Federal authori- 
ties, Sept. 12, 1861. 

1861. — John Lee Chapman, mayor ex officio, to fill vacancy occasioned by 
the arrest of Mayor Brown ; elected in 1862. 

1867.— Robert T. Banks, four years' term. 

1871,— Joshna Vansant. 

1876.— Ferdinand C. Latrobe. 

1877.— George P. Kaue, died June 23, 1878, 

1878.— F. C. Latrobe, elected July 11th to fill the unexpired term of 
Mayor Kane ; re-elected in 1S7'J, and still in office. 

Members of First Branch City Council from 
1797 to 1881. 

1797,— 1st Ward, James Carey, Ephraim Robinson ; 2d, Samuel Owings, 
Dr. George Buchanan ; 3d, Zebulon Hollingsworth, James McCan- 
non ; 4th, Hercules Courtenay (president), David McMechen ; 5th, 
Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam Fonerden ; 6th, James . 



' The names of other officers i 
departments or institutions. 



• be found under their respective 



Peter Frick ; 7th, James Edwards, Frederick Schaetfer ; 8th, Joseph 
Biays, Win. Trimble. (Thomas Kell, clerk; Thomas Roberts, mes- 
senger.) 
1798.— 1st Ward, James Carey, Ephraim Robinson ; 2d, George Prest- 
mau, George Buchanan; 3d, Robert Smith, Peter Hoffman; 4th, 
Hercules Courtenay (resigned, succeeded by John Hillen), David 
McMechen; 6th, Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam Fonerdon; 6th, 
Baltzer Schaetfer, Peter Frick ; 6th, James Edwards (resigned, suc- 
ceeded by Jonathan Rutter), Robert Stewart; 8th, James Beeman, 
Joseph Biays. 
1799.— 1st Ward, Ephraim Robinson (died, and succeeded by Henry 
Stouffer), Wm. Jessop; 2d, George Prestman, David Poe; 3d, Zebu- 
lon Hollingsworth, Robert Smith; 4th, John Hillen, David Mc- 
Mechen; 5th, Adam Fonerden, Thomas Hollingsworth; 6th, Peter 
Frick, Baltzer Schaeffer ; 7th, Jonathan Rutter, Robert Stewart ; 8th, 
Joseph Biays, John Coulter. 
1800.— 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer, George Reinecker ; 2d,Saniuel Owings, 
George Prestman ; 3d, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Robert Smith ; 4th, 
John Hillen, Joshua Lemnion ; 5th, Adam Fonerden, Thos, Hol- 
lingsworth ; 6tb, Baltzer Schaetfer, Peter Frick; 7th, Robert Stew- 
art, James Edwards ; 8th, John Coulter, Joseph Biays. 
1801.— 1st Ward, Caleb Hewitt, Richardson Stewart; 2d, John Strieker, 
George Prestman ; 3d, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Robert Smith ; 4th, 
John Hillen, James Sloan; 6th, Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam 
Fonerden ; 6th, Peter Frick, Baltzer Schaeffer ; 7th, Robert Stewart, 
Jacob Miller; 8th, Joshua Inloes, Josiah Brown. (Thomas Kell, 
clerk ; Thos. Roberts, messenger.) 
1302.— 1st Ward, Wm. Jessop, George F. Warfleld ; 2d, George Prestman ; 

.3d, Job Smith, Luke Tiernan ; 4th, ; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 

6th, Jacob Miller, Peter Frick ; 7th, ; Sth, Joshua Inloes. 

1803.— Ist Ward, Wm. Jessop, George F. Warfleld ; 2d, Emanuel Kent, 
Walter Simpson ; 3d, Luke Tiernan, Job Smith; 4th, William Haw- 
kins, Christopiier Raborg; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim; nth, 
John Mackenheimer, Jacob Miller ; 7th, AichibaldShaw, Wm. Mun- 
dell ; 8th, Joshua Inloes, Thomas Tenant. 

1804.— 1st Ward, Wm. Jessop, Henry Stouffer; 2d, ; 3d, James A. 

Buchanan, Wm. Lorman ; 4th, George P. Keeports, Christopher Ra- 
borg; Sth, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim; 6th, Jacob Miller, John 
Mackenheimer; 7th, Robeit Stewart, Wm. Mundell; 8th, Thomas 
Tenant. 
1806.— 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer, Wm. Jessop ; 2d, Jacob Small, James 
Carey ; 3d, Wm. Lorman, James A. Buchanan ; 4th, Thomas Hillen, 
Thomas Kell ; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim ; 6th, Jacob Mil- 
ler, John Mackenheimer; 7th, Frederick Schaeffer, Philip Moore; 
Sth, Thomas Tenant, Isaac Sutton. 
1806.— 1st Ward, George Decker, Henry Stouffer; 2d, Walter Simpson, 
Jacob Small; 3d, James A. Buchanan, Wm. Lorman ; 4th, Thomas 
Kell, George P. Keeports ; Sth, Baltzer Schaeffer, John Shrim ; 6th, 
Aquila Miles, John Miller; 7th, Ludwig Herring, Frederick Schaef- 
fer ; 8th, Thomas Tenant, Jos. Allender. 
1807. — 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer, George Decker ; 2d, Jacob Small, James 
Carey ; 3d, James A. Buchanan, Wm. Lorman ; 4th, Thomas Kell, 
Kichard Benson; 5th, John Shrim, Baltzer Schaeffer; 6th, Jacob 
Miller, John Mackenheimer; 7th, Frederick Schaeffer, Joshna 
Ennis ; 8th, Thomas Tenant, Joseph Allender. 
1808,— 1st Ward, George Decker, W. Cook, Sr.; 2d, Jas. Carey, Jacob 
Small ; 3d, Wm. Lorman, Jas. A. Buchanan ; 4th, Thomas Kell, R. 
Benson ; 5th, Baltzer Schaeffer, J. Shrim ; 6lh, J. Miller, John 

Mackenheimer; 7th, Fredeiick Schaeffer, Joshua Ennis; Sth, . 

1809.— 1st Ward, Thomas Mummey, Samuel Frey ; 2d, James Carey, 
Jacob Small ; 3d, James A. Buchanan, William Lorman ; 4th, Thomas 
Kell, Abner Neal ; Sth, Peter Diffenderffer, William Caulp; 6th, 
James Wilson, William Ross; 7th, Joshna Ennis, William Steuart; 
Sth, John Snyder, Thomas Sheppard. 
1810. — The same councilmen served with the exception of Jacob Small, 
of the 2d Ward, who resigned, and Eli Hewitt was elected to fill the 
vacancy. 
1811.— 1st Ward, Samuel Frey, Peter Forney; 2d, James Carny, Benja- 
min Berry ; 3d, William Lorman, James Mosher ; 4th, Thomas Kell, 
Abuer Neal; Sth, Jos. Jamison, Peter Diffenderffer; 6th, William 
Ross, James Wilson ; 7th, William Steuart, Nathaniel Hynson ; Sth, 
Thomas Sheppard, John Snyder. 
1812.- 1st Ward, Aaron Levering, David Fulton ; 2d, James Carey, Ben- 
jamin Berry ; 3d, James Mosher, Luke Tiernau ; 4th, Thomas Kell, 
Adam Fonerden ; Sth, Peter Diffenderffer, Jos. Jamison ; 6th, James 
Wilson, William Boss; 7Uj, William Steuart, Nathaniel Hynson; 
8th, John Snyder, Thomas Sheppard. (Stephen Moore, clerk.) 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



1813.— let Ward, Aaron Levering, David Fulton ; 2d, James Carey, Ben- 
jamin Berry; 3d, Luke Tiernan, James Mosher ; 4th, Adam Foner- 
den, Thomas Kell ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William Warner; 6th, Wil- | 
liara Ross, James Wilson ; 7th, William Steuart, Richard Stevens ; 
8th, David Burke, Thomas Sheppard. 

1814.— Ist Ward, David Fulton, Samuel Fry ; 2d, James Carey, Benjamin i 
Berry ; 3d, James Mosher, Thomas C. Jenkins ; 4th, Robert Dun- 
woody, Jacob Myere; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William Warner; 6th, 
William Ross, James Wilson ; 7th, William B. Dyer, Christian Slem- | 
mer ; 8th, Thomas Sheppard, David Burke. 

1815.— Ist Ward, Talbot Jones, Samuel Fry; 2d, James Carey, Benjamin i 
Berry ; 3d, Thomas C. Jenkins, James Mosher; 4th, William Patter- ! 
son, James Wilson; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William Warner; 6th, 
William Boss, James Wilson, of Wm. ; 7th, William B. Dyer, Chris- j 
tian Slemmer; 8th, Thomas Sheppard, George Woelper. | 

1816.— 1st Ward, John Berry, John Reese; 2d, Alexander Russell, Rich- 
ard B. Magruder; 3d, John Brevett, James Mosher; 4th, William 
Patterson, James Wilson, of Wm. ; 5th, William Urner, Joseph 
Jamison ; 6th, William Ross, James Wilson, of John ; 7th, William 

B. Dyer, Christian Slemmer; 8th, George Woelper, Thomas Shep- j 

1817. — Ist Ward, John Berry, John Reese ; 2d, Peter Levering, Alexander 
Russell ; 3d, James Mosher, James W. McCuUogh ; 4th, William Pat- 
terson, Jnmes Wilson, of Wm.; 5th, Joseph Jamison, William H. 
Winstandley ; 6th, Edward G. Woodyear, William Ross ; 7th, John S. 
Young, Thomas Lawrence: 8th, Thomas Sheppard; Baptist Mezick. 

1818. — 1st Ward. John Berry, John Reese; 2d, Alexander Russell, Rich- 
ard B. Magruder; 3d, James Mosher, Nathaniel Williams; 4th, 
Joseph Owens, James Wilson ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, John Francis- t 
cus; 6th, John Mackeulieimer, William Mceteer; 7th, William I 
Steuart, James Williams; 8th, Thomas Sheppard, Baptist Mezick; 
9th, Arthur Mitchell, Robert Taylor; 10th, Isaac Phillips, Samuel [ 

R. Smith; 11th, Lewis Pascault, John H. Rogers; 12th, . j 

(Thomas Bailey, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, assistant clerkj 

1819.- 1st Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James H. Clark; 2d, Peter Gault, I 
Thomas Sheppard; 3d, Daniel Conn, William Steuart; 4th, William 
Stausbury, Lambert Thomas; 5th, John Franciscus, Joseph Jamison; 
6tli, James Wilson, Joseph Owens (resigned); 7th, James Mosher, 
Nathaniel Williams; 8th, Peter Gould, William W. Webster; 9lh, 
Alexander Russell, Jesse Eichelberger; loth, John Reese, Thomas 
Mummey; 11th, Peter Forney, Henry Brice; 12th, Upton Bruce, 
John Brevett. (Thomas Bailey, clerk; Hugh D. Evans, assistant 
clerk.) 

1820.— Ist Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James H. Clarke ; 2d, William Baart- 
scheer, Frederick Schaeffer; 3d, William Steuart, Thomas Kell; 
4th, Lambert Thomas, William Stansbury ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, 
John Franciscus ; 6th, Frederick Leypold, James Wilson; 7th, 
James Mosher, Thomas L. Emory; 8tb, John Cator, Peter Gold; 
9th, Alexander Russell, Peter Levering; 10th, John Reese, Thomas 
Mummey; llth, H. P. Low, Heury Hook; 12th, John Brevett, 
Alexander Yearly. 

1821.— 1st Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James Clark ; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, 
Joseph Biays; 3d, William Steuart, Daniel Conn; 4th, Lambert 
Thomas, Edward Woodyear ; 5th, Joseph Jamison, John Franciscus ; 
6th, Frederick Leypold, John B. Morris; 7th, Benjamin C. Howard, 
Richard Carioll; 8th, John Cator, Joseph Turner; 9th, Alexander 
Rnssell, Philip Uhler; 10th, John Reese, Thomas Mummey; llth, 
Henderson P. Low, Henry Hook ; 12th, Alexander Yearly, Beal Ran- 
dall. (Thomas Bailey, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 

1822.— let Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James Clark; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, 
Joseph Biays, Jr. ; 3d, William Steuart, John Mackenheimer; 4th, 
Lambert Thomas, Standish Barry; 6th, Joseph .Jamison (president), 
Benjamin C. Ross; 6th, John B. Morris, Jacob M.vers; 7tb. Benjamin 

C. Howard, Dr. John Owen ; 8th, Joseph Turner, Benjamin Rawlings ; 
9th, Alexander Russell, Columbus O'Donnell; 10th, John Reese, An- 
drew Ellicott; llth, Henderson P. Low, Henry Hook; 12th, Beal 
Randall, Rezin Wight. (Thomas Bailey, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, as- 
sistant clerk.) 

1823.— Ist Ward, Isaac Atkinson, James Clarke ; 2d, Frederick Schaeffer, 
William Hubbard; 3d, William Steuart. John Mackenheimer; 4th, 
Standish Barry, James Clark ; 5th, Benjamin C. Ross, John Francis- 
cus; 0th, John B. Morris (president), John White; 7th, Benjamin C. 
Howard, Ebenezer L. Finley ; 8th, Joseph Turner, Benjamin Rawlins ; 
9th, Alexander Russell, Elisha Tyson, Jr.; 10th, John Reese, John 
Glenn; llth, Henderaon P. Low, Henry Brice; 12th, Kezin Wight, 
William Krebs. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, 
clerk.) 



1824.— Ist Ward, James H. Clarke, Ebenezer L. Finley : 2d, William Hub- 
bard, Frederick Schaeffer ; 3d, Hezckiah Niles, Jonathan ; 

4th, Edward G. Woodyear, James Clark ; 6th, James B. Bosley, Ben- 
jamin C.Ross; 6th, John B. Morris, John White; 7lh, Benjamin 
C. Howard, George Winchester; 8th, Samuel Moore, Joseph Turner, 
Jr. ; 9th, Elisha Tyson, Alexander Russell ; 10th, John Reese, George 
Williamson; llth, John Lynch, Joseph Gushing; 12th, William 
Krebs, Kezin Wight. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; Hugh D. Evans, as- 

1825.— Ist Ward, James H. Clerk, John H. Browning; 2d, Frederick 
Schaeffer, William Hubbard; 3d, Hezckiah Niles, Charles Diffen- 
derffer; 4th, Michael Klinefelter, Elijah Stansbury; 5th, James B. 
Bosley, Benjamin C. Ross; 6th, John B. Morris, John White; 7th, 
Ebenezer L. Finley, Upton S. Heath; 8th, Benjamin Rawlings, 
Samuel Moore; 9th, Alexander Russell, Noah Ridgely ; 10th, John 
Reese, James Curley ; llth, Joseph Gushing, John Lynch; 12th, 
William Krebs, Rezin Wight. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; Hugh D. 
Evans, assistant clerk.) 

1826.— 1st Ward, William Inloes, Isaac Atkinson ; 2d, William Hubbard, 
Frederick Schaeffer; 3d, Hugh McEldery, Charles Diffenderffer ; 4th, 
Elijah Stansbury, Lambert Thomas ; 5th, James B. Bosley, Benjamin 

C. Ross ; 6lh, John B. Morris, John Dukehart ; 7th, Joseph K. Staple- 
ton, John I. Donaldson; 8th, Nathan Grafton, Samuel Moore; 9th, 
Elisha Tyson, Alexander Russell ; loth, John Reese, James Curley ; 
llth, Joseph Gushing, Henry Brice ; 12th, Rezin Wight, William 
Krebs. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 

1827.— 1st Ward, Thomas C. Morris, Daniel Perrigo ; 2d, William Hub- 
bard, William Gatchell ; 3d, Hugh McEldery, Charles Diffenderffer ; 
4th, Elijah Stansbury, James Clark ; 5th, Benjamin C. Ross, James 
B. Bosley ; 6th, Benjamin C. Howard, J. 1. Cohen, Jr.; 7th, Dabney 
S. Carr, Johu I. Donaldson ; 8th, Daniel Schartzour, Nathan Graf- 
ton ; 9th, Alexander Russell, Noah Ridgely ; 10th, James Curley, 
John Reese; llth, Joseph Gushing, Solomon Etting ; 12th, George 
Keyser, George Williamson. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, 
assistant clerk.) 

1828.— Ist Ward, Thomas C. Morris, Daniel Perrigo ; 2d, William Hub- 
bard, Thomas Curtain; 3d, Hugh McElderry, Charles Diffenderffer; 
4th, Elijah Stansbury, James Clark ; 5th, F. E. B. Hintze, William 
Meeteer ; 6th, J. I. Coher, Jr., Edward Jenkins ; 7lh, John I. Don- 
aldson, Joseph K. Stapleton; 8th, Samuel Moore, Daniel Schwarz- 
auer; 9th, Alexander Russell, Noah Ridgely; 10th, James Curley, 
John Reese; llth, Thomas T.Meredith, McClintock Young; 12th, 
George Keyser, George W. Williamson. (Thomas Phenix, clerk ; H. 

D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 

1829.— 1st Ward, James M. Mitchell, John Mallory ; 2d. Wm. Hubbard, 
Thos. Curtain ; 3d, Hugh McElderry, Chas. Diffenderffer; 4th, Elyah 
Stansbury, Lambert Thomas ; 6th, Wm. Meeteer, Benj. C. Ross ; 6th, 
Jacob I. Cohen, John B. Morris; 7th, Joseph K. Stapleton, John I. 
Donaldson; 8th, Samuel Moore, Daniel Schwarzauer; 9th, Noab 
Ridgely, Alex. Russell ; 10th, Robert Neilson, Dennis McHenry, J,r., 
in place of James Curley, resigned ; llth, Thomas T. Meredith, Mc- 
Clintock Young; 12th, George Keyser, Joseph Branson. (Thomas 
Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, assistant clerk.) 

1830.— 1st Ward, John Mallory, John H. Browning; 2d, John E. Stans- 
bury, James Fields ; 3d,W. H. Hanson, Thos. P. Alricks; 4th. Elijah 
Stausbury, Jr., Lambert Thomas; 5th, Wm. Meeteer, Benj. C. Rose; 
6th, Jacob I. Cohen, Frederick J. Dugan ; 7th, Jos. K. Stapleton, 
John I. Donaldson; 8tli, Samuel Bloore, Daniel Schwarzauer; 9th, 
Richard Bevan, Sr., Patrick Macauley ; loth, Michael S. Baer, Mark 
Grafton; llth, McClintock Young, James Carroll, Jr.; 12th, Beal 
Randall, Nathan Grafton. (Thos. Phenix, clerk ; H. D. Evans, as- 
sistant clerk ; Thos. Williams, door-keeper.) 

1831.— Ist Ward, Robert Millholland, Peter Fenley ; 2d, William Hub- 
bard, John E. Stausbury ; 3d, W. H. Hansen, Charles Diffenderffer; 
4th, Lambert Thomas, Elijah Stansbury, Jr. ; 6th, Benjamin C. Ross, 
Wm. Meeteer ; 6th, John B. Morris, J. I. Cohen, Jr. ; 7th, Isaac Munroe, 
Stewart Brown; 8th. Zachariah Woollen, John J. Danaker; 9th, 
Noah Ridgely, Alexander Russell; 10th, Frederick Seyln, M. D. B. 
Bear ; llth, McClintock Young, James Carroll, Jr. ; 12th, Valentine 
Dushane, George W. Williamsou, 

1832.— 1st Ward, Henry R. Laudermau, John H. Browning; 2d, John E. 
Stansbury, Wm. Hubbard; 3,1, Wm. II. Haiisnn, Tlionius P. Alricks; 
4th, Benedict J. Danders, Kin ,1, m i n i n : > , J i . ili, 11. i.iy Meyei-8, 
Wm. Koney ; Gth, John II "^1 ^l ' IniJ.Dou- 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICEKS. 



Blair, Valentine Dushane. (Thomas Plienix, clerk ; Henry W, Gray, 
assistant clerk ; A. Cook, door-keeper.) 

1833.— 1st Ward, Henry K. Lauderman, Wni. Inloes; 2d, John E. Stans- 
bury, Janies A. Thomas; 3d, Isaac F. Lightner, Thomas P. Alricks; 
4th, John J. Gross, Benjamin Greble ; 5th, Wm. H. Hanson, Job 
Smith, Jr.; fith, Henry Meyers, Benjamin C. Uoss ; 7th, John J. 
Donaldson, Philip Laurenson; 8th, George Gardner, Samnel House; 
0th, Noah Ridgely, Wm. Gwyuu Jones ; 10th, J. Zimmerman, Archi- 
bald George; 11th, Anthony Miltenbergfr, Corbin Amoss; 12tli, 
James Blair, Charles Peregoy. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Edward 
Fisher, assistant clerk ; A, Cook, door-keeper.) 

1831.— Ist Ward, Carey Southcomb, H. R. Lauderman; 2d, James H. 
Thomas, James Fields ; 3d, Samuel Brady, John CuUum ; 4th, George 
Stever, Charles Webb ; 5th, Job Smith, Jr., Samuel Child ; 6th, Ben- 
jamin C. Ross, Henry Meyers; 7th, Philip Laurenson, John Scott; 
8th, Samuel Ready, George Gardner ; 9th, Noah Ridgely, Thomas S. 
Sheppard; 10th, John Coulson, Bernard Caskery; 11th, Abraham 
G. Coale, Henry Beamer; 12th, James Blair, Walter Ball. (Stephen 
H. Moore, clerk; Henry W. Gray, assistant clerk; A. Cook, door- 

1835.— 1st Ward, Robert E. Millholland, Peter Fenley; 2d, Thomas P. 
Stran, John E. Stansbury ; 3d, Samuel Boyd, Benedict I. Sanders ; 
4th, Joh 11 B. Seidenstricker, William Chalmers ; 5th, John M. Steuart, 
Samuel Childs; 6th, Benjamin C. Ross, Henry Meyers; 7th, John 
Tensfleld, John Scott; 8th, George Gardner, Daniel Fosbenner; Dth, 
Joshua Dryden, Alex H. Tyson ; luth, James L. Ridgely, Archibald 
George; llth, Anthony Miltenberger, James Lee; 12th, Waller 
Ball, James Peregoy. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Henry W. Gray, 
assistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 

1836.— 1st Ward, J. F. Monmonier, Peter Fenley ; 2d, John E. Stansbury, 
James H. Thomas ; 3d, John L. Yates, Samnel D. Legrand (in place 
of Benedict I. Sanders, resigned); 4th, Samuel Harker, John B. 
Seidenstricker; 5th, Samuel Barnes, Augustus Mathiott; 6th, Henry 
Meyers, Wm. H. Cole; 7th, John Tensfield, John fecott; 8th, George 
Gardner, Daniel Fosbenner; 0th, Joshua Di^den, Alexander Rus- 
sell, Jr.; 10th, James L. Ridgely, Bernard Caskery; llth, John 
King, Wm. J. Cole ; 12th, Walter Ball, Henry McKiiinell. (Stephen 
H. Moore, clork ; Henry W. Gray, assistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, 

1837.— 1st Ward, Joshua Atkinson, John F. Monmonier ; 2d, Wm. U. 
Watson, Daniel Metzger (in place of Thos. P. Stran, deceased) ; 3d, 
Samuel D. Legrand, Henry Powell ; 4th, John B. Seidenstricker, 
Samuel Harker; 5th, Augustus Mathiott, Richard J. Cross; 6th, 
Charles Maguire, Wm. H. Cole ; 7th, Samuel J. Donaldson, John 
Tensfield; 8th, George Gardner, Julias Williard; 9th, Joshua Dry- 
den, Alexander Smith ; 10th, John Creagh, Wm. Barnett; llth, 
Abraham G. Cole, Chauncey Brooks; 12th, Thos. Parken Scott, 
John W. Watkins. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Henry W. Gray, as- 
sistant clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 

1838.— 1st Ward, John W. Randolph, Joshua Atkinson ; 2d, John E. 
Stansbury, Daniel Metzger ; 3d, Samuel D. Legrand, Thos. P. Al- 
ricks; 4th, John B. Seidenstricker, Robert Howard (in place of 
Samuel Harker, resigned) ; 5th, Richard J. Cross. Augu-stus Ma- 
thiott ; 6th, John S. Gittings, Wm. H. Cole ; "th, Wm. H. Gatchell, 
John Tensfield ; 8tli, Thomas Meyer, Daniel Schwartzauer (in place 
of Samuel Stump, Jr., not eligibl e) ; 9th, Joshua Dryden, Alexander 
Smith; loth, David H. McDonald, John Creagh ; llth, Abraham G. 
Cole, Chauncey Brooks; 12th, Joseph Brown, Joshua Watkins. 
(Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Henry W. Gi'ay, assistant clerk ; Jacob 
Glosson, door-keeper.) 

1839.— 1st Ward, John W. Randolph, Joshua Atkinson ; 2d, Daniel Metz- 
ger, George Kuotts; 3d, Henry Powell, Addi Piudell; 4th, John B. 
Seidenstricker, Thomas Sollers; 6th, Augustus Mathiott, Richard J. 
Cross (in place of Benjamin Buck, resigned) ; 6th, Godfrey Meyer, 
John L.Yates; 7th, Philip Wallis, William Pinkney; 8lh, Alexan- 
der Russell, Thomas Meyer; 9th, Joshua Dryden (president), Dan- 
iel P. Barnard; 10th, Henry Suyder, David H. McDonald; llth, 
Francis Burns, Charles M. Keyser; 12th, John Wesley Watkins, 
.Joseph Brown. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk; Wm. Hope, assistant 
clerk ; Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 

1840.— 1st Ward, Henry R. Lauderman, John F. Monmonier; 2d, John 
E. Stansbury, James Hooper; 3d, Addi Pindle, Henry Powell ; 4th, 
Samuel Brady (president), A. I, W. Jackson ; 6th, Thomas T. Walsh, 
William H. Hanson ; 6tli, John L. Yeates, Godfrey Meyer ; 7th, 
Francis I. Dallam, William Pinkney ; 8th, Joseph S. Donovan, Sam- 
uel Lucas; 9th, Joshua Dryden, John T. Brown; 10th, Henry 
Snyder, Daniel Bender; llth, Francis Burns, Charles M. Keyser; 
13 



12th, John W. Watkins, Joseph Brown. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; 
Joseph Neilson, Jr., assistant clerk; Jacob Glosson, dnor-keeper.) 

1841.— 1st Ward, Peter Fenly, Jacob Myers, Jr. ; 2d, Joseph Ramsay, 
James Fields; 3d, Peregrine Gorsnch, Elijah Hntton ; 4th, A. R. 
Blakeny, Lewis Holter; 6th, Edward De Loughrey, William H. 
Hanson ; 6th, Richard Bradshaw, William Cole, Jr. ; 7th, Francis J. 
Dallam, William Pinkney ; Sth, John S. Brown, Joseph Donovan ; 
9th, Joshua Dryden, John T. Brown ; 10th, Henry Snyder (president), 
Daniel Bender; llth, Francis Burns, Charles M. Keyser; 12th, Wil- 
liam A. Hack, James Peregoy. (Stephen H. Moore, clerk ; Henry 
W. Gray, clerk pro tern. ; Joseph Neilson, Jr., assistant clerk; Jacob 
Glosson, door-keeper.) ' 

1842. — 1st Ward, Henry R. Lauderman, Joseph A. Ramsay; 2d, Joseph 
Ramsay, William R.Rochester; 3d, William D. Roberts, Peregrine 
Gorsnch; 4th, John F. Hass, Charles A. Pendergast , 5lh, ElUah 
Hntton, James 0. McCormick ; 6th, Abel R. Blakeney, Henry Stay- 
lor; 7th, William H. Cole, Jr., Richard Brndshaw ; Sth, A. C. Lud- 
low, Samuel H. Tagart; 9th, Levi Taylor, Daniel Schwarzauer ; 10th, 
Samuel Morris, James Dunn; llth, Charles Towson, A. H. Green- 
field; 12th, J Stinchcomb, James Peregoy; 13th, Valentine Dushane, 
William A. Hack; 14th, Henry Snyder (president), Jacob C. Zim- 
merman. (Henry W. Gray, clerk ; Philip Mnth, Jr., assistant clerk; 
Jacob Glosson, door-keeper.) 

1843.— 1st Ward, Joseph A.Ramsay, Peter Wells; 2d, Joseph Ramsay, 
William R. Rochester; 3d, William D. Roberts, Benjamin Clark; 
4th, T. Yates Walsh, John R. Diggs; 5th, James Lucas, James Spil- 
man ; 6th, Henry Staylor, Nathaniel Lightner; 7th, Henry Myers, 
Michael Caughey; Sth, Edward D. Kemp, Robert Purviance ; 9th, 
John S. Brown, William A. Fisher; 10th, A. R. Levering, Joel 
Wright; llth, John W. Ringrose, William Spears; 12th, Reuben 
Aler, Joshua Stinchcomb; 13th, John W. Watkins, William A. 
Hack ; llth, Henry Snyder (president), Jacob Zimmerman. (Henry 
W. Gray, clerk; CM. Cole, assistant clerk; Jacob Glosson, door- 

1844.— 1st Ward, .Tames Grieves, John Hughes; 2d, James Fields, David 
Hudson; 3d, James Whiteford, William D. Roberts; 4th, Thomas 
Yates Walsh (president), Joseph Breck; olh, George Brown, Jehu 
Gorsnch ; 6th, N. R. Kennedy, Joshua Turner; 7th, John H. Ken- 
nedy, Charles Farqnaharson ; 8th, Edward D. Kemp, Robert Purvi- 
ance; 9th, William A. Fisher, John S. Brown; 10th, William S. 
Browning, Joel Wright ; llth, Francis Foreman, Charles G. Ridgely ; 
12th, Alexander Russell, Jr., Horatio Miller; 13th, John C. Black- 
burn, Isaac Mules; llth, Henry Snyder, George A. Heuisler. (Wil- 
liam Hope, clerk ; John H. Westwood, assistant clerk ; William Ed- 
' wards resigned door-keeper, Henry Most appointed.) 

1845.— 1st Ward, Hugh A. Cooper, John W. Croney; 2d, David W. Hud- 
son, James Fields; 3d, John H. Hall, Thomas Hynes; 4th, T. Yates 
Walsh, Joseph Breck ; 5th, Samuel Harker, Dr. W. T. Leonard, Sr. ; • 
6th, Joshua J. Turner, Henry Staylor, Sr.; 7th, John H. Kennedy, 
George Reilly; Sth, F. J. Dallam, B. Purviance; 9th, John S. Brown, 
William J. Page; 10th, William S. Browning, George C Addison; 
llth, C. G. Ridgely, John Green; 12th, Alexander Russell, Cyrus 
Gault; 13th, George Suter, Richard Marley ; llth, William Barret, 
Henry Snyder.2 (George P. Woodward, clerk; Peregrine Gorsnch, 
assistant clerk; John Lingenfelter, door-keeper.) 

1846.— 1st Ward, William Colton; 2d, John Button; 3d, John O'Leary; 
4th, T. Yates Walsh; 6th, Col. N. Hickman; 6th, Addi Pindell, re- 
signed, and William Bishop, Jr., elected; 7th, Joseph Neilson, Jr.; 
Sth, Joseph J.Turner; 9th, Charles Soran ; 10th, Dr. S. Collins; llth, 
Jacob I. Cohen, Jr. ; 12th, John W. Watkins; 13th, Dr. S. Buchan- 
nan; 14th, George A. Davis; 16th, Thomas Hooper; 16th, William 
M. Starr; lYth, John S. Brown; ISth, Felix McCurley ; 19th, Wil- 
liam A. Hock ; 20th, Michael Gross. (George P. Woodward, clerk ; 
Joseph Barling, assistant clerk ; John Lingenfelter, door-keeper.) 

1847.— Ist Ward, William Colton ; 2d, Richard C. Wells; 3d, J. J. Abra- 
hams; 4th, J. C. Cockey; 5th, Joshua Creamer; Cth, George W. 
Eager; 7th, Lindsay H. Rennolds; Sth, J. F. Connolly; 9th, Charles 
Soran: 10th, S. Collins; llth, Jacob I. Cohen, Jr.; 12th, Jesse T. 
Peters; 13th, W. Spurrier; llth, George A. Davis; 16th, Joseph 
Simms; 16th, Edward Spedden; 17th, Isaiah Gardner; 18th, Abner 
Key: 19th, William A. Hack; 20th, Michael Gross. (George P. 
Woodward, clerk; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk; John Lingen- 
felter, door-keeper.) 

1848 —1st Ward, Wm. Colton; 2d, Hugh A. Cooper; 3d, D. U. Hudson; 
4th, Wm. H. Steuart; 5th, James Lucas ; 6th, Wm. Bishop, Jr.; 7th, 



1 Resigned May 2, 1846. 



2 Resigned Feb. 26, 1845. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Benjamin German ; 8th, John F. Connolly ; 9lh, Charles Soran ; loth, 
Charles Farquhamon ; lltli, J. I. Cohen, Jr. ; 12th, George T. Marye ; 
13th, Frederick Pinkney; 14th, George A. Davis; 16th, Levi Tay- 
lor; 16th, Dennis Kerry; 17th, Samuel Winter; 18th, Levi Hoge; 
19th, Wm. A. Hack; 20th, N. T. Dushane. (George P. Woodward, 
clerk ; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk , John Lingeufelter, door- 
keeper.) 
1849.— 1st \V;ir.l, K.lw.ird llornsy ; 2.1, J. E. Stansbury ; 3d, R. C. Wells ; 
4th, W, II -i.u.Ni, II,,' l: (.,<.,,,, i.ili.i: >[ F.-nn;, II , Till. I'.r,,. 



16th, Ji.liii Disin-y, .Si-.; Htli, llii.rles A. Lcl.mi.; l.Stli, J. J. Grin- 
dall: 19th, J. S. Shipley; 20th, Nat. T. Dushane. (Wni. A.Stewart, 
clerk; Joseph Barling, assistant clerk.) 
1850.— Ist Ward, Edwanl Horney ; 2d, H. A. Cooper; 3d, Isaac Glass; 
■ 4th, J. S. Suter; 5th, C. B. Green; 6th, James Gilmore; 7th, G. A. 
Lovering; 8th, T. Dobler; 9th, 0. Woodward; 10th, G. Shaffner; 
11th, J. I. Cohen, Jr. (president) ; 12th, L. G. Quinlin ; 13th, Mark 
Grafton ; 14th, G. A. Davis ; 16th, Wm. Carpenter; 16th, John Dis- 
ney ; 17th,C. A. Leloup; 18th, Levi Hoge ; 19th. J.S.Shipley ; 20th, 
N. T. Dushane. (Wm. A. Stewart, clerk ; Joseph Barling, ussistaut 
clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 
1851.— 1st Ward, Edward Homey; 2d, David Blanford; 3d, Joseph 
Weathers; 4th, James F. Suter; 6th, James H. Cook ; 6th, Abel E. 
Blakeney; 7th, Wm. E. Beale; 8th, John F. Connolly; 9th, E. G. 
Shipley; 10th, William B. Purguson; 11th, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas; 
12th, George J. Zimmerman ; 13th, John E. Kelso ; 14th, Henry P. 
Brooks; loth, George D. Tewksb'ury; 16th, John F. Davis; 17tli, 
John S. Brown (president) ; 18th, Eiaza Dill ; 19th, George Good- 
shell; 20th, Joseph Wilson. (Wm. A. Stewart, clerk; Martin F. 
Conway, assistant clerk ; John Kitts, doorkeeper.) 
1852.— 1st Ward, Edward Homey ; 2d, David Blauford; 3d, William H. 
Shelley ; 4th, M. W. Mearis; 5tli, John Dukehart ; 6th, William H. 
Young ; 7th, Wm. E. Beale ; Stii, E. S. Bowie ; 9th, W. W. Wilson ; 
10th, C. Z Lucas; Uth, Dr. J. H. Thomas; 12th, John T. Morris; 
13th, Thomas Whelan, Jr.; 14th, H. P. Brooks; 16th, George D. 
Tewksbury ; 16th, John F. Davis ; 17th, John S. Brown ; 18th, Charles 
G.Griffith; 19th, Isaac Mules; 20th, N. T. Dusliane. (J. F. Pere- 
goy, clerk ; Martin F. Conway, assistant clerk ; John Kitts, door- 
. keeper.) 
1853.— 1st Ward, William Colton; 2d, John W. Croney ; 3d, William H. 
Shelley; 4th, Malcolm W. Mears; 6th, Hugh Bolton; 6th, John 
Bolgiano; 7th, William E. Beale; 8th, William H. Turner; 9th, 
George Reilly; 10th, Andrew S. Ridgely; 11th, James H. Luckett; 
12th, John 0. Blackburn; 13th, John A. Eoche; 14th, George P. 
Thomas; 16th, John F. McJilton; 16th, Samuel H. Grafton; 17th, 
John S. Brown (president) ; IStli, Luther Wilson ; 19th, D. Eayhice; 
2Uth, Eugene Cummisky. (Joseph W. Peregoy, clerk; Martin F. 
Conway, assistant clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 
1864.— 1st Ward, John France ; 2d, Dr. H. S. Hunt; 3d, Joseph Weathers ; 
4th, William Peters ; 6th, F. H. B. Boyd ; 6th, Alexander J. Bouldin ; 
7th, Samuel G. Spicer: 8th, William Grooms; 9th, Dr. F. E. B. 
Hintze ; luth, Bobert M. Magraw ; 11th, E. Law Rogers ; 12tb, John 
R.'Cox; 13th, John A. Roche; Uth, John J. Barry; 16th, Joseph 
Simms; 16th, E. Yates Reese; 17th, John S. Brown; 18th, Daniel 
Lepson ; 19th, Charles C. Norwood ; 20th, B. F. Zimmerman. (Jo- 
seph M. Peregoy, clerk ; Martin F. Conway, assistant clerk; John 
Kitts, door-keeper.) 
1855.— Ist Ward, John France ; 2d, James Mullen, of 0.; 3d, Joseph H. 
Boyd; 4th, James S. Suter; 5th, F. H. B Boyd; 6th, R. K. Craw- 
ford; 7th, Samuel G. Spicer (president); 8th, J. J. Barker; 9th, 
James H. Cox ; 10th, Charles L. Kraft; 11th, John S. Wright; 12th, 
John A. Thompson ; 131h, George K. Quail ; 14th, Jacob Oounselman ; 
15th, E. W. Rpgester ; ICth, Orlando G. White ; 17th, William Pyle ; 
18th, Daniel Lepson; 19th, William M. Woods; 20th, William I. 
Nicholls. (Columbus Huzza, clerk ; M. H. Pollock, assistant clerk ; 
Andrew Salisbury, door-kefper.j 
1856.— 1st Ward, .bilH I limi :l .hnn.-a Mullen, of O.; 3d, Jacob F. 
Grove; 4th, Will. M i i 'li. F. H. B. Boyd; 6th, Samuel 

Kirk; 7th, I.iH. II l- ^^ -ili, John B. Tidy ; 9th, John K. 

Carroll; 10th, .\ii ii » - lli '■-_■ 1,\ ; lllh, Charles J. Pennington; 
12th, George P. 'llHinuis; bllli, Augustus M. Price; Uth, John F. 
McJilton; 15th, Joseph Simms ; 16th, Sanmel Duer; 17th, William 
Delanty; 18th, Joshua H. Hynes; 19th, Samuel J. Garrison; 20th, 
Thomas Sewell, Jr. 
1867.— 1st Ward, Frederick S. Turner; 2d, M. A. Daiger; 3d, Philip II. 



Muller; 4th, Frederick Pinkney; 5th, F. H. B. Boyd; 6tli, Jacob 
Green; 7th, Henry Forrest; 8th, .lohn B. Tidy; 9th, John K. Car- 
roll; 10th, Benjamin F. Nails; 11th, Frank Key Howard; 12th, 
John T. Ford; 13th, T. Oswald Wilson; 14th, John F. McJilton 
(president) ; 16th, Heniy Handy ; 16th, F. C. Crowley ; 17th, J. Henry 
Travers ; IStli, Joshua H. Hynes ; 19th, Daniel Harvey ; 20th, Thomas 
Sewell, Jr. (John Bunting, clerk ; John K. Wright, assistant clerk ; 
A. J. Bandel, door-keeper.) 

1858.— 1st Ward, Caleb B. Hynes; 2d, Leonard J. Bandel; 3d, William 
i. Maddox; 4th, Silas Beacham; 5th, John Dukehart; 6th, C. A. 
Talbot: 7th, William E.' Beale ; 8th, John J. Staylor; 9th, George 
A. Cuningham ; 10th, A. J. Hampson; 11th, Jehu Hamilton ; 12th, 
John T. Ford (president) ; 13th, Sanmel R. Duunock ; 14th, Joshua 
Drydeu; 15th, James H. Wood; 16th, John W. Glanville; 17th, 
William Addison ; 18th, Amos McComas; 19th, Daniel Harvey : 20th, 
Charles H. Clark. (Richard E. Battee, clerk ; Thomas D. Sultzer, 
assistant clerk ; \. J. Bandel, door-keeper.) 

1869.— 1st Ward, Caleb B. Hynes; 2d, John W. Randolph; 3d, Gustavus 
A. Henderson ; 4th, Silas Beacham ; 6th, Alford Mace ; 6th, Charles 
A. Talbott; 7th, William E. Beale; 8th, William H. Jenkins; 9th, 
George A. Cunningham; 10th, Samuel T. Houstou; 11th, John 
Hamilton; 12th, John T. Ford (president); 13th, James Clark; 
14th, L. P. D. Newman; loth, James H. Wood; 16tli, John W. 
Glanville; 17th, William Addison; 18th, George W. Bain; 19th, 
Thomas H. Mules ; 20th, William L. Montague. (Richard R. Bat- 
tee, clerk ; Thomas D. Sultzer, assistant clerk ; A. J. Bandell, door- 

1860.— 1st w. II. I, I. Ill, 11. .11 I 111.- J.l. - M Kvaus; 3d, George R. 

Calli:-: ..i I . .1 I \.' -.1 I. .■: Uth, C. A.Talbot; 

7tli,S:,:, .. -. i , I Koberts ; 9th, Henry 

Poll.'. 1, l.iih, .\i. \ ml. r r. hi. Mil. I .. jli Uiitigher; 12th, John 
C. Blackburn; Ultli, Augustus M. Price; Uth, Richard Price; 15th, 
Joseph Simms ; 16th, Edward Spedden ; 17th, Steptoe B. Taylor : 18th, 
George W. Barri ; 19th, William Linton ; 20lh, C. Sidney Norris. 
(Thomas D. Sultzer, clerk ; John N. Wright, assistant clerk ; A.J. 
Bandell, door-keeper.) 

1861.— Ist Ward, Jacob Yeisley ; 2d, George W. Wolf; 3d, Jacob Myers ; 
4th, Col. Owen Bouldiu; oth, David E. Thomas, Sr.; 6th, George S. 
Bandel; 7th, John Bolgiano; 8th, John J. Staylor, of H.; 9th, 
Thomas J. Brown ; 10th, John Spear Nicholas ; 11th, E. Wyatt 
Blanchard; 12th, Charles E. Phelps; 13th, John C. Blackburn 
(president); Uth, Heiirv W. Driikely; l.=.tli, Suloinun Allen; 16th, 



H. Cl,i,.. , 1711. .11 .. \ I Iv. II Mil .1 Hay; 19th, 

John H. Tegni...N. I II i , -. l.rit, clerk; 

William J. O'Bi II i . . ill: ;.. , |.er.) 

1862.— 1st Ward, Willi, nil I w iI.lhm^ , j.l. 11. . In \ n.li - « !Schwartzj 
3d, Edward S. Lunideu; 4lh, John L. Cliapnian linting as mayor); 
5th, James Young; 6th, .lohn Evans: 7th, William S. Crowley (presi- 
dent pro ton.); 8th, Andrew J.Burke; 9th, John Dukehart; 10th, 
David H. Hoopes; Uth, Sebastian F. Slreeter ; 12th, C. Sidney Nor- 
ris; 13th, Peter G. Sauerweiu; 14th, Samuel Duer; 15th, William 
Sullivan ; 16th, John Barron ; 17th, Philip Kirkwood ; 18th, Thomas 
W. Cromer; 19th, J. M. Kimberiy ; 20th, Thomas H. Mules. (Andrew 
J. Bandel, clerk ; George W. Brooks, reading clerk ; James Maddux, 

1S63.— 1st Ward, Stephen Whalen; 2d, Frederick C. Meyer; 3d, Edward 
S. Lamdin ; 4th, William McClymont : 6th, James Young (president) : 
6th, Joseph J. Robinson; 7th, Noah Gill; 8th, Andrew J. Burke; 
9th, John Dukehart; 10th, David H. Hoopes; Uth, Sebastian F. 
Streeter: 12th, John T. Bishop; 13th, Oliver Dennis; Uth, John F. 
Towner: l.iib, Tli,iuias H. Evans; 16th, Oliver M. Disney; 17th, 
Pbili|. 1, 1. 1 „,., I I -11. , T I lomiis W.Cromer; 19th,Robert M. Proud ; 
2mli, I M Ml.- ^Andrew J. Bandel, clerk; George W. 

Bri'.'l. . n. .lames Maddux, sergeant-at-arms.) 

1864.— Isi \\ . . I , Mull ; 2d, Frederick C. Meyer; 3d, Edward 

S. l-.iii. 1.. II Wil 1,1111 McClymont; 6th, James Young (presi- 
d<Miii . : I I I, .1 K.i.uison; 7th, Dr. Geo. W. Waysou ; 8th, J. 
C. Ki.ili . ili.i hii iMikeliart; 10th, George Keyser; Uth, Sebas- 
tian F. .stieetur; 12lli, John T. Bishop; 13th, Wilson O. Horner; 
14th, Dr. C. C Keyser ; 15th, Edward H. Price; 16th, Oliver M. Dis- 
ney; 17th, Charles H. Boweu ; 18th, John M.Jones; 19th, Robert 
M. Proud; 2uth, A. I). Keigns..ii. i Andrew J. Bandel, clerk; George 
W. Brooks, rei.iliii. .1 :k ,i .- M ..liln.\, sergeant-at-amis.) 

1865.— 1st Ward, II i I J 1, Joseph Buppcrt ; 3d, Edward 

S. Lamdin; 4lli, \ - -, i i. .lames Young (president); Oth, 

John Evans; 7ili, 1' \\ Wi.ison; Sth. J. C. Craft; 9th, 0. 

Hcrriug; loth, U. i;. Gorsuch; Uth, Samuel T. Hatch ; 12th, W. I. 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



Nicholls ; l:Uli, John R. Cox ; 14tli, Dr. C. C. Kejser ; IStli, Edward 
H.Price; 16th, R. C. Green ; 17th, Jas. T. Caulk; 18th, John M. 
Jones; 19th, Samuel A. Ewalt ; 20th, Valentine Foreman. (George 
W. Brooks, clerk ; James L. Parr, reading clerk ; James Maddux, 
sergeant-at-arms.) 

1866— 1st Ward, Joshua Lynch ; 2d, Eichard F. Henneborry ; 3d, Thos. 
C. McGuire ; 4th, A. S. Stewart ; 5th, James Young (president) ; 6th, 
Thomas Bruscup; 7th, Salome Marsh ; 8th, J. C. Kraft ; 9th, 0. Her- 
ring; 10th, U. G. Gorsuch; 11th, Henry S. Lankford; 12th, W.I. 
Nicholls; 13th, Samuel Wiley; 14th, Dr. C. C. Keyser; 15th, Ed- 
ward H. Price ; 16th, R. C. Green ; 17th, James I.. Caulk ; 18th, John 
M. Jones ; 19th, Samuel A. Ewalt ; 20th, Valentine Foreman, (George 
W. Brooks, clerk ; James L, Parr, reading clerk ; James Maddux, 
sergeant-at.arms.) 

1867 —Ist Waid, Thomas B. Burch ; 2d, J. B. Herold; 3d, Jas. T. Ran- 
dolph ; 4th, A. S. Stewart; 5th, Nicholas Brewer; 6th, Jos. J. Rob- 
inson ; 7tli, Jos. D. Brooks, M.D. ; 8th, Samuel S. Green ; 9th, Benj. 
F.Falls; 10th, E. R. Horner; 11th, S.J. K. Handy; 12th, W.I. 
Nicholls ; 13th, A. J. Bartholow ; 14th, Aaron Fenton ; 16th, Wilson 
Proctor ; 16th, John Smith ; 17tli, James T. Caulk ; 18th, John M. 
Jones (president) ; 19th, Samuel A. Ewalt; 20th, J. Baukerd. (George 
W. Brooks, clerk; James L. Parr, reading clerk ; James Maddux, 
sergeant-at-arms.) 

1868.— 1st Wanl, Frederick Wehr; 2d, Chris. Hergesheimer ; .3d, John 
Wickersham; 4th, William H. Vickery ; 6th, James Lucas; 6th, 
Isaac George ; 7th, S. S. Mills ; Sth, Thomas Coburn ; 9th, Frederick 
liaiue; 10th, George H. Pagels; 11th, Samuel H. Tagart; 12th, 
Samuel Meakin ; 13th, John Purcell ; Uth, Henry Duvall (presi- 
dent); l.ith, J. Godfrey Spies; 16th, William Merriken; 17th, Daniel 
Piquelt; 18th, Felix McCurley; 19th, W. H.Emerick; 20th, Heze- 
kiah Crout. (James Hyde, clerk ; Nicholas Watkius, assistant 
clerk.) 

1869.— 1st Ward, George W. Bishop; 2d, Chris. Hergesheimer; 3d, John 
Wickersham; 4th, William H. Vickery; Sth, N. Rufus Gill; 6th, 
Joseph B. Escaville; 7th, S. S. Mills; Rth, Thomas Coburn; 9th, W. 
W. Arthur; lOtli, George 11. Pagels; Uth, C. 0. O'Donnell; 12th, 
Bernard Carter; llltli, .Josepli W. Eggleston; 14tb, Henry DuTall 
(presideuti; l:.th, .John Ferry; li.tli, William Merriken; 17th, Geo. 
A. Feig; 18th. Joseph G. Johnson; lOtli, Thomas G. Scharf; 20th, 
Hezekiali Crout. (James Hyde, clerk ; S. J. Joice, assistant clerk.) 

1870.— Ist Ward, George W. Bishop (president); 2d, Henry Weitzell; 3d, 
John Wickersham; 4th, A. C. Trippe; Sth, N. Rufus Gill; 6th, Wil- 
liam Shaflield; 7tb, S. S. Mills; 8th, Thomas P. Kernan ; 9th, Owen 
Ward: 10th, J. D. Stewart; Uth, John Downey; 12th, Bernard Car- 
ter; 13th, John Feast; 14th, James O.Randall; 16th, John Ferry; 
16th, William Merriken; 17th, George A. Feig; 18th, Joseph G. 
Johnson; 19th, Thomas G. Scharf; 20th, M. A. Mullin. (James 
Hyde, chief clerk ; A. V. MilhoUand, assistant cleik.) 

1871.— Ist Ward, George W. Bishop (president); 2il, Henry Weitzell; 3d, 
J. R. Hudgius; 4th, A. C. Trippe; Sth, John M.Bruce; 6th, A. E. I 
Smyik: 7th, S. Sands Mills; Sth, Thomas Kernan: 9th, Owen Ward; 
10th, John W. Torsch; Uth, G. M. Bond; l:;tli, Benjamin Price; 
13th, J. F. Sonimerlock ; 14tli, James C. Randall ; l,jth, G. R. Berry ; I 
16th, J. A. Freeberger; 17tb, Lewis Ehlers; IStli, Josepli G.John- 
son ; 19th, W. W. OrndortT; 20th, H. Crout. (Dr. W. H. Cole, clerk ; 
A. V. MilhoUand, assistant clerk.) 

1872.— Ist Ward, William A. Masaiott; 2d, Henry Weitzell; 3il, Hugh 
Gifford; 4th, John K. Carroll; Sth, E. G. Hipsley; 6th, E. F. Na- 
niuth; 7th, George W. King; Sth, James Boyle; 9th, George W. 
Hardesty; loth, Henry Seini ; Uth, William Conn; 12th, Charies 
Towson; 13th, A. H.Greenfield ; 14th, George W. Porter (president); 
15th, James Hughes; 16th, Jacob Schenkle; 17th, William Bone; 
18th, John Milroy ; 19th, William W. Orndorff ; 20th, John T. Gettier. 
(A. V. Milhollaud, clerk ; Robert F. Ross, assistant clerk; Richard 
Lilly, sergeant-at-arms.) 

1873.— 1st Ward, Charies Streeper; 2d, E. Hergesheimer; 3d, Hugh Gif- 
ford ; 4th, John K. Carroll; Sth, Stanley Hynson ; 6th, George R. 
Callis; 7th, George W. King; Sth, James Boyle; 9th, George W. 
Hardesty; 10th, Henry Seinu; 11th, William Conn; 12th, Charles 
Towsou; 1.3th, A. H. Greenfield; Uth, John H.Bell; 15th, James 
Hughes; 16th, William McClellan ; 17th, Lewis Ehlers; 18th, Dr. 
James G. Linthicnm; 19th, William W. Orndorlf; 20th, George W. 
Fisher. (A. V. MilhoUand, clerk; J. Frank Brady, assistant clerk; 
Richard Lilly, sergeant-at-arms ; Edward L. Clark, page.) 

1874.— Ist Ward, James T.Kirby; 2d, E. Hergesheimer ; 3d, James Logan, 
Jr.; 4th, C. W. Lewis; Sth, Stanley Hynson ; 6th, John L. Baker; 
7th, James Bond; Sth, M. J. Owens; 9th, Telfair Marriott; 10th, 



Warlield T. Browning; 11th, William Conn ; 12tli, Joseph S. Heuis- 
ler ; 13th, Otis Keilholtz (president) ; 14th, George W. Porter; ISth, 
Thomas H. Kice; 16th, Jacob H. Freeburger; 17th, John T. Lang- 
ville ; 18th, Dr. James G. Linthicum ; 19th, John T. Ford ; 20th, Dr. 
Charies W. Chancellor. (A. V. MilhoUand, clerk ; J. Frank Brady, 
assistant clerk; James Stanton, sergeant-at-arms; Daniel Barr, 
page.) 

1875.— 1st Ward, Andrew F. Shroeder; 2d, Henry Cashmyer; 3d, E. W. 
Bennett ; 4th, C. W. Lewis ; Sth, Joseph Sapp ; 6th, John L. Baker ; 
7th, Thomas A. Onion ; Sth, Thomas P. Kernan ; 9th, William E. 

Stewart; 10th, ; 11th, H. R. Dulany; 12th, Joseph S. 

Heuisler; 13th, Otis Keilholtz (president) ; 14th, Joseph C. Randall; 
l.lth, M. W. Douavau; 16th, Joseph McCawIey; 17th, John Fitz- 
patrick ; 18th, John S. Bullock ; 19th, W. W. Orndoff ; 20th, Dr. 
Charies W. Cliancellor. (A. V. MilhoUand, clerk ; J. Frank Brady, 
assistant clerk; Allen E. Forrester, general committee clerk ; James 
Staunton, sergeant-at-arms; Daniel Barr, page.) 

1876.— 1st Ward, A. F. Shroeder; 2d, James Cloke; 3d, E. W. Bennett, 
Sr. ; 4th, Thomas Kelly ; Sth, J. George Gehring ; 6th, D. G. McCul- ■ 
loch ; 7th, W. G. Bay ; Sth, Thomas P. Kernan ; 9th, J. Frank Lewis ; 
10th, Henry Seim (president); 11th, Charles G.Kerr; 12th, Henry 
D.Loney; 13tb, Charies Dunlap ; 14th, John S. Hogg; ISth, M. W. 
Donavan; 16th, C. Schumacher; 17th, William H.Collins; 18th, J. 
F. Cook ; 19th, William J. Hooper; 20th, William S. Young. (A. V. 
MilhoUand, clerk; W.E.Hoffman, reading clerk; Allen E. For- 
rester, committee clerk ; George T. Fowler, sergeant-at-arms ; Spencer 
J. Bunting, door-keeper ; George W. Rice, page.) 

1877.— Ist Ward, Richard Wells; 2d, James Cloke; 3d, James Logan; 
4th, Thomas Kelly ; Sth, N. Rufus Gill (president) ; 6th, John B. 
Wentz; 7th, Samuel Kerk; Sth, Thomas P. Kernan; 9th, J. Frank 
Lewis; 10th, Henry Seim; 11th, H. Rozier Dulany; 12th, Charies 
Towson; 13th, Otis Keilholtz; Uth, John Gephart, Jr.; loth, M. W. 
Donavin; 16th, C. Schumacher; 17th, William H. Collins; 18th, 
James F. Newbold; 19th, G. Ober; 20tli, Dr. C. W. Chancellor. (A. 
V. MilhoUand, clerk; Jacob F. Cook, reading clerk; Allen E. For- 
rester, committee clerk ; William H. Hamilton, sergeant-at-arms ; 
John H. Krager, door-keeper ; Master John Mitchell, page.) 

1878.— 1st Ward, George M. D. Wood ; 2d, Henry Cashmyer ; 3d, James 
Logan, Jr.; 4th, Eugene Kernan; 6th, Johu McCart; 6th, D. M. 
Reese; 7th, Samuel Kirk; Sth, Robert Johnson; 9th, J. Frank 
Lewis; 10th, Michael Connolly; 11th, Dr. J. P. Thorne ; 12th, D. 
Giraud Wright ; 13th, Otis Keilholtz (president); 14th, Alvin Robert- 
son ; 16th, M.E. Mooney; 10th, Robert A. Ponlton; 17th, William 
H. Collins; 18th, James F. Newbold; 19th, A. H. Greenfield; 20th, 
N. A. Hamsburg. (A. V. MilhoUand, clerk: Jacob F. Cook, reading 
clerk; W.Bolton Fitzgerald, committee clerk; William S.Hamil- 
ton, sergeant-at-arms; Joseph H. Krager, door-keeper; M. Farre], 
page.) 

1879.— 1st Ward, George M. D. Wood; 2d, Henry Cashmyer; 3d, James 
L.igari; 4tb, Eugene Kernan; Sth, John McWilliams; 6th, D. M. 

r,r. Tiii. I II. Ives; Sth, John Meers; 9th, John J. Mahon ; 

liii! il: . 1 Ith, John Stewart; 12th, D. G. Wright; 13th, 

Mil I M A. Robertson; ISth, M. E. Mooney; 16tli, R. 

.\, !■ nil I. i:ili, \\illiam H.Collins; ISth, James F. Deale; luth, 
A. II. Greenfield; 2(ith, G. H. Williams. (A. V. MilhoUand, chief 

1880.— 1st Ward, Dr. J. D. Fiske ; 2d, Thomas H. Hamilton; 3d, Samuel 
E. Atkinson; 4th, William J. Kelly; Sth, J.St. L. Perry; 6th, Joshua 
Horner, Jr.; 7th, John M. Gelz; Sth, John Meers; 9th, John J. 
Mahon; loth, H. G. Flcdderman; 11th, John Stewart (president); 
12th, D. Giraud Wright; 13th, James B. Weaver; 14th, John S. 
Hogg; 15th, M. E. Mooney; 16th, Jacob Schonkel; 17th, Henry 
Sanders; 18th, James Broumel ; 19th, M. A. Miller; 20th, J. A. Dob- 
son. (A. V. MilhoUand, clerk ; W. B. Fitzgerald, reading clerk ; 
Henry A. Schultz, committee clerk ; George W. Green, sergeant-at- 
arms; Joseph Krager, door-keeper; C. E. Thompson, page.) 

1881.- Ist Ward, Nicliolas Tegges; 2d, T. H: Hamilton; 3d, S. E. Atkin- 
son ; 4th, William J. Kelly ; Sth, Charies S. Moran, Jr. ; 6th, George 
W. Snyder; 7th, John M. Getz; Sth, Robert Johnston ; 9th, John J. 
Mahon; 10th, H. G. Fledderman; 11th, Skipwith Wilmer; 12th, I. 
Parker Veazey (president) ; 13th, John J. Kahler ; 14th, Alvin Rob- 
ertson; 15th, M. E. Mooney; 16th, Jacob Schenkel ; 17th, Charles 
Dittmar; 18th, James Broumel; 19th, M. Alexander Miller; 20th, 
John M. Dulany. (A. V. MilhoUand, chief clerk ; W. B. Fitzgerald, 
reading clerk; Henry A. Schultz, committee clerk; George W. 
Green, sergeant-at-arms ; Joseph Krager, door-keeper ; John F. Cof- 
fay, page.) 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Members of the Second Branch City Council 
from 1797 to 1881. 

1797.— l3t Ward, William Goodwin, Sr.; 2d, Nicholas Rogere; 3d, John 
Merrj-man; 4th, Henry Nicols; .Ith, Robeit Gilmor; 6th, David 
Stewart (succeeded in 1798 by Richard Lawson) : 7th, Kdward John- 
son, Jr.; 8th, Job Smith. (R. U. Moale, clerk ; Benjamin Mason, 
messenger.) 

17D9.— l8t Ward, William Goodwin, Sr. ; 2d, Nicholas Rogers ; 3d, John 
Merrymau; 4th, William McCrecry ; 5th, Robert Gilmor; 6th. Wil- 
liam C. Goldsmith ; 7th, Edward Johnson ; 8th, Job Smith. 

1801.— 1st Ward, Henry Stouffer ; 2d, Nicholas Rogers ; 3d, John Merry- 
man ; 4th, William McCreery ; 6th, Robert Gilmor; 6th, William C. 
Goldsmith; 7th, Edward Johnson; 8th, Job Smith. (K. H. Moale, 
clerk ; Thomas Cooper, messenger.) 

1S03.— 1st Ward, William Cooke; 2d, Henry Payson ; 3d, George Prcsst- 
nian; 4tli, Robert Gilmor; 6tli, Cumberland Dugan ; 6th, Andrew 
Buchauau ; 7th. Philip Mooie; 8th, Thorndike Chase. 

1806.— 1st Ward, Jacob File; 2d, Henry Payson; 3d, James Calhoun; 1 
4th, Robert Gilmor; .itli, J.icob Myers; 6th, Micliae! DlfTenderffer; 
7tb, I\I:nk l')i;.-I> , M ] J, ^\il]iam Jackson. 

1807. — lst^^.l: '■ I ^^ I !!■ Id; 2d, Henry Payson; 3d, James Cal- 

houn; lili i: th, John Purviance; 6th, Michael Dif- 

fenderl1<i . Tii. M.v.t. rmuk'; 8th, Joseph Biays. 

1809.— 1st Ward, Hi-iiry Stouffer; 2d, Henry Payson; 3d, James Cal- 
houn; 4th, Robert Gilmor ( he resigned and Thomas Dickson elected) ; 
.■ith, Cumberland Dugan; 6th, Jacob Miller; 7th, William McDon- 
ald ; 8tli, James Biays. 

1810.— 1st Ward, Charles Bohn; 2d, Henry Payson ; 3d, James Calhoun; 
4th, John C. White ; 5tb, Cnmberland Dugan (in 1811, Elias Barnaby 
elected); 6th, Jacob Miller; 7th, William McDonald; 8th, James 

1813.— 1st Ward, Charles Bohn ; 2d, Henry Payson ; 3d, James Calhoun, 
Sr. (in 1816, John Hollins was elected); 4th, John C. White; 6th, 
John Finley (iu 1815, Cumberland Dugan was elected) ; 6th, Jacob i 
Miller; 7tb, Ludwig Henning ; 8th, James Biays. 
1S17.— 1st Ward, Peter Forney; 2d, Henry Payson; 3d, John Hollins; 
4th, John C. White ; 5th, William Warner ; 6th, Jacob Miller ; 7th, 
William Bromwell, Jr. ; 8th, James Biays. 
1818.—lst Ward, Peter Forney; 2d, Henry Payson; 3d, John Hollins; 
4th, John C. White; 5th, William Wainer; 6th, Jacob Miller; 7th, 
William Bromwell, Jr.; 8th, James Biays; 9th, Abraham White, 

Jr.; 10th, Amos A. Williams; llth, David Williamson ; 12th, . 

1819.— Ist Ward, David Burke; 2d, Philip Moore; 3d, Isaac McKim; 
4th, Jacob Miller; 5th, WiUiam Warner; 0th, Amos A.Williams; 
7th, John Holiins; 8th, Samuel Moore; 9th, Henry Payson: 10th, 
Benjamin Ellicott; llth, Adam Welsh (in 1820 he resigned, when 
Henry Stouffer was elected) ; 12th, George Warner. (Thomas Rogers, 
clerk.) 
1821.— 1st Ward, David Burke ; 2d, Philip Moore ; 3d, Isaac McKim ; 4tli, 
John H. Barney ; 5th, William Meeteer ; 6th, Amos A.Williams; 
7th, James Mosher; 8th, Samuel Moore ; 9th, Thomas Sheppard; 
10th, Benjamin Ellicott ; llth, John Stouffer; 12th, George Warner. 
(Thomas Rogers, clerk.) 
1822.— 1st Ward. David Burke ; 2d, Philip Moore (president) ; 3d, George 
Douglas; 4th, John A. Barney; 5th, William Meeteer; 6th, Amos A. 
Williams; 7th, James Mosher ; Stli, Sanmel Moore; 9th, Thomas S. 
Sheppard ; loth, Benjamin Ellicott ; llth, John Stouffer ; 12th, George 
Warner. (Robert Wilson, Jr., cleik.) 
1823.— Ist Ward, David Burke; 2d, Philip Moore (president); 3d, Daniel 
Bosley ; 4th, John H. Barney; 5tli, William Meeteer; 6th, William 
Pattereon; 7th, James Mosher; 8th, Peter Gold; 9th, Jacob Small 
(in 1824, Robert Miller represented this ward) ; loth, Benjamin El- 
licott: llth, Henry Stouffer; 12th, Beale Randall. (Robert Wilson, 
Jr., clerk.) 
1825.— 1st Ward, David Burke; 2d, Philip Moore; 3d, Daniel Bosley; 
4th, Cosmo G. Stevenson (iu 1826, Philip P. Eckle was the represen- 
tative); 5th, William Meeteer (in 1826, Baltzer Schaeffer was the rep- 
resentative) ; 0th, James lieatty ; 7th, Jiiiiies Mosber;8th, Peter 
i„,l,l . iMh. K..|m.|| .Mill, I, lull,, l;. I, M, nil, 1. ill, -,,11; nth, Henry 
M,,iill,,! , Iji!,, W ill!,, Ml r \' 'I' I, ■! w il,<,.>u, Jr., Clerk.) 

I-JT. 1,1 w, ,1,1, li.i. ,,; Hull., . . i' , 1 >i ■ i, Iiiiniel Bosley (in 

!,-,;;,>, Wilii.uii l:i.-;iii> \v.i» Uii' 1, iju..uiii.iiu, , , iLli, Tliomas Kelso; 
6tli, Baltzer Schauller ; 0th, I'liilip Laurensou ; 7th, James Mosher; 
8th, Peter Gold; 9th, Dr. Patrick Macauloy ; 10th, Francis H. Dav- 
idge ; llth, Henry Stouffer ; 12th, William Krehs. (Robert Wilson, 
Jr., clerk.) 



1829.— iBt Ward, Wm. Inloes; 2d, Philip Moore; 3d, William Beany ; 
4th, Thomas Kelso: 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 6th, Philip Laurenson ; 
7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, Wm. J. Wight ; 9th, Joseph W. Patter- 
son ; 10th, John Reese ; llth, Henry Stouffer; 12th, Samuel McClel- 
lan. (T. H. Belt, clerk.) 

1831.— 1st Ward, Wm. Inloes; 2d, Philip Mooio ; 3d, William Eeaney; 
4th, Joshua Mott; 5th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 5th, Philip Laurenson 
(in 1832, James Beatty represented the ward) ; 7th, Fielding Lucas, 
Jr.; 8lh, Samuel Moore; 9th, Richard Bevan ; 10th, Mark Crafton; 
llth, Henry Stouffer; 12th, Thomas Sewell. (T. H. Belt, clerk; 
H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1833.— 1st Ward, Philip Moore (he died, and was succeeded in 1834 by 
Wm. Inloes); 2d, Wm. Hubbard; 3d, Michael Klinefelter; 4th, 
Lambert Thomas; 5th, Wm. Beany; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer; 7th, 
Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, Samuel Moore; 9th, Francis H. Davidge; 
10th, Jacob Smith ; llth, James Carroll ; 12th, Samuel McClellan. 
(T. H. Belt, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1835.— Ist Ward, James Frazier; 2d. William Hubbard (died and was suc- 
ceeded by James Fields in 1830) ; 3d, Michael Klinefelter ; 4th, David 
Stewart; 5th, William Reauy; 6th, Baltzer Schaeffer ; 7th. Fielding 
Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, Samuel Ready ; 9th, Thos. S. Sheppard ; loth, Jacob 
Smith ; llth, James Carroll ; 12th, Samuel McClellan. (T. H. Belt, 
clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1837.— 1st Ward, Henry L. Lauderman ; 2d, James Grieves ; 3d, Michael 
Klinefelter; 4th, David Stewart; 5th, William Beany; 7th, Balt- 
zer Schaeffer; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr.; 8th, Samuel Moore; 9th, 
Thomas E.Bond; loth, Samuel Mass; llth, James Carroll; 12th, 
Walter Ball. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1839.— 1st Ward, James Frazier; 2d, James Grieves; 3d, Samuel Boyd ; 
4th, Robert Howard; 6th, William Reany; 6th, Benjamin C. Ross; 
7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. (president); 8th, William J. Wight; 9th, 
Samuel Harden ; 10th, William Barnett; llth, Samuel Jones, Jr. ; 
12tli, Joseph Hook, Jr. (T. H. Belt, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1841.— Ist Ward, James Frazier; 2d, John E. Stansbury; 3d, Samuel 
Boyd; 4th, Robert Howard (president); 6th, William Beany; Otb, 
John S. Gittings: 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr.; 8th, William J. Wight; 
9th, George W. Krebs (nice Samuel Harden, deceased) ; 10th, William 
Barnett; llth, Samuel Jones, Jr.; 12th, Joseph Hook, Jr. (A. H. 
Pennington, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1842.— Ist Ward, James Frazier; 2d, John E. Stansbury; 3d, Samuel 
Boyd; 4th, Robert Howard (president); 6th, William Beany; 6th, 
John S. Gittings; 7th, Fielding Lucas, Jr. ; 8th, WiUiam J. Wight; 
9th, George W. Krebs ; 10th, William Barnett ; llth, Samuel Jones, 
Jr.; 12th, Joseph Hook, Jr.; 13th, William Wilson; 14th, Daniel 
Bender. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; H. Rudolph, door-keeper.) 

1843 —1st Ward, Henry Lauderman ; 2d, John E. Stansbury ; 3d, Sanmel 
Boyd ; 4th, John Keene ; 5th, Hugh Bolton ; 0th, Robert Howaid ; 
7th, John S. Gittings; 8th, George M. Gill; 9th, William J. Wight; 
10th, John L. Reese ; llth, Philip Laurenson ; t2th, James Peregoy ; 
13th, David Taylor ; 14th, Daniel Bender. (A. H. Pennington, clerk ; 
Elijah R. Sinners, door-keeper.) 

1845.— 1st Ward, Henry R. Louderman; 2d, John E. Stansbury; 3d, 
Samuel Boyd, Sr.; 4th, Sanmel Barnes; 5th, Hugh Bolton; 6th, 
Robert Howard ; 7th, Michael Caughey ; 8th, Dr. S. Collins ; 9th, Wil- 
liam J. Wight; 10th, John L.Reese; llth, Francis Foreman; 12th, 
Dr. James Esender; 13th, William Baker; 14th, B. H. Richardson. 
(.\. H. Pennington, clerk ; Elijah R. Sinners, Sr., door-keeper.) 

1846. — 1st and 2d Wards, Henry Louderman; 3d and 4th, Dr. John 
Keene; 5th and 6th, Hugh Bolton; 7th and 8th, Robert Howard ; 
ath and 10th, Col. Henry Meyers ; llth and 12th, B. H. Richardson ; 
13th and 14th, John Green, Jr.; 15lh and 16th, Isaac M. Denson ; 
17th and 18th, Elias Ware; 19th and 20th, William Baker. (A. H. 
Pennington, clerk; Elijah R. Sinners, door-keeper.) 

1847.— 1st and 2d Wards, Elijah Stansbury ; 3d and 4th, T. Yates Walsh ; 
5th and 6tli, Hugh Bolton ; 7th and Slli, Wm. Lineberger; 9th and 
10th, J. C. Miude; llth aud 12th, David Taylor; 13th and 14th, John 
Green, Ji-. ; 15th and 16th, J. L. Reese ; 17th and 18th, W. J. Page ; 
19th aud 20th, John McPherson. (Jesse Reid, clerk ; Elijah R. Sin- 
ners, door-keeper.) 

1840.— 1st and 2d Wards, J. T, Farlow; 3d and 4th, F. L. Shaffer; 5th 
and 0th, J. J. Steuart; 7th and 8th, J. W. Wilson; 9th and lOtli, A. 
E.Warner: llth and 12th, D. Taylor; 13th and 14th, J. R. Kelso; 
15th and 16th, J. Dukehart; 17tli aud 18th, E. Ware, Jr.; 19th and 
20th, W. A. Hack (president). (John A. Thompson, clerk.) 

1851.— Ist and 2d Wards, H. A. Cooper; 3d and 4th, K. L. Shaffer; 5th 
and 6th, Hugh Bolton (president); 7th and 8th, George A. Levering; 
9th aud loth, J. V. Niude; llth and 12th, J. I. Cohen, Jr.; 13th aud 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



14th, George A. Davis ; 15th and 16th, Wm. B. Morris ; 17th and 
18th, William J. Page : 19th and 20th, Charles S. Towson. (Thomas 
H, Moore, clerk ; El^ah R. Sinners, Jr., door-keeper.") 

1853.— 1st and 2d Wards, John T. Farlow ; 3d and 4th, James S. Suter ; 
5th and 6th, J. W. Richardson ; 7th and 8th, John B. Seidenstricker 
(president) ; 9th and 10th, Moor N. Falls; 11th and 12th, Jabez M. 
Gill; 13th and 14th, Henry Webster; 15th and 16th, B. Albert 
Vickers; 17th and 18th, Charles G. Griffith; 19th and 20th, John 
Stewart. (J. SI. Griffith, clerk ; Elijah R. Sinners, door-keeper.) 

1855.— 1st and 2d Wards, William Houlton; 3d and 4th, William S. 
Shoemaker; 5th and 6th, William S. Crowley; "tli and 8th, William 
E Beale; 9th and 10th, F. E. B. Hintze; 11th and 12th, William 0. 
Welsh ; 13th and 14th, James Armitage (president) ; 15th and 16th, 
William E. Bartlelt, Jr. ; 17th and 18th, Edward C. Thomas; 19th 
and 20th, John Hilbert (i ice B. F. Zimmerman, resigned). (Allen E. 
Forrester, clerk ; William Cole, door-keeper.) 

1857.— 1st and 2d Wards, Edward Hnrney; 3d and 4th, George W. Her- 
ring; 5th and 6th, Samuel Kirk; 7th and 8th, John B. Seiden- 
stricker (president); 9th and 10th, Dr. F. E. B. Hintze; 11th and 
12th, Alexander B. Gordon; 13tli and 14th, John K. Kelso; loth 
and 16th, Joseph Simms; 17th and 18tli, Lemuel Bierbowor; 19th 
and 20th, Robert Sullivan. (Allen E. Forrester, clerk ; John Kitts, 
door-keeper.) 

1859.— Ist and 2d Wards, William A. Van Nostrand ; 3d and 4th, William 
H. Cathcart; 5th and 6lh, James H. Cook; 7th and 8th, William 
Colton ; 9th and 10th, William McPhail (president); 11th and 12Ih, 
David Taylor; 13th and 14th, Evan T. Ellicott; loth and 16th, John 
Mnsselman ; 17th and 18tli, Amos McConias ; 19th and 20lh, Thomas 
Sewell. (Isaac Coriell, clerk; John Bunting, diwr-keeper.) 

1861.— 1st and 2d Wards, William Dean ; 3d and 4th, Jesse Marden ; 5th 
and 6th, James B. George, Sr.; 7th and 8th, John W. Wilson; 9th 
and 10th, Francis W. Alricks; 11th and 12th, Decatur H. Miller; 
13tb and 14th, Charies J. Baker (president); loth and 16th, Joseph 
Bobb; 17th and 18th, William Swindell ; 19tli and 20th, Asa Big- 
gins. (Allen E. Forrester, clerk ; John Kitts, door-keeper.) 

1863.— 1st and 2d Wards, Dr. Andrew Schwartz; 3d and 4th, John G. 
Wilmot ; 5th and 6tb, George I. Kennard ; 7tb and 8th, William 
Brooks ; 9lh and 10th, James H. Markland ; lltli and 12lh. C. Sidney 
Norris (succeeded in 1864 by H. D. Evans) ; 13th and 14lh, Samuel 
Duer (president); 15th and 16th, John Barron; nth and 18th, Wil- 
liam Moody; 19lh and 20th, Valentine Foreman. (Sauiuel H. 
Cochran, clerk (succeeded by William S. Crowley in 1864); George 
W. Cunningham, sergeant-at-arms.) 

1865.— 1st and 2d Wanls, Thomas B. Burch; 3d and 4th, William UcC]y- 
mont; 5th and 6th, Joseph J. Robinson ; 7th and Sth, A. J. Burke; 
9th and 10th, B. F. Nails; 11th and 12th, J. Fails Moore; 13th 
and 14th, David Ireland; 15th and 16th, William T. Valiant; 17th 
and 18th, S. B. Taylor: 19th and 20th, Daniel Harvey. (William S. 
Crowley, clerk; John Baughman. sergeant-a^a^ms.) 

18«.— Island 2d Wards, Nicholas Miller; 3d and 4th, Thomas C. Mc- 
Guire ; Sth aud 6th, C. W. Burgess; 7th and Sth, W. P. Kimball ; 
9th aud 10th, James L. McPhail ; 11th and 12th, H. J. Bayley ; 13th 
and 14th, Henry Davall ; loth and 16th, B. C. Green ; 17th and 18th, 
Samuel Duer; 19th and 20th, William K. Mitchell. (William S. 
Crowley, clerk ; John N. Wright, assistant clerk ; George G. Holtz, 
Jr., sergeant-at-arms.) 

1868- 1st and 2d Wards, William Stevens; 3d and 4th, Andrew J. Sauls- 
bury ; 5th and 6th, William J. King ; 7th and Sth, James Webb , 
(president); 9th and lOtb, Thomas Brown; lltti and 12th, Samuel 
W. Smith (succeeded in 1869 by James M. Andereon) ; 13th and 14th, 
George M. Bokee; 15th and 16th, Thomas White; 17th and 18th, 
Lewis Ehlere; 19th and 20th, William H. Owens. (William J. 
O'Brien, clerk.) 

1S70.— 1st and 2d Wards, Daniel Constantine ; 3d and 4th, William H. 
Vickery; 5th and 6th, Joseph B. Esca^-il!e (president; succeeded in 
1871 by J. J. Gross) ; 7th and Sth, A. W. Duke ; 9th and 10th, Harry 
McCoy ; 11th and 12th, Charles G. Kerr ; 13th and 14th, Henry Du- 
vall (in 1871 was chosen president of the branch) ; loth and 16th, 
Frederick Cook; 17th and 18th, John Milroy; 19th and 20th, Jesse 
R. Ogle. (George T. Beall, Jr., chief clerk; Joseph J. Grindall, as- 
sistant clerk.) 

1872.— 1st and 2d Wards, Henry Cashmyer; 3d and 4th, John Wicker- 
sham; 5th and 6th, N. Bufus Gill (president); 7th and Sth, S. S. 
Mills; 9lh and 10th, Owen Ward (succeeded in 1873 by James A. 
Cavates); 11th and 12th, Charles G. Kerr; 13th and 14th, John F. 
Somerlock ; 15th and 16th, Thomas Whyte ; 17th and 18th, John H. 
Marshall ; 19th and 20th, John T. Ford. (James Hyde, clerk ; Wil- 



liam J. Brady, assistantclerk and sergeant-at-arms; Henry D. Berry, 
page.) 

1874.— 1st and 2d Wards, Charles Streeper ; 3d and 4th, John K. Carroll ; 
5th and 6th, Henry M. Staylor (succeeded in 1875 by Wm. H. Bol- 
ton); 7th and Sth, George Rinehart; 9th and 10th, Henry Seim ; 
11th and 12th, Henry D. Loney ; 13th and 14th, John S. Hogg ; 15th 
and 16th, William J. Murray; 17th and 18th, Charles A. Wheeler; 
19th and 20th, George A. Kirk. (J. J. Grindall, chief clerk; E. J. 
Edwards, assistant clerk ; Joseph W. Wallace, sergeant-at-arms ; 
Henry D. Berry, page.) 

1876 -Ist and 2d Wards. Henry Cashmyer; 3d and 4th, John G. Dille- 
hunt; 5th and 6th, 0. A. Danaker; 7th and Sth, James Bond ; 9th 
and 10th, Eugene Biggins; lltli and 12th, P. P.Pendleton (presi- 
dent) ; 13th and 14th, J. F. Sommeriock ; 15th and 16th, Wm. J. 
Baker (succeeded in 1877 bv Jacob H. Freburger); 17th and 18th, 
Jacob Groh; 19th and 20th, J. J. M. Sellman. (James Hyde, chief 
clerk : E. J. Edwards, assistant clerk ; Geo. T. Beall, Jr., committee 
clerk; Robert W. Hays, sergeant-at-arms; John J. Mahon, door- 
keeper ; James Kelly, page.) 

1878.- 1st and 2d Wards, A. F. Schrocder; 3d and 4th, Dr. Thomas 
Kelly ; oth and 6th, Samuel J. Barman ; 7tli and Sth, Prof. Wm. P. 
Tonry; 9th and 10th, H. G. Fledderman; 11th and 12th, Francis P- 
Stevens; 13th and 14tli, John S. Hogg; IStli and 16th, Dr. M. W. 
Donavin ; 17th and ISlh, John S. Bullock ; 19th and 20th, Dr. C. W. 
Chancellor (president). (James Hyde, chief clerk ; E. J. Edwards, 
assistant clerk; M. J. Whelan, committee clerk; Jas. T. Dorsey, 
sergeant-at-arms ; Jos. Kelly, door-keeper ; Jas. Stanton, page.) 

1880.- l6t and 2d Wards, Wm. Stevens ; M and 4th, Samuel A. Clagett ; 
Sth and 6th, John McWilliams; 7lh and Sth, James H. Ives (suc- 
ceeded in 1881 by Dr. D. 0. Weland); 9th and 10th, J. Frank Lewis; 
11th and 12th, Dr. J. Pembroke Thorn ; 13th and 14th, J. C. Toner ; 
1.5th aud 16th, R. A. Poulton; 17th and ISth, J. F. Weyler; 19th and 
20th, A. H. Greenfield (president). (James Hyde, chief clerk (suc- 
ceeded in 1881 by Jesse N. Boweu) ; James T. Doisey, assistant 
clerk ; M. J. Whelan, committee clerk (succeeded in 1881 by James 
Halle) ; M. Farrell, sergeant-at-arnis ; James Kelly, door-keeper ; B. 
D. Berry, page j 

City Registers from 1797 to 1881. 

1797-1801, Richard H. Moale; 1804-8, Edward J. Coale ; 1808-24, .Inhn 
Bargrove; 1824-36, Emanuel Kent; 18.36-46, Jesse Hunt; 1846-57, 
John J. Graves; 1857-66, John A. Thompson; 1866-C8, John F. 
Plummer; 1868-70, John H. Barnes; 1870-81, John A. Bolilj. 

State Senators from Baltimore City from 1776 
to 1881. 

1776, Charies Carroll, barrister; 1779, Andrew Buchanan was elected 
July 21st, but declined; 1780, Richard Bidgely was elected Decem- 
ber 19th, in place of Thomas Stone, resigned, but he did not accept ; 
1781, John Smith, James McHenry (he resigned, and Daniel Bowley 
was elected Jan. 7, 1786), Charles Carroll, barrister (he died, and 
Samuel Hughes, of Washington County, was elected May 9, 1783) ; 
1786, John Smith, Richard Ridgely; 1788, James Carroll was elected 
November 12th, in place of Thomas Johnson, who did not accept the 
position ; 1789, Daniel Bowley was elected November 20th, in place 
of William Harrison, deceased; 1791, John Eager Howard, James 
McHenry, Samuel Chase (he declined, and Daniel Bowley was elected 
November 15th ; he resigned, and Robert Smith was elected on Nov, 
26, 1793) ; 1796, John Eager Howard, Charles Bidgely, of Bampton ; 
1811-14, William McCreery; lSlo-18, Nathaniel Williams; 1821-24, 
Isaac McKim; 1831-34, Charles F. Mayer; 1836, John V. L. Mc- 
Mahon: 1838, David Stewart; 1840, Benjamin C. Howard: 1841^5, 
William Frick; 1846-50, Charles M. Kcyser; 1851-54, Nathaniel 
Williams; 1855-59, Samuel Owings Hoffman; 1860-61, Coleman 
Tellott (he removed South, where he died, and Marcus Denison was 
elected in his place); 1862, Marcus Denison; 1863-64, Archibald 
Stirling, Jr.; 186.5r66, Ist Leg. Diet, Robert Turner ; 2d Leg. Diet., 
Joseph C. Whitney ; 3d Leg. Dist., George C. Maund ; 1867, 1st Leg. 
Dist, William Kimmell ; 2d Leg. Dist., Thomas Mnles ; 3d Leg. Dist., 
D. Stirling ; 1868, Ist Leg. Dist., William Kimmell ; 2d Leg. Dist., 
Henry Snyder; 3d Leg. Dist, I. M. Denson ; 1870, Ist Leg. Dist., Wil- 
liam Kimmell ; 2d Leg. Dist., Henrj- Snyder ; 3d Leg. Dist., Isaac M. 
Denson ; 1872, 1st Leg. Dist., John R. Blake ; 2d Leg. Dist , Henry 
Snyder; 3d Leg. Diet., Isaac M. Denson ; 1874, 1st Leg. Dist., John H. 
Blake ; 2d Leg. Dist., F. Putnam Stevens ; 3d Leg. Diet., Isaac M. Den- 
son ; 1876, let Leg. Dist., John. H. Cooper; 2d Leg. Dist , F. Putnam 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Stevens ; 3d Leg. Dist., Eugene T. Joyce ; 1878, 1st Leg. Bist , John H. 
Cooper ; '.id Leg. Dist., Eobert M. McLane ; 3d Leg. Dist., Eugene T. 
Joyce; 1880, 1st Leg. Dist., Jolm H. Cooper; 2d Leg. Dist., William 
A. Fisher ; 3d Leg. Dist., William H. Beans. 

Members of the House of Delegates from Balti- 
more City from 1776 to 1880. 

Meclien, Mark Ate.xander; 1781, David M '^] I,, i, H m \ Wilson; 
1782, David McMechen, William Fell; 1> - i -.tt, Da- 

vid McMechen ; 17S6, David McMechen, .1 - ! I h ; 1TS7, 

David McMeclien, Samuel Chase; 1788, J.njii- ^l 11. i,n J l,ri Coul- 
ter; 1789, James McHenry, Samuel Sterrett ; I7'.in-'J1, David Mc- 
Mechen, Samuel Smith ; 1792-93, David McMechen, John O'Donnell ; 
1794, Alexander Mc Kim, James Winchester; 1795, James Winches- 
ter, David McMechen ; 1796, David McMechen, Robert Smith ; 1797, j 
Bobert Smith, Adam Fonerden ; 1798, Archibald Buchanan, William 
Wilson; 1799, Archibald Buchanan, George Johonnot; 1800, Bobert 
Smith, James H. McCuUoch ; 1801, John Scott, Thomas Dixon ; 1802, I 
James Purviance, Thomas Dixon ; 1803, Thomas Dixon, Cumberland 
Dugan; 1804-5, John Stephen, Andrew Ellicott; 1806, Edward Ais- 
quith, Bobert Steuart; 1807, Thomas B. Dorsey, Eobert Steuart; 
1808, Robert Steuart, Theodorick Bland ; ISiiS, William G. D. Worth- 
ington, Theodorick Bland; Ifl" I I : i, 1, r. I ml, .lames Martin ; 
1811, William Pechin, James I. h l^lJ-13, James L. 

Donaldson, William B. Barney , m w ,, I, Hiruey, Thomas 

Kell ; 1815, Christopher HuKhe.-,. I W i :l >: - ~i .> aj t ; 1816, William 
Stewart, Thomas Kell; 1817, TIlhiim Kell, E.lwaid G. Woodyear; 
1818, Thomas Kell, Henry M. Breckeuridge ; 1819, John Montgom- ' 
ery, Henry M. Breckeuridge; 1820-21, John P Kennedy, John Bar- 
ney; 1822, Thomas Kennedy, Bobert Pun-iance; 1823, William 
Stewart, William G. D. Worthington ; 1824-25, Benjamin C. Howard, 
John S. Tyson ; 1S2G, John S. Tyson, John Strieker; 1827-29, George 
H. Steuart, John V. L. McMahon ; 1S30, Jesse Hunt, John Spear 
Nicholas; 1831, Jesse Hunt, Pliilii- T m i n- i. . I -:'.;, Louis W. Jen- 
kins, Charles Carroll Harper; 1- i . i i. ' liarles Peregoy ; 

1834, Joshua Jones, .Tnseph Cu-li; - i: .1- H. Bichardson, 

ComeliusMcLean, Jr.; 1837, Wil: , , I ■. - l inouHilleu, Jr., 
Francis Gallagher, Henry Me K 1 1 1 , , ; 
L. Ridgley, Cornelius L.L. I,.,,! I' - 
liam F. Giles, John C. Legraiei. i 
Strieker, Francis Gallagher ; l,'^4(^, 1 [ a n i- ^ .[li.i.li. i , .lohn J.Graves, 
Benjamin C. Presstman, J. B. Seiaenstiieker. Juhu C. Legrand ; 1841, 
Francis Gallagher, John C. Legrand, John J. Graves, Benjamin C. 
Presstman, William H. Starr; 1842, David C. Springer, John J. 
Graves, Francis Gallagher, William M. Starr, Carroll Speuce; 1843, 
James Curley, Aaron R, Levering, William H. Watson, John L. 
Carey, Elyah Stansbury ; 1844, Elijah Stansburj-, Nathaniel Williams, 
David C. Springer, Francis Gallagher; 1845, Elijah Stansbury, Fran- 
cis M. Baughman, Joshua Vausant, Nathaniel Cox, Bobert McLane ; 
1846, Francis M. Baughman, EUas Ware, John P. Kennedy, Abraham 

B. Patterson, Nathaniel Cox ; 1847, Elias Ware, Jr., Nathaniel Cox, 
William Pinkney Whyte, Mendes I. Cohen, Francis Gallagher ; 1848, 
F. M. Baughman, Elias Ware, Jr., John P. Kennedy, A. B. Patter- 
son, Nathaniel Cox ; 1849, John Marshall, C. J. M. Gwinn, Charles S. 
Spence, OHver F. Hack, Sidnor S. Donaldson ; 1850, John Marehall, 

C. J. M. Gwinn, Charles S. Spence, Oliver F. Hack, Sidnor S. Don- 
aldson ; 1851, William George Baker, John Morris, Elias Ware, A. D. 
Miller, Bolivar D. Danels, John W. Davis, William A. Stewart, Cov- 
ington D. Barnitz, Martin J. Kerney, Jos. Weathers; 1852, William 
George Baker, John W. Davis, John Morris, William A. Stewart, 
Elias Ware, Covington D. Barnilz, A. D. Miller, Martin J. Kerney, 
Bolivar D. Danels, Joseph Weathers ; 1853, William George Baker, 
John W. Davis, John Morris, William A. Stewart, Elias Ware, Cov- 
ington D. Barnitz, A. D. Miller, Mai-tin J. Kerney, Bolivar D. Dan- 
els, Joseph Weathers; 1854, J. B. George, Sr., Sterling Thomas, J. 
M. Lester, S. M. Cochran, J. A. Ramsay, John H. Barnes, John S. 
Tough, N. T. Dushane, Bichard H. Diggs, David Irelan ; 1855, An- 
thony Kennedy, William H. Travers, James B. Partridge, Jacob W. 
Hugg, William T. Valiant, Job Smith, Edwin A. Abbott, Jehu B. 
Askew, Elisha Harrington, James M. Lester; 1856, Anthony Ken- 
nedy, William H. Travers, James R. Partridge, Job Smith, Edwin 
A. Abbott, William T. Valiant, James M. Lester, Jacob W. Hugg, 
Jehu B. Askew, Elisha Harrington ; 1857, William Alexander, Baltus 
H. Kennard, Frederick C. Crowley, Archibald Stirling, Jr., Henry 
Forrest, Dr. John S. Lynch, Elisha Harrington, John H. T. McPher- 
son, George O.Smith, Edmund Law Rogers; 18.18, Archibald .Stiriing, 



II. Pitts, James 
II ins; 1839, Wil- 
lalin B. Seiden- 



Jr., Edmund Law Bogers, John H. T. McPherson, Baltus H. Ken- 
nard, Frederick C. Crowley, John S. Lynch, George M. Smith, Elisha 
Harrington, Henry Forrest, William Alexander; 1860, Charles L. 
Kraft, Thomas Booze, Robert L. Seth, Williim A. Wisong, George 
R. Beiry, F. C. Crowley, Bobert A. McAlIisUr, Thomas M. Smith, 
Bobert Turner, Marcus Denison; 1861 (special session, elected in 
April), John C. BiTine, Henry M. Warfield, Charies H. Pitts, Wil- 
liam G. Harrison, John Hanson Thomas, Severn Teackle Wallis, T. 
Parkin Scott, Ross Winans, Henry M. Morlit, Lawrence Sangston; 
elected in November, William Price, Michael Warner, Edmund 
Wolf, James Stockdale, Capt. N. Christopher, Dr. William S. Reese, 
Capt. J. W. Hugg, Stephen B. Taylor, Thomas S. Alexander, E. 
Stockett Matthews; 1864, John Barron, William Silverwood, Philip 
S. Chappell, George G. Stephens, James F. Lee, H. C. Murray, 
Michael Dundon, Thomas H. Mules, Henry Stockbridge, Mar- 
riott Boswell; 1865, J. H. Cnok, James F. Lee, T. B. Hambleton, 
H. J. C. Tarr, F. T. Darling, I. M. Frazier, Jos. Harris, Samuel J. 
Sopcr, Thomas J. Tull, Thomas H. Mules, J. F. Pilkington, J. P. 
Cummings, M. Showacre, H. B. Hazcn, S. C. Garrison, H. C. Jones; 
1865, (First District) Caleb B. Hynes, Cliristopher Bartell, James 
H. Cook, James F. Lee, Thomas B. Hamilton, H. T. C. Tarr, (Sec- 
ond District) F. T. Dariing, John M. Frazier, Joseph Harris, Samuel 
J. Soper, T. I. Tull, Thomas H. Mules, (Third District) J. E. Pilking- 
ton, J. P. Cummings, M. S. Showacre, H. G. Hazen, S. C. Garrison, 
H. C. Jones; 1806, Caleb Hines, C. Bartell, J. H. Cook, James F. Lee, 
T. B. Hamilton, J. N. Foster, F. T. Darling, John M. Frazier, Jos. 
HaiTis, Samuel J. Soper, Thomas J. Tull, Thomas H. Mules, J. F. 
Pilkington, J. P. Cummings, John Barron, H. B. Hazen, S. C. Garri- 
son, H. C. Jones; 1867, Frederick S. Turner, George A. Coleman, 
William H. Neilson, John L. Smith, Edward F. Flaherty, John Rob- 
inson, John G. Hooper, Stephen G. Israel, A. Leo Knott, Henry S. 
Langford, F. P. Stevens, Frederick A. Kraft, Marriott Boswell, John 
D. Thompson, Edwin E. Davis, Jacob Waltemeyer, George Feig, 
William Tell Bixler; 1868, James B. Sauner, John B. Wentz, Jr., 
John A. Robb, Thomas W. Moi-se, John R. Blake, William A. Stew- 
art, Ferdinand C. Latrobe, James Pentland, H. Tillard Smith, G. 
Morris Bond, George Colton, Michael A. Mullin, Dr. Edward J. 
Chaisty, James W. McElroy, Bernard L. Harig, William T. Mark- 
laud, John H. Marshall, John N. Conway; 1870, James B. Sanner, 
Thomas H. Hamilton, John H. Cooper, Thomas W. Morse, John 
R. Blake, Jamar Webb, Greenbury Wilson, John F. Wiley, F. 
C. Latrobe, James L. McLane, George Colton, George A. Kirk, Wil- 
liam E, Collins, John F. Ehlen, Israel Gardner, William T. Markland, 
Jolm H. Marshall. F. S. Hoblitzell ; 1872, Thomas McCosker, Thomas 
H. Hamilton, John H. Cooper, Charles E. Hamilton, Lewis A. Jamart, 
Jr., Nelson Foster, John Staylor, Jr., William E. Stewart, John M. 
Travers, Charles L. Clarke, George Colton, George A. Kirk, Dr. E. J. 
Chaisty, James McColgan, B. L. Harig, William T. Markland, George 
A. Feig, Elias Griswold ; 1874, Thomas McCosker, Thomas H. Ham- 
ilton, John J. McWilliams, J. Nelson Foster, John Staylor, Jr., Wil- 
liam E. Stewart, Charies J. McAleese, John Gill, Jr., Henry B. Hart, 
Henry E. Loane. Aquilla H. Greenfield, James McColgan, Bernard 
L. Harig, Eugene T. Joyce, Jacob Groh, John J. Fenton, John H. 
Cooper, Charles E. Hamilton; 1876, H. Welles Rusk, August Berke- 
meier, C. W. Lewis, J. J. McWilliams, F. S. Hobliizell, John T. Mc- 
Glone, Thomas Coburn, William E. Stewart, Charles J. McAleese, 
John Gill, Jr., Henry B. Hart, Henry E. Loane, Edward J. Chaisty, 
Marcus Hess, Bernard L. Harig, Edward W. Albaugh, Henry San- 
ders, John J. Fenton ; 1878, Thomas McCosker, August Berkemeier, 
Alfred P. Burt, Robert W. Hays, Fetter S. Hoblitzell, Thomas P. Ker- 
nan, Eugene Higgins, Sands S. Mills (died before he took his seat), 
Isador Bayner, J. Thomas Scharf, William Campbell Hamilton, 
John G. Mitchell, John S. Campbell, Bernard L. Harig, John L. 
Matthews, Henry Sandei^, Asa H. Smith ; 1880, Thomas McCosker, 
Henry Cashmyer, Cliai li. I: MnKii.ti. I^iigene A, Early, Jesse N. 
Bowen, Levin H. Jba i; ant, Daniel Murray, Martin 

Emericb, James A. 1 >1 I ml* G Hays, W. Campbell 

Hamilton, Edward (' M.l, , J , i - ■ ampbell, Dr. M. W. Dona- 

vin, E. W. Albaugh, A. .\. r.,:.e, aiei William A. Boyd. 

Members of Constitutional Conventions from Bal- 
timore City and County. 

FIBST STATE CONSTITUTION IN 1776. 
Ooiiiify.— Charles Bidgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, Jolm 



I Chase. 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS. 



RATIFICATION OP U. S. CONSTITUTION (STATE CONVENTION 
OF 1788). 

Baltimore Cmnti).— Charles Eidgely, Charles Ridgely, of Wui., Edward 
Cockey, Nathan Cromwell. 

Baliimore Town. — James McHenry, Juhn Coulter. 

STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1851. 

BuUimore Coimty.— Benjamin C. Howard, James M. Buchanan, Ephram 
Bell, Thomas J. Welsh, H. G. Chandler, James L. Eidgely. 

BalUmore CUy. —ChaHes J. M. Gwinn, David Stewart, Robert J. Brent, 
George W. Sherwood, Benjamin C. Presstman, Ellas Ware, Jr. 

STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1864. 

Biiltiinwe County. — John S. Berry, James L. Ridgely, Wra. H. Hoff- 
man, Edwin L. Parker, David King, Wm. H. Mace, Silas Larsh. 

Baltimore City. — Samuel T. Hatch, Joseph H. Andoun, Henry Stock- 
bridge, Wm. Brooks, John Barron, Joseph M.Cusbing, John L. Thomas, 
Jr.,BaltusH.Kennard, Edwin A. Abbott, Archibald Sterling, Jr., Wm. 
Daniel. 

STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1867. 

Baltimore Couniy. — Charles A. Buchanan, John Wethered, Ephraim 
Bell, Anthony Kennedy, Samuel W. Starr, Charles H. Nocolai, Robert 
0. Barry. 

Baltimore City, Isl Legislative District.— Uvisny H. Reynolds, Ezra 
Whitman, John H. Barnes, Isaac S. George, Joshua Vansant, Edward F. 
Flaherty, James A. Henderson. 

Baltimore City, 2d Legislative District.— George M. Gill, George Wm. 
Brown, Bernard Carter, Albert Ritchie, Henry F. Carey, George W. 
Dobbin, J. Hall Pleasants. 

Baltimore City, 3ti Legislative District. — James R. Brewer, John Ferry, 
J. Montgomery Peters, John Franck, Joseph P. Merrynmn, Ir^aac M. Den- 
son, Walters. Wilkinson. 

Electors of President and Vice-President from 
Baltimore City and County. 

Robert Smith, 1789 : John E. Howard, Wm. Smith, 1793 ; Nicholas B. 
Moore, 1801 ; Tobias E. Stansbury, 1805 ; Tobias E. Stansbury, 1809; 
Tobias E. Stansbury, 1813 ; George Warner, 1817 ■, A. McKim, 1821 ; 
George Winchester, 1825 ; Benjamin i;. Howard, 1829 : Wm. Frick, 
U. S. Heath, 1833 ; George Howard, David Hoffman, 1837 ; David 
Hoffman, George Howard, John P. Kennedy, 1811 : Thomas S. 
Alexander, A. W. Bradford, 1845; R. M. McLane, Carroll Spence, 
C. J. M. Gwinn, 1853 ; Thomas Swann, C. L. L. Leary, 1857; Joshua 
Vansant, T. Parkin Scott, 18G1 ; Wm. J. Albert, R. Stockett Mat- 
thews, Wm. S. Reese, 1865 ; George M. Gill, H. Clay Dallam, J. 
Thomson Mason, 1869; Augustus W. Bradford, Frederick Raine, 
John M. Carter, James A. Buchanan, 1873 ; Frederick Raine, Rich- 
ard J. Gittings, Wm. Sheppard Bryan, Charles G. Kerr, 1877 ; Wm. 
H. Welsh, P. H. Walker, I. Nevett Steele, John R. McNulty, 1881. 

United States Senators from Baltimore City and 
County. 

John Eager Howard, Nov. 30, 1796 ; Samuel Smith, March 4, 1803 ; Robert 
G. Harper, Jan. 29, 1816; Alexander Coutee Hanson, Dec. 20, 1816 ; 
Wm. Pinknoy, Dec. 21, 1819 ; Samuel Smith, Dec. 15, 1822 ; Reverdy 
Johnson, March 4, 1845 ; David Stewart, Dec. 8, 1849, appointed to 
fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. Reverdy 
Johnson, who resigned to accept the position of attorney-general of 
the United States; Anthony Kennedy, March 4, 1857; Reverdy 
Johnson, March 4, 1863; Wm. Pinkney Whytc, July 14, 1868, to 
fill the une.xpired term of Reverdy Johnson, who was appointed 
minister to England ; Wm. Pinkney Whyte, Jan. 27, 1874. Hon. 
Thomas Swann was elected on Jan. 25, 1867, but he declined to 
accept March 1, 1867. He was the first and only one that has ever 
been chosen from the Western Shore to represent the Eastern Shore 
according to the custom. 

Barons of Baltimore, and Lords Proprietary of 
Maryland. 

George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore. 
Lmds Proprietary. — 1&2, Cecilous Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore; 
1675, Charles Calvert, Third Lord Baltimore ; 1715, Benedict Leon- 
ard Calvert, Fourth Lord Baltimore ; 1715, Charles Calvert, Fifth 
Lord Baltimore ; 1751, Frederick Calvert, Sixth and last Lord Balti- 
more ; 1771-76, Sir Henry Harford, last Proprietary. 



Governors of Maryland. 

Proprietary Governors.— 10.^3, Leonard Calvert ; 1647, Thomas Green j 
1649, William Stone; 1G54, Bennett and Matthews, commissioners 
under Parliament; 1058, Josiah Fendall; 1661, Philip Calvert; 1662, 
Charles Calvert ; 1667, Charles, Lord Baltimore ; 1678, Thomas Not- 
ley ; 1681, Charles, Lord Baltimore ; 1685, William Joseph, Presi- 
dent of Deputies; 1689, Convention of Protestant Associations. 

Roya! OoDernors.— 1691, Sir Lionel Copley; 1693, Sir Edmond Andros; 
1694, Francis Nicholson ; 1699, Nathaniel Blakistone ; 1703, Thomas 
Tench (president) ; 1704, John Seymour ; 1709, Edward Lloyd (presi- 
dent) ; 1714, John Hart. 

Proprietary Governors.— lUS, John Hart; 1720, Charles Calvert; 1727, 
Benedict Leonard Calvert; 1732, Sanmel Ogle ; 1733, Charles, Lord 
Baltimore ; 1735, Samuel Ogle ; 1742, Thomas Bladen ; 1747, Samuel 
Ogle; 1752, Benjamin Tasker (president); 1753, Horatio Sharpe; 
1769 to 1774, Robert Eden. 

The Revolulion.—mi-16, Convention and Council of Safety. 

State Governors (elected annually by the Legislature, with an Executive 
Council).— 1777, Thomas Johnson; 1779, Thomas Sinn Lee; 1782, 
William Paca; 1786, William Smallwood; 1788, John Eager Howard; 
1791, George Plater ; 1792, Thomas Sinn Lee ; 1794, John H. Stone ; 
1797, John Henry; 1798, Benjamin Ogle; 1801, John Francis Mer- 
cer; 1803, Robert Bowie ; 180('.. Robert Wiiglit; l.-iim, Edward Lloyd; 
1811, Robert Bowie ; ISVl. I.^mm h hmI. i , I I , ( hulrs Kidgely, of 
Hampton; 1818, Charle>i:. I i . ' i. l ' - . . -|.iigg ; 1822, 
Samuel Stevens, Jr. ; 1N.'>, I i ■ I. i' ! ivii 

Thomas King Carroll ; is.i' lnm.i M.iiin I- l,' 
(acting) ; 1832, George Houaid ; l.'<:i :, .lames Thomas 
W. Veasey. 

Elected under the amended constitution of 1838, for thri 

liam Grason, of Queen Anne's County, 1838; Francis Thomas, of 
Frederick County, 1841 ; Thomas G. Pratt, of Prince George's 
County, 1844; Philip F. Thomas, of Talbot County, 1847; Enoch 
Louis Lowe, of Frederick County, 1850. 

Elected under the constitution of 1851, for four years.— Thomas Watkins 
Ligou, of Howard County, 1853 ; Thomas Holliday Hicks, of Dor- 
chester County, 1867 ; Augustus W. Bradford, of Baltimore County, 
1861. 

Elected under the constitution of 1864, for four years.— Thomas Swann, of 
Baltimore City, 1865 ; Lieut.-Gov. C. C. Cox, of Baltimore City, 1865. 

Elected under the constitution of 1867, for four years.— Oden Bowie, of 
Prince George's County, 1867; William Pinkney Wliyte, of Balti- 
more City. 1872. Elected to the United States Senate on the 20th of 
January, 1874, and on the 27th resigned the oflice of Governor, to 
take effect on the 4th of March following. James Black Groome, a 
member of the House of Delegates from Cecil County, resigned his 
seat Feb. 4, 1874, and on the same day was elected Governor to fill 
the unexpired term of Senator Whyte. John Lee Carroll, of Howard 
County, 1875; William T. Hamilton, of Washington County, 1879. 

Consuls at Baltimore. 

Great Britain.— Denis Donohue, consul; T. W. Lawfonl, vice-consul. 

Olfice, over Exchange Beading-rooms. 
IVduce.- Leon Glandut, 42 Second Street. 
Spain.- A.de la Corte, 42 Second Street. 
German Empire.— G. A. von Lingen, 6 S. Gay Street. 
Ii)mia.—C. Nitze, 7 South Street. 
Jtalj.— E. de Mezolla, 33 S. Gay Street. 
Ketherlands.—auRS Vocke, 100 S. Charies Street. 
Stceden and Norway.— J. S. Brancker, 31 ( 



il,,itin;1829. 
It ue Howard 
1835, Thomas 

9 years.— Wil- 



Stewart, southwest corner 



rman Street. 
Gay Street. 

I7rti(/riaj^.— Prudencio de Murguiondo, over 1 Wood Street. 

Argentine Republic and Venezuela. — C. 
of Gay and Lombard Streets. 

Brazil.— SuWy de Souza, consul, 57 Second Street ; Charles Marshall, vice- 
consul, 25 S. Gay Street. 

Portugal and Belgium.— Bobert Lehr, over 29 S. Charles Street. 

Nicaragua. — Basil Wagner, 25 S. Gay Street. 

C/iiJi.- Washington Booth, 6 S. Gay Street. 

Peru.— David W. Gray, 6 S. Gay Street. 

Austria. — J. D. Kremelberg, 31 German Street, near Light. 

Agents for the Underu-riters at Bremen.— F. W. Brune & Sons, 112 Spear's 
Wharf. 

Agents for the British, French, German, Belgian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Phil- 
adelphia, and New York Underwriters.— Ja.mea Carey Coale, 56 Ex- 
change Place. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Baltimore City Elevations Above Tide. 

EasI of Jones' Falh. 
Streets. Feet. 
Aliceanna and Washington 2 8 


Aliceanuaiiiiil Essex 












Bank and Bond 


17^ 


Bank and Exeter 




Chester and H;iiri|.-lr,,il 








Cambridge an.i liiii l.- 
















Eden and John 










?;'^ 


Eden and Canton Avenue 




Fayette and Gist 












Fayette and Broadway 

Fayette and Front 


99-S 




}]S 








GayandBiddle 

Harford Avenueand Torest 

Harfnni \ -,,,,!> ,,„,l (.1,,,, 

Harf..!.. \ . , ,:: 1 , ,1 

Jeftel.. : V , : 

LonikiMi .11, .i ih 'I'l ""''.','" '■■■^'i;;/; 

Lombard and i;i>t 


es.8 

lii's 


Madison and Bureu Z:::::Z 












Nortb A.. 1 i-. , .i \ ,,i, l:,iad 

Oliver r ., 

Pattfi- ■ , ,11, 

PatUX,,,! „:, ,,. I 

Point l.:in,.,,.,l \,,l. b,„„l 


17S.C 

i:.5.9 

!.'.'"'.'.'.■'.'.'. 320 
98.3 


Regesterand Hampstead 

Regester and Orleans 


102.3 


Shakespeare and Broadway 


6.5 


Washington and Aliceanna 




Washington and Monument 




Wea 0/ Jones' Falb. 
Streets. 


Feet 






Baltimore and Centre Market 




Baltimore ;ii,.l I.iKlit 

Baltiiie.i. ,,h,l 1 Mi.,u 


36,4 


Baltini..!. .• ' 1 ■. 




Baltii,.. 1 , l; p. , 




Balti,,, 1 

Baltim ,n„l r..,-,„, 


112.7 


Calvert and I'ratt 




Calvert and Saratoga 




Calvert and Eager 


73.4 










Deck,.. . : . 




Dolphin . 1 . 1 




Druiil II, , -• 1, i„i i|, Mechcn 


160.4 










Favette and C^rey 






,„, 




60 


Gilmor and Ramsey 

Gilmor and Cooke 


85.4 

178.3 






John and McMechen 


Ill" 






Lexington and Fulton 




Madisonand Nortl 

Madison and Tow nsend 

McMechen and Division 


28.1 

15.^0 

171.8 


North and Saratoga 




North and Centre 


19 7 






Orctiardand Madison 


197 9 


Pratt and Centre Market 

Pratt and Small wood 

Presstman and Strieker 


4.0 ! 

11)8.0 

Zl 


Republican and Mosher 

Second and Gay 


;;;:;:;::: 'S ' 



streets. Feet. 

Saratogaand Calhoun 18.2 

Saratoga and Scliroeder 9g.i 

Washington Monument 98.3 

Woodyear and Presstman 205 



CHAPTER XX. 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



Police^Iails— Executions— Penitentiary— Markets — Jones' Falls and 
Biidges— Floods— Water Companies— New Water-Works, 

Police Department. — The original commissioners 
appointed by tlie act of the Legislature, Aug. 8, 1729, 
to lay off Baltimore, had for many years police con- 
trol of the town. The town, however, seems to have 
taken care of itself until 1775, when it became 
necessary to establish a night-watch. With that 
object a public meeting was held and a plan for a 
regular night-watch adopted. Under this organiza- 
tion each male inhabitant capable of duty signed an 
agreement by which he bound himself to conform to 
the police regulations adopted by the general meeting 
of the citizens and sanctioned by the commissioners, 
and to attend personally when summoned to serve as 
a watchman or provide a suitable substitute, accept- 
able to the committee. This committee, composed 
of Robert Buchanan, Robert Alexander, and David 
McMechen, forshadovved some of the functions of the 
present Board of Police Commissioners. The town was 
divided into districts, with a company organized on a 
military basis in each district, each with a captain 
of the watch. The following were the officers : Cap- 
tains: First District, James Calhoun ; Second, George 
Woolsey ; Third, Benjamin Griffith ; Fourth, Barnet 
Eichelberger ; Fifth, George Lindenberger ; Sixth, 
William Goodwin, for Baltimore Town ; Isaac Van- 
bibber, with two assistants or lieutenants, for Fell's 
Point. Each captain had under his command a 
squad of sixteen men, each inhabitant being enrolled 
in a squad and taking his turn in allotted order. The 
streets were patrolled by this watch from 10 p.m. until 
daybreak, the watchman calling aloud the time of 
night each quarter of an hour.' 

No legal obligation or penalty controlling this or-' 
ganization, it became in a short time inefficient and re- 
miss in the discharge of duty, and in order to provide 
greater security for persons and property the Legisla- 
ture in 1784 passed an act by which the town com- 
missioners were vested with power to organize and 
control a police or regular night-watch. Under this 
act the commissioners were authorized to employ as 
many watchmen and constables as they might deem 
necessary, and were also empowered to levy a tax for 
the payment of the wages and salaries of men and 

1 The Sun, in 1843, advised against the policy of calling out the time by 
the watch, on the ground that it notified thieves of the locality of the 
watchmen, and gave them an opportunity of tixing their time and lo- 
cation of operations. The custom was finallv abatnloned. 



CITY DEPARTiMENTS. 



197 



officers so employed. Our townsmen, however, were 
so exemplary in their demeanor, both in daylight and 
darkness, that but three constables were required 
for hours of business, and fourteen watchmen for the 
night. In 1792 the sum levied proved to be inad- 
equate to support the necessarily increased force, 
and a house tax was demanded and levied to sup- 
ply the deficiency ; but this character of tax did not 
meet with the approval of the inhabitants and it was 
repealed, and provision made for a general tax in 
its stead, or rather an additional tax was levied, from 
which apjjropriations were made for the payment 
of peace officers. In 1793 the town commissioners 
were by act of the Legislature deprived of their 
authority in this respect, and the Court of Oyer and 
Terminer, which then administered the criminal law 
for Baltimore County, was authorized to appoint any 
number of such officers, and to assess the expense of 
their employment on the county. During the time 
that the police and constables were under the control 
of the Court of Oyer and Terminer assistant justices 
were employed to attend the station-houses and dis- 
pose of the peace cases. The following extract from 
the comptroller's report of Dec. 15, 1796, shows the 
amount paid to the assistant justices and constables 
for their attendance in weekly rotation at the station- 
houses, and for superintending the conduct of the 
■ night-watch : 

"Paid to assistant justices £182 10«. ; allowance to twenty-two consta- 
bles for their attendance on the court, taking up vagrants and disordeily 
persons, and serving criminal processes, £198 10s. 3d. ; wages paid five 
captains and forty-four privates for the Baltimore night-watch from Oct. 
1, 1796, including fire-wood, candles, and house rent for the Fell's Point 
watch, £1905 Os. M." 

This account also shows that as an additional pre- 
caution against thieves night-lamps were placed at 
convenient intervals throughout the town. " Cash 
paid to Jacob Lewis Ballenger for erecting and 
lighting three hundred and five lamps, £1.597 10s." 
When the old Court of Oyer and Terminer was abol- 
ished, the power of appointing constables was trans- 
ferred to the Baltimore City Court, which was estab- 
lished in 1816. The city in the mean time was 
incorporated, and the powers of the town commis- 
sioners were transferred to the new corporation, 
which was in the act specially authorized to establish 
night-watches and patrols. From 1796, therefore, 
until 1812 Baltimore was guarded by the night patrol 
and constables appointed by the corporate authori- 
ties. 

In 1801 a town-meeting was held with the object of 
perfecting means to prevent the frequent thefts, rob- 
beries, disturbances, and fires that had become so 
common, the town having been for some time infested 
with a number of dishonest and disorderly characters. 
At this meeting a committee of three persons from 
each ward was appointed to report a plan of organi- 
zation of the night-watch to an adjourned meeting 
at Bryden's Inn on the 30th of April, 1801. The com- 



mittee consisted of. First Ward, William Jessop, C. H. 
Gist, and Walker Simpson ; Second Ward, John 
Strieker, Henry Schroeder, and Luke Tiernan ; Third 
Ward, Jesse Hollingsworth, Peter Hoffman, and John 
Swann ; Fourth Ward, William McCreery, William 
Wilson, and Alexander McKim ; Fifth Ward, Thomas 
Hollingsworth, Robert Gilmor, and William Woods; 
Sixth Ward, Peter Frick, Baltzer Schaeffer, and Mi- 
chael Diffenderffer; Seventh Ward, Edward Johnson, 
Thos. McElderry, and John Mackenheimer ; Eighth 
Ward, Thomas Tenant, John Snyder, and Henry 
Waters. The patrol was increased and rendered more 
efficient by the measures adopted at this meeting, and 
for a time disorder was suppressed by the vigilance of 
the watchmen. 

In 1810 it again became necessary for the citizens 
to reorganize the watch, although at this time the 
corporate authorities of the city were clothed with 
all necessary powers in the premises. Ward-meet- 
ings were held in all the wards of the city, and repre- 
sentatives were appointed to a general meeting. At 
this meeting a plan was proposed and adopted and ac- 
cepted by the authorities. A sub-committee was also 
appointed, which had general control of the organiza- 
tion. The chairman of this committee was Elisha 
Tyson, and the secretary John E. Carey. Mr. Carey 
in the latter part of the year was succeeded by J. 
Lewis Wampler. Under this organization there were 
thirty captains, each being responsible for a territory 
distinctly marked out. Each captain had under him 
a squad of eight men, making in all a force of two 
hundred and forty men. For more than twenty-five 
years this system was in operation in Baltimore, but 
it was again changed in 1836 and 1837, and in 1838 
Baltimore had for day service especially a high con- 
stable, one regular policeman for each of the twelve 
wards, and two extra policemen for each ward, who 
might be called into service as occasion required. 
This system of day police was accommodated to each 
increase in the number of wards in the city until it 
reached the number of twenty wards. This system 
proved inefficient, and the mayor and City Council, in 
pursuance of the authority vested in them by the act 
of 1853, ch. 46, proceeded to organize a police force 
under an ordinance which passed both branches of 
the City Council and received the approval of the 
mayor, Hon. Thomas Swann, in January, 1857. 

This ordinance completely changed the old police 
system, and by its provisions the night-watch and 
day police were incorporated in one department. A 
regular uniform was provided for the force, which 
consisted of one chief of police, one deputy, and 
eight captains, eight lieutenants, twenty-four ser- 
geants, and three hundred and ninety-three men. 
This was exclusive of four superintendents, forty-two 
lamplighters, and five detective officers. 
I The following table will show the number of men 
i on the force and the character of their duties at that 
time : 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



No. of Districts. Ileserve. Day Beat.s. Night Beats, 

First, Eastern 9 22 -14 

Second, Middle 11 38 7li 

Third, Western 6 23 4C 

Fourth, Southern 9 22 44 

Total Z:< 10.-. 2111 



It will be observed by this table that the number of 
men on duty at night was two hundred and ten, twice 
as many as were on duty in the daytime, and fifteen 
more than were employed under the old system. In 
order to give more efficiency to the night service the 
chief of police enlarged the beats in the suburbs of 
the city ; this was with a view of concentrating more 
readily an effective force whenever a sudden call 
might be made for it ; the same disposition was made 
with the men detailed for service during the day. 
The headquarters of the department were in the 
building then occupied by the Water Commission, on 
North Street, near Fayette. The chief of police at 
that time, B. W. Herring, had two rooms in that 
building. The following letter was sent to all the 
police captains : 



'BaI' 



, Man 



, 18,17, 



" GAprAiN or ToLlCE. Sir.— TIjc system will comuience this morning 
with the designated force of your district in the following order : one- 
tliird for day and two-thirds for night service. The day men to go on 
duty ate A.M., and remain on until 8 p.m., at which time the night men 
will relievo the day men, and remain on until relieved by the day men, 
at 6 o'clock A.M. It is uuderetood that the men are in no case to leave 
their beats unless compelled to do so in the discharge of their duty. In 
going to their meals only a portion will leave at a time, the balance 
remaining until their return, which must not exceed one hour. Two 
sergeants for day and four for night duty in each district will patrol 
their districts and see that their men are at their posts. The captains, 
lieutenants, and turnkeys will relieve at six o'clock, morning and even- 
ing. The reserve force will be taken from the divisions as provided for 
in the card previously circulated. In case of absence from roll-call, a 
substitute will immediately take the place of the absentee, morning or 
night. The above regulations must be strictly complied with until fur- 
ther orders." 

This .system proved more efficient than any former 
one, until the organization of the American, or Know- 
Nothing party. At first when the rowdy clubs com- 
menced a course of open violence the police made 
every effort to maintain order, but the force was 
gradually filled with recruits from the Know-Noth- 
ing organizations, and became the willing tool of 
violence and riot. 

Gradually the official arm of municipal authority 
became not only the supporter, but the promoter and 
the executor of disorder and bloodshed. The very 
men who were sworn to protect and defend the execu- 
tion of the laws that guaranteed the right of the citi- 
zen became the chief instruments of an authority ele- 
vated to position by defiance of right, law, and order. 
The city during this time may be said to have been given 
up to a mob, and that a mob of the most dangerous 
character, — a mob clothed with the robes of office 
and the baton of official power. Security for life and 
property became a mockery. At every election the 
red hand of riot triumphed over every right of the 
citizen, until more than half of the voters of the city 



were deprived of the right of franchise, because it 
could be exercised only at the risk of life. 

A committee of the members of the Reform party 
who had personally witnessed the condition of affairs 
in Baltimore for four or five years previous, in 1859 
drafted a number of bills, known as the " reform bills," 
among which were the police bill, the election law, 
and the jury law, which were presented to the Legis- 
lature. In order to wrest from the city officials the 
power of controlling the police department in their 
own political interests, the police bill provided for the 
organization of a Board of Police Commissioners, com- 
posed of discreet persons, who should have been resi- 
dents of the city of Baltimore for three consecutive 
years next preceding the day of their election, and 
who should be elected by a joint session of the two 
houses of the General Assembly ; one elected for two 
years, one for four years, and one for six years. The 
bill empowered the Board of Police Commissioners to 
organize a police force for the city of Baltimore, arm, 
equip, and control the same, and make them responsi- 
ble for the entire system. Under this bill the General 
Assembly, in 1860, elected Messrs. Charles Howard, 
William H. Gatchell, Charles D. Hinks, and John 
W. Davis as the first Board of Police Commissioners. 
The passage of the bill excited the most violent oppo- 
sition from the city authorities, and it was contended 
that the act was unconstitutional. On the passage of 

j the bills the mayor dispatched a message to the Council 
asking leave to test their legality, and volunteered his 
own opinion that they were " without the authority of 
law, and cannot be recognized by the courts." The 
commissioners of police on the 6th of February ap- 
peared in the clerk's office at the Superior Court and 

I subscribed to the oath of office, and on the 9th made 
a formal demand through their counsel, Messrs. Rev- 
erdy Johnson, S. Teackle Wallis, J. Mason Campbell, 
and AV^illiam H. Norris, upon the mayor and City 
Council for the delivery of the station-houses, police 
equipments, etc. On the 10th, Mayor Swann notified 
them of his refusal to comply with the demand. Ap- 
plication was immediately made to the Superior 
Court, Judge Martin, for a mandamus to compel 
compliance by these authorities. On the 13th of 
March Judge Martin delivered his opinion, that the 
act constituting the Board of Police Commissioners 
was constitutional. The mayor and City Council ap- 
pealed, and the decision of the Court of Appeals was 
rendered in favor of the police commi-ssioners on the 
17th of April. This decision gave the greatest satis- 

I faction to the great body of the people, and a sensa- 

t tion of relief, inexpressible and without precedent in 
this community, was experienced. The board imme- 
diately organized a new police force, which entered 
upon their duties May 1, 1860. A new uniform was 
adopted, and the new force was known as the Metro- 
politan Police. 

After raising the force to the highest point of effi- 
ciency. Col. Kane, who had accepted the position of 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



marslial at great personal sacrifice, tendered his resig- 
nation, but the protests of the citizens were so general 
that he was induced on the 16th of November to with- 
draw his resignation and continue to discharge the 
duties of the office. This police force continued to 
protect the city until the military authorities took 
possession of it in 1861. On the morning of the 27th 
of June a detacliment of military proceeded to the 
residence of Col. George P. Kane, arrested him, and 
carried him to Fort McHenry. On the same day, by 
order of Gen. Banks, Col. John R. Kenly suspended 
the board of police and assumed command of the 
police force of the city. On July 10th, Gen. Banks 
appointed George R. Dodge marshal of police in 
place of Col. Kenly. He entered upon the duties of 
the office the same day, with James McPhail as deputy 
marshal. They occupied the marshal's office, station- 
houses, and other property of the city provided for 
the regular police, and the troops which had been 
quartered in the heart of the city were withdrawn and 
marched back to their several camps. On the 1st day 
of July the police commissioners were also arrested. 
These arrests were made between three and five 
o'clock in the morning by Col. Morehead's Philadel- 
phia regiment, which first proceeded to the house of 
John W. Davis, arrested him, and .sent him under 
guard to the fort. They next visited the residences 
and arrested Charles D. Hinks, Charles Howard, and 
William H. Gatchell. All four of the commissioners 
were conveyed to Fort McHenry, and were afterwards 
imprisoned for more than a year in Fort Warren, 
Boston Harbor. William McKewen, clerk of the 
board, was also arrested, but afterwards discharged by 
Marshal Kenly, there being no charge against him. 
Gen. Banks appointed the following Board of Police 
Commissioners to assist in the management of the 
police affiiirs in the city: Columbus O'Dounell, Ar- 
chibald Sterling, Jr., Thomas Kelso, John R. Kelso, 
John W. Randolph, Peter Sauerwein, John B. Sei- 
denstricker, Joseph Roberts, and Michael Warner. 
Between the hours of eleven o'clock Thursday night 
and eleven o'clock Friday morning a number of mili- 
tary arrests were made, among them the mayor of the 
city, George William Brown, at that time ex officio a 
member of the Board of Police Commissioners, who was 
committed to Fort McHenry. It was intended to send 
him with others arrested to the Dry Tortugas, but 
fortunately there were no vessels in the port suitable 
at that time for the service. William McKewen, for- 
mer clerk of the board, was rearrested on the 15th of 
October. Thus passed away the last vestige of civil 
authority in the police department under its new and 
splendid organization. 

On the 21st of July a bill was introduced into Con- 
gress appropriating one hundred thousand dollars for 
the payment " of the police organization of Baltimore 
employed by the United States," and passed under 
the pressure of the previous question, Hon. Henry May 
having in vain attempted to obtain the floor to discuss 



it, and having been sharply reprimanded for a breach 
of the rules of the House in protesting against it as 
" a bill to provide for the wages of oppression." In 
the Senate it was adopted with equal precipitancy 
against the remonstrance of both senators of Mary- 
land. The Congressional appropriation not being 
sufficient, the City Council, at its session of 1862-63, 
made an appropriation of twenty-two thousand dol- 
lars to supply the deficiency. In 1862 the military 
authorities signified their willingness to turn over the 
police department to the civil authority of the State, 
as the Legislature, which had the power to appoint 
commissioners of police, were at that time in full 
sympathy with the Federal government. In 1862, 
therefore, the Legislature, under a new police law 
passed by that body, which repealed the act of 1860, 
appointed Messrs. Samuel Hirides and Nicholas L. 
Wood, in connection with the mayor, as the board of 
police commissioners of Baltimore, who were sworn 
into office on the 7th of March, 1862, and entered 
upon the discharge of their duties on the 10th. A 
large majority of the force selected were the same 
appointed by the provost-marshal. The new force 
entered upon its duties on the 3d of April, 1862. 
Messrs. Hindes and Wood continued to exercise the 
functions of police commissioners until 1866, when 
charges of official misconduct were preferred against 
them, and after an examination by the Governor they 
were removed, and William T. Valiant and James 
Young appointed in their places. Messrs. Hindes 
and Wood refused to deliver to the new commission- 
ers the machinery and agencies of the police estab- 
lishment, and this with such an array of force as to 
repel the new appointees and prevent them from 
taking possession under the authority of the State. 
The new commissioners, however, established their 
headquarters at another point, and proceeded to insti- 
tute measures for the exercise of their official func- 
tions. The power of the judge of the Criminal Court 
was then invoked against them, on the ground that 
they were unlawfully conspiring to obtain possession 
of the offices and property of the police department. 
They were arrested on a warrant issued by the judge 
of the Criminal Court, and refusing to give bail were 
incarcerated in the city jail. The sherifl" of Baltimore 
was also subjected to the same treatment, on the 
charge that he was engaged in aiding and abetting 
an unlawful assemblage and riot, because of his un- 
dertaking to exercise his prerogative in summoning 
the posse comitafus. Writs of habeas corpus were ob- 
tained from Judge Bartol, and the prisoners released 
and placed in possession of the office, equipments, 
arms, and station-houses of the department. Col. 
John T. Farlow was appointed marshal of police, and 
Capt. John T. Gray, who was captain of the central 
police force under the metropolitan police bill, was 
made deputy marshal. Col. Farlow was succeeded as 
marshal by Thomas H. Carmichael, who was removed 
in 1867 by the board of commissioners, who appointed 



200 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in his place William A. Van Nostrand, who was fol- 
lowed by Col. Farlow. The police force for 1860 not 
having been paid, a resolution was introduced in the 
Council in 1867 to appropriate one hundred and 
twelve thousand dollars in payment of this obliga- 
tion, and one thousand dollars to Mayor Chapman 
for his services upon the board, which was defeated, 
whereupon K. C. Barry and S. Teackle Wallis, as 
counsel of the police, made formal demand of the 
city register for the payment of the amount. This 
demand was refused, and suits were docketed to the 
number of three hundred and eighty-nine before 
Judge Scott, of the City Court, for the recovery of 
the claims. The costs in the cases, with fees of attor- 
neys, etc., amounted to fifteen thousand dollars. The 
suits were finally compromised and the claims paid. 
In 1870, John T. Gray, who had for some years 
served as deputy marshal, was appointed by the board 
marshal of police in place of Col. John T. Farlow, 
who had been marshal for three years, and who va- 
cated the ofiice to fill the position of police magis- 
trate at the Eastern station-house. Jacob Frey was 
appointed deputy marshal. These gentlemen have 
discharged the duties of their respective positions 
for eleven years in a most efficient and satisfac- 
tory manner. The police force of Baltimore has ar- 
rived at a state of efficiency unequaled perhaps by 
that of any other city in the United States. Its offi- 
cers and men discharge their duty quietly but firmly, 
and the safety of the citizen at all hours of the night 
and day is assured by the vigilance and activity of a 
body of men that never flinch from duty or quail in 
the hour of danger. 

The Boards of Police Commissioners from 1860 to 
1881 have been as follows : 

I860 (organized February 6th).— Charles Howard, president; William 
H. Gatchell, treasurer; Charles D Hinks, John W. Davis; ex off., George 
William Brown, mayor (Nov. 9, 1860); William F. McKewen, clerk; 
George P. Kane, marshal ; Thomas Gifford, deputy marshal. 

1862. — From the arrest of the foregoing commissioners hy the United 
States governmeiit until the 10th of March, 1862, the police force was 
under the control of officers appointed by the Federal government, — 
Gen. John R. Kenly, succeeded by George R. Dodge, provost-marshal. 
The Police Board qualified March 6,1862, and organized March 10; 
on the 29th, the government force of police was turned over to the 
Police Board, and on the 1st of April the government force was paid off 
and disbanded. 

1862.— Nicholas L. Wood, president ; Samuel Hindes ; ex off., John Lee 
Chapman; William S. Browning, clerk ; W. A. Van Nostrand, marshal; 
■William B. Lyons, deputy marshal. 

1863. — Nochanges in the board. Under the police law, John A. Thomp- 
son, city register, was constituted treasurer of the board. 

1864.— Samuel Hindes, president; Nicholas L. Wood, ex off., John Lee 
Chapman, mayor. March 4, 1864, Thomas H. Carmichael was appointed 
marshal, rice William A. Vau Nostrand, removed. John S. Manly was 
appointed deputy marshal, vice William B. Lyons, removed. George W. 
Taylor was appointed secretary to the board, vice Browning. March 19, 
1864, John A. Thompson, city register, declined to serve any longer as 
treasurer, and requisitions for money were made through the city comp- 
troller. 

1865. — No changes in the board or chief officers. 

1866. — November Ist, Governor Swann removed Messrs. Wood and 
Hindes from office. November 2d he appointed and com 
Messrs. James Young nnd WilHiim Thoimis Valiant comn 
November :id, Mi-ssrs. Young nnd Valiant were comniitted to ! 
City jail, by order of Jud«i' liund, of the Criminal I'ourt. Nover 



Judge Bartol, of Court of Appeals, released Messrs. Young and Valiant, 
and on November 1.5th, Messrs. Hindes and Wood yielded possession of the 
office and property of the hoard, and the marshal of police (Carmichael) 
reported for duty with the entire force to Messrs. Young and Valiant. 
November 13th, board organized permanently with James Young, presi- 
dent; William T. Valiant; ex off., 3o\m Lee Chapman, mayor; George 
W. Taylor, secretary ; Thomas H. Carmichael] marshal ; John S. Manly, 
deputy marshal. 

1867.— March 15th, board organized. Commissionere- Lefevre Jarrett, 
president; James E. Carr, treasurer; William H. B. Fusselbaugh ; Clerk, 
George W.Taylor, (August) Thomas E.Martin; Marshal, John T. Far- 
low ; Deputy Marshal, John T. Gray. 
1868. — No changes. 
1869. — No changes. 

187U. — Lefevre Jarrett, president, died iu February, 1870, and the Leg- 
islature elected John W. Davis to fill his unexpired tenii, and Thomas 
W. Morse was elected for the full term of four years from March 15, 
1871. August 1, Marriott Boswell wa« elected clerk to the board, rice 
Thomas E. Martin, deceased. Commissioners — John W. Davis, president ; 
James E. Carr, treasurer; William H. B. Fusselbaugh ; Marshal, John 
T. Gray; Deputy Marshal, Jacob Frey, appointed April 21, 1870. 

1871. — March ]5lh, board organized. William H. B. Fusselbaugh, presi- 
dent ; James B. Carr, treasurer; Thomas W. Morse. The oflicers of the 
board unchanged. 
1872. — No changes. 
1873. — No changes. 

1874. — The Legislature changed the terms of service of the commis- 
sioners. William H. B. Fusselbaugh was elected for the term of six 
years, Harry Gilraor for the term of four years, and John Milroy for the 
term of two years, from March 15, 1875. For 1874 there were no changes 
in the commissioners. 

1875. — Commissioners — William H. B. Fusselbaugh, president; John 
Milroy, treasurer; Harry Gilmor. The officers of the board unchanged. 
1876. — The Legislature elected James R. Herbert commissioner in place 
of John Milroy, for six years from March 15, 1877, Harry Gilmor bo- 
coming treasurer of the board, and Mr. Fusselbaugh remaining presi- 
dent. 

1878. — John Milroy was elected by the Legislature for six years in 
place of Harry Gilmor. The latter resigned April 10th, and John Mil- 
roy was appointed by the Governor, April 12th, to fill the unexpired 
term. Commissioners — William H. B. Fusselbaugh, president ; James 
B. Herbert, treasurer ; John Milroy. Officers unchanged. 
1879.— No changes. 

1880.— George Colton was elected by the Legislature commissioner for 
six years in place of WilliKm H. B. Fusselbaugh, from March 15, 1881. 

1881.— Commissioners— George Colton, president; James Herbert, 
treasurer; John Milroy; Secretary, George Savage, rice Marriott Bos- 
well, removed August, 1881 ; Marshal, John T. Gray ; Deputy Marshal, 
Jacob Frey. 

Baltimore Jails. — Until 1768 Joppa was the county- 
seat of Baltimore County, and the jail as well as the 
court-house was situated there ; but in that year Balti- 
more was made the county-seat, and a " public prison" 
j was ordered by the General Assembly to be erected in 
the town. While this jail was in process of construc- 
[ tion prisoners were confined in a log building on the 
] east side of South Frederick Street, near Myers' tan- 
yard, not far from the residence of Daniel Chamier, 
the sheriff", who lived in a brick house in the rear of 
it. When the regular jail was completed is not known, 
but the site selected for it was on the hill in the rear 
of the court-house, near the present location of the 
record office. In November, 1797, the Legislature of 
the State passed "an act entitled an act for building a 
new goal in Baltimore County," by which act Sam- 
uel Owings, James Carroll, John Merrymau, James 
Carey, and Nicholas Rogers were appointed commis- 
sioners, vested with powers to receive by purchase or 
donation any portion or portions of ground within 
the citv of iJaltiiiiore or its precincts which to them 



CITY DEPAKTMENTS. 



should appear suitable for a jail building, and also ! 
authority to erect a jail upon the same. Under this 1 
act the commissioners, in 1799, obtained from William ' 
Wilson, John Brown, and Nicholas R. Moore a part ' 
of the ground, six acres and a half in all, upon which \ 
the jail now stands. This jail was finished and occu- 
pied in 1802, E. C. Long, architect. It was built in i 
quadrangular form, inclosing a square court. The 
lower story and the principal part of the other stories ! 
were vaulted, as a safeguard against fire as well as 
additional security against escapes. The apartments 
were generally twenty feet square and well ventilated, j 

The first executions in the jail-yard occurred on 
Friday, April 22, 1808. On the night of the 14th of | 
March, 1808, a number of prisoners broke jail and 
made their escape, after a severe encounter with the 
turnkey, Mr. Green, and others, who were desperately 
wounded, and a watchman named Worker, who died | 
of his wounds. William Robinson, William Morris, 
Daniel Dougherty, and Caleb Dougherty, four of the 
prisoners, were tried, convicted, and executed for the 
murder of the watchman in less than a month after the 
commission of the crime. This jail, in 1812, was the j 
scene of great brutality sul!ered by the gentlemen who 
were taken there to protect them from the mob. The 
result of the capture of the jail by the mob was the 
building of the stone wall eleven feet high around it. 
In 1850 the necessity for a larger jail became apparent, 
and the Committee on Police and Jails, Sept. 14, 1850, 
reported to the Council in favor of building a new 
jail on the site of the old one. Both branches of the 
City Council accordingly passed an ordinance on the I 
20th of May, 1851, appropriating fifty thousand dol- 
lars for the erection of a new jail or addition to the 
old one. A dispute arose in the Council in regard to 
the location, and for some time the project was held t 
in abeyance, and it was not until February, 1856, that 
the Council adopted a resolution appointing the joint 
Committee of the Police and Jail with the mayor and 
city commissioners a committee to select a place and 
secure specifications for the new jail. The original 
jail grounds on Madison Street and Jones' Falls were 
selected for the site, and in April the city commis- 
sioner, J. P. Shanon, entered into a contract with 
Messrs. H. R. & J. Reynolds to build the jail accord- 
ing to specifications for $117,000. The contractors 
completed the greater part of the work, when a difii- 
culty arose upon the subject of the plans, and the 
city entered into an arbitration, Nathan T. Dushane 
representing the city, and J. B. Emory the contrac- 
tors, Lawrence Sangston being umpire. The arbitra- 
tors decided that the city was indebted to the contrac- 
tors in the sum of $102,415, which by a resolution of 
the City Council was paid to them. A contract was 
then entered into with Messrs. John W. Maxwell & 
Co. to complete the jail according to the Dixon plans 
for $169,000 by the 5th of July, 1858. The new jail 
was completed and accepted by the commissioners 
Dec. 28, 1859, and the prisoners moved into it Jan. 2, 



1860. The city commissioners' reports for 1858-61, 
together with the award made by the arbitrators to 
H. E. & J. Reynolds, show the cost to have amounted 
to $307,286.15, not including the price paid for the 
ground, $35,000. The report of the warden for 1881 
estimates the value of the jail property under the 
charge of the Board of Visitors at $362,835.70. The 
ground upon which the jail is built contains six acres 
and a half, surrounded by a substantial stone wall 
eleven feet high. The plan of the jail embraces a 
jail within a jail. The main hall through the centre 
of the jail, opening east and west, is fifty-nine feet 
eight inches in length, and fifty-eight feet six inches 
wide ; the entrance is by a flight of iron steps from 
the yard on the west ; immediately on the right and 
left of the hall are eight rooms twenty by twenty feet 
and fifteen feet high. There is an interior building 
running right and left from the main hall, each build- 
ing a hundred and sixty feet long, with rows of cells 
opening out on an iron portico ; there are five rows 
on each side of the two wings, or five stories, with iron 
portico in front ; in all three hundred cells eight by 
eleven feet and nine feet high. Above this main hall 
is the chapel of the jail, fifty-seven by sixty feel and 
twenty-two feet high. On each side of the interior 
buildings is a space of thirteen feet wide extending 
from the cells to the outer wall of the main building. 
The basement of this space is now used as a dining- 
room, the old custom of feeding persons in their cells 
having been abandoned. The main hall is divided 
from the cells by an open iron railing built very sub- 
stantially. At the extreme end and in the rear of each 
of these wings bathing-tubs are placed, and by the 
peculiar construction ventilation from the roof of the 
building through each cell is obtained. The cells are 
furnished with an iron cot, a table, chair, wash-basin, 
etc. The whole establishment is subjected daily to 
flooding and washing from hose arranged for that 
purpose. The entire building is of stone, brick, and 
iron, and is fire-proof. The exit from the main hall 
opposite the entrance is by a similar flight of iron 
steps into the back yard of the jail, where are located 
the kitchen, a brick building, forty by thirty feet; 
the weaving-shop, one hundred feet long ; the engine- 
and boiler-room, the tin and blacksmith-shop, and 
the laundry ; the bake-house is in the main building. 
In the centre of the main hall is a fountain throwing 
up refreshing columns of water, and near the entrance 
of the hall is a small oflice, built for the deputy war- 
dens. The yard in front of the jail on the west is laid 
j ofl' into grass and flower-plats. At the gate on Madi- 
I son Street a handsome cottage, like a porter's lodge, 
has been erected, with a large room on each side of 
the passage or entrance-way, one for a clerk and the 
other for a deputy warden assigned to the duty of 
, keeping the gate. The residence of the warden is 
built like the jail, of block stone, in cottage style, 
fronting on Madison Street, and divided from the jail 
■ by the stone wall surrounding the latter. 



20-2 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The present officers of the jail are as follows : 
Board of Visitors, Otis Keilholtz, president ; Adolph 
Nachman, secretary ; H. E. Reinhard, Jacob France, 
St., and Thomas G. Hayes ; Warden, J. F. Morrison ; 
Physician, Dr. D. P. Hoffman ; Clerk, William H. 
Turner ; Matron, Carrie H. Dall ; Deputy Wardens, 
Charles Carroll, Henry Cruse, William H. Cross, 
Edward C. Bowers, John Rielly, William H. Miller, 
William H. Tibballs, John F. Carter, Thomas J. 
Murray, William Howard, Joseph J. Peters, Law- 
rence Mayberry, Andrew J. Morris, Thomas M. Ken- 
ney, James J. Flannery, Peter B. Kestler, and James 
B. Sanner ; Baker, Charles W. Muhley ; Gardener, 
Louden Feast. The following are the names of the 
successive wardens of the jail since 1827 : Dixon 
Stansbury, David W. Hudson, William H. Counsel- 
man, Daniel E. Meyers, William A. Wysong, Thomas 
P. O. Sellers, A. P. Shutt, Thomas C. James, Charles 
M. Henry, James H. Irvin, and J. Frank Morrison. 

Executions. — 1752, January 10th, John Berry, 
Martha Bassett, and Mary Powell were executed for 
the murder of Mrs. Clark Berry, the former having 
been hanged in chains. 

1788, Donnelly and Mooney were executed for the 
highway robbery of Mrs. D. Shadwell. 

1808, April 22d, Daniel Dougherty, William Robin- 
son, William Morris, and Caleb Dougherty were ex- 
€cuted for jail-delivery and murder. 

1817, December 9th, Jean Lamarde, condemned to 
■death for the murder of Andrew Clemments, hanged 
himself in his cell. 

1818, Hare and Alexander were executed for the 
robbery of the Eastern mail. They were hung in the 
jail-yard, the platform and trap being used for the 
first time in Baltimore in place of the cart hitherto 
employed. 

1820, April 13th, John F. Ferguson and Israel 
Denny were executed for piracy ; five others, who 
were condemned at the same time, having received 
executive clemency. In the same year Perry Hut- 
ton and Morris B. Hull were executed for mail rob- 
bery. 

1844, January 12th, Adam Horn was executed for 
the murder of his wife, Maliuda Horn. The murder 
was attended with circumstances of unusual atrocity, 
jind created great excitement at the time. 

1845, June 27th, Henry McCurry was executed for 
the murder of Paul Roux. 

1847, February 26th, Joseph Alexander (colored) 
•was executed for the murder of Washington Sheppard. 

1849, July 21st, Conrad Vinter was executed for 
the murder of Mrs. Elizabeth Cooper, near Parkton, 
Baltimore Co. 

1853, August 5th, Thomas Connor was executed for 
the murder of Capt. William Hutchinson. When 
the drop fell the rope broke and Connor fell to the 
ground. He was taken back to the scaffold and 
hanged, the shocking spectacle being witnessed by 
fully twenty thousand peojjle. 



1859, April 8th, Henry Gambrill, Marion Cropps, 
Peter Corrie, and John Stephens, alias Cyphus (col- 

j ored), were executed for the murder of Benjamin Ben- 
ton, Robert M. Rigdon, and William King (colored). 

I The popular excitement on this occasion was intense, 

' and the above executions were regarded by all good 

I citizens as a vindication of the law, which had been 
to some extent undermined by ruffianism and vio- 
lence. 

1862, March 7th, Private Joseph H. Kuhns, of the 
Second Maryland Regiment, was hanged at Fort Mc- 
Henry for the jnurder of Lieut. David E. Whitson. 

1864, May 23d, Andrew or Isadore Laypole was 
executed at Fort McHenry as a Confederate spy and 
guerilla. He died bravely. 

1864, September 27th, George McDonald, alias M. 
M. Dunning, of the Third Maryland Cavalry, shot at 
Fort McHenry for desertion and other crimes. 

1873, August 1st, Thomas R. Hollahan and Joshua 
Nicholson were executed for the murder of Mrs. John 
Lampley. An unusual notoriety was given to the 
case by the attempt of HoUohan to assassinate Dep- 
uty Marshal Frey in open court at Annapolis during 
the trial of the cause. 

The Maryland Penitentiary.— The ]\Iaryland 
Penitentiary was opened ibr the reception of crimi- 

I nals in 1811. Prior to its establishment the offenses 
now punishable by confinement therein were pun- 
ished by confinement in the jails, alms-houses, or work- 

I houses, and the criminals were made to labor upon the 
public roads. In a report made in 1884 it is stated 
that "Before the establishment of any regular system 
in this country convicts were employed in Maryland, 
as in other of the States, in making and repairing 
roads, cleansing streets, etc." A penitentiary was es- 
tablished in Philadelphia in 1794 and placed under 

! regulations excluding all the hardships of the pr'c- 

j vious mode. 

At the November session of the General Assembly 
in 1804, a resolution was adopted by which John 
Eager Howard, Thomas Dixon, Josias Pennington, 
Thomas McElderry, Robert C. Long, Levi Hollings- 
worth, Daniel Conn, Samuel Sterett, and George 
Warner were appointed commissioners to provide for 
the erection of a penitentiary for the reception of 
criminals, with authority to agree upon a site for the 
building, and to propose a plan to the Governor, and 

' when approved to contract for and superintend the 
erection of the same. The proceeds of the fines, for- 
feitures, and licenses collected in Baltimore, not ap- 
propriated to the use of the city, were assigned to 
defray the expenses of construction ; but owing to the 
defective provisions of the resolution they could not 
be obtained, and the Legislature was forced to make 
regular appropriations for the erection of the institu- 
tion. 

The commissioners under this act proceeded to 
purchase ground and erect buildings on Madison 
Street near the York road, Mr. Conn being the archi- 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



203 



tect and builder. The deed made to the commission- 
ers by Daniel Bowley conveys all 

"that piece, parcel, or lot of ground situate and lying in BaUimore 
County, being part of Todd's range, Eogers' Inspection, and Salisbury 
plains. Beginning, for the outlines of the whole three parcels, at a stone 
Sitarked No. 3 of the prison lot, and running thence north one and a half 
degrees, west three-tenths of a perch to Henry Stevenson's part of Sal- 
isbury plains; thence binding on said part north eighty-nine degrees, 
<a3t five perches and eight-tenths of a perch ; thence south twelve de- 
crees, east seveuty-four and a half feet to the south side of Truxten 
Street ; thence bounding on said street north seventy-eight degrees, east 
one hundi-ed and ninety feet to the west side of Nelson Street ; thence 
Ijounded on the west side of the last mentioned street south twelve de- 
grees, east thirty-four perches and three feet to a stone standing where 
the west line of said street and the southwest line of Forest Street inter- 
sects ; thence running north forty-one and a half degrees, west three and 
■one-half perches to a post ; thence south thirty and a half degrees, west 
three and a quarter perches to the beginning of that part of Cole's Har- 
•bor or Todd's Range, conveyed by Thos. SUgh to James Moore, also the 
beginning of said tract, conveyed by Thos. Sligh to Vitus Hardway and 
John Sligh. and running and bounding on that part north forty-one and 
three-quarter degrees west twelve perches, north seventy-three degrees, 
west thirteen perches to the two hundred and four perches line of that 
part of said tract conveyed by James Todd and wife to John Hurst; 
thence bounding on said line north forty-eight degrees, west two perches 
and two-tenths of a perch to the prison lot ; thence bounding on said lot 
north eighty-eight degrees, east one perch and four-tenths of a perch to a 
atone marked No. 2 of the prison lot ; and thence by a straight line to 
the beginning stone, containing three acres, one-fourth of an acre, and 
eleven square perches uf land, more or less," 



for which the commissioners paid the sum of four 
thousand four hundred and twenty-five dollars, cur- 
rent money. 

The act passed in 1808, ch. 138, sec. 25, declares 
that the penitentiary now in course of erection 
shall be, when completed, " appropriated for the re- 
ception of criminals that have been or may hereafter 
be condemned under the laws of the State, for such 
terms, upon such conditions, and under such regula- 
tions as are herein or may hereafter be enacted or de- 
clared." In pursuance of this act the Governor of 
the State issued a proclamation on the 13th of Sep- 
tember, 1811, setting forth that the inspectors had re- 
l^orted the building completed and all the requisites 
of the act complied with, and that the house was ready 
for the reception of criminals. The records of the 
penitentiary show that the first criminal received in 
1811 was a colored man, twenty-two years of age, 
convicted of murder in Prince George's County, 
who.se sentence had been commuted to imprisonment 
at hard labor for life. He was sentenced in 1803, and 
died in the penitentiary in 1855. He was a prisoner 
fifty-two years, forty-four years of which were spent 
in the penitentiary, the longest period, it is said, for 
which any convict was ever imprisoned in this coun- 
try. An act of the Legislature of 1809, ch. 26, di- 
rected that all prisoners convicted of any crime pun- 
ishable by confinement in the penitentiary should be 
placed and kept in the solitary cells thereof, and kept 
on low and coarse diet for such a time as the discre- 
tion of the court might direct, and this law was not 
repealed until 1838. 

Section 37 of the act of 1809 authorized the Gov- 
ernor and Council to appoint a keeper of the peniten- 



tiary, who should, in addition to the salary allowed 
him by the Legislature, have five per centum on the 
sale of all articles manufactured by the prisoners in 
the institution, with the power to appoint his deputies 
and assistants. The 38th .section of the same act pro- 
vided for the appointment in the month of December, 
annually, by the Governor and Council, of twelve in- 
spectors of the penitentiary. The keeper was required 
to provide a sufficient quantity of stock and materials, 
working tools and implements, for the employment of 
the convicts, and to contract for the clotiiing, diet, and 
other necessaries for the maintenance and support of 
the convicts. He was also directed to make sale of 
such goods, wares, and merchandise as should be man- 
ufactured by the convicts. 

Upon the completion of the penitentiary and the 
commencement of its operations, those who were then 
undergoing public punishment were allowed to elect 
whether they would go into the penitentiary or serve 
out their sentences as originally prescribed. 

The first meeting of the inspectors, composed of 
Samuel Steritt, William Hawkins, David Fulton, 
Elisha Tyson, Isaac Burniston, and Theodoric Bland, 
was held Dec. 31, 1811. John McKim was present, 
but had not concluded to act, and the inspectors not 
having a quorum adjourned until Jan. 3, 1812. 

On that day they reassembled, and elected Joseph 
H. Nicholson chairman of the board, and Theodoric 
Bland secretary, and Dr. Kichard Hall physician to 
the penitentiary for the ensuing year. 

On the 5th of March, 1817, the west wing was de- 
stroyed by fire, and a loan of forty thousand dollars 
was authorized to rebuild it. • 

The western dormitory was erected in 1809, and re- 
modeled in 1845. That portion of the second story 
which had been previously used as a female hospital 
was enlarged by taking into it two of the adjoining 
I cells, and the room fitted up for a workshop for the 
women. The hospital was removed to the cells adjoin- 
! ing the rooms appropriated for the matron, and steps 
constructed so as to secure separate entrances to the 
I yard from the workshops and hospital. The male 
hospital was entirely remodeled. This apartment was 
'situated in the third story of the west wing. It was 
enlarged, making a room fifty-seven feet six inches 
j by thirty-five feet. In 1870 a brick building five 
stories high, twenty-two by eighty-six feet, for female 
inmates, was erected, and a small b'at comfortable 
building as a residence for the matrons. The entire 
interior was also remodeled, and two stories added to 
the dormitory, in which the chapel and refectory are 
located. In 1871 a new shop was erected at a cost of 
fifteen hundred dollars. The report to the Legisla- 
ture for. 1838 states that the funds of the penitenti- 
ary for its ordinary support have derived no direct aid 
from the treasury since the year 1827 to the present 
day. Four loans, which were chiefly predicated upon 
the credit of the State, have been negotiated for the 
' penitentiary, viz. : 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The flret iu 1822, redeemable in thirty years, for $27,947.30 

The second in 1828, redeemable in thirty years, for 30,000.00 

The third in 1835, redeemable in twenty years, for 20,000.00 

The fourth in 1837, redeemable in twenty years, for 20,000.00 

Amounting to 497,947.30 

But DO part of eitlier of these loans have been ap- 
plied to the ordinary support of the penitentiary ; on 
the contrary, the productive labor of the institution 
has contributed large sums to the erection of the 
buildings and other improvements. The whole of the 
loan of 1822 was required to relieve the institution 
from debts which had embarrassed its operations for 
some years. All of the other loans, amounting to 
seventy thousand dollars, were either directly applied 
or an equal amount taken out of its ordinary means 
and applied to building and similar purposes. In 
1850 its liabilities amounted to $27,823.91, and its 
resources amounted to $7091.58, leaving a deficiency 
above the actual resources of $20,732.33. 

The total amount of interest paid by the penitenti- 
ary in discounts on business notes from 1839 to 1851, 
a period of thirteen years, was $27,454.52, an annua! 
average of $2111.88. 

The following table shows tlie earnings of the peni- 
tentiary over expenses, and expenses over earnings, 
from 1816 to 1852, inclusive : 



Earnings. 



1816 So,9oC.10 

1817 '• 

1818 3,009.42 | 

1819 322.43 

1820 i . 266.00 

1821 I ^654 44 

1822 ! 7,888.06 

1823 I 1,123.16 , 

1.S24 1,047.30 

isiri IJ.UT.JI 

1831 ; '2i338.06 '.'.'. 

1832 S981.22 

1833 I 881.04 



Tear. 

1837 
1838 
1839 

1840 

1843 

I Ml 

I'lT 
IMS 
184'.l 
1860 
18.^1 
1852 


Earnings 
Explnses. 


810,622.21 










483.66 
9,536.84 


■■■■•■■;■;;;•; 




:::::;:•:;:::: 







E.xpenses 
Earnings. 



26,046 00 
3,722.36 
3,239.26 



From this period of the history of the penitentiary 
the industries of the institution become an important 
element of its success. These industries have been 
of a varied character. Cotton and woolen goods were 
first manufactured, and were followed by the manu- 
facture of combs and brushes, boots and shoes, hats, 
spikes and nails, marble-sawing, carpet-weaving, 
basket-making, coopering, cabinet-making, broom- 
making, and the manufacture of tin cans, cedar- 
ware, harness, and cigars, etc. The manufacturing 
department at this time consists of a . shoe-factory, 
stove and hollow ware works, and marble-works, the 
labor in which is hired to contractors by the prison 
authorities. 

The manufacture of cotton goods was quite profit- 
able until about 1832, when, by the introduction of 
rheiip cotton prints and other causes, it became and 



continued to be unremunerative. An attempt was 
made, at a considerable outlay for looms, etc., to 
manufacture silk goods, but the experiment proved 
unsuccessful. About the same time the manufacture 
of plantation stuffs, made of cotton and wool, was 
attempted, and for a time was successful, but finally 
proved unprofitable and was abandoned. 

In 1850 the directors came to the conclusion that 
the penitentiary could not manufacture successfully 
on its own account, and began to consider the adop- 
tion of the contract system, and as an experiment 
fifty of the convicts were hired to contractors. In 
1855 a committee was appointed to examine the labor 
system of the penitentiaries in the Eastern States, 
and reported the contract system as generally pre- 
vailing in the penal institutions of that section. The 
report of this committee and the success of the ex- 
periments already made encouraged the adoption of 
the contract system, and by 18(50 it had been fully 
established. 

From 1859 to 1861 the industries of the penitenti- 
ary were very successful, but the civil war disturbed 
its operations, and the income was reduced from 
$35,000 per year to .$7800 per year, causing a defi- 
ciency in one year of $27,200. Since 1872 the insti- 
tution has been self-supporting, and has had a surplus 
each year after defraying the entire expenses, salaries 
included. 

From 1873 until the present time (1881) several 
appropriations have been made by the Legislature to 
the penitentiary for specific purposes. The surplus 
remaining each year has been as follows : 



1875.. 



$3,079.98 1877.. 

. 5,648.32 1878.. 

49.94 1879.. 

1,417.96 I 1880. 

425.37 



In the report of 1874 the directors say, — 

' It is very gratifying to be able to state that the necessity fur m.aking 
1 the State treasury for means to support the prison now 
DO longer exist, the management of the labor being so controlled as to 
yield a revenue sufficient for the self-support of the prison, which is iu 
happy contrast with former years, when large sums were annually drawn 
from the State." 

In 1876 no part of the annual appropriation by the 
Legislature was drawn from the treasury, and the year 
closed with a balance to the credit of the institution, 
from the earnings of the prisoners, of $425.37. This 
result was achieved at a time of general depression of 
trade. 

In 1877 the sum of $3840.61 was paid out of the 
earnings of the prison for permanent repairs and im- 
provements, leaving a surplus to be paid into the State 
treasury of $998.05. 

The year 1879 was the most prosperous in the his- 
tory of the institution. After paying the entire ex- 
penses, including salaries, and applying $6953.43 to 
general repairs, a surplus of $13,001.85 was turned 
into the State treasury. 

In 1878 the penitentiary contained nine hundred 
and eighty-four prisoners, the largest number ever 



CITY DEPAKTMENTS. 



confined at one time in the prison since its foundation. 
The decrease during the present year (1881 ) has almost 
reached the opposite point, the number of inmates 
having declined to five hundred and sixty-six. The 
causes of the decrease are attributed to the renewed 
demand for labor resulting from the improved business 
condition of the country, and the consequent removal 
of some of the temptations to crime oflFered by idle- 
ness, and to the establishment of the house of cor- 
rection, which receives many of the criminals formerly 
sent to the penitentiary. 

The following is a list of the presidents of the board 
of directors and the time served by each : 

Joseph II. Nicholson, Dec. 31, 1811, to Jan. 9, 1813; Eoger Shaffer, Jan. 
9, 1813, to Jan. 9, 1815; Et. Rev. James Kemp, Jan. 9, 1816, to Jan. 
14, 1817; Thomas Ellicott, Jan. li, 1817, to Feb. 8, 1819; William H. 
WarJ, Feb. 8, 1819, to Feb. 2, 1820 ; Col. Jamea Mosher, Feb. 2, 1820, 
to Feb. 24, 1821 ; Gen. Tobias E. Stansbury, Feb. 24, 1821, to Feb. 19, 
1825 ; Gen. William McDonald, Feb. 19, 1825, to Feb. 16, 1830 ; Gen. 
Tobias E. Stansbury, Feb. 10, 1830, to Feb. 10, 1831; Gen. William 
McDonald, Feb. 10, 1831, to Feb. 11, 1839 ; Jacob G. Davies, Feb. 11, 
1839, to June 16, 1842; Robert Howard, June 16, 1842, to Feb. 20, 
1845; Capt. James Frazier, Feb. 20, 1845, to March 21, 1846; Joshua 
Jones, March 21, 1846, to April 29, 1847 ; J. N. Brown, April 29, 1847, 
to March 16, 1848 ; Thomas E. Hambleton, March 16, 1848, to March 
15, 1849; William A. Boyd, president jiro (m., March 15, 1849, to 
March 21, 1849; Lemuel Gosuell, March 29, 1849, to March 28,1850; 
William A. Boyd, March 28, 1850, to March 27, 1851 ; Fielding Lucas, 
Marcli 27, 1851, to May 7, 1853, date of his death ; William Devriea, 
June 16, 1853, to May 18, 1854 ; Beale H. Richardson, May 18, 1854, 
to May 3, 1868; William J. Bryson, May 3, 1858, to May 5, 1862; 
John Hurst, May 5, 1862, to May 4, 1888 ; Joshua Vansant, May 4, 
1868, to Sept. 16, 1869; James S. Waters, Sept. 16, 1869, to May 6, 
1872; John F. Hunter, May 6, 1872, to the present time. 

The present Board of Directors is composed of John 
F. Hunter, George R. Berry, Hugh Sisson, Edward 
Higgins, Henry Seim, and John T. Ford. 

The following are the wardens of the Maryland 
Penitentiary and their terms of service from the 
foundation of the institution : 

Edward Markland, Dec. 31, 1811, to April 16,1812; Natlianiel Hynson, 
April IS, 1812, to Feb. 23, 1814 ; Benjamin Williams, Feb. 23, 1814, 
to March 14, 1821; Nathaniel Hynson, March 14, 1821, to Feb. 9, 
1826 ; Joseph Owens, Feb. 9, 1825, to March, 1839 ; William Houlton, 
March, 1839, to March 19, 1842 : A. J. W. Jackson, Marcli 19. 1842, 
to Feb. 17, 1845 ; William Johnson, Feb. 17, 1848, to March 16, 1848 ; 
Isaac M. Benson, Marcli 16, 1848, to June 19, 1851 ; William H.Jen- 
kins, June 19, 1851, to March 15, 1852 ; 0. P. MeiTy weather, March 
15, 1852, to June, 1858; A. D. Evans, June, 1858, to May 15, 1862; 
Blark C. \V. Thompson, May 15, 1862, to May 16, 1867 ; John W. Horn, 
May 16, 1867, to May 15, 1872; Thomas S. Wilkinson, May li, 1872, 
to the present time. 

Market-houses.— As early as 1751 an effort was 
made by the inhabitants of Baltimore Town to raise 
the necessary funds to build a market-house, but from 
various causes the project was not entirely carried out 
until ten or twelve years afterwards. The following 
copy of the original subscription, now in possession 
of the Maryland Historical Society, shows how anx- 
ious the first settlers were to improve the town, and 
especially to establish a place of barter and sale : 

** Whereas, Several Acts of As.sembly have been made for the enlarge- 
ment and Encouragement of Baltimore Town, and forasmuch as the said 
Town Increases aa well in Inhabitants as good Buildings and Trade, and 
the Situation thereof renders it convenient for Navigation and Trade, aa 
well with the Inhabitants of Baltimore and Ann Arundel Countys, as 
14 



the Back Settlements of this Province and Pennsylvania. But no Pro- 
vision hath yet been made by Law or otherwise for Purchasing a Lott or 
Lotts, whereon to Build a Market House, Town House, and other Neces- 
sary Buildings for the Benefit of said Town, and conveniency of such 
Persons as bring their Butcher's meat, and other commodities to sell at 
Market in the said Town. 

*' Wherefore, for the further Encouragement and Improvement of Bal- 
timore Town, We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do hereby Promis 
and Oblige ourselves, our Executors and Administrators, to Pay to the 
Commissioners of Baltimore Town or their order, the Several Sum or 
Sums of money to each of our names alfi.ied, to be applied to the Pur- 
chasing a Lott or Lotts in said Town, and building thereon a Market 
House and Town Hall in such manner as the Commissioners of said Town 
shall direct and appoint; Provided the said Lott or Lotts shall be Pur- 
chased and the Building begun within Two Years from the date hereof. 

"Witness our Hands and Seals this Twenty-third Day of April, 1761. 



■'T. Sheredine, ten pounds [seal] 

W. Hammond, five pounds [seal]., 

Thomas Harrison,] r,T 

T. riumford, n^^"' 



Brian Philpot, Jr., ten 
Win. Rogers, cash [aful 
Wil.Lvoii, live poiiiKls 



This subscription, however, was not sufficient, and 
the market-house was not completed until 1763, and 
then only by the aid of a lottery, which in that day 
was frequently invoked to aid in public improve- 
ments. 

The following scheme was advertised in the Mary- 
land Oazette in that year : 

"Baltimore Town, July 16"', 1763. 
"The following scheme of Lottery is humbly proposed to the Public 
for Raising the sum of 510 Pounds Current Money, to he applied to- 
wards Completing the Market House in Baltimore Town, in Baltimore 
County, Buying two Fire Engines, and a Parcel of Leather Bucketts, for 
the Use of the said Town, Enlarging the present Public Wharf, jind 
Building a New One." 

The scheme contained, — 



3000 tickets at 20s. each ftiOOO 

The managers were Messrs. John Ridgely, Brian 
j Philpot, John Smith, John Moale, Jonathan Plow- 
man, Barnabas Hughes, James Sterett, William Lux, 
Andrew Buchanan, William Alsquith, Benjamin 
Rogers, Nicholas Jones, Mark Alexander, John 
Hartz, and Melchior Keener, all of Baltimore Town. 
The market was erected on the northwest corner of 
Baltimore and Gay Streets, on ground leased from 
Thomas Harrison at £8 per annum by Messrs. Wil- 
liam Lyon, Nicholas R. Gay, John Moale, and Archi- 
bald Buchanan, a majority of the town commissioners. 
It was constructed with a large room in the second 
story, which was used for public assemblies, dances, 
j traveling shows, etc. 

In 1773 an act was passed to "regulate" this market, 
by which it was provided that the 

"said building shall be the III II I t i ll ii I town audlroni and 

after the end of this present -^ i^\ d i\v in ever\ week, 

to wit, Wednesday and Satin I 
said market-house; and all M i i 
either by land or water, upon thi-,-' >r 



i> inaiket d lys at the 
11^ uhdt&oevei, brought 
dajbof the week to the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



said town for sale (except fish and oystera brought by water, all kinds of 
grain, flonr, bread, butter in firkins or other vessels exceeding twenty 
pounds net, cheese, pork by the hog, beef or pork in the barrels or larger 
casks, live cattle, sheep, or hogs), shall be carried to the market-house of 
the said town, there to be sold at market hours, to wit, from any time in 
the morning to twelve at noon." 

Up to 1784 the old and single market-house at the 
corner of Gay and Baltimore Streets had sufficed for 
Baltimore, hut ahout this period the inhabitants of Old 
Town and Fell's Point, those on Howard's Hill, and 
those in the centre of the settlements, began to dispute 
about the site for enlarged accommodations for the 
traffic in provisions. It was soon seen that one market 
would no longer satisfy the three widely-separated 
classes of population, and it was therefore wisely re- 
solved that each should be accommodated. In early 
times it had been intended to get rid of " the marsh" 
on Mr. Harrison's property at the junction of Harri- 
son and Baltimore Streets, by thoroughly excavating 
it so as to form a dock connecting with the Basin, and 
extending the whole distance thence to our principal 
street. This scheme was now abandoned, and the exec- 
utors of Mr. Harrison offering to appropriate the space 
in Harrison Street, the inhabitants of the neighborhood 
subscribed money to erect a market-house on the site 
of our present Maryland Institute. It was accordingly 
resolved to build one market-house in Hanover Street, 
one at Fell's Point, and the chief and largest of the 
three on Harrison Street upon the bed of the old 
swamp. Application was therefore made to the Legis- 
lature for the necessary authority, and at the Novem- 
ber session of 1784 an act was passed " for establish- 
ing new markets and building market-houses in Bal- 
timore Town, and for the regulation of said markets." 
By this act Samuel Smith, William Patterson, John 
McLure, David Harris, Thomas Yates, James Jaffray, 
Englehard Yeiser, Abraham Vanbibber, and Thomas 
Elliott were invested with authority to build a market- 
house " on a parcel of ground situate in the said town 
opposite Harrison Street, beginning in Baltimore 
Street, and running thence south, parallel with Gay 
Street, of the width of one hundred and fifty feet to 
Water Street, with the privilege of extending the 
same to the channel." It was further provided that 
the market-house should be completed " on or before 
the first day of March, 1787." 

Hanover Market. — The second section of the 
act gave similar authority to Col. John Eager How- 
ard, Wm. Hammond, Jonathan Hudson, Wm. Good- 
win, Dr. Lyle Goodwin, and Leonard Harbaugh to 
build a market-house 

" on a space or parcel of ground to the westward of the Basin, situate in 
a square extending and bounding on Hanover Street one hundred and 
fifty-six feet, and on Camden Street one hundred and ninety-eight feet." 

This market also was to be completed by the first 
of March, 1787. The act also authorized the com- 
missioners of Baltimore Town, after the completion 
of the Marsh or Centre Market, to lay off the grounds 
of the old market-house on Gay and Baltimore Streets 
into convenient lots and sell the same, with the houses 



thereon, appropriating three-fourths of the proceeds 
to the construction of the Marsh Market and the com- 
pletion of the public wharves adjoining it, and one- 
fourth to the completion of the Hanover Market- 
house. 

In 1790 the commissioners appointed to build the 
Hanover Market represented to the General Assembly 
that the funds at their command had been insufficient 
to defray the expenses connected with its erection, 
" whereby they had incurred a large debt for which 
they were personally responsible," and prayed that 
they might be empowered to sell part of the market- 
house and the ground adjoining for the purpose of 
discharging the obligation. In answer to their pe- 
tition an act was passed on the 14th of December in 
that year authorizing them 

" to sell in fee simple for life, years, or otherwise, such parts of the said 
market-house and the ground thereto adjoining as will be sufficient to 
discharge all debts w^iich may have been incurred in purchasing ground 
for the said market-house and erecting the same thereon." 

Fell's Point Market. — Although the Fell's Point 
Market-house was not legalized until the following 
year, it appears to have been completed before either 
the Centre or Hanover Market, as in a supplemental act 
" for the regulation ofthe markets in Baltimore Town," 
passed on the 6th of March, 1786, it is recited that 
" the inhabitants of that part of Baltimore Town 
called Fell's Point have built a market-house on a 
piece of ground given them by Edward Fell, de- 
ceased." By this act all the regulations and provis- 
ions relating to the other markets were extended to 
this, and the commissioners were directed to appoint 
a clerk for the Fell's Point Market, and to make such 
further rules for the "good government of the several 
market-houses in the said town" as they should deem 
necessary. 

The Lexington Market.— In 1782, Col. Howard 
laid off the Lexington 
Market on Howard's 
Hill, on his own land, 
but it was many years 
before a market-house 
was erected. Efforts were 
made in 1799 by the in- 
habitants of the western 
section of the city to have 
Hanover Market re- 
moved to the present site 
of Lexington Market. 
The committee appointed 
to consider the petition an- joh.v e. iioward. 

of Samuel Chase to have 

Hanover Market removed recommended its removal 
farther west, but reported that they were unable to 
fix upon a suitable locality, and for the latter pur- 
pose they recommended the appointment of a com- 
mittee, consisting of Henry Stouffer, Adam Fonerden, 
Ephraim Robinson, George Presstman, and John 
Hillen, but it does not appear that this committee 




CITY DEPAKTMENTS. 



took any definite action. Tlie citizens of wliat was 
known as Western Precinct, liowever, continued tlieir 
efforts to liave a market-house built upon tiie lot laid 
off by Col. Howard, and finally, in 1803, Wm. Cook, 
EbenezerFinley, Christopher Johnson, Adam Welch, 
and Wm. Jessop were appointed a committee to 
memorialize the Legislature for the establishment of 
the Lexington Market. Funds were soon raised, 
and the building proceeded rapidly to completion. 
The market-house then erected extended only from 
Eutaw to Paca Streets on Lexington Street. In 180<3 
the commissioners for the AVestern Precinct (or Lex- 
ington) Market were Daniel Lammot, Ebenezer Fin- 
ley, Chris. Johnson, Lewis Pascault, Luke Tiernan, 
and John Kennedy. 

On Feb. 13, 1826, a public meeting of the citizens 
of the Twelfth Ward was held at Cugle's Tavern, at 
which Jacob Deems presided, and Daniel Kraber 
acted as secretary, for the purpose of petitioning 
the mayor and City Council to make an appropria- 
tion to repair the Lexington Market west of Paca 
Street, and also to purchase a lot for the purpose of 
erecting a market-house for the sale of fish. The 
committee was composed of George Warner, J. H. 
B. Latrobe, A. Welch, Daniel Kraber, James Blair, 
John Schriver, John W. Berry, Joseph Hook, Jr., 
Thomas Finley, and William Hollins. In accordance 
with the memorial presented by the committee a 
resolution passed the City Council appropriating the 
sura of two thousand five hundred dollars, to be used 
to repair Lexington Market west of Paca, in the same 
way as the market-house on the east side, and "to 
erect a new house for the sale of fresh and dried fish, 
of the same height and breadth as the present house 
on the space of ground on Lexington Street west of 
the present fish-market, so as to leave not less than 
thirty feet between the said present fish-market and 
the new house contemplated to be erected, and to ex- 
tend towards the hay-scales fifty feet." In 1855 that 
part of the market between Paca and Green Streets 
was reconstructed, and on the 3d of January, 1856, 
the building was completed and ready for use. After 
the close of tlie late civil war the greater portion of 
the Lexington Market was rebuilt. 

Federal Hill Market-hou.se and Cross 
Street Market.— " Federal Hill Market-house," 
on the corner of Cross and Henrietta Streets, was 
built in 1845, and opened in January, 1846. It was 
one hundred feet long by sixty feet wide, and con- 
tained twelve butchers' stalls, four fish stalls, and 
twenty huckster or eave stalls. It was built under 
the supervision of Francis A. Gibbons, the contractor, 
and the carpenter's work was done by Charles Haw- 
kins. In 1873 a new market-house, called the " Cross 
Street Market-house," was erected upon the space 
between the old Federal Hill Market-house and the 
Cross Street Market wall. The new house was built 
by John S. Hogg, contractor, for thirty-one thousand 
dollars. The plan was furnished by Frank E. Davis, 



architect. The building is two hundred and sixty- 
eight feet long, sixty feet wide, and thirty-five feet 
high. It extends from Light to Charles, between 
Cross and West Streets. 

The Belair Market. — The first Belair Market- 
house was built on Forest Street, and extended from 
Hillen to Orleans Streets. The house was two hun- 
dred and eighty-eight feet in length and sixty-five 
feet wide, and each butcher's stall was supplied with 
gas and all other conveniences necessary. It was sup- 
ported by iron columns and had a slate roof. Messrs. 
Beale and Kamsay were the contractors and carpen- 
ters. An additional market-house was built in 1870, 
and was nearly ready for occupancy, when, on the 1st 
of January, 1871, a wind-storm lifted off the roof, 
which rested upon iron pillars on granite sockets, de- 
pending entirely upon vertical pressure for support. 
The roof was not materially damaged. In addition 
to the ten thousand dollars originally appropriated, 
the City Council appropriated three thousand eight 
j hundred dollars to reset the roof more securely ; the 
contract was awarded to Charles Dunn. The iron 
I pillars of the structure now rest upon and are secured 
by large flagstones, and the pillars are braced by 
heavy iron stays. 

Richmond Market. — A new market-house was 
built in 1853 on the site of the old Richmond Market, 
j Under the authority of the city the commissioners for 
the opening of streets, Messrs. Mittenberger, Lightner, 
and Harrison, purchased the squares of ground located 
in a southeastern direction from the Richmond Mar- 
ket-house, including all that tract of ground run- 
! ning from Richmond to Cathedral Streets, and from 
Howard to Tyson Streets, upon which the market- 
house was erected. On Dec. 10, 1874, a new house 
[ was added by building an extension on the lot north 
of the market-house, under the Fifth Regiment's 
j Armory. On this occasion the butchers obtained the 
services of the Fifth Regiment's band, Capt. Itzell, 
and opened the market with music and jollity. 
1 Cattle Market. — The increase in the sale of live- 
stock made it necessary for the accommodation of 
I dealers for the State to procure a larger area upon 
I which to locate the cattle market and scales. The 
Legislature, therefore, at the session of 1851-52, made 
ah appropriation, and appointed commissioners to sell 
the lot then used and procure more extensive and 
eligible grounds for the purpose. The grounds upon 
I which the scales had been previously located and 
cattle sold, on the north side of Pratt Street, with a 
front of three hundred and thirty feet, and two hun- 
dred and eighteen feet and six inches on the north 
side of Pulaski Street, three hundred and fifty on 
the southernmost side of Frederick Avenue, and three 
hundred and thirty-six feet on the west side of Pay- 
son Street, were sold at public auction to W. C. 
Conine for $5300 by authority of the commissioners, 
who on the 27th of September, 1852, purchased the 
more eligible lot on the Calverton road, near the 



208 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



western limits of tlie city. The ground was surveyed 
by Owen Bouldin, and the new market was opened 
for business on the 1st of January, 1853. 

The Ca^'ton Market-house. — The Canton 
Market-house was erected under ordinance of July 
14, 1859, on O'Donnel near Potomac Street. On the | 
14th of July, 1876, the southern half of the market 
fell, the roof having been badly damaged by fire on 
the 29th of February previous. 

Broadway Market-house was erected under 
ordinances Nos. 30, April 7, 1864, and 79, June 9, 
1864, on the vacant space of ground on Broadway 
between Canton Avenue and Aliceanna Street. No. 
30 authorized the comptroller to rent the public hall 
in the upper story, and to sell in perpetuity all the 
permanent and movable stalls in the same. It was 
further provided that the said market-house should 
in all respects be under the control of the mayor and 
City Council. 

HoLLiN.s Street Market was erected under the 
provisions of resolutions No. 63, April 16, 1835, No. 
2, 1839, No. 60, Aug. 27, 1863, No. 5, February, 1864. 
No. 36, April 11, 1864, provided for the erection of an 
additional market-house at the HoUins Street Market. 
The first and last-named ordinances authorized the 
comptroller to rent the public hall in the upper story, 
and to sell in perpetuity all the permanent and 
movable stalls in the market-house. No. 80, June 9, 
1864, provided ibr the erection of an extra story 
and gallery to the above, and by resolution No. 203, 
June 29, 1877, the market building was extended 
from its west gable end to the east gable end of Hol- 
lins' Market Hall building. 

Lafayette Market-house.— On the 22d of De- 
cember, 1869, a resolution was adopted by the Second 
Branch of the City Council, and subsequently by the 
First Branch, providing for the purchase of a lot of 
ground, known as the "Sewell Lot," bounded by 
Pennsylvania Avenue, Cook, and Fremont Streets, 
as a site for a new market-house in the northwestern 
section of the city. In accordance with this resolu- 
tion the lot was purchased of Mr. Sewell for thirty 
thousand dollars, and the city having contracted with 
John S. Hogg, he proceeded to build the house, and 
had nearly completed it when the entire roof was 
lifted off" by a wind-storm on the 1st of January, 
1871. The roof rested upon iron pillars and granite 
sockets, depending solely upon vertical pressure to 
keep it in place. The loss amounted to nineteen 
thousand dollars. The City Council then appropri- 
ated nine thousand one hundred and fifty dollars to 
rebuild the market-house, with four thousand dollars 
additional to stay the pillars with iron. Mr. Hogg 
again contracted with the city to rebuild the house, 
which was conii)leted about the 1st of December and 
opened for the accommodation of the public. 

Jones' Falls. — Jones' Falls, a small, but at times, 
" taken at the flood," an angry and boisterous stream, 
rises northwest of Baltimore, and enters the city at 



the intersection of North Avenue and Oak Streets, 
flowing southeast until it intersects West Hoffnian 
Street, thence south and slightly west until it inter- 
sects West Biddle Street, thence south to Hillen Street, 
thence slightly southeast until it debouches into the 
Basin at the City Dock. The stream was named 
"Jones' Falls" after David Jones, who is said to 
have been the first actual settler upon the borders 
of the stream, and who resided on the northeast 
side of the Falls, on Jones, now Front Street. 
When Baltimore was first laid out Jones' Falls 
formed the absolute easternmost and northernmost 
boundary of the town. It then swept around in a 
deep horseshoe bend until it reached a point a little 
south of Lexington and Calvert Streets, where it 
turned its course and ran northeast to about the 
present location of the Gay Street bridge, and there 
once more changing its direction, flowed south into 
the Basin. Shoals of porpoises were often seen in the 
stream as high up as Bath Street, and a man was 
drowned while bathing in it at the corner of Lexing- 
ton and Calvert Streets. At that time it was navi- 
gable to sea-going vessels as high up as the City 
Spring. The early settlements of Jones, Cole, Gor- 
such, and others formed a nucleus that in time be- 
came known as "Old Town," and made it necessary 
for the convenience of the citizens of both sides of the 
stream to bridge it. By the united eftbrts of both a 
wooden bridge was built over the Falls where it is 
now spanned by the Gay Street bridge. In 1759, An- 
drew Steiger, a butcher, purchased of Dr. Wm. Taylor 
the marsh in the bed of the Falls, drained it, and 
cleared it for the pasturage of his cattle. In 1773 
Gay Street bridge was rebuilt of wood, and a new 
bridge erected at Baltimore Street of stone, which gave 
way when finished, and was then rebuilt of wood. 
In 1789, Englehard Yeiser and others, who owned 

1 the ground, cut a new channel for the stream from 
the lower mill at Bath Street across the meadow to 
Gay Street bridge, the bounds of which were fixed by 
an ordinance of the City Council in 1803, and the 
old course of the Falls by the court-house at the 
corner of Lexington and Calvert Streets gradually 
filled up. In 1799, on the petition of the proprietors, 
Pratt Street from Franklin Lane was directed to be 
opened to the Falls, and a bridge was erected to con- 
nect the eastern and western divisions of the street. 
In 1807 an act was passed to open Centre Street east- 

I wardly from Howard Street to the Falls, and the 
Centre Street bridge was erected. In 1808 an appro- 

[ priation of ten thousand dollars was made by the 
mayor and City Council to build a stone bridge over 
Jones' Falls at Baltimore Street. The materials of 
the first .stone bridge, which fell as soon as completed, 
remaining in the bed of the Falls, it was found im- 
practicable to sink a cofler-dam, which rendered it 
necessary to pile the foundation, abutments, and 

I piers. This bridge of two arches, built of common 
quarry stone from Jones' Falls, furnished with side- 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



209 



walks and iron railings, was forty feet wide and eighty- 
feet long, and cost twenty-two thousand dollars. 

In 1811 the City Council determined to proceed in 
the work of erecting substantial bridges, and authority 
was given to the mayor and city commissioners to 
borrow from the banks twenty-six thousand dollars 
for building bridges at Pratt and Gay Streets. The 
Pratt Street bridge was undertaken by Lewis Hart 
for twenty thousand dollars. This bridge was eighty- 
four feet long and fifty feet wide, and had three 
arches. The Gay Street bridge, erected a year after 
by John Kennedy, was sixty feet long and fifty feet 
wide, with two arches, and cost sixteen thousand dol- 
lars. In 1813 the City Council resolved 

" That iu consideration of the fact that tlie deepening and walling up 
of Jones' Falls from the mouth thereof to Centre Street,- and making the 
same navigable, is deemed highly essential to the preservation of the 
health of Baltimore, and as leading to improve the navigation of said 
city, the mayor be requested by both branches of the Council to sanction 
any applications of persons interested therein to the Legislature of 
Maryland, at its next session, for authority to open a lottery or lotteries 
for the purposes aforesaid, the said application to be iu conformity with 
that of Samuel Chase and others to the session of the Legislature pre- 

A resolution was also passed in March requesting 
the mayor 

" to advertise that a premium of five hundred dollars would be paid to 
the person who should submit a plan for the improvement of Jones' 
Falls, provided the plan was adopted by the corporation, and also to ad- 
vertise in the papers of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
and Washington that the corporation of Baltimore is liesii'ous to receive 
proposals, with plans and estimates of the expense, for the improvement 
of Jones' Falls, by making a canal navigable for flats and scows, or by 
seeming the watere within their bed so that it shall not overflow." 

In 1821 an ordinance was passed appropriating 
eight hundred dollars for building a mud-machine 
for the purpose of cleaning the Falls, and another 
appropriating two thousand dollars for deepening 
•Tones' Falls from Pratt Street to Gay Street bridge. 

The city by this time had crowded its habitations 
along the banks of Jones' Falls, and the floods began 
to be a terror and a nuisance to that section. Engi- 
neering skill was employed to remedy the evil ; many 
plans were suggested, among them one by Robert 
Mills, and submitted to both branches of the City 
Council by a committee composed of John Hollins, 
John Campbell White, and James Biays, of the 
Second Branch, and John Reese, James Wilson, John 
S. Young, William Ross, and B. Mesick, of the First 
Branch. This plan proposed, as a hygienic measure, 
the removal of all nuisances situated on its banks; 
secondly, the paving of a street on each side of the 
Falls ; and, thirdly, the deepening of the Falls, so as 
to make the stream navigable as far up as Madison 
Street. On the 10th of March, 1819, the new and 
elegant bridge on Belvidere Street gave way. While 
some workmen were repairing it, it broke and fell 
into the stream, but was afterwards more substan- 
tially rebuilt, and .successfully withstood all subse- 
quent floods. It was torn down in 1880. It was also 
suggested by a distinguished engineer at this time 
(1819) that it would be practicable to divert the 



course of Jones' Falls into Herring Run, which 
passed east of the city, and thence into the Patapsco. 
The flood of 1837 swept away all the bridges across 
Jones' Falls erected by the city, with the exception 
of the Belvidere bridge, when it was suggested by 
another engineer to substitute for the wood and stone 
bridges destroyed cast-iron bridges, as the material 
i would ofter greater resistance and would not present 
so broad a surface ; and this plan was adopted in the 
reconstruction of the bridges. The bridges were not 
immediately built, but when constructed they were 
j made of iron, were higher above the water, and 
, spanned the stream with a single arch. The Fayette 
] Street bridge was finished in December, 1848. The 
! Eastern Avenue bridge was completed in 1850, The 
I draw-bridge at the City Dock in 1852. The one at the 
intersection of Hillen Street the same year. The 
: iron suspension-bridge at Eager Street in 1854. The 
bridge.s over Baltimore and Pratt Streets were fin- 
ished in 1855. The strength of these bridges and the 
wisdom of their erection was demonstrated by their 
resistance to the flood of 1 858. At this flood, there 
being no obstruction to clog the stream and back the 
water, everything passed ofi" freely, doing much less 
damage than previous floods. 

In 1868 another freshet in Jones' Falls seemed to 

have swept everything before it by the fury of its 

torrent, and it was at first supposed that all the 

bridges over the Falls had been destroyed!; but for- 

1 tunately it was not the case, though the few that were 

1 left standing were nearly all greatly damaged. The 

stone bridge at Eager Street stood firm, and did not 

seem to be injured in the slightest degree. The 

Charles Street bridge was swept entirely away, the 

abutments having yielded to the force of the torrent. 

It was soon dashed to pieces, and came down with a 

mass of d6bris against Monument Street bridge. The 

pressure of the debris and the obstruction to the flood 

I at this point soon caused the water to rise and flow 

over the bed of that structure, and in a few moments 

after it floated from its abutments and was dashed 

into fragments. The Madison and Centre Street 

bridges, the Hillen Street and Swann Street bridges, 

: soon after gave way, and were swept down the current, 

j the abutments and approaches to these fine structures 

i being entirely destroyed. The Belvidere bridge was 

I not injured, it having withstood all the floods for 

j fifty years past. The iron bridge at Fayette Street 

I was also swept off'. This bridge was of massive cast 

iron, and probably had enough iron in it to construct 

half a dozen bridges. The abutments gave way, and 

the iron superstructure crumbled into a thousand 

fragments ; even the abutments were pushed out of 

their base. The only other bridge totally destroyed 

was the foot-bridge over Plowman and Swann Streets, 

which was swept off and destroyed. The three prin- 

i cipal bridges in the centre of the city, those over 

i Gay Street, Baltimore Street, and Pratt Street, were 

all badly damaged^ and were in a condition only for 



210 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



foot-passengers to cross. This flood occurred in July. 
Another rain-storm visited Baltimore on Saturday 
night, October 2d, in the same year. Centre Market 
bridge was carried away, and Pratt Street bridge and 
the draw-bridge were considerably injured by the | 
dredging machines, which were wrecked against them. 
The first flood of this year had been so destructive 
of public and private property that it stimulated 
action on the part of the City Council to provide 
some means of preventing the recurrence of the ca- 
lamity. The Council appointed a joint committee of 
the two branches to confer with the best engineering 
talent to ascertain and report to the Council the 
feasibility of diverting Jones' Falls from its channel 
through the centre of the city. The committee held 
a meeting on the 30th of July, and appointed a com- 
mission of engineers, composed of Messrs. B. H. La- 
trobe, John H. Tegmeyer, and Gen. Isaac E. Trimble, 
to examine the stream and prepare a report. This 
commission submitted two plans to the Council, — one 
contemplated the diversion of the stream out of the 
city limits, and the other, widening and straightening 
it within the city. This commission was dissolved, 
and a number of plans were submitted by Robert 
Mills, and, upon invitation of the Council, one by 
Henry Tyson, which latter plan was adopted, and 
consisted in the widening, straightening, and walling 
of the channel, the construction of sewers, and the 
opening of avenues, together with the development 
of wharf front on the stream. While Mr. Tyson's 
plan was similar to that of the commissioners, Messrs. 
Latrobe, Tegmeyer, and Trimble, and that of Mr. 
Mills, in detail it was more complete, and seemed to 
threaten less damage to existing property. Mr. Ty- 
son's plan was submitted April 8, 1869. It involved 
very great outlay, as 

" the whole wiilth of the contemplated channel was to be excavated so 
as to afford six feet water at low tide to such a point in the vicinity of 
Monument Street as it may be deemed advisable to extend the flow of 
the tide and use it as a dock ; above this to be paved with rubble ma- 
sonry, with a depression in the centre sufficient to carry off the ordinary 
flow of the stream," and to " erect bridges of a single span, provided 
with suitable road and foot-ways, presenting no obstruction to the free 
flow of the water at Charles, Madison, Monument, Centre, Hillen, Gay, 
Fayette, Baltimore, Lombard, and Pratt Streets, Canton Avenue, and at 
the mouth of the channel, and an additional arch of masonry to Eager 
Street bridge," 

which arch was afterwards a prolific source of dispute 
between the commissioners. 

By an ordinance approved Jan. 31, 1870, Messrs. 
Henry Tyson, Isaac R. Trimble, and George P. Kane 
were appointed " the Board of Commissioners for the 
Improvement of Jones' Falls." This ordinance 
adopted the plan submitted by Mr. Tyson, declaring, 
however, that the Board of Commissioners should not 
take action on any provision of the ordinance until 
after the passage by the General Assembly of an act 
authorizing the mayor and City Council to exercise 
the powers for which provision was made in the ordi- 
nance. The ordinance was confirmed by an act passed 
by the Legislature of 1870, ch. lir), and further au- 



thority was granted by the Legislature of 1870, ch. 113, 
to the mayor and City Council, to issue bonds for the 
improvement of Jones' Falls, to an amount not ex- 
ceeding two million five hundred thousand dollars, 
subject to ratification by a vote of the people. 

The ordinance was submitted to the decision of the 
voters of Baltimore at an election held April 7, 1870, 
as to whether or not the city should issue not exceed- 
ing two million five hundred thousand dollars, for the 
improvement of Jones' Falls on the Tyson plan, 
which resulted in the ratification of the measure. 
The board of commissioners appointed Benjamin F. 
Latrobe chief engineer of the work.' 

Unfortunately, the commissioners appointed under 
the ordinance for the improvement of Jones' Falls did 
not agree upon the details of the plan, Messrs. Trim- 
ble and Kane differing from Mr. Tyson. This con- 
flict of opinion seemed to impede the work, and har- 
assing discussions arose that finally induced the 
Council to pass a supplementary ordinance, approved 
October, 1870, by which sections 13 and 15 of the 
original ordinance were repealed, which very mate- 
rially changed the Tyson plan in several of its main 
features. A new commission was appointed by the 
Council March 29, 1871, under the supplemental or- 
dinance, composed of Messrs. A. J. Saulsbury, James 
L. McLane, John F. Hunter, William H. Tillard, 
and George Colton. Finally, June 7, 1871, the two 
branches agreed upon a new commission, composed of 
Messrs. Frank Frick, William A. Dean, H. Clay Dal- 
lam, P. P. Pendleton, Francis B. Loney, and George 
W. Benson. Mr. Frick declined the appointment, 
but the board organized, his declension not aff'ecting 
its authority, and selected Maj. W. P. Craighill, of 
the United States corps of engineers, and Strick- 
land Kneass, engineer of the city of Philadelphia, as. 
engineers of the board. This commission, on the 19th 
of February, 1871, made a report on the various plans 
and submitted an additional plan, the cost of which 
they estimated at two million seven hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars. 

In February, 1872, a report was made to the Coun- 
cil by their joint committee, recommending a plan, 
substantially that of Messrs. Craighill and Kneass, 
to widen, deepen, and straighten the channel between 
Eager Street and the Basin ; the avenues and other 
costly features of Mr. Tyson's plan were omitted, and 
a sewer on the west side of the Falls only was pro- 
posed. Appended to the report was an ordinance 
constituting a commission of three to carry on the 
work. This ordinance passed the City Council, and 
was approved April 24, 1872, and under it a commis- 
sion was appointed, consisting of Henry Snyder, Sam- 
uel H. Adams,. and Robert S. Beatley. The salary oi 
each commissioner was fixed at two thousand five 
hundred dollars per annum, with power to employ a 



, built by Wendell : 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



211 



clerk at twelve hundred dollars, and an engineer at 
five thousand dollars per annum. In April, 1873, 
Henry Snyder resigned, and W. H. Gatchell was ap- 
pointed to fill the vacancy. The commission began 
its labors in June, 1872. C. P. Manning was selected 
as their engineer, and the work was begun anew. All 
the plats and condemnations were placed in the ofiice 
of the city register, August, 1873, so that the work 
occupied but little over a year. 

The ordinance gave large discretionary powers to 
the commissioners, the Council having wisely con- 
cluded that a few intelligent men would more easily 
arrive at just conclusions upon the work than a large 
number not familiar with all its details. The ordi- 
nance provided that in order to have suitable drain- 
age for the city on the west side of the Falls, — then 
drained by sewers emptying into the Falls, and which 
cannot be drained into the new channel, — to have con- 
structed a sewer along Holliday to Saratoga, along 
Saratoga to Frederick Street, in connection with the 
sewers on Centre and Saratoga Streets, and to con- 
tinue the same to the Basin, and also to construct 
such other sewers both on the east and west side of 
the Falls as in their judgment, under the advice of 
their engineer, may be necessary or advisable to secure 
a i^roper drainage of the water-shed surrounding the 
new channel. This plan contemplated the erection 
of bridges over the Falls at Madison, Monument, 
Centre, Hillen, Gay, Fayette, Baltimore, Lombard, 
and Pratt Streets, and at Eastern and Canton Ave- 
nues, and a new draw-bridge at the mouth of the 
Falls. Until May 1, 1872, the expenses from the 
commencement, in 1870, amounted to $34,888..57. 
The work was continued under the new commission 
until 1873, when it became evident that the original 
ajipropriation of $2,500,000 would be exhausted and 
fall short $1,500,000. The City Council applied to 
the Legislature for authority to submit to the people 
for their ratification or rejection an ordinance pro- 
viding for the issue of $1,500,000 in city bonds for 
the completion of the improvements of the Falls. 
The Legislature granted the authority at the session 
of 1874, and the ordinance was submitted to the 
voters of Baltimore at a special election held for that 
purpose April 21 of the same year, and it was rejected 
by a vote of over 5500 majority. 

Two additional appropriations have, however, been 
made since then for the completion of the work, — 
one of city six per cent, bonds to the amount of $800,- 
000, and another of city five per cent, bonds to the 
amount of $739,600, both payable April 9, 1900, 
which amounts, or so much thereof as were needed, 
have been from year to year disbursed for the pur- 
poses for which they were appropriated. The work 
is not yet finished. When completed it is hoped that 
the trouble occasioned by Jones' Falls for a century 
will be permanently obviated. During the past year 
the sustaining walls on the west side of the Falls and 
on the south side of the City Dock, together with the 



piers, abutments, and iron superstructure of the new 
draw-bridge, have been completed. The new and 
splendid bridges over the Falls at Calvert, St. Paul, 
and North Streets, for beauty, strength, excellence of 
construction, and cheapness of cost, will compare 
favorably with any similar public works in the 
country, and were designed by Charles H. Latrobe, 
civil engineer. The dimensions and cost of these 
bridges are as follows : 

North Street bridge. Length, 346 feet 6 inches ; 
width, 60 feet; divided into two spans of 178 feet 3 
inches wide, each. Not yet completed. 

Calvert Street bridge. Length, 571 feet 3 inches ; 
width, 60 feet ; divided into two arched spans 114.4 
and 146 feet respectively, and two viaducts, resting 
on iron columns, 195.11 and 115 feet long, each. The 
cost was $219,140.02. 

St. Paul Street bridge. Length, 693 feet ; width, 
60 feet ; divided into two arched spans of 108 feet 
and 276.6 each, with a viaduct of 308.6, supported on 
iron columns. Not yet completed. 

The piers and abutments of these bridges are of 
the best style and quality of granite masonry. The 
superstructures are of iron, and the floors of Calvert 
and St. Paul Street bridges of asphalt, laid upon iron 
plates. In addition to crossing the Falls, they pass 
entirely over the grounds and tracks of the Northern 
Central Railway. 

Floods and Storms. — The early records of Balti- 
more contain accounts of many destructive floods and 
storms ; the topography of the country drained by 
the streams that make the Patapsco River is of that 
character that sheds the great body of rain-fall im- 
mediately from high and steep hills into the valleys of 
the streams, and precipitates the flow of waters along 
the course of Jones' Falls, Gwynn's Falls, and other 
small streams that pass through or near the city. 

1750. — May 15. A " terrific hurricane" is reported 
as sweeping over the town, turning " bottom upwards" 
a sloop of Col. Travers', and prostrating five houses 
on North Point. 

1751. — January 21. Baltimore and Anne Arundel 
visited by a storm of wind and rain, blowing down 
houses and killing stock. 

July 30. Many mills and bridges washed away, 
and the rain " heavier than ever known." The bridge 
near site of present Gay Street bridge " was removed 
about a foot." 

1767. — The March rains greatly damaged all crops, 
and many tenants would have left the province but 
for the kindness of the landlords remitting or reducing 
rents. 

1769. — July 30. A severe hail-storm, " or rather 
cakes of ice, flat and oblong, many of them four or 
five inches in circumference, did much damage in and 
around Baltimore Town. Many houses were struck by 
lightning, and several persons killed." In September 
a violent storm of wind and rain extended over the 
province generally, destroying upwards of one huu- 



2U 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



dred tobacco-houses, breaking down the corn, and 
even driving the rain through the walls of a house 
" fourteen inches thick," and causing damage amount- 
ing to ■' many thousand pounds sterling." 

1780. — October 5. A severe rain, lasting for twenty- 
four hours, and accompanied with thunder and light- 
ning, swelled Jones' Falls beyond its banks, and ex- 
tended its waters over the adjacent lands. Herds and 
flocks, mills and bridges were swept away. The new 
German Reformed church, at corner of Baltimore and 
Front Streets, then on the banks of the Falls, was 
nearly destroyed, the water undermining the founda- 
tion and causing the walls to fall. On the west side 
of the marsh, between the upper and middle bridges, 
a large brick house was destroyed. At the corner of 
Gay Street bridge a handsome two-story building was 
taken up and carried across the street and into the 
Falls, where it was crushed and floated away. John 
Boyce, a lawyer, Edward Ryan, a butcher, and Alex- 
ander Grant, a cooper, were drowned. The damage 
by this flood was estimated at five hundred thousand 
dollars. This flood is recorded as the beginning of i 
the troublesome career of Jones' Falls. 

1788.— July 23. A tidal wave inundated the 
wharves, stores, and low grounds near the Basin and 
Fell's Point, destroying immense quantities of sugar, 
rice, salt, and dry-goods. James Mackintosh lost his 
life on the wharf. At Norfolk, Va., forty vessels were 
driven on shore. 

1803.— July 24. Mrs. Higgins and child, Sarah 
Kean, twelve years of age, Mrs. Lull, Charles Clark, 
William Harnian, David McCloskey, and Catharine 
Dwyer drowned from a sail-boat capsizing in a heavy 
wind. 

1808. — September 20. The shipping in the harbor 
was very much damaged by a gale of wind. The 
packet-boat from the Eastern Shore was upset, and 
five persons lost. Many fine vessels were driven high 
and dry on shore on the south side of the Basin. Op- 
posite Fort McHenry three schooners were upset, and 
seven men saved by the efforts of the soldiers at the 
fort. 

1817. — August 8. A violent flood swept away the 
bridge at Centre Street, and deposited it in a garden 
below. The bridge at Baltimore Street was swept 
away unbroken, and lodged against the bridge below. 
The waters of the Falls passed with great violence 
down Fish (now Saratoga) Street to Harrison and 
Frederick. Market (now Baltimore) Street bridge 
stood the force of the waters. Nearly all the bridges 
over the Falls were carried away. 

1835.— June 29. Thomas Marshall, son of Chief 
Justice John Marshall, was killed by the falling of 
the chimney of the burned court-house. Mr. Mar- 
shall was on his way to Philadelphia, and walking 
with a friend, was overtaken by the rain and stepped 
under the temporary shed, where he was caught, and 
so injured that lie died at the residence of Dr. Alex- 
ander. 



1837. — July 14. The most destructive flood in 
Jones' Falls of which there is any record up to the 
above date. After a rapid and continued fall of rain 
the Falls rose so suddenly and spread beyond its banks 
with so much rapidity and volume that many persons 
aroused from sleep found themselves surrounded by 
the rapid flowing waters, and several were drowned or 
crushed to death amid the falling buildings. All the 
bridges along the stream were torn from their piers 
and abutments, and crashing against those below them, 
wrecked every bridge over the stream. The dam at 
Belvidere bridge, which supplied the reservoir of the 
water company, was destroyed ; the mill and adjoining 
tenements on Madison Street submerged ; the coach- 
factory of Stockton & Stokes and the tannery of Geo. 
Appold inundated ; the distillery of Messrs. J. C. 
White & Son, on Centre Street, swept away by the 
rushing waters, and thirty horses and fifty cows 
drowned ; the water here rose twenty feet above its 
bed, to the second stories of the houses; the "Meadow" 
was inundated; the Universalist church at Pleasant 
and Calvert Streets overflowed ; the city spring was 
under water, and the gas-house submerged in water 
six feet deep ; the African Protestant church, corner 
North and Saratoga Streets, was overflowed five feet 
above the floor; the City Hall, the Presbyterian 
church, corner Holliday and Saratoga Streets, over- 
flowed, the latter as deep as the top of the pulpit 
desk ; the soap-factories of Francis Hyde & Son and 
of T. N. Smith and Co. were very much dainaged ; 
Harrison and Frederick Streets were inundated ; all 
the stores on Market Space were overflowed and their 
cellars filled. Several persons were lost, among whom 
were the following: Christopher Wiest, wife and 
three children, Saratoga Street ; ■ Dougherty, cor- 
ner Concord and Water Streets ; Catharine Donelly, 
Pratt Street; James Doyle, Long Wharf; Jacob 
Oakley, Falls' road ; as well as several others whose 
names could not be ascertained. 

1838. — May 23. A violent wind-storm prevailed, 
which unroofed many warehouses, blew down Hol- 
lins Street Market, and did very much damage. 

1842. — August 24. After a very heavy rain the 
wind shifted and blew the rising tide with such vio- 
lence and volume as to overflow the wharves on Pratt 
Street, from Light Street to Marsh Market. 

1843. — April 24. A shower of " sulphur," or some- 
thing very much like it, fell during a heavy rain. 

1847. — October 7. A heavy rain-storm swelled the 
waters of Jones' Falls beyond their banks until the 
water was at one time three feet deep on Holliday and 
Saratoga Streets, compelling access to the Central 
Police Station by boats ; White's distillery was over- 
flowed, the temporary railroad across the Falls at 
Monument Street carried away ; the iron-foundry of 
W. Denmead undermined and very greatly damaged ; 
Centre Market Space was overflowed and the stores 
flooded ; Harrison Street from Gay to Baltimore was 
impassable. Great damage was done along all streams ; 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



railroad communication was interrupted by bridges 
and culverts being washed away. 

18.52.— July 1.3. The overflow of Harford Run, 
occasioned by heavy rains, did very great damage in 
the northeastern section of the city ; the bridge at 
Broadway and Gay, as well as the Bond Street bridge, 
were washed away, and coming in contact with a 
cluster of one hundred new houses along the line and 
in the immediate neighborhood of Dallas and Gay 
Streets, six of the buildings were crushed and de- 
stroyed. 

1856. — August 13. A tornado visited the city, in- 
flicting damage of not less than $100,000. Four build- 
ings being constructed by Michael Roach, at the 
corner of Madison and Calvert Streets, were totally 
destroyed, the roofs of many houses were torn ofi", and 
telegraph-poles and trees blown down. 

1858. — June 12. A flood of almost equal extent 
and damage as that of 1837 occurred. Harrison Street, 
Saratoga Street, and the east side of Centre Market 
Space were inundated. Charles Street bridge was car- 
ried away. Sarah Hopkins and Cornelia Brown, ser- 
vants of Mrs. Frederick Dogan, and Frances Jones at 
Woodberry Factory, were drowned. Very great dam- 
age was done all along the streams in the vicinity. 

1860. — May 11. Jones' Falls overflowed its banks 
and extended its waters over a wide area, reaching 
Harrison Street, Centre Market Space, Holliday 
Street from Old City Hall to Bath Street, and Sara- 
toga and Bath Streets up to Davis Street, and Lom- 
bard, Second, and Pratt to Frederick, and Gay from 
Frederick Street to the bridge, the depth of the water 
varying from three to six feet. 

1868.— July 24. The water-spout that this day 
visited all the region round about Baltimore was pro- 
ductive of more disastrous consequences than ever 
followed a flood in this State. While all the streams 
were greatly swollen and overflowed their banks, 
it was along the valleys of Jones' Falls and the Pa- 
tapsco River that the immense damage was done. 
The down-pouring rain was accompanied with an 
easterly wind, and thus both flood and tide united. 
The waters of the Basin and river dammed up the 
outflow of the Falls, which was thus forced to dis- 
charge its storm-wave over the adjacent land on either 
bank. The great flood of 1837 was exceeded in the 
volume of water which poured in torrents down the 
streets. The rise of water began at the outlet of the 
Falls, and the overflow was first at the east side of 
Centre Market Space and Swann and Hawk Streets ; 
in less than an hour afterwards Harrison,* Holliday, 
Frederick, and Saratoga Streets were inundated, and 
the cellars of two thousand houses in that locality 
were filled with water, and the first floors invaded. 
Soon the ceilings of rooms never touched by any pre- 
vious flood were reached. A Gay Street car, over- 
taken by the flood, was abandoned by driver and 
conductor, and was carried along by the current, en- 
dangering the lives of four persons, two of whom, E. 



J. Emery, of the American, and A. Meriche, were res- 
cued at the corner of Harrison and Fayette Streets by 
being drawn up an awning-post. The two other pas- 
sengers, whose names are unknown, were lost. In 
front of Laroque's drug-store, corner of Harrison and 
Baltimore Streets, the water rose to the top of the 
lamp-post. Chrighton's distillery was entirely de- 
stroyed. With the exception of the Eager Street 
bridge, every bridge across the Falls in the city was 
either destroyed or so badly damaged as to be useless 
except for foot passage. In consequence of appre- 
hended destitution among the numerous families thus 
made homeless, the mayor and City Council appro- 
priated fifty thousand dollars to be distributed in re- 
lief to the suflering thousands, and private charity 
added a further sum of twenty-nine thousand dollars. 
The amount of suflering caused by this flood may be 
partially estimated when it is stated that one thou- 
sand and thirty-four families, composed of eight 
thousand and eighty-three persons, were relieved, in 
sums varying from ten to two hundred and fifty dol- 
lars. 

1876. — February 1. A polar hurricane visited the 
city, unroofing more than three hundred houses. 

Baltimore Water-works.— In the early years ot 
its history Baltimore abounded in many natural 
springs of pure and excellent water, which for a long 
period were the only sources of supply, and which 
contributed largely to the health, convenience, and 
beauty of the town. As time passed on, however, 
and the community began to increase, many of these 
springs disappeared' or became contaminated, and it 



1 The chief of these was the the City Spring, which in the early days 
of the city furnished a sweet and abundant store of water of a pleasant 
temperature at all seasons of the year. It was composed of several 
springs collected together, which flowed from beneath the brow of the 
precipice that overhung Jones' Falls when that stream retained its 
original course, passing over what is now Calvert Street, between Lex- 
ington and Pleasant Streets. In the early history of tlie town vessels of 
considerable burden, intended for sea, weie built and launched on tide- 
water at the place now occupied by the City Spring, and near the 
original bed of the Falls, at the southeast corner of Lexington and Cal- 
vert Streets, was a small wharf, to which boats from the shipping came 
for powder during the Revolutionary war. In 1810, when Calvert Street 
was graded, the lot now occupied by the City Spring, then called the 
Northern Fountain, was purchased by the city, and under the direction, 
of Peter Hoffman and Jesse Hollingsworth the grounds were laid out 
and buildings erected from the designs of John Davis, architect, at a cost 
of twenty-seven thousand dollars for the entire property. They erected 
for the keeper a granite house of Gothic design, having in frout a large 
niche for the Armistead Monument, which was removed by the city with 
the keeper's lodge in 1864. At the time of the laying out of the City 
Spring lot, and for a long time afterwards, Calvert and other adjacent 
streets contained the residences of the iliie of Baltimore, and the spiing 
being kept in fine order, it was considered one of the ornaments of the 
town, and was a favorite resort of the gallants and damsels of ye olden 
times. The temple-shaped dome which covers the spring is the same in 
design as that originally erected, but the fountain is now supplied with 
hydrant water, the old spring having become unfit for use. The Eastern 
and Western Fountains, which also aided to supply the city with water, 
were laid out in 1819, at about the same cost each as the Calvert City 
Springs, by John Mitliman, architect. The Eastern Fountain still exists, 
forming a large square on the corner of Eden and Pratt Streets. The 
Western Fountain was on the northwest corner of Charles and Camden 
Streets, and the improvements were similar in character to those of the 
Calvert Street spring. At one time the water from tliis spring flowed 



214 



HISTOEY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



was found necessary to supplement those that re- 
mained by means of pumps and wells. 

The first attempt to establish a regular water com- 
pany, however, was not made until 1787, and seems 
to have met with so little favor that it was almost 
immediately abandoned. In 1792 the effort was re- 
newe4, and on the 2.3d of December, in that year, an 
act was passed by the Legislature authorizing the 
Maryland Insurance Company, under the name of the 
" Baltimore Water Company," "to supply the town 
with water by pipes from a sufficient reservoir or 
source." Nothing appears to have been done under 
the act, and this second attempt, like the first, seems 
to have failed from lack of public patronage. Even 
after the incorporation of the city in 1796, the citi- 
zens appear to have been so insensible to the require- 
ments of their new-born dignity that they still con- 
sidered existing sources of supply all-sufficient for 
their needs. The City Council at its first session 
recognized the fact that " a due supply of water is a 
convenience and of the utmost importance in times 
of fire to the inhabitants;" but the ordinance, which 
was passed on the 2(5th of April, 1797, in pursuance of 
this declaration, was simply for the appropriation of 
one thousand dollars "to erect and regulate pumps 
in the streets, lanes, and alleys" of Baltimore. Two 
years later, however, the subject was again discussed, 
and Messrs. Robert Smith, Zebulon HoUingsworth, 
T. HoUingsworth, Edward Johnson, and W. Mac- 
Creery were appointed "to view the springs and 
streams in the neighborhood of Baltimore, and to 
report on the practicability of conveying the same 
into the city." Their report was made on the 13th of 
February, 1799, and was as follows : 

" A full and complete supply for the three great purposes of domestic con- 
sumption, cleaning the city, and extinguishing fires caunot be obtained 
but by introducing iuto the city the waters of either Gwinn's Falls, 
Jones' Falls, or Herring Bun. From either of tbeje sources there would 
be more water under our control than could be reasonably used in the 
city. The redundancy might be conveyed with great advantage to the 
heads of the ditferent docks to purify the watei-s therein, and for the 
essels of every kind.i 



from the bank, at the very edge of the Basin, and Clopper, the original 
owner, supplied vessels with water from it. Upon the extension of 
Light Street and wharf, the water which was not used at the spring was 
conducted in pipes to the wharf at Light Street. The spring, however, 
was destroyed many years ago, and its site is now entirely occupied by 
buildings. Centre Fountain was situated in front of the Marsh or Centie 
Market, and is still remembered by our older citizens. It was a small, 
square monument of white marble, with an ornamental heading, and 
threw its two jets of water from dolphins' mouths into stone basins ou 
either side. The spring originated from several small threads of water, 
ou the southeast side of the hill then known as " Howard's Park," near 
St. Paul and Centre Streets. It was purchased by the Water Company, 
and used to supply " Waterloo Row," on Calvert Street, near the city 
mill ; and finally the city purchased it, and by means of iron pipes con- 
veyed the water to the fountain at Marsh Market. It retained nntil a 
very late period the best reputation of all the fountains for its purity, 
but it, too, passed away when the present Maryland Institute took the 
place of the old market-house. Tlie site of Perkins' Spring, on George 
Street and Myrtle Avenue, was for many years only a waste lot, but in 
the last few yeara it has been transformed iuto a beautiful park, small 
in extent, but one of the most elegant and attractive in the city. 

' It will be seen from this that the plan of" Hushing the Basin" is not 
a new idea. 



" Your committee are enabled to state that the water-table of the 
dwelling-house of William Cooke is seventy-six feet above the level of 
the water of the Basin ; that the water of Gwinn's Falls, in the head-race 
of Ellicott's Mill, at the distance of two miles from the city, is ninety- 
six feet above the same level ; that the water of Jones' Falls, in the head- 
race of the mill of Thomas & Samuel HoUingsworth, at the distance of 
two miles from the city, is eighty feet above the same level, and that the 
water of Herring Run, at the distance of three and a half miles from the 
city, is one hundred and fifty feet above the same level. 

" From the elevation of these three great bodies of water, it is appa- 
rent that either of them can be conveyed into the city and distributed 
to all the different parts thereof, and if necessary may be introduced into 
the upper departments of most of the houses. These waters, from their 
great height and abundance, may be applied not only to the cleansing of 
all the streets and alleys, to the furnishing of baths in the different apart- 
ments, and for all other domestic purposes, but may be used in the most 
efficacious manner in extinguishing fires.without the aid of buckets, and 
in some instances without the aid of an engine. For by a proper appli- 
cation of the hose the water may be conveyed not only to the engine 
without the aid of buckets, but to the different parts of the house, by 
means of the hose only, without the assistance of the engine, as the 
water will ever rise in the hose to its level in the canal whence it is first 
introduced into the pipes. 

"If, therefore, the water of Gwinn's Falls should be used, it would 
rise in the hose or in the pipes about ninety-six feet above the level of 
the water in the Basin; if Jones' Falls, about eighty feet; if Herring 
Run, about one hundred and fifty feet. 

" your committee entertain the pei-suaaion that all their fellow-citizena 
are duly sensible not only of the propriety of this important work, but 
of the urgent necessity of its being accomplished without delay." 

Impressed by the views of the committee, the City 
Council passed an ordinance authorizing a lottery to 
raise a sum of money to defray the expenses of the 
proposed undertaking, and appointed Joseph Biays, 
Christopher John.son, and William Clemm managers 
of the lottery. On the same day an ordinance was 
approved appointing the mayor and William Patter- 
son, Archibald Campbell, George Salmon, William 
Cooke, William Smith, John Eager Howard, and John 
O'Donnell commissioners to convey into the city by 
pipes the waters of either Gwynn's Falls, Jones' Falls, 
or Herring Run, and to borrow money for the pur- 
pose. Surveys, plans, and specifications were made, 
but owing to the pestilence of 1800 nothing was done 
until December 19th of that year, when an act was 
passed by the Legislature " to enable the mayor and 
City Council of Baltimore to introduce water into the 
said city." Although this act gave to the corporation 
full and ample powers to effect this important object, 
yet it seems to have been beyond the pecuniary means 
of the city to accomplish it. Notwithstanding the 
journals of the city warmly urged the usefulness and 
necessity of such a measure during the years 1801 
and 1802, nothing was done until the meeting of the 
Council in February, 1803, when mayor James Cal- 
houn in his annual message again called the attention 
of that body to the subject. In pursuance of his 
recommendations an ordinance was passed on March 
24th appointing William Cooke, James McHenry, 
Thomas McElderry, John O'Donnell, Robert Stewart, 
Thomas Tenant, James A. Buchanan, William Jessop, 
John E. Howard, Walter Simpson, Christopher John- 
son, and William Patterson commissioners, and cloth- 
ing them with ample power and autliority for the pur- 
pose. In the execution of the trust confided to them 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



215 



the commissioners collected the numerous springs 
which formed the source of Carroll's Run, aud were 
proceeding to conduct it into the city by pipes, when 
they were stopped by an injunction issued at the in- 
stance of some of the property-holders through whose 
land the water lines were intended to pass. The mat- 
ter was again revived in the mayor's annual message 
to the City Council in February, 1804, in which he 
referred to the subject as follows : 

*' I do not recollect any subjects of mnch importance not already de- 
cided ou e.\cept that of introducing a permanent and copious supply of 
water into the city, which is certainly an object of much magnitude, 
and very interesting to the citizens, but every attempt heretofore hiis 
failed of success. Whether it will be possible for the Council to adopt 
any measure that will answer the purpose is for them to decide." 

This portion of the mayor's message was referred to 
a special committee, which reported on the 27th of 
the same month a resolution authorizing him to re- 
ceive proposals until June 1st for "introducing a 
copious and permanent supply of water into the city, 
or into any part thereof, by any individual or com- 
pany," and advertisements were accordingly published 
in the newspapers of the city to that effect. The city 
having thus practically confessed its inability to ac- 
complish the object, and thrown it upon the enterprise 
of public-spirited citizens, a meeting was called at 
Bryden's Fountain Inn, on the 20th of April, 1804, 
to devise means of carrying out the design. It was 
largely attended by the best citizens of Baltimore, and 
Gen. Samuel Smith being called to the chair, the fol- 
lowing resolutions were unanimously adopted : 

"That a conimitttee of seven be appointed on the part of this meeting 
to prepare and report the plan and constitution of a company for the 
purpose of introducing a copious supply of water into the city, together 
with the amount of capital stock which the said company ought to pos- 
sess, the number of shares, the mode and terms of subscription, aud the 
times of payment. 

" Resolved, That the said committee consist of the following persons, 
viz., Gen. Smith, Alexander McKim, Elias Ellicott, Robert Goodloe Har- 
per, Thomas McElderry, William Cooke, aud Col. John B. Howard. 

" Resolved, That this meeting be adjourned till Tuesday, May 1st, 7 
P.M., at this place, and said committee be requested to make their report 
at that time." 

In the mean time, John O'Donnell, Thomas McEl- 
derry, Joseph Stirling, William Buchanan, Cumber- 
land Dugan, the proprietors or tenants of houses 
fronting on Market Space, and of the McElderry, 
Dugan, and O'Donnell wharves, applied to the City 
Council for permission to introduce "at their own 
expense, and with the aid of voluntary subscriptions, 
for the convenience and health of the citizens occu- 
pying those parts of the city, a stream of pure spring 
water from sources arising near the Harford road, in 
the vicinity of the city, all the right to said water when 
introduced to attach to the mayor and City Council." 
An ordinance was passed on March 8, 1804, granting 
their prayer, and appropriating a lot of ground in 
Market Space, near the south end of the Centre 
Market, for the purpose of erecting thereon a reser- 
voir for the storage of the water to be introduced.' 



^ March 3, 1808, an ordinance was passed by the City Counci 
iiig the introduction of water at Fell's Point by Joseph and Ja 



The committee appointed at Bryden's hotel reported 
on May 1st articles of association of the proposed 
Baltimore Water Company, which were discussed, 
amended, and adopted, and William Cooke, Alexander 
McKim, R. G. Harper, George Grundy, and T. McEl- 
derry were appointed commissioners to open books 
and receive subscriptions to the stock. Books were 
accordingly opened on the 4th of May, only three 
days afterwards. To diffuse the stock among the 
citizens as much as possible, no one, according to the 
original terms of subscription, could subscribe on the 
first two days for more than four shares, nor could 
any one subscribe by proxy. In spite, however, of 
the importance and popularity of the enterprise, great 
difficulty was experienced in procuring the necessary 
subscriptions, the activity in business and the small 
amount of capital at that time possessed by the 
citizens proving serious obstacles to its success. The 
books were kept open from the 4th until the 20th of 
May, the commissioners in the mean time personally 
calling upon the citizens to induce them to subscribe, 
if only for one share. At length the insurance com- 
panies and other corporations came forward and 
subscribed liberally, and thus all the stock was taken. 
On the 24th of May, 1804, the company organized 
with the following board of directors: John McKim, 
Sr., James A. Buchanan, Jonathan Ellicott, Solomon 
Etting, John Donnell, William Cooke, and James 
Mosher. The directors secured the services of Jona- 
than Ellicott, a civil engineer of distinction, and a 
member of the board, and proceeded to make the 
necessary surveys and estimates. After careful in- 
vestigation, aided by " the perfect knowledge Mr. 
Ellicott possessed of the force of the several streams 
that could be used for that purpose, a decided prefer- 
ence was given to Jones' Falls, as it had long been 
well known in dry seasons to be the most permanent 
stream in this part of the country." Proposals were 
made to purchase all the water-rights on the stream 
as high up as " Whitehall Mill," then below Wood- 
berry, with the design of conducting the stream "to the 
elevated ground near the old poor-house, there to form 
a large resorvoir for the supply of the city, and to use 
the surplus water for milling purposes, by erecting 
a range of mills on Centre Street." Owing princi- 
pally to the scarcity of money, which was more 
profitably employed in active business, this scheme 
was abandoned, and in the fall of 1804 the company 
purchased from Messrs. John Eager Howard, Josias 
Pennington, and James Ogleby several parcels of 
land embracing the water-privileges of that part of 
Jones' Falls immediately above and below what is 
now John Street bridge. They also purchased a lot 
at the southwest corner of Calvert and Centre Streets, 
and constructed a storage reservoir, which was filled 
with water from Jones' Falls, conveyed through an 
open canal starting from the dam near the present 
site of John Street bridge and running between Cal- 
vert and North Streets. Subsequently, for the supply 



216 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of the more elevated portions of the town, another 
reservoir was constructed on Howard's Hill, near the 
southwest corner of Franklin and Cathedral Streets. 
The water was pumped into this reservoir by a water- 
wheel, which was in a building on the southeast 
corner of Calvert and Centre Streets. At this point the 
office of the company was also situated, and adjoining 
were the " City Mills," which were run by the waste 
water from the Centre Street reservoir. It was dis- 
charged by means of an open canal through the 
grounds now occupied by the Calvert Street Railway 
Station, and thence into Jones' Falls near Bath 
Street.' Under the direction of John Davis, an en- 
gineer of Philadelphia, the company proceeded to 
complete the works, and, it is said, contracted in 
June, 1805, with Samuel Hughes, of Harford County, 
for a supply of cast-iron pipes ranging from two and a 
half to six inches, at from sixty-five dollars to eighty 
dollars per ton. Most of the pipes at first employed, 
however, were of wood, either locust or spruce pine, and 
were from twelve to fifteen inches in diameter, with a 
bore of about four inches.- In the fall of 1806 the com- 
pany was in a condition to ftirnish water to the city, and 
on the 29th of October, John McKim, the president, 
addressed a letter to the mayor to ascertain what 
quantity the city would require for water-plugs, etc. 
In consequence of the receipt of this letter the City 
Council was convened, and a joint committee, com- 
posed of James Calhoun, Thorndike Chase, Wm. Lor- 
man, Henry Payson, George P. Keeports, and George 
Decker, on the 13th of November, made a report 
upon the subject, which resulted in the purchase by 
the city of all the fire-plugs erected by the water 
company, with the proviso that the city should in- 
sert new ones in the future at its own expense, and 
that the company should furnish the water without 
charge.' It would seem, however, that unexpected 
delays must have occurred, as previous to May, 1807, 
the company furnished no water to the city, except a 
small amount, which was supplied by natural flow 
directly from Col. Howard's spring ; but in this month 
the pumps, which had been erected at the intersection 
of Centre and Calvert Streets, were put in successful 
operation, and thenceforward water was obtained 
from Jones' Falls and furnished to the city almost 
exclusively through this process of artificial elevation 
into reservoirs of various heights, ranging from sixty- 

1 On the lath of Jauuaiy, 1805, an act of incorporation was obtained 
from the Legislature, but, it is stated, was not accepted on account of 
objectionable restrictions; a supplement to this act was passed on the 
26th of January, 1806, but neither does this appear to have been alto- 
gether satisfactory. 

- On the 14th of February, 1806, an ordinance was passed authorizing 
the company " to open streets, lanes, and alleys for the purpose of lay- 
ing down water-pipes." 

3 It is stated that in December, 1805, a conference was held between 
the directors of the company and a committee of the Council in regard to 
the purchase of the company's stock by the city, but nothing definite 



lie iitlicere of tlie conipiiuy in I80r. were John M 
Kim, president ; iiiid J.ilnvs A. Buch.inan, Solomon Ettiug, Wm. Cook 
James Moslier, John 1) lell. and Jonathan Bllicott, directors. 



five to one hundred and thirty-six feet above tide- 
water. On the 24th of December, 1808, " the presi- 
dent and directors of the Baltimore Water Com- 
pany," consisting of Wm. Cooke, John McKim, 
James A. Buchanan, John Donnell, Solomon Etting, 
James Mosher, Jonathan Ellicott, and John Hollins, 
were incorporated, with a capital stock of $250,000, 
divided into 5000 shares of five dollars each. 

In 1811 the receipts of the company were about 
$9000 per year from water-rents. With a view of ex- 
tending the supply of water to the utmost extremities 
of the city, the company, in May, 1829, began to take 
up the old wooden main pipes which led from the 
reservoirs, and substituted larger iron pipes " made 
at the furnaces of the young Messrs. Ellicott's, on 
the Patapsco." At this time the company had over 
thirteen miles of pipe laid in the city, consisting of 
30,530 feet of iron pipe and 42,230 feet of wooden 
pipe. At the January session of the City Council in 
1829 a joint committee was appointed " to inquire 
during the recess into the best mode of furnishing 
every part of the city in the most ample manner with 
a never- failing supply of pure, fresh, and wholesome 
water, which will render the preservation of pumps 
and wells unnecessary." On the 15th of January, 
1830, the committee, composed of P. Laurenson, 
Fielding Lucas, Jr., John Reese, Samuel Moore, Jas. 
K. Stapleton, Wm. Hubbard, and George Keyser, 
made their report to the Council. Aided by Capt. 
Louis Brantz, vi'ho tendered his services free of charge, 
they examined all the streams near the city from 
which the desired supply was to be drawn, and sent 
Messrs. Laurenson, Lucas, and Moore as a sub-com- 
mittee to Philadelphia to examine the Fairmount 
Water-works, and to obtain all information relative 
to their cost, mode of construction, etc. Upon the 
return of the delegation from Philadelphia the com- 
mittee successively visited Gwynn's and Jones' Falls 
and the Patapsco River. On the former it was dis- 
covered that the canal or race which conveyed the 
water of the Falls to the Calverton Mills was about 
one hundred and eighty-five feet above tide, and that 
it could be continued north of the Frederick turn- 
pike road, near the residence of Jas. Carroll, on the 
line of Baltimore Street, extended to the city limits, 
where reservoirs could be erected. The race on Jones' 
Falls, at Tyson's mill, about three miles from the 
city, was about one hundred and fifty feet above tide, 
and the committee reported that "the extension of 
I it would be attended with a great deal of expense 
and labor from the rocky, undulating nature of the 
ground," etc. As these two streams presented the 
j same advantages from their natural elevation, the 
I committee endeavored to ascertain if the mill prop- 
I erty could be purchased. It was found that on 
i Gwynn's Falls there were ten miles between the Cal- 
verton mill-race and tide-water, and ten on Jones' 
Falls between Tyson's mill-race and the city. On 
the former .stream all Hk' |iroprietors consented to 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



217 



sell their property ; but on the latter, while some 
consented, others peremptorily refused. Upon the 
Patapsco they found there was but one — the Hockley 
works — which they would be compelled to purchase 
in case that stream was selected, and that it would ' 
cost about five hundred and fifty thousand dollars to 
introduce the water from it upon the plan of the 
Fairmount Water-works in Philadelphia. After a 
careful examination of the whole subject the com- j 
niittee therefore unhesitatingly recommended Gwynn's 
Falls to the City Council "as the most abundant and 
most economical source whence the city of Baltimore | 
could be supplied with a never-failing supply of pure 
and wholesome water." Their preference for Gwynn's 
Falls was based, — 

" Ist. On accouut of the superior elevation of its stream above tide at 
a shorter distance from the city. 

" 2d. Because the Calverton race can be extended at its present eleva- 
tion into the city at a point the most convenient of all others, in our 
opinion, for the construction of reservoirs comparatively with little labor 
and expense, the nature of the ground being highly favorable for that 
purpose ; whereas the race of Mr. Tyson's mill, on Jones' Falls, could be 
carried little further at much greater labor and expense. 

'* 3d. Because the necessary water-rights on Gwynn's can be purchased 
for less than half the sum which would be required for those ou Jones' 
Falls if the latter could be obtained, which it appears they cannot be." 

In conclusion, they say that Capt. Brantz had gauged 
the Calverton mill-race several times during the sum- 
mer, and the smallest quantity of water he ever found 
it to produce was upwards of 10,000,000 gallons in 
twenty-four hours, and that the city would have in it 
"a supply of water abundantly sufficient, in the pres- 
ent state of the race, for the population of half a mil- 
lion of souls, which may, when necessary, be nearly 
doubled by making the dam tight and by substitut- 
ing a brick tunnel of six feet diameter for the present 
open and imperfect race." They therefore recom- 
mended the city to purchase all the mills below the 
Calverton mill-race, the five Calverton mills, the three 
known by the name of the Ellicott's Mills, on the 
Frederick turnpike road, and the two mills of James 
Carroll, owned respectively by Messrs. Jessop, Worth- 
ington, James Cheston, George Ellicott, Jacob C. 
Davis, Thomas Ellicott, and James Carroll, and to 
pay for the same in five per cent, city stock. Upon 
the submission of this report, Thomas Parker, presi- 
dent of the Baltimore Water Company, on Jan. 18, 
1830, on behalf of his company, memorialized the 
mayor and City Council, offering to sell their works 
and fixtures, exclusive of their real estate, to the city 
for $350,000. The proposition, however, was not ac- 
cepted, nor does any further action appear to have 
been taken at that time upon the committee's report. 
In 1833, upon application of the City Council, the 
company offered to sell their works, which had been 
enlarged by the purchase of Salisbury Mill and the 
construction of a new pump-house and reservoir, for 
$500,000. The number of water-supplies at that time 
was 2164, and the annual income therefrom $21,300. 
In 1835, in response to another overture of the Coun- 
cil, the 'company offered to sell their interest for 



$.550,000, but the municipal authorities declining to 
pay the price the offer was withdrawn. The annual 
receipts of the company at this time were $25,500, 
and there were about eighteen miles of pipe laid 
down in the streets of the city, one-fourth of which 
were of the old defective pattern of cast iron, one- 
fourth of wood, and the remainder of iron of the im- 
proved pattern of the present day. In 1845 the con- 
struction of a new reservoir on the east side of the 
Falls, near the Lanvale Cotton-factory, a short dis- 
tance above Belvidere bridge, was begun, which was 
completed in the latter part of 1846. It was eighteen 
feet deep, with a capacity of about 15,000,000 gallons 
of water, and covered nearly seven acres of ground. 
It was intended to supersede the reservoir on Calvert 
Street, and to supply the city east of the Falls. The 
water was drawn by natural flow through pipes of 
twenty inches in diameter from the head-race of the 
mill, which the company purchased from Maj. Brad- 
ford. The work was constructed under the general 
supervision of Capt. Chiftelle, chief engineer; the 
excavation and embankment were made by Messrs. 
Mullen and Lester, the brick-work by Mr. Downing, 
and the stone-paving by Messrs. Benzinger, Eschback 
& Co. The pressure from this new reservoir was so 
great that in the following year many of the wooden 
pipes still remaining in use burst, and it was found 
' necessary to replace them with iron ones, which was 
done in Harrison Street, from Gay to Baltimore, in 
April, 1847. Notwithstanding the construction of 
this new reservoir, the supply of water was soon found 
insufficient for the needs of the city, and in 1848 the 
statement is made that " it is a generally admitted 
I fact that Baltimore is most inadequately supplied 
with water," and that " the time has arrived for a 
movement to be made towards diverting the water of 
I Gwynn's Falls, the Gunpowder, or some other of the 
] falling streams of the vicinity, for this purpose. 
Whilst the city is extending and the demand increas- 
! ing, the water of Jones' Falls is yearly diminishing, 
and likewise becoming less pure and wholesome." 
From 1835 to 1852 the use of pumps and springs, from 
which many citizens had previously obtained their 
I water, became much less general, and the demand for 
I water from the company's works increased rapidly, 
i the income from water-rents in 1852 being eighty 
I thousand dollars. In the same year the City Coun- 
cil made a fifth application for the purchase of the 
1 water-works, and the company oflered to sell them 
I for $1,250,000. During the same year, with a view to 
! the iinal settlement of what had come to be known 
I as the " water question," Messrs. Vansant, Winans, 
Keighler, King, Randolph, and Turner were appointed 
commissioners by the City Council "to examine and 
report upon the practicability and propriety of intro- 
] ducing a larger and better supply of pure water into 
[ the city." Capt. Thomas P. Chiffelle was appointed 
' by the commissioners to gauge the flow of water in the 
' Patapsco and Great Gunpowder Rivers and Gwynn's 



218 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Falls, and to make examination of the elevations and 
depressions of the laud between these streams and 
the city, and also to take the altitudes of those water- 
courses at favorable points above tide-water. On the 
27th of May, 18.53, the Legislature passed an act au- 
thorizing the mayor and City Council to introduce a 
permanent supply of water into the city, and em- 
powering them to purchase all necessary lands and 
water-rights, as well as the interest and property of 
the water company. For the purpose of defraying the ! 
cost of the undertaking the municipal authorities 
were further authorized to issue certificates of debt, 
to be denominated " Baltimore Water Stock," to an 
amount not exceeding two millions of dollars. 

On the 1st of September, 1853, the commissioners 
appointed by the resolution of the City Council, ap- 
proved May 11, 1852, made their report, which was 
referred to a joint special committee of the City Coun- 
cil. The committee reported in favor of referring the 
whole subject to the people for decision, and accord- 
ingly a resolution was passed on the 5th of October ' 
submitting the question of the establishment of water- 
works by the city to the popular vote. The vote was 
taken at the municipal election on the 12th of Octo- i 
her, 1853, when 9727 votes were cast in favor of the ] 
undertaking and 304 against it. In pursuance of this ' 
decided expression of the popular will an ordinance 
was passed, approved July 29, 1854, to carry out the 
provisions of the act of 1853. Negotiations for the 
purchase of the old water-works were then resumed, 
and finally concluded in August, 1854, by their trans- 
fer to the city for $1,350,000. This transfer included 
several large mills and much valuable real estate. 
At this time the water-works consisted of two small 
pools of water in the valley of Jones' Falls, which 
were formed by the original dams of the Mount 
Royal and Rock Mills, and from which the whole 
supply for the city was conducted in large iron mains i 
to a receiving reservoir on the east side of the Falls 
a short distance below the Charles Street bridge. 
From this reservoir water was distributed to those 
points of the city lying below a level of sixty feet 
above mean tide by direct gravitation. For the 
higher portions of the city the water was raised by i 
machinery into a second reservoir at the intersection 
of Charles and Chase Streets, from which it was dis- ' 
tributed to all other elevations not exceeding one 
hundred and thirty-six feet above tide. There were 
about fifty miles of distributing pipes, and the joint 
capacity of the two reservoirs was twenty-five millions 
of gallons, while that of the two mill-pools was about 
ten million gallons. The residents of the upper and 
higher parts of the city were not reached, however, 
by the water-service of the company, but were still 
forced to depend upon pumps and wells. The presi- 
dent of the water company, at the date of the transfer 
in 1854, was Columbus O'Donnell. Under an ordi- 
nance approved Dec. 29, 1854, a board of three water 
commissioners was established to take charge of the 



Water Department, which was organized in the fol- 
lowing year, and consisted of George Neilson, president 
of the commissioners ; Levin P. Clark, first assistant 
commissioner ; Edward Spedden, second assistant 
commissioner; Wesley Stevenson, secretary and treas- 
urer; J. Green Boggs, book-keeper; Eli D. Howard 
and Berry Tanner, collectoi-s. The cost of the intro- 
duction of water from the Gunpowder was estimated 
by Mr. Sickels, civil engineer, at $2,135,000. While 
the surveys and estimates were being made, however, 
many portions of the city were suffering for want of a 
proper supply of water ; and it was accordingly de- 
termined by the municipal authorities to sink a num- 
ber of artesian wells in those localities where they 
were most needed. The first of these wells sunk by 
the corporation was on Block Street near the chemical 
works, and was constructed in April, 1855. Many 
of the wells and pumps, the use of which has re- 
cently been interdicted, were constructed in the east- 
ern and southeastern sections of the city at this period. 
In 1856 an ordinance was passed authorizing the issue 
of fifty thousand dollars additional water stock to en- 
large and improve the water-works. In 1857, under 
an ordinance approved April 14th, the water board 
was reorganized by the appointment of six commis- 
sioners, James S. Suter, water engineer, and Wesley 
Stevenson, water registrar. The City Council also 
passed a further ordinance, approved July 11, 1857, 
to provide for an increased supply of water from 
Jones' Falls, upon the plan reported by James Slade, 
consulting engineer, and authorizing the board to 
purchase land and water rights and enter upon the 
con.struction of new works. By the act of 1858 the 
city was empowered to issue additional water stock to 
the amount of $1,000,000; a subsequent ordinance, 
however, required all plans for the extension of the 
work to be submitted to the City Council for its ap- 
proval. After the consideration of many surveys, 
plans, and estimates, the choice of the City Council 
rested between the Gunpowder River and Jones' 
Falls, and the latter was at last selected. The city 
had purchased in 1856 the water rights from Rock 
Mills, above Woodberry, for $150,598 ; and in 1857 it 
purchased the water rights to the head of the lake 
(originally known as Swann Lake, now known as 
Lake Roland), with the land required for the lake, 
dam, and conduit, for $289,539. During the summer 
and autumn of 1857 Mr. AVampler, under the general 
directions of Mr. Slade (who acted as consulting en- 
gineer), made all the surveys required in the process 
of final location of the lake and conduit line, and de- 
fined the boundaries of the property acquired by con- 
demnation or purchase. 

These arrangements having been concluded, the 
construction of the new works was begun in 1858, 
under the supervision of Charles P. Manning, by the 
erection of a dam across Jones' Falls, at a narrow 
pass near the Northern Central Railroad Station, 
eight miles from the city, and the excavation of a 



CITY DEPARTMENTS. 



natural basin above it. The dam and lake were both 
so far completed as to be available for use in 1860, 
and entirely completed in 1861, and the conduit ex- 
tending from the gate chamber of the dam to Hamp- 
den reservoir was finished by the 1st of January, 
1860, twenty months from the time of its commence- 
ment. The contractors of the lake were Messrs. I 
Crowley, Hoblitzell & Co. ; of the dam, Messrs. 
Hoblitzell, Crowley & Co. Among the contractors \ 
of the conduit line were F. C. Crowley, John W. | 
Maxwell & Co., and Joseph H. Hoblitzell & Co. j 
The cost of the lake was $112,752.55 ; of the dam, j 
$152,190.65. In constructing the conduit it was ne- ' 
cessary to excavate three tunnels at different points, 
one of 1000 feet in length, one of 1225 feet, and a 
third of 2950 feet. Six millions of bricks were used 
in its construction, and the whole cost of the (con- 
duit) line, tunnels, and open cuts was $536,.339.35. 
Hampden reservoir, which is east of Druid Hill 
Park, near Jones' Falls, was constructed in connec- 
tion with the new water system, and was commenced 
in the autumn of 1858, and completed in the spring 
of 1861. The contractors were Messrs. John W. 
Maxwell & Co., and its cost was $206,643.53. Mount 
Koyal reservoir, located on what was formerly part 
of the Mount Royal Mill property, west of the North- 
ern Central Eailroad track, and a short distance north 
of Boundary Avenue, was commenced in December, 
1859, and was finished in May, 1862. Its cost was 
$112,352.72, and with the pipe-line from Hampden 
reservoir to the northern limits of the city, com- 
pleted the new system of water-works introduced 
under the auspices of the city at that period. The 
cost of the pipe-line was $142,700.14; it was com- 
menced in the month of August, 1860, and was com- 
pleted in February, 1861. The manufacture of the 
pipes and the excavation of the trench were executed 
by contractors, the former by Messrs. Poole & Hunt \ 
and the latter by Messrs. John W. Maxwell & Co. 
The process of delivering and laying the pipes was 
performed by mechanics and laborers employed by j 
the day. The graduation and the larger proportion 
of the masonry in and around the Mount Royal res- 
ervoir were executed by Messrs. Burke & Green. The 
masonry of the pipe vault and screen was built by 
mechanics and day laborers, but the iron house which 
■covers the well was erected by Messrs. Hayward 
& Bartlett, and the gate-keeper's cottage by Messrs. 
Binyon & Andoun. The aggregate cost of these new 
works, including the sum of $.50,000 for engineering 
expenses, was $1,313,009.35. The actual cost of all [ 
the city water-works up to Jan. 1, 1863, was as fol- 1 
lows : for real estate, water rights, etc., $1,069,661,52; j 
for construction of the new works, $1,313,009.35 ; for 
distributing mains in the city, $1,066,000; total, ! 
$3,526,000. The estimated revenue from water-rents | 
for the year 1863 was $225,000, besides income from 
other sources. At that time there were 38,881 build- 
ings in the city, of which 19,640 used the water. The ' 



expenses for the year, including the interest upon the 
water stock, were estimated at $228,000. The prop- 
erty purchased from the old company, and not re- 
quired by the city, was sold for $50,000. The Water 
Board consisted at this date of John Lee Chapman, 
president, ex officio,- John W. Randolph, Evan T. 
Ellicott, F. Littig Schaeffer, John B. Seidenstricker, 
and George Merryman ; James S. Suter, water engi- 
neer; John W. Randolph, Jr., clerk; Samuel Hinks, 
water registrar; Samuel J. Maccubbin and Charles E. 
Nedles, clerks; Eli D. Howard and John W. Blake, 
collectors.' 

Although the new works were not entirely com- 
pleted until May, 1862, a part of the western section 
of the city was supplied from the new source as early 
as the 22d of February, 1861. It was discovered, 
however, soon after the completion of these works, 
that they would be insufficient for the needs of the 
city, and in 1863 the City Council passed an ordinance, 
approved August 27th, authorizing a loan of $300,000, 
to be expended for the purchase of land and the con- 
struction of another reservoir. The site of Druid 
Lake, called at one time Lake Chapman,' was then a 
deep ravine, and was selected on account of the 
adaptation of the location to the purpose, and the 
great addition which a lake of the size and character 
designed would make to the beauty of the park. 
Work on this new reservoir was commenced in March, 
1864, and was so far completed as to admit of the 
introduction of water in the latter part of 1865. In 
the fall of 1866 the water was drawn off and the pipes 
through the base of the dam examined, when four of 
them were found to be broken, and a similar exami- 
nation in the following year revealed the fact that, 
the remainder had also been broken by the weight of 
the immense earth embankment.'' An entire change 
was necessitated, and new pipes were laid through the 
rock formation of one of the sides at large cost, in 
order to insure future safety. This change also, of 
necessity, reduced the capacity of the lake (which 
had been originally designed to hold 1,000,000,000 
gallons), as it had to be partially filled up in order to 
obtain safe connection with the influent and affluent 
pipes, and made its total cost $1,000,000, instead of 
$300,000 appropriated in the beginning. The im- 
provement in the water service after it came under 
the control of the city may be estimated from the 
following comparative statement of income receipts 
under the two managements. The income of the old 



1 In August, 1861, an attempt was made to supply Tort McHenry with 
water by means of an artesian well, but after boring to the depth of one 
hundred and twenty-five feet the work was stopped by a thick layer of 
oyster shells. For eighty feet of this distance a very impervious clay 
was encountered studded with bowlders and nodules of iron ore, liuie- 

2 In 1867 the Water Board " restored to Lake Chapman its appropriate 
name of Druid Lake." 

3 The timely discovery of the condition of the pipes undoubtedly pre- 
vented very serious consequences, as the leakage would soon have under- 
mined the dam and let loose upon the city and neighboring villages a 
dangerous and disastrous flood. 



220 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



water company in 1835 was $25,500 ; in 1852 it was 
$80,000. The income of the city Water Department 
in 1862 was $207,808 ; in 1866, $272,522 ; in 1868, 
$.362,408. The working expenses for 1868 were 
$47,838.93, which included $10,000 expended in re- 
pairs necessitated by floods. After the completion of 
the new works it was supposed that the storage sup- 
ply was sufticient, but it proved utterly inadequate in 
1869, when the city was threatened with a water 
famine, and in 1870 the same' trouble was experi- 
enced. In 1871 the authorities determined upon the 
construction of another depository, now known as 
the High Service reservoir, which was begun in that 
year. It was designed particularly to supply the 
higher sections of the city, and is located in Druid 
Hill Park ; it was not completed until June, 1874. 
The inadequacy of the water-supply during the sum- 
mers of 1869, '70, '71, and '72 compelled the adoption 
of immediate measures for the relief of the commu- 
nity, and on the 23d of December, 1872, the City 
Council passed an ordinance directing the award of a 
contract for the introduction of a temporary supply 
to the lowest bidder. The contract was awarded to 
Van Stamp & Suter, and two Worthington pumps 
were erected at Meredith's Ford, on the Gunpowder, 
for the purpose of replenishing Lake Roland in time 
of need. Each of these pumps has a capacity of 
5,000,000 gallons, and forces the water from the Gun- 
powder through a thirty-six-inch pipe for three and a 
half miles, discharging it into a basin on Roland Run, 
two miles from the lake. This temporary supply has 
been in use since July, 1874, and has rendered service 
of the most important character. 

On the 3d of November, 1874, the ordinance pro- 
viding for the introduction of a permanent supply of 
water from the Gunpowder River was submitted to 
the people, and was ratified by a vote of 13,131 in its 
favor to 6202 against it. As early as January, 186(i, 
Mayor Chapman recommended to the City Council j 
the inirchase of the water rights of the Great Gun- 1 
powder River for the purpose of securing an addi- 
tional supply of water to meet the future wants of the 
city. The City Council adopted the suggestion and 
authorized the issue of the necessary water stock, and 
the purchase was accordingly made. It included the 
water rights of the whole stream from tide-water to 
Meredith's bridge, a distance of twenty-one miles, 
with sixteen hundred acres of laud, the bed of the 
lake on the Great Gunpowder, with a margin of one 
hundred feet, and also the Hollingsworth Copper- 
works, Joppa Mills, and Patterson Xail-factory, the 
price paid for the whole being $2()O,000. 

After the passage of the ordinance of 1874, steps 
were immediately taken to carry its provisions into 
effect, and the necessary preliminaries having been 
arranged, ground was broken for the permanent water- 
supply on the 3d of December, 1875, by Robert K. 
Martin, the able civil engineer, who on the 18th of 
April, 185S, had broken ground for the first water- 



works constructed by the city, and who was during 
all this time in the employ of the Water Board. Af- 
ter nearly seven years of continuous labor, the works 
connected with the permanent supply were completed 
in October, 1881, at a cost of more than $4,500,000, 
making a total of $10,000,000 expended in supplying 
the city with water. On July 1st, Mayor Latrobe 
oflicially turned in the water from the dam at Loch 
Raven, on the Gunpowder River, into the great tun- 
nel which connects the dam with Lake Montebello. 
The Gunpowder River, from which the new supply is 
drawn, is one hundred and seventy feet above tide. 
To find its own level the water must rise sixty-five 
feet above the base of the Washington Monument, and 
seven-eighths of the city can be supplied by natural 
flow. The works connected with the supply consist 
of a dam across the Gunpowder at Raven's Rock, 
about eight miles from the city, a receiving lake at the 
same point called Loch Raven, a tunnel piercing the 
rocky bank of the stream and connecting Loch Raven 
with a distributing reservoir called Lake Montebello, 
about two miles from the city, on the line of the Har- 
ford road, and a second conduit connecting Lake Mon- 
tebello with another distributing reservoir, called Lake 
Clifton, situated on a part of the Johns Hopkins es- 
tate. The Gunpowder dam is constructed of solid 
stone masonry, is five hundred feet wide, thirty-one 
feet high, and sixty-five feet thick at the base. Loch 
Raven, which extends from Meredith's Ford bridge to 
the dam at Raven's Rock, is one hundred and seventy 
feet above tide, five miles long, one thousand feet wide, 
twenty feet deep at the dam, and four feet deep at the 
bridge, and is surrounded by a roadway thirty feet 
wide and nine miles in extent. Over the streams run- 
ning into the lake, and on the line of the carriage- 
drive, nine stone bridges have been constructed, three 
being on the east, and six on the west side of the lake. 
Seven of these bridges are built of white marble found 
in the vicinity, and two of white and bluestone com- 
bined. Their spans are twenty and thirty feet, accord- 
ing to the width of the stream crossed, and each is of 
different design. The construction of these bridges 
was necessary for the passage of the carriage-drive on 
each side ; their openings are sufficient for all freshets 
that may occur; there is six feet head-room from the 
surface of the water to the intrados of the arches in 
all cases, and boats can readily pass from the main 
portion of the lake under the arches and out into the 
estuaries on the sides. The tunnel connecting this 
lake with Lake Montebello is seven miles in length, 
and is a circular bore with an internal diameter of 
twelve feet and a dip of one foot to the mile.' For 
five miles and a half its course is through hard rock, 
which required no arching, and where the drifts had 
to be pushed by hand-drilling and dynamite blasting. 
The remaining mile and a half is of brick-work, con- 
structed with the greatest care and the utmost atten- 

1 It was coiiiincuced in December, 1S76, and cunipleted N'oveniber, 1S80. 



CITY DEPAKTMENTS. 



221 



tiou to solidity and endurance. Its direction is north- 
east, and the greatest depth of the drift is at Satyr 
Ridge, where it is three hundred and sixty-five feet 
underground. It is an air-line from the dam to Lake 
Montebello, except just before reaching this latter 
point, where a curve with a radius of seven hundred 
and seventeen feet was used to give the proper direc- 
tion on entering the gate-house. The waste-weir in 
the gate-house at the dam is on a level with the intra- 
dos of the arch of the conduit at that point, and the 
waste-weir in the gate-house at Lake Montebello being 
on a level with that on the dam, there will be conse- 
quently seven feet of water over the conduit at the 
lower end when the upper portion is full. In the con- 
struction of the tunnel fifteen shafts were sunk from 
the surface to the grade-line. From the bottom of 
these shafts working- parties advanced north and south 
to meet each other. With the opening at each end of 
the tunnel and the two at each shaft, there were thirty- 
two points from which the tunnel was worked. The 
shafts varied from sixty-five to three hundred feet in 
depth. They were located about two thousand feet 
apart, except at each end of the tunnel, where the 
shafts were shallower, the distance between them was 
greater. The longest drive between shafts was three 
thousand one hundred feet, at the south or Montebello 
end. Six miles of the tunnel was through blue gneiss, 
most of it very hard, and not disintegrating or soften- 
ing from the action of the air. This six miles lay 
north from Lake Montebello in an unbroken chain. 
The first mile south from the dam was through lime- 
stone, all of which, except four or five hundred feet, 
required arching. The total cost of the tunnel from 
the dam to Lake Montebello was $1,779,610.24. Mon- 
tebello Lake is one hundred and sixty-three feet above 
tide, with a water-surface of sixty acres, a depth of 
thirty feet, and a drive eighty feet wide and a mile and 
a half long. The supply of water for the city, after it 
leaves the gate-house at Lake Montebello, is conveyed 
in a conduit, built partly in tunnel and partly in open 
cut, a distance of five thousand three hundred and 
ninety-one feet, to the gate-house at Lake Clifton. 
Clifton Lake has the same level and similar dimen- 
sions, and from this point six distributing mains, each 
forty inches in diameter, bring the water to the dis- 
tributing mains in the city.' The Jones' Falls system, 
as already shown, consists of Lake Roland, two hun- 
dred and twenty-five feet above tide, one and a half 
miles long, with an average width of one-eighth of a 
mile, and a water-surface of one hundred and sixteen 
acres ; a conduit four miles long, of brick-work, semi- 
circular at bottom, semi-ellipse at the top, long axis 
six feet two inches, short axis five feet, with a dip 
of two feet to the mile; Hampden reservoir, two hun- 
dred and seventeen feet above tide, semicircular in 
form, and eight acres water-surface ; Druid Lake, in 

1 A pliin substantially the same as that which has been adopted in the 
new water-supply was recommended by T. E. Sickels and Alfred Duvall, 
civil engineei-s, in 1854. 



Druid Hill Park, two hundred and seventeen feet 
above tide, depth twenty to sixty-five feet, with fifty- 
three acres of water-surface, surrounded by a drive of 
one and a half miles, sixty feet wide ; High Service 
reservoir, three hundred and fifty feet above tide, 
supplied by two pumps, with a daily capacity of seven 
million of gallons, with a water-surface of four acres f 
Mount Royal reservoir, one hundred and fifty feet 
above tide, circular in form, with a water-surface of 
five acres. These two systems (of Jones' Falls and 
Gunpowder River) are capable of furnishing daily a 
supply of 165,000,000 gallons of water, which is the 
capacity of the streams by which the works are fed. 
To this must be added the sum total of the reservoirs 
and aqueducts as given below. 

Jones' /f(/&.— Lake Roland, 400,000,000; conduit 
(daily), 3,500,000; Hampden reservoir, 46,000,000; 
Druid Lake, 429,000,000; High Service reservoir, 
27,000,000 ; Mount Royal reservoir, 30,000,000. To- 
tal, 935,500,000. 

Gunpowder Hiver. —hoch Raven, 1,500,000,000; 
conduit (daily), 30,000,000; Montebello Lake, 500,- 
000,000 ; Clifton Lake, 265,000,000 ; total, 2,170,000,- 
000 ; grand total, 3,105,500,000. 

The cost of the works of the Gunpowder supply to 
Dec. 31, 1880, had been $4,704,260.83. The total cost 
of both systems of works has been about $10,000,000. 

The net revenue of the Water Department for 1880, 
after deducting the sum of $28,453.15 allowed in dis- 
. counts, amounted to $606,879.06, as against $552,877.27 
for the jjrevious year, sliowing an increase of net rev- 
enue for 1880 of $54,001.79. The working expenses 
of the department for 1880 were $87,419.31. 

There are 277 miles of water-pipe in the city. The 
number of water-meters in service are 524, of which 
72 were placed in 1880, and 54 in 1879. The registered 
consumption of water by meters for 1880 was 629,- 
680,175 gallons, against 496,032,105 gallons in 1879. ' 
The number of water-takers in 1880 was 50,000, the 
revenue from which in 1880 amounted to $72,483.52, 
against $64,230.86 in 1879, an increase of $8,252.66, 
notwithstanding the reduction in price made by the 
board from fifteen to twelve cents per thousand gal- 
lons for the last half of the year. For 1881 the charge 
for water served through meters has been still further 
reduced, to eight cents per thousand gallons. It is 
difiicult to ascertain accurately the city's daily con- 
sumption of water, as the supply is served from two 
of the three elevations by gravity. The gravity sup- 
ply can only be ascertained by shutting off" the supply 
from the reservoirs and measuring shrinkage. Close 
observation at Lake Roland, however, as to opening 
of gates, has furnished data with respect to water 
consumption which may be regarded as substantially 
reliable. When the conduit is being regularly sup- 
plied, with no visible waste along the line, it is esti- 
mated that every inch of opening on the gates repre- 

- This reservoir distributes to a tenth of the city, Druid Lake and 
Hampden reservoir supplying the rest of the high service. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



sents a consumption of 5,000,000 gallons of water 
every twenty-four hours. In previous warm seasons 
the heavy draw seldom exceeded three and a half 
inches of gates, which represented 17,500,000 gallons, 
but during the summer of 1880 the gates for days re- 
quired five inches opening in order to supply the con- 
duit, representing a consumption of nearly 25,000,000 
gallons. 

The completion of the Gunpowder Permanent Water- 
supply gives Baltimore a system of water-works un- 
equaled in the United States, affording a supply 
of water nearly double that of the great city of New 
York, which has a supply of only 100,000,000 gallons 
daily, wherein Baltimore has a supply of 150,000,000 
gallons. The capacity of the Philadelphia water- 
works is 50,000,000 gallons. The successful completion 
of the permanent water-works is largely due to the en- 
gineering skill of Robert K. Martin, under whose 
supervision they were constructed. 

The members of the Water Board from 1858 h.ave 
been as follows : 

1858-60.— Hon. Thomas Swaiin, chairman; Columbus O'Donnell, Atlam 
Denmead, F. Littig Scliaeffer, Thomas E. Hanibleton, John Duke- 
hart, Jolin W. Randolph. Charles P. Manuiug, chief eugiueer of 
new works; James S. Suter, water engineer; W. Stevenson, water 
registrar. Engineer Cot-pskew Works, Jones^ Fulls Suj^phj : Charles P. 
Manning, chief engineer; \V. Eugene Webster, principal assistant 
engineer. Frank F. Jones, resident eugiueer: H. Scott Tburetou, 
assistaut engineer, in charge of Lake Roland and dam. Robert 
Hooper, Jr., resident engineer ; Henry M. Graves, assistant engi- 
neer, in charge of conduit line from dam to waste-weir and pipe-line. 
Robert K. Martin, resident engineer; William L. Kenly, assistant en- 
gineer, in charge of remainder of conduit line and Hampden and 
Mourjt Royal reservoirs. 

1861. — Hon. George W. Browu, chairman; John W. Randolph, secretary ; 
Adam Denmead, Thomas E. Hambleton, Nicholas Poplein, George 
V. Porter, Isaac S. George. Charles P. Manning, chief engineer of 
new works; James S. Suter, water engineer; W. Stevenson, water 
registrar. 

1862.— Hon. John Lee Chapman, chairman ; John W. Randolph, secre- 
tary; Hvan T. Ellicott, F. Littig Scliaeffer, John B. Seidenstricker, 
Geitrge Merryuian. Ctiarles P. Manning, chief engineer of new 
works; James S. Suter, water engineer; Samuel Hinks, water regis- 

1863-65.— Hon. John Lee Chapman, chairman ; John W. Randolph, 
Evan T. Ellicott, F. Littig Schaetfer, John B. Seidenstricker, Geiard 
T. Hopkins, Francis T. King. James S. Suter, water eugiueer; 
Robert K. Martin, civil engineer; George Merryman, water regis- 

1866-67.— Hon. John Leo Chapman, chairman; John W. Randolph, 
John R. Kelso, F. Littig Schaeffer, John B. Seidenstricker, Gerard 
T. Hopkins, Francis T. King. James S. Suter, water engineer; 
Robert K. Mai-lin, civil engineer; George Merryman, water regis- 
trar. 

1868.— Hon. Robert T. Banks, chairman ; James L. McLane, George U. 
Porter, Charles D. Sliugluff, John A. Griffith, John F. Hunter, Wen- 
del Bollman. James Curran, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, 
civil engineer: William L. Sharetts, water regifttrar. 

1860-71.— Hon. Robert T. Banks, chairmau; James L. McLane, George 
U. Porter, Charles D. Sliugluff, John A. Griffith, John F. Hunter, 
George P. Thomas. James Curran, water engineer ; Robert K. Mar- 
tin, civil euBiiieor; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 

1872-7;'>.— Ilun. .Jusliua Vansaut, chairman ; James L. McLane, John A. 
GrillUli, John F. Hunter, George P. Tlumnis, Joiin R. Seemuller, 

Martin, civil engineer; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 
1874-75.— Hon. Josliua Vansaut, chaii man ; James L. McLane, John F. 
Hunter, George P. Thomas, John R. Seemuller, Fielder Slingluff, 
Thomas Bond. James Curran, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, 
civil engineer; William L. Sharetts, water registrar. 



1876-77.— Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe, chairman ; John R. Seemuller, 
« John F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, George U. Porter, 

Thounis W. Hall, Jr. James Currau, water engineer ; Robert K. 

Martin, chief engineer Gunpowder Permanent Supply ; William L. 

Sharetts, water registrar. 
1878.— Hon. George P. Kane, chairman ; George U. Porter, John F. 

Hunter, Geoige P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, William A. Fisher, N. 

Rufus Gill. James Curran, water engineer ; Robert K. Martiu, chief 

engineerGunpowder Permanent Supply ; William L. Sharetts, water 

1879.— Hon. Ferdinand C. Lntrobe, chairman ; George U. Porter, John 
F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, William A. Fisher, N. 
Rufus Gill. James Currau, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, chief 
engineer Gunpowder Permauent Supply ; William L. Sharetts, water 
registrar. 

1880.— Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe, chairman ; George U. Porter, John 
F. Hunter, George P. Thomas, Thomas Bond, William A. Fisher, N. 
Rufus Gill. James Curran, water engineer; Robert K. Martin, chief 
engineer Gunpowder Permanent Supply ; Samuel Kirk, water 
registrar. 

The engineer corps of the Gunpowder Permanent 
Supply from 1876 to 1880 has been as follows : 

Robert K. Martin, chief engineer; William L. Kenly, principal assistant 
engineer; Charles P. JIauning, consulting engineer; R. B. Hook, 
resident eugiueer, H. B. McLane, as=iistant engineer, in charge of 
First Residency ; William R. Warfield, resident engineer, W. W. 
Kenly, assishiut engineer, George L. Cummins, assistant engineer, 
in charge of Second Residency; G. 0. Swann, resident engineer, 
John Ridgi-ly. iissistant engineer, in cburgo ..f Third Residency; 
Charles 'I' ,M niu.i. pKiii r,._M,,,,,l,. ( >. MacTavish, as- 






losident engineer, 
fSi.\lh Residency; 
1880, William A. 



Charles A. Houk, resident engineer to 

Chapman, assistant engineer, and resident engineer from April 

1880, in charge of Seventh Uesideucy; Matt 

man ; A. H. Tinges, resident engineer. Will 

eugiueer, iu charge of Eighth Residency. 



CHAPTER XXI 

E1)UC.\TI0.N. 



The First Schools— Public Schools and Colleges— St. Mary's Seminary- 
Johns Hopkins University— St. Cathaiine's Normal School— Oliver 
Hibernian Flee School— Floating School— Baltimore Female College, 



While the early settlers of JIaryland doubtless 
entertained no little reverence for education, all the 
evidence goes to show that the majority of them were 
more interested in horse-racing and cock-fighting than 
in books. Some of the first colonists, indeed, were 
men of high culture, but the generality of the people 
had to subdue and replenish the land, and were forced 
to pay more attention to clearing the wilderness and 
fighting the savages than to mental improvement. 
People who wanted an education and had the means 
went to England to get it, but the greater part of the 
young Marylanders were more like Harry Warring- 
ton than his brother George. Fox-hunting in the 
morning and cards or dancing at night left them little 
time for books. The earliest effort to establish a public 
educational institution in Maryland was made in the 
year 1671, only thirty-seven years after the first settle- 



EDUCATION. 



ment at St. Mary's, and a bill was introduced in the 
Assembly on the 13th of April in that year for found- 
ing and erecting a school or college within the prov- 
ince of Maryland for the education of youth in learn- 
ing and virtue. It failed, however, to become a law, 
and it was not until 1694 that the first provision was 
made for a free school in the province, which resulted 
in the establishment two years later of King Wil- 
liam's Free School at Annapolis. On the 24th of 
June, 1714, Governor Hart, who was one of the 
original founders of public education in Maryland, 
sent the following query to the clergy of the province : 
" Are there any schoolmasters within your respective 
parishes that came from England, and do teach with- 
out the Lord Bishop of London's license, or that came 
from other parts and teach without a license from the 
Governor?" The general answer was, "The case of 
schools is very bad ; good schoolmasters are very much 
wanting; what we have are very insufficient; and of 
their being qualified by the Bishop of London's or 
Governor's license, it has been utterly neglected." 
Several notable schools, among which were St. John's 
at Annapolis, and Washington College at Chester- 
towu, were set up in the province at different dates, 
but the first general free school act was that of 1723, 
chapter XIX., which provided a per capita tobacco 
tax for the support and maintenance of county and 
parish schools. By this act seven persons were ap- 
pointed in each county trustees to establish in the 
centre of the county one school for the boarding of 
children. The trustees for Baltimore County were 
Rev. William Tibbs, Col. John Dorsey, William 
Hamilton, John Stokes, John Israel, Thomas Tolley, 
and Thomas Sheredine. These schools were, per- 
haps, the nucleus out of which our excellent county 
-academies grew ; but at that time they did not work 
well nor make rapid progress, except in the unfre- 
quent cases when the clergyman of the parish was a 
man of piety and learning and able to take charge of 
the school him.self. The schoolmasters were generally 
a low and dissolute set, more than half of them being 
redemptioners and servants. They had Latin and 
Greek enough, perhaps, but were of the " hedge 
priest" class, drunken in habits.severe and capricious 
in discipline, and teaching in a rude, irregular way.' 
The school fund was derived from a tobacco tax, 
and from a tax of twenty shillings per poll laid upon 
each Irish Catholic servant and each negro slave im- 
ported into the colony. There was also a three pence 
per hogshead tax on exported tobacco, of which one- 



. T2, 17G0, .Ii. 



hiilteia, i\ 



es a parcel of 

Mr. Ciiiinoli'a 
...v, w, iting ia 



half went to schools. The earliest school fund, how- 
ever, was provided by the act of 1695, entitled an act 
for the " encouragement of learning," by which all 
persons residing in the province were forbidden to 
export any furs or skins therein mentioned except on 
the payment of certain specified duties, to be appro- 
priated to the maintenance of free schools. As the 
fur trade was a large and profitable one at this period, 
the revenue derived from it constituted the school 
fund for nearly thirty years. By this act every ex- 
ported bear-skin paid 9rf. sterling ; beaver, 4rf. ; otter, 
3d. ; wild-cats, foxes, minks, fishers, wolves' skins, 
IJrf. ; musk-rat, 4rf. per dozen; raccoons, 3 farthings 
per skin ; elk-skins, 12rf. per skin ; deer-skins, 4d. per 
skin ; young bear-skins, 2d. per skin. All non-resi- 
dent exporters of these furs were to pay double. On 
the 29th of May, 1724, the Bishop of London ad- 
dressed the following query to the Episcopal clergy- 
men of Maryland : " Have you in your parish any 
public school for the instruction of youth? If you 
have, is it endowed, and who is the master?" The 
replies show that while there were a number of pri- 
vate schools in the province, there were scarcely above 
half a dozen public schools throughout its entire 
limits, and most of these were small and insignificant. 
Among the rest, Mr. Tibbs, rector of St. Paul's Parish, 
Baltimore County, replied, " I have no public school 
in my parish for the instruction of youth." Boys of 
wealth, however, frequently had their private tutors, 
or were sent to the mother-country for their educa- 
tion, and in some sections the clergymen founded 
good schools. In 1745, Kev. Thomas Cradock be- 
came rector of St. Thomas' Parish, in Baltimore 
County, and in 1747 began a school at his own resi- 
dence. From his advertisement in the Maryland 
Gazette at this time, we learn that he took young men 
into his family and taught them the Latin and Greek 
languages, and furnished them with board, at fifty- 
three dollars per annum. This seminary became a 
famous seat of learning, for it was here that some of 
the oldest and most distinguished men of the prov- 
ince were educated, among whom were the Lees and 
Barnes, of Charles County, the Spriggs and Bowies, 
of Prince George's, and the Dulanys, of Anne Arun- 
del. The school received many of its pupils from 
the lower countie.s, and was maintained during the 
whole of Mr. Cradock's life. Mr. Cradock died in 
1770. He was a graduate of one of the English uni- 
versities, and a brother of the Archbishop of Dublin. 
He was a fine poet and scholar, had a large minis- 
terial influence, and was no mean author. The ma- 
jority of the schoolmasters of the day were, as has 
been said, of a much less distinguished character, 
and were often more noted for their personal irregu- 
larities than for their learning or virtue. According 
to the returns of the number of Schoolmaslers in the 
province, made to the Governor in 1754, we find 
among them " Enoch Magruder's convict servant," 
"Jeremiah Berry's indented servant," "John Hag- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



gerty's indented servant," " Thomas Harrison, a con- 
vict," and " Daniel Wallahorn's convict servant." 
Parents, even in tliose rude days, were naturally 
averse to intrusting the education of their children 
to this kind of teachers, and douhtless entertained a 
well-grounded apprehension that in such schools the 
young idea might be taught to shoot in directions 
decidedly the reverse of classical. With this expla- 
nation it is easy to under.?tand the numerous adver- 
tisements of this period calling for teachers of " good 
sober character," who seem to have been as greatly 
needed in Baltimore Town as in other sections of the 
province. On the 27th of February, 1752, C. Crox- 
all, of Baltimore, advertises in the Maryland Gazette 
for " a person of a good sober character, who under- 
stands teaching English, writing, and arithmetic, and 
will undertake a school," and on the 12th of March 
following, the same advertisement is repeated by the 
■'inhabitants of Baltimore Town." James Gardner 
kept a school at this period at the corner of South 
and Water (Lombard) Streets, but from these adver- 
tisements it would seem that he was not sufficient for 
the literary needs of the little town. Ten years later, 
in February, 1762, John Archer announces that he 
will open " a grammar school" in Baltimore Town ; 
and a few weeks later Thomas Lyttleton, who " had 
been employed for a considerable time in the educa- 
tion of youth in and about London," advertises that 
he "teaches writing, arithmetic (both vulgar and 
decimal), merchants' accounts, geometry, etc., in a j 
house adjoining Mr. Roberts' store, where the pro- 
vincial office (land office) used to be kept in the 
winter season. Young ladies are taught the Italian 
hand." The " Italian hand" seemed to have proved 
a success, for in the following year he repeats his ad- 
vertisement, and concludes with the somewhat incon- 
gruous announcement that he has for sale " choice ; 
West India rum by the hogshead, loaf-sugar, coffee, ' 
chocolate, Madeira wine, and cedar desks." A free 
school would seem to have been established about ! 
this period in Baltimore, for in October, 1766, Wil- 
liam Young, who lived near Joppa, advertised that a 
" master" was wanted at " Baltimore Free School," 
" capable of teaching the English language, writing, 
surveying, and arithmetic. Such a person, if a sober 
man, will meet with good encouragement from the 
visitors of said school." ' In 1785 the great lexi- i 
I'ographer, Noah Webster, visited Mount Vernon, and 
was so much pleased with what he saw of Baltimore ; 
in his passage through the town, that on his return 
he determined to take up his residence here for a { 
l)rief perioc* at least, and on the 25th day of May, in ! 
that year, adveitised in the Maryland Journalt\\a.t he 
would open a school in Baltimore 

" fur the iDstructioD of young gentlemen and ladies iti reading, spealting, 
and writing the Englisli language with propriety and correctness. He [ 
will also teach vocal music in as great perfection as it is tanght in i 



America." " It is a very common and very just complaint," he says, 
" that nothing is neglected so much as the study of our own native lan- 
guage. From what cause the neglect proceeds it is needless to examine, 
as the fact is equally lamented and acknowledged. He expects, as an 
indispensable condition, that the school should be patronized by families 
of reputation, and he himself will be responsible for the success of the 
undertaking. For particulars, inquire of the subscriber at his lodgings 
at Mrs. Sanderson's, opposite South Street." 2 

Whether this school was ever opened or not does 
not appear, but in the following autumn it was an- 
nounced that "on the evening of October 19th, at 
Dr. Allison's church (First Presbyterian), Mr. Web- 
ster will begin to read a short course of lectures on 
the English language," the heads of which are as 
follows : 

"I. — Introduction, general history of the English language; cause 
and effects of its copiousness, — its irregularity in orthography and con* 
struction. Defects of the alphabet. Remarks on school books and the 
practice of using the Bible in schools. 

*' II. — General rules respecting the pronunciation of words ; deviations 
from the rules of propriety and from the practice of the best speakere. 

" III.— Errors in pronouncing and printing certain classes of words; 
corruptions of the language ; effects of these upon its simplicity and 
harmony ; folly of imitating fashionable improprieties. 

"IV. — Errors in the use of words; mistakes and defects of English 
grammars; remarks on English verse, with rules for reading poetry. 

" v.— General remarks on education; defects in the mode of in. 
structing youth in the several branches of science; effects of education 
on individuals, society, and morals." 

Tickets for the whole course were 7s. 6rf., for a 
single lecture one quarter-dollar. It was also an- 
nounced at the same time that " on the stated even- 
ings for singing, the audience will be entertained with 
the whole performance in vocal music." Stimulated 
in all probability by these lectures, a public meeting 
was held on the 27th of March in the following year 
(1786), at which the Rev. Dr. Carroll presided, to 
consider the establishment of an academy in Balti- 
more. The great importance and necessity of such an 
institution was so manifest that it was unanimously 
agreed that a committee representing the diffisrent 
Christian denominations of the town should be ap- 
pointed to prepare a plan, to be reported at a subse- 
quent meeting at Mrs. Ball's Coffee-House. A plan 
wa-s accordingly prepared and adopted, and in June 
thirteen trustees elected for management of the insti- 
tution; and in the same month Daniel Bowley, John 
Kernan, Wra. Patterson, Engelhard Yeiser, Peter 
Hoffman, Michael Diffenderffer, Jesse Hollingsworth, 
Richard Lemmon, and Andrew EUicott were ap- 
pointed to solicit subscriptions for its support. The 
academy was situated on Charles Street, and was con- 
ducted in the beginning by Edward Langworthy, who 
taught the classics, and Andrew Ellicott, of Joseph, 
surveyor of the United States, who presided over the 
department of mathematics, natural philosophy, etc. 
In spite of the encouraging auspices under which the 
enterprise was begun, it does not appear to have re- 
ceived any marked degree of public patronage, and 
was not continued very long. The zeal for education, 
however, would seem to have been only quickened by 



EDUCATION. 



225 



this failure, and in 1789 the town seems to have been 
literally overrun with teachers. Among those who 
offered their services to the public in this capacity in 
that year were Stephen Merrill, Mr. Sweeny, John 
Deaver, Wm. Graham, Mr. Hogan, Augustus Konig 
(professor of German), Joseph Paillottel (professor 
of French), and Mark Morris. The following is a 
fair sample of the school announcement of those 



" Stephen Merrill, from Boston, teaches school at the house commonly 
known by the name of Kesley's School-house, on Howard's Hill. Having 
every convenience for u school, and an accomplished assistant, he begs 
leave to inform the inhabitants of this town that he teaches beginners 
at 12s. 6d. per quarter. Writing and arithmetic 15 shillings. He will 
teach book-keeping, surveying, etc., on the most reasonable terms. He 
forbears to bestow any encomiums on his abilities or character, only 
wishing those that have a desire to inquire of those who have been his 
employers for these four months past; and if indefatigable industry will 
be a recommendation, he flatters himself he will gain the encourage- 
ment of the public." 

In 1796 anew "Baltimore Academy" was estab- 
lished, and on the 25th of February the trustees an- 
nounced that it would be opened on the 2d of May 
following in the "elegant building lately purchased 
from Mr. Grant for that purpose." This school was 
divided into two departments, one for males and one 
for females ; the principal of the male department was 
James Priestly, of Georgetown, and the principal of 
the female department was Levi Noyer. The studies 
iu the male department were reading, writing, and 
arithmetic, English grammar, geography, with the use 
of the globes, rhetoric, logic, history, and the learned 
languages, natural and moral philosophy, geometry, 
trigonometry, navigation, surveying, astronomy, and 
a general system of the mathematics." The studies 
in the female department were reading, writing, arith- 
metic, English grammar, geography with the use of 
the globes, rhetoric, logic, natural and moral phi- 
losophy, and a general sysliem of history. The man- 
agers or trustees of the school were Philip Rogers, 
Adam Fonerden, James McCannon, Henry Willis, 
John Hagerty, William Bruff, and Nelson Reed. 
The academy building was situated in Light Street, 
near the Light Street Methodist church, and was de- 
stroyed in the fire of Dec. 4, 1796. An effort was 
made to rebuild it in the following year, but with 
what success is uncertain. Mr. Priestly afterwards 
kept a school in St. Paul's Lane, which may have 
been a continuation of the same institution. In 1803, 
in conjunction with Bishop Carroll, Mr. Priestly ob- 
tained a charter for the "Baltimore College," for 
which a building was erected on Mulberry Street by 
the aid of a lottery .• 

As has been shown already, free schools had been 
authorized in each of the twelve counties of the State 
by the act of 1723, and the funds provided by pre- 
vious acts for the support of county scholars were dis- 
tributed among them. But though interest in the 



I June, 1797, Joseph Townsend, 18 Baltimore Street, 

;her "fur tlie Baltimore African Academy now ready to begin 



subjectof public education was manifested in repeated 
acts of legislation, the free schools that had been es- 
tablished in the several counties did not [flourish. 
There were funds, but there could not be found outside 
of the clergy capable teachers, and a system which 
was productive of expense, but of little practical 
benefit, soon came into disrepute. Little, however, 
was done to remedy the defects of the system until 
1812, when a fund arising from the incorporation of 
several banks and turnpikes was appropriated to the 
establishment of free schools throughout the State. 
This is a noted event in the history of Maryland 
education, as it is the first permanent provision made 
for the support of free schools in the State. 

In 1816 an act was passed appointing nine school 
commissioners in each county, who were to distribute 
the funds arising from the act of 1812, and for other 
purposes. It was not, however, until 1826 that the 
present public school system was established. On the 
28th of February in that year an act was passed for 
the establishment of primary schools throughout the 
State, and on the same day the mayor and City Council 
of Baltimore were authorized by a further act to es- 
tablish public schools in Baltimore.'^ 

On the 27th of January, 1827, an ordinance was 
adopted by the City Council approving and accepting 
the act of the General Assembly, and on the 8th of 
March, 1828, another ordinance was adopted creating 
a board of commissioners of public schools, and in- 
vesting them with the power to establish schools. 
By its provisions six commissioners were elected by 
the two branches of the City Council annually in the 
month of January, who should constitute a board, of 
which the mayor was the president ex officio. They 
were directed to divide the city into six school dis- 
tricts, and to establish one school in each district on 
the monitorial plan, each school to be divided into 
two departments, one for males and the other for 
females, and every child should pay one dollar per 
quarter, unless excepted therefrom by the commis- 
sioners. The following well-known citizens consti- 
tuted the first Board of Commissioners, all of whom 
are now deceased : Jacob Small, John B. Morris, 
Fielding Lucas, Jr., Joseph Cushing, John Reese, 
and William Hubbard. 

From various causes nothing was done towards 
opening the schools until July 21, 1829, when the 
board determined to establish four schools, two in the 
eastern and two in the western section of the city. 
On the 21st of September, 1829, the first public school 
in Baltimore City was opened in the basement of the 
Presbyterian church, then on the east side of Eutaw 
Street, between Saratoga and Mulberry Streets, and 
was placed under the charge of William H. Coffin, 
who was the first public school-teacher in Baltimore. 
On the 28th September two other schools were 



■ The primary school bill of 1825 was framed by i 

sed of Messrs. Teackle, Brooks, McCullongh, Goldsborough, Duvall, 

inals, and S. K. Smith. 



226 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



opened, under the charge of Thompson Randolph and 
Harriet D. Randolph, on Bond Street, near Canton 
Avenue. The fourth school was not opened until the 
next year, because a suitable room could not be ob- 
tained for the purpose in the western section of the 
city ; but the otiiers were soon filled, and numerous 
applications for .admission were declined for want of 
room. 

The first pupil enrolled in the public schools was 
Andrew Reese, a son of one of the commissioners, 
who thus evidenced his appreciation of the work in 
which he was engaged. 

On the 7th of April, 1830, an ordinance was adopted 
reducing into one the several ordinances relating to 
public schools, and by which the powers and duties 
of commissioners were increased. During that year 
a tax of twelve and a half cents on every hundred 
dollars' worth of assessable property was levied for the 
support of the schools, which gave some assurance to 
the commissioners that their work was appreciated 
and that their future efforts would be sustained. 

The schools were conducted on the monitorial plan 
until 18.39, and were designated simply public schools, 
there being no distinct separation between the primary 
and grammar schools. The schools for boys were 
taught entirely by male teachers until nearly twenty 
years after their establishment, at which time female 
assistants were introduced with great success. Since 
then female teachers have been appointed in every 
department of the schools, and they now constitute 
seven-eighths of the whole number, there being eight 
hundred and twenty teachers, of whom seven hundred 
and four are female. 

The number of pupils during the first year was two 
hundred and sixty-nine, with three teachers, which 
increased until 1835, when it was eight hundred and 
sixty-seven, with eight teachers. During the next 
three years the number declined to six hundred and 
seventy-five, and there seemed to exist the necessity 
for some additional stimulus for the public mind, 
which was furnished in 1839, when a reaction occurred, 
and the number of pupils commenced to increase 
rapidly, so that during the next ten years the number 
increased to six thousand seven hundred and sixty- 
three, under the charge of one hundred and seven 
teachers. 

Evening schools were opened for the first time for 
the benefit of those who could not attend during the 
day, and the experiment proved to be a great success. 
In March, after mature deliberation and much discus- 
sion, a resolution was adopted allowing the use of the 
Bible in all the schools as a reading book, the teachers 
being instructed in all cases to allow the Douay edi- 
tion to be used by those children whose parents prefer 
the same to the common translation. 

By a resolution adopted by the City Council March 
7, 1839, the commissioners were requested to establish 
a male high school, in which the higher branches of 
English and classical literature should be taught. 



This was doubtless in response to the demand of in- 
telligent public sentiment, and it has had a most im- 
portant influence upon the schools, and was the stim- 
ulus that was needed to promote their greater success. 

Tlie Male Central High School was opened on the 
20th October, 1839, in a rented building on Courtland 
Street, under the charge of Dr. Nathan C. Brooks as 
principal, with forty-six pupils. Dr. Brooks was suc- 
ceeded in 1849 by Rev. Francis Waters, who was fol- 
lowed in 1853 by John A. Getty. The latter was suc- 
ceeded in 1854 by George Morrison, and he in 1857 
by Thomas D. Baird. Upon the death of Dr. Baird 
in 1873 the present incumbent, William Elliott, Jr., 
who had been connected with the school since 1851, 
was elected principal. 

By ordinance dated Oct. 9, 1866, the name was 
cliauged to that of Baltimore City College, and the 
board was authorized to confer diplomas on its gradu- 
ates. At first the admissions to this school were con- 
fined entirely to those who had been pupils of the 
grammar schools and had passed a prescribed satis- 
factory examination, but it was afterwards changed 
so as to admit any applicant who passed the required 
examination, and had a good moral character. 

This school was removed in 1840 to rooms over the 
present office of the Firemen's In.surance Company, at 
the corner of South and Second Streets, but the accom- 
modations were insufficient for the number of pupils, 
and in 1841 it was again removed, to a building on the 
northeast corner of Lombard and Hanover Streets; 
but the location was unsatisfactory and not adapted 
to the wants of the institution, so that in 1842 it was 
again removed, to the old building on Courtland 
Street first occupied by it. 

The board then made an earnest effort to obtain a 
more suitable building, and applied to the City Coun- 
cil for permission to purchase or lease one more cen- 
trally located and with better accommodations. 

After an examination of several sites it recom- 
mended the selection of the property at the corner of 
Holliday and Fayette Streets, then known as the 
"Assembly Rooms and Theatre Tavern," and by an 
ordinance of the City Council, adopted March 11, 
1844, the board was authorized to purchase the above 
property for the sum of $23,000, subject to ground- 
rent of $261 on the former and $90 on the latter 
building, making $351 in all, and the deed was exe- 
cuted that year. -The old tavern was removed, and 
its site was used as a yard for the school, which was 
then transferred to its new apartments, where it re- 
mained until the building was destroyed by fire in 
1873, and the school was again removed to Court- 
land Street, in the building formerly occupied by 
Baltimore Female College. It remained there until 
February, 1875, when the new building on Howard 
Street was completed, and the institution was then 
removed there, where it is now located, with five 
hundred and twenty-six pupils. 

In the Rules of Order of the Board of School Com- 



EDUCATION. 



missioners it is provided that there shall be an ex- 
amination of candidates for admission to the Balti- 
more City College annually in the month of July, 
conducted by the faculty, under the direction of the 
committee, and the result submitted to the board. 
To this examination are eligible boys not less than 
fourteen years of age, who have spent in public 
grammar schools the two full quarters next preceding 
the time of the examination, if they possess good 
moral character and have paid their fees in full. 
Also, on the same conditions, boys are eligible who, 
being not less than twelve years of age, have passed 
two full scholastic years next preceding in the public 
grammar schools. These candidates will be admitted 
to the college upon passing, to the satisfaction of the 
committee, an examination in spelling, English gram- 
mar, geography, arithmetic, and algebra through 
simple equations involving three unknown quanti- 
ties. Boys of not less than fourteen years of age, who 
are not pupils of the grammar schools, are eligible for 
examination for admission, and the committee are 
authorized to direct their examination at such times 
as it may deem proper; the requirements and stand- 
ard being, however, the same as those required of 
grammar-school pupils. The regular time of this ex- 
amination is annually, on the first Monday in Sep- 
tember. 

The .first annual commencement of the Male Cen- 
tral High School took place on the 27th ot Novem- 
ber, 1851, with eight graduates, and the honorary ad- 
dress was delivered by Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. 

In 1843 vocal music was introduced into the schools, 
at the request of many parents and patrons, and in 
1846 drawing was made a branch of study in the High 
School. 

The year 1844 was an important period in the his- 
tory of the female schools. The board, appreciating 
the beneficial results of the Male High School for boys, 
had earnestly recommended the organization of two 
Female High' Schools, and the City Council having 
approved the recommendation and given authority 
to the commissioners, they established two schools 
during the year, — the Eastern Female High School 
in the building at the corner of Front and Fayette 
Streets, and the Western Female High School in a 
rented building on North Paca Street. In 1852 the 
former was removed to the new building on Aisquith 
Street, which was again rebuilt and enlarged in 1869; 
and in 1846 the latter was removed to the southwest 
corner of Fayette and Green Streets, where it re- 
mained until September, 1858, when it was removed 
to the new building on Fayette Street now occupied 
by the school. The first annual commencement of 
these schools took place on Oct. 25 and 28, 1853, with 
graduates, and honorary addresses were delivered by 
Hon. Robert M. McLane and Dr. Stuart Robinson. 

In 1847 and 1848 female teachers were appointed 
in some of the male schools with marked success, and 
the result settled the future policy of the system with 



reference to the employment of females in these 
schools, from which they had previously been ex- 
cluded. In the latter year a change was made in the 
character of the schools, by engrafting upon the 
system the grade of primary schools. Previous to 
this time there had not been any distinct grades es- 
tablished, but the necessity seemed to be so apparent 
that it was determined to organize separate schools 
for the younger children, in which they should be 
taught the primary and elementary branches, and 
prepared for the schools of higher grade, which were 
thereafter to be designated grammar schools. This 
was the basis of our present symmetrically graded 
system of primary, grammar, and high schools, which 
has not been changed except in the amount of studies 
in some of the classes. 

In September, 1851, the Eastern and Western Nor- 
mal Classes were organized, the former in the Eastern 
Female High School, under the charge of Emily E. 
Jones, and the latter in the Western Female High 
School, under Eliza Adams, two of the most efiicient 
female teachers. These classes were discontinued in 
1858, and a Central Normal Class was organized, to 
which male pupils were also admitted, and placed 
under the charge of a male principal, with male and 
female assistants, which still continues, and is ac- 
complishing good results. 

Previous to 1867 no provision had been made by 
the city for the education of colored children. The 
only instruction received by them was at private 
schools, or at the free schools which had been organ- 
ized by the Association for the Improvement of Col- 
ored People, which had been sustained by private 
contributions. On the 10th of July of that year an 
ordinance was adopted directing the Board of School 
Commissioners to establish separate schools for the 
colored children, under the same rules as governed 
the white public schools. This was in response to the 
request of the above-mentioned association, which 
had petitioned the city to take charge of its schools, 
and provide for their support. The board pro- 
ceeded to organize these schools, and in September 
they commenced with about one thousand pupils. 
It asked the City Council for ten thousand dollars, 
but no appropriation was made, and the board was 
without the necessary means for their support. The 
city registrar declined to pay the salaries and other 
expenses, and the only income was from the use of 
books, which the board authorized the teachers to 
apply to the payment of their salaries. This con- 
dition continued until November, 1867, when a new 
Board of Commissioners was elected, which urged the 
appropriation for the support of the schools. There 
existed a legal doubt as to whether the city had the 
power to appropriate money for these schools, and 
accordingly the Legislature passed an act at January 
session, 1868, authorizing the city to establish sepa- 
rate schools for the education of colored children, 
and to levy and appropriate money for their support. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



On May 5, 1868, the City Council passed an ordi- 
nance autliorizing the new board to reorganize.these 
schools, and appropriated three thousand six hundred 
dollars to pay all arrears for salaries and other ex- i 
penses, and also the sum of fifteen thousand dollars 
for their support for the year 1868, in addition to such 
taxes as might be paid by the colored people for edu- j 
cational purposes. On June 28, 1868, the board 
organized ten separate schools for colored children, 
under the charge of white teachers, since which time 
the number of schools and pupils has increased. The 
grade of the schools was at first primary, but after- 
wards it was extended so as to include grammar 
school studies, which meets the demand of this class 
of pupils. 

In 1873 a resolution was adopted in the City Coun- 
cil requesting the board to inquire into the expediency 
of introducing the study of the German language 
into the public schools, and in response to that in- 
quiry, as well as to the urgent requests of many citi- i 
zens, the present system of English-German schools 
was introduced. Previous to that time the language 
had been taught in the City College, but it was thus 
limited to those who entered that school ; a large 
number of pupils never received any such instruc- 
tion. It was deemed inexpedient to introduce the 
language into all the primary and grammar schools, 
or to make it obligatory on all pupils, and hence it 
was thought best to establish separate schools, in dif- 
ferent sections of the city, in which parallel courses 
of English and German should be taught, and leave 
it optional with children to attend. 

The original number of commissioners was six, 
which was increased to eight in 1834, to nine in 1836, 
to twelve in 1838, to thirteen in 1840, to fourteen in 
1842, and to twenty in 1846, being one to each ward. 

The ordinance establishing schools in the city lim- 
ited the admission to children under twelve years of 
age, which was afterwards extended to fourteen years, 1 
and the pupils, therefore, for a long period were be- j 
tween the ages of four and fourteen, boys between 
four and seven being admitted to the girls' schools, 
and over that age to the male schools. Subsequently 
the rule was changed to conform to the general laws 
of the State, by which the school age is now between 
six and twenty-one years. 

The first public school-house was erected in the 
year 1830, on Aisquith Street near Fayette Street, in 
the eastern .section of the city, and the next was in 
1882, at the corner of Green and Fayette Streets. 
The former has been sold by the city, and a more 
commodious building erected for the school ; the lat- 
ter, which has been rebuilt, is occupied by Male 
Grammar and Primary School No. 1. Since 1832 a 
large amount hiis been invested in the erection of new 
buildings for the use of schools, the number now 
owned by the city being fifty-nine, containing about 
seven hundred class-rooms. Many of these houses, 
however, are improperly designed and constructed, 



with insufficient room, light, and ventilation, and 
without the necessary space in the yards to permit 
proper exercise during recess. 

The whole number of schools under the supervision 
of the board during the past year was 125, contain- 
ing 36,337 enrolled pupils, classified as follows: 

One Ballimore City College 560 

Two Female High Schoole 846 

Thirty-eight Grammar Schools 10,660 

Fifty-nine Primary Schools 15,652 

Five Public (formerly English-German) Schools 3,440 

Fourteen Colored Day Schools 4,139 

Four Colored Evening Schools 781 

One White Evening School 184 

One Normal School 75 

These schools have been conducted by 822 teach- 
ers, with an average daily attendance of 29,961, and 
the whole number of different pupils during the year 
was 48,066. 

Numt>erof white pupils 31,417 

colored pupils 4,920 

pay pupils 12,496 

free pupils 23,841 

male teacliers 104 

female teachers 718 

The cost per pupil, estimated on the number en- 
rolled, was $16.98, and on average attendance was 
$20.60, for the current expenses of the schools ; and 
was $18.27 on enrollment, and $22.16 on average at- 
tendance, for the current expenses, and also the 
amount expended by the inspector of buildings for 
the erection and repairs of buildings. The average 
annual salary of the teachers was $584, and of the 
teachers and officers of the board $590, thus showing 
that the annual cost per capita of the pupils and the 
salaries of the teachers and officers are much less than 
in other large cities. 

White Schools. 

Salaries of officers and teachers $457,943.30 

Eenis of lioiiees and fcround-rents 26,512.44 

Ilouks ami htatiniieiv 30,460.05 

SchooMiii, , .; ,'.'.'■'.' 6.'618;46 
Fuel..,. 11,140.19 

Pnntii.g. iiiii-.ln:, .lud luci-itiitjii 6',233!96 

$55.i,114.28 
Amount paid by inspector of buildings for 

new houses and repairs: 
New house — Male Grammar and Primary 

School No. 1— balance duo 814.815.75 

New house, Grammar School No. 7 7,023.20 

Repair of old houses 24,997.16 



T.itiil expenses of white schools 


S601,950.36 


Colored Schools. 






$52,266.43 
3,249.75 
2,876.12 








Itepairs of buildings and furniture 

Supplies and iucidentals 


270^07 






Current expenses of white and colored schools 
Amount paid by inspector of buildings for 




white 


Total cost for the year 1880 


$663,988.74 



EDUCATION. 



The estimated expenses for 1881 are $647,845, of 
which $583,845 is for white, and $64,000 for colored 
schools. 

Summary Statement. 
Showing the yumber of Schools^ Teachers, Pay Pupils, Free Pupils, on ItoU 
Nov. 20, 1880, Average, Altmdance, Percentage of AUenilance, and 
Number of Different Pupils in School During the Year. 



Table showing the number of pupils and teachers- in the public school on the 
last day of each fiscal year, from the year 1829, when the firsl public school 
was opened, to the year 1S80, inclusive. 



Baltimore City Cull,-.. 
East. Female His;h >. 1 
West. Female Hi;;li S 
Male Grammar .Srlii i> il . 
Female Griimmui S> h 

Publics.! 1- 

Malel'iin.ii. ^. I- 






1 'liiii 

2 li-fo^M' 



Colo 



lie T, 



Otiiee Schools. 

Saturday Normal Class... 
Evening School (White). 
Evening Schools (Col.)... 



Day .Schc 
Total... 



11979912,454 22,843 35,297 29,417 83.34 



5 1 751 75l 49,63 

3 ! 184, 184| 8139 

15 42: 739 781 424 54.3 



; 12,496 23,841 36,337,29,961 82.45| 52,299 



Deduct number of pupils promoted to High School 
and City College 

Deduct number of pupils promoted to Grammar 
Schools ; 



Actual number of different pupils iu school i 



48,060 



berof Hi;;!, -■ I l',,| il- 

in 1m. , - . , i Siiturday Normal 

Total number of pupils on roll, Nov. 20, 1880.. 30,3)7 

Geadfs of Schools Compaked— 1879 and 1880. 



1,040 



Schools. 


Number in 1880. 
Number in 1879. 


1 


i 

.2 

1 




1,400| 1,520' 

in.eon' io,.'5ii)' l^n 

S,44" :t,!"'i 41 
36,337,36,505 321 




" Grammar Schools 

" Public " 

" Primary " 

" Colored " 






















168 


. 







pils. 


Date. 


Teachers 




4U2 


1856 


253 

246 


12,946 
11759 


040 
544 
859 
867 
814 




270 


12,263 


1859 


271 


12,419 


1861 


317 

319 


13,962 
14;382 


1126 
1834 


ISO5!!!""" 
1866 


358 

.";.'.".".'" 411 


16,086 
16,523 
17967 
18,896 


2471 


1868 


565 

558 


20,591 
23159 


3300 




. 571 


24,673 






26:3.57 


6017 
6439 
6699 
6763 
70U3 










624 




1874 

1875 

1870 


661 

706 

........'. 764 


29,108 
31,366 
31,404 


9081 
9447 
9717 


1878 


820 


36;505 




822 


36,337 



School Buildings.— There are sixty-four buildings 
now occupied by the schools, of which fifty-nine are 
owned by the city, and their value estimated at about 
$1,100,000, and the other five are rented, one of which 
has good accommodations, and the other four are un- 
suited for school use. Of those owned by the city, 
three are occupied by the City College and female 
high schools, fourteen by grammar schools, twenty- 
five by primary schools, six by grammar and pri- 
mary schools jointly, four by public schools, one by 
colored grammar school, and six by colored primary 
schools. 

Faculty of Baltimore Cifi/ Co/fege.— William Elliott, 
Jr., A.M., Ph.D., Principal, Professor of Higher 
Mathematics ; James R. Webster, Professor of Writing 
and Book-keeping ; A. L. Milles, B. A., Professor of the 
French Language and Adjunct Professor of Latin; 
Charles F. Eaddatz, Professor of the German Lan- 
guage ; Chapman Maupin, M. A., Professorof Latin and 
Greek; Powhatan Clarke, M.D., Professor of Natural 
Sfcience ; Charles C. Wight, Professor of History and 
English Literature ; Richard W. Preece, Professor of 
Drawing; F. A. Soper, A.M., Professor of Mathe- 
matics and Astronomy ; Alexander Hamilton, Adjunct 
Professor of English and Mathematics ; Stephen F. 
Norris, Heningham Gordon, A.B., A. Z. Hartman, 
A.M., Tutors. 

Faculty of the Eastern Female High School.— W. F. 
Wardenburg, Astronomy, Mental Philosophy, Alge- 
bra, Arithmetic ; Elizabeth A. Baer, Rhetoric, Elocu- 
tion, Composition ; Phebe J. Tompkins, Arithmetic, 
Composition ; Sarah L. Bassford, History, Composi- 
tion ; Mary C. Geddes, Algebra, Geometry, Composi- 
tion ; Laura V. DeValin, Physiology, English Litera- 
ture, Composition ; Louisa Browning, Grammar, 
Composition, Literature, Rhetoric, Algebra; Eliza E. 
Nicolai, History, Natural Philosophy, Composition, 
Algebra; Laura M. MuUin, Drawing; Armande Du- 
breuil, French; W. A. Tarbutton, Vocal Music. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Table containing the Location of Public School Buildings, Size of Lots, Size of Buildings, Cost of Buildings, 
and Date of Erection. 



et, opposite Centre 120 X 200 

1 Mullikin Streets 102 X210 

" " I Rear building. 

et, nearPaca ' 98 X 144 

Kav.ltB aii.l Uiceiie Streets I 97 X 102 

I I',, 1,11, ,,i,,i r;r,-cne Streets ' VT^xlTO 

' '■ ' 'I HiinkStrcets | 100 X HI 

■ I i'"ayette 80X167 



74 X150 j 44X 




N,.rll, »i,k- llillSt.ect, neai Slunp 

North side Hollins Street, near Fulton.... 

Corner Cliesapealse and Hudson Streets.. 

i East side Holliday Street, near Le.vingl,. 

EastsideSaratogaStn-.l, II, ,1 ^i I m 

Nortll side East Street, 1, ,1' 

S. E. corner Howard ill i, I ^i ,, , - 

Sontli side Eastern .\m,i, I, ,., , l ,, 

Nortll side Barre Strei't, n, mi I ni ,„ 

North side Waesche Street, near Ficuiio 



33 X 60 
.■iO X 120 
HB X 113 
50 X 72 
4.SX 68 
60 X 80 



174 Hamburg Street 

St. Stephen's Church 

Chesapeake Street, near Hudson.. 
Biddle Street, near Pennsylvania 



Total ground-rents. 

Total value of buildings, actual and estimated... 
Total amount of rents 



1,()!14.7.5 
244.44 
918(10 
6110.00 
600.00 
800.01) 
360.00 
700.00 



600.00 
25.00 

120.00 
93.75 



lots leased for Grammar No. 8 and Primary No. 30 aggregate 289 feet front, but only 160 of it are used 1 



60,000 
17,350 
29,520 
10,0110 



lO.IHIO • 
1(),(HI0 I 
18,791 
14,831 
6,(KX) I 
3,000 
5,1 KXI I 



15000 1874 

18.000 i 1809 

12,000 j 1869 

0,000 I8.-14 

15.618 1 1874 

8,000 i 1853 
10,000 

2,000 
14,809 



Faculty of the Western Female High School. — An- 
drew S. Kerr, Principal, Mental Philosophy, Astron- 
omy, Algebra, Arithmetic; Pamela A. Hartman, 
KnglLsh Literature, Rhetoric, History, Composition; 
Sara S. Rice, Rhetoric, Grammar, Elocution, Compo- 
sition ; Jane S. Williams, Algebra, Composition ; 



Emma Cowman, Physiology, Rhetoric, History, 
Grammar; Henrietta C. Adams, History, Literature 
Grammar, Compo.sition ; Louisa C. Saumenig, Geom 
etry, Algebra, History, Physiology ; Isabella Hamp- 
son. Natural Philosophy, Arithmetic, Elocution 
Composition; Anna P. Tudor, Arithmetic; Laura D 



EDUCATION. 



Brian, Grammar, History, Algebra, Composition; 
Eliza J. Davis, Drawing; Victor Rigueur, French; 
William A. Tarbutton, Music. 
The Board of School Commissioners is composed of 



Ward. 

1. Francis J. Ruth 

2. George 11. Biuleke.. 



5. wniii.m M 

6. John B. Wi 

7. Kobert H 

8. Janiea Bo.v 



John T. Morris 188a 



17. H. B. Roenicr 

18. John N. Conway.. 

19. Joseph H. Gale 

20. James W. Denny.. 



The officers of the board are : President, John T. 
Morris ; Secretary, Henry M. Cowles; Superintendent, 
Henry E. Shepherd; Assistant Superintendent, 
Henry A. Wise. 

State Normal School.— The State Normal School, 
which is designed for the training of teachers for the 
public schools, was established under an act of As- 
sembly of 1865, and was organized in January, 1866. 
It is supported by an annual appropriation of $10,500. 
The school was fir.st located in the Red Men's Hall, 
on Paca Street, and in 1872 was removed to the 
building formerly occupied by the Union Club at the 
northeast corner of Charles and Franklin Streets. A 
liberal appropriation was made not long afterwards by 
the Legislature, and the present splendid structure at 
the northwest corner of Lafayette and CarroUton Av- 
enues was erected. The building is one hundred and 
twenty by one hundred and five feet, built of brick 
and Ohio sandstone trimmings, with a lofty spire 
and conspicuous slate roof. The tower at the corner 
of the two fronts is twenty feet square at the base, 
and is one hundred and seventy-five feet high. The 
ventilation of the building is the most complete of all 
the educational institutions of the city. In the base- 
ment are the gymnasium, dressing-rooms, the large 
class-rooms, etc. The principal story contains the 
parlor, library, offices, reception-rooms, and class- 
rooms ; the second floor, the assembly-room, seating 
six hundred persons ; and the third the lecture-room, 
laboratory, etc. Each county in the State is entitled 
to two students for each of its representatives in the 
General Assembly. The law requires the appointees 
to be not less than sixteen years of age for young 
women, and not less than seventeen years of age for 
young men. A limited number of other pupils are 
taken on payment of tuition. The Normal School is 
in charge of Prof M. A. Newell, Principal ; Miss S. 
B. Kidwell, Principal Girls' Model School ; Miss Rosa 
Stoll, Principal of Kindergarten, and the following 
members of the State Board of Education as ex officio 
trustees: Gov. Wm. T. Hamilton, President; M. A. 
Newell, Secretary and State Superintendent; P. A. 
Witmer, Dr. John P. R. Gilliss, Wm. H. Harlan, Dr. 
J. T. Williams. 

The Johns Hopkins University was founded by 
the bequest of the Baltimore merchant whose name 




it bears, and who also endowed a hospital, and gave 
generous gifts to the Maryland Institute, the Johns 
Hopkins Colored Orphan 
Asylum, the Manual Labor 
School, the Home for the 
Friendless, and the Balti- 
more Orphan Asylum. 

A few words in regard to 
his life may fitly precede an 
account of the university 
which was created by his 
bounty. 

Johns Hopkins, son of 
Samuel and Hannah (Tan- 
ney) Hopkins, was born in 
Anne Arundel Co., Md. johns hopkins. 

(where his father's family 

had long resided), on the 19th of May. 1795, and died in 
Baltimore on the 2Ith of December, 1873, at the age of 
seventy-eight years. The family were English Quak- 
ers of respectability and substance. He worked upon 
his father's farm until he was eighteen years of age, and 
then came to Baltimore and entered the counting-room 
of his uncle, Gerard T. Hopkins, a wholesale grocer. 
For twenty-five years he was devoted to mercantile 
pursuits, first in the firm of Hopkins & Moore, and 
afterwards in that of Hopkins & Brothers, his busi- 
ness relations being chiefly with the Valley of Vir- 
ginia and the adjacent States. 

In 1847 he became a director in the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, and from that time until his death 
he was actively engaged in the promotion of its inter- 
ests. Twice, in emergencies, he pledged his private 
resources for the support of the company. In middle 
life he became president of the Merchants' Bank 
of Baltimore ; was also a director in seven other 
banks, and was a manager of many other financial 
a.ssociations. He made large investments in real es- 
tate, and constructed many warehouses. During the 
latter part of his life his residence was in Saratoga 
Street near Charles in winter, and in summer at a 
beautiful estate named " Clifton," in the northeastern 
suburbs of Baltimore. He was never married. 

Towards the close of his life he devoted much 
thought to the disposition of his property. There is 
reason to believe that his philanthropic impulses 
were quickened by the example and words of George 
Peabody, and by the counsel and suggestions of the 
friends by whom he was .surrounded. His will was 
signed July 9, 1870, and'at that time he had matured 
the principal features of his bequest, though codicils 
modifying the details were subsequently added. 

Three years earlier, on the 24th of August, 1867, 

at the instance of Johns Hopkins, twelve citizens of 

j Maryland had formed a corporation, entitled the 

j "Johns Hopkins University for the Promotion of 

j Education in the State of Maryland." ' The trustees 

I by a special act of the Leg- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in this corporation were Francis T. King, Lewis N. 
Hopkins, Thomas M. Smith, William Hopkins, John 
Fonerden, Jolin W. Garrett, Francis White, Charles 
J. M. Gwynn, Galloway Cheston, George W. Dobbin, 
Reverdy Johnson, Jr., and George W. Brown. Sub- 
sequently, in the places of Messrs. Fonerden, Smith, 
and Johnson, Dr. James Carey Thomas, C. Morton 
Stewart, and Joseph P. Elliott became trustees. Nine 
of the original body were also trustees of the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital. The original officers of the board 
were Galloway Cheston, president ; ' Francis White, 
treasurer ; and William Hopkins, secretary ; and [ 
they were first chosen on the 13th of June, 1870. 
After the death of Mr. Hopkins in 1873 it appeared | 
that his gift to the university included his estate of j 
three hundred and thirty acres at Clifton, fifteen 
thousand shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1 
stock and other securities, the entire endowment 
being estimated at more than three million of dollars. ! 
On the 6th of February, 1874, the board entered j 
upon the administration of the trust. Several of the 
members visited successful colleges and universities : 
in the North, South, and West ; correspondence was 
instituted with able advisers in educational matters, j 
and a number of eminent college officers were in- 
vited to come to Baltimore and give their counsel. 
A president of the university^ was elected in 1874, 
and entered upon his office in May, 1876. The re- 
mainder of the year he devoted to a study of univer- 
sities at home and abroad, and on the 22d of Febru- 
ary, 1876, the plans adopted were publicly announced 
before a large assembly in the Academy of Music. 
Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. Randolph, of Em- 
manuel Church ; instrumental music was performed 
by the Peabody Orchestra, directed by Professor 
Asger Hamerick. The chairman of the executive 
committee, Reverdy Johnson, Jr., introduced Presi- 
dent Eliot, of Harvard College, who delivered a con- 
gratulatory address, which was followed by the inau- 
gural address of President Oilman. The Governor of 
the State, the mayor of the city, the principal civil 
and educational authorities, the clergy, and a large 
number of officers of other colleges were present. 
On the 27th of May a special address was made before 
the youth of Baltimore, explaining the opportunities 
of instruction about to be offered them, and on the 
12th of September, 1876, by invitation of the trustees, 
an introductory address was delivered in the Academy 
of Music by Professor Huxley, of London. He dis- 
cussed the relations of universities to the study of 
medicine, a subject on whicli his views were particu- ! 
larly acceptable, not only because of his ability as a 
teacher, but also because of the co-operation in pro- 
moting medical knowledge which is anticipated , 
between the two foundations of Johns Hopkins, — the 
university and the hospital. On the 3d of October 



following the classes which had been forming for 
some days were first assembled for instruction in the 
buildings at the corner of Ross and Howard Streets, 
which had been purchased at a cost of seventy-five 
thousand dollars and enlarged for their new uses. 

Large outlays have been made by the university 
for the purchase of apparatus and books ; laboratories 
have been opened and equipped for the study of 
chemistry, physics, and biology ; instruction has been 
given in these subjects, in the highest branches of 
mathematics, in ancient and modern languages and 
literature, and in history, political economy, logic, 
and the history of philosophy. The trustees, how- 
ever, have regarded their work hitherto as prelimin- 
ary and tentative. They hope at an early day, in the 
light of the information and experience already ac- 
quired, to enlarge the academic staff and increase the 
fecilities here afforded for the work of a university. 
No steps have been taken as yet for the organization 
of any other faculty than the philosophical. 

In addition to the strictly academic exercise, lec- 
tures have been given in one of the halls of the uni- 
versity during a considerable part of every year, at 
five o'clock in the afternoon, to which ladies and 
gentlemen not connected with the university, as well 
as the students, have been admitted. Not infre- 
quently more than two hundred persons are present 
at these lectures, which are sometimes given by the 
resident professors and sometimes by gentlemen in- 
vited to come from other institutions. Several Satur- 
day classes have also been maintained for the instruc- 
tion of teachers in special studies, — physiology, Latin, 
zoology, English, and mathematics. 

The university has liberally encouraged investiga- 
tion and research, and has contributed to the expense 
of printing periodicals devoted to mathematics and 
physics, chemistry, philology, and physiology. It 
has maintained twenty fellowships, the incumbents of 
which give all their time to advanced studies. It has 
established a marine station or sea-side laboratory for 
the advancement of zoological researches. It has 
supi>orted a mechanic's shop for the manufacture and 
repair of apparatus. It has kept its reading-room 
supplied with the latest scientific and literary journals 
of every land. Moreover, it has left the principal 
teachers comparatively free for the prosecution of in- 
quiry and for the publication of results. Societies, in 
which both officers and students take part, give fre- 
quent opportunities for the presentation of elaborate 
papers. 

The number of students formally enrolled as such 
have been in 1876, 89; in 1877, 104; in 1878, 123; in 
1879, 159; in 1880, 170. Besides these many unen- 
rolled students have received instruction. Of the 
whole number of students received prior to the close 
of 1879-80, one hundred and sixty-five had taken an 
academic degree before joining this university. 

As an indication of the wide influence which the 
Ibuiidation alroadv exerts, it niav be added that the 



EDUCATION. 



students assembled in the autumn of 1880 came from I 
twenty-nine different States and countries. Thegrad- ! 
uate students who have here been received represent 
at least seventy different institutions. I 

The various publications of the university show | 
that a distinction is made between university work 
and collegiate work, and that both are promotive of 
the trust of Johns Hopkins. Four scientific journals 
are published under the auspices of the University, — 
The American Journal of Mathematics, The American 
Chemical Journal, The American Journal of Pkilology, 
and Studies from the Biographical Laboratory. The 
academic staff from 1876 to 1880 has included the per- 
sons whose names are now given: 

President — Daniel C. Gilman, appointed Dec. 30, 1874. Pro/essoy^f — Basil 
L. Gildersleevc, Greek, 1870 ; J. J. Sylvester, Mathematics, 1876; Ira 
Kemsen, Oliemistry, 187C; Henry A. Rowland, Physics, 1876; H. 
Newell Martin, Biulogy, 187n; niiarles D. Morris, Classics, 1S7B. 

Asmcialea—jLibu M. Cniss, Oi k, ynT:; Pliilip R. Uhlor, Natural 

History, 187B; .\ustin Scmt 11; ■ - l-":; A. Marshall Elliott, 
Romance Philology, 1871.; I I ,, i I 1 1 .v, Sheniitic, 1876-79; 
Herman C. G. Brandt, Germ, HI. I-... ViiLiun K. Brooks, Biology, 
1870; Harmon N. Morse, Olienustry, ln7ij ; Robert Ridgway, Natural 
History, 1876-77; William E. Story, Mathematics, 1876; Arthur W. 
Tyler, Librarian, 1870-78 ; Charles S. Hastings, Pliysics, 1876 ; Chae. 
R. Lanman, Sanscnt, 1877-80; Herbert B. Adams, History, 1878; 
Albert S. Cook, English, 1879; Minton Warren, Latin, 1879; Wil- 
liam Hand Browne, tibrarian, 1879; Henry Sewall, Biology, 1880. 
Le^turera — Simon Newcomb, Astronomy, 1876; Leonance llabillon, 
French, 1876 ; John S. Billings, Medical History, etc., 1877 ; Francis J. 
Child, Early English, etc., 1877-78; Thomas M. Cooley, Law, 1877- 
79 ; .Julius E. Hilgard, Geodetic Surveys, 1877 ; James Russell Lowell, 
Romance Literature, 1877 ; John W. Mallet, Technological Chemis- 
try, 1877-78; Francis A. Walker, Political Economy, 1877-78; Wil- 
liam D. Whitney, Comparative Philology, 1877 ; William F. Allen, 
History, 1878 ; William James, Psychology, 1878 ; George S. Morris, 
Philosophy, 1878; J. Lewis Diman, History, 1879; H. Von Hoist, 
History, 1879; William G. Fallow, Botany, 1879 ; J. Willard Gibbs, 
Theoretical Mechanics, 1879; Sidney Lanier, English Literature, 
1S79-80; Charles S. Peirce, Logic, 1879 ; John Trowbridge, Physics, 
188U; J. Lewis Diman, History, 1881 ; A. Graham Bell, Phonology; 
18S1. AasiManls—lUnry Sewall, Biology, 1876-78; Samuel F. Clarke, 
Biology, 1879; Fabian FiaMkliii, Mathematics, 1879; Lyman B.Hall, 
t'heniistry, 1879-sll; Cliristian Sihler, Biology, 1879-80; Henry C. 
AdaUiS, Political Economy, 1879 ; Thomas Craig, Mathematics, 1879 ; 
Willi.imT. Sedgwick, Biology, 1880; Edwin H. Hall, Physics, 1880; 
George H. Stockbridge, Latin and German, 1880 ; Philippe B, Marcou, 
French, 1880. 

In place of a midsummer anniversary, the 22d of 
February is annually observed as " Commemoration 
Day." Degrees are conferred at that time, and also at 
the end of the academic year. 

Baltimore Female College.— The Baltimore Fe- 
male College, intended for the liberal education of 
young women, was instituted in 1848, chartered in 
1849 as a college proper, with authority to confer de- 
grees, and liberally endowed by the State in 1860. 
The college was first located on St. Paul Street, 
but in 1874 was transferred to the new buildings at 
Park Place. It was originally under the control of 
the Methodists, but by the act of the Legislature of 
1868, making all persons eligible as trustees, the col- 
lege became undenominational. N. C. Brooks, LL.D., 
is its i)resident. 

Male Free School and Colvin Institute for 
Girls. — The Male Free School was organized Jan. 1, 



1802, under the direction of the trustees of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church of Baltimore. It was at first 
situated in the school-room of the Light Street Meth- 
odist church, and at the close of the first year had fifty- 
eight scholars. Its first oflicers were George Roberts, 
president; John Hagerty, treasurer; and I. Burneston, 
secretary. On the 20th of December, 1808, the insti- 
tution was incorporated, with Owen Dorsey, John 
Brevitt, Abner Neal, William Hawkins, Thomas E. 
Bond, Moses Hand, William Browne, George Roberts, 
and Joseph Jamison as incorporators, under the name 
and style of the " Trustees of the Male Free School of 
Baltimore." In January, 1813, the school was removed 
from Light Street church to its present location, No. 
39i Courtland Street. Mr. Roberts died in 1828, and 
was succeeded as president by William Wilkins, who 
retained the position until his death in 1833. Thomas 
Kelso was chosen as Mr. Wilkins' successor, and re- 
mained president until his death in 1878, and was 
followed by the present incumbent, John B. Seiden- 
stricker. The object of the school is to educate poor 
children without regard to creed. Miss Rachel Col- 
vin, of Baltimore, l)y her last will and testament be- 
queathed ten thousand dollars to enable the trustees of 
the Male Free School to afford gratuitous education 
to girls. 

Among the prominent private schools that formerly 
existed in Baltimore were the Literary and Commer- 
cial Seminary, second door from the northwest corner 
of North and Lexington Streets, William Nind, prin- 
cipal, in 1806; J. Magee's Academy, No. 18 Bank 
Street, and in 1822 at No. 2.'5 South Calvert Street; 
the Classical and English Seminary in St. Paul's 
Lane, in 1822, Hugh Maguire, formerly professor of 
languages in St. John's College,- principal ; Dr. 
Barry's School, No. 32 Courtland Street; Rev. Fran- 
cis Waters' Classical Seminary, opened in 1829 in the 
building formerly occupied by Dr. Barry ; Dr. S. A. 
Roszel's School, conducted in the same place ; and 
Mr. Larned's University School, at No. 11 Lexington 
Street, in 1847. 

Oliver Hibernian Free School.— John Oliver, a 
native of Ireland, but subsequently a successful mer- 
chant and citizen of Baltimore, by his will dated 
May 19, 1823, made the following bequest, upon 
which the present charity is founded : 

" To the Hibernian Society of Mainland I leave and bequeath the 
sum of twenty thousand dollars, to he put in the hands of the president 
and directors of said society for the time being, or a majority of them, 
and to be hy them invested in any manner which they think proper for 
the purpose of establishing a Free School in the city of Baltimore under 
their direction for the education of poor children of botii sexes, one at 
least of whose parents must be Irish, and residing in or about Baltimore; 
and should it ever happen that said school should not have a sufficient 
number of scholars of Irish parents, as aforesaid, it is my wish that it 
should be filled with poor children born in the city or precincts ; but with 
this proviso, that room must be made always when required for children 
of Irish parents, and no distinction is ever to be made in the school as to 
the religious tenets of those who may apply f 



At the annual meeting of the Oliver Hibernian 
Free School, held on the 17th of March, 1830, the 



234 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



following officers were elected for the ensuing year: 
Luke Tiernan, president ; John Kelso and Samuel 
Moore, vice-presidents; Rev. Dr. John Glendy, chap- 
lain ; Samuel Donaldson, counselor; Dr. George S. 
Gibson and Bernard M. Byron, physicians ; Stewart 
Brown, treasurer; B. IT. Campbell, .secretary. The 
managers were Thomas Kelso, Samuel Harden, Hugh 
Boyle, Thomas B. Adair, Robert Armstrong, Matthew 
Bennett, and Charles Tiernan. It is the custom to 
make on March 16th of every year an examination 
into the proficiency of the pupils, to ascertain the 
progress made during the year, the eve of St. Patrick 
being selected for this purpose as peculiarly appro- 
priate to the character of the institution. The present 
location is on the east side of North Street, between 
Lexington and Saratoga Streets. 

Floating School. — The idea of a floating school, 
which had been suggested before, was revived in 
Baltimore at the time of the acquisition of California, 
by the difficulty in obtaining a sufficient supply of 
capable seamen to meet the increase in our mercan- 
tile marine, and to Capt. Robert Leslie much of the 
credit of the scheme was due. In 185.3 the subject was 
taken up by the Board of Trade, and afterwards by 
the Board of School Commissioners, and finally, on 
the Sth of May, 1855, an ordinance was passed by 
the City Council authorizing the commissioners of 
public schools to organize and put in operation a 
public school of such grade as might be deemed ad- 
visable on board of any ship or vessel that might be 
supplied by the Board of Trade for the purpose. 
Accordingly, the United States ship "Ontario" was 
purchased and fitted up, and on the 14th of Sep- 
tember, 1857, the school was opened with eight pupils. 
The joint committee in charge of the school when it 
was organized was as follows: Messrs. Edwin A. Ab- 
bott, John F. Plummer, Thomas J. Pitt, William B. 
Griffin, and Dr. R. H. Brown, on the part of the 
public school commissioners ; and on the part of the 
Board of Trade, Messrs. E. S. Courtney and Law- 
rence Thomsen. The number of pupils increased to 
forty-nine by the last of December, and up to 1860 
the school continued to grow in public favor and in 
practical usefulness. Its design was not only to sup- 
ply the growing demand for trained men in our mer- 
cantile marine, but to elevate the character and pro- 
fession of the sailor. Instruction was therefore given 
not only in nautical matters, but in studies bearing 
upon the future profession of the scholar. The war, 
however, interfered with its successful operation, and 
it was abandoned. 

St. Mary's Seminary.— St. Mary's is the oldest 
Catholic theological seminary in the United States. 
Its foundation was due, in the first instance, to the 
wise forethought of Rev. Mr. Emory, Superior-gen- 
eral of the Society of St. Sulpice, at the period of 
the French revolution. When he perceived that the 
National Assembly, in 1790, threatened tlie destruction 
of all religious institutions in France, he thought of 



seeking a new field of usefulness for his society in 
this country. Having learned, the same year, that 
the Rt. Rev. John Carroll, Bishop-elect of Baltimore, 
had gone to London for the purpose of receiving the 
episcopal consecration, he sent the Rev. Francis 
Charles Nagot, his assistant, to England, to confer 
with him in relation to the employment of Sulpicians 
for the direction of an ecclesiastical seminary. The 
proposition was gladly accepted, and the following 
year the Rev. Mr. Nagot, with three other French 
Sulpicians — Rev. Messrs. Levadoun, Tessier, Gamier 
— and five seminarians, sailed from France for Balti- 
more. On his arrival in Baltimore, July 10, 1791, 
Rev. Mr. Nagot at once "bought an inn with four 
acres of ground for the sum of 850 pounds Maryland 
currency," and without delay, on July 21st, opened 
St Mary's Seminary for theological students, with 
himself as superior. Father Levadoun procurator, 
and Fathers Tessier and Garnier assistants. In 
1792, Revs. Benedict Joseph Flaget, John B. David, 
Sulpicians, and Stephen V. Badin, an advanced 
seminarian, arrived and took their places in the col- 
lege. The subsequent May, 1793, Father Badin re- 
ceived holy orders from Bishop Carroll, at old St. 
Peter's, his ordination being the first within the limits 
of Baltimore. He is the Protn Sacerdos of the United 
States, and among the galaxy of great names that 
brighten church records, none shine more radiant 
than that of Badin, the Kentucky missionary. On 
June 24th, Rev. Ambrose Marechal, with two more 
destined for the Boston mission, reached Ualtimore, 
where Father Marechal, who had been ordained 
priest the day before his departure from France, cele- 
brated his first mass at old St. Peter's. Soon after- 
wards came the Rev. William Valentine Du Bourg, 
the Rev. M. Dillet, the Rev. Peter Babade, Rev. John 
Dubois, Rev. Simon Gabriel Brute, and others, several 
of whom figure notably in church history. Though 
all were French priests, two of them did not become 
Sulpicians till after their entrance into St. Mary's; 
as, for instance. Father Dubois, founder of Mount 
St. Mary's College, at Emmittsburg, Md. In 1795 
the Prince Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, sou of a 
Russian nobleman, and a convert from the Greek 
faith, was ordained priest here. 

The almost exclusive object of the Sulpician Soci- 
ety is to train clerical candidates in the higher 
branches of ecclesiastical knowledge, and in the 
virtues of their sacred calling. But the number of 
young men who sought admission into the seminary 
was for many years too small to absorb all the time of 
the faculty. They therefore turned their attention 
to other objects; and, in connection with the semi- 
nary, was commenced, in 1799, another institution 
for the education of youth, which became the cele- 
brated seat of learning, St. Mary's College, which, by 
act of Jan. 5, 1805, w:is raised to the rank of a uni- 
versity. The chief promoter of this new establish- 
ment, the Rev. William Du Bourg, erected on the 



EDUCATION. 



seminary grounds spacious buildings well adapted to 
collegiate purposes, and the increasing patronage of 
the public soon gave evidence that his views and ef- 
forts were duly appreciated. In the purchase of the 
site and the erection of the necessary buildings the 
president incurred a heavy debt, and to enable him 
to pay it off the Legislature, on Jan. 25, 1806, granted 
the aid of a lottery to raise thirty thousand dollars. 
The managers of the lottery were Revs. William Du 
Bourg, John Tessier, and Messrs. Luke Tiernan, 
Robert Walsh, Sr., William Lorman, Alexander Mc- 
Kim, Henry Wilson, Samuel Sterett, James McHenry, 
Samuel Hollingsworth, Lewis Du Bourg, and Philip 
Laurenson. From this period St. Mary's College 
rapidly rose to a first rank among educationiil estab- 
lishments, and even at this date many distinguished 
men, both Catholic and Protestant, in this country, 
the West Indies, Mexico, and South America, are 
proud to point to it as their Alma Mater. 

In 1806, Rev. Mr. Dillet began the Abbottstown 
Preparatory College, two miles from Abbottstown, Pa., 
near the foot of a ridge called Pidgeon Hills, and in 
1808, Rev. John Dubois commenced Mount St. Mary's 
College at Emmittsburg. Besides these enterprises, 
and the direction of St. Mary's Seminary and College 
in Baltimore, the Sulpicians, from the time of their 
arrival, also performed ministerial or parochial duties 
for the benefit at first of the many French inhabitants 
of the town, and afterwards of the Catholics at large; 
and, in aid of this branch of their work, they built 
and dedicated, June 15, 1808, St. Mary's chapel, 
which was for a long time " the most elegant edifice 
■of the kind in America." In 1808, through the mu- 
nificence of Samuel Cooper, a student at the seminary, 
and the piety of Mrs. Eliza Ann Seton, of New York, 
St. Joseph's Convent, or Mother-House of the Amer- 
ican Sisters of Charity, was founded at Emmittsburg. 
The community was formally established by Mrs. 
Seton in this city Juhe 2, 1809, when she and four 
other ladies appeared at service in St. Mary's chapel 
«lad as " Sisters of Charity." Mr. Cooper donated 
eight thousand dollars to the society, which enabled 
her to build St. Joseph's at Emmittsburg, or rather, 
to commence building it, for since then vast im- 
provements have been made. Both parties were 
•converts to the Catholic Church, Mrs. Seton having 
been closely related to the late Archbishop Bayley, 
who, like herself, was once a member of a different 
church. These memorable events, with the consecra- 
tion of Benedict Flaget, Bishop of Kentucky, on 
Nov. 4, 1808, occurred during Father Nagot's incum- 
bency. Owing to ill health he relinquished control 
of the seminary in 1809, and was succeeded by the 
Rev. John Tessier, whose administration continued 
fourteen years. In October, 1812, Father Du Bourg 
was appointed Prefect Apostolic of New Orleans, in 
-which city and in St. Louis he labored some years, 
and died finally in France as Archbishop of Resancon, 
about 1833. He was followed in the presidency of 



St. Mary's (secular) College by Rev. I. B. Paqinet, 
from 1812 to 1815; Rev. Simon G. Brute, from 1815 
to 1818 ; Rev. Edward Damphoux, from 1818 to 1822 ; 
Rev. Louis Regis Deloul, from 1822 to 1823, when 
Father Tessier's direction ended. In 1815, Archbishop 
Carroll died, and was temporarily buried at St. Mary's 
chapel. In 1817 his successor, Leonard Neale, died 
in Georgetown, and Rev. Ambrose MarSchal, the 
Sulpician, became Archbishop of Baltimore, conse- 
crated Dec. 14, 1817, by Dr. Cheverus, of Boston. In 
1819, Father Nagot died, and in 1818, Father Brute 
went to Emmittsburg. In this year also Rev. Samuel 
Cooper, the eminent convert, was ordained by Arch- 
bishop Marechal, and at this period Fathers Paqinet, 
Damphoux, Deloul, Alexius Elder, and John Hickey 
were added to the faculty. 

Father Tessier resigned his dignity in 1823, and was 
succeeded by Rev. Louis Regis Deloul, one of the 
most estimable, as he was indeed one of the ablest, 
priests Baltimore ever knew. His administration 
began in September, 1823, and ended in July, 1849. 
On Oct. 29, 1820, the Rev. John Dubois, the well- 
known Sulpician and president of Mount St. Mary's 
College, became first bishop of New York. Two 
years afterwards, in 1828, Rev. James H. N. Joubert, 
of the seminary, founded the colored order of women 
called the " Oblate Sisters of Providence," whose 
duty comprises the education of colored children. 
Father Joubert was a native of St. Jean d'Angfily, 
western part of France, and came to Baltimore from 
San Domingo, where his parents had fallen victims to 
the ferocity of the blacks. Prompted by a noble 
spirit of revenge, he founded this community of col- 
ored women, — the only one in the United States. He 
was born in 1777, and died in Baltimore Nov. 5, 1843. 
In 1834, Rev. Simon G. Brute, of Mount St. Mary's 
College, went to St. Louis, and became first bishop of 
Vincennes, Ind. The same year Rev. Samuel Eccles- 
ton, of St. Mary's, was consecrated fifth archbishop 
of Baltimore. In 1841, Rev. John Joseph Chanche, 
also connected with the faculty of St. Mary's Semi- 
nary and College, received consecration as the first 
bishop of Natchez, Miss. Of these three eminent 
professors, the former died in 1839, at Vincennes; the 
second in 1851, at Baltimore; thedast in 1852, at the 
same place. In 1842, Rev. Anthony Garnier, one of 
the founders of St. Mary's in 1791, died at the Seminary 
de St. Sulpice, France, whither he had returned about 
1803. At his death he was the superior-general of 
the order. About this tinle the college which Father 
Dillet had established at Abbottstown, Pa., was abol- 
ished, although for a couple of years afterwards the 
property remained in the Sulpicians' custody. On 
Oct. 1, 1848, St. Charles' College, six miles above 
Ellicott City, Howard Co., was opened by Father 
Deloul, and Rev. Oliver Jenkins, of St. Mary's, be- 
came its first director. The presidents of St. Mary's 
secular college, Baltimore, from 1823 to 1849 — the 
term of Father Deloul's incumbency — were as follows : 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Rev. Edward Damphoux, 1823-27; Eev. Michael 
Wheeler, 1827-28 ; Rev. Edward Damphoux, 1828- 
29; Rev. Samuel Eccleston, 1829-34; Rev. John 
Joseph Chanche, 1834-41; and Rev. Gilbert Ray- 
mond, 1841-49. Besides these there were at St. Mary's 
during this period the Revs. Alexius Elder, John 
Hickey, James Hector, Nicholas Joubert, Augustine 
Verot, Oliver Jenlcins, Francis L'Homme, Hugh 
Griffiu, Edward Knight, Peter Fredet, John Ran- 
daune, as also the very Rev. Father Tessier, former 
superior, who died at the seminary about twelve years 
after his withdrawal from the office. Among the stu- 
dents ordained whilst Fatlier Deloul governed the 
seminary were Revs. Peter S. Schreiber, John Baptist 
Gildea, Henry Benedict Coskery, Henry Myers, Ed- 
ward McColgan, William Starrs, John Donelan, 
James Dolan, Edgar Wadliams, Henry F. Parke, 
Thomas Foley, Francis Boyle, Michael Slattery, Jo- 
seph Maguire, Bernard J. McManus, William Par- 
sons, Charles C. Brennan, .John McNally, Stephen 
Hubert, and Peter Lenchan. Of these, E. Wadhams 
was a distinguished convert. Born at New York in 
1818, he graduated at Middleburg College, Vermont, 
twenty years later ; became a Protestant Episcojial 
minister in 1843, receiving orders from Rt. Rev. Dr. 
Onderdonk, Bishop of Western New York ; came to 
Baltimore in June, 1846, and entered the seminary ; 
made his profession of faith in St. Mary's Chapel, July' 
5, 1846, and was ordained Sept. 2, 1847. He still -sur- 
vives as the Bishop of Ogdensburgh, N. Y. Impaired 
liealth compelled Rev. Lewis Regis Deloul to sur- 
render his position in November, 1849, when he em- 
barked for France, where he died in 1855. He was 
succeeded as the superior of St. Mary's Seminary, in 
September, 1849, by Rev. Francis L'Homme. In 
1849, Rev. Gilbert Raymond, president of St. Mary's 
secular college, vacated the post, and Rev. Oliver 
.Jenkins, president of St. Charles', took charge also of j 
St. Mary's. Father D. E. Lyman, a Protestant Epis- 
copal minister of Maryland, embraced Catholicity, 
and became a priest at St. Mary's in 1850. Father 
A. Hewitt, another Protestant minister, subsequently 
entered the seminary, and was ordained. In 1851 
Archbishop Eccleston died, and in the following year 
Bishop Chanche, of Natchez. In the same year Rev. 
Francis A. Baker, the founder and first pastor of St. 
Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, Franklin Square, 
of which Rev. Dr. Rankin is the present rector, re- 
nounced Protestantism and joined the Catholic priest- 
hood. Rev. Father L'Homme died on the 27th of 
October, 1860, and was succeeded Ijy Rev. Joseph 
Paul Dubruel. 

In the mean time, however, the Catholic clergy of 
the city became sufficiently numerous to attend to 
the spiritual wants of their people; and as those cele- 
brated educators of youth, the Jesuit fathers, mani- 
fested a willingness to open a college in Baltimore, 
the Sulpicians thought they could, without prejudice 
to the community, limit tlieniselvcs to their own 



special line, the education of clergymen, which, more- 
over, owing to an increase of aspirants, now claimed 
their undivided attention. In consequence, St. Mary's 
College was closed in 1852, and parochial functions 
gradually ceased to be performed within its chapel 
walls. The college faculty, tutors, and other officers 
in 1851 were Rev. Oliver L. Jenkins, president; Rev. 
J. Paul Dubreul, vice-president; Rev. John B. Ran- 
daune. Rev. Pierre Fredet, Rev. Augustine Verot, 
Rev. Alexius J. Elder, Rev. Hugh F. Griffin, Rev. 
Jno. McNally, Jos. A. Pizarro, A. Freitag, J. Dough- 
erty, F. X. Leray, A. Leo Knott, Alp. Van Schal- 
kuyck, Jas. Carney, J. Walter, A. McDonnell, Jno. 
Farran, John Mulligan, James Doyle, Aug. Van 
Schalkuyck. C. E. Gephard, P. Kelly, and Henrj' A. 
Allen. 

On Jan. 2, 1856, Rev. Peter Fredet, the Professor 
of Hi.story, died, and in the same year the corner- 
stone of an addition to the seminary was laid by 
Archbishop* Kenrick. In April, 18.58, Rev. Augus- 
tine Verot, of the seminary, was consecrated Vicar- 
Apostolic of Florida, whither he repaired the next 
month. In September, 1864, Rev. John F. Hickey 
celebrated the fiftieth year of his ministry, which 
was followed by his death on Feb. 15, 1869, in his 
seventy-seventh year. He was born at Georgetown, 
D. C, in 1789, and on Sept. 24, 1814, was ordained 
to the priesthood. Rev. Father Alexius Joseph Elder 
died on Jan. 20, 1871, in the seventy-ninth year of 
his age. 

The corner-stone of the new and magnificent build- 
ing connected with St. Mary's Seminary was laid 
with impressive ceremonies by Archbishop Bayley 
on May 31, 1876. The ceremonies included a pro- 
cession of seventy seminarians, one hundred and sixty 
priests, nine bishops, and three archbishops. 

The main structure was completed and blessed on 
Feb. 11, 1878, all the church dignitaries present at 
the installation of Archbishop Gibbons on the previ- 
ous Sunday at the cathedral being in attendance. 
The pontifical mass was celebrated by Archbishop 
Gibbons, and the sermon delivered by Right Rev. 
George Conroy,.D.D. The new seminary buildings 
stand upon the site of the old, and the grounds which 
they occupy are bounded by Paca, Druid Hill Ave- 
nue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and St. Mary's Street. 
During 1881 the north and a portion of the centre 
wing was added, completing the original plan of the 
college, which now presents a front of three hundred 
and twenty feet. Rev. Dr. Joseph Paul Dubreul, Vicar- 
General of the Archdiocese of Maryland, and Superior 
of St. Mary's Seminary, died on April 20, 1878, and was 
succeeded by Rev. A. Magnien, S.S. Since the erec- 
tion and opening of the new seminary buildings on 
North Paca Street, in 1878, St. Mary's chapel has 
been exclusively devoted to seminary purposes. 

St. Mary's Seminary — also known as the Semi- 
naire de St. Sulpice— has ever held a prominent rank 
among the Catholic schools of divinity in this coun- 



FIRES AND FIEE COMPANIES. 



try. In 1828 it was elevated by the Holy See to the 
dignity of a university, with power to grant degrees 
in theology and canon law. The course of studies i 
embraces five years, two of which are devoted to I 
philosophy and the higher natural sciences, and the j 
rest to the study of the Scriptures, canon law, theol- 
ogy, and ecclesiastical history. None are admitted 
but such as study for the priesthood and have suc- 
cessfully passed through the collegiate course. The 
institution is conducted by Sulpician priests, forming 
a corporation under the legal name of the "Asso- 
ciated Professors of St. Mary's Seminary." The pres- 
ent head of the establishment is Dr. A. Magnien, as- 
sisted by an able corps of teachers formed in the best 
schools at home or abroad.' 

St. Catharine's Normal School.— On Thursday 
morning, March 11, 1875, Archbishop Bayley dedi- 
cated St. Catharine's Normal School, at the northeast 
corner of Harlem and Arlington Avenues, Father 
Myer, of the Immaculate Conception Church, assisting. 
The institution is in the charge of the Sisters of the 
Holy Cross, and is designed to educate young women 
as Catholic teachers. Previous to the inauguration of 
this institution there had been no school in the city 
for the education of Catholic teachers. ! 

The Male Free School of St. Peter's (Catholic) 
Church was established in December, 1817, and re- 
ceived an endowment from Charles Carroll of Carroll- 
ton. The number of pupils in attendance in January, ^ 
1820, was eighty. Archbishop Marfichal was presi- 
dent of the in.stitution, with Rev. E. Fenwick, John 
Parsons, John White, Abraham White, Jr., P. Tier- 
nan, John Sinnott, and D. Williamson, Jr., as di- 
rectors. 

Eaton & Burnett's Business College, northeast 
corner of Baltimore and Charles Streets, has long been 
known as one of the best institutions of its character 
in the country. It is the design of this college to 
educate young men for actual mercantile business iu 
all departments and phases. The principals and con- 
sulting accountants are Profs. A. H. Eaton and E. 
Burnett. The faculty consists of Profs. A. H. Eaton, 
E. Burnett, W. R. Glenn, Edward Otis Hinkley, A. 
E. Twiford, A.B., W. P. Rinehart, George W. Nach- 
man, Rev. R. G. Chaney, A.M., Charles L. Maas, 
Robert S. Holden, and S. Lauer. 

The Bryant, Stratton & Sadler's Business Col- 
lege, on North Charles Street, is an institution of 
similar character with the above, and has been em- 
inently successful. Like Eaton & Burnett's, it is con- 
sidered one of the very best business colleges in the 
United States. The faculty of the college is as fol- 
lows: Warren H. Sadler, president; William H.De- 
von, William A. Heitmueller, W. H. Patrick, Joseph 
H. Elliott, G. W. H. Carr, John K. Hopper, T. W. 
Jamison, William R. Will, R. E. Wright, J. H. 
Kunker, Jos6 De Lamar, William Carpenter. 



CHAPTER XXIL 

FIRE8 AND FIKE COMPANIES. 

The First Company— Tlie Bucket Brigade— The Uuited Fire Depart- 
ment—The Old Volunteer Companies— The Paid Department— Prom- 

No special regulations with reference to fires appear 
to have existed in Baltimore until 1747. On the 11th 
of July in that year an act was passed " for the en- 
largement of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County," 
and stimulated, doubtless, by local pride in the grow- 
ing importance of the place, the Assembly added a 
section bearing on this subject. By this section it 
was provided 



I See Loyola College, under head of St. Ignatius' Church. 



" that any inhahitants in the said town who shall after the first day of 
December next ensuing permit his, her, or their chimuoy to take fire so 
aa to blaze out at the top shall forfeit and pay the sum of ten shillings 
current money for every such offence ; and any person having a house 
in the said town with a chimney and in use, who shall not after the first 
said day of December keep a ladder high enough to extend to the top of 
the roof of such house, shall also forfeit and pay ten shillings current 

It would seem that the fine of teji shillings and the 
tall ladders combined served to keep down fires for a 
good many years, for it was not until 1760 that any 
further safeguards appear to have been considered 
necessary.' In that year a meeting was held for the 
purpose of considering the question of providing 
more effectually for the safety of property, but it was 
not until several years later that the first fire com- 
pany was formed and the first engine procured. 
Among the earliest engines, it is said, were two im- 
ported from Holland by Levi Hollingsworth, at the 
request of the townsfolk ; one of them, the " Dutch- 
man," was put in charge of the Mechanical Company, 
and the other, the " Tick-Tack," in charge of the 
Union. The works of the " Dutchman" consisted of 
two pumps made of sheet brass, and with a small sec- 
tion of sewed hose, and pipe, constituted the appa- 
ratus of the primitive companies for the extinguish- 
ment of fires. After the organization of the second 
company all anxiety on the subject of fire seems to 
have died away for a time, and the inhabitants of 
Baltimore Town appear to have imposed implicit re- 
liance in the protection and guardianship of those 
wonderful machines the "Dutchman" and the "Tick- 
Tack." In 1785, however, a third company {the 
Friendship) was formed, and from this time forward 
greater attention appears to have been paid to the 
protection of property from fire, public interest in the 
matter probably having been quickened by some dis- 
aster or danger from this source. At all events the 
inhabitants began to awake to the importance and 
necessity of greater precautions and more thorough 
organization, and on the 17th of March, 1787, a meet- 



- Annapolis had a fire-engine some years before this. The local chron- 
icles inform us that " on the 8th of May, 1755, there was landed at An- 
napolis for the use of the city a very fine engine made by Newsham and 
Ragg, No. 180O, which the inhabitants last year generously subscribed 
for. It throws water oue hundred and fifty-six feet perpendicular." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing was held at the house of Daniel Grant by the 
representatives of the Mechanical, Union, Friend- 
ship, and Mercantile fire companies, with Wra. Smith 
in the chair, and the following resolutions were 
adopted : 

*' Rt'Koh'ed^ That this coniiuittoe recoinnieiid to the inhabitants of this 
town that they put liglits in their windows in time of fire in the night, 
not only near where the fire is, but generally thronghont the town, for 
the convenience of those who are repairing to the fire." ' 

** Rcsohed, That it be recommended to every housekeeper, whore one 
of the family is not enrolled in some fire company, to provide as soon as 
possible two good leather buckets, marked with the owner's name, and 
that they send them to the place of fire immediately on the alarm being 



ompany appoint any number of men of 
en, wlio shall each be distinguished by a 
lose business it shall be to form lanes for 



"Resolved, That each fire 
their own company for lane- 
white staff eight fiet long, \ 
the purpose of handing the water. 

"Resolved, That each fire company appoint any number of men of 
their own company for property-men, who shall each be distinguished 
by having the crown of his hat painted white, and whose business it 
shall be to take charge of property to be removed in lime of fire." 

In accordance with these resolutions, ari act was 
passed by the Assembly on the 15th of May following 
" for the more efllctual remedy to extinguish fire in 
Baltimore Town." By this act every householder was 
required to keep two leather buckets hung up near the 
door of his house, and the commissioner of the town 
was authorized to dig wells and erect pumps on the 
sides of the streets. These famous "leather buckets," 
of which we hear so much, were used in conveying 
water to supply the engines, as hose and fire-plugs 
were not then in use. 

The attachment of the early inhabitants to the 
leather buckets seems to have been nearly as great as 
that of the poet to the "old oaken bucket that hung 
in the well," and if they were not regarded with 
quite so much sentiment, they were certainly made to 
render fully as valuable service. In those primitive 
times there were few or no idlers or mere spectators 
at fires. Long lines of people were formed to " hand 
along the buckets," and if the curious and idle at- 
tempted to pass, the cry echoed along the line, " Fall 
in ! fall in !" The resolutions adopted in 1787 do not 
appear to have been complied with as generally as 
was deemed desirable, for on the 24:th of November, 
1789, it was considered necessary by the companies to 
reiterate them, and to call the especial attention of 
the inhabitants to the " great inconvenience arising 
for want of water in the distressing time of fire." It 
was also resolved that 

t fire companies to meet all together, [ 

1 the first Monday in December next ! 

at three o'clock p.m., at the court-house, and at such other places and I 

times as may hereafter be agreed to, in order to try their engines and I 

exercise themselves, that they may be better enabled to act more in con- ' 
junction than they have hitherto done." 

Before 1790 the cry of "Fire!" was the only method j 



rapid locomotion on 



of warning the townspeople and procuring succor, but 
I in that year David Evans " erected an alarm" at the 
I court-house, which was favorably reported upon on 
the 2d of September by a committee of clock-makers 
consisting of George Levely, Elijah Evans, Gilbert 
I Bigger, Joseph Rice, and Standish Barry. Probably 
the first severe test of the efficiency of the companies 
j and the suflSciency of their precautions was had in 
I the fire of Dec. 4, 1796, which at one time threatened 
I with destruction the greater part of the town. The 
I fire broke out about four o'clock in the afternoon in a 
I frame building on the west side of Lig4(t Street oc- 
cupied as a shop by Dr. Goodwin, and Tm mediately 
, spread to the frame buildings of Messrs. Wilkinson & 
j Smith's cabinet manufactory on the south side, and the 
two three-story brick houses owned by Mr. Hawkins. 
On the north the flames communicated to the "mag- 
nificent structure" the Baltimore Academy and the 
I Methodist meeting-house. In spite of the utmost 
efl^orts of the firemen and citizens, it was found im- 
possible to save the six buildings on fire, and the 
j spread of the flames could only be prevented by par- 
tially demolishing the dwelling of Rev. Mr. Reid. 
"Mr. Bryden's 'Fountain Inn,' directly opposite, was 
with difliculty preserved by wetting the roof and 
spreading wet blankets by a gentleman traveler 
(Mr. Francis Charlton, of Yorktown, Va.) on a shed 
adjoining the inn, which was on fire several times 
previous to this experiment." Thoroughly alarmed by 
the recent danger, a meeting of citizens was promptly 
called, and a committee appointed " to consider and 
report to them such measures as may appear the best 
calculated at this juncture for the preservation of the 
town from fire and other calamities." On the 22d of 
December the committee reported and submitted the 
following resolutions for the consideration of their 
fellow-citizens : 

"First, Resolved, That there be a voluntary patrol of the citizens as 
long as the same may appear necessary, and that the town be divided 
into eight districts; that the citizens patrol in their respective districts; 
that there he three superintendents in each district, with authority to 
organize and regulate the patrol thereof; that the following be the super- 
intendents: For the First District, John P. Pleasants, William Jessop, 
John Stump: for the Second, John Strieker, David Poe, Joseph Thorn- 
burg; for thB TliinI, I'l.t... H..lliii:in, It.jl.rrt Smith, James McCannon ; 

for the Fell! Hi \i.y,,,i, M I. m ., - I ,.n Etting, Samuel HoUings- 

worth; fur ti, I , I .1' I mas Hollingsworth.and Paul 

Bentalou ; 1 -, , ,; , ii . i . ui- Frick, Englehard Yeiser; 

for the Seveulli, Jia iuml Luw sun, 1 iiuuiiis McElderrj , and John Macken- 
heimer; for the Eighth,. loseph Biays, Hezekiah Watere, and John Steel. 

"Second. Resolved, That, in consideration of the present alarming 
circumstances of the town, extraordinary vigilance be and the same is 
hereby recommended to the chief justice of the Baltimore County Court 
and his associates in order to carry into complete effect the provisions of 
the law respecting vagrants, vagabonds, and disorderly persons. 

" Tltird. liesolved. That it be and it is hereby recommended to the 
said chief justice and his associates to give without delay the most pointed 
instructions to the watchmen to bo particularly vigilant at this time in 
the observance of their duty. 

"Fourth. Resolved, That the several fire companies are requested to 
appoint a committee of three from each company, to assemble at James 
Bryden's tavern on Monday evening next at five o'clock, to digest some 
system that may tend to insure a regular uniform government of the 
time of fire ; and that it bo recommended to the several 
s to assemble on Satunlay evening next at such places as 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



they may respectively appoint for the purpose of appointing the said i 
committees. | 

'* Fifth. Rf.soh-ed, That it is hereby recommended to the citizens to 
have theU" chimneys swept every thirty days as by law directed.^ 

" Sixth. Reftolvedf Tiiat Jesse HolHngsworth, Robert Smith, and Alex- 
ander McKiui be and they are hereby appointed to tlie Maryland In- 
Burance Fire Company to issue a license or liL-enses for the sweeping of 
chimneys to any person or persons of good character that may apply 
for the same upon giving the security prescribed by law. | 

"Seventh. Resolnedy That it is hereby recommended to the special com 
missloners to put the law in force against all citizens who do not provide 
themselves with the number of buckets required by law, and it is further 
recommended that every housekeeper furnish himself with four good 
buckets, or a less number in proportion to his abilities. 

" E'ujhth. Resolved, That it be recommended to the special commis- 
sioners to cause to be establislied immediately a competent number of 
large good pumps in each street, the wells thereof to be deep and tpa- 
cious ; and it is earnestly recommended to the citizens to concur in the 
same by the requisite application therefor, and it is further recommended 
to the special commissioners to make the necessary repairs to the public 
pumps. 

" Ninth. Resolved, That it is recommended to the citizens of Baltimore 
to give information to some magistrate of any vagrant, vagabond, or 
• disorderly person that they may know to be within the limits of the 
town or the precincts. 

" Tenth. Resolved, That the practice of firing guns within the limits 
of the town is highly improper and dangerous, and it is recommended 
that magistrates take all necessary steps to prevent the same. 

" Eleventh. Resolved, That it be recommended to all masters and mis- 
tresses of slaves, servants, and apprentices not to sufler them to be from 
home after nine o'clock without leave in writing. 

" Twelfth. Resolved, That it be recommended that upon the alarm of 
fire all citizens ouglit, in going to the place of fire, to fill their buckets 
with water, and that all housekeepers put a sufficient number of candles 
in their windows to afford light to the citizens." 

Ill accordance with the suggestion made in these 
resolutions, a meeting of the committees of the vari- 
ous fire companies was held on the 28th of December 
"for the purpose of establishing a uniform system at 
times of fire." After a full interchange of views, the 
following resolutions were adopted : 



I the) 



" Resolved, That the axe-men, hook-men, and ladder-men of each fire 
company unite and elect their officers, who shall (in time of fire) com- 
mand them, under the instruction of the superintending directory, and 
that no person shall be suffered to interfere with the axe, hook, or ladder- 



1 One of the results of these recommendations was the passage of an 
ordinance on the 12th of December, 1798, requiring the sweeping of 
chimneys every four weeks when considered necessary by the superin- 
tendent of chimney-sweepei-8. This, however, was not the first legisla- 
tion on the subject, but the law does nut seem to have been very strictly 
observed. Another result of the alarm created by the fire of 179t> was 
the passage two years later of an ordin:ince repeating the provisions of 
the former act of Assembly, and requiring the occupier of every dwelling- 
house assessed at more than two hundred dollars to provide two well- 
made leather fire-buckets, which were to be *' kept in good repair" and 
"hung up near the front duor of the house." In case of the loss of the 
buckets the householder was required to replace them within one month, 
and all persons were forbidden to use them except in ■* handling water 
at the times of fire." It was further provided that the supeiintendent 
of chimney-sweepers in each district should from time to time examine 
the houses and buildings in their respective districts, and "see that they 
be properly furnished with buckets, and report all delinquents to the 
mayor." The same ordinance contained various other regulations, with 
reference to stoves and chimneys, looking to the prevention of fires. On 
the 11th of June, 1799, another ordinance was passed forbidding the 
erection of any more wooden buildings within certain limits, and im- 
posing a penalty of one hundred dollars for its violation, and a further 
penalty of twenty dollars per month until the removal of the building 
80 erected. 



men but their officers, under the control aforesaid, who will distinguish 
themselves I'y a badge. 

" Rewlved, That the directors shall consist of one member from each 
fire company, to be chosen by their several and respective companies, who 
will also distinguish themselves by a badge. 

" Resolved, That the property-men of each fire company unil e and elect 
their officers and make regulations to govern themselves in time of fire. 

" Resolved, That each fire company appoint lane-men, who shall be dis- 
tinguished by a staff, and whose duty it shall be in time of fire to form 
and regulate the lanes. 

"Resolved, That the following persons be and are hereby appointed a 
committee to call on the owners of property in their different districts for 
approbation to the special commissioners to dig wells and erect pumps in 
the public streets, etc., agreeably to act of Assembly in each case made 
and provided, viz.: 

" Fi ret, John Pleasants, Henry Stouffer, Ephraim Eobinson, Henry Wil- 
lis; Second, John Strieker, David Poe, John Mickle; Third, Robert Smith, 
Peter Hoffman, Jesse Hollingsworth; Fourth, Solomon Etting, Samuel 
HolHngsworth, William McCreery ; Fifth, Thomas Hollingsworth, Archi- 
bald Campbell, P. Bentalou ; Sixth, Engelhard Teiser, James Sterling, 
Peter Frick; Seventh, John Mackenheimer, Kichard Lawson, Charles 
Jessop, James Edwards; Eighth, John Steele, Dixon Brown, Job Smith. 
Patrick Bennett. 

'* Resolved, ThAt each fire company are requested to assemble on or 
before the first Tuesday in January next at the place tliey may appoint, 
for the purpose of carrying the foregoing into effect, and this committee 
meet the day following to receive their report." 

On the 16th of January, 1797, another meeting was 
held at Mr. Bryden's by the persons appointed to 
take charge of property necessary to be removed, 
when the following resolutions were adopted : 

" Resolved, That a captain and six assistants be appointed to command 
the whole of the property-men at fires; and that James Calhoun be ctL^ 
tain, and Hercules Courtnay, John Merryman, James Somer^-ille, Heni-y 
Schroeder, Ebenezer Finley. and Cyprian Weils the assistants. 

" Resolved, That eacli member wear at fires a hat with the crown painted 
white, and on the front thereof the following device: 



except the captain and assistants, who. in place of the numl^er, the former 
shall have the word ' captain,* and the latter * assistants,' to distinguish 
them from others; and that the secretary of each company be requested 
to furnish Mr. James Calhoun with an accurate list of the names of each 
property-man in their respective companies as soon as possible, to en- 
able him to inform each member of his number. 

" Resolved, That each member shall immediately furnish himself with 
a bag to contain not less than three bushels, with a running string at 
the mouth, and marked with the owner's name and number, which bag 
he shall take with him to all fires, and which at other times shall be 
placed near his buckets and make no other use of." 

On the 23d of the same month a meeting of the 
directors appointed by the different fire companies 
was held, when, under the favorite form of "resola- 
tions," the following system of regulations was 
adopted : 

*' First. R(^8olvfid, Ih&t there shall be appointed a president, who shall 
preside at all meetings and at all fires. 

"Second. Resolved, That Jesse Hollingsworth be and is hereby ai>- 
pointed the president. 

" Third. Resolved, Upon evei-y alarm of fire the directors instantly re- 
pair to the place of fire; and in order that they may without ditficulty 
distinguish one another, each director shall bear a staff with a small 
white flag. 

"Fonrth. Resolved, That in times of fire the directors continually m- 
main together, unless one or more of them be sent by the president to 
some other place for the purpose of making observations or for some 
other useful purpose. 

" Fiftfi. Rf solved. That upon all questions at the time of Are the sense 
of the majority of the directors present shall prevail. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



"Sixlh. Itaiohfil, That if at the time of a fire it shall appear to the 
directors expedient to remoTe a house or tlie roof of a bouse, or to do any 
other such act, the directions therefor shall without delay be communi- 
cated by the president, iu the presence of the directors, to the command- 
ing officers of the axe-men, hook-men, and ladder-meu. 

"Seventfi. Besoh-ed, That it be recommended to the axe-men, hook- 
men, and ladder-men to take their station at the time of files as near to 
the director} as tlie nature of the ground will admit, and the same retain, 
in order that the direction of the directors may from time to time 
without difficulty be communicated to the commanding officers of said 
company. 

" Eighth, liesoh-ed, That it be recommended to the axe-men, hook-men, 
and iadder-uien to furnish themselves immediately with axes, hooks, and 
ladders, and all other implemeuts necessary to the eflfectiug the Important 
objects of their respective appvnutments." 

The determination to adopt a regular system to be 
observed and carried out by all the companies, work- 
ing in combination and under one management, marks 
the first step towards the establishment of a united 
fire department. 

From the tone and character of the resolutions 
adopted at the meeting soon after the fire of Dec. 4, 
1796, it is evident that more than ordinary alarm had 
been created by that occurrence, and it was supposed 
to have been the work of an incendiary. It is, more- 
over, clear, from the appointment of citizens to patrol 
duty and other similar precautions, that there was 
at least a suspicion that the destruction of the city 
might be attemped by foreign emissaries. The trou- 
bles between this country and Great Britain, which 
finally culminated in the war of 1812, had already 
begun, and the wish had been more than once ex- 
pressed by English journals that Baltimore might be 
razed to the ground. Under these circumstances it 
was not unnatural that the apprehension indicated 
should have existed, and however ill-founded it may 
have been, there seems some reason to believe that it 
was entertained.' 

It would seem that until the year 1810, although 
small quantities of sewed hose had been used, no con- 
siderable quantity was carried to the fire ground, the 
usage being to place the engine in front of the fire 
and supply it with water by means of the leather 
buckets so often mentioned. The organization of the 
First Baltimore Hose Company in that year promised 
improvement in this particular, and the company had 
built a large hose-carriage on which to reel the hose, 
made of leather, and served over a pole. By reso- 
lution of the mayor and City Council, two inches in | 
diameter was established as the standard. The use of 
hose, however, was very limited until the year 1822, 
when the Patapsco Company was organized under the 
auspices of J. I. Cohen, Jr., who introduced a new 
style of building for fire company purposes, as well as j 
the use of riveted hose. The formation, equipment, | 
and management of all the properties of the Patapsco 
Company gave an impetus to the companies formed 
prior to it, and it was not long before all of them pur- 
chased riveted hose and two-wheel hose-carriages. 
New spouting-engines were built for the Mechanical, 



I the year 1803 a lottery was held for 



the Independent, and the Liberty, and throughout 
the city might be seen various new contrivances. 
The Deptford obtained a three-wheel reel, and the 
engine of the same company had attached to it a 
third pump to supply the others with water. Small 
cylinders were arranged on the side of the suction for 
hose, and the old rope-basket reel gave way to two- 
wheel reels. About this period Robert Holloway 
introduced the check-valve, and the fourteen com- 

j panics were equipped to attack any fire of less magni- 
tude than the one occurring on McElderry's wharf 
prior to this reformation, and which destroyed most 
of the property between the wharf and the Falls south 
of Pratt Street.- Although, as has been seen, a 
system of united action was adopted by the various 
companies in 1796, it was not until 1831 that any- 
thing like a regular association was formed by these 

I organizations. Inthat year the Baltimore Association 
of Firemen was organized, a constitution adopted, 

[ and the following ofiicers elected : 

George Baxley, president; Charles M. Keyser, first vice-presideut ; Wil- 
liam Houlton, second vice-president; John C. Reese, secretary; 
Samuel Wilson, treasurer. Standing Committee— Frederick S. Lit- 
tig, Columbian Fire Company ; Thomas D Stran, Deptford Fire 
Company; Charles Diffenderffer, Friendship Fire Company; Wil- 
liam Wickersham, Franklin Fire Company; John Watei-s, Howard 
Fire Company ; Joshua Turner, Independent Fire Company ; David 
Martin, Liberty Fire Company ; Thomas M. Locke, Mechanical Fire 
Company; SHumel Hess, New Market Fire Company; Menry Mantz, 
Union Fire Comi)any ; Daniel Dail, Vigilant Fire Company ; Jacob 
Baldeston, Washington Fire Company. 

The ofiicers of the Firemen's Association for 1833 
were as follows : 

George Baxley, of the New Market, president ; Charles M. Keyser, of 
the Liberty, first vice-president; William Houlton, of the Deptford, 
second vice-president ; Samuel W'ilson, of the Independent, treas- 
urer; Edward Needles, of the Washington, secretary. Standing 
Committee — John Glass, of the Columbian ; Charles Difienderfier, 
of the Friendship; Joshua Turi»;r, of the Independent; Joseph K. 
.Stapleton, of the Mechanical ; Thomas W. .lay, of the Union; Wil- 
liam Wickersham, of the Franklin; Thomas P. Stran, of the Dept- 
ford; John Waters, of the Howard; Joel 'Wrigbt, of the Liberty ; 
W. W. Keyser, of the New Market; Daniel Dail, of tlie Vigilant; 
E. E. Crane, of the Washington. 

In January, 1834, a Firemen's Convention was held, 
and it was determined to adopt new articles of asso- 
ciation, and to reorganize as the " Baltimore United 
Fire Department." Accordingly, on the 20th of the 
month the delegates from the several fire companies 

- The following is a list of the fire and hose companies existing in Bal- 
timore in January, 1S19, and the points at which they were stationed : 

Union, Hanover Street; Mechanical, Belvidere (now North) Street; 
Friendship, Frederick Street; Vigilant, Granby Street; New Market, 
Eut4iw Street; Liberty, Liberty Street; Independent, Bridge (now Gay) 
Street, O. T.; Deptfoi-d, Columbian, Fell's Point; First Baltimore Hose, 
McClellan's Alley; United Hose, Washington Hose, Sharp Street; Fell's 
Point Hose. Fell's Point; Franklin, Light Street. 

In 1829 there were fourteen fire companies, with twenty-nine engines 
and about sixteen thousand feet of hose, and about two thousand mem- 
bers. Many parts of the city being but poorly supplied with water, the 
members of some of the companies determined to ascertain whether by 
uniting their hose they would not be able to conduct the water to these 
points. The experiment resulted successfully, and proved that one 
supply-engine, with about sixteen men, could propel the water through 
a line of hose four thousand three hundred and fifty feet in length in 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



met at the city hall to organize the new association. 
Hon. Jesse Hunt presided, with Thomas M. Locke as 
.secretary, and by-laws and rules of order having been 
adopted, the organization was completed by the elec- 
tion of the following officers : 

Hon. Jesse Hunt, of the Washingtou, president; Charles M. Keyser, of 
the Liberty, first vice-president ; Tliomas P. Stran, of the Deptford, 
second vice-president ; Thomas M. Loclie, of the Mechanical, tliird 
vice-president ; Samuel Wilson, of the Independent, treasurer ; Fred- 
erick S. Littig, of the CoUimbian, secretary. Standing Committee — 
.T. K. Stapleton, S. S. Riter, and J. Needles, Mechanical ; Goddard j 
Raborg, J. Harvey, and Jesse B. Wright, Union; E. Mffenderffer, L. 
Holter, and C. S. Davis, Friendship ; R. D. Craggs, William Cornth- 
wait, and J. Miles, Deptford; Joel Wright, John Brannan, and Jas. i 
\. May, Liberty ; Hugh Bolton, John Rogers, and J. S. Turner, ! 
Independent; Daniel Dail, R. St. John Stewart, and John C. Pitt, 
Vigilant; A. W. Barnes, J. Kreager, and A. Martin, New Market; 
John Glass, John Henderson, and A. Hiissey, Columbian ; S. Keerl, 
J. R. Moore, and J. B. Tliomas, First Baltimore; John Smith, Fred- 
erick Seylor, and J. S. Hoffman, United ; W. Wickershani, John A. 
Kobb, and P. Cooney, Franklin; T. Watson, T. Gillingham, and C. 
W. Evans, Washington; J. I. Cohen, Jr., E. A.Warner, and R. 
Lewis, Patapsco; S. McClellan, John Waters, and W, P. Ponder, 
Howard. 

On the 10th of March, 1834, the association was in- 
corporated by the General Assembly as the Baltimore 
United Fire Department, with the following incor- 
porators : 

Thomas M. Locke, James Lovegrove, Joseph K. Dukehart, Joseph R. 
Stapleton, John Needles, Samuel S. Riley, and James McEIroy, as dele- 
gates for the Mechanical Fire Company ; Jesse B. Wright, Samuel Stump, 
Jr., William E. Kane, PhilipMuth, Jr., Joshua Harvey, Goddard Raborg, 
and Alexander Smith, as delegates for the Union Fire Company ; Dr. Mi- 
chael Diffenderffer, Dr. Charles S. Davis, John P. Miller, Charles Diffen- 
derffer, Lewis Holter, George Meyer, and Kinsey Fowble, as delegates for 
the Friendship Fire Company ; William Cornthwait, Joseph M. Miles, 
Carvel Conaway, Thomas Evans, Thomas P. Stran. Robert Craggs, and 
Henry Dundore, as delegates for the Deptford Fire Company ; Charles 
M. Keyser, Joel Wright, John Brannan, James A. May, David Ander- 
son, Samuel Rulon, and John Kummer, as delegates for the Liberty Fire 
Company ; John Rogers, Joseph Matthews, Dr. John L. Yeates, Hugti 
Bolton, Joseph Turner, Joseph L. Thomas, and Samuel Wilson, as 
delegates for the Independent Fii e Company ; Col. William Stewart, Dan- 
iel Dail, David Brown, Benjamin Buck, Robert St. John Stewart, William 
Reauy, and John C. Pitt, as delegates for the Vigilant Fire Company; 
William W. Keyser, Charies A. Schwatka, Henry W. Winters, A. W, 
Barnes, John Baldwin, Joseph Kreager, and Andrew Martin, as delegates 
for the New Market Fire Company ; Frederick S. Littig, John Hender- 
son, John Glass, Ashael Hussey of George, John Beacham, David Nicholl, 
and William Randall, as delegates for the Columbian Fire Company ; 
Samuel Keerl, John McKean, Jr., John R. Moore, Joseph B. Thomas, 
Daniel H. McPbail, James R. Gaskins, and George Booth, as delegates 
for the First Baltimore Hose Company; Frederick Seylor, John Rick- 
stine, John Smith, William Starr, G. W. Hynson, Joseph Walter, and Ja- 
cob V. Hoffman, as delegates for the L^nited Hose and Suction Engine 
Company; John A. Bobb, William Wickersham, Josepli Coppreice, Pat- 
rick Cooney, James Biaya, Ezekiel Dorsey, and Henry R. Landerman, as 
delegates for the Franklin Hose Company ; Jesse Hunt, John E. Reese, 
Edward Needles. Jacob Balderston, James Gillingham, Charles W. Evans, 
and Thomas Watson, as delegates for the Washington Hose Company ; J. 
I. Cohen, Jr., Andrew E. Warner, George H. Tucker, Thomas Shanley, 
Richard Lewis, James Arthur, and James H. Jones, as delegates for the 
Patapsco Fire Company; Samuel McClellan, John Waters, William P. 
Ponder, John Erhman, George Keyser, Alcaeus B. Wolf, and George 
Sauerwein, as delegates for the Howard Fire Company. 

The act of incorporation provided that each fire 
company should be represented in the department by 
seven delegates, and that there should be a board of 
select delegates composed of the first-named member 
of each delegation. The department was authorized 



to pass all by-laws which should be deemed necessary 
for the better regulation of the companies during their 
operations at fires, and was empowered to redress all 
grievances and settle all disputes between two or more 
of the companies, to enforce obedience to the by-laws, 
and to expel refractory members. It was further 
authorized to provide for the creation of a fund to be 
applied to the purpose of affording 

"relief or assistance, comfort, and support" to the members of fire com- 
panies in association with the department, " whose health or person 
should have sustained any injury in assisting at a fire or in performing 
any duty as a fireman, and in giving support or relief to the families of 
such members as should be unfortunately deprived of life or rendered 
incapable or less capable of laboring for their support by attending to 
bis duties as fireman." 

Liberal contributions were at once made to this 
fund by the citizens, and by May, 1835, it amounted 
to $11,094.08, and was invested in city 5's for the 
benefit of the association.^ Unfortunately, the rival- 
ries and jealousies of the various companies had 
resulted at a comparatively early period in scenes of 
riot and bloodshed, and in spite of the formation of 
the United Fire Department disorders and disturb- 
ances were of frequent occurrence between some of 
the organizations which composed it. 

"The alarm of fire," we are told, "sounded to the peaceful citizens as 
a war-whoop, and the scene of conflagration was the scene of riot, if not 
invariably of bloodshed. Gangs of disorderly blackguards, adopting the 
names of some of our fire companies, would marshal themselves under 
ringleaders, and, armed with bludgeons, knives, and even fire-arms, fight 
with each other like hordes of savages." 

The evil at length assumed such proportions that 
the Legislature found it necessary to interfere, and 
an act was passed on the 30th of March, 1838, "for 
the protection of firemen and the property -of the 
fire companies in the city of Baltimore." By this act 
the destruction or injury of the apparatus of any fire 
company was made a felony punishable by confine^ 
ment in the penitentiary for not less than two nor 
more than five years, and a penalty of fine and im- 
prisonment prescribed for assaults upon firemen while 
engaged in the discharge of their duty. It was also 
provided that the Standing Committee of the Balti- 
more United Fire Department and the presidents of 
the several fire companies should possess and exercise 
all the powers and jurisdiction of a justice of the 
peace " whilst attending at, going to, or returning 
from any fire." The disorders, however, did not ceaje, 
for in the following year further legislation on the 
same subject was obtained. In April, 1844, an ordi- 
nance was passed by the City Council making special 
appropriations for the various fire companies on con- 
dition that they should transfer their engine-houses 
and lots to the city, should exclude minors from mem- 
bership, and should confer authority on the president 



I On the 19th of November, 1838, a parade of the companies occurred, 
in which the following organizations participated: the Assistance Fire 
Company, of Philadelphia; Union Fire Company, of Washington; Me- 
chanical, Union, Friendship, Deptford, Liberty, Independent, Vigilant, 
New Market, Columbian, First Baltimore, United, Franklin, Washington, 
Patapsco, Howard, of Baltimore. Charles M. Keyser, chief marshal. 



242 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



to strike the names of unruly members from the roll. 
Officers and members were also required to use every 
effort to prevent breaches of the peace, and companies 
were made liable for damages " in case of altercation." 
The ordinance, moreover, provided for the appoint- 
ment of a superintendent of appropriations for fire 
companies, and prohibited the establishment of any 
more companies without the consent of the mayor 
and City Council.' In 1849 the city was divided into 
four fire wards or districts, and it was provided that 
the proper fire ward of each company should be that 
in which its engine-house was situated. By the re- 
port of the United Fire Department for 1851 it ap- 
pears that there were then seventeen companies in 
active service in the city, having twelve spouting- 
engines, twenty-seven suction-engines, thirty-nine 
hose-carriages, twenty-one thousand two hundred 
and fifty feet of hose, and two thousand four hundred 
members, one-third of whom were classified as active 
firemen. In 1854 the City Council committee on fire 
companies reported that there were then in active 
operation seventeen engines and two hook-and-lad- 
der companies, having fourteen spouting-eugines, 
twenty-seven suction-engines, forty hose-carriages, 
and nineteen thousand five hundred feet of hose, two- 
tliirds of which was in good order. Great opposi- 
tion was at first offered by the United Fire Depart- 
ment to the introduction of steam-engines, and several 
companies which had jjurchased them or had made 
arrangements for doing so were suspended by the 
dejiartment. Upon the establishment of the Paid 
Fire Department in 18-58, the Baltimore Fire De- 
partment was composed of twenty-two companies, 
three .steam-engine companies, seventeen hand-engine 
companies, and two hook-and-ladder companies, with 
about one thousand active members, and about two 
thousand honorary or contributing members. The 
system was voluntary, and the organization was sus- 
tained by an annual appropriation of eight hundred 
dollars to each of the companies and by contributions 
from insurance companies, business men, property j 
owners, and the members of the various companies. 
Each company was distinct and independent, and the | 
only persons receiving compensation for their services 
were the engineers and hostlers of the steam-engine [ 
companies. The United Fire Department, however, [ 
did not dissolve immediately upon the inauguration 
of the new system, and, although of course not con- 
tinuing in active service, maintained its organization 
for several years. In 1862, when it became evident 
that the organization must soon disband, application 
was made to the Legislature for such an amendment 

' The offlcore of the standing committee of the United Fire Depart- j 
niont for 1S44 were Joshua Vansant, cliairman ; S. S. Briggs, flint eubsti- ! 
tute; Samuel Kirk, secoud substitute; Edward :^Ittc)K-ll, tliiid ^ul'Sti- j 
tlite; James Young, secretary. The officers -I iIm I mt-.l I n. Dcparr- ] 
nient for 1845 were Thomas M. Locke, preM I : ^~ , il w ntson, ' 

first vice-president; David Irelan, second vic<.--i i I; i -i, J..lm 

Stewart, third vice-president; Hugh Boltun, d i^ui.i; .imi.^ Vi.iing, 
secretary. 



of the charter as would enable the department to dis- 
pose of the fund, amounting to about twenty thousand 
dollars, which had been accumulated under the pro- 
visions of the original act of incorporation for the 
benefit of disabled firemen and their families.^ The 
necessary legislation for this purpose was obtained 
from the General Assembly and the City Council in 
1865. The act of the Legislature was passed on the 
21st of March, 1865, and authorized the department 
to donate its properties and effects to the " Aged Men's 
Home" of Baltimore, to dissolve its organization and 
surrender its charter.' On the 4th of April the en- 
abling acts were accepted and the following committee 
appointed to carry out the wishes of the organization: 
Joshua Vausant, of the Liberty ; J. L. McPhail, of 
the J^irst Baltimore; James Young, Franklin ; Samuel 
M. Evans, Franklin; James G. Ramsey, Columbian; 
W. H. B. Fusselbaugh, Independent; Charles T. Hol- 
loway. Pioneer. The fund, amounting to $19,100.12, 
was donated on condition that the institution should 
receive free of charge at all times seven members of 
the old United Fire Department who might stand in 
need of its care. Before its dissolution the depart- 
ment authorized the establishment of a Board of Re- 
lief, which was empowered to nominate persons for 
admission to the Home. The Board of Relief was 
accordingly organized on the 29th of June, 1865, with 
Joshua Vansant as president ; Charles T. Holloway, 
vice-president; James Young, secretary ; and Hugh 
Bolton, trea.surer. On the evening of the 31st of July, 
1865, the members of the Baltimore Fire Department 
met at the City Hall for the last time, with Henry P. 
Duhurst, president, in the chair, and after receiving 
the report of Joshua Vansant, with relation to the 
provision made for the orphan children of Thomas 
Buckley, and the organization of the Board of Relief, 
adjourned sine die. In 1877 the Board of Relief was 
composed of the following members: 

Mechanical, John A. Needles; Union, Thomas U. Levering; Kriend- 
Bhip, David Duncan; Dcptford, Samuel M. Evans; Independent, George 
P. Kane; Colimil'iaii, .his.-ph H. Ao-luiin ; Nfw Jliirket, John T. Morris; 

Frauklin, Ivi> liii I 11 l.^iiv l'i..t i 1 Im,, I. ,ii,,l- [.adder Company, 

Charles T. II l i , , , \ uilant, Joseph H. 

Graveustiiit-; ! : : i I , i i i , i I'l nderick Achey; 

Wasliingt*-)!!, \\ ' -iiMin- I'.i! 1]-. . i, II im; Mm;, \\,,ii : Howard,Francis 
A. Miller; Watchman, J. .ho W, Havis; Lafayttle, Washington Hick- 
man; Mount Vernon, W. J. Nicholls; United States Hose, Joseph V. 
Baxter ; Western Hose, William Barrett ; Monumental Hose, George B. 
Chase. 

On the 1st of May, 1877, an association of the sur- 
viving members of the old Fire Department was or- 
ganized at the office of Charles T. Holloway. Among 
those present were former members of the Watchman, 
the Lafayette, the Monumental, the Pioneer Hook- 
and-Ladder, the Western Hose, and the United Hose 



liars had been dispensed by the associa- 
tion for this purpose during its existence. 

3 The committee appointed to memorialize the Legislature on the sub- 
ject consisted of Hon. Joshua Vansant, James L. McFhail. James G. 
Kamsey, James Young, W. H. B. Fusselbaugh, Samuel M. Kvane, and 
Charles T. Holloway. 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



243 



Companies. John Dukehart was elected president; 
Cliarles T. Holloway, vice-president; Fredericlc 
Achey, Sr., treasurer ; George B. Chase, secretary ; 
and John M. Hennick, member of the standing com- 
mittee.' 

Tlie abolition of the old department was not unat- 
tended with regret. For many years it had served 
the community faithfully without reward, and ren- 
dered valuable and important service. It had num- 
bered many brave and generous men in its organiza- 
tion, and could boast of many deeds of gallantry, 
self-sacrifice, and heroism. The old system, however, 
not only trained bold and expert firemen, but gave 
rise to evils of the greatest magnitude. The spirit of 
rivalry not only produced competition in battling 
with the flames, but led to constant disorders and 
breaches of the peace. Some of the engine-houses 
became hot-beds for the growth of lawlessness and 
depravity. Youth not controlled by parental restraint, 
as soon as the shades of night closed in, sought the 
engine-houses, where hours were spent in the rehearsal 
of deeds of violence and crime, the planning of at- 
tacks on rival companies, or in scheming for the ap- 
plication of the incendiary match without danger of 
detection. Nightly, however, their conversation 
would be interrupted by the alarm-bell, " which in 
a majority of instances only heralded the intelligence 
that the incendiary had been at work." The " ma- 
sheen" would go forth " amid hootings and bowlings, 
and the flames, fierce as they might be, would be as 
fiercely fought by the firemen, and when subdued, if 
not while they were still raging, the insulting taunt 
would be tlirown out, and tlien a wild scene of riot 
would follow. Some of the participants would be 
taken to the police-stations, while others, with bloody 
heads, returned to the engine-house to be the heroes 
of the next few hours." These riots were created and 
participated in by a certain class known as " hangers- 
on" and "runners." Many worthy citizens belonged 
to the companies, and exerted themselves to the utmost 
to prevent or check these evils. As has been truly 
said, 

"tile system had become a standing outrage. The spirit of rowdyism 
wliich had grown up under it, not satiafied with an occasional demon- 
stration at fires, turned to the highways, and assailed the inoffensive 
citizen as he walked to his home. Political feuds were added to com- 
pany fights, and the climax was an open warfare, not only as companies, 
but as individuals, and the sight of a member of a rival organization was 
the signal for an attack. Suggestion followed suggestion, and restric- 
tion followed restriction, in the vain hope that a remedy could be found 
for the evils without the destruction of the system." 

The old system was a power. It was no child's 
play to destroy an organization which the habits and 
needs of years had made a living thing, and Avhich 

1 It is stated in one of the historical sketches of the old department, 
read before the association by Mr. Dukehart, that the old volunteer or- 
ganizations played a conspicuous part in quelling the Bank of Maryland 
riot in 1835. They fearlessly put out the fire of rich furniture piled up 
in front of the Battle Monument, and mingling policy with courage, in- 
duced the rioters to abstain from interference by telling them that the 



fire\ 



uld inj 



was endeared to the people by acts of the noblest 
heroism. The advocates of the department could 
point to half a century's unpaid toil; to acts of 
bravery for which comparisons could scarce be found ; 
to deeds of daring which would have appalled the 
sternest warrior. All these deeds and all this half- 
century's toil had been given without reward, or at 
least none other than a knowledge that a whole com- 
munity was grateful. Tliey claimed for the members 
of the companies exemption from the charge of being 
riotous, and asked for protection against those who 
used the department for these disgraceful exhibitions. 
On the other hand, those who favored the change saw 
plainly the impossibility of separating the two ele- 
ments. Nothing but the destruction of the good and 
commendable part would eradicate the evils which 
all deplored. They conceded the historical facts, of 
which all were so proud, but at the same time pointed 
to the disgrace which was inseparably connected 
with the department. They asserted that a volunteer 
department and acts of lawlessness were concomi- 
tants. It became evident that nothing but the com- 
plete destruction of the volunteer system would secure 
the results desired. The ordinance creating the paid 
system was passed, and following close on its passage 
was its institution. The volunteer system retired. 
The engine-houses became places of mourning; the 
adherents of the system, chagrined at the cavalier 
manner in which they had been disposed of, met 
nightly to speak of the ingratitude of the people, re- 
count the valuable services which had been rendered, 
or recall the crowd of reminiscences which were the 
glory and honor of the department. All the deeds, 
which were to them as precious jewels, — the heroism 
which only ended in the sacrifice of life, the winter 
midnight scene, the generous rivalry to risk life and 
limb, the hours of toil, — all, all were poured into 
sympathizing ears. One after another of the martyrs 
who at the post of duty scorned danger and courted 
death were reverted to, and as the virtues and heroism 
of each were truthfully recounted, many an eye that 
had looked fiercely and defiantly on the glaring flame 
grew dim with a manly tear. But while these brave 
firemen were sincerely mourning for the destruction 
of a system which they loved for the good it had 
done and still could do, there was another class who 
were lamenting its demise for entirely different rea- 
sons. This class were those who styled the apparatus 
" de masheen /" who said " nah .'" and " yaas /" They 
regretted its destruction because they would have 
" tio more musses." They cursed a steam-engine as it 
passed them on the street, and called it a " lummix !" 
This class was severely grieved that they could not 
" bunk any more," and the wisest of them prophesied 
the failure of the system. Overcoming the few ob- 
stacles that were thrown in its way, the new system 
was inaugurated, and years have since elapsed. The 
results which have followed are the best encomiums 
which can be paid it. Instead of hearing the start- 



244 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ling alarm-bell at almost any hour of the night, send- 
ing forth notes of horror from its brazen throat, it is 
now seldom heard. The institution of the fire-alarm 
telegraph, which is the great auxiliary of the depart- 
ment, is another great blessing. The alarm comes 
noiselessly over the wires, telling its tale with unerr- 
ing accuracy, and is immediately followed by the ! 
measured stroke of the alarm-bells, giving the exact 
locality of the fire. At the first stroke of the signal- j 
box in the engine-house the firemen spring from I 
their places, rush to the horses, and in another mo- [ 
ment the harness is on, and the intelligent animals, I 
apparently eager to reach the scene of the fire, stalk 
unbidden to the apparatus. The match is applied, 
and in another instant they are on their way. No- 
thing is heard but the rumbling of the wheels of the 
engine and hose-carriages, the quick steps of the 
horses, and the occasional sharp whistle which is 
given en route to show that in five minutes and a 
half from the time the signal was received the 
engine was ready for work. In less time than it 
takes to recount the mode of procedure, on reaching 
the fire, the engines are at work. There are no loud 
words spoken, no hooting nor howling, and no 
street-fights. The same daring, the same heroism ; 
which characterized the volunteer firemen is dis- 
played by their successors. Tremendous streams of 
water are poured incessantly on the burning building, 
and as the angry flames burst out the fiat of the fire- 
man goes forth : " Thus far shalt thou go but no far- 
ther." Sinew and muscle will fail, the strength of 
men will grow to weakness, but the iron muscles and 
steel arms of the steam-engine are tireless, — no ex- 
ertion can exhaust them, no labor affect them. As 
soon as the fire is extinguished, the horses, apparatus, 
and men are returned to their places. Such is the 
practical working of the Baltimore Fire DeiJartment, 
— a model in every particular, a source of pride to 
our city, and a credit and honor to those who com- 
pose it. 

The Mechanical Fire Company, organized in | 
1763, was the first fire company established in Balti- i 
more, and was composed of the best citizens of the j 
town. From its origin until 1769 the primitive 
bucket brigade, with axes, ladders, and the rude 
implements common to the times, was the only agency 
for the extinguishment of fires. 

In the same year in which the Mechanical was : 
organized a lottery scheme was proposed for the 
purpose of raising the sum of five hundred and ten ' 
pounds, to be applied to completing the market-house, 
buying two fire-engines and leather buckets, enlarging I 
the town wharf and building a new one. The mana- 
gers of this lottery scheme were John Ridgely, Brian 
Philpot, John Smith, John Moale, John Plowman, 
Barnabas Hughes, James Sterett, William Lux, 
Andrew Buchanan, William Aisquith, Benjamin 
Rogers, Nicholas Jones, Mark Alexander, John 1 
H.irtv, and Melchoir Keener. It was known as "the 



Baltimore Fire-Engine and Wharf Lottery," and was 
drawn in the market-house on the 26th of December, 
1763. It does not, however, appear that the scheme 
was successful, for it is quite certain that an engine 
was not obtained until 1769, when David Shields, 
James Cox, Gerard Hopkins, George Lindenberger, 
John Deaver, and others, aided by a general subscrip- 
tion, obtained the requisite amount (ninety-nine 
pounds, or two hundred and sixty-four dollars), and 
purchased for this company the first engine ever used 
in Baltimore. As the population of the town in- 
creased other companies were organized. In Decem- 
ber, 1789, the Mechanical company issued a call to 
the Commercial, Friendship, and Union companies 
to meet at John Stark's tavern, the object being to 
put into execution some plan for procuring a greater 
supply of water in time of fire. This call was signed 
by David Shields and Adam Fonerden. The com- 
mittee of these companies met at the place designated 
December 18th, Jesse Hollinsworth in the chair. 
From the minutes of the meeting, signed by W. 
Jeffries, secretary, it appears committees were ap- 
pointed to apply to the citizens of the town to have 
wells and pumps sunk in such localities as were 
designated by special commissioners. The first list 
of officers and men composing the company, as consti- 
tuted in 1807, that we have been able to obtain is as 
follows : 

David Shields, president; ThomaB S. Slieppard, vice-president; P. E. 
Tlionias, secretary ; Wiliiara Riley, treasurer ; John Dulcehart, engineer; 
Jauiea Calhoun and John Sinclair, assistant engineers; Directors, 
David Shields, John Hagerty, Thomas S. Sheppard, Emanuel Kent, 
William Riley, Isaac Burnetson, Michael Diffenderffer, James Mosher, 
William Wilson, Thomas Ellicott; Lane-men, William Wood, Samuel 
G. Jones, Joseph Townsend, William Jones, John Cornthwait, John An- 
derson ; Property-men, John Fisher, John Nicholson, Philip Littig, 
Andrew Hauna, William Husband ; Axe-men, John Donaldson, Richard 
A. Shipley ; Managers of the Suction-Engine, Richard H. Jones, Noah 
Moffett, James Wainwright, William E. George; Snction-Engiue Men, 
John Ready, Thomas B. Baker, John Wilson, Hezekiah Niles, Benjamin 
Armitage, Abraham Long, John Frick ; Hose-men, John Kipp, John 
Jewitt, Joseph Husband, Amos Brown, Amos Allison, Gravenor M. Jef- 
fcris, Jacob Rogers; Engine Guards, William Ball, William Clemm, Jr., 
Jacob Norris, Samuel Hardan; Ladder-men, Benjamin Sands, David 
Smith, John Crane, Thomas D. McHenry; Public Bucket-men, William 
Baker, Jr., Joseph Smith, Edward Makall, John Compton. 

In 1812, Thomas S. Sheppard succeeded Mr. Shields 
as president. Among his successors were John R. 
Moore and Thomas M. Locke, the latter of whom was 
succeeded in 1853 by Francis H. B. Boyd. In 1855, 
John Dukehart, who had been and was afterwards a 
prominent member of the company, succeeded AVil- 
liam McKim as president. In 1828 the members of 
the company applied to the General Assembly for an 
act of incorporation, which was granted on the 7th of 
March. The incorporators were Dr. Thomas S. Shep- 
pard, Hezekiah Niles, Isaac N. Toy, William Baker, 
John Dukehart, Thomas M. Locke, James Wilson, 
James Mosher, Joseph Halbrook, Joseph K. Staple- 
ton, George Rogers, John Dukehart, Jr., William 
Gwinn Jones, and such others as were then or after- 
wards became members of the company. The act 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



245 



limited the property the company was authorized to 
hold to fifteen hundred dollars per annum, with all 
other rights appertaining to such a body corporate. 
In 1835 and 1836 the Mechanical Fire Company oc- 
cupied a building on North Street opposite Lexing- 
ton ; in 1837 the company purchased a spacious lot 
on Lexington Street adjoining the Law Buildings for 
the purpose of erecting on it a new fire-engine house, 
but it does not appear that this locality was utilized 
for that purpose, as they afterwards moved to No. 29 
South Calvert Street. In August, 1843, the company 
had five pieces of apparatus, consisting of one gallery 
engine, two suction-engines, and two hose-carriages. It 
was composed of two hundred and twenty active firemen 
and two hundred and eighty honorary members, and 
had fourteen hundred feet of serviceable hose. With 
a view of exciting and fostering among its members 
a desire for mental cultivation and improvement, cer- 
tain members of the Mechanical in 1840 formed them- 
selves into an association for the purpose of collecting 
a library of literary and scientific books, and of hold- 
ing stated meetings for the hearing of lectures and 
essays. On the 16th of March it was incorporated 
as " the Library Association of the Mechanical Fire 
Company," with the following incorporators : Hugh 
D. Evans, Thomas M. Locke, Folger Pope, Philip W. 
Lowry, Edward G. Starr, James Dunn Armstrong, 
John G. Proud, Jr., George H. McDowell, John Fur- 
long, Charles West, Lowry D. Lowry, and Israel 
Cohen. The inferior apparatus used by the Mechani- 
cal and other fire companies becoming inefficient, in 
1858 this company, as well as other companies, deter- 
mined to purchase a steam-engine light enough to be 
drawn by hand, and at a meeting on the 18th of Feb- 
ruary of that year it was concluded to appoint a com- 
mittee to solicit aid from the citizens to purchase one. 
The committee appointed consisted of Henry Spil- 
nian, J. S. Jenkins, John Dukehart, Charles West, 
J. A. Needles, and Samuel McPherson. On July 
27, 1858, the necessary funds having been obtained, 
the company contracted with Poole & Hunt, of this 
city, to build a steam fire-engine at a cost of $3750, 
guaranteed to throw an inch-and-a-quarter stream of 
water two hundred feet. On Feb. 12, 1859, the engine 
built by Messrs. Poole & Hunt at the works at Wood- 
berry was received by the company. The building 
committee who superintended its construction were 
Thomas J. Lovegrove, Henry Spilman, and J. Strieker 
Jenkins. This engine could be drawn by fifteen men, 
and was called the " Maryland." The old Mechani- 
cal fire-engine, better known as the " Old Lady," was 
sold to the United Fire Company of Frederick City 
in April, 1860. The Mechanical Company having 
been in existence ninety-five years, held its last annual 
meeting Jan. 6, 1859, and elected the following 
officers : Henry Spilman, president ; Samuel McPher- 
son, first vice-president ; Joseph P. Warner, second ; 
and John A. Needles, third; J. Strieker Jenkins^ 
treasurer; John D. Stewart, secretary; Henry P. 



Duhurst, chief engineer; John S. Hogg, Robert S. 
Wright, and Richard Dorsey, assistant engineers; 
delegates to the United Fire Department, Henry 
Spilman, Henry P. Duhurst, John Dukehart, John 
McGeoch, Joseph E. Warner, and Henry C. James. 
At this meeting John D. Stewart, the secretary, was 
presented with a pair of silver goblets in testimony 
of his long and faithful services to the company. On 
the 30th of November, 18.59, the old and efficient 
Mechanical Fire Company having been superseded 
by the pay department, closed its existence as a fire 
company, but it was determined that the old organi- 
zation should still continue, as it was in possession of 
a valuable library of over 3000 volumes. The com- 
pany continued its existence in a hall over the office 
of the Associated Fire Insurance Company, on South 
Street near Baltimore, until June 15, 1873, when it 
surrendered its charter. One hundred dollars had 
been deposited with the managers of the Baltimore 
Cemetery, the interest of which was to compensate 
the cemetery company for keeping the Mechanical 
Company's lot in order. Henry C. Duhurst, John D. 
Stewart, Henry Spilman, John A. Needles, and John 
Dukehart were appointed trustees to control the 
burial-lot, after which the company adjourned sine 
die, full of years of usefulness and eflicient and heroic 
labor for the protection of the lives and property of 
the citizens of Baltimore. After all the indebtedness 
had been paid, there was a balance of twelve hundred 
and thirty dollars on hand, which was turned over on 
Jan. 29, 1874, to the trustees of the Boys' Home.' 

The Union Fire Company was instituted in 1782, 
and was incorporated March 5, 1834, by the Legisla- 
ture, with the following incorporators : Charles Ker- 
nan, Thomas W. Levering, and Jesse B. Wright. In 
1843 the company owned four pieces of apparatus, — 
two suction-engines and two hose-carriages, with fifteen 
hundred feet of hose, — and consisted of one hundred 
and sixty active firemen. The engine-house was for a 
time at Hanover Market, but the company afterwards 
built a fire-engine house in Baltimore Street between 
Light and Charles Streets. In 1806 the officers were : 

Elisha Tyson, Peter Hoflfman, Jr., Luke Tiernau, Samuel Toner, Jacob 
3l3'er8, WaUer Simpson, John McKean, George Heide, Isaac Tyson, and 
Matthew Tyson, In 1817 they were Wm. Schroeder, president; Vice- 
Presidents, BeDJamin Ellicott, Peter Mason ; Elisba Tyson, Jr., secretary 
and treasurer; Directors, William Schroeder, Luke Tiernan, George 
Hoffman, Isaac Tyson, Jolin Levering, Benjamin Ellicott, Peter Mason, 
William Faltz ; Standing Committee, Wm. Scliroeder, Isaac Tyson, Ben- 
jamin Ellicott; Engineers, Baltis Branson, Wm. L. James, George Yel- 
lott, George Sumwalt, Jr., Josh. F. Batchelor; Engine-keeper, Peter 
Maurer. In 1844, William Hope was elected president; in 1846, William 
Hissey ; anil in 1846, Thomas W. Levering. 

In 1849 he was succeeded by William G. Middletou. 
In 1851, Charles A. McComas was president, and was 
succeeded in 1855 by Jacob T. Harmar, and in 1862 



1 The Mechanical Fire Company issued many curious notices. The 
following is taken from the minutes of the company in 1779 : *' In case 
any house shall take fire near to tliat of any member of this company, 
particular attention will be paid to that member's house before any 



246 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



A. C. N. Matthews became president. In March, 1835, 
an attempt was made to burn the engine-house, and 
in 1859 the company intending to disband, presented j 
the silverware belonging to it to the president, A. C. i 
N. Matthews. | 

The Friendship Fire Company was organized in 
1785. In 1805, at the regular annual meeting of the 
company, the following officers were elected : 

John Mackenheimer, president; Peter DiflFenderffer, vice-president; 
Baltzer Schaeffer, treasurer ; John Shiim, engineer; John Weatherburn, 
secretary; Director-General during tire, John Hillen; Lane-men, John 
Mackenheimer, Henry Dukehart, Baltzer Schaeffer, Walter Crook, Sam- 
uel Vincent, Wm. Smallwood, James Button, Daniel Diffenderffer ; 
Property-men, John Weatherburn, John Readell, Peter Diffenderffer, 
Frederick Prill, John Dickson, Joseph Haskins, Jr., John Schultze, and 
Jacob Myera. In 1817 the officers elected were as follows : John Hillen, 
president; Philip Uhler, vice-president; Baltzer Schaeffer, treasurer; 
Dickson B. Watts, secretary ; John Shrim, engineer and engine-keeper; 
Directors, John Hillen. Philip Uhler, John Mackenheimer, Baltzer 
Schaeffer, Wm. Jenkins, Christopher Raburg, Wm. Pekin, Frederick 
Leypold, Wm. Warner, Standish Barry, Peter Diffenderffer, John Wilson ; 
Property Guards, John Keadell, John Dixon, James Hutton, John Gross, 
James Harrison, Feli.v Weise; Engine Guards, Ackerman J. Young, 
James Carnaghau, Basil SoUers, John Howser, George Littig, Wm. Jones, 
Barney Struddehoff, Charles Cook, Godfried Meyers, Edward Jenkins, 
John Maydwell, Wm. Meeteer, John Franciscns, Thomas Warner ; Hose- 
men and Guards, D. B. Watts, Wm. Frim, John Finley, Alex. L. Boggs, 

B. Reynolds, Michael Weyer, Edward Priestly, Charles Bogge, Michael 
Diffenderffer, John Bradenbough, Sebastian Seltzer, George Franciscus, 
Ezekiel Mills, Thomas Lane, Charles Diffenderffer, Samuel McKiro, John 
S. Smith, Wm. Millese, Matthew Griffith, John L. Barry, Edward P. 
Roberts, Samuel Brown, Charles Singleton, Philip Reigart, Lewis Cross ; 
Standing Committee for 1S17, Wm. Peckin, James Caruaghan, Biisil Sol- 
lers, John Young, Samuel McKim. 

On the 5th of April, 1839, the company was char- 
tered with the following incorporators : Charles W. 
Karthaws, president of the company ; Frederick E. 
B. Hentze, vice-president; and Charles Difienderffer, 
Louis Holter, Thomas Trotten, John A. Difienderffer, 
Hugh Deralin, George W. Pryor, William Ward, 
William Higgins, William Croggs, and Richard 
Miller, directors. 

In 1843 the company owned four pieces of appa- 
ratus — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, two 
hose-carriages — and twelve hundred feet of hose. It 
was composed of one hundred and thirty active fire- 
men and sixty-one honorary members. The engine- 
house was located at No. 11 Frederick Street. At the 
annual election in January, 1845, the following offi- 
cers were returned for the year : Eli Hewitt, presi- 
dent; John Buchtar, vice-president; Richard Mason, 
treasurer ; William G. Warner, secretary ; Samuel 
W. Teal, engineer. In 1846 Daniel Sefer was elected 
president. The officers of the company for 1854 were : 
President, Samuel S. Mills ; Vice-President, William 
A. Warner; Treasurer, Patrick Reilly; Secretary, 
John T. Maguire ; Chief Engineer, E. Hyett. The 
engine-house of the company was destroyed by fire in 
1856, leaving nothing but the bare walls. The com- 
pany made a futile eflfort to obtain funds to rebuild it, 
and were compelled to resort to the expedient of 
propping up the walls of the old building, covering 
it with common boards, and planking up the windows, 
making the best iirovisioii uiultr llic circiniistiinccs 



for the protection of their apparatus. In 1857, Robert 
Knight was elected president, with John B. Carroll, 
vice-president; Patrick Reilly, treasurer; William 
Smith, secretary; and William Aldercise, chief engi- 
neer. James W. Goodrich was the president of the 
company in 1860, and in 1861 the following gentle- 
men were elected officers: Erasmus Uhler, president ; 
William J. High, vice-president; P. Reilly, treas- 
urer ; H. R. Eisenbrand, secretary ; Thomas Wiley, 
engineer; delegates to the Baltimore United Fire 
Department, David Duncan, H. P. Horton, Thomas 
Goodrick, H. E. Eisenbrand, Erasmus Uhler, Joseph 
Stevens, G. W. Goodrick. In 1865, D. Duncan suc- 
ceeded Mr. Uhler as president. 

The Deptford Fire Company was instituted in 
1792, and was chartered by the Legislature Jan. 24, 
1843, with the following incorporators : John Dutton, 
president ; D. S. Monsarat and Caleb Merritt, vice- 
presidents ; and John W. Williams, Oliver Andoun, 
Thomas F. Frazier, and Robert Read. In 1843 the 
company owned one gallery-engine, one suction-en- 
gine, with one thousand feet of hose, and was com- 
posed of two hundred and thirty active firemen and 
thirty honorary members. The engine-house was 
situated at the northeast corner of Market (now 
Broadway) and Fleet Streets, Fell's Point, until they 
built (in 1843-44) a new engine-house at the corner 
of Strawberry Alley (now Dallas Street) and Gough 
Streets, which was burned in the absence of the com- 
pany at a fire. In 1854 the company erected a new 
building on the site of the one burned. The latter 
building was sold at sheriffs sale in 1855 to satisfy a 
judgment in the Superior Court of Baltimore City in 
fiivor of Thomas W. Binyon. It was purchased by 
George W. Buck for nineteen hundred and twenty- 
five dollars. The original cost of the building was 
six thousand dollars, four thousand dollars of which 
was donated by the City Council. At an annual 
meeting in 1806 the following officers were elected : 

Joseph Biays, president; Job Smith, treasurer; John Neilson, John 
Lee, and Chas. Feinour, trustees and pipe-men; James Hammond, secre- 
tary ; Directoi-8, Wm. Trimble, Hezekiah Waters, Thomas Cole, James 
Biays, David Burke, James H. Clarke, Wm. Mundle, Wm. Daneson, 
Thomas Cockrill, Edward Hegthorp ; Lane-men, Job Smith, Job n Snyder, 
Thomas Tenant, Win. Jackson ; Property-men, John Fitz, Wm. Wilson, 
James Hammond, Thos. C. Morris, George Waters, Richard Waters, and ■ 
John Wheeler ; Property Guards, Joseph Clark, Dietrich Babb, William 
Etchberger, Thomas Beague ; Ladder-men, John Roach, Athanasius 
Moore, Levi Glandye, Peter Peduzi; Axe-men, Henry Neighbors, George 
Wilson, Edward Dickinson, John Sabel ; Hook-men, James B. Graham, 
James Pilch, Thomas Kirk, Jesse Wheeler. 

In 1811, William Trimble was elected president, 
and in 1817 David Burk was president, succeeded in 
1823 by James Clarke. In 1844 the following were 

the officers of the company : Samuel , president, 

Caleb Merrett, first vice-president ; Charles Tyte, sec- 
ond; 0.scar Monsarat, treasurer; and Thomas Tru- 
man, secretary. In 1849 William Stran was presi- 
dent, succeeded in 1851 by William H. Shelly, and 
in 1852 by Nicholiis Lyiu-li, who in 1856 was suc- 
ceeded bv Gforgf W. Buck, and in l.S.")9 by Samuel 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



247 



M. Evans, who served until 1865. When the steam | 
fire-engines superseded the hand-engine, Baltimore . 
City came into possession of the gallery-engine of the j 
Deptford company. It was a first-class piece of ma- { 
chinery, and was afterwards sold by the comptroller j 
to the Independent Hose Company of Frederick City 
for four hundred and fifty dollars, one-fourth of its 
original cost. In 18.'59 the new suction-engine of the 
Deptford company, which was built by Messrs. John 
Rogers & Son, of Baltimore, was sold to a fire com- 
pany in Philadelphia for six hundred dollars. I 
The Liberty Fire Company was organized in 1794, i 
and chartered on tlie 11th of February, 1818, with j 
Wm. Jessop as incorporator. The act of incorpora- 
tion empowered William Jessop, Ephraim Robinson, 
and George Decker to hold in trust for the company 
a lot of ground conveyed by John Eager Howard for 
the use of the company. This lot was of triangular 
shape, and upon it the engine-house was subsequently 
erected. It was situated about the centre of the broad 
space at present formed by the junction of Fayette, 
Liberty, and Park Streets, and in what is now the bed 
of the street. The company in 1843 had four pieces 
of apparatus — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, \ 
and two hose-carriages — and fourteen hundred feet of j 
hose. The company was composed of one hundred and 
thirty active firemen and sixty-five honorary mem- 
bers. In 1807 the officere were: 

William Jessop, president ; Rev. Francis Beeston, vice-president; Basil 
S. Elder, secretary ; George Wall, treasurer; Jacob Watt, engine-keeper; 
John Lyetb, notice-server; Directors, John Marsh, James Gillingham, 
Jesse Slinglnff, Samuel Lyeth, Sr,, James Thompson, Abraham Jesso]), ! 
Frederick Grapevine, George Decker, William Jones, Edward J. Coale ; 
Engineers, Jacob Wall, J. Lewis Wampler, John Lyeth ; Engine Guard, 
Thomas Mummey, Elie Hewitt, D. Fahnestock, John Whitelock, George 
Thornburgb, Jacob Adams ; Removers of Property, Joseph Hook, George I 
Peters, Frederick Sumwalt, John Walsh, Thomas Whelan, Adam Den- j 
mead ; Property-men, Benjamin Fowler, Wm. R. Smith, Henry Beckly, [ 
George Reinicker; Ladder-men, John Inglis, John McKinnell, Wm. 
Strebeck, Charles Avisse, John Bausman, Jacob Stiiuffer; Hook-men, 
Reynolds K nox, David Harner, Abraham Larew, Henry Shamberg, Jacob ' 
Fowble, Benjamin Morsel ; Axe-men, Adam Alter, Anthony Law, Rezin 
White; Lane-men, Littleton Holland, John Roberts, Isaac McPhersou, 
David Whelan, Daniel Hoffman, Leonard Wheeler; Hose-men, George 
Wall, Henry Johnson, Samuel Lyetb, Jr., Stephen Grove, B. S. Elder, 
George Maris ; Key-keepers, John Marsh, Jacob Wall, Wm. Jessop, Beiy. 

In 1810 a lottery scheme was proposed for the 
purpose of building an engine-house, with William 
Jessop, George Decker, Abram Denmead, James 
Thompson, J. Lewis Wampler, and George Wall as ' 
directors, and at the drawing, April 20th, the sum of 
six thousand and two dollars was realized for the pur- j 
pose. In 1848 the Hon. Joshua Vansant was elected i 
president of the company, and occupied that position 
until 1853, when he was succeeded by S. A. Bixter, j 
who was followed in 1854 by Arnold Shultz. Mr. ' 
Shultz was succeeded in 1855 by George W. Arnold, 
who was again elected in 1857. In 18.59 he was sue- j 
ceeded by F. H. Kelly, with Vice-Presidents, G. J. \ 
Roche, Joseph F. Schweitzer, and Arnold Schultz ; I 
Secretary, J. G. Anderson ; Treasurer, Joseph Rogers; 
Chief Engineer, J. S. Schweitzer ; Delegates to the 



Baltimore United Fire Department, G. J. Roche, 
John S. Schweitzer, F. H. Kelley, Jos. F. Schweitzer, 
Joshua Vansant, John Webster, and W. T. Jones. 
On the 25th of March, 1835, the engine-house of the 
company was discovered to be on fire, which was ex- 
tinguished. The engine-house, which was one of the 
old landmarks of Baltimore, was sold and removed in 
April, 1867. It was a building of marked note in the 
city, located in a central place, and many meetings of 
importance were held within its walls. In 1860, dur- 
ing the great excitement immediately preceding the 
civil war, a palmetto flag was displayed from its steeple, 
and one of the first meeetings of Southern sympa- 
thizers was held there for the purpose of enrolling 
volunteers. Great excitement prevailed, and a large 
body of police, under the command of Marshal Gif- 
ford, were stationed around and about the building. 
William H. Cowan presided over the meeting, at 
which conservative but independent resolutions were 
passed. Speeches were made by Frank Brooke and 
J. Klassen, and over a hundred names were added to 
the list of Southern volunteers. 

The Independent Fire Company was organized 
in January, 1799, as tlie Federal Fire Company. Du- 
ring the earlier years of its history its meetings were 
held at the house of James Renshaw, who was one 
of the first and most prominent members of the or- 
ganization. At a meeting held at his house on the 
7th of January, 1799, James Edwards was elected 
moderator; John Dalrymple, treasurer; Thomas 
Foxall, secretary; John Brown, engineer; Lewis 
Miller, assistant engineer; and William Brown, Ros- 
siter Scott, Peter Bond, and John Dalrymple were 
appointed staff-men. At the annual meeting in Jan- 
uary, 1801, Richard Colvin was elected secretary; 
David Wilson, Samuel Matthews, Arthur Mitchell, 
place-men of the engine; and William Brown, Ros- 
siter Scott, Peter Bond, and John Dougherty, staft- 
men. The officers for 1802 were William Brown, 
moderator; John Dalrymple, treasurer; Lavallin 
Barry, secretary. For several years the engine and 
apparatus of the company occupied free of rent a 
building belonging to James Brown, one of the 
members, but in 1802 a committee consisting of 
Peter Bond, John Dougherty, and Jacob Stansbury 
was appointed to consider the subject of providing 
proper accommodations for the company. On the 
20th of July the committee reported " that they found 
by an ordinance of the City Council that the mayor 
was authorized to purchase for the use of the fire 
companies of the city a lot or lots whereon to erect 
houses for the safe keeping of their engines. Agree- 
able to said ordinance they called on the mayor, and 
he agreed to purchase, and has purchased, of Mr. Pat- 
rick Mullen ground for that purpose, and had a deed 
to the city for the use of this company." 

The committee was continued, and was empowered 
"to have erected on the same lot purchased of Mr. 
Mullen a brick building, as large and convenient as 



248 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



possible, situated as they may think best, and that 
they, or either of them, draw on our treasurer for 
that purpose to the amount of one hundred and thirty 
dollars." At the next meeting, on the 6th of Sep- 
tember, the committee reported the completion of the 
building, and the engine was immediately removed 
to its new quarters. The annual meeting on the 5th 
of January, 1807, was held at the house of Mr. 
Gorsuch, when Peter Bond was elected moderator; 
John Dougherty, treasurer ; Lavallin Barry, sec- 
retary ; Thomas Matthews, engineer; and Samuel 
House, assistant engineer. 

On the 3d of December, 1810, the quarterly meet- 
ing was held at the house of John Hicks, when the 
following preamble and resolution were offered by 
Hugh Balderston : 

" Whereas^ It is conceived that it would promote the real good of this 
company to change the name by which we are distinguished, not that we, 
the present members thereof, feel the least hesitation or difliculty in do- 
ing all in our power to promote the object of our associating together, 
but viewing it altogether unimportant by what name we are known, so 
that we attain the good object in view, our own security, and the assist- 
ance of our fellow-citizens when in danger from fire; with this view 
and under these considerations it is 

"Resolved, That the Federal Fire Company be hereafter known and 
distinguished by the name of the Independent, and to meet the expense 
incidental to changing the name it la determined that each member, now 
and until it be otherwise determined, pay his quarterage." 

The resolution was adopted, and Hugh Balderston, 
Samuel House, Jacob Lafetra, and Arthur Mitchell 
were appointed to have the necessary alterations 
made in the labels, etc. The meetings of the com- 
pany at this period were held at the house of John 
Hicks, and on the 7th of January, 1811, the first 
annual meeting occurred after the change of name, 
and the following persons were chosen officers for the 
ensuing year : Peter Bond, moderator ; David Wilson, 
treasurer; Lavallin Barry, secretary ; Arthur Mitch- 
ell, engineer; and Elijah Hutton, assistant engineer. 
At a special meeting of the Independent Company, 
on the 1st of May, 1813, it was resolved " that a com- 
mittee of four be appointed to call personally on the 
citizens of the Sixth Ward and eastern precincts, and 
request them to repair to the engine-house at all calls 
of fire, in order to assist the company in the use of 
the engine, as many members are absent on military 
duty." During the same year a contract was made 
with Joseph Shaw to build the company a suction 
fire-engine, not to cost more than seven hundred and 
fifty dollars. At the quarterly meeting on the 6th 
of June, 1814, "the committee for our suction" re- 
ported " that, agreeable to the request of the company 
at last quarterly meeting, they waited on Joseph Shaw, 
and informed him that the company was disposed to 
take the suction provided he would finish her by the 
time proposed." They added " that he has her now 
in a state of forwardness, but not ready to deliver." 
The committee was continued, " and requested to act 
with him respecting her, agreeable to former con- 
tract." At this meeting the company was presented 
with a fire-bell by some of the members, '' which was 



accepted, and ordered to be aflSxed to the engine- 
house or as convenient as possible to give alarm at 
time of fire." At the annual meeting in 1817 "it 
was represented to the company by Samuel House 
that the Legislature had passed a law vesting the title 
of part of Fusselback's lot in Bridge Street in the 
mayor and City Council for the use of the Independ- 
ent Fire Company. The question was asked. Shall 
we accept of it? and agreed to, and Samuel House, 
Joshua Mott, Nicholas Burk, John Smith, Thomas 
Matthews, Henry Hardesty, and William Stansbury 
were appointed a committee to make the necessary 
arrangements for improving the said ground, first 
having ascertained that the funds are provided, and 
that there are no legal obstacles to the company's 
occupying the same." Some difficulty was experi- 
enced, however, in obtaining possession of the lot, 
and at the quarterly meeting in March, 1818, Thomas 
Plienix, William Brown, William Stansbury, Samuel 
House, and James Taylor were appointed " to pre- 
pare and present to the mayor and City Council a 
memorial representing the necessity of this company 
being provided with a suitable lot of ground whereon 
to erect an engine-house, stating in said memorial the 
advantages attached to the lot at the junction of 
Bridge (Gay) and Harford Streets for that purpose, 
and for the accommodation of this company." At 
the succeeding meeting in June the committee 
reported 

" that from observation and inquiry they found it would be unavailing 
to petition the mayor and City Council to take possession of the property 
on the terms prescribed by the General Assembly of Maryland at the 
last session, without some exertion on their part to raise a sum equiva- 
lent to the value of the property required for the use of the company. 
Your committee therefore waited upon the citizens with a subscription- 
paper lor the purpose of raising such money as in their opinion would 
be required to induce the corporation to take possession of the property 
above mentioned, and are happy to add, succeeded beyond their most 
sanguine expectations. Your committee furthermore report that they 
paid into the city treaisury on the 1st of May the sum of one thousand 
dollars, being their proportion of the expense attending the purchase of 
the lot, and that by ordinance of the City Council the property not re- 
quired for widening the street is held by the city for the use of the In- 
dependent Fire Company." 

The committee was enlarged by the addition of 
Rossiter Scott and William Lafl'erty, who were di- 
rected to dispose of the old engine-house, and to 
build the new one at the intersection of Bridge and 
Harford Streets. The new engine-house was probably 
erected during the following year, for at the Septem- 
ber meeting in 1819 "the building committee were 
continued, and requested to report to the next meeting 
the cost of our engine-house and the amount of money 
received and paid by them for that purpose." From 
the minutes of the same meeting it appears that the 
company rented "the upstairs room" of the engine- 
house " for one year at one hundred dollars" to 
Philip Smith for a day school, "reserving to them- 
selvas the privilege of holding their company meet- 
ings in said room, they providing their own firewood, 
candles, etc. ; also the use of the room to the Female 
Sunday-school, on the lime sjiecified to the female 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



249 



teachers of said Sunday-school." Mr. Smith also 
agreed to " have the school-room cleaned out every 
Saturday evening, and to repair all damages done to 
the engine-house by himself or scholars."- In 1819 
the officers elected were as follows : 

James Taylor, preaident; William Stansbury, treasurer; Hugh Bal- 
derston, secretary; Benjamin Chandler, engineer; Robert HoUoway, 
assistant engineer; Directors, D'. L. Thomas, Joshua Turner, Rossiter 
Scott, Lambert Thomas, John M. Smith, Richard Summerville ; Lane- 
men, Henry Pennington, Arthur Mitchell, William Lafferty, Larkin 
Read, Thomas Phenix, James C. Dew, John Haslam ; Directors of Suc- 
tion, William Stansbury, Jacob Lafetra, Jonathan Fitch, William Parish, 
James Allen ; Hose-pipe Men, Samuel Wilson, George Stever, Timothy 
Richards; Hose-men, Elijah Hutton, Joshua Mott, Israel Price, Henry 
Andei-aon, John Mott, Martin Bower, Jr., Larkin Cox, Winston D. Smith, 
Martin Eichelberger, John Brooks, William Espey, Robert Taylor, 
Ennion Hnssoy, Frederick Ellender, Elijah Glenn, Francis Youuker, 
David Baker, Thomas P. Levy. Thomas B. Watts, Richard Snyder, 
James Armstrong, John Araos, Nicholas Smith, Samuel Matthews; 
Managers of Suction, Thomas Kelso, William Bandle, Joseph Taylor, 
William Brooks, James Sykes, John Curlett, Gideon Fitch, Solomon 
Stackers, Joshua Matthews, Pctei; Swart?.; Water-men, Henry Long, 
Joshua Gorsuch; Hook-and-Ladder Men, Greenberry Phelps, John 
Hicks; Axe-men, John Kii-by, Joseph Cloddis; Key-men, Benjamin 
Chandler, William Lafferty, Richard Summerville; Notice-server, John 
Mott; Standing Committee, Thomas Kelso, Eli Baldereton, James Tay- 
lor, William Stansbury, Rossiter Scott. * 

In 1822, Joshua Turner succeeded James Taylor 
as president of the company. The company was 
chartered by the Tjegislature on the 5th of February, 
1827, with James Clark, president at the time, and 
the members thereof as incorporators. In 184.3 the 
company owned five pieces of apparatus — one gallery- 
engine, two suction-engines, two hose-carriages, — and 
twelve hundred feet of hose, and consisted of three 
hundred and fifty active members and fifty honorary 
members. 

The election of ofiicers at the annual meeting of 
the company in 1844 resulted as follows : Dr. John 
L. Yates, president; Augustus P. Shutt, vice-presi- 
dent; William M. Richardson, secretary; and Hugh 
Bolton, treasurer. In 1845 these officers were suc- 
ceeded by Maj. James O'Law as president; George 
P.Kane, vice-president; and Hugh Bolton, treasurer. 
During a disgraceful riot at a fire on Gough Street, 
in the latter year, some persons unknown took pos- 
session of tlie suction-engine of the company, ran 
away with it, and threw it into Harford Run, injuring 
it considerably. In 1848, Samuel Kirk was elected 
president ; George P. Kane, vice-president ; Evan M. 
Forinan, secretary ; Hugh Bolton, treasurer ; Robert 
Holloway, engineer. Dr. David O'Keefe succeeded 
Samuel Kirk as president in 1849. In 18.53 the com- 
pany moved their apparatus from an old shed on 
High Street to the commodious building erected by 
them on the corner of Gay and Ensor Streets ; the 
building, however, was not entirely completed until 
18.54. The structure, with its high campanile or tower, 
was one of the handsomest in Oldtown, was three 
stories high, with all the conveniences necessary for the 
purposes of an engine-house, but the campanile formed 
the principal feature of its architectural beauty, being 
one hundred and three feet in height, with a base seven- 



teen feet square. It was Gothic in style, and was built 
from the design and under the supervision of»Rea.son 
& Wetheall, architects. In 18.55 the officers of the 
company were Jacob Green, president; William 
W. Turner, first vice-president; and John Rogers, 
second vice-president ; W. H. B. Fusselbaugh, secre- 
tary; Hugh Bolton, treasurer; and Robert Holloway, 
chief engineer. In 1858, Jacob Green resigned as pres- 
ident, and after an exciting contest Samuel Hanna was 
elected to fill the vacancy. The Board of Fire Com- 
missioners of Baltimore in 1859 purchased the com ■ 
pany's engine-house for eight thousand dollars, the 
city having a lien on the building for five thousand 
dollars. The Independent still kept up their or- 
ganization after the old system had been superseded 
by the Paid Fire Department, and in 1860 elected the 
following gentlemen officers of the company : Presi- 
dent, Samuel Hanna ; Vice-President, William H. H. 
Turner ; Secretary, John S. Fusselbaugh ; Treasurer, 
Hugh Bolton; Engineer, Robert Holloway; Delegates 
to Baltimore United Fire Department, Hugh Bolton, 
Samuel Hanna, William H. B. Fusselbaugh, James 
H. Stone, John S. Fusselbaugh, William H. Powell, 
J. A. Steigelman. The same officers, with few ex- 
ceptions, were annually elected until 1865. 

The Vigilant Fire Company.— On the 18th of 
January, 1804, a number of citizens of the Seventh 
Ward of Baltimore City met at Josiah Stephenson's 
to concert measures to organize a fire company. A 
subscription was taken up to aid in the purchase of 
an engine, and two hundred dollars were subscribed 
on the spot, but fearing sufficient funds could not be 
obtained in the ward, it was resolved to appoint a com- 
mittee to .solicit subscriptions throughout the city. 
The following gentlemen were appointed a committee 
for that purpose: East of Jones' Falls, Edward John- 
son, Robert Stewart, and Ludwig Herring; west of 
the Falls, Cumberland Dugan, Thomas McElderry. 
Andrew Buchanan presided at this meeting of or; 
ganization, with David Brown, secretary. At an 
annual meeting of the Vigilant Fire Company, held 
1 Jan. 17, 1817, the following gentlemen were elected 
j officers: 

I William Stewart, president; David Brown, treasurer; W. H. Winstan- 
ley, secretary ; Robert St. John Stewart, engineer; George Coulson, as- 
sistant ; Directors, John Trimble, Frederick Schaeffer, Thomas Boyle, 
John Diffenderffer, William McConkey, Ephriam Smith, William Stew- 
art, William Robinson, L. P. Barnes, W. H. Winstanley; Property-men, 
William Parks, John Shaw, Mayl>erry Parks, Thomas Perkins ; Axe-men, 
George Matthiot, Jacob Winchester; Supplying Engine Engineers, K. 
D. Allen; Assistant, William Comegys ; Supplying Engine Directors, 
John Buck, David Brown, Robinson Woollen, Benjamin Buck, John M. 
Brown, David Harryman, Joseph Barling, Samuel McDonald ; Hose-men, 
Gilbert Cassard, Joseph Hart, Joseph Webster, William Hooper, Michael 
Hedlnger, Samuel Byncs, W. H. Bates, L. G. Taylor, William West, J. 
T. Ford, Michael Bandle, William Rusk, C. Comegys, John Cathcart, 
Samuel Russell, Pearl Durkee, Joseph Turner, David Parr, John Cross, 
William Edwards. 

The Vigilant Fire Company was chartered by an 
act of the Legislature passed Feb. 10, 1827, with 
William Stewart, president, and the members of the 
company as incorporators. On the 2d of January, 



250 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



1837, a meeting of the company was held, at which 
resolutiyis of respect, regret, and condolence were 
passed upon the death of Col. William Stewart, i 
former president of the company. In 1843 the mem- ; 
bers formed a library association, and obtained by 
subscription a very useful and instructive library. 
The following officers were elected for the year: i 
T. Yates Walsh, president; Edward Mitchell, first 
vice-president; James Pauley, second vice-president; ' 
C. C. Egorton, third vice-president ; L. D. Daniels, 
secretary ; and F. C. Ford, treasurer. 

In that year the Vigilant owned four pieces of 
apparatus — one gallery-engine, one suction-engine, 
two hose-carriages — and twelve hundred feet of hose, 
and was composed of three hundred and forty-two 
active firemen and sixty-three honorary members. 
In that year the engine-house was situated at the 
corner of High and Lombard Streets. In JMarch, 
1845, the reel of the Vigilant was captured in the 
course of a riot at a fire and taken to the Long 
Wharf, Canton, and there, detaching the hose, the i 
rioters threw it piece by i)iece into water twenty 
feet deep. In January, 1840, Edward Mitchell was 
elected president; Charles C. Egerton, first vice- 
president; Hugh B. Jones, second vice-president; 
William H. Valentine, third vice-president ; William 
H. Ijams, secretary; James H. Gravenstein, treas- 
urer ; and Charles H. Ehrman, engineer. 

The following gentlemen were elected officers of 
the library association for the same year: John H. 
Kehlenbeek, president ; Asa H. Smith, vice-presi- 
dent; Leonard A. Helm, secretary; Elijah Carson, 
treasurer ; Edward Little, librarian ; and Francis A. 
Miller, Jacob Hayward, John Neidheimer, Charles 
H. Shult, John Albright, and Robert Hall, trustees. 
In 1848 the Vigilant Company erected a very fine 
building, with engine-room, library, etc., all com- 
plete, at No. 35 East Lombard Street. In 1851 the | 
following gentlemen were the officers of the com- 
pany : E. R. Petherbridge, president ; Thomas Crea- 
mer, first vice-president; Hugh B. Jones, second 
vice-president ; Malcolm W. Mearis, third vice-presi- 
dent; John W. Boyer, secretary; James H. Graven- 
stein, treasurer ; and Malcolm W. Mearis, chief direc- 
tor. In 1853, Thomas Creamer succeeded E. R. 
Petherbridge as president of the company. In 1855 
the library association of the company, which had 
been in successful operation for ten years, elected tlie 
following officers: J. S. Hagerty, president; L. J. 
Bandell, vice-president; Recording Secretary, John 
Suter; Financial Secretary, John R. Bayliss; Treas- 
urer, Moses Oettinger ; Librarian, W. E. Bradley. 
In 1857, L. J. Bandell was elected president of the 
company. In 1858, Thomas Creamer was again 
elected president, and in October of the same year 
the company secured a steam-engine, which they 
named " Comet," and which was built for them by 
Reaney, Neafie & Co., of Philadelphia. The engine 
was light, but in other respects modeled on the plan 



of the " Alpha," and cost three thousand four hun- 
dred dollars. The company disbanded in 1859, upon 
the introduction of the Paid Fire Department, but de- 
termined to donate the money in the trea.sury, after 
the sale of their building, to charitable institutions. 
It was accordingly divided between the four dispen- 
saries of Baltimore, each receiving the sum of eight 
hundred and thirty-three dollars and thirty-three 
cents. On the 18th of January, 1860, the following 
gentlemen were elected officers of the company: 
Thomas Creamer, president; Vice-Presidents, J. S. 
Hagerty, Thomas H. Sullivan, and Lemuel J. Bandell ; 
Secretary, J. J. Ryan ; Treasurer, James H. Graven- 
stein ; Delegates to the Baltimore United Fire De- 
parthient, Thomas Creamer, James H. Gravenstein, 
Lemuel J. Bandell, Charles D. Hiss, John A. Lucas, 
and John K. Bayliss. 

The New Market Fire Company.— This was or- 
ganized at Chamberlain's tavern, in this city, on the 
14th of January, 1806, when reports were made from 
various committees appointed at a preliminary meet- 
ing. At a subsequent ineeting at the same place, Jan- 
uary 18th, the following officers were elected : 

George Grundy, president; Peter Little and Eljenozer Finley, vice- 
presidents; Owen Dorsey, secretary; Adam Welsh, tn^Hsiirer; Bictaard 
Seabrook, John Stonfler, John Dillon, Samuel Cole, William Krehs, 
Moses Hand, Leonard Frailey, Gerhard Von Hatten, Charles Bohn, Wil- 
liam Hayward, directors; Isaac Phillips, Asahael Hussey, John Baxley, 
.Tohn Hayward, lane-men ; Michael Eimmel, Christiau Baum, Samuel 
Wolf, engineers ; Nicholas Orrich Kidgely, Peter Pollaid, John D. Read, 
Elisha Bailey, John Sticher, Thomas Haelbraith, James Hyadea, George 
Henuich, Peter Fowble, Jacob Myers, hose-men ; Marshal English, Peter 
Hedges, George Reynolds, Bennet Kirk, axe-mei; William Edwards, 
Henry Wiuters, Henry Myers, .Alexander Thompson, Humphrey Sanders, 
William B. Lupton, ladder-men ; Ai-chibald Hawkins, George Myers, 
Robert Edwards, John Bracken, Abraham Pyke, George Speake, hook- 
men; David Harris, William Meredith, Jlichael Warner, John Reese, 
Andrew M. Coy, Josias Thompson, property-men ; Oliver Pollock, George 
Baxley, Gunning S. Bedford, Abraham Booth, property guards; John 
Simpson, notice-server. 

The company was incorporated by an act of the 
Legislature passed Jan. 20, 1808. The incorporators 
were Ebenezer Finley, president; Peter Little, first 
vice-president; William Krebs, second vice-presi- 
dent ; Leonard Frailey, Owen Dorsey, and Samuel 
Howard, and the other members of the company. 
The company at that time had purchased a fire-engine 
and other apparatus, and had been presented by John 
Eager Howard with a lot of ground upon which to 
build an engine house on the west side of Eutaw 
Street near Lexington, where the house was subse- 
quently erected and tenanted by the company. In 
1843 the New Market company had four pieces of 
apparatus, consisting of one gallery-engine, one suc- 
tion-engine, and two hose-reels, and was composed of 
two hundred and twenty firemen and forty honorary 
members. In 1810 a supplemental act was passed by 
the Legislature, authorizing Ebenezer Finley, Charles 
Bohn, William Krebs, Michael Kimmel, John 
Stouffer, Daniel Lammot, Asahael Hussey, Emanuel 
Kent, George Warner, Luke Tiernan, Adam Welsh, 
Lewis Pascault, and David Harris to propose a lottery 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



251 



scheme for the purpose of raising money to purchase 
an engine and build a house with an alarm-bell thereon 
for the benefit of the company. The volunteer fire 
companies frequently engaged in rough skirmishes, 
:ind the New Market came in for its share of this 
sport. On the night of the 25th of July, 1853, 
whilst a number of the members were proceeding to 
a fire, they were attacked by a band of desperadoes, 
who, rallying under the cry of " Calithumpians," 
rushed upon them unawares, drove them from the 
hose-carriage, then breaking it into many pieces, 
threw it into Gwynn's Falls. On the 2d of August, 
1855, a more serious engagement took place about 
eleven o'clock at night between the New Market and 
Union Fire companies on one side and the Mount 
Vernon Hook-and-Ladder company on the other, in 
which two men were mortally and several others 
seriously wounded. Ebenezer Frailey was succeeded 
as president in 1818 by Michael Kimmel ; in 1822 
by George Baxley ; in 1845 by David Irelan ; in 1847 
by George T. Mayre; in 1849 by William G. Gorsuch; 
in 1853 by Lemuel W. Gorsuch; and in 1855 by 
John Peacock. In 1857, Augustus Albert, who had 
been one of the vice-presidents of the company, and 
who was subsequently sheriff of Baltimore for two 
terms, was elected president, and continued to serve 
as such until the company went out of existence. In 
1859 the company yielding to the change in the Fire 
Department, sold their gallery-engine with a quantity 
of hose to the corporation of Waynesboro', Pa., for 
seven hundred dollars, and the suction-engine to the 
authorities of Norristown, Pa., for five hundred dol- 
lars. The fine steeple, bell, and clock were sold to 
the city and removed to the truck-house of No. 2 
Hook-and-Ladder company, then near the northwest 
corner of Eutaw and Ross Streets (now Druid Hill 
Avenue). The engine-house was sold to Messrs. 
Howell Brothers for three thousand one hundred 
dollars.' 

The Franklin Fire Company was organized in 
1809, but was not chartered by the Legislature until 
March 7, 1844. The incorporators were James F. 
Grieves, Robert Scott, William Wickersham, James 
A. Bamberger, James Young, Nathan H. Hall, James 
Shinnick, and Peter Foy. In 1843 the company 
owned four pieces of apparatus, — one gallery-engine, 
one suction-engine, and two hose-carriages, — with 
eleven hundred feet of hose. The company was 
composed of one hundred and seventy-five active 
firemen and thirty-four honorary members. The 
engine-house was located on the northeast corner of 
Broadway and Fleet Streets, Fell's Point. On the 2d 
of January, 1845, the following members were elected 

1 It is related of a prominent member of tliis company, Peter Little, 
wlio was a watcb-malter, and for nianyyeai-s a member of Congress, that 
on one occasion he attacked John Randolph of Roanoke on the subject 
of military aifairs. Mr. Randolph, knowing his occupation, interrupted 
him, saying, "The gentleman from Maryland knows more about ' tic- 



tics' 



1 tactics.' 



officers of the company : James Grieves, president ; 
Robert Scott, vice-president; William Wickersham, 
treasurer; James Young, secretary ; John Flinn, en- 
..gineer; David H. Boyer, engine-keeper. Robert 
' Scott was president in 1846, and was succeeded in 
1847 by James Grieves, who was followed in 1851 by 
David Blanford. He was succeeded in 1852 by 
Nicholas Lynch, and in 1853, David Blanford was 
re-elected, who in 1856 gave place to William 
Bouldin. In 1857, Joseph W^. Carey was elected 
president, and was succeeded in 1858 by William A. 
Van Nostrand, who continued president until 1865. 

The Columbian Fire Company was instituted in 
1809, and chartered by the Legislature March 26, 
1839, with the following incorporators : John Hen- 
derson, president; Frederick S. Littig, vice-president; 
John Henderson, James Frazier, Jr., Aaron Stockton, 
James Baxter, Job Fosler, John Jillard, Jr., Wil- 
I Ham Hunt, Henry W. S. Evans, Joseph Caprice, 
I Richard Hamilton, Thomas Binion, Jr., and Wil- 
liam Hooper, directors. In 1843 the company had 
■ five pieces of apparatus — one gallery-engine, two suc- 
; tion-engines, and two hose-reels — and fourteen hun- 
dred feet of hose. The company consisted of two 
hundred and sixty active firemen, and fourteen hon- 
j orary members. The engine-house was situated on 
the northeast corner of Market (now Brodway) and 
Fleet Streets, Fell's Point. In 1809 the following 
officers were elected : 

President, Jo.seph Allender; Vice-President, John Ogston ; Secretary, 
William Proctor; Treasurer, Thomas Sheppard ; Engineer, Samuel 
Wilson; Pipe-men, Joshua Atkinson, Thomas Sheppard; Directors, 
Thorndike Chase, James D. Joues, Thomas Worrell, Peter Gait, Nathan- 
iel Hynson, Robt. G. Henderson, George Alkinson, Isaac Atkinson, 
Nicholas Stansbury, John Laue ; Lane-men, William Cornthwait, Robert 
Moore, Nathaniel Childs, Samuel Barnes, William Price; Property 
Guards, Thomas Conway, Baptist Messick ; Ladder-men, Richard Bell, 
William Echberger, George Robinson, Davis McCaughan; Property-men, 
William Proctor, Peter Green, James Ferrall, John Duncan, William 
Price; Hook-men, Anthony Hanson, William P. Barnes, Thomas Cornth- 
wait, William Davis ; Axe-men, Peter Foy, Joseph Clark, Joseph White, 
Benjamin Baker; Managers of Suction-engine, George Hazeltou, James 
Cunningham, John Smith, Daniel McNeal, Deitrick Hewld, Philip 
Cronimiller. 

In 1811, Thomas Sheppard was elected president, 
and in 1844, William H. Watson, who was succeeded 
in 1846 by H. W. S. Evans, in 1848 by James 
Frazier, in 1849 by W. D. Harris, and in 1850 by 
Philip Sherwood. In 1851, William Colton was 

; elected president, and in 1854, James G. Ramsey. 

j The engine-house built by the Columbian, on Ann 
Street, was sold by the sheriff in 1857, under the lien 
law, to Philip R. Reiter, the contractor, whose lien 
amounted to four thousand three hundred and forty- 
two dollars. The house was constructed at a cost of 
eight thousand dollars. 

The Fell's Point Hose and Suction Company was 
organized in 1810. At its annual meeting in that 
year the following gentlemen were elected officers : 

Alexander McCaine, president; Mathew McLaughlin, treasurer; 
George Chapman, secretary; Trustees, Charles M. Poor, James Biays, 
Jr., William B. Dyer; Directors, Alexander McCaine, Archibald Kent, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITS' AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Matbew McLiiughliii, George Dandle, Robert Graves; EDgineers, Joseph 
Share, W. B. Dyer; Pipe-men, I'eter Foy, Thomas Cornthwait, Daniel 
Perigo, James Biays, Jr. ; Lane-men, Thomas Galloway, John P. Stroble, 
Jacob Dunham, Joseph Clark ; Hose Guards, William Denny, J. B. Stans- 
biiry, Thomas Presstman, Joh n Luueburg, James Coobes, Abraham Parks, 
George Chapman, Samuel Graham, James Bell, Jr., Samuel Grace, John 
Weary, Joshua Thorp, Peter Fenby, John Lout, Nathan Shaw, Thomas 
Milwaters, Blias Evans, R. W. Garrettson, L. B. West, John Ramsey, 
James Castello ; Engine-men, Robert Conway, Gregory Foy, P. Croui- 
miller, G. Waggner, T. Rogers, S. Fenby, Daniel Evans, B. Bateman, 
James Pletcli, A. Suthenling, R. Craggs, P, Chaids, Robert Gibson, 
Thomas Hall, William J. Hines, John Mitchell, C. G. Petere, John Boss, 
John Quisick, S. B. Cooper, John Davis, J. J. Rigl>y, James White, J. M. 
Mette, Thomas Posington, William Philips, Mathew Taylor, William 
Feinour. 

In 1818 the officers elected were as follows : Peter 
Gait, president; Peter Chaille, vice-president; Thomas 
Worrell, treasurer; B. U. Campbell, secretary. Trus- 
tees, Peter Foy, D. Metzger, R. Graves; Directors, 
Peter Gait, Peter Leary, Peter Chaille, T. Pilkington, 
and Thomas Hall ; Engineers, Abraham Parks and 
Joseph Share; Pipe-men, Peter Foy, Daniel Perigo, 
Robert Graves, T. Cornthwait; Lane-men, James P. 
Smith, John Bandle, J. I. Costello, Joseph Perigo. 
The duties of engine-men and hose guards were as- 
signed to the remaining members of the company. 
In 1832 its engine-house was over the Fell's Point 
Market-house. 

The First Baltimore Hose Company was insti- 
tuted in 1810. At a meeting of its members in April 
of that year a committee was appointed to purchase 
an engine, hose, and other necessary apparatus, and a 
committee was also appointed to solicit aid from the 
property-holders of Baltimore. That committee was 
composed of the following members : George Smith, 
Henry James, John E. Carey, John Cornthwait, 
Stacey Horner, William Evans, A. R. Levering, Wm. 
Meteer, and Christian Cline. The committee to re- 
ceive and enroll members were John Davis, Wm. , 
Jones, J. Buffurn, John Cornthwait, and Joel Hop- 
kins. The company was chartered by the Legislature 
on the 24th of January, 1815, with John Davis as 
president, and the members thereof as incorporators. 
At the anual meeting of the company in 1819 the | 
following officers were elected for the ensuing year : i 

George Williamson, president ; George S. Baker, vice-president ; Joseph 
G. Tomkins, treasurer; W. H. Sinclair, secretary; Directors, Wm. E. 
George, T. G. EUuiondson, Wm. Martin, Jr., James Reyburn, Benjamin i 
Ellicott, Jr., Samuel Black, Wm. Lyon, Samuel T. Mathick; Standing 
Committee, George Williamson, Wm. Martin, Jr., W. E. George, Samuel 
Keerl, Alex. Fridge ; Axe-men, Joe Brown, John Gillingham ; Hose-men, 
Andrew T. Ellicott, Wm. Evans, John H. Hodges, Runyon Harris, Sam- 
uel O. noffmaii, Edward K<-hly, Samuel R. Tui uer, J..lin Gadsby, Edward 
Lynch,Fi, .1^ ;i.l, J. nl.ii.-.Tin.m.- T.ii. , -,,„in, I l;..i.>.,,.<.,r„iielKeerl, 
John li, \\ I 1. ' i ^l - , :: Miction-en- 

gine-nii-ii. ,i v , • i i , i . l I !i ': I , ,i,:,s Under- | 

Samuel rcuUin-y, Tln.niaa Fruiicc, Wm. H. Sinclair, Thomas Tyson, j 
Robert Miller, Jr., Wilson Worthington, John F. Poor, Evan T. Poultney, j 
■Wm. B. Bend, R. P. Wellford, Wm. B. Gwynn, Thomas Vance ; Hose- 
carriage Guards, Alexander Fridge, John T. Brooks, Wm. Morris, Isaac 
Tyson, Joseph G. Tomkins, Wm. Gillingham. I 



In 1820 the honorary members were 
the following gentlemen : 



iposed of 



John Davis, Thomas S. Sbeppard, Augustus Hammer, James Labea, 

j Alexander Brown, Joseph King, Jr., Frederick Waesche, Lewis Mayer, 

, J\'m. Lornian, George T. Dunbar, John M. Sewell, Elisha N. Brown, 

I Samuel Poultney, Mathew Swan, Henry Keerl, Evan Poultney, George 

! I. Keerl, John F. Freize, Shaw and Tiffany, R. T. Welford, George F. 

Warfield, Alex. Fridge, H. Young and Pochou Wm. Morris, Solomon Et- 

ting, R. Higinbotham, John Duer, D. Warfleld, Joseph Todhunter, Alex. 

McDonald, Charles Tiernan, Nicholas Ridgely, John E. Swan. 

In 1843 the Baltimore Hose Company, Samuel 
Keerl president, had two suction-engines and three 
Tiose-carriages, with fifteen hundred feet of hose, and 
was composed of a corps of one hundred and forty 
active firemen, and one hundred and fifty-four hon- 
orary members. The engine-house of this company 
was located at No. 10 McClellan Alley, near Balti- 
more Street. In 1844 the company purchased a new 
suction-engine, built by Joseph Share & Son. The 
ofiicers of the company for the latter year were Sam- 
uel Keerl, president; John McKeen, vice-president; 
John Gushing, treasurer; and B. F. Zimmerman, 
secretary. In 1845, G. W. Krebs became president, 
and was succeeded in 1847 by G. W. Flack. In 1851, 
John R. Moore was elected president, and resigned 
Sept. 10, 1857, and Samuel Harris, Jr., was elected to 
fill the vacancy. When steam-engines were tested 
and found efficient in other cities, the First Baltimore, 
with commendable public spirit, determined to obtain 
a steam-engine for their company. In furtherance of 
this object, in February, 1858, the Baltimore Company 
appointed a committee to visit Philadelphia, New 
York, and Boston, to examine fully into the workings 
of steam-engines. The committee was composed of 
Samuel Harris, Jr., president of the company, Charles 
H. Walker, vice-president, and Samuel Dryden and 
Joseph Lewis, directors. The committee left on the 
20th of February, and during its absence a number of 
citizens residing in the neighborhood of the engine- 
house solicited subscriptions to aid in the projected 
enterprise, among whom were Messrs. Charles A. 
Grinnell, John Gushing, Francis T. King, C. N. 
Lutz, and James A. Stone. The committee of inspec- 
tion visited the cities designated, and returning made 
a highly favorable report of the efficiency and supe- 
riority of steam fire-engines. The company, there- 
fore, in March, 1858, contracted with Messrs. Reaney, 
Neafie & Co., builders, of Kensington, Philadelphia, 
to construct for them a steam fire-engine to weigh 
about eight thousand pounds. The engine was com- 
pleted in May, 1858, and on the 18th of the same 
month arrived in Baltimore by the Ericsson Line, 
accompanied by a committee of the Philadelphia Hose 
Company, the committee of the First Baltimore Hose, 
the inventors, and the builder. It was drawn to the 
open space north of the Battle Monument, where it was 
examined by thousands of the citizens of Baltimore. 
The day after the arrival of the engine it was taken 
from the engine-house and drawn by four handsome 
gray horses to the corner of Baltimore and Sharp 
Streets, where the com])any had placed a fire-plug, and 
was there fully tested. It was christened the "Alpha." 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



On the 6th of June, 1858, a fire broke out in a public 
house known as the Farmers' and Merchants' Retreat, 
on the corner of Eutaw and Franklin Streets, kept by 
George Delphey. The fire originated in the stables, 
and assumed such proportions as to threaten the en- 
tire block. The " Alpha" arrived, and, although a 
part of the roof and the upper story of the building 
had been burned, the stream thrown by this engine 
subdued the flames in fifteen minutes, and achieved 
for the " Alpha" a great triumph and reputation. In 
July, 1858, the Mechanical Fire Company desiring to 
purchase the steam-engine " Island Queen" and to 
test its powers, that engine and the " Alpha" were 
drawn to the dock at the foot of South Street, and, 
although the " Island Queen" had superior hose, it 
threw a stream pumped from the basin only one 
hundred and sixty-five feet, while the '"Alpha" 
threw a stream two hundred and twenty-one feet. 
The Mechanical Company declined to purchase the 
"Island Queen." At the annual meeting of the Bal- 
timore Hose Company, Jan. 1.3, 1859, the following 
officers were elected to serve the ensuing year: Presi- 
dent, Samuel Harri.s, Jr. ; Vice-President, Charles W. 
Walker ; Secretary, Charles B. Honeywell ; Treasurer, 
G. W. Flack ; Engineer, Alexander Forrest ; Assist- 
ant Engineers, George W. Johnston first, F. W. Ma- 
gruder second, and A. Husband third ; Delegates to 
the Baltimore United Fire Department, James L. Mc- 
Phail, C. W. Walker, E. L. Jones, Edward Israel, 
John R. Moore, A. Stirling, Jr., James A. Courtney. 
In June, 1861, the Baltimore Hose Company held a 
meeting for the purpose of settling up the aff'airs of 
the association and disposing of its funds In the treas- 
ury. It was determined to distribute the amount, five 
thousand one hundred and eighty-five dollars and ten 
cents, among the charitable institutions of Baltimore, 
and it was divided equally between the " Home of the 
Friendless," " Indigent Sick Society," " Maryland 
Blind Asylum," " Baltimore Rosine Association," 
" Union Protestant Infirmary," and the "Mercantile 
Library Association." After many years of useful ser- 
vice, the "Alpha," while assisting in the extinguish- 
ment of a fire at Brown Brothers' drug house, on 
Sharp Street, near German, on the morning of May 22, 
1871, exploded and killed J. Harry Weaver, member 
of the First Branch of the City Council from the 
Nineteenth Ward. 

The United Hose and Suction Company was or- 
ganized in 1810, and chartered by the Legislature 
Dec. 19, 1812, with James Powers, the president of 
the company, and the members thereof as incorpo- 
rators. In 1820 the following gentlemen were elected 
officers for the year : 

Presidect, Erasmus Uhler; Vice-President, Jacob Deems; Secretary, 
Joseph Hiss ; Treasurer, Jacob Wall ; Standing Committee, Michael Hoff- 
man, Jacob Deems, Leonard Helms; Engine-keeper, Ebenezer Hum- 
phrey ; Pipe-men, George S. Shade, Henry Risel, John Gnibb, John Dis- 
ney, Theodore E. Salter. 

The first engine built by John Rogers & Son of 

17 



Baltimore was for the use of this company, and was 
so complete in finish and perfect in execution that it 
established the reputation of the firm in that line of 
work. This engine was delivered to the company 
Sept. 12, 1836, and on Sept. 12, 1837, the members, 
through their president, Anthony Miltenberger, pre- 
sented to John Rogers, the senior member of the 
firm, a silver goblet with the following inscription 
upon it : " Has been in constant use one year, and 
throws water from the gallery two hundred and 
twenty-seven feet." In 1843 the " United" had six 
pieces of fire apparatus, — one gallery engine, two suc- 
tion-engines, three hose-carriages, — one fire-ladder and 
escape, and one thousand three hundred feet of hose. 
The company was composed of two hundred and 
thirty active firemen. The engine-house was located 
on Liberty Street, between Pratt and Lombard Streets. 

In 1852 the ofiicers were: President, Jno. S. Reese, 
Jr. ; Win. Harris, Wm. M. Starr, and Jacob B. Balt- 
zell, vice-presidents; Jacob Lanier, Jr., secretary; 
and Frederick Achey, treasurer. In 1853, Wm. M. 
Starr became president. At the annual meeting of 
the company held January, 1856, the following oflicers 
were elected to serve for that year: President, Geo. A. 
Freeberger; First Vice-President, James Martin ; Sec- 
ond Vice-President, Chas. Toner; Third Vice-Presi- 
dent, Thomas M. Campbell ; Treasurer, Thomas M. 
Campbell; Secretary, Geo. W. Johnson; Chief En- 
gineer, Gabriel P. Key; Engine-keeper, Thos. Mur- 
phy. In 1857, Alfred H. Davis succeeded Mr. Free- 
berger, and in 1861, Gen. Anthony Miltenberger was 
elected president. 

Washington Hose Company was instituted in 
1815, and in 1817 the oflicers and members were : 

John Berry, presideut; Jesse Hunt, vice-president; Charles G. Kobb, 
secretary; William Street, treasurer; Directors, Basil Duke, Robert 
Norris. Joshua Drydeu, George B. Schaeffer, Stidman Van Wyck, George 
Elliott; Engiueers, John S. Watts first, George Adams second, Joseph 
Branson third; Axe-men, John A. Simmons, Alfred Crump, Anthony 
Kinimell, Jr., Josh. Rowles; Standing Committee, John E. Reese, J. P. 
Branson, George B. Schaefler ; Hose-men, Philip Poultney. Simon Wedge, 
Jr., Oswell Bailey, Lemuel Holmes, Charles Little, Jacob Pepper, Joseph 
Luckey, William F. Btason, Henry Sanderson, Adolphus Dellinger, 
Samuel Small, Jacob Yundt, Nathaniel Owings, Emanuel K. Deaver, 
Ignatius P.McCaudless, John Patterson, Thomas Hammond, Samuel H. 
Harris, Abner Pope, Samuel Shaw, Robert Dutton, Mark Grafton, Thomas 
Symington, E. R. Robinson, Charles Tiernan ; Suction-men, Philip T. 
Tyson, Thomas Ellicott, Granville S. Townsend, Samuel Spicer, Francis 
Sorrell, John Gray, Joseph W. Jacobs, John E. Reese, Francis Dowell, 
Edward Stewart, John M. Dash, James M. Rowe, Anthony L. Cooke, 
Henry W. Webster, Edwin H. Alfred, Silas Norris, Samuel Ewing, 
Charles Baker, George Tyson, Jr., Adam Crandall, George W. Bailey, 
Benjamin Fahnestock, James Russel, Peter Barger, D. Bruner, Joseph 
Fairbum, John Watt, Jr., Josiaa Small, Matthias N. Forney, William 
Gill; Suction Pipe-men, John C. Norris, George Carey; Hose-carriage 
Guards, William Little, Samuel Ruckle, Thomas L. Berrj-, John Pierce. 

The following gentlemen composed the honorary 
members of the company in 1820 : 

William Gwynn, Robert Smith, Alexander Irwin, William Cole, John 
Power, George B. Schaeffer, Jas. Carroll, Sr., D. Barnum, Isaac McPher- 
aon, Peter Forney, James Symington, H. M. Brackenridge, Ebenezer L. 
Finley, Hartman Elliott, John F. Frieze, Edward Norris, R. P. Simpson, 
James Russell, George Thomas, Benjamin F. Wheeler, George Weaver 
John M. Neal, Joshua Dryden, Thomas Ellicott, Benjamin I. Cohen, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



John H. Short, Col. George H. Stuart, Joseph Cashing, Philip T. Tyson, 
William Hopkins, James Carroll, Sr , Col. John Berry, Henry Brice, 
Jacob Albert, Anthony Eimmell, Mark Grafton, Samuel Hopkins, Wil- 
liam H. Bailey, Amos Price, Jesse Shipley, William W. Wilson, Joseph 
Young, Isaac Hoopes. 

In 1820, John Berry, president, was succeeded by 
Jesse Hunt. In 1844, William Wilson was president, 
and was succeeded in 1846 by William L. Simms. In 
1852, A. J. Levering became president, and was .suc- 
ceeded in 1856 by Henry Handy, and he in 1857 by 
William Wilson. In 1858, James Barron was elected 
president, and was succeeded in 1859 by Thomas S. 
Sumwalt. In 1861, A. J. Levering again became 
president, and continued to hold the office until the 
company disbanded. In 1843 this company had five 
pieces of apparatus, consisting of two suction-engines I 
and three hose-carriages. It had eighty active firemen 
and sixty honorary members, and twelve hundred feet 
of serviceable hose. Thiscompany was chartered by the 
Legislature Jan. 26, 1832. In 1841 the engine-house, 
located on Lombard near Sharp Street, caught fire, and , 
before the flames were arrested the upper jiart of the 
building was entirely destroyed. It was thought to 
be the work of an incendiary. In 1852 the Washing- 
ton Hose Company went out of service temporarily \ 
on account of the sale of their engine-house to the 
Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company. In 1853 the 
company completed a handsome three-story building 
on Barre Street near Sharp, and the 20th of Septem- •■ 
ber, 1858, received a steam fire-engine constructed by 
Messrs. Murray & Hazelhurst, Vulcan Iron-Works, I 
of this city. The engine weighed four thousand 
pounds, and cost three thousand dollars. This steam- 
engine, the second that was introduced into Balti- I 
more, was christened " The Home." It was the first 
engine of the kind built in Baltimore, and upon trial 
proved entirely satisfactory. The following gentle- 
men composed the building committee to superintend 
the work : Thomas S. Sumwalt, A. J. Levering, Wil- 
liam C. Simmons, and George M. Sullivan. The fire 
commi.ssioners of Baltimore in 1859 purchased this i 
engine and also the engine-house in fee, which was at 
that time the finest building of the kind in the city, j 
Their two suction-engine.s, "The Southern" and the 
" Gazelle," were sold to the corporation of Knoxville, j 
Tenn., for the sum of twelve hundred and fifty dollars, 
including two hose-reels and five hundred feet of 
hose. 

The Patapsco Fire Company had its origin in 
July, 1822, in the appointment of a committee from 
each ward to solicit subscriptions to aid in its estab- 
lishment. The following gentlemen composed the 
committee : 

John Augell and Henry Elliott, First and Second Wards ; S. G. Cald- 
well and James Cox, Third Ward ; John Milhuen and C. E. Cook, Fourth { 
Ward ; G. D. Elsworth and A. E. Warner, Fifth Ward ; Peter Nefl' and 
L. h. Townsend, Sixth Ward; William F. Redding and Joseph Cone, j 
Seventh Ward; Ephraim Barker and G. V. Raymond, Eiglith Ward; H. j 
W.Evans and Samuel Nightingale, Ninth Ward; Thomas Palmer and t 
J. V. N. Throop, Tenth Ward ; Nathan Levering and Charlee Schultz, 
Eleventh Ward ; G. Hamner and George Stiles, Twelfth Ward. ' 



The proceedings of this meeting were signed by 
Wm. F. Redding, secretary. The company was in- 
corporated by the Legislature Feb. 28, 1826, with J. 
I. Cohen, president, and the members thereof as in- 
corporators. In 1843 the company owned five pieces 
of apparatus, consisting of one gallery-engine, one 
suction-engine, three hose-carriages, with one thou- 
sand one hundred feet of serviceable hose. The en- 
gine-house was located first at the corner of Fayette 
and North Streets. In 1849 it was sold to Mrs. 
Rachael Colvin, and the company purchased a lot 
and built a new engine-house on St. Paul near Centre 
Street. The following were the oflScers in 1844: Jacob 
I.Cohen, Jr., president; Andrew E. Warner, vice-pres- 
ident; Thomas Wildey, trea.surer; and Walter E. 
Jones, secretary. For the year 1850 the Hon. Wm. 
Pinkuey Whyte was elected president, with Christian 
H. Smith, vice-president ; John P. Posey, treasurer ; 
Geo. V. Metzel, secretary; Benj. F. Adams, engineer. 
J. I. Cohen, who had been president for twenty-six 
years, declined re-election, but was still continued as 
a representative of the fire department. In 1852 Mr. 
Whyte was succeeded as president by James H, 
Lucket. In 1855, Mendez I. Cohen was elected presi- 
dent, and was .succeeded by Jesse Hunt in 1858. Mr. 
Cohen was re-elected in 1865. In 1861 the engine- 
house of the company on St. Paul Street was sold at 
public auction to Michael Roach for eighteen hun- 
dred dollars ; at the same time the large gallery-en- 
gine, which originally cost two thousand dollars, was 
sold for one hundred and seventy-five dollars to Jesse 
Hunt, and the suction-engine, built by John Rogers, 
of Baltimore, was sold for one hundred and fifty dol- 
lars to D. B. Banks. 

The Howard Fire Company was chartered by the 
Legislature March 1, 1830, with the following incor- 
porators : 

Samuel McCIellan, George Keyser, George W. Williamson. Jame^ Blair, 
McCIintock Young, Alcaeus B. Wolf, William Walls, Peter Sauerwein, 
Jr., George Hathower, B. B. Simpson, Vjilentine Dushane, Robt. O'Reilly, 
John R. Piper, John Grubb, John W. Walker, Franklin Raburg, D. W. 
B. McCIellan, John Hooper, John H. Dorsey, George Sauerwein, Levj 
Bowei-son, John Ritney, John Winn, Jr., Stephen Waters, and Alexau- 
ander Waters. 

In 1843 the company owned four pieces of appa- 
ratus, — two suction-engines and two hose-carriages, — 
and nine hundred feet of serviceable hose, and had two 
hundred active firemen and sixty-two honorary mem- 
bers. Their engine-house was situated on Paca near 
Fayette Street. On the 2d of October, 1834, at a meet- 
ing of the company, it was resolved to recommend to 
the several fire companies to close their engine-houses 
and not to open them until the proper authorities 
or property-owners generally should adopt such ener- 
getic measures as would ensure the firemen security 
in the discharge of their duties. In July of the same 
year the company, having suffered severely from the 
burning of their engine-house by an incendiary, 
passed resolutions announcing their determination to 
ferret out the villains engaged in the wanton destruc- 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



255 



tion, and also appointed a committee to wait on the 
mayor to request him to co-operate with them by 
offering a reward for the arrest of the incendiaries. 
A committee was also appointed to solicit subscriptions 
from the citizens to enable tlie company to repair 
their losses. The committee was composed of William 
G. Gorsuch, Benj. Caughey, Dr. Perkins, John C. Rau, 
William Barnet, Edmund Bull, George Keilholtz, Wil- 
liam Reed, and William Allen. In 1845 the following 
gentlemen were elected officers of the company for 
that year: John W. Durst, president; Jos. Carson, 
first vice-president; William O. Helm, second vice- 
president ; Samuel Reese, treasurer ; William H. Fow- 
ler, secretary; Elijah Carson, chief engineer. Francis 
A. Miller succeeded as president in 1846, and Asa H. 
Smith in 1851. Mr. Smith was followed by Charles 
E. Griffith in 1853, but was re-elected in 1855, and 
was succeeded by Thomas A. Cooper in 1856, Chas. 
H. Short in 1859, J. F. Bowers in 1861, and Michael 
Hamman in 1863. In 1859 the fire commissioners of 
Baltimore purchased the company's fine house and 
lot on Paca Street, now occupied by No. 2 Truck and 
Engine Company, for the Paid Fire Department for 
the sum of five thousand dollars. The small suction- 
engine of the company was purchased by Messrs. R. 
Townsend & Co., of Fallston, Beaver Co., Pa., for 
two hundred and seventy-five dollars. The steam- 
engine of the company was sold to the Shiffler Hose 
Company of Philadelphia, including a reel, for five 
hundred dollars. 

The Watchman Fire Company was organized in 
1840, and incorporated by an act of the Legislature 
passed March 2, 1842. The incorporators were : 

Langly B. Culley, the president of the company ; John S. Brown, 
Abraham Busch, and Thomas W. Jay. the vice-presidents ; and Joseph 
Craig, Michael Dorsey, Gideon Brown, Joseph Donovan, John Watch- 
man, Henry Meyers, George Klasey, and Richard H. Middleton, 

In 1843 the company was equipped with four suc- 
tion-engines and two hose-reels and a new suction and 
seven hundred feet of hose. The company consisted 
of three hundred and twenty active firemen and one 
hundred and sixteen honorary members. They were 
first located near Watchman & Butts' foundry, but in 
July, 1843, the company laid the corner-stone of a 
new building on Light Street, near York, Elijah Wat- 
son, builder. At the ceremonies of laying the corner- 
stone, prayer was offered by the Rev. John Guest, and 
a speech was made by T. Y. Walsh. The corner-stone 
contained among other things a piece of Gen. Wash- 
ington's coffin wrapped in a copy of the Declaration 
of Independence. On January 10, 1846, the follow- 
ing members were elected officers for the ensuing 
year: Henry E. Barton, Jr., president ; Elijah Bishop, 
Jacob Grurer, and Hugh McNeal, vice-presidents; 
Isaac N. Denson, treasurer ; William Alexander and 
George Russell, secretaries ; and John Hornagle, 
chief engineer. In 1855, William H. Thornton suc- 
ceeded Mr. Barton as president. In 1858, Joseph R. 
Stephens was elected president. 



The Lafayette Hose Company was organized in 
1842 with Samuel Boyd as president, and four pieces 
of apparatus, consisting of two suction-engines and 
two hose-carriages. The company was composed of 
two hundred and forty-eight active and forty honorary 
members, and had at the time it was instituted twelve 
hundred feet of hose. Its engine-house was located 
at the corner of Caroline and Silver Streets. In 1843 
it occupied a new engine-house nearly opposite, on 
Caroline near Pitt Street. The company was incor- 
porated on the 24th of January, 1842, with the follow- 
ing incorporators : 

Samuel Boyd, Charles Ingram, Thomas Gifford, Stephen McCoy, 
George Schock, J. W. Hall, William Devere, William McKinley, Peter 
Carothers, William Pierce, William Rusk, David W. Hudson, Nathan- 
iel Hall, Thomas H. Duvall, I'rancis Luke, Richard Fonder, Frederick 
Davis, Augustus Olivane, Solomon J. Willis, William B. Boyd, Samuel 
Bowen, Thomas H. Willis, James E. Foreman, William L. Wisehraigh, 
Edward M. Kellum, William D. Boherts, N. Merryman, James Quay, 
and Thomas Guay. 

The first officers were: 

Samuel Boyd, president; Wm. D. Roberts, vice-president; M.S. Mc- 
Coy, treasurer; J. W. Hall, secretary; and Messrs. Charles Ingram, 
George Schock, R. Fonder, A.C. Kendall, and M. McClintock, directori. 
In 184a the offlcera were Alex. Gifford, president; W. D. Roberts, first 
vice-president; Hugh Gifford, second vice-president; David I'arr, treas- 
urer; Benj. J. Clark, secretary; and Fred. Davis, engineer. 

In 1847 they were James McNabb, president; 
Wm. McKinley and Samuel W. Bowcn, vice-presi- 
dents. In 1848, Wm. Devere was elected president, 
and in 1851 was succeeded by John W. Hall, and in 
1854, Mr. Devere was again elected. He was suc- 
ceeded in 1855 by R. T. Wilkinson, followed in 1860 
by Wm. McKinley, the last president. The company 
having served its purposes, in 1860 it followed its 
predecessors and went out of existence. Its fine 
engine-house was sold for a public school, and its 
notable steeple disapjieared. 

The Monumental Hose Company. — The organi- 
zation of the Miinuniental Hose Company was au- 
thorized by an ordinance passed by the City Council 
of Baltimore on the 17th of April, 1851. The com- 
pany proposed to use nothing but a hose-carriage and 
to furnish the hose at their own expense, and was 
composed of highly respectable young men. The 
first appearance of the Monumental was at a fire at 
Fell's Point on the night of May 21, 1851. The offi- 
cers elected in June of that year were composed of 
the following-named gentlemen : President, James L. 
D. Gill ; Vice-President, John E. Heald ; Secretary, 
Charles M. Chase ; Treasurer, Joseph M. Boyle ; 
Chief Engineer, B. Frank Crane. In 1853, George 
P. Frick was made president; John P. Cummins, 
vice-president; Isaac J. Fowler, secretary; Joseph 
M. Boyle, treasurer ; and G. Edmund Valitte, chief 
engineer. In 1854, J. P. Cummins was elected presi- 
dent ; John R. Heald, vice-president ; Charles Chase, 
treasurer ; H. L. Armstrong, secretary ; and W. H. 
Edwards, engineer. The following officers served 
for the year 1858 : President, J. P. Cummins ; Vice- 
President, Howard Heald ; Secretary, Geo. B. Chase ; 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Treasurer, S. M. Chappell ; Delegates to the Balti- 
more United Fire Department, J. P. Cummins, S. M. 
Chappell, L. N. Buckler, E. Law Rogers, Charles R. 
Smith, Charles A. Oliver, Geo. B. Chase. In 1860 the 
following gentlemen composed the officers of the 
company : Jacob Heald, president ; Howard Heald, 
vice-president ; George B. Chase, secretary ; Samuel 
M. Chappell, treasurer; J. Heald, John P. Cummins, 
C. A. Oliver, J. M. Chappell, J. S. Wineberger, Geo. 
B. Chase, and Charles R. Smith, delegates to the 
Baltimore United Fire Department. 

The Western Hose Company was established by 
an ordinance of the City Council in 1852. Its first 
location was on West Baltimore Street, near Green, 
but in 18.57 it was moved to a new house, which it 
erected on Green Street, near Baltimore. In 18.55 a 
motion was made at a meeting of the United Fire 
Department to admit the Western Hose into its 
membership, but it was defeated ; afterwards, how- 
ever, it was received into the department. At an 
election of officers of the company, April 7, 1852, 
the following gentlemen were elected : Charles F. 
Cloud, president ; John C. Ensor, vice-president ; D. 
Allen Mantz, secretary ; Joseph T. Logan, treasurer. 
In 1856, Joseph T. Logan succeeded Charles F. 
Cloud as president, and he was succeeded by .Joseph 
H. Amey in 1857. In 1859, J. T. Tucker was elected 
president, and continued in that office until 1864. 

Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder Company, No. 1, was 
inaugurated by a public procession of its uniformed 
members in 1852. The uniform was handsome and 
becoming, and consisted of black hats with the name | 
in front, silver lettered, black coat and pants, the 
latter protected by leather covering. The company 
occupied a three-story brick house on Harrison 
Street near Fayette. Their apparatus was manufac- ' 
tured by Messrs. Rogers & So^n, and delivered to the 1 
company on the 22d of October, 1852, when the parade | 
took place. The following were the parade officers: 
Charles T. HoUoway, president ; B. F. Cole, acting I 
vice-president; John M. Denison, secretary; L. H. | 
JIatthews, treasurer; with John M. Denison, marshal. 
Ill 1853 the following were the officers of the company : 
Charles T. Holloway, president ; Hugh B. Jones, 
vice-president; John M. Denison, secretary; and 
Samuel H. Matthews, engineer. The Pioneer Com- 
pany had an excellent library for the use of its mem- 
bers. The officers of the library association in 1855 
were William G. Holbrook, president ; R. W. Bower- 
man, vice-president ; M. O'Brien, secretary ; L. A. 
Sanders, treasurer; Trustees, Alexander Geddes, 
William D. Jones, Henry Claridge, Benjamin Stan- 
ton ; Librarian, Alexander Geddes. 

Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder Company was 
organized Sept. 9, 1853, with the following officers : 
President, B. F. Zimmermann ; First Vice-President, 
George F. Zimmerman ; Second Vice-President, 
Thomas Whelan ; Secretary, George W. Lindsay ; 
Treasurer, Nathan F. Dushane. The apparatus of 



the Mount Vernon was kept for some time in the 
quarters of the Western Hose Company until the 
company obtained a building on the west side of Bid- 
die Street near Ross (Druid Hill Avenue), but that 
structure being destroyed by fire the apparatus was 
kept in a shed nearly opposite. In 1855, Col. George 
J. Zimmerman was elected president, who was suc- 
ceeded in 1858 by George F. Blinseuger, and in 1859 
by John Hielbert. In 1861, William J. Nicholas was 
president. On the night of Aug. 18, 1855, on their 
return from a fire a terrible fight occurred between 
the Mount Vernon and New Market companies at 
the corner of Franklin and Park Streets, in which 
bricks, axes, picks, hooks, and pistols were freely used. 
In the desperate struggle two men were mortally and 
a number badly wounded. Upon the organization of 
the Paid Fire Department tlie Mount Vernon com- 
pany went out of existence. 

The United States Hose Company was formed 
March 8, 1854, at a meeting called for that purpose at 
the Seventeenth Ward House. The City Council on 
March 20th gave authority for the organization and 
establishment of this company in William Street, on 
Federal Hill. The company commenced operations as 
firemen with a hose-carriage purchased in Philadel- 
phia, and with five hundred feet of hose presented to 
them by the difierent fire companies of Baltimore. 
The following were the first officers of the company : 
President, John H. Travers; Vice-Presidents, William 
Koonsmary, Thomas Meshaw, J. P. Baxter; Secretary, 
George W. Rider ; Treasurer, Josiah Orem. In 1855, 
Joseph P. Baxter was elected president, and was suc- 
ceeded in 1856 by William M. Starr. In 1864 the 
following gentlemen were elected officers of the com- 
pany : President, Joseph P. Baxter ; James Carr, 
vice-president ; George Rider, secretary ; Edward Al- 
baugh, treasurer; delegates to the Baltimore United 
Fire Department, J. P. Baxter, Edward Albaugh, 
Daniel Shanks, John Marshall, George Rider, James 
Carr, and James Classey. In September, 1857, a riot 
occurred in the vicinity of the engine-house of this 
company between its members and adherents and 
members of the Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder and 
the Washington Hose Companies, in which several 
men were shot. 

Paid Fire Department— For many years prior to 
the abolition of the old Volunteer Fire Department 
the subject of introducing a new system had occupied 
the public mind, and as early as 1849 the attention of 
the City Council had been formally called to the matter 
by the mayor. In his message of that year he says, — • 

"For many years past the peace of the city has been disturbed. Or- 
dinances have been passed, and the City Council anxiously concerned to 
devise some means to stay tlie violence and outrage attendant upon 
actual fires and false alarms, too often got up for such purposes." 

At the session of 1849, two reports were made, one 
in favor of organizing a Paid Fire Department with 
twelve companies. The condition of the city treas- 
ury at that time, however, was not such as to warrant 




(JHAKLES T. IIALLUWAY. 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



the increased expenditure which would have been 
necessitated by the establishment of a Paid Depart- 
ment, and no practical action was taken upon the 
mayor's suggestions. On the 31st of January, 1853, 
the United Fire Department took up the subject of 
reorganization, and a committee of one from each 
company was appointed to devise a plan for this 
purpose. 

At the July meeting in 1853 the majority of the 
committee reported a plan for a Paid Department 
with a chief engineer, and the minority presented an 
.adverse plan. The majority report was rejected by a 
large vote, and the report of the minority was laid on 
the table. In 1854 the subject was revived, and on 
the 15th of December in that year a petition, signed 
by numerous and prominent merchants and business 
men of Baltimore, was presented in the First Branch 
of the City Council, praying a change in the organi- 
zation of the Fire Department.' After referring to the 
well-known evils of the system then existing, the 
petition suggested the " expediency of passing an or- 
dinance to the effect of creating a department which 
should be paid by the city." In order " to raise the 
funds for the special purpose without increasing their 
already onerous taxes," the petitioners expressed the 
opinion that "by making the city of Baltimore a 
general fire insurance company the surplus arising 
from the payment of premiums would be ample to 
meet all necessary expenses, and leave a handsome 
revenue to the city besides." The subject was then 
allowed to rest until Feb. 11, 1856, when a resolution 
was adopted by the United Department and sent to 
the City Council, requesting that body not to grant 
the use of the streets to any more fire companies. 
This request was denied, but in 18.57 the First Branch 
adopted a resolution prohibiting the formation of any 
more volunteer companies. On the 18th of January, 
1858, the attention of the City Council was once more 
called to the subject by the mayor, who in his message 
of that date emphatically declared that the "Fire 
Department required reorganization," and urged 
prompt and eftective action. On the 19th of May, 
Mr. Kirk submitted a resolution which was adopted, 
providing for the appointment of a commission of 
nine persons to examine the whole question and re- 
port a plan " for the thorough organization of the 
Fire Department of Baltimore." The commission was 
accordingly appointed, and after investigation made 
two reports, the majority recommending the reor- 
ganization of the existing department, and the mi- 
nority report, by Henry Spilman, urging the establish- 
ment of a Paid Fire Department. The two reports of 
the commission were referred to the joint standing 
committee of the two branches, which adopted the 
plan suggested in the majority report, and submitted 
an ordinance embodying its features to the Second 

1 Oh the lat of February, 1855, a trial of the " Latta" steam-engine 
■was made at Bowley's wbiirf, in the presence of an immense concourse of 



Branch of the City Council. While the commission 
was still in session a meeting was held, on July 1st, 
by the United Fire Department, at which resolutions 
were adopted protesting against the violent dismem- 
berment of the organization, and requesting the ap- 
pointment of a committee of representatives from 
the various companies, for the purpose of preparing 
a plan for the reorganization of the department. A 
plan and ordinance were reported by this committee, 
which were submitted to the City Council in Septem- 
ber, at the same time as the ordinance and reports 
already mentioned. While the subject was still 
before the council, numerous memorials signed by 
active firemen were presented favoring the establish- 
ment of a Paid Fire Department, and arguments on the 
question were made before the mayor by the presi- 
dents of the several companies. The ordinance re- 
ported by the committee, proposing a simple reor- 
ganization of the department, was passed by the City 
Council, but on the 16th of November it was vetoed 
by the mayor. A joint special committee of the City 
Council was then appointed to consider the sugges- 
tions made in the veto message, and reported an ordi- 
nance for the establishment of a Paid Department, 
which was passed on the 9th of December, and ap- 
proved by the mayor on the following day. 

Charles T. Holloway was appointed chief engineer 
of the force, and under his management the new 
system, which he had long advocated, began almost 
immediately to prove its superiority to the old. Mr. 
Holloway was among the first to see that the steam 
fire-engine was certain to supersede the old hand- 
engine, and he had one brought from Cincinnati to 
exhibit its workings to the people of Baltimore. The 
I new " machine" created a profound impression, and 
I in a short time Mr. Holloway succeeded in securing 
its adoption in Baltimore. Born in Baltimore, Dec. 
25, 1827, he had grown up, as it were, with the old 
i volunteer system, and by long experience had learned 
i precisely where it was defective, and the dangers and 
errors against which the new department should 
guard. His parents, Robert and Eleanor Holloway, 
though of Revolutionary stock, were members of the 
Society of Friends, and he was the fifth in a family of 
eight children. 

His father was a watch and clock-maker, and made, 
fifty odd years ago, the clock now in the tower of the 
engine-house at Gay and Ensor Streets, Baltimore, 
^ then occupied by the old Independent Engine Com- 
\ pany, of which he was an active member. His son 
' inherited the father's predilections for this service, 
and at the age of fifteen he was president of the Hope 
Junior Fire Company. Charles T. Holloway also 
inherited his father's busiMess, and in 1850, while en- 
gaged in it, organized the Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder 
Company, the first in the city, of which he was presi- 
i dent for nine years. Such a company was then a 
novelty, but it became an exceedingly useful adjunct 
to the department, and Mr. Holloway's reputation as 



258 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



a practical fireman was greatly enhanced by its suc- 
cess. 

In 1864, Mr. Holloway resigned the position of chief 
engineer of the Paid Department, and in parting with 
him the City Council passed resolutions commending 
his invaluable services, and tendering him the thanks 
of the public. The members of the department pre- 
sented him with a magnificent watch and chain as a 
testimonial of their esteem. He had previously, in 
1859, received from the Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder 
Company a highly complimentary series of resolutions 
passed at a meeting of that organization. In 1868 he 
was appointed to the important office of fire inspector, 
which he has so administered as to save much valuable 
property at fires, to detect cases of incendiarism, and 
to suggest methods of protection against conflagrations. 
He has rendered the public great service by procuring 
the passage of laws providing for the inspection of 
illuminating oils and the prevention of the sale of 
such as are dangerous. When the principal insurance 
companies determined upon the formation of the 
Salvage Corps, Mr. Holloway organized and .still 
controls that very useful ally of the Fire Department. 
On the morning of Nov. 20, 1870, while on duty 
at a fire on South Charles Street, he was shock- 
ingly hurt by the falling of a wall upon him. For 
four hours he was imprisoned among the flames, 
almost suffocated by smoke and steam. His sufferings 
were terrible, but he was finally rescued and brought 
back to life. In gratitude to Providence for his es- 
cape from death he presented St. Andrew's Protestant 
Episcopal Church, of which he is a vestryman, with 
a superb marble altar. In 1870, Mr. Holloway as- 
sisted in the organization of the present Fire Depart- 
ment of Pittsburgh, and the Board of Commissioners 
thanked him by resolutions " for his very kind as- 
sistance and many valuable suggestions." He is 
vice-president of the several boards of the Baltimore 
United Fire Department. He is largely engaged in 
the manufacture of chemical fire extinguishers of his 
own invention, which he has brought very close to 
perfection. He also builds hook-and-ladder trucks 
on plans of his own, and has patents on velocipedes 
and other inventions. He married Anna H. Ross, 
daughter of the late Capt. Reuben Ross, Oct. 12, 
1854. 

One of the most noticeable changes introduced by 
the new system was the large reduction in the force 
employed, the whole number of men in the Paid 
Department at its inauguration being only one hun- 
dred and fifty-three, or not more than often seen 
attached to a single engine under the volunteer man- 
agement. Immediately upon the approval of the 
ordinance establishing the Paid Department, the 
Mechanical, First Baltimore, New Market, and other 
companies tendered their services until the organ- 
ization of the new system should be completed. Ac- 
cording to the first report of the fire commissioners 
appointed by the ordinance, the estimated cost of the 



new department for 1859 was as follows : Salary of 
chief engineer, $1200; clerk, $700; two assistant 
engineers, $600 each ; eight firemen, at $300 each ; 
six firemen, at $475 each ; eight hostlers, at $400 
each; fifty-four extra men, at $200 each; twenty- 
eight extra men, at $200 each; keep of hook-and- 
ladder horses, $3300 ; fuel and gas for engine-houses, 
$500 ; tallow, oil, etc., for oiling hose, $200 ; repairs 
of hose and machinery, $1500 ; rent of houses and 
stables, in case of no purchase, $2000 ; incidentals : 
brooms, soap, buckets, tools, etc., $300; six steam- 
engines, $21,000 ; one hook-and-ladder company, 
$1200; hose, $6000; hose-carriages, $1500; horses, 
$5000; harness, $1000; total estimated cost for salaries, 
apparatus, etc., for 1859, $75,770. 

From the second report of the commissioners, made 
on the 2d of January, 1860, it appears that the total 
expenses of the Fire Department to that date were 
$123,185.33, embracing the outlay for construction 
and purchase of all the property then belonging to 
or in use by the department, as well as the current 
expenses of the same. When the first report was 
made only three steam-engine companies and one 
hook-and-ladder company had been organized, but 
when the second report was submitted four more 
steam-engine companies and one hook-and-ladder 
company had been brought into service, making the 
seven steam-engine companies and two hook-and- 
ladder companies contemplated by the ordinances 
establishing the Paid Department. The steam-engine 
companies were the " Alpha," No. 1, built by Reaney, 
Neafie & Co., Philadelphia, and purchased of the 
First Baltimore Hose Company ; " Home," No. 2, 
built by Murray & Hazlehurst, Baltimore, and pur- 
chased of the Washington Hose Company ; " Comet," 
No. 3, built by Reaney, Neafie & Co., Philadelphia, 
and purcha.sed of the Vigilant Fire Company ; "John 
Cushing," No. 4, built by Pool & Hunt, Baltimore; 
" Thomas Swann," No. 5, built by Murray & Hazle- 
hurst, Baltimore ; " Deluge," No. 6, built by Murray 
& Hazlehurst, Baltimore ; " Baltimore," No. 7, built 
by Poole & Hunt, Baltimore. These engines went 
into service under tne new system at the following 
dates : " Alpha," No. 1, " Home," No. 2, and 
"Comet," No. 3, Feb. 15, 1859; "John Cushing," 
No. 4, May 6, 1859; "Thomas Swann," No. 5, May 
1, 1859; "Deluge," No. 6, May 17, 1859; "Balti- 
more," No. 7, Sept. 27, 1859. The first Board of 
Fire Commissioners was composed of John Cushing, 
president; William H. Stran, John W. Loane, John 
T. Morris, and W. H. Quincy. The officers were : 
Chief Engineer, Charles T. Holloway ; Assistant 
Engineers, James L. Stewart and James Wesley 
Shaw ; Clerk to the Fire Commissioners, Daniel Su- 
per. The apparatus now in service consists of thir- 
teen steam fire-engines, twenty-six four-wheel hose- 
carriages, twelve steam heaters for engines, located 
in the houses as follows : one each in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12; four hook-and-ladder 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



trucks in regular service; four fuel-tenders, -located 
at Nos. 1, 5, and 12 Engine Companies, and at No. 
1 Hook-and-Ladder Company ; one supply-wagon ; 
twenty-four fire-extinguishers, two of which are 
carried on each hook-and-ladder truck, and two on 
each of the hose-carriages of Nos. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 
and 13 Engine Companies; five Concord wagons, 
with gongs attached, for the use of the officers of the 
department, which are located at the following 
houses: chief engineer's, at No. 2 Engine Com- 
pany ; assistant engineer's, eastern district, at No. 
6 Engine Company; assistant engineer's, western 
district, at No. 4 Hook-and-Ladder Company ; super- 
intendent of telegraph, at No. 4 Hook-and-Ladder 
Company ; lineman of telegraphs, at No. 13 Engine 
Company ; one Jaggar wagon, with cover, for use 
of veterinary officer of the department; in reserve 
without companies, three first-class steam fire-en- 
gines and equipments, and one second-class steam 
iire-engine and equipment. 

The general officers consist of one chief engineer, 
two assistant engineers, and one veterinary officer. 
The force consists of thirteen foremen of engine com- 
panies, four foremen of hook-and-ladder companies, 
thirteen engine-men, thirteen assistant engine-men, 
seventeen hostlers, four tiller-men, one house-man, at- 
tached to No. 4 Hook-and-Ladder Company, one hun- 
dred and four firemen, and thirty-nine ladder-men. 
They are divided into seventeen companies, thirteen 
of which are engine and four hook-and-ladder com- 
panies. 

Each company also averages five substitutes, who 
give their services to the department without com- 
pensation except when on duty for regular members, 
and are always in the line of promotion, according to 
their good behavior and attendance. 

Engine Company No. 1 went in service February, 
1859. Engine-house situated on Paca Street north 
of Fayette Street. Has in charge one steam fire- 
engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, one wood- 
tender, four horses and harness, with all necessary 
equipments for service. 

Engine Company No. 2 went in service February, 
1859. Engine-house situated on Barre Street west 
of Sharp Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, 
two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire-extinguishers, 
six horses and harness (two of which are for the use 
of the chief engineer), with all necessary equipments 
for service. 

Engine Company No. 3 went into service February, 
1859. Engine-house situated on Lombard Street east 
of High Street. Has in charge one steam fire-en- 
gine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, four horses and 
harness, with all necessary equipments for service. 

Engine Company No. 4 went into service February, 
1859. Engine-house situated on North Street near 
Fayette Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, 
two four-wheel hose-carriages, five horses and harness, 
with all necessary equipments. 



Engine Company No. 5 went in service April, 
1859. Engine-house situated on Ann Street, south of 
Pratt Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, 
two four-wheel hose-carriages, four horses and har- 
ness, with all the necessary equipments. 

Engine Company No. 6 went into service April, 
1859. Engine-house situated corner of Gay and En- 
sor Streets. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, two 
four-wheel hose-carriages, five horses and harness, 
with all necessary equipments for service and two 
fire-extinguishers. 

Engine Company No. 7 went into service April, 
1859. Engine-house situated corner Eutaw Street 
and Druid Hill Avenue. Has in charge one steam 
fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire- 
extinguishers, five horses and harness, with all neces- 
sary equipments. 

Engine Company No. 8 went into service March, 

1871. Engine-house situated on Mulberry Street 
west of Schroeder Street. Has in charge one steam 
fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two fire- 
extinguishers, four horses and harness, with all neces- 
sary equipments. 

Engine Company No. 9 went into service February, 

1872. Engine-house situated on Madison Street near 
Broadway. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, one 
reserve steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-car- 
riages, two fire-extinguishers, five horses and harness. 

Engine Company No. 10 went in service December, 
1872. Engine-house situated on Columbia Avenue 
east of Poppleton Street. Has in charge one steam 
fire-engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, four horses 
and harness, with all necessary equipments for 
service. 

Engine Company No. 11 went in service December, 

1874. Engine-house situated corner Eastern Avenue 
and Gist Street. Has in charge one steam fire-engine, 
one reserve steam fire-engine, two four-wheel hose- 
carriages, five horses and harness. 

Engine Company No. 12 went into service February, 

1875. Engine-house situated corner Johnson Street 
and Fort Avenue. Has in charge one steam fire-en- 
gine, one reserve steam fire-engine, two four-wheel 
hose-carriages, two fire-extinguishers, one wood-ten- 
der, five horses and harness. 

Engine Company No. 13 went in service March, 

1876. Engine-house situated corner Myrtle Avenue 
and Fremont Street. Has in charge one steam fire- 
engine, two four-wheel hose-carriages, two reserve 
trucks with ladders, two fire-extinguishers, six horses 
and harness. 

Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 1 went into service 
February, 1859. Truck-house situated on Harrison 
Street north of Baltimore Street. Has in charge one 
truck, one reserve fire-engine, one wood tender, two 
fire-extinguishers, three horses and harness, with all 
necessary ladders and equipments. 

Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 2 went into service 
April, 1859. Truck-house situated on Paca Street 



260 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



north of Fayette Street. Has in charge one truck, 
two fire-extinguishers, two horses and harness. 

Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 3 went into service 
January, 1871. Truck-house situated on Ann Street 
south of Pratt Street. Has in charge one truck, two 
fire-extinguishers, one wood-tender, three horses and 
harness. 

Hook-and-Ladder Company No. 4 went into service 
December, 1880. Truck-house situated on Biddle 
Street west of Druid Hill Avenue. Has in charge 
one truck, one hose-carriage in reserve, two fire-ex- 
tinguishers, two horses and harness. 

The expenses of the department for 1880 were 
$189,387.86; the estimated expenses for 1881 are 
$196,435. 

The present officers of the department are : Board of 
Fire Commissioners, Samuel W. Regester, president; 
Mayor F. C. Latrobe, ex officio member ; Thomas W. 
Campbell, Bartholomew E. Smith, Charles B. Sling- 
lufT, Samuel T. Hanna, J. F. Morrison ; Secretary 
and Clerk, George A. Campbell ; Chief Engineer, John 
M. Hennick; Assistant Engineers, George W. EUen- 
der, Thomas W. Murphy; Fire Inspector, Charles T. 
Holloway. The Salvage Corps is situated at No. 27 
North Liberty Street. 

Fire-Alarm and Police Telegraph.— The estab- 
lishment of a municipal fire-alarm and police tele- 
graph was suggested by the Sun in 1854, and its 
introduction was again urged upon the City Council 
in the following year, but, like many other valuable 
suggestions, it passed unheeded for a time. The sub- 
ject continued to be agitated, however, and on the 
11th of March, 1857, a petition containing several 
thousand signatures was jiresented to the First Branch 
of the City Council, praying " the erection of a police ! 
and fire-alarm telegraph in the city." In April of the i 
same year the members of the City Council were in- j 
vited to visit Philadelphia to witness tlie working of i 
the police and fire-alarm telegraph which had recently { 
been introduced there, and a joint special committee, 
consisting of Messrs. James H. Wood, John Duke- I 
hart, and Amos McComas, of the First Branch, and j 
Messrs. F. E. B. Heintz, George AV. Herring, and j 
Lemuel Bierbower, of the Second Branch, were ap- i 
pointed to proceed to that city and examine the oper- 
ation of the new system. They left Baltimore on the 
14th of April, and on their return made a report fa- 
vorable to the introduction of the same system in Bal- 
timore, accompanied by resolutions authorizing a 
contract to be made with Messrs. Phillips & Co. for I 
the construction of the telegraph and fire-alarm ap- i 
paratus, provided the cost should not exceed thirty 
thousand dollars. On the 26th of May these resolu- 
tions were unanimously adopted by the First Branch 
of the City Council, but on the 28th were rejected in : 
the Second Branch by a tie vote. A committee of 
conference was appointed by the two branches, and on 
the 3d of June a report was made in the First Branch, 
and resolutions adopted authorizing the comptroller 



to advertise in two of the daily papers " for proposals 
for the erection in the city of a police and fire-alarm 
telegraph for the use of the city, with no less than 
thirty-five alarm stations." On the 9th these resolu- 
tions were concurred in by the Second Branch, with 
an amendment requiring further legislation by the 
Council before any contract should be made under 
their provisions. Proposals for the work were made 
by Henry J. Rogers and James L. McPhial, William 
J. Phillips and J. M. Gamewell & Co., the latter offer- 
ing to undertake the work for thirty-three thousand 
five hundred dollars. On the 16th of September the 
joint special committee on the subject reported in the 
First Branch of the City Council resolutions author- 
izing the mayor, register, and comptroller to contract 
with Messrs. Gamewell and Phillips, on behalf of 
Gamewell, Phillips, Robertson, and Browning, to erect 
a fire-alarm and police telegraph for the use of the 
city, and the resolutions were unanimously adopted 
in that branch on the following day, and in the Sec- 
ond Branch on the 22d of the same month. It was 
provided, however, that they should not be operative 
unless the ordinance for the reorganization of the Fire 
Department should become a law. The mayor's veto 
of the ordinance upon which the resolutions were 
made dependent necessitated their reintroduction at 
the following session of the City Council, and they 
were accordingly again passed by the First Branch on 
the 22d of November. On the 1st of December they 
received the approval of the Second Branch, which 
attached the proviso that the cost should not exceed 
thirty -three thousand dollars. The sanction of the City 
Council having thus at length been obtained, the erec- 
tion of the lines was commenced the middle of March, 
1859, and the work was completed on the 27th of June, 
and formally transferred to the city two days after- 
wards. The first test of the power of the telegraphic 
wires was made on the 27th, in ringing the bell con- 
nected with the engine-house of the " Alpha," on 
Paca Street near Fayette. On the 31st of August 
connection with the eastern, western, and southern 
police-stations was made from the central olfice in the 
old city hall, and the first words sent over the wires 
to the southern police station was the name of the 
marshal of police, Mr. Herring, who happened to be 
at that point. At the fall elections of 1863 the police 
and fire-alarm telegraph was employed for the first 
time to transmit the returns of a general election. In 
August, 1867, the police commissioners purchased 
new telegraphic instruments for the marshal's office 
and the several station-houses, and the police tele- 
graph then became separate and distinct from the 
fire-alarm telegraph. In 1877 an ordinance was 
passed by which the management and control of the 
police and fire-alarm telegraph was placed in the 
hands of the Board of Fire Commissioners, of which 
the mayor was constituted a member. During the 
same year the boxes of the old system were discarded, 
and on the 3d of December the new police and fire- 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



261 



alarm telegraph was put in operation. Charles J. 
McAleese is the superintendent. 

The Salvag'e Corps of Baltimore, while not a part 
of the Paid Department, is one of the most valuable 
agencies connected with the present system for the 
preservation and protection of property. It was or- 
ganized through the efforts of Messrs. Charles B. Hol- 
loway, Andrew Reese, and others connected with in- 
surance interests, and is supported by fire insurance 
companies. It is equipped with two wagons, Hollo- 
way's Chemical Extinguisher, buckets, and water- 
proof covers. The duties of the Salvage Corps are 
to extinguish incipient fires, to protect perishable 
goods by water-proof covers, to remove goods to a 
place of safety, to take charge of damaged goods, and 
to notify companies of the perilous condition of the 
premises. 

Prominent Fires. — 1749. The first recorded fire 
in Baltimore occurred March 10, 1749, in the house 
of Greenbury Dorsey, by which one man, four chil- 
dren, and a colored girl were burned to death. 

1776. — September IS. The main building and the 
east wing of the almshouse were nearly consumed 
by fire. 

1779. — February 4. The brewery of James Steret 
was destroyed; rebuilt, and destroyed Nov. 4, 1783; 
rebuilt by Thomas Peters, of Philadelphia, and again 
destroyed by fire some years afterwards, and again re- 
built. 

1790.— The residence of the Carrolls at Mount 
Clare was partially destroyed by fire, and all the fur- 
niture damaged. 

1796.— December 4. The building on Light Street 
occupied by John Parks, hatter, the drug-store 
occupied by Dr. Goodwin, adjoining, and the cab- 
inet manufactory of Williamson & Smith, on the 
south side, together with the two-story residence of 
Mr. Hawkins, on the north side, with the Baltimore 
Academy and the Methodist church, were destroyed 
by fire. The buildings were opposite " Bryden's 
Fountain Inn," which was in very great danger of 
destruction. This was the largest and most destruc- 
tive fire that up to this date had visited Baltimore 
Town. 

1799.— May 28. The burning of the bake-house 
of Patrick Millian, on the west side of South Street, 
occasioned the destruction of fourteen warehouses 
and much other valuable property between that and 
Bowley's wharf. The chief losses fell upon James 
Piper, William Jessop, William Woods, Von Kapft" & 
Anspach, Benjamin Williams, Rogers & Owens, Solo- 
mon Betts, James Corrie, Redmond Berry, M. Larew, 
William Ryland, John McFaddeu, A. W. Davey, Mrs. 
Lawson, John Strieker, Patrick Millian, Jarard Toep- 
ken, J. Masey, Lewis Pascault. 

1812. — November 21. The large brewery of John- 
son & Co. was destroyed, and shortly afterwards re- 
built. • 

1817. — February 10. A wing of the jieuitentiary 



occupied by three hundred prisoners was nearly 
destroyed. 

1818. — October 22. The old tobacco inspection 
warehouse, corner of Philpot and Queen Streets (now 
Pratt), Fell's Point, was destroyed, creating a very 
extensive conflagration, and destroying property of 
James Morrison, John Robinson, Samuel Kennard, 
Joseph Coleman, George Wagner, and William Pat- 
terson. The loss was estimated at $25,000. 

1820. — The public warehouse on the Point was de- 
stroyed by fire. 

1822. — June 23. t)ver two million feet of lumber 
near McElderry's wharf destroyed by fire, with twenty- 
five or thirty buildings, many of them large and 
valuable warehouses filled with goods. 

1826. — January 17. The "Pantheon," on Court- 
land Street, was destroyed. 

1827.— March IS. The warehouse of Mr. Webb 
and those adjoining on Howard Street, with their 
contents, were destroyed. John Rankard and Fred- 
erick Knipp were killed by a falling wall. 

1829. — December 29. Steam sugar-refinery of D. 
L. Thomas destroyed. 

1832.— July 15. Lumber-yard of William Car- 
son & Co., Buchanan's wharf, together with ware- 
houses on Smith's wharf, occupied by Messrs. White, 
Buck & Hedrich, Manning & Hope, Hugh Boyle, and 
Mr. Lester; by falling walls two persons were killed 
and four wounded. 

1833. — September 27. The planing-mills and lum- 
ber-yard of Howland & Woollen, Lombard Street 
near Greene, destroyed, and Columbus Vinkle killed 
by suction-engine of the Howard Company. 

1835. — February 7. The " Athenfeum," southwest 
corner St. Paul and Lexington Streets, totally de- 
stroyed, involving the loss of the philosophical appa- 
ratus of the Mechanical Institute, the library of the 
Maryland Academy of Arts with valuable cabinets, 
and a splendid organ belonging to Mr. Shaw. The in- 
surance on the building was $20,000, in the Equitable 
Society of Baltimore. Same day, chair-factory of Mr. 
Daily, Baltimore Street near Jones' Falls, was burned. 

February 13. The court-house, at that time one of 
the finest buildings in the country, destroyed, but all 
the valuable records were saved. During the same 
week attempts were made to fire Rev. Mr. Duncan's 
church, Lexington Street ; the Female Orphan Asy- 
lum, Franklin Street ; the Friends' meeting-house, 
Lombard Street; the Baltimore Gazette oflice, the 
Middle police station-house, the museum, the Lib- 
erty and LTnion engine-houses, the Exchange, and 
many other public buildings. 

February 25. The range of stables in the rear of 
the Western Hotel, then at the corner of Howard and 
Saratoga Streets, were destroyed, and firemen Wra. 
McNelly, Stewart D. Downes, Michael Moran, and 
Wm. Machliu were killed. 

1836. — April 8. The Lazaretto warehouse, at Quar- 
antine, destroved. 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



1888.— February 3. Front Street Theatre anil Cir- 
cus, then occupied by Cooke's celebrated European 
Circus Troupe, was entirely consumed by fire. Mr. 
Cooke lost the whole of his stock, fixtures, machinery, 
wardrobes, and decorations, including his entire stud ; 
of nearly fifty beautiful horses. "Gough's Mansion j 
House," nearly opposite the theatre, occupied by \ 
Patrick Murphy, was also destroyed. 

August 8. The extensive soap-factory of Peter 
Boyd & Co. destroyed by an incendiary fire, and 
involving in its destruction that of the plow-factory | 
of Richard P. Chenowith, the shop and dwelling of 
Richard McLanahan, and the saw-mill and mahogany- 
yard of Jacob Dalley. 

August 31. The cabinet-factory of John Needles, ( 
Cypress Alley above Pratt Street, destroyed ; also the 
brick house adjoining of W. & J. Neal, occupied by 
Mr. Cochran as a furniture wareroom ; the Virginia 
House and American Hotel, owned by R. Smith, on [ 
the south side, with very great damage to many other I 
buildings, and destroying values equal to $150,000. i 

1840.— March 30. Ths German Lutheran church, 
built in 1808 at a cost of forty thousand dollars, was 
totally destroyed, together with its organ. 

1842. — The extensive rope-walk of George A. Yon 
Spreehelsen, Lombard Street, was destroyed by an 
incendiary, and involved also the dwelling-houses of 
Wm. Mansten, John Wells, and Wm. Knorr. By 
the falling of the walls on the next day seven persons 1 
were killed or injured, mostly children engaged in ' 
picking up nails, etc. 

1843.— March 9. The fine mansion corner of Madi- 
son and Hoffman Streets, of Andrew Tiffany, de- 
stroyed. 

1844.— September 10. The lumber-yard of Coates 
& Glenn, with several stores and dwellings, destroyed. 

December 29. The shoe-store of Bellinger & Son, 
the cracker-bakery of Richard C. Mason, the shoe- 
store of J. H. & Edward Searles, with all their stock 
of goods, together with the tobacco-factory of Charles 
Ingram, the clothing-store of John H. Rea, Josephs' 
lottery-office, corner South and Pratt Streets, and 
several other houses, were totally destroyed. 

184-5. — December 31. Thomas Neilson's observatory 
and marine telegraph. Federal Hill, and all the ap- 
paratus totally destroyed. 

1847. — May 9. The cabinet-factory of John and 
James Williams & Co., 58 South Street, the grocery 
and warehouse of Wm. Chestnut, corner of South 
and Pratt, Middleton's tobacco and snuff-factory, | 
Peter Keenan's biscuit and water-cracker factory I 
were destroyed, with many other buildings seriously 
damaged. 

1848.— January H. The .steamboats the "Wal- 
cott," belonging to Robert Taylor, and the " Jewess," | 
of the Norfolk line, destroyed at the end of Patter- 
son's wharf The " Walcott" was laid up for the I 
winter, but the " Jewess" was laden with much freight, 
and was scuttled to prevent total destruction. 



May 28. Knox's cotton-factory, on the north side 
of Lexington Street, west of Fremont, with over sixty 
dwellings, was destroyed. 

1849.— January 28. The large beef, pork, and 
candle-factory of Henry Kimberly, on Buren Street, 
with contents, destroyed ; loss, $85,000. 

February 10. The extensive steam soap and can- 
dle manufactory of Smith & Curlett, northeast corner 
Holliday and Pleasant Streets, destroyed ; damage, 
$15,000 ; insurance, $25,000. 

1850. — June 4. The extensive livery and carriage 
stables of Charles Goddard, northeast corner Green 
and Raborg Streets, destroyed ; horses and carriages 
saved. 

July 13. The lumber-yard of John J. Griffith, East 
Falls Avenue, destroyed, involving also the lumber- 
yard of James Harker, and injuring the planing-mill 
of H. Herring, and embracing the entire block from 
the Falls to President Street, with Messrs. King & 
Sutton's lumber-yard, two dwelling-houses of Richard 
Cross on Stiles Street, with four brick dwellings of 
Robert Cross, Mr. Cousin's cooper-shop, and several 
small houses occupied by German families; loss, 
$20,000. 

1851. — July 21. The brewery and two houses be- 
longing to Mr. Mattese, at the then extremity of 
Saratoga Street, destroyed. 

July 28. The paint, drug, oil, and glass house of 
Messrs. Baker Bros., on South Charles Street near 
Lombard, destroyed to the extent of $13,000 ; insur- 
ance, .■?51,000. The large building of Leonard Jarvis 
adjoining, occupied by Cannon, Bennett & Co., auc- 
tioneers, was partially burned, with all the adjoining 
building seriously damaged. 

December 14. The Emmanuel Evangelical Associ- 
ation church, southeast corner Camden and Eutaw 
Street, destroyed. 

December 15. Cook's cotton-factory, on French 
opposite Chestnut Street, burned. 

1853. — June 28. Lower Broadway Market-house, 
from Thames to Lancaster Street, and two houses on 
east side of Broadway destroyed. 

1854. — March 6. Messrs. Knabe, Gable & Co. 
sustained a loss of $28,000, Mrs. Frank Sewall of 
$8600, and W. A. Daushin of $1000. 

April 29. St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church, 
corner Charles and Saratoga Streets, was destroyed. 
The building cost $140,000. 

May 14. McElderry & Floyd's lumber-yard. Light 
Street wharf, between Camden and Conway Streets, 
with the row of four-story warehouses belonging to 
Michael Dorsey and Dr. Keenan, much damaged by 
fire 

June 10. An extensive fire damaged small tene- 
ments to the extent of 115,000. 

October 19. The sash-factory of Crook & Duft", on 
East Falls Avenue ; the steam works and sash-factory 
of Lapourelle & Maughlin, on Stiles Street; the luni- 
ber-vard of Griffith & Cate, five houses on President 



FIRES AND FIRE COMPANIES. 



263 



Street, James Bates' establishment, the spice-mill of 
Crawford & Berry, the coal-office of Jlr. Cliff, the 
cooper-shop of John Cousin, many tenement houses, 
and a vessel load of coal destroyed. 

December 9. The warehouse of J. McGowan & Son, 
Baltimore Street, east of Paca, with seven other large 
warehouses, involving a loss of $200,000. Tlie occu- 
pants were J. McGowan & Sons, wliolesale grocery 
and liquore; Messrs. Knabe & Gahle, piano manufac- 
turers; Messrs. Mills & Bro., stoves and tinware; 
Messrs. Newsham & Co., iron railing manufacturers; 
Messrs. Mills & Murray, feed-store ; Messrs. Eoth- 
rock and Peacock, tinners and roofers ; Mr. Caspear, 
cedar cooper; E. P. Osier, cedar cooper. On Paca I 
Street the stores of Messrs. Kahler & Smith were 
also on fire. At one time it was feared that the 
Eutaw House would be destroyed, but the employes 
of the establishment well saturated the roof with 
water, and thus prevented the disaster that might 
otherwise have ensued. 

1855.— April 6. The warehouse No. 266 West Bal- 
timore Street, occupied by Carey, Howe & Co., whole- 
sale boot and shoe dealers, and George A. Warder & 
Co., wholesale hat dealers, destroyed ; losses to the 
warehouse over $60,000, and to the latter $50,000 ; the 
falling of the walls destroyed the carpet-factory of 
Gable, McDowell & Co., with stock valued at $100,000. 
Total loss between $200,000 and $300,000. 

May 26. The wholesale clothing warehouse of 
Dailey, Massey & Maupin, Baltimore Street near 
Howard ; with that of Devries, Stepliens & Thomas, 
corner Baltimore and Howard ; that of Norris, Cald- 
well & Co., grocers ; that of Fisher, Boyd & Co., on 
Howard Street; that of Mayer & Bro., John Gush- 
ing, and Enoch Bennet, destroyed and damaged to the 
extent of nearly $200,000. 

July 4. The extensive ham and bacon establish- 
ment of Eoloson & Co., North Paca Street between 
Lexington and Fayette Streets, destroyed, with injury 
to dwellings owned by A. H. Reip, Henry Hartsog, 
and the Howard engine-house. 

July 12. On Barnes Street, between Broadway and 
Bond, the scene of a destructive fire. 

1856. — September 18. A number of workshops at 
the Maryland Penitentiary burned. 

1 857.— April 14. Nos. 37, 39, and 41 South Charles 
Street were destroyed by fire, and communicating on 
Lombard Street to the warehouse of E. L. Parker cfe 
Co., Hodges & Emack, hardware merchants; Hanley 
i^ Bansemer, wholesale grocers; Gilpin, Canby & Co., 
wliolesale druggists, as well as a two-story building, 
were consumed. No. 37 South Charles Street was 
occupied by J. S. Robinson, paper-dealer, and L. 
Harrison & Co., cap manufacturer. No. 39 by R. 
Edwards & Co., and B. S. & W. A. Loney. No. 41 
was occupied by Norris & Bro. The falling of floors 
caused the deaths of Joseph R. Bruce, Joseph Ward, 
George Boyle, Jacob Marshek, Joseph Hasson, Wil- 
liam E. Abell, James Payne, Herman Bollman, Theo- ' 



dore Brun, Thomas Buckley, Joseph Litzeuger, and 
Samuel Hargrove. 

May 14. Lumber-yard of Thomas & Price de- 
stroyed ; loss, $30,000. 

November 21. Nos. 318 and 318J West Baltimore 
Street, occupied by Fisher, Boyd & Brother, importers, 
and by L. P. D. Newman, boots and shoes, destroyed. 

1858. — January 10. The Empire House, corner 
Low and Forest Streets, destroyed ; also four-story 
warehouse corner Hanover and Lombard, owned by 
Col. John E. Howard. 

March 25. A number of small houses in Dallas 
Street burned. 

March 26. Arbiter Hall, No. 3 South Frederick 
Street, destroyed, and great damage done to several 
houses on Centre Market Space. 

1859. — January 22. Property on Dugan's wharf 
valued at $20,000 destroyed. 

March 16. Old Saratoga Brewery, built in 1832 by 
Gen. Medtart, destroyed. 

December 11. No. 408 West Baltimore Street, C. 
M. Steiff, piano manufacturer ; No. 400, P. McGill, 
feed-store, and three houses owned by William Bowers 
and used as a coach-factory ; No. 404, Thomas Mc- 
Glennan; and also at same time No. 577 Pennsylvania 
Avenue, used as a stable by Benjamin Horn, were 
destroyed. 

I860.— September 4. Old Congress Hall, corner 
Baltimore and Liberty Street, occupied by Summers 
& Townsend, and by Samuel Dryden, destroyed. 

December 12. Warehouse No. 246 West Baltimore 
Street, occupied by Marsden & Brother, also by Mer- 
ryfield & Stitchcomb, and on the third floor by E. 
Rosenswig & Co., destroyed, and many buildings 
seriously damaged. 

1861. — January 11. The United States barracks 
on Lafayette Square destroyed. 

1867. — February 8. No. 9 Commerce Street, below 
Exchange Place, the premises occupied by Charles 
A. Ross & Co., rectifiers, was entirely destroyed, and 
values to the amount of $150,000 consumed. No. 11, 
next door, occupied by W. S. Shurtzs & Co., dealers 
in salted fish and cheese, and also No. 7, occupied by 
Adams & Davidson, destroyed, valued at $50,000. 

1869.— April 25. The oakum-factory of R. B. Hanna 
& Co., Thames Street between Ann and Wolf Streets, 
destroyed, and twenty other houses consumed ; Ran- 
dolph & Brother, lumber-yard, corner Wolf and 
Thames Streets; also Charles T. Morris, joiner-shop, 
138 Thames Street, loss $6000 ; No. 136, Robert B. 
Hanna, loss $10,000 ; Nos. 132 and 134, E. H. Frazier 
& Co., loss $50,000 ; No. 130, John Welch, paint-shop, 
loss $5000; No. 128, James Wheedon, loss $3000; 
No. 126, John Vanderhorst; No. 269, South Ann 
Street, Dr. Inloes; No. 294, Night Day, furniture; 
No. 292, Peter Smith ; No. 290, Henry Mankin ; No. 
288, William Sager ; No. 286, Henry Brown ; No. 
284, JVIrs. Vessels ; No. 282, occupied by several fami- 
lies ; No. 107 Lancaster Street, Boonehorn ; Nos. 109 



264 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and 111, Henry Platte; Nos. 113 and 115, John Tay- 
lor ; Randolph chapel, on Lancaster Street, with the 
building adjoining, owned by Mr. Klinefelter; No. 
255 South Wolf Street, H. Herbech ; No. 253, F. K. 
Draihs; No. 251, Mrs. Johnson; No. 249, Mrs. 
Young ; No. 247, Jackson Ingelfritzs, were destroyed 
or seriously damaged. 

November 1. The Abbott Iron Company's rolling- 
mill damaged to the extent of $70,000. 

1870. — November 20. The tobacco warehouse and 
factory of F. W. Feigner, Nos. 88 and 90 South 
Charles Street, destroyed ; the wall of the building 
occupied by J. B. N. & A. L. Berry, commission mer- 
chants, fell in, crushing in the gable end of Lloyd's 
Hotel, kept by John O'Dounell, whose leg was frac- 
tured by the fall. The walls of both buildings fell, 
burying under the d6bris Fire Inspector Charles T. 
Holloway, J. B. Hays, Frederick Marsden, and 
Michael Nolan, of No. 1 Truck Company. Mr. Hol- 
loway was taken out of the ruins in an unconscious 
state, but recovered ; Mr. Hays died. Feigner & Co., 
loss, $50,000 ; Messrs. Berry, $16,500 ; and O'Donnell, 
$500. 

1871.— May 22. Warehouses of Wm. H. Brown & 
Bro., and Stellman, Henrichs & Co., and dwelling- 
house were destroyed, valued at $250,000. J. Harry 
Weaver, memlier of the First Branch City Council, 
was killed by the explosion of the steam fire-engine 
" Alpha," at the northwest corner of German and 
Howard Streets. 

June 12. The steamer " George Weems" de- 
.stroyed, and the " George Law" badly damaged, in 
the Basin. 

1872.— January 28. The new ice-boat " Maryland" 
destroyed ; loss, $25,000. 

December IS. The planing-mills of Otto Duker & 
Bro., corner of President Street and Canton Avenue, 
destroyed. 

1873.— May 12. The Protestant Episcopal Church 
of the Ascension, at the southeast corner of Lafayette 
Avenue and Oregon Street, was destroyed. 

June 20. Mount Vernon Company's cotton-mill 
No. 1, on Jones' Falls, above the city, destroyed, 
with loss on building and machinery amounting to 
. $205,000. 

July 25. The most destructive fire ever known iij 
Baltimore. The sash and blind factory of Messrs. 
Jos. Thomas & Son, corner of Park and Clay Streets, 
took fire, and the combustible materials with which 
it was filled soon spread the flames, until the area of 
flame extended over portions of Park, Clay, and Sara- 
toga Streets. The extensive livery stables of John D. 
Stewart, No. Ill Lexington Street, were jiartially 
destroyed. St. Alphonsus' church, Saratoga and Park 
Streets, as well as the cathedral, were in very great 
danger, and rescued from destruction only by the un- 
tiring efforts of people and police. On Lexington 
Street the First English Lutheran church, with the 
parsonage an<l row of residences on the west side of 



Park Street, were destroyed. Sparks carried to the 
roof of the dwelling-house corner of Mulberry and 
Park extended the flames in a new direction, but by 
active efforts their progress was arrested without the 
destruction of the fine residences on Cathedral Street. 
The First Presbyterian church, Liberty and Saratoga 
Streets, took fire in its tall steeple, and was soon com- 
pletely destroyed, and carried a like fate to the whole 
row on the south side of Saratoga between Liberty 
and Park. The official report of Fire Inspector Chas. 
T. Holloway gave the following as the extent of 
damage done : 2 churches, 3 two-.s-tory and attic brick 
houses, 64 three-story brick houses, 18 four-story 
brick houses, 1 two-story frame house, 1 three-story 
frame house, 1 one-story brick house; total, 113. The 
loss being estimated at $750,000, of which one-third 
was covered by insurance. Aid was obtained from 
the Fire Department of Washington. When the mag- 
nitude of the conflagration was fully realized a des- 
patch was promptly forwarded to Washington asking 
for help, as follows : " To the Chief Engineer Wash- 
ington City Fire Department: Send every spare en- 
gine and carriage here immediately. Henry Spilman, 
Chief Engineer." This message, on reaching Wash- 
ington City, was delivered to Martin Cronin, chief of 
the Fire Department, and in one hour's time Engines 
Nos. 2 and 3, fully equipped, and having with them 
a compound pipe, arrived at the Camden Street depot, 
under charge of the chief of the Washington Fire De- 
partment, assisted by the president of the Board 'of 
Fire Commissioners and Commissioner Joseph Wil- 
liams. The distance from Washington to Baltimore 
was made in thirty-nine minutes. Chief Cronin at 
once reported to Chief Spilman of the Baltimore Fire 
Department, who placed Engine No. 3 on Pleasant 
Street below Charles, and No. 2 on Liberty below 
Lexington Street, and they immediately commenced 
work on the buildings near Liberty and Saratoga 
Streets, doing efficient and valuable service. The 
officers and members of Engine Company No. 2, the 
Franklin, were Charles Hurdle, foreman ; John Sin- 
clair, Samuel Dawes, Samuel Ricks, Hugh Myers, 
Philip Meredith, Wm. Hunt. The officers of No. 3, 
the Columbian, were James Lowe, foreman ; Daniel 
Barron, Jasper Smith, Michael Kane, Walter Cox, 
Francis Lewis, Conrad Kaufman, Lewis Low {repre- 
sentative of No. 1 Truck, Washington), John Fisher, 
F. P. Blair, James Frazier, L.T. Folansbee (exempt). 
Each company had their horses, hose-carriages, and 
nine hundred feet of hose. The locomotive which 
accomplished the extraordinary feat of running forty- 
two miles in thirty-nine minutes was No. 413, and 
was in charge of Samuel Buckey, engineer. The 
train consisted of three gondolas and one passenger- 
coach, Capt. ^Vm. Bines, conductor, and all in charge 
of Col. Koontz, agent for the railroad at Washington. 
The Fire Departments of Philadelphia and Wil- 
mington promptly tendered assistance, but it was not 
required. Tlie ci'ty of Colnmhia oirerc.i aid and sym- 



MONUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 



pathy, which were thankfully acknowledged, but no 
material assistance was required. 

September 10. HoUiday Street Theatre was de- 
stroyed. The old Assembly Rooms, then used as the 
Baltimore City College, and the St. Nicholas Hotel 
were badly damaged. 

December 12. The old Baltimore Museum build- 
ing, or the New American Theatre, at the northwest 
corner of Baltimore and Calvert Streets, owned by 
the estate of Judge John Glenn and W. W. Glenn, 
was destroyed. 

1874. — November 12. The Hebrew Orphan Asy- 
lum, on Calverton Heights, on the site of the old 
almshouse, destroyed. 

In the year 1874 there were but few serious fires ; 
among the largest fires were the following : Sickle, 
Singleton & Co., fancy goods warehouse, No. 22 Han- 
over Street, loss .t60,000, insurance $45,000. Upper 
portion of the consolidated building corner of South 
and German Streets, loss $35,000, fully insured. 
State tobacco warehouse Nos. 1 and 2, loss $375,000, 
insurance $250,000. Cotton warehouse. No. 43 West 
Lombard Street, loss .«4000, insured. Nicholas & Co., 
oil-works, loss $6000, no insurance. Axle-grease 
factory, loss $2000, insured. Gunther & Finks' fur- 
niture-factory, loss $15,000, insurance $13,000. Coul- 
son's glue-factory, loss $15,000, insurance $6500, 
Nos. 19 and 21 Philpot Street, loss $11,500, insured. 
No. 77 West Biddle Street, loss $2300, insured. 

1875.— No. 318 West Baltimore Street, loss $15,000. 
No. 240 South Carolina Street, loss $2500, insured. 
Crystal Coal Oil-works, Canton, loss $15,000, insured. 

1876.— April 9th. The wholesale drug establish- 
ment of William H. Brown & Brother, No. 25 South 
Sharp Street, was totally destroyed by fire with its 
entire contents ; the partial burning of nine other 
buildings, besides slight damage to many roofs, much 
furniture, stocks of goods, etc. It was estimated that 
the total loss was $225,000. 

On the 22d of June the building on the corner of 
North and Saratoga Streets, used as a sale stable, but 
better known as the " Old Mud Theatre," was de- 
stroyed by fire, with a number of roofs in the neigh- 
borhood, and a quantity of goods damaged. The 
entire loss was estimated at from $8000 to $12,000. 

The Merchants' Shot-Tower, southeast corner of 
Franklin and Front Streets, an old landmark, and the 
most complete piece of work of that kind in the 
United States, was burned out entirely on Saturday 
night, September 21st. 

The Official Record of Fire Alarms and Losses by Fire in 
Baltimore from 1859 to 1881. 

Years, Alarms. Losses. 

1859 97 $75,00.5.00 

1860 116 322,831.00 

1861 131 60,0*1.41 

1862 86 83,806.16 

1863 82 130,832.56 

1864 143 163,682.47 

1865 110 79,191.89 

1866 177 181,115.00 

1867 192 293,045.00 

1868 135 76,244.75 



Tears, Alarms. 

1869 193 

1870 165 

1871 163 

1872 175 

1873 165 

1874 146 

1875 345 

1877 "!!!!"i"""'"!!'r!!!,!!3'^!""""! 372 

1878 370 

1879 305 

1880 310 

Total alarms and losses by fire for 
twenty-two years, commencing No- 
vember 1st and eudiDg October 31st 

for each year 4163 



$397,259.00 
432,717.70 
475,394.00 
390.764.96 
892,628.68 
506,826.15 
608,351,67 
663,248.78 
424,237,10 
164,156.75 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

MONUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 

Washington Monument. — Upon the removal of 
the old ri)uit-lii)iise, which stood on the present site 
of the Battle .Alonunifnt, the property-owners of the 
vicinity, fearing that the ground would be occupied 
by some unsightly building, determined to memorial- 
ize the Legislature to give them authority to raise 
one hundred thousand dollars for the purpose of 
erecting upon the spot a monument to the memory 
of Gen. George Washington. These memorialists 
consisted of John Comegys, James A. Buchanan, and 
David Winchester. The Legislature granted their 
petition, but the war with England coming on shortly 
afterwards, they made no progress. In the mean time 
it began to be considered that such a tall and isolated 
column near their houses would be rather dangerous, 
and at the close of the war they concluded that it 
was more desirable that the present monument should 
grace the site. The commissioners then concluded to 
raise the monument elsewhere. Col. John Eager 
Howard offered them as much land as was needed 
on the crest of a hill, which was then densely covered 
with trees, where Mount Vernon Place is now located, 
and the ground was accepted by the commissioners. 
The corner-stone of the monument was laid on the 
4th of July, 1815, with great ceremony. In the stone 
a copper plate was deposited, on one side of which 
was engraved, — 

" On the 4th of July, A.D. 1815, was laid this 

Foundation Stone 

Of a monument to be erected to the memory of George Washington." 

On the reverse, — 

*' Managei-s — John Comegys, Washington Hall, James A. Buchanan, 
Lemuel Taylor, Robert Gilmor, Jr., George Hoffman, Isaac McKim, 
Edward J. Coale, William H. Winder, James Patridge, David Winches- 
ter, Nicholas G. Eidgely, Fielding Lucas, Jr,, Robert Miller, James Cal- 
houn, Jr,, Nathaniel F. Williams, Jimes Cocke, Levi HoUingsworth, 
John Flick, William Gwynn, James Williams, Benjamin H, Milliken, 
James Barroll, 

" Eli Simpkins, Secretary; Robert Mills, Architect, The site presented 
by John Eager Howard, Esq, Edward Johnson, Mayor of the City," 

A sealed glass bottle was also deposited, containing 
a likeness of Washington, his valedictory address, the 
several newspapers printed in the city, and the differ- 
ent coins of the United States. On the stone was 
engraved — " William Steuart and Thomas Towson, 
Stone Cutters; Sater Stevenson, Stone Mason." 



266 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The permission granted by the Legislature included 
the right to open a lottery for the purpose of raising 
the money, and the following " Washington Monu- 
ment Lottery" was accordingly proposed : 35,000 
tickets at $10 each, $350,000; managers, James A. 
Buchanan, Robert Gilmor, Jr., Robert Miller, Isaac 
McKim, George Hoffman, Edward J. Coale, Lemuel 
Taylor, Washington Hall, John Frick, James Pat- 
ridge, William Gwynn, William II. Winder, Na- 
tlKUiirl 1-. Williams! P;ivi<! Will, luslcr. .Iain.- I'.ai- 




roll, Levi HoUingsworth, Fielding Lucas, Jr., B. H. 
Milliken, James Calhoun, Jr., Nicholas G. Ridgely, 
Dr. James Cocke, James Williams, John Comegys. 
Eli Simpkins acted as secretary. The lottery (com- 
pany offered a prize of five hundred dollars, which 
was awarded to R. Mills, Jr., a native of North 
Carolina, and then a resident of Philadelphia, for a 
design for the monument. The lottery privilege 
granted by the Legislature was exercised by the man- 
agers of the monument until 1824, at which time they 
relinquished the privilege, as it interfered with the 
general State lottery system, on condition of receiving 
annually from the treasurer of the Western Shore the 
surplus of the State lotteries over and above the clear 
sum of twelve thousand dollars. In 1827 another ar- 
rangement was made, founded on the extraordinary 
productiveness of the State lotteries in the preceding 
year, by which the treasurer of the Western Shore 
was required by law to pay over to the managers of 
the Wasliington Monument during that year any sum 
received from tlie lotteries not exceeding twenty thou- 
sand dollars. By tlie same act the State accepted the 
work as her own and declared it to be her property, 
and directed that the inscription placed upon it should 
be expressive of tlie gratitude of the State of Mary- 



land. The sums thus raised being still insufficient, 
the treasurer of the Western Shore was required by 
act of 1829 to issue during that year scrip to the 
amount of twenty thousand dollars at five per centum, 
redeemable at pleasure, and to apply to the payment 
of the interest and redemption at liis discretion the 
clear proceeds of the lotteries over and above twelve 
thousand dollars annually, which had been pledged to 
this ohjpct in 1824. On the 2.5th of November, 1829, 
I, ', ' : -i' ill.' Main.-, .■.mil. risiiii;- ill.' 1. list, etc., 
ua- iai-..l l..llH--i,mmitofthe 
im. num. Ill; it « a> |.i-.M.iited by 
F. T. D. Taylor, of Baltimore 
f'.iunty, and was cut of fine 
wliite marble from the quarries 
..n the York road. The monu- 
icnt stands in an open space, 
t \ ) hundred teet square, appro- 
I iiitely called, after the home 
I Washington," Mount Vernon 
I 1 iLC It lb surrounded by fine 
il 11 and two public build- 
I 1 1 1 e ibody Institute and 
M uiit \ cinou Methodist Epis- 
I al church The area inclo- 
1 by the iron railing around 
ill monument is about one 
liiiridred feet in diameter; the 
1 Li^ht of the monument above 
the ground is,one hundred and 
eighty-eight feet, and above 
tide two hundred and eighty- 
eight feet. The column is one 
hundred and sixty feet high; 
the statue is sixteen feet high, and was wrought in 
three separate pieces from one block of thirty-six 
tons, each block weighing about five and a half tons 
when completed. It was elevated successfully, by 
means of a pair of spars attached to the cap of the 
column, by pulleys and capstan, planned and directed 
by Capt. James D. Woodside, of Washington City. 
The statue is the design and work of Causici, and repre- 
sents Washington in the State-House at Annapolis, 
Md., at the instant he resigned his commission. The 
monument is a stately Doric column of white marble ; 
the base is fifty feet square and twenty-four feet high ; 
the number of steps to the gallery surmounting the 
column is two hundred and twenty. The following in- 
scription is engraved upon the four sides of the base of 
the monument : 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

STATK OF MARYLAND. 

Born February 22, 1732. 

Coinmandor-iiiCbief of tho American Army, June 1.5, 1776. 

Trenton, December 25, 1776. 

Torktowu, October 19, 1781. 

Commission resigned at Annapolis, December 23, 1783. 

President of the United States Mttrcli 4, 1789. 

Retired to Mount Vernon March 4, 1797. 

Died December 4, 1799. 



MOXUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQU^EES. 



The marble used in the monument was donated by 
Gen. Charles Kidgely, of Hampton, and the stone- 
cutting was performed by Gen. William Steuart. The 
marble is of a very pure kind, free of veins, and is a 
fine specimen of the native white formation which 
abounds in the neighborhood of Baltimore. 

The Wells and KcComas Monument— A meeting 
of representatives of the various military companies 
of Baltimore was held March tj, 18-5-1, at the armory 
of the Wells and McComas Eiflemen, to devise means 
for obtaining money with which to erect a monument 
to commemorate the gallant conduct of Wells and 
McComas, two young men of Baltimore, to whom 
was attributed the fall of Gen. Ross at the battle of 
North Point. An organization was effected, called 
the " Wells and McComas Monument Association." 
Chiefly through the efforts of the Wells and McComas 
Eiflemen, sufficient means were finally obtained to in- 
sure the success of the patriotic enterprise. On the 
10th of September, 1858, the remains of Wells and 
McComas were removed from the vault at Greenmount 
Cemetery where they had been deposited and placed 
in state at the hall of the Maryland Institute. The 
remains were under the care of a guard of honor 
composed of the Wells and McComas Eiflemen, Capt. 
Bowers commanding. The catafalque, about three 
feet high and seven feet square, occupied the centre 
of the room, where the bodies remained three days 
and were vtited by thousands of the citizens. On the 
morning of the 12th, the anniversary of the battle of 
North Point, the military companies and civic author- 
ities formed in procession on Baltimore Street, and the 
coffins were removed from the Maryland Institute and 
placed upon the funeral car. The line of procession 
then moved up Baltimore Street, and thence through 
several streets to Ashland Square, the place of inter- 
ment, and where the comer-stone of the monument 
was to be laid. On arriving at the square the funeral car 
was placed in front of the stand, but the vast concourse 
of people there assembled precluded the possibility of 
the military forming around the tomb, as was designed, 
and they were necessarily compelled to form on the adja- 
cent streets. The ceremonies were opened with prayer 
by the Eev. John McCron, and Mayor Swann was nest 
introduced, and delivered an address. At its close the 
orator of the day, the Hon. John C. Legrand, addressed 
the immense audience, after which the interment took 
place. The base of the monument was erected in 1871, 
by funds subscribed by citizens, and an appropriation 
of two thousand seven hundred dollars was made by 
the City ConncU to complete the work, which was fin- 
ished May 18, 1873. The marble for the monument 
was obtained from quarries in Baltimore County. Its 
cost was about three thousand five hundred dollars. 
Its height from the ground is thirty-three feet; the 
base, comprising two granite steps, is laid upon a brick 
foundation underground, built over the remains of 
the yoatkfiil patriots. The pedestal is plain and 
square, ten feet high, having panels on the four sides 



facing east, west, north, and south. Upon this is 
reared the obelisk, a tall, four-sided pillar, tapering as 
it rises, and cut off at the top in the form of a pyra- 
mid. The shaft is of two immense stones, with a pro- 
tecting cap interleaved, the lower one weighing four- 
teen tons and fourteen hundredweight, and is four 
feet square at the base ; the final stone is eleven feet 
six inches high, weighing seven or eight tons. The 
obelisk, therefore, is almost twenty-one feet in length ; 
the protecting stone between its two parts is carved in 
raised letters, breaking the plainness of the shaft and 
making a very handsome ornament. The inscriptions 
are as follows : 
On the east side : 



"Daniel WeUs, born December 30*, 1794. Killed September 12, ISll, 
at the tattle of Koitb Point, aged 19 jeais, 8 months, and 13 dav^." 

On the wtet side : 



Battle H onnment. — The Committee of Vigilance 
and Safety of the city of Baltimore, deeply impressed 
with the gratefiil recollection of the distinguished 
gallantry of their late fellow-citizens who fell nobly 
fighting in defense of their country, on the ever mem- 
orable 12th and 13th of September, 1814, unanimously 
resolved, on March 1, 1815, upon the erection of a 
monument to perpetuate their memori«, and ap- 
pointed James A. Buchanan, Samuel Hollingsworth, 
Eichard Frisby, Joseph Jamison, and Henry Pay- 
son, five of their members, to carry into effect the 
resolution, " and that the corner-stone be laid on the 
12th of September next, that there be then a grand 
procession, that the relatives of the deceased be in- 
vited to attend, and that a suitable address be de- 
livered on the occasion." 

Agreeably to the foregoing resolution, on the 12th 
of September, 1815, a procession was formed in Great 
York Street ''now East Baltimore Street), which pro- 
ceeded by the proposed route to Monument Square. 
The funeral car, surmounted by a plan of the intended 
monument, as designed by Maximilian Gk>defroy, and 
executed by John Finley, assisted by Bembrandt 
Peale, was drawn by six white horses, caparisoned 
and led by six men in military uniform, and guarded 
by the lnde{)endent Blue, commanded by Capt. Lev- 
ering. On the arrival at the Square, the band, under 
direction of Professors Neninger and Bunzie, per- 
formed the music selected for the occasion. The 
Eight Eev. Bishop Kemp then addresed the Throne 
of Grace in prayer, when the corner-stone of the 
monument was laid by the architect and his assist- 
ants, under the direction of Gen. Smith, Gen. Strieker, 
CoL Amiistead, and the mayor. The books contain- 
ing the names of the subscribers to the building of 
the monument, the newspapers of the preceding day, 
gold, silver, and copper coin of the United States, 
were deposited therein, together with a plate of cop- 
per, on which was engraved : 



HISTORY OF BA-LTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



"A.D.MDCCCXV., 

I the xl. year of Independence Jamea 



1 Federal salute was fired by the detachment of artil- 
lery, and the assembly was dismissed. Minute-guns 

" In the xl. year of Independence James Madison being I'resident of /. , j ii i ii „<■ ni _;„4. „i u 

U.S. TO the memory of the brave defender, of .his city, who glorionsly | Were fired, and the bclls of Clmst church were rung 
fell in the Battle of North Point on the xii. September, 1814, and at the "" '^ '"" " '^''" * 

bombardment of Fort DIcHoni^ on the xiii. of the same month. 

"Edward Johnson, Mayor of the City. Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith, 
Brig.-Gen. John Strieker, and Lieut.-Col. G. Armistead, of the U. S. Ar- 



niuffled during the moving of the procession, and all 
business was suspended for the day. The military 
enthusiasm born of the recent conflict caught up the 
patriotic design, and money came in rapidly, especially 




"Laidthecfcrnerstoneof this monument of public gratitude and tiie | fj-om the survivors of the memorable field of North 

deliverance of this city. Raised by the munificence of the citizens of 
Baltimore, and under the superintendence of the Committee of Vigi- 
lance and Safety. 



. liaughman, and 

The Rev. Dr. Inglis then delivered the address, 
after which the mayor announced to Gen. Harper that 
the laying of the corner-stone was completed, when a 



Point. Two impediments to the enterprise soon be- 
came apparent,— the difficulty of procuring the ser- 
vices of an artist to do the subject justice in a design 
becoming the dignity of such an undertaking, and of 
obtaining suitable statuary marble for the purpose. 
The sum of ten thousand dollars having been secured 
by subscription, preparations were made for the erec- 



MONUMENTS, PAKKS, AND SQUARES. 



tion of the monument, and in the autumn of 1816 the 
services of the celebrated artist, Antonio Capeleno, 
formerly first sculptor of the Court at Madrid, were 
procured, and orders were immediately sent to Italy 
for marble. Considerable delay was occasioned by an 
accident to the vessel upon which the blocks were 
shipped, which compelled her to put into Malaga for 
repairs. The artist in the mean time prepared the im- 
portant parts of the preliminary work by making the 
models and casts for the colossal statue of the city of 
Baltimore, the two basso-rilievos, and the griiHns. In 
1816 the base was raised to the height of the cornice, 
but the cornices were net received until April, 1817, 
and the column in October of the same year, when 
the cornices and the blocks forming the socle of the 
column were put up. The work proceeded slowly, and 
it became necessary to apply to the City Council for 
aid. On the 18th of March, 1819, the City Council 
passed a resolution "that a certificate of six per cent, 
stock for three thousand dollars be issued to and in 
favor of the chairman of the committee of the Battle 
Monument, to be applied in aid of the funds for com- 
pleting the said monument." On Sept. 12, 1822, the 
female figure executed in marble by Capeleno was 
placed upon it. The Council, March 5, 182.5, made 
another appropriation of four thousand dollars, and 
the committee, composed of Jos. Jamison, Paul Ben- 
talou, and John Riese, reported in December, 1825, 
that the monument had been completed. The shaft 
of the monument presents a fasces symbolical of the 
union ; the rods are bound by a fillet, on which are 
inscribed the names of those who fell at North Point. 
The fasces are ornamented at the bottom on the north 
and south fronts with bass-reliefs, one representing the 
battle of North Point and the death of Gen. Ross, 
the other the bombardment of Fort McHenry. On 
the east and west fronts are lachrymal urns, and on 
the top are two wreaths, one of laurel, expressing 
glory, and the other cypress, expressing mourning. 
The structure is entirely of marble, surmounted by a 
statue representing the city of Baltimore. The head 
of the figure wears a mural crown, emblematic of 
cities. In one hand is a rudder, emblem of naviga- 
tion ; in the other the figure raises a crown of laurel 
a.s it looks towards the field of battle. At its feet are 
an eagle of the United States, and a bomb in memory 
of the bombardment. The monument is inclosed with 
an iron railing, outside of which are chains fastened 
to marble cannons. The height, without the statue, 
is forty-two feet eight inches ; the statue is nine feet 
six inches. Total height above the platform, fifty-two 
feet two inches. The following inscriptions appear on 
the different sides of the monument: 

"B\TTLE OF North Point, 
"12tli of September, a.d. 1814, ami of the Iiidependence of the United 
Stutes the thirty-ninth." 
"Bombardment of Fort McHENitr, 
September 13, a.d. 1814. 
"James Lowry Donaldson, Adjutant, 27tli Eegiment. 
"Gregorine Andre, Lieut. 1st Rifle Battalion. 
18 . 



" Levi Clagett, 3d Lieut, in NichoIson's^Artilleriats. 

"G. Jenkins, H. G. McConias, D. Wells, J. Richardson, J. Burncston, 
W. McCIellan, R. K. Cooksey, W. Alexander, G. Fallier, J. Wallack, T. 
V. Beeston, J. Jephson, J. C. Byrd, D. Howard, E. Marriott, W. Ways, J. 
H. Marriott of John, J. Dunn, C. Bell, J. Armstrong, P. Byard, J. Clemm, 
M. Desk, B. Reynolds, T. Garrett, J. Craig, J. Gregg, J. Merriken, R. 
Neale, A. Randall, C. Cox, J. Evans, J. H. Cox, U. Pressor, J. Haubert, 
I. Wolf, B. Bond, D. Davis." 

These are the names of the citizen-soldiers of Bal- 
timore who fell in the struggle which the monument 
commemorates. 

The Wildey Monument. — At an annual meeting 
of the Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd- 
Fellows of Maryland, held in this city in 1861, imme- 
diately after the death of Thomas Wildey, a resolution 
was adopted that the representatives of the Grand 
Lodge of Maryland to the Grand Lodge of the United 
States be instructed to bring before that body at its 
next annual session the fitness, propriety, and justice 
of erecting a monument to commemorate the virtues 
of the deceased. This action of the Grand Lodge of 
Maryland was communicated to the Grand Lodge of 
the United States at its meeting in September, 1862, 
and that body directed its secretary to address a cir- 
cular letter to each grand body, requesting them to 
submit the subject to their subordinates, and that such 
moneys as might in this way be raised should be for- 
warded to the Grand Corresponding Secretary, to be 
placed by him in the Grand Lodge of the United 
States, to be held by the Grand Treasurer in special 
trust as the " Wildey Monument Fund." In this way 
seventeen thousand seven hundred and ninety-five 
dollars was raised for the purpose specified, and at 
the session of the Grand Lodge in Boston, in 1864, a 
design was adopted, and a committee of the Grand 
Lodge of the United States instructed to procure a 
site for the monument. That duty was assigned to 
the members of the committee residing in Baltimore, 
James L. Ridgely and Joseph B. Escaville, who pe- 
titioned the Council, Jan. 5, 1865, to grant them a 
square of ground on North Broadway as a most suit- 
able and commanding location for the site of the pro- 
posed monument. The ground was promptly donated, 
and the erection of the monument immediately com- 
menced. The corner-stone was laid on the 26th of 
April, 1865, and the monument was completed and 
dedicated with great ceremony on the 20th of Sep- 
tember in the same year, representatives of the 
Federal and City governments, and of the Grand 
Lodge of the United States taking part in the pro- 
cession. The monument is intended to illustrate in 
its design the life of Wildey, and the character of 
the work performed by him. It bears the following 
inscriptions. The northwest base block bears the 
words, — 

"The site for this monument was unanimously 

voted by the Mayor and City 

Council of Balti- 



Upon the northeast side is the sentiment,- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



" He who realizes thut tlie true miseion of man on earth 

is to rise above the level of individual influence, 

and to recognize the Fatherhood of God 

over all, and the brotherhood of 

man, is Nature's true 

The opposite side coiitiiin.s, — 

" Thomas Wildey, 
Born January 15, 1783 ; 
Died October 19, 1861." 

The northern f:ice bears the following memorial 
inscription : 

"This column, erected by the joint contributions of the Lodges, 
Encampments, and individual members of the Independent 
Order of Odd-Fellows of the United States of America, 
and jurisdictions thereunto belonging, commemo- 
rates the founding of that order in the City of 
Baltimoreon the 26th day of April, 1819, by 
THOMAS WILDEY." 

The pedestal supports a full order of the Grecian 
Doric architecture, typifying by the beauty of its 
proportions and the simplicity of its character the 
Independent Order of Odd-Fellowship ; on the four 
faces of the frieze of the entablature are carved the 
emblems of the order, — the three links, the heart 
and the hand, and the bundle of rods and the globe. 
The column is surmounted by a life-sized figure of 
Charity protecting orphans, thus blending the theory 
and principles of the fraternity with recollections of 
the services of Past Grand Sire Wildey. The entire 
height of the structure is fifty-two feet, and the total 
cost was about eighteen thousand dollars. 

The design for the monument was executed by 
Edward F. Durang, and it was erected under his 
supervision. The building committee consisted of 
James B. Nicholson, Joseph B. Escaville, John W. 
Stokes, Theodore Ross, Joshua Vausant, A. H. Ran- i 
son, James L. Ridgely, and J. T. Havener. ! 

The McDonogh Monument.— The monument 
erected to commemorate the memory of John Mc- 
Donogh, a native of Baltimore, who died near New 
Orleans, in McDonoghville, Oct. 26, 1850, and who 
left the bulk of his immense estate to the cities of 
New Orleans and Baltimore, for the education of the 
poor of those cities, is located in Greenmount Ceme- 
tery. The remains of Mr. McDonogh arrived in this 
city on the schooner " Mary Clinton" on the 4th of 
June, 1860, from New Orleans. They were tempo- 
rarily deposited in the vault of the Mayer family. 
The mayor and City Council of Baltimore appropri- 
ated two thousand dollars for the erection of a monu- 
ment to the memory of McDonogh out of the amount 
realized from his bequest by the city. The monument 
was dedicated July 31, 1865. The statue is consider- 
ably larger than life, and is erected in a conspicuous 
])ositi()ii on an elevated portion of Greenmount Ceme- 
tery. It consists of a ma.ssi\r -ranil.' Kase, supporting 
a marble i)edestal fourteni I. .a liiyli. ii|iiin which the 
statue is reared. The figure i< natural and expres.sive, 
and was sculptured by Kandcjlph, of ISaltiinore. 



Upon the front of the pedestal is the following in- 
scription : 

"SACKED TO THE MEMOKY OF JOHN McDONOGH, 

Born in this city December 29, 1779. 
Died in the Town of McDonooii, Louisiana, Oct. 26, 1850." 
[Written by himself:] 
" Here lies the body of John McDonogh, of New Orleans, Louisiana, 
one of the States of the United States, son of John and Eliza- 
beth McDonogh, of Baltimore, Maryland, also one of the 
United States of America, awaiting in tirm and full 
faith the resurrection and the coming of his glori- 
ous Lord, Redeemer, and Master to judge the 

On the left side is carved : 

" Rules for my guidance in life in 1804. Bemember that labor 
is one of the conditions of our existence; Time is gold; 
throw not one minute away, but place each one to ac- 
count. Do unto all men as you would be done 
by. Never put off until to-morrow that which 
you can do to-day. Never bid another do 

what you can do yourself. Never 

covet what is not your own. Never 

think any matter go trivial as not to deserve 

notice. Never give out that which does not first 

come in. Never spend but to produce. Let the 

greatest order regulate the transactions of your life. Study 

in the course of your life to do the greatest amount of good." 

On the right side is the following : 

"Deprive yourself of nothing 
necessary to your comfort, but live 
in an honorable simplicity and frugal- 
ity. Labor then to the last moment of your 
existence. Pursue Strictly the above rules, and 
the divine blessing and Eiches of every kind will 
flow upon you to your heart's content, but first of all 
remember that the chief andgreat study of your life should 
be to attend by all the means in your power to the honor and 
glory of the Divine Creator. New Orleans, March 2d, 1804. 
John McDoxooh," 

"The conclusion to which I have arrived is that without temperance 
there is no health, without virtue no order, without religion no happi- 
ness, and the sum of our being is to live wisely, soberly, and righteously." 

These inscriptions were copied from the monument 
which Mr. McDonogh had prepared under his own 
supervision, and which is now standing in the town 
of McDonogh, opposite New Orleans. 

On the remaining side of the pedestal is the follow- 
ing : 

"Erected by the constituted authorities of Baltimore, 

In memory 

OF John McDonooh, 

and as a testimonial of their appreciation of his character and nuuiiti- 

cent liberality for the pr.iniotiun of a sreat public enter^jrise. 



Poe Monument. — Baltimore gave Edgar Allan Poe 
a grave when he died on the 7th of October, 1849, in 
this city, but for many years gave him nothing more. 
After the lapse of a considerable period, Neilson Poe, 
a relative of the unfortunate genius, ordered a stone 
for the purpose of marking his grave, but the kindly 
design was frustrated by an accident, and it was not 
until 1865 that any further movement in this direc- 
tion was made. At a regular meeting at the Public 



MONUiMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 



271 



School Teachers' Association, held on the 7th of Oc- 
toher in that year, a resolution was offered by John 
Basil, Jr., principal of No. 8 grammar school, direct- 
ing the appointment of a committee of five " to de- 
vise some means best adapted in their judgment to 
perpetuate the memory of one who has contributed so 




largely to American literature, ' and a rommittee con- 
sisting of Messrs. Basil, Baird, and J. J. G. Webster, 
and Misses Veeder and Wise was at once appointed. 
The committee reported in favor of the erection of a 
monument, and recommended that measures should 
at once be taken to secure the necessary funds; the 
recommendation was heartily indorsed by the associa- 
tion, which entered upon the work without delay. 
The enterprise received the active assistance of the 
pupils as well as the teachers of the public schools, 
and for some time was prosecuted with energy and 
enthusiasm. Entertainments by the young ladies of 
the Eastern and Western Female High Schools, under 
the direction of Miss S. A. Kice, added largely to the 
fund, which was increased by contributions from va- 
rious sources, and amounted on the 23d of March, 
1871, to five hundred and eighty-seven dollars and 
two cents. About this period a new committee, con- 
sisting of Messrs. Elliott, Kerr, and Hamilton, and 
Misses Rice and Baer, was appointed, and on the 15th 
of April, 1872, the association resolved, at the sugges- 
tion of the committee, " that the money now in the 
hands of the treasurer of the ' Poe Memorial Fund' 
be appropriated to the erection of a monument to be 
placed over Poe's remains." On the 2d of September, 
1874, the committee received from the estate of Dr. 
Thos. D. Baird, deceased, the late treasurer of the Poe 
Memorial Fund, six hundred and twenty- seven dol- 
lars and fifty-five cents, the amount of principal and in- 
terest to that date, and believing that it could be easily 



' increased to one thousand dollars by the contributions 
of citizens, they applied to George A. Frederick, ar- 
chitect, for the design of a monument to cost about 
that sum. Mr. Frederick's design was found to re- 
quire a larger amount than had been expected, and 
, the committee was forced once more to resort to ap- 
i plications for contributions. The well-known liber- 
ality of George W. Childs, of Philadelphia, encour- 
j aged a member of the committee to address him on 
I the subject, and in less than twenty-four hours a reply 
! was received from that gentleman, expressive of his 
willingness to make up the estimated deficiency of 
six hundred and fifty dollars. The necessary amount 
having thus been secured, the committee proceeded 
to place the construction and erection of the monu- 
ment in the hands of Hugh Sisson, whose proposal 
was the most liberal one received. The monument 
I was completed, and dedicated on the 17th of Novem- 
I ber, 1875, in the presence of a large concourse of 
j spectators, with addresses by Profs. William Elliott, 
t Jr., and H. E. Shepherd, and Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe. 
I The monument stands in the Westminster Presby- 
] terian churchyard, corner of Greene and Fayette 
Streets, where the poet's remains were interred on the 
9th of October, 1849. It consists simply of a pedestal 
! or die block, with an ornamental cap wholly of mar- 
ble, resting on two marble slabs, and a granite base. 
1 The front of the die block bears a medallion portrait 
of the poet by the sculptor Volck, while on the west- 
j ern side is the lines of inscription : " Edgar Allan 

Poe: born Jan. 20, 1819; died Oct. 7, 1849." 
I The Ferguson Monument.— The Ferguson Monu- 
ment was erected by the citizens of Baltimore to per- 
petuate the virtues and self-sacrificing life of William 
B. Ferguson, of Baltimore, founder of the Howard So- 
ciety, and its president, in Norfolk, Va., where he lost 
his life by the yellow fever while devoting his atten- 
tion to the sufferers from that scourge during its preva- 
lence in that city in 1855. The corner-stone was laid 
at Greenmount Cemetery, May 11, 1857, with im- 
pressive ceremonies, in which a large concourse of the 
best citizens of Baltimore and a delegation from the 
Howard Association and the United Fire Company 
of Norfolk participated. The monument was erected 
j through the efforts of the Ferguson Monument Asso- 
I ciation of this city, composed of John R. Moore, 
president; Gen. C. C. Egerton, vice-president; Wil- 
I liam Wilson, Jr., treasurer; and Thomas W. Hall, 
j secretary ; Executive Committee, David Gushing, 
1 Maj. R. Edwards, William Wilson, Jr., Col. George 
i P. Kane, and Thomas W. Hall. The monument was 
completed June 18, 1857. It is a beautiful specimen 
of art, and is surrounded by a fence of marble and 
i steel. The monument was from the establishment 
j of A. Geddes. The inscriptions on the cenotaph are 
j as follows : 
t On the front side of the square, — 

I "Wm. Boyd Ferguson, President of the Howard Association of Nor- 
folk, September •22d, 1855." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Immediately 
tence : 



ider tlie above is the following s 



On one side of the square,— 

"His grave is consecrated by tiie widow's prayer, the orplian's teai 
tie blessiugs of the desolate." 

On another side, — 

" His ministry of mercy ceased only when God's fingers touched hiu 



On the other face of the monument, — 

"Erected by the Maryland Cadets, the first Baltimore Hose Company, 
and other Baltimoreans, in memory of a citizen who died in his elTorts 
to stay the pestilence which desolated Norfolic in 1855." 

Monument to William Prescott Smith.— Soon 

after thr diath of William Prescott Smith, master of 
transportation on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
in the tall of 1872, a number of gentlemen of the city 
met at the rooms of Otto Sutro and appointed a com- 
mittee to contract with William Einehart, the sculptor, 
for a life-size bronze statue of Mr. Smith, to be placed 
over his grave in Greenmount. The committee, com- 
posed of John G. Curlett, Walter S. Wilkinson, and 
Otto Sutro, contracted with Mr. Rinehart for the statue, 
who completed a model before his death. The work 
was then undertaken by Mr. Volk, who followed in 
his model very closely the one prepared by Rinehart. 
The statue was cast in Munich, after the model and 
under the supervision of Mr. Volk. The likeness to 
the original is said to be very striking. The statue, 
when placed over the grave in Greenmount, cost about 
four thousand dollars. 

The Creery Monument.— After the death of Prof. 
William K. Creery, superintendent of the public 
schools of Baltimore, the teachers and pupils of these 
schools determined to express their esteem for the ser- 
vices rendered by him to public education by the erec- 
tion of a monument over his grave in Greenmount 
Cemetery. The Teachers' Association placed the mat- 
ter in the hands of a committee consisting of Michael 
Connolly, chairman ; John T. Morris, John C. Mc- 
Cahan, Henry E. Shepherd, Sara A. Rice, and Susie 
S. Bouldin, under whose charge the monument was 
completed, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. The 
monument was dedicated with becoming ceremonies 
on the 8th of June, 1876. It is a simple marble obe- 
lisk, eight feet high, on a square marble base three 
feet high, surmounted by a small urn, the whole being 
about twelve feet in height. The northwest front of 
the base bears a medallion of Prof. Creery. The mon- 
ument bears name and dates of birth and death and 
the following inscription : 

"A tribute of affection and respect from the teachers and pupils of the 
public schools of Balliiiiore City." 

The Gleeson Monument. — "The Gleeson Monu- 
ment Association," witli Hon. Montgomery Blair as 
president, Thomas Swann and Mayor Chapman 
among the vice-presidents, William Prescott Smith, 



chairman of the building committee; Dr. E. F. 
Chaisty, financial secretary ; and William J. Nicholls 
and Capt. J. M. Stevens, secretaries, was formed at 
the Eutaw House, Jan. 2, 1864, and erected a beau- 
tiful monument over the grave of Capt. John Glee- 
son in the Cathedral Cemetery in 1866. The monu- 
ment is after a design by E. G. Lind, architect, and 
built by Hugh Sisson. It is of the Doric order, and 
characterized by simplicity and durability. It has 
inscriptions on three sides, one of which states that 
it is 

" Erected to the memory of Capt. John Gleeson, Fifth Maryland Regi- 
ment U. S. v., who was captured in the Shenandoah Valley, and died at 
Kichniond, October 2d, 1863, from whence his remains were sent to this 
city, November 17th, 1863." 

The other inscriptions are complimentary to his 
gallantry as a soldier and other personal and patriotic 
qualities. It was erected mainly under the supervi- 
sion of William Prescott Smith. The monument is 
located near and on the right side of the main en- 
trance of the Cathedral Cemetery, where Capt. Glee- 
son is buried. 

Druid Hill Park.— Although the establishment of 
a public park for the benefit of the people of Balti- 
more had been contemplated for several years prior 
to 1858, it was not until that year that any definite 
action was taken to carry out the purpose. The ani- 
mated contest in progress at that time between rival 
companies for the privilege of establishing lines of 
horse railways in the city for the transportation of 
passengers suggested the expediency of making the 
corporation to which the right might be granted pay 
for its franchise by contributing to the public health 
and comfort.' Accordingly, on the 7tii of April, 
1858, the commissioners of finance were authorized 
by ordinance of the City Council to receive from the 
register the one-fifth (now twelve per centum) of the 
gross revenue of the passenger railway companies 
and invest the same from time to time in Baltimore 
City six per cent, stock, as well as the accruing in- 
terest, as a fund for the purchase of a park or parks. 

In pursuance of this design, when the city passenger 
railway companies, in March, 1859, were authorized to 
construct their lines, the companies were required to 
pay into the hands ofthe city registerquarterly one-fifth 
(now twelve per centum) of the gross receipts accru- 
ing from the passenger travel, " the same to be applied 
to the establishment and improvement of the city 
Boundary Avenue, and to the location, purchase, and 
improvement of such park or parks as may be de- 
termined upon hereafter by the mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore for the benefit of the people of 
said city, said park or parks to comprise an area of 
not less than fifty acres each." 

In May, 1860, the subject was again brouglit before 
the City Council by a resolution (approved June 4th) 
which, after reciting the fact that one-fifth of the 

mayor of the city, 



MONUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 



273 



revenue from the passenger railway companies had 
been pledged to the purchase of a park, and that a 
considerable portion of the funds were already in 
the hands of the register, authorized the mayor to 
appoint four discreet persons, who, with himself, 
should constitute a commission to select and purchase 
a site for the proposed park. Under this resolution 
Mayor Swann appointed Messrs. John H. B. Latrobe, 
Robert Leslie, William E. Hooper, and Columbus 
O'Donnell to act as commissioners, and on the 21st 
of July approved an ordinance of the City Council 
providing more fully for the purchase, improvement, 
and government of the property which should be 
secured for the park. By this ordinance it was en- 
acted that whenever the commissioners should certify 
to the register that they had purchased the site for a 
park, it should be his duty to issue and deliver to the 
Commission certificates of stock of the mayor and 
City Council of Baltimore, in the usual form, redeem- 
able at the end of thirty years from the date thereof, 
and designated on thfeface of the certificate as "Pub- 
lic Park Stock" for the amount of the purcha.se money. 
By another section of the ordinance the revenue 
" derived and to be derived" from the city passenger 
railways was "pledged and set apart for the payment 
of the interest on the certificates of stock to be issued" 
under its authority, and it was provided that one-fifth 
of the revenue from the passenger railways remaining 
after the payment of the interest should be invested 
by the register in the stock of the city of Baltimore 
as a sinking fund for the redemption of the park 
debt. It was further enacted that four-fifths of the 
remaining revenue should be paid by the register, on 
the order of the Commission, as the revenue should 
be received, for the improvement and maintenance of 
the park or parks.^ 

1 By ordinance No. 37, section 1, May 2, 1863, whenever the Park Com- 
mission shall certify to the register that they require a sum of money for 
an object connected with the parks, an issue of stock is authorized, re- 
deemable on Jan. 1, 1895, interest at the annual rate of si-x per centum, 
payable quarterly, and designated as park improvement stock, for an 
amount suiJicient to meet such requisition, after retaining one-tenth of 
the par value for the purposes of a sinking fund ; provided that the whole 
amount of bonds so issued shall not exceed the sum of one hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars for Druid Hill Park, and twenty thousand dollars 
for Patterson Park. 

By section 3 of the same ordinance it is provided that one-tenth of the 
par value of the said bonds retained by the register, as tiereinbefore di- 
rected, shall bo invested by the commissioners of finance in the bonds of 
the city of Baltimore, or in bonds for which the city is liable by indorse- 
ment, as a sinking fund fur the redemption of the bonds issued under its 
provisions; and the proceeds of all sales or rents of any land south of 
Newington Lane which may be sold or leased by the Park Commission, 
shall be paid to the register of the city, to be invested by the commis- 
sioners of finance in the sinking fund herein provided for until the said 
fund shall, in the opinion of tlie said commissioners, be adequate to the 
redemption of the bonds hereby authorized at their maturity. By ordi- 
nance No. 52, June 28, 1865, another issue was authorized for Druid Hill 
Park of twenty-seven thousand dollars. 

By ordinance No. 80, section 1, May 26, 1866, the register was author- 
ized, in accounting with the Public Park Commission, to pay to them the 
revenue derived from the passenger railways, without other deduction 
than the interest on the bonds issued for the purchase of said parks and 
the sinking fund. And he was further authorized to pay to tlie Park 
uch sums as might from time to time be required, fifty 



It was provided that the mayor of the city for the 
time being should always be a member of the Com- 
mission ex officio, which was authorized, by sale or 
otherwise, to dispose of any portion of the site or 
sites originally purchased which might not be neces- 
sary for the purpose of the park or parks, "as well as 
any crop, wood, trees, or other property that might be 
.severable from the freehold, should it become neces- 
sary, in the improvement and maintenance of the .said 
park or parks, so to do in their judgment, and to 
make use of the avails thereof for the use of said 
park or parks." By subsequent enactment the mayor 
and City Council were authorized by the General 
Assembly (1868, ch. 36) "to issue from time to time, 
as they may deem proper, the bonds of said mayor 
and City Council, payable at such time and for 
such sums as they may deem proper, not exceeding 
the sum of fifty thousand dollars in any one year, and 
in the whole not exceeding the sum of one liundred 
thousand dollars„for the improvement of the public 
parks of the said city." Several sites were offered 
the commissioners, among which was the almshouse 
property, Mr. Swann's farm, property on Charles 
Street Avenue, and at Oxford, on the York road, but 
after careful examination they found none compara- 
ble for the purpose to Druid Hill, the estate of Lloyd 
N. Rogers, situated a short distance northwest of the 
city limits, between the Hookstown road and Jones' 
Falls. Arrangements were made for its purchase, 
but before they were consummated Mr. Rogers, by 
the advice of his counsel, refused to comply with his 
contract on the ground that the city was not authorized 
by the Legislature to issue bonds for the purchase of 
property or raise money for any improvement outside 
of the corporate limits. Suit was brought in the Cir- 
cuit Court of Baltimore County by Messrs. Stirling and 
Alexander, counsel for the park commissioners, to 
compel Mr. Rogers to comply with his contract, and 
an injunction obtained restraining him from making 
any improvements on the premises, or from cutting 
down or destroying any of the trees, shrubbery, or 
undergrowth. The trouble, however, was amicably 
adjusted, Mr. Rogers receiving one hundred and 
twenty-one thousand dollars cash and the remainder 
of the purchase money in bonds of the city, with a 
mortgage upon the whole property as a security in 

thousand dollars, of which sum ten thousand dollars should be for the 
use exclusively of Patterson Park, and the remainder for Dniid Hill 
Park. 

By ordinance of June 8, 1870, after deducting from the revenue de- 
rived from the city passenger railways the interest on the issue of park 
stock, and the sinking fund, and the further sum of ten thousand dol- 
lars annually for the maintenance of the parks, the surplus of said reve- 
nue, and the rent of the pavilion, and the net receipts from any passenger 
railway which may be laid within Druid Hill Park shall be applied, as 
far as necessary, to reimburse the city the interest upon the bonds hereby 
authorized to be issued ; provided that not less than one-fifth of the sum 
reserved in this section for the annua] maintenance of the parks, and of 
the excess of annual receipts from the city passenger railway over the 
amount necessaiy to provide for the interest on the bonds issued under 
the provisions of this ordinance, shall be expended in the improvement 
and preservation of Patterson Park. 



274 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the event of the feilure of the Legislature to confirm 
the purchase and the issue of the bonds.' Tlie neces- 
sary papers were signed on the 27th of September, 1860, 
and the park was inaugurated on the 19th of October 
with imposing ceremonies, in which the civil authori- 
ties of the city and various military organizations of 
this and other States participated. The ceremonies 
at the pai-k were commenced with prayer by Kev. Dr. 
Geo. D. Cummins, rector of St. Peter's Protestant 
Episcopal Church, which was followed by an address 
by Mayor Swann, chairman of the Park Commission. 
The ceremonies were concluded with an ode, written 
by J. H. B. Latrobe, and sung by the pupils of the 
public schools.- In the report of the Park Commission 
to the mayor, made on the 1st of January, 1864, the 
following estimate of the number of acres and cost of 
the park is given : 

The piircliaae from Mr. Rogers of the a. r. p. 

Druid Hill estate was 433 28 ftu SIOOO per acre. 

Additional purchase of Mr. KoEors 8 1 17 t' SlOOn 

11 3 36 fm $100(1 

One-fourth of the Mount Vernon Cemetery 16 (S) JIOOO " 

Bought of Kraft's heirs 4 2 16 for S6000. 

" " "' " " ■ 11 2 23 St. SKMX) per acre. 



John Clark and ( 
Hugh Gelston.... 
Miles White 



Since this report was made the area of the park 
has been largely increased by additional purchases, 
until at present it contains six hundred and ninety- 
three acres. 

The original patent of the Druid Hill estate was 
taken out in 1688, and its name was suggested by the 
numerous and magnificent oaks which are still to 
be found on every hand. In 1709 the estate passed 
into the possession of Nicholas Rogers, in whose 
family it remained until its purchase by the city. 
His grandson, of the same name, was an aide-de-camp 
of Baron de Kalb during the Revolution ; was an 
architect of considerable distinction, aud left many 
traces of his artistic taste. It is stated that "when 
he returned to Druid Hill after the war he laid it out 
in the best style of English landscape gardening. He 
went so far as to group trees with regard to their au- 
tumnal tints, and with fine effect. The gold and crimson 
colors were brought out into strong and beautiful re- 
lief by being backed with evergreens. The skirting 
woodlands were converted into bays and indentations." 

The park is provided with four entrances, — a main 
entrance at the head of Madison Avenue extended, 
to which the city passenger cars run direct; the Druid 
Hill Avenue entrance, from whence a steam railway 
formerly conveyed visitors to the centre of the park ; 
the Eutaw Street entrance; and the Mount Royal 
entrance, facing Oliver Street, near the Park Avenue . 
line of cars. Each gateway is provided with a keeper, 
and the gates are open until 9 p.m. from May till j 
October, and until dark during the remainder of the I 
year. The gateway to the main entrance was built in 

1 This confirmatory legislation was obtained in June, IHOl. 
20n the 12th of Novemher, 186(t, leas than a month after tlie opening , 
of till, parli, Mr. Rogers, the former owner, died. 



1867-68 ; is constructed of Nova Scotia freestone, and 
was designed by George A. Frederick. After the 
purchase of the property a railway was constructed 
from a point near the present entrance on Druid Hill 
Avenue to the centre of the park, and was equipped 
with a dummy-engine and several small passenger- 
coaches, which were regularly employed in the trans- 
portation of visitors. The railway has since been 
abandoned, and at present phaetons run from all the 
gates direct to the Mansion House, about a mile dis- 
tant. The Maryland Building, a relic of the Centen- 
nial, is situated on a knoll at the west of the Mansion 
House, and the State Fish Commission have their 
fish-hatching houses and apparatus in the northern 
section of the park. Druid Hill Lake, in the S(mth- 
eastern part of the grounds, has a water surface of 
fifty-five acres, and is surrounded by a drive one and 
a half miles in extent. The average depth of this lake 
is about thirty feet, and it contains about 450,000,000 
gallons of water. This water is conveyed by natural 
flow from Lake Roland, and is as high as it can be had 
by that means. Besides this, there is in the rear of 
the park the high-service reservoir, with water-surface 
of nine acres. This reservoir is three hundred and 
fifty feet above tide, supplies the northwestern section 
of the city, and the water is pumped into it from 
Druid Lake and Mount Royal Reservoir at the Oliver 
Street entrance, which is similar in size, and supplies 
the centre of the city. There is a lake for boating in 
summer and skating in winter thirteen acres in ex- 
tent. There is an island in this lake, on which is a 
beautiful house, handsomely fitted up with cloak- 
rooms, arrangements for lady skaters, etc. Nothing 
is charged for checking cloaks, etc. Spring Lake, near 
Crise Fountain, is four acres in extent; here are Bra- 
zilian duck, Brandt, wild geese. Hong Kong or Chinese 
geese, ducks, etc., and a three-legged duck presented to 
the i)ark some years ago. The zoological collection is 
still small, but is rapidly increasing. There are two 
burial-grounds in the park ; the larger of these, con- 
taining two and one-quarter acres, belongs to the 
German Lutheran Church, and is situated near the 
centre of the park. It is owned by three congrega- 
tions, and is still used for the purpose of interment. 
It originally contained four and a half acres, but two 
and one-quarter acres in which there were no graves 
were condemned by the park commissioners. The 
other graveyard, containing only half an acre, and 
situated some distance in the rear of the Mansion 
House, was reserved by Mr. Rogers in selling the 
park, the burials in it being restricted to the present 
generation. The old family residence of Mr. Rogers, 
formerly situated in the northwestern section of the 
park, was not removed until 1868. In September, 
1867, a valuable addition to the attractions of the 
park was received by the commissioners from Thomas 
Winans, in the form of a herd of fifty-two deer, which 
had been raised and domesticated on his farm in Bal- 
timore County. The herd has now increased to about 



MONUMENTS, PARKS, AND SQUARES. 



275 



two hundred, and but for frequent 'sales would be 
much larger. The celebrated flock of thoroughbred 
Southdowns numbers nearly three hundred ; the buck 
lambs are sold at twenty-five dollars apiece, and the 
demand is greater than the supply. 

While the hand of art has not been employed so 
extensively at Druid Hill Park as in Central Park, 
New York, or in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, its 
natural beauties are probably superior to those of any 
public park in the country, and have been heightened 
and set off by a judicious taste which has known how 
to avoid meretricious show, and to recognize the fact 
that in this as in other cases nature is best adorned 
when least adorned. 



By the temptation of a series of shaded and diver- 
sified walks for the pedestrian, by extensive and well- 
arranged avenues for riding and driving, bridle-paths 
for horsemen, and by the introduction of artificial 
lakes for boating, the park has been made attractive, 
outside of its beautifiil scenery, but it has been to 
small extent ornamented. An avenue of urns, over- 
flowing with wealth of floral treasures, lines the main 
entrance, and near this are rows of symmetrical horse- 
chestnut trees, with beautiful and well-kept lawns 
beyond, in which grow at irregular intervals beautiful 
forest-trees. 

The picnic-grounds are divided into nine groves, 
and permits are secured in advance of Capt. Ca.ssell, 
the park superintendent, thus securing the grove to 
parties holding the permit and preventing all intru- 
sion. There are sixteen miles of carriage-roads, vary- 
ing from twenty to sixty feet in width, and eleven 
miles of footwalks. These latter are all furnished 
with seats at short intervals, which are manufactured 
on the place during the winter. The principal springs 
are Edmund's Well, near the dummy station at the 
head of the boat lake, adorned by Mr. Chas. Needles 
in a handsome manner. This spring is much resorted 
to, and groups are at all hours of the day to be found 
testing its water or loitering in its immediate vicinity. 
Silver Spring, at the base of Centennial Hill, adorned 
by Jarrard Hopkins. This is a special resort for sick 
children, and baby-carriages, with attendant nurses 
and attentive mothers, are seen there throughout the 
summer. At this point, too, the pony phaetons pro- 
vided by Mr. Bishop are stationed, and the children 
are not a little attracted to this point by them. Some 
of the ponies are little bigger than a large-sized goat, 
though horselike in appearance and spirited in dispo- 
sition. Crise Fountain, at the head of Spring Lake, 
was ornamented by John L. Crise, and has the most 
copious flow of water of any of the springs in the 
park, all of which are natural. Mountain Pass and 
High Service and Garrett Bridge Springs are all ar- 
ranged for watering horses, and are temporarily orna- 
mented by the Park Board. At the bridge donated 
by John W. Garrett there is also a spring, which was 
used by the ancestors of Mr. Rogers, known as the 
Colonial Spring. It is ornamented with a circle of 



pressed brick. There are numerous other springs, 
which have not yet been brought out or ornamented, 
and in water supplies of this kind Druid Hill Park is 
far ahead of any other public park. 

Grounds for base ball, la crosse, foot-ball, lawn 
tennis, and other games are assigned, and all that 
can be done to further the proper athletic sports has 
received attention. The principal objects of atten- 
tion to the visitor outside of the great natural beauties 
of the place are the zoological collection, Maryland 
Building, and Mansion House, with its spacious cor- 
ridors, arm-chairs, etc., all free. Here are found re- 
freshments for adults as well as for children. In the 
basement of this building are the headquarters of the 
park police, where ofiicers are always on hand to give 
information, receive lost children, and, strange as it 
may seem, also lost adults, who not unfrequently re- 
quire attention and direction. 

The Dell, a beautiful stretch of forest bordering the 
park in rear of Silver Spring, is one of the noted 
places in the vast inclosure. Here little family par- 
ties are seen on the bright green sward skirting this 
forest growth, and making the scene picturesque by 
the gayly-decked bonnets, bright-colored wraps, etc., 
hung on the trees, while lively groups of pleasure- 
seekers are scattered about on the grass. The deep 
background of dark woods brings out the picture very 
distinctly. 

Tempest HiU and the skirting of woods about it, 
overlooking Woodberry, is well supplied with iron 
settees, and here all day long may be seen lovers of 
nature drinking in the scene. 

Prospect Hill, a broad and elevated plateau, on the 
north side of the park, overlooking Woodberry, has a 
road-bed to accommodate two hundred and fifty car- 
riages at one time. From this point can be seen nu- 
merous beautiful country residences, many of them 
with vistas cut through heavy timber, so as to get a 
view of the surrounding country. The busy village 
of Woodberry is in full view, with all its manufactur- 
ing interests, — Druid Mills, Woodberry Mills, Poole 
& Hunt's foundry, Garabrill's mills, Hooper & Sons' 
mills, Clipper Mills, etc. While looking at the beau- 
tiful hills in the distance you still hear the rattle of 
the machinery and the clang of the anvil in the busy 
manufacturing village spread out below. This hill 
runs gradually down by a beautiful descent to the 
Northern Central Railway. From this stand-point 
may be seen eleven churches of different denomina- 
tions, all in Woodberry or vicinity. The hotel, lo- 
cated in that village for the accommodation of the 
female operatives of William E. Hooper & Sons' 
mills, looks out from a fine grove of willows. Board 
is furnished at nominal figures, and there is accommo- 
dation for two hundred and fifty girls. Tutors give 
lessons free on the piano to such as desire it, and con- 
certs are given by the young ladies at intervals. Par- 
lors are in the hotel, where visitors are received, and 
all departments close at ten o'clock p.m. 



276 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Philosopher's Walk is another of the features of the 
park, and is much resorted to. It winds through deep 
woods of boundless shade, over rustic bridges, over 
hill and dale, and has all the interest of wild scenery 
in deep forest far away- from civilization, save that 
every now and then a couple of lovers come into view, 
individual lady or gentleman with book in hand in 
deep meditation, parties of children, and an occasional 
officer. These appearing from time to time in sudden 
turns of the road or dotting it at a distance, bring the 
mind back to the fact that civilization is all around in 
spite of the forest on every hand, and the doe, with 
timid spotted fawn, within thirty yards of the specta- 
tor. This Philosopher's Walk is of great natural 
beauty, and in the display nothing has been done to 
assist nature. 

Around the fish-house the landscape is strikingly 
beautiful. On Terrapin's Back is the great oak-tree, 
king of the woods, girthing over twenty-two feet, and 
ou either side of it deep ravines. The view from this 
point looks up Green Spring Valley. At the old dum- 
my station, near Edmund's Well, are the numerous 
aged oaks from which the park took its name of 
" Druid." At Edmund's Well the picture is always 
bright and lively, and many persons are likewise 
congregated under these famous old patriarchs that 
stretch their aged limbs far out beyond the persons 
seated near their trunks. 

Reservoir Hill, three hundred and si.xty feet above 
tide, back of the mansion, is the highest point in the 
park. There is a beautiful and dense growth of trees 
in this locality, each tree showing individuality of 
beauty as well as collectively. The view from the 
mansion is strikingly beautiful. Looking over the 
beauties of the park, the spires of numerous promi- 
nent churches in Baltimore are seen, the elevators. 
City Hall, and a panoramic view down the harbor 
and bay. Lnmediately in front of the mansion is 
seen the Bull Fountain, presented to the park by 
Mrs. W. C. C!onine in memory of her grandson, Wil- 
liam Bull. 

Here and there through this beautiful, undulating, 
and diversified scenery is seen a ravine overhung 
with densest shade and shut out from view by tan- 
gled vines, the source of some cooling spring, around 
which nature has been left to hold undisputed sway 
and mastery. Following the line of the principal 
avenues of the park the eye is attracted not less by 
the varied beauty of the place than by the extent and 
vastness of its area. On the north and northeast the 
rugged passage of Jones' Falls breaks the continuity 
of the landscape. The forest on this side of the park 
is without a parallel in any part of the world. A ride 
through the various commodious roads that for miles 
wind through this beautiful stretch of rolling country 
never fails to exhilarate the person making such an 
examination of the grounds. The towering forest, 
the bosky dell, the attactive sward, broken with in- 
dividual trees at irregular intervals, and groups of 



pleasure-seekers or schools on picnics, make a picture 
that fails not to impress every beholder, and creates a 
wish for such scenery to be enjoyed daily. 

The exits of the park are as follows: West exit, 
Reisterstown road ; northwest, Pimlico Avenue; north, 
Green Spring Avenue. On some occasions between 
thirty thousand and forty thousand people have visited 
the park in a single day. 

The first superintendent of the park was Robert 
Sullivan, who died in September, 1867, and was suc- 
ceeded by the present courteous and efficient super- 
intendent, Capt. William H. Cassell. The present 
Board of Commissioners consists of Ferdinand C. La- 
trobe, mayor, ex officio chairman ; Thomas Swann, 
John H. B. Latrobe, William E. Hooper, Charles H. 
j Mercer, George S. Brown, commissioners. 
I Patterson Park.— On the 24th of January, 1827, 
I William Patterson addressed to Jacob Small, the then 
I mayor of Baltimore, a letter, in which he proposed to 
present to the city two adjoining squares of ground, 
I containing about five or six acres, on HampsteadHill, 
' on the south side of Smith Street, and opposite Lou- 
I denslager's tavern, to be used as a public walk or park 
j by the citizens of Baltimore. On the 1st of March, 
( 1827, the City Council passed resolutions accepting 
the offer and providing for the improvement and in- 
closure of the grounds, which had already, by reason 
of its varied and picturesque views and pleasant sur- 
roundings, become a favorite promenade. This, with 
additions, constitutes what is now known as Patterson 
Park. On the evening of July 13, 1853, the park 
was formally introduced to the public. There were 
some twenty thousand citizens present to witness the 
display of fireworks and take part in the ceremonies 
of the occasion. About seven o'clock a park of ar- 
tillery (eighteen-pounders), the same that in 1814 
had been used by Commodore Rogers in the defense 
j of Baltimore, arrived, under the command of Capt. 
David R. Brown, and began firing salutes. William 
Bond had charge of the pyrotechnic display. The 
band of the Independent Blues, numbering twenty- 
one pieces, under the lead of Prof Holland, furnished 
the music. The following gentlemen acted as a Com- 
mittee of Arrangements : Col. J. Maybury Turner, 
Mr. Abbott, of Abbott & Lawrence, Thomas J. Rusk, 
Peter Mowell, Jacob Poppler, William McElroy, 
George A. Poppler, J. J. Bankard, John W. Pentz, 
Thomas Woolen, James L. Pentz, Edward Dowling, 
and George A. Rusk. 

Patterson Park contains fifty-six acres of highly- 
improved land, and is situated on the eastern suburb 
of the city, bounded by Baltimore Street on the north. 
Eastern Avenue on the south, Luzerne Street on the 
east, and Patterson Park Avenue on the west. It is 
a parallelogram, the longer sides being on Patterson 
Park Avenue and Luzerne Street. There are nine 
entrances in all, two of which are for vehicles. The 
main entrance is on Patterson Park Avenue, fronting 
Lombard Street. This gateway is formed of four 



MONUMENTS, PAKKS, AND SQUARES. 



277 



substantial marble coluuins, and the design elaborate 
while chaste. It was erected in 1869 by Messrs. 
Whitelaw & Fenhagen. 

On entering this gate a large fountain is immediately 
in front. It has a marble basin fifty feet in diameter, 
in which are numerous fish of different kinds. A 
column rises in the centre, surmounted by a jet which 
throws water to a height of twenty feet in an umbrella- 
shape. 

In the immediate vicinity of this entrance the dis- 
phiy of flowers and shrubbery is effective. One of 
the squares contains a great variety of agaves or cen- 
tury plants, that bloom once in a hundred years. The 
collection is a good one, and attracts much attention. 
A number of metal casts of animals, life-size, are 
placed in this part of the grounds. There is a cast 
of a mastiff', and also of a Siberian bloodhound, a 
copy of an original in the Florentine gallery. A car- 
riage-drive extends all the way round the park, about 
a mile and a quarter in length, passing the princij)al 
points of interest. There are numerous walks for pe- 
destrians, which are regularly thronged of an evening. 

The trees furnish an abundance of shade in the 
older portion of the park, and the part taken in eight 
years ago is now strikingly improved in that respect. 
These trees include elms, maples, lindens, locusts of 
all sorts, oaks in variety, evergreens of various kinds 
and shades of color, all making an attractive picture 
by their harmonious blending in the landscape. The 
land is rolling, and furnishes opportunity for a display 
of landscape gardening which has been taken advan- 
tage of with much taste. 

The conservatory, with the tropical plants which 
it contains, and the numerous beautiful flower-beds 
arranged in different ways around it, is one of the 
great attractions of this park. The conservatory is 
built in the curvilinear style, span-roof, with centre 
building octagon-shape, rising to a dome, this centre 
building being forty by forty feet, and the wings fifty by | 
twenty-five feet each. This is decidedly the largestcon- i 
servatory in Baltimore, and its contents are strikingly 
beautiful. In the centre building grow a profusion of I 
plants that present all the appearance of a tropical j 
forest, not only in variety of plants but also in size. I 
The centre plant growing in this mass of tropical lux- | 
uriance is the Ficus elastica, or India-rubber tree, thirty 
feet high, the banana, the mango, with fruit on it, the 
Paiidanus utitus, or screw-pine, the Yucca Gautama- 
lennis, and others vying with the India-rubber plant 
in height. In the south wing of this building are a 
groat variety of beautiful ferns, orchids, or air-plants, 
many of them of large size, growing on piecas of plank 
and clay. These latter plants derive their whole nu- 
triment from the atmosphere. Here also may be seen 
the Carica papaya, or melon-tree, with fruit on it, 
which fruit, when fully developed, is as large as an 
Eastern Shore watermelon. In the north wing are 
fine specimens of palms, and many other beautiful I 
and curious plants. 



A lake in the southeast corner of the park covers 
about two and three-fourths acres of ground. It is of 
irregular form, the banks surmounted with willow, 
poplar, and birch-trees. An island in the centre con- 
tains the " Santa Maria," which was presented to the 
park by the Italian Society after the sesqui-centen- 
nial, having been used in a parade to represent the 
vessel in which Christopher Columbus discovered 
America. This lake is well supplied with boats for 
pleasure-parties, and numerous water-fowl of pure 
breed float on its surface. Among these are the 
Egyptian goose, Hong-Kong goose, wild goose of 
United States, Pekin duck, etc. Near the lake may 
be seen a model of the Lumber Exchange building, 
which was presented by the lumber merchants of 
Baltimore, and which was also in the procession during 
the sesqui-centennial celebration. 

The buildings in the park are such as are necessary 
for the convenience of the public. Among them are 
the refectory, pavilion, pagoda, ladies' room, near the 
lake, bird-house, etc. The pavilion was erected 
during the summer of 1869. 

The view from the battery, situated near the main 
entrance, is difficult of description, overlooking as it 
does the Patapsco, Locust Point, the Basin, the lower 
harbor, the Marine Hospital, and Anne Arundel 
County, Canton, the Chesapeake Bay for miles down, 
and a large portion of the city. This grand panorama 
daily attracts large numbers to the battery, particularly 
strangers. The battery was erected in 1814 against 
the threatened invasion by the British, headed by Gen. 
Ross, which was averted by the battle of North Point. 
The fortifications in great part still remain, and are 
covered, like the rest of the park, with beautiful turf. 
They are inclosed, and the public are not permitted 
to tread upou them, the precinct being considered 
sacred. Old men in the neighborhood say they car- 
ried sods on their heads and helped to build these 
works when boys. A flag-staff" seventy-five feet high 
is placed on these battlements, and at the base of it 
is a ten-pound cannon, which was fished up in the 
harbor by one of the mud-machines some years ago. 

On the north of the park the country is open, 
showing in the distance Clifton, the residence of the 
late Johns Hopkins ; near, in the same direction, is the 
Scheutzen Park and Baltimore Cemetery. On the 
east is a stretch of country showing Bayview, High- 
landtown, — one of the suburbs, — and, closer. Canton 
Park. This ground was deeded to the Canton Com- 
pany for a public park, and can only be used as such. 
Directly east of Patterson Park is a stretch of vacant 
land, rising gradually to the east, and suggestively 
appropriate as an addition to the park, which with 
its present acreage can scarcely accommodate the 
throngs visiting it. It is understood that the Canton 
Company are willing to turn over to the city that 
tract of land known as Canton Park in the event of 
an extension of Patterson Park in that direction. 
There are about eight acres in Canton Park. 



278 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Riverside Park, overlooking the Patapsco River, 
Spring Gardens, Locust Point, Fort McHenry, and 
as far down tlie bay as North Point, is probably the 
most attractive place in South Baltimore. It is situ- 
ated between Randall, Covington, and Johnson Streets, 
and in a direct line south with Federal Hill Park, from i 
which point it can be distinctly seen. It contains 
seventeen and a quarter acres, handsomely embel- 
lished and improved. A large marble fountain dec- 1 
orates the centre of the park, in which are numerous 
gold and other fish, and at intervals four drinking- 1 
fountains supply the visitors with ice-water. The I 
park is laid out with well-arranged drives and walks. 
There are two driving entrances, one each at the 
northwest and northeast corners of the park, on Ran- i 
dall Street. There are two pavilions, one on the west i 
and one on the north side of the park. A nursery is i 
on tlie grounds, where trees and shrubs, as well as ' 
flowers, are raised for the ornamentation of the place, j 
The lawns are fine and kept closely shaven, aud nu- 
merous floral designs decorate the place. The trees [ 
have all been set out since the park was opened in 
1875, and show remarkable beauty and thrift, mak- [ 
ing a beautiful shade all over the grounds. The park i 
is inclosed with iron railings, and provided with set- ' 
tees and rustic benches. The attendance is large, 
and on Sunday afternoons as many as seven thousand 
people are seen in the grounds, showing the appreci- 
ation in which this attractive place is held. There 
has been some talk of extending the park westward 
by purchase of the ground at present partly occupied 
by the City Passenger Railway Company's car stables. , 

Federal HiU Park.— Federal Hill Park, in South 
Baltimore, although not yet completed, already gives 
promise of being one of the most attractive resorts in j 
the city. It is an elevated plateau, eighty-two feet 
above tide-water, and bounded on the north by Hughes 
Street, on the south by Warren Street, on the east by 
Covington Street, on the west by Johnson Street, this 
last-named street not yet being graded. The base of 
the park covers eight and a quarter acres, and the pla- 
teau is a surface of four and a half acres. There is a ! 
rise of seventy-two feet from the base of the park to 
the plateau. On this plateau at present is the old 
Signal Service observatory, which is still used to herald 
the approach of vessels aud steamers. From the pla- 
teau, as well as from the observatory, the scene is ex- 
tended and varied, surpassing in many respects the ' 
view from Washington Monument. A full view is 
had of the city, with its churches, foundries, manufac- 
tories, etc., and as far down the bay as a good glass 
■will reach. 

Commencing southward, Anne Arundel County's 
hills and farm-houses are plainly visible, and as the 
eye sweeps around every prominent building and point 
in the city is brought into view, until the eye again 
rests on the objects from which it started out on the j 
tour of inspection. The whole city encircles this park, 
and the view is most striking. Iinmcdiatclv in front 



of the park and to the east is the harbor of the port, 
with all its variety of shipping and multiplicity of 
small craft. The water-front view is not less interest- 
ing than the view inland. Large steamers and ships 
are seen at the wharves loading and unloading, and 
smaller steamers and sailing-vessels are constantly 
moving up and down the harbor, giving life and vari- 
ety to the beautitiil picture. 

The plan of the park is unique and unlike that of 
any other park in the city. The old ramparts con- 
structed at this point by Gen. Butler during the late 
war have all been cut down and converted into fine 
walks and drives. The park is almost square. A 
stone wall has been constructed on Hughes Street, 
one on Warren Street, and one is now in course of 
construction on Johnson Street. These walls are all 
to be six feet high. On Covington Street there are 
a lot of old buildings which will no doubt in the 
future be bought in order to extend the park in that 
direction. From the base up the park is being ter- 
raced, and slopes at an angle of one and a half to one 
foot. On the north side there will be two slopes, with 
a terrace between before the upper terrace is reached, 
which is four hundred feet long by twenty feet wide. 
The other sides will be somewhat similarly arranged, 
possibly with more terraces. It is thfe intention to put 
up steps in the centre of each of the sides of the 
square bounded by Hughes, Covington, and Johnson 
Streets. The steps on Hughes Street, where the stone 
wall is six hundred feet long, are already completed. 
These are sixteen feet wide, with a rise of seven and 
a quarter inches and a tread of fifteen inches, and are 
easy of ascent. 

The plateau surmounting this park has an area of 
four and a half acres, divided into walks and drives, 
and will be handsomely decorated with trees, shrub- 
beries, and choice flowers. The driving entrance will 
be on Warren Street, with entrances for pedestrians 
also. The drives are wide, with carriage concourse 
on the north side of the park. The ornamentation 
has not yet been fully decided upon, but probably a 
pavilion will be erected upon the plateau. It is 
thought the improvement will be fully completed 
next year. Already settees line the upper terraces 
completed on the north side, and afternoon and even- 
ing the place is crowded with pleasure-seekers of South 
Baltimore. There is always a delightful breeze sweep- 
ing over this elevated plateau, and there is probably 
no resort in Baltimore which has more agreeable fea- 
tures than this circumscribed though delightfully sit- 
uated place of recreation and relax.ation. 

The Broadway Parks, which extend from Balti- 
more Street to Gay Street, a distance of over a mile, 
are the most extensive in the city, and have recently 
been greatly improved. The iron railings which for- 
merly disfigured those near the Baltimore Street end 
have been removed and the park widened several 
feet. Neat and graceful walks have been laid out, 
largo and luindsome urns placed at the entrances to 



MONUMENTS, PAKKS, AND SQUARES. 



279 



the various squares, and curbs and drains provided 
wherever needed. Beds and mounds of coleus and 
other plants, designed in anchors, Maltese crosses, 
stars, and many other forms, are almost innumerable, 
and roses and shrubbery are cultivated with the great- 
est success. Shade-trees have also been platjted in 
large numbers. Midway between Baltimore and 
Hampstead Streets stands a fountain, the water fall- 
ing into an octagonal basin of neat design. In the 
square between Fayette and Hampstead Street is the 
Wildey Monument, erected by the Odd-Fellows of 
the United States to the memory of Thomas Wildey, 
a citizen of Baltimore. From this point, the highest 
in the series of the Broadway Parks, these beautiful 
gardens may be seen stretching away to the north 
over an undulating surface as far as the eye can reach, 
forming a vision of great beauty, especially grateful 
to a denizen of the city. Square after square of flow- 
ers, shrubbery, grassy plots, and winding walks are 
seen, with Johns Hopkins Hospital on the east, the 
whole ending at Gay Street, where there is a foun- 
tain similar to that near Baltimore Street and a 
square of special beauty, bordered by rows of shade- 
trees. 

Harlem Park. — Harlem Park, located between 
Gilmor and Callioun Streets and Harlem and Ed- 
mondson Avenues, contains nine and three-fourths 
acres, and is more than double the size of Franklin, 
Lafayette, and Union Squares, being about seven 
hundred and ninety-three feet east and west, and 
upwards of four hundred and fifty feet north and 
south. In the First Branch of the City Council, on 
the evening of Nov. 11, 1867, Mr. Tagert presented a 
communication from John H. B. Latrobe, executor 
and trustee of the late Dr. Thomas Edraondson, in j 
I which he proposed to give to the mayor and City 
Council of Baltimore, for the purpose of a public 
square or park, the lot of ground in the northwestern 
section of the city bounded on the west by Gilmor j 
Street, on the east by Calhoun, on the south by 
Thompson, and on the north by Adams Street. In 
February, 1868, an ordinance was passed accepting 
the gift. August Paul, the civil engineer of Druid j 
Hill Park, prepared the plan for laying off the grounds, 
and E. A. Hohn superintended the execution of the 
work. It was not dedicated until 1876. The gar- 
dening in Harlem Park forms its chief attraction. 
Beds and mounds of exotic and native flowers, the 
most difiicult of cultivation, are found in great pro- 
fusion. The designs include stars, diamonds, Mal- 
tese crosses, hearts, ovals, circles, and semicircles, 
each one of great artistic beauty and of remarkably 
accurate outline. In the park there are twenty-seven 
of these beds. Every available spot in the park is 
decorated with beds of bright and beautifully-blended 
foliage and blooming plants. 

Public Squares.— Baltimore might almost as ap- 
propriately be called the city of parks as the city of 
monuments. In addition to the six principal places 



of recreation and resort already mentioned, it con- 
tains within the corporate limits a large number of 
charming garden-spots, which in other cities would 
probably be dignified by the name of parks, but which 
in Baltimore are generally known by the modest name 
of squares. These blooming oases in the desert of 
brick and mortar, with their bright flowers, green 
grass, waving trees, and playing fountains, are becom- 
ing more numerous every year, and, adding largely to 
the health and comfort of the inhabitants, form one 
of the distinguishing features of the city. 

Franklin Square is situated in one of the most 
closely populated and handsomely built sections of 
the West End, and is bounded by Carey, Calhoun, 
Lexington, and Fayette Streets. It was laid out 
under ordinance of April 23, 1839, and was purchased 
from James and Samuel Canby for $10,000, the pur- 
chase not being finally consummated, however, until 
1845. The square contains three acres, and is pleas- 
antly shaded by lindens, maples, poplars, cedars, etc. 
The marble fountain and jet which adorn the centre 
of this resort were provided in 1850, and the square 
was lighted for the first time with gas on the evening 
of June 23, 1853. The iron railings which had 
been placed around the square in 1851 were removed 
under resolutions of Oct. 3, 1874, Jan. 2, 1875, and 
June 30, 1875. The square was at one time provided 
with four wells that were supposed to possess medi- 
cinal qualities, and were frequently resorted to by the 
sick and afllicted, who would often carry away a sup- 
ply of the water in bottles. Investigation, however, 
cast discredit upon the genuineness of their mineral 
pretensions, and for sanitary reasons the wells were 
closed. 

Union Square.— On March 5, 1846, the mayor 
transmitted to the Second Branch of the City Council 
a proposition from Messrs. John Donnell & Sons to 
cede to the city a tract of land in West Baltimore 
bounded by Hollins, Lombard, Strieker, and Gilmor 
Streets, to be by the city inclosed and improved as a 
public square. On April 9, 1847, the ordinance to 
accept the plot of ground passed the City Council, 
and on the 10th of May " Union Square" was donated 
to the city of Baltimore by the Messrs. Donnell. In 
1850 the City Council made an appropriation of four 
thousand dollars to defray the expense of improving 
the spring. By ordinance of April 18, 1849, the 
mayor and register were authorized to sell the right 
to all surplus water arising from the public fountain 
in Union Square to the president and directors of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad Company. The marked 
feature of this square is its magnificent shade, giant 
poplars, maples, and ash-trees forming a leafy canopy 
impervious to the rays of the sun. The railing has 
recently been removed from the squares and urns of 
flowers placed at the entrances, which are paved with 
concrete. In the southeast part of the square is a 
pavilion, supported by fluted columns about twelve 
feet in height. 



280 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Eastern City Spring, bounded by Lombard, 
Pratt, Spring, and Eden Streets, contains about two 
acres, and is a level plateau. Part of the ground was 
purchased by the city on the 1st of August, 1818, and 
part on the 29th of August, 1837, the whole costing 
fifteen thousand dollars. The iron railing was re- 
moved in April, 1881, and the ground near the side- 
walks graded and bordered with a cement drain ex- 
tending around the square. It is well -shaded by large 
trees, and is ornamented with statues and a fountain 
in the centre.' 

Taney Plac;e, on North Avenue, from Charles 
Street Avenue to Oak Street, is a pleasant little park 
lately begun by the residents in the neighborhood, 
and when finished will almost complete a continuous 
line of trees, grass, and flowers from Charles Street 
and Boundary Avenues to Druid Hill Park. 

Washington and Mount Vernon Squares.— 
These are the names by which the four squares are 
known which flank Washington Monument at the in- 
tersection of Charles and Monument Streets. The 
two parks on Monument Street, east and west of the 
monument, together constitute Mount Vernon Place, 
and are each two hundred feet wide by seven hundred 
and forty-four feet long, that on the east extending 
from Charles to St. Paul, and that on the west from 
Charles to Cathedral. Washington Square is com- 
posed of two plots in Charles Street, north and south 
of the monument^ each of which is one hundred and 
fifty feet wide by seven hundred and forty-four feet 
long, that on the north extending from Monument 
to Madison Street, and that on the south from Monu- 
ment to Centre Streets. These reservations, together 
with the site of Washington Monument, were donated 
to the city by Col. John E. Howard, of famous mem- 
ory. The bill providing for the improvement of these 
plots passed the City Council in April, 1850. By or- 
dinance of Oct. 10, 1876, the commissioners were au- 
thorized to remove the iron railings, and to uiake 
such improvements as they might deem advisable. 
New walks have been laid out and paved, a fountain 
erected in the square south of the monument, and 
flowers and shrubbery planted. John W. Garrett, 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, has authorized 
the city authorities to procure at his expense an addi- 
tional fountain, to be placed in the square between 
Charles and St. Paul Streets. The fountain will be a 
duplicate of those in the Champs Ellysees, Paris, and 
will cost fifteen thousand dollars. These squares are 
surrounded by stately buildings, public and private, 
among which are the Peabody Institute and Mount 
Vernon Methodist Episcopal Church. 

Lafayette Square.— Lafayette Square, situated 
in the northwestern section of the city, and bounded 
by Carrol|ton, Lafayette, and Arlington Avenues, and 
Lanvale Street, was purchased under the ordinance of 
April 28, 1857, from Messrs. Knell, Rice, Hoffman, 

1 For Culvert Street Spring, see foot-note on page 213. 



and others, for fifteen thousand dollars. In Feb- 
ruary, 1859, a company of citizens interested in the 
property in the vicinity was formed, with Jacob HofF 
as president; William Carmichael, secretary; and 
Frederick Weiss, treasurer; and in March following 
the grading of the streets around the square was com- 
menced. In November, 1865, the frame buildings 
erected by the United States government for govern- 
ment purposes during the civil war were removed, 
and the square fitted up and used again as a resort. 
The fine forest-trees which adorned this square at the 
time of purchase were destroyed by the troops during 
the military occupation. On Jan. 11, 1867, Mr. 
Handy, in opposing a resolution to appropriate five 
thousand two hundred dollars to the repairing of La- 
fayette Square, stated in the City Council that up to 
that time twenty-nine thousand three hundred and 
sixty-eight dollars and thirty cents had already been 
expended on this square, while but few of the condi- 
tions accompanying the appropriation had been com- 
plied with. In July, 1870, the Lafayette Square As- 
sociation was formed, with Henry Knell, president ; 
J. Henry Knell, secretary ; and F. Rice, treasurer ; 
and through the enterprise and exertions of this com- 
pany the square and its neighborhood rapidly im- 
proved. In 1872 the handsome bronze fountain 
which adorns the centre of the square was placed in 
position. It was cast in Philadelphia, and cost eight 
hundred dollars. The iron railings round the square 
were removed under resolution of May 8, 1873, and 
with the curbing, etc., were sold for fifteen hundred 
and twenty dollars, having cost originally between 
twelve thousand and thirteen thousand dollars. The 
square contains three and one-half acres, and is well 
I shaded by English walnut, Norway maple, birch, and 
I other trees. Beds of various designs, cultivated in < 

canna and coleus, some containing as many as thir- 

j teen varieties of foliage and flowering plants, attest 

I the skill with which the square is kept. In the 

[ centre of the .square is an ornamental fountain and a 

I circular basin, in which sporting gold and silver fish 

[ aftbrd the greatest amusement to the many children 

who make the park a daily resort. The entrances, 

eight in number, are each flanked by urns containing 

j blooming flowers, and are paved with artificial stone. 

i Four churches front on this beautiful park. 

i Johnson Square, bounded by Biddle, Valley, 

Chase, and McKim Streets, was purchased by the city 

from the Vickers estate under ordinance of May 3, 

j 1878, and has been leveled and provided with marble 

I steps leading up to it, but owing to a difference of 

views as to the plan to be followed in its improvement 

nothing further has been done towards beautifying it. 

The site is an elevated one, and John.son Square will 

no doubt become one of the favorite gardens of East 

Baltimore. 

Park Place Squares were created by ordinance 

! of July 23, 1860. The square from McMechen to 

Wilson Streets contains a fountain, rows of shade-trees. 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



and a fine growth of grass, and is surrounded by a j 
dressed granite curb. From Wilson to Laurens Streets j 
a curb is being set, trees planted, and walks laid out. 

Perkins' Spring Square. — By ordinance of Oct. ' 
1, 1872, the city comptroller was authorized to lease i 
for public use that portion of the Perkins' Spring 
property bounded on the west by Ogston Street, on the 
south by George Street, and on the northeast by 
Myrtle Avenue, with the right to purchase at six per 
cent, at the convenience of the city. The square is 
triangular in shape, and is noted for the beauty of its 
ilowers and careful gardening. Luxuriant beds of 
coleus and petunias in the most varied colors attract 
the eye of the visitor, the designs being anchors, stars, 
shields, etc., of the most elaborate kind. Rockeries, 
covered with creeping vines and topped with vases of 
bright flowers, form a beautiful novelty. 

Edtaw Place Square. — Eutaw Place Square had 
its origin in the gift of Henry Tifl'any, who in 1863 
offered to the city the piece of ground, now in the bed 
of Eutaw Street, extending from Dolphin Street to 
the north line of Mr. Tiffany's property. The gift 
was accepted by the ordinance of March 19, 1853, Mr. 
Tiffany agreeing to build upon each side of the square 
" not less than seven houses, of not less than twenty- 
five feet front and three stories high." By the ordi- 
nance of July 15, 1853, the commissioners for open- 
ing streets were required to condemn, open, and con- 
tinue Gibson (now Eutaw) Street and Morris and 
Jordan Alleys from the north line of Henry Tiffany's 
property to Laurens Street, the centre of the contem- 
plated opening in Eutaw Street, to form a continua- 
tion of the square previously established. By the 
ordinance of May 23, 1876, Eutaw Square was ex- 
tended from Laurens Street to North Avenue, giving 
it a total length of six blocks. Artistic gardening of 
the highest character has exhausted its resources in 
beautifying these squares, and it may be said without 
exaggeration that they form one of the most complete 
specimens of street parking to be found anywhere. 
Between McMechen and Wilson Streets stands the 
handsome fountain exhibited by Messrs. Mott & Co., 
of New York, at the Philadelphia Centennial Expo- 
sition. The outer basin is forty-eight feet in diame- 
ter, and the main fountain, standing upon a granite 
base, is fifty feet high and has three distinct basins, 
the water flowing from the two upper ones to the 
lower, which is ten feet in diameter and richly orna- 
mented. A graceful female figure, standing in a shell, 
surmounts the work. Smaller figures on the surface 
of the water, and vases of flowers surrounding the 
outer basin, complete one of the most beautiful foun- 
tains in the city. Water was turned on Saturday 
afternoon, May 19, 1877. The fountain was purchased 
and presented to the city by the following gentlemen, 
residents of Eutaw Place : Charles C. Fulton, Nicholas 
Popplein, S. L. Earley, Wesley Eicketts, Henry Mc- 
Shane, J. Edward Hambleton, Jr., Bernard Chrom, 
Abraham Seligman, Theodore R. Miller, Greenleaf 



Johnson, William H. Crawford, William H. Skinner, 
A. W. Bradford, A. H. Russell, E. B. Hunting, John 
A. Horner, Horatio D. Vail, Thomas Kensett, C. C. 
Hermann, William S. Rayner, Robinson & Lord, R. 
R. Bowling, and H. C. Murray. The Gunther foun- 
tain, the gift of L. A. Gunther, which stands in the 
reservation between Mosher and TovvnSend Streets, is 
of bronze, eighteen feet high, and richly ornamented. 
All the railings formerly inclosing these squares were 
removed under resolutions of Jan. 8, 1876, and March 
25, 1878. 

Ashland Square is the site of the Wells and Mc- 
Comas Monument. It has recently been planted with 
flowers, and otherwise improved. 

Madison Square was laid out under ordinance of 
April 6, 1853, by which the commissioners of finance 
were duly authorized to purchase from Archibald 
Stirling the square of ground bounded by Chase, 
Caroline, Eager, and Eden Streets for the sum of 
thirty thousand dollars. The square slopes gently to 
the south, a fountain and basin, with swimming fish, 
forming the centre, around which are ranged rustic 
seats, beneath the shade of large willow-trees. Grace- 
fully winding walks, paved with concrete and bordered 
with shade-trees, lead in every direction. Beds of 
bright-colored coleus and roses, backed by the green 
of the sward, give delightful variety to the scene. 
The iron railing was removed in 1880 and eight en- 
trances made, each marked by urns of blooming 
plants, mounted upon pedestals of pres.sed brick with 
marble panels, the effect being altogether inviting. 

Jackson Square.— Jackson Square, situated near 
the intersection of Broadway and Fayette Streets, was 
donated to the city on the 3d of December, 1844, by 
Robert Howard, a prominent merchant and public- 
spirited citizen, who died, much lamented. May 13, 
1865. 

Baker Circle.— Baker Circle is a circular plot of 
ground two hundred and forty feet in diameter situ- 
ated at the intersection of Fulton Avenue and Baker 
Street. It was presented by the executors of the late 
William Baker, and was accepted Sept. 14, 1869, by 
resolution of the City Council. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE 
CENTRE. 

Geographical Position — Commerce— Centres of Trade — Claims for Con- 
Biileration— Private Enterprise— Houses— Basin anil Ship-Channels— 
Harbor Defenses— Observatory — Clipper-Ships- SteamboatsandSteam- 
ebips— Ice-Boats, etc. 

Whether the city of Baltimore was located by ac- 
cident or design, her citizens have cause for congratu- 
lation that they enjoy a location the best of any of 
the Atlantic cities for residence, commerce, trade, and 
manufactures. Climate and locality limit or promote 



HISTORY OF BAI.TIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the growth of cities, since tliey iiillueiice and siflect 
the life and liappiness of people. An equable climate 
void of extremes, and a locality free from deleterious 
influences, have enabled tlie citizens of Baltimore to 
accomplish in a scsqui-centennial period more of 
population and wealth than have fallen to the fortune 
of any of her sea-board rivals. Free from the ener- 
vating heats of prolonged summers, and exempt from 
that extreme cold which annually seals the avenues 
of Northern commerce, the trade and commerce of 
the people of Baltimore are uninterrupted, with but 
very few exceptions, from one year's end to that of 
anotlier. While more distant from the ocean than 
her chief rivals, her wharves are nearer to the great 
fields of Western and Southern trade than any of her 
competitors ; and since houi-s, not miles, measure dis- 
tance in modern commerce, and projected improve- 
ments to shorten both to the ocean are contemplated, 
the day is not distant when, with her gate on the sea, 
she will yet maintain her closer proximity to the 
granaries that supply the commerce of the country. 

While Baltimore extends for the cotton, breadstutt's, 
tobacco, naval stores, and provisions of the South the 
benefits of short routes to a port that secures for them 
cheap handling and every possible facility for ship- 
ment across the seas, it also aims through its jobbers 
and manufacturers to supply the Southern interior 
markets with all domestic and imported goods and 
manutiictured products at the lowest possible figures. 
In all these respects Baltimore possesses many advan- 
tages over New York, Philadelpliiu, and Boston. 

Its railroad communications, stretching in every 
direction, are managed at the minimum of expense as 
compared with those of the Northern and Eastern 
cities, and this fact insures that cheai)ness of trans- 
l)ortation which is so essential to successful competi- 
tion to both the buyer and seller. In the dealings of 
rival markets, that which brings to itself articles for 
consumption, shipment, or purchase with less outlay 
than its competitor pays secures tlie largest profits to 
all the parties concerned in the barter, sale, or pur- 
chase. Then another active factor comes to influence 
foreign trade at a port where transfers from railroad 
to ships are made, or rice versa, as may be, according 
to whether the goods or products liandled are intended 
for domestic import or foreign export. This factor is 
the successful solution of the problem how to eflect 
the speediest and least expensive transfer of cargoes 
and their component parts, and in this instance Bal- 
timore hits established the best system in this country. 
Neither the importer nor the exporter arc drained of 
their legitimate profits in trade to pay exorbitant 
charges for transfer at railroad dejiots and wharves, 
because all consignments are received and dispatched 
by the workings of a system that is unsurpassed for 
its speed and economy. Moreover, the foreign steam- 
ship lines of Baltimore admirably maintain their 
reputation for reliability and accommodations, and 
the growth of the foreign conimeree of tlie port is 



assisted by an increasing number of sailing-vessels 
arriving and departing. 

When peace was declared in 1865 there was a gen- 
eral feeling iu Baltimore business circles that this city 
must at once endeavor to re-establisli with the South 
the commercial relations that had existed prior to 
18(51, and it was also felt tliat, as far as was in its power, 
it must take the foremost place in granting the accom- 
modation necessary to enable Southern houses to re- 
cover from the terrible disasters that liad been inflicted 
upon them while the struggle was pending. This 
sentiment was strongly marked with regard to nour- 
ishing a revival of trade connections witli the Vir- 
ginia cities, and was undoubtedly somewliat due to 
the personal and business intimacies that l»ad always 
subsisted between Baltimore and them. The Western 
trade, too, was beginning to attract attention, and the 
energy and capital of our peoi)Ie were thus at once 
directed southward across the Potomac and westward 
beyond the Mississippi. Their money and their en- 
terprise, wisely applied, have proved able to cope vic- 
toriously with the obstacles oft'ered, and Baltimore 
stands to-day the city of the Ejistern sea-board that has 
grown to the largest comparative extent in solid 
prosperity since 1865. 

4 cause that figures very luoniinently in the in- 
fluences that nurture trade facilities here is the rela- 
tive slightness of taxation as compared with that 
which prevails in other principal cities. The mer- 
chant and the property-owner are not burdened with 
the excessive levies that depreciate the value of all 
real estate and compel the exaction of high rents. 
A fair valuation of land and buildings, and a not in- 
ordinate assessment thereupon, enable the building 
of stores and warehouses under favorable conditions, 
and permit them to be let out to tenants at figures 
which do not oppress business. We have seen by the 
examples of other communities that trade may he. 
most seriously enfeebled when it is taxed extrava- 
gantly to support profligate municipal government, 
and although Baltimore has been reproached that she 
does not expend larger sums in public improvements, 
yet experience has demonstrated that our policy of 
conservatism is wiser and more profitable in the long 
run than the practice of loose expenditures, to be 
eventually paid for in high taxes wrung from the 
earnings of industry and thrift. It has been found 
that business thrives best under careful and economic 
government, and that the development of capital is 
in ])roportion to the completeness of the innnunity it 
enjoys from burdensome taxation. This being the 
case, the erection of new and magnificent buildings 
has measurably continued even during periods of 
greatest financial stringency. Much has been accom- 
plished also by the soundness of the Baltimore bank- 
ing institutions, both public and private. It is some- 
thing extraordinary tiiat while in the North, East, 
and West banks, trust companies, and insurance 
corporations have been collapsing, involving serious 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



distress to business and visiting the loss of millions 
of dollars upon depositors, not one of the well-estab- 
lished financial institutions of Baltimore has shown 
any symptoms of weakness/ but, on the contrary, they 
have all been able to give the strongest evidences of 
their soundness and to carry the business interests of 
the community safely through the storms of the last 
ten years. It is even more worthy of note that with 
a single exception not one of the leading commercial 
establishments of Baltimore has gone into bank- 
ruptcy in that time, and that the few manufacturers 
and jobbers who have been compelled to close their 
doors have done so honorably and with the expecta- 
tion of resuming operations in that season of return- 
ing prosperity upon which the country has entered. 
It is patent to everybody that this immunity from the 
evils of overtrading and wild speculation is due to a 
strict observance of the rules upon which all perma- 
nent, prosperous trading and production are founded, 
and hence it must be observed that Baltimore is well 
prepared to extend her commercial relations, and 
occupies a most enviable situation in that respect. 

Geographical Advantages. — All these causes com- 
bined have undoubtedly tended, to a great extent, to 
give Baltimore a commercial standing, the value of 
which is at last being reluctantly acknowledged by 
sister-cities in the Union which have for so long held 
a maritime supremacy. Even New York, claiming 
to be not only the empress of the East, but also to be 
the centre from which radiate all the trade and com- 
merce of the continent, has awakened to the fact that 
her trade is diminishing rapidly to the increase of 
that of Baltimore. The New York Chamber of Com- 
merce has tacitly admitted the fact, and the presi- 
dents of the great trunk lines from the East to the 
West have given cumulative testimony to show that, 
even with all the natural advantages possessed by the 
harbor of New York and with a great river and canal 
as auxiliaries, this city is exercising an influence that 
is gradually making itself felt among public and 
private corporations, and is leading her rivals to de- 
vise some means, if not of checking her pretensions, 
at least of counteracting what to them is proving so 
destructive. To the general reader it may seem tedi- 
ous to enter into details which prove that the claims 
Baltimoreans set up are not extravagant and have 
not been overstated.- But to the business man, whose 
mission it is to collect facts and weigh their relative 
value, statistics are always welcome. They are the 
atmosphere in which he moves, the data on which he 
bases his calculations, and anything which will help 
him in his business or suggest avenues to which he 
can turn with profit, is more eagerly perused than 
would be well-rounded sentences, which attract with- 
out leaving behind any satisfactory impression. This, 
then, must be the apology if the present chapter deals 
occasionally with statistics and figures, as they are 

IS tlie last bank fail- 



necessary in order that a full understanding may be 
had of the trade and commerce of Baltimore. 

Situation. — Situated as Baltimore is, midway be- 
tween the North and South, and possessing in her 
climate all the advantages which are owned by the 
dwellers on the rocky headlands of New England or 
in the green glkdes of Florida, the temperature is 
neither enervating in summer nor chilling in winter. 
It is hardly possibly to conceive of anything more 
genial and delightful than the winter which comes to 
us, with its merry in-door parties, its round of balls 
and receptions, its coasting and sleighing, and the 
thousand social influences which seem to expand and 
strengthen under the bracing air and the deep blue 
sky. Independently of the poetic aspect which this 
fact wears, there is also a practical side to the ques- 
tion, in that the harbor and the river are nearly al- 
ways open to traffic, and there is no loss to trade from 
ice blockades, with their accompanying discomforts 
and inconveniences. Even in the event of an ex- 
traordinary low temperature, the contingencies which 
would naturally follow have been guarded against, 
and the services of powerful ice-boats specially con- 
structed for the i)urpose are called into requisition to 
keep the harbor clear and unimpeded. Nowhere 
probably in the Union can there be found such a 
commingling of the lesthetic and the practical, of 
the almost spontaneous luxuriance of the South and 
the cultivation — which is born of hard and enduring 
toil — of the North, than in this city and its immediate 
neighborhood. Dank fields where tobacco flourishes 
alternate with rows of tasseled corn ; acres of rich 
and waving grass flanked by orchards laden with 
mellow fruit, and flowers that seem to have caught all 
the glory of the summer sunlight ; hoary trees that 
have stood the storms of a century ; rivers stocked 
with fish and singing their murmuring song as they 
dance onward to the sea ; a bright and glassy bay, 
with storm-stained fishing-boats and tall and stately 
ships, and hills glowing with verdure, — all these form 
the frame-work of the picture, while placed in the 
centre, set upon a hill, stands the great city, with its 
clanging forges, its busy wharves, its screaming loco- 
motives, and nearly all the industries of the nation 
bound up and epitomized within its limits. 

It has already been stated that, owing to the central 
position which Baltimore occupies as regards the At- 
lantic portions of the Union, and by means of direct 
railroad communication with the great West, she can 
successfully compete with New York and Philadel- 
phia for the trade of the West and Northwest. The 
West can be reached as follows: by the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad and its branches to Pittsburgh, Wheel- 
ing, Columbus, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and 
Chicago, and by the Northern Central Railroad with 
all the great Western connections of the Pennsylvania 
Central Railroad. The Northern Central brings Bal- 
timore into close connection with the lake country, 
the distance and time from Baltimore to Erie, Buft'alo, 



284 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and Niagara being some seventy miles less than from 
New York to these points. Baltimore is also one 
hundred and fifty-two miles nearer Chicago than New 
York; two hundred and ten miles nearer St. Louis; 
two hundred and forty-six miles nearer Louisville, 
Ky. ; two hundred and forty miles nearer Cincinnati, 
and one hundred and four miles nearer Pittsburgh. 
The erection by the Baltimore and Ohio and the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Companies of capacious grain- 
elevators at Locust Point and Canton, the deepening 
of the harbor to a uniform depth of twenty-five feet, 
and the superior facilities for handling freight have 
offered great attractions to the trade of the West, of 
which it has not been slow to take advantage. The [ 
other railroads centering in Baltimore are the Phila- [ 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore; the Washington 
Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio, which has direct 
connection with the entire net-work of Southern roads 
to New Orleans and Texas ; the Baltimore and Poto- 
mac to Washington, and thence by Southern connec- 
tions to New Orleans ; and the Western Maryland, 
which passes Gettysburg, Hanover, and many of the 
interior towns of Maryland and Pennsylvania, through 
a country rich in historical associations and natural 
beauty. The Western Maryland also connects at 
Hagerstown with the Shenandoah and Cumberland 
Valley Railroad. 

These savings of distances and connections with the 
great trade centres of America do more than shorten 
time: they cheapen the cost of transportation, and thus 
increase the returns to the people trading with Balti- 
more. The saving of three cents per bushel on the 
grain receipts of Baltimore for 1879 (66,822,083 bush- 
els) amounted, according to the twenty-fifth annual re- 
port of the Corn and Flour Exchange, to $2,004,662.49, 
which was really equal to that amount of additional 
profit to those Western shippers who sent their grain 
to Baltimore instead of New York. One fact in trade 
is worth more than many theories, and comes home to 
the planter and grower with more force than whole 
pages of argument. 

Commerce. — As a commercial port Baltimore ofl^ers 
inducements superior to any American city. Her 
situation, near the head of the Chesapeake Bay, is that 
of an intermediate station between the North and 
the South, and her water communication with all the 
sea-board cities of both sections offers opportunities 
in domestic trade nowhere else obtainable. Boston, 
New York, and Philadelphia to the North, and Nor- 
folk, Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, Havana, 
New Orleans, and Galveston at the South, are all in 
communication by water lines with Baltimore, where 
the peculiar productions of each locality are ex- 
changed. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, though 
reaching tide-water at Georgetown, may yet be re- 
garded as another of the lines of intercommunica- 
tion by which Baltimore trade is promoted and in- 
creased. The Atlantic sea-board, by means of the 
Bay Line steamers and the Sea-board and Roanoke 



Railroad, are brought into the closest commercial 
connections with Baltimore. When to this magnifi- 
cent system of continental communications is added 
the Northern and Eastern system by water lines and 
railroad, it may be said of Baltimore that there is 
hardly a hamlet in the Union that may not feel the 
impulse of her energy and enterprise. 

Centres of Trade. — The history of Baltimore from 
its infancy upwards has been one indicative of indom- 
itable perseverance, sterling integrity, and all the qual- 
ities of true manhood and womanhood. On no other 
principle, even with the natural advantages spoken 
of, can her rapid growth and vitality be accounted 
for. Standing on one of the eminences which encircle 
her, the eye looks down on a panorama which cannot 
be presented by any other city in the Union. And 
when it is considered that all that is looked upon has 
been the product of a period which, so far as a Euro- 
pean city is concerned, would seem trivial and insig- 
nificant, it can readily be understood what a con- 
servatism of energy has been necessary in order to 
produce such substantial and enduring results.' Al- 
though the site of the city is such as to cause irregu- 
larity in some of the streets, the various sections are 
laid out with remarkable uniformity. Baltimore 
Street, which runs east and west for a distance of 
about five miles, is the principal thoroughfare, and 
the chief seat of the retail trade in all branches of 
industry. Gay, North Charles, Howard, Eutaw, and 
Lexington Streets have, however, of late years at- 
tracted a considerable portion of this trade, although 
Baltimore Street still retains the supremacy. Portions 
of it, as also South, Hanover, Sharp, Howard, Liberty, 
Charles, and German Streets, and Exchange Place, 
are now the principal locations of the wholesale trade. 
It is questionable if New York, with its prestige and 
constant inpouring of wealth and capital, could pre- 
sent a finer exhibit than do the stores which line the 
thoroughfares of Baltimore. They may not, as a rule, 
be rich in architectural beauty and outward adorn- 
ment, — although even to this rule there are excep- 
tions, — but in the nature, finish, and diversity of their 
goods, in the taste which shines through them, and 
in the equable manner in which all wants and re- 
quirements are attempted to be supplied, their supe- 
riority to much which is only arranged for show 
and embellishment is at once perceptible. It is not 
alone in the lower plane of manufactures that our 
business men exist. The elephant that tears a tree 
from its roots can also pick up a pin, and the industry 
of our city which can forge a chain or an anchor can 



1 As large as it is, Baltimore is the youngest of all the 
cities of the Atlantic sea-board, a mere child to hoary patriarchs like 
St. Augustine and Quehec and Montreal ; the junior of Now York hy 
one hundred and sixteen years, of Boston hy one hundred years, of 
Chiirleston and Philadelphia hy fifty years. It is younger than New 
Orleans and Newport ; Richmond and Norfolk overtop it many years, 
and us for venerable Annnpolis, that ancient beau among the cities 
already wore periwigs and sported its gold-headed cane and diamond- 
studded snuff-box before lialtiniore bad put on swaddling-clothes. 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



also fashion those delicate articles from the precious 
metals which adorn the head or deck the bosom of 
beauty. The conservative policy which has marked 
the commercial cai-eer and growth of Baltimore has 
extended its influence from the warehouse and the 
counting-room to the household, and there is conse- 
quently an absence of that affectation for everything 
which is new, and a more reverent clinging towards 
the old and the enduring. Not that it is meant to be 1 
understood that old-fogyism prevails to any appreci- | 
able extent, but rather that comfort and solidity are ; 
in greater demand than mere display and fashion. It ] 
might surprise casual visitors to the city if they were 
furnished with statistics as to the value of the retail 
trade of many of our merchants. And the same re- i 
mark will hold good when applied to our wholesale j 
trade. We may enter a warehouse unpretentious in ! 
appearance and with no hurry or bustle perceptible 
in its rooms ; its goods, whether woolen, or cotton, or I 
leathern, lie quietly on its counters and shelves, and 
the natural thought is that the proprietors depend ! 
simply upon local trade. But question them, and 
you will find that they send their goods as far South 
as the Gulf and as far West as the Pacific Ocean. One 
agent is in New Orleans taking orders, another is in 
Chicago or St. Louis driving a bargain with a keen- 
eyed Western dealer. There are firms in the city 
whose goods are known and sought after all over the 
United States, and the extent of whose business would 
never be guessed at simply by looking at their stores, 
or judging of them by their personnel or their location. 
The refinement which had its birth here in old colo- 
nial times, and which has transmitted its purity 
through a long line of descendants, untainted by the 
commingling of newer and grosser elements, is still 
observable in our midst. And probably in no place 
outside of the family circle is it seen to better advan- 
tage than in the tastes of society in dress and fashion. 
Those outre costumes and that strange discord of colors 
so painfully evident as one travels west of the Alle- 
ghany Mountains have no place here. And this of 
itself ought to hold out an inducement to surrounding 
towns and cities to extend their business relations with 
Baltimore. There is not a steamer arriving at this 
port from Europe which does not bring as part of its 
cargo some of the finest products of European art 
and skill, — silks of the finest texture, dresses of the 
most approved and artistic shape and pattern, bonnets 
a reflex of those which grace the Parisian boulevards, 
delicate straws from Leghorn, cheviots from the Scot- 
tish mills, broadcloth from the west of England, and 
laces from Chantilly or Valenciennes. Nor are any 
of them such as would be bought cheaply as surplus 
stock to be got rid of at any price. They have all 
been selected with care, and under the personal super- 
vision of some man or men skilled in his or their 
business. The same store which sells the poor serving- 
girl her cheap print or calico has its representative in 
Paris, who is deep in the mysteries of Worth, and who 



will bring home some marvelous illustrations of the 
skill of the modiste, which in a few evenings will be 
worn at a reception on the avenue or in the square. 
The wonderful flowers you see in the millinery win- 
dows on Baltimore Street, and whose delicate texture 
and glowing color almost vie with Nature's handiwork, 
have been bought in the same way, while even the toy 
for your boy and girl at Christmas has necessitated a 
journey across the Atlantic before it could take a place 
in your nursery. But, it may be argued, there is 
nothing uncommon in this ; New York and Philadel- 
phia are also represented in London, in Paris, and 
Vienna. That is all true, but it is just here where 
the value of the figures and statistics hereafter given 
begins to make itself apparent. When we consider 
the want of terminal facilities in New York, the ob- 
stacles and petty obstructions placed in the way of its 
trade, the heavy freight and a thousand other charges 
to which importers are subjected, and then look to the 
advantages which surround Baltimore, and the corre- 
sponding inducements which the dealer can, as a 
natural consequence, offer to his customer, it will be 
seen at a glance that the position assumed in this 
chapter is logical and consistent. 

Claims for Consideration.— In thus arguing for a 
closer connection between Baltimore and the South, 
as far as individual trade is concerned, it should also 
be borne in mind that besides the pecuniary advan- 
tages to be derived from it, this city is entitled to 
some return for the benefits which her courage and en- 
terprise have conferred upon the States south of her. 
The position which she holds, standing as she does at 
the very gates of the South, has secured her influence 
for the advantage of those not so happily situated as 
she is. She has extended her hand to all industrious 
enterprises which have had for their object the pros- 
perity of those sections of the country lying contigu- 
ous to her, or with whom she has been able to inter- 
change commodities. The enterprises which she has 
inaugurated have had an effect in stirring up a spirit 
of friendly rivalry and emulation around her, and 
it is safe to say that much of the prosperity which the 
sea-board, and, as a result, the many inland cities of 
the South are beginning to feel to-day is due to the 
establishment of her lines of steamers, to the open- 
ing up of her railroads, and to a thousand other 
schemes which have been engineered by her keen- 
eyed citizens. 

The conservatism which was mentioned as being 
one of the characteristics of Baltimore enterprise, 
and as having prevented the ruinous speculation and 
loose sense of morality which have afflicted younger 
communities, has also produced another good result. 
It has taught its possessors the value of steady growth 
and the danger of transplanting, except under the 
most favorable conditions. The illustrations which 
fill this chapter are those of men who have grown up 
with the city, whose interest in it is abiding, who 
could not afford to change their location, and whose 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



287 



means which honest labor can win. Her wealthy 
citizens enjoy mansions with every comfort, witliout 
the ostentatious display of marble or brownstone 
palaces. Her public schools and city colleges are 
arranged upon the most modern and complete plans, 
provided with trained teachers and learned professors, 
and free to all. In these seminaries of learning the 
children of people in every class of society meet and 
contend for the prizes which education brings. Sec- 
tarian differences disappear where no course of sec- 
tarian instruction is permitted, while morals and 
religion are cultivated by precept and example. 
Markets, surpassed by no city in the world, and 
equaled by few even in this country of plenty, offer 
and tempt the people with excellence of food and 
cheapness of cost. The beef, mutton, pork, venison, 
and fish of Baltimore markets are equal in every 
respect to those of other cities, and can be obtained 
at retail prices at about one-half their cost in New 
York, Boston, or Philadelphia; while the Chesa- 
peake Bay is richer in products for the table than any 
other sheet of water in the world. Fuel, whether 
coal or wood, for domestic and manufacturing pur- 
poses, is obtainable in Baltimore at prices far below 
those of any other city. To this must be added a 
water-supply unequaled in quantity and unexcelled 
in purity by that of any other city in the Union. In 
fact, health, comfort, happiness, and prosperity are 
attainable in Baltimore with less outlay of capital, 
and with more of ease and satisfaction, than in any 
other city. 

The Basin and Harbor.— That portion of the har- 
bor of Baltimore known as the Basin was formerly 
much more extensive than it is at present, the tide 
once reaching nearly if not quite up to Baltimore and 
Gay Streets. As late as 1S18 a writer in the Federal 
Gazette said that the 

"oldest inhabitants of Biiltlmore recollect when vessels were built 
near the City Spring, and when ships could unload their cargoes near the 
foot of Light Street. Younger men recollect when ships lay about Pat- 
terson's wharf, and heavy sloops went up to Gay Street (Griffith's) bridge. 
Without referring to older documents, it will be seen on inspection of 
Folie's map of Baltimore, published in 1792, only tweuty-six years ago, 
that eastward of Gay Street the causeway, now Water Street, bounded 
the tide, and that a marshy island occupied the whole space now covered 
with buildings and streets south of that line ; and if the space inclosed, 
but still overflowed by the tide around the city dock, and which is already 
lost to the harbor, be excluded, it will be found that not one-third of the 
surface of the basin, covered with navigable water in 1752, remains open ; 
and that the extent of basin which is left is now more shallow by Ave to 
ten feet than it was twenty-five years ago. My information as to the 
depth of water in the basin now and at a former period is not sufiiciently 
detailed and extensive to enable me to be very particular, but there can 



ttha 



I the 



tiou above Fe 



i Point." 



In 1789 the Centre Market lottery scheme had for 
its object the filling up the docks, " often filled with 
stagnated water and every species of filth, which have 
not only been destructive to health but highly incon- 
venient in that part of the town to free mercantile 
intercourse." In November, 1789, an earnest com- 
munication was addressed to the " honorable repre- 



sentatives of Baltimore Town and County," urging 
the importance of preventing the construction of 
small docks around the Basin, and the removal of 
those already there, and advocating the inclosure of 
the Basin with " one continuous street." 

'* Let the proposed Front Street," says the writer, " be the permanent 
boundary or margin of the basin from Camden Street on the north, which 
lies nearly in a direct line with Bowly's wharf continued ; on the west 
let the basin be bounded by Light Street, and on the south by Lee Street, 
leaving the aforesaid boundaries from sixty to eighty feet vnde, and let 
them be known by the names of North Front Street, South Front Street, 
etc., then let the whole breadth of South Street be continued with the 
basin until it intersects a direct line drawn from Conway Street continued, 
making the same a part of Front Street; from thence with said line of 
Conway Street past Messrs. McLure's, Spear's, Smith's, and Buchanan's 
wharves ; and at the said Buchanan's wharf it will be requisite to form 
an angle, on whose leg towards the east let the Front Street [be] ex- 
tended to Mr. Pattereon'B wharf, still leaving it not less than from sixty 
to eighty feet wide for the good of the public. In these dimen- 
sions would he comprehended a body or space of water of between 
sixty and seventy perches from north to south; and from east to west, 
along the town and Point, water sufficient to accommodate all the ships 
belonging to the United States. Opposite Jones' Falls into the basin a 
space must be left for a draw-bridge and the necessary works on each 
side. Such a front as this would express the good sense and taste of our 
citizens, cause their improvements to be admired by all travelers and 
foreigners, become an excellent boundary to our harbor, afford every pos- 
sible convenience to trade, and abolish those stinking docks which are 
of little benefit unless it be to infect and poison the community." ' 

In 1816 the filling up of the four docks extending 
at that time up to Cheapside was commenced, and 
subsequently completed. As was natural, much op- 
position was encountered in every attempt to get rid 
of the Basin. In November, 1838, Dr. Thomas H. 
Buckler proposed the bold but practicable scheme of 
filling up the Basin from Pratt Street to the west side 
of Jones' Falls by leveling Federal Hill and with its 
earth filling the Basin. The scheme of Dr. Buckler 
contemplated the extension of Calvert, South, Com- 
merce, Gay, and Frederick Streets, Marsh Market 
Space, Concord Street, and West Falls Avenue across 
and over the Basin and Whetstone Point to the 
Patapsco River, between Fort McHenry and the 
Ferry Bar, and to open Camden, Conway, Barre, Lee, 
York, Hill, Great Hughes, and Montgomery Streets 
eastwardly to intersect West Falls Avenue at or near 
Fells' Point. Such a scheme, it was contended, was 
necessary to the health of the city, by effectually re- 
moving the Basin, and would be commercially and 
pecuniarily advantageous to Baltimore. The removal 
of Federal Hill would not only extend the prospect, 
but admit the fresh air from the river into the city. 
The now separate quarters of the city would by such 



1 Another correspondent, about the same time, in the Maryland Gazette, 
showing the advantages of Baltimore for the permanent residence of 
Congress, said that it had " as secure a harbor for shipping as the world 
can aflbrd ; a capacious basin capable of being made to contain one thou- 
sand ships, without any risks from winds, injury from freshets, or ice in 
the winter, or worms in the summer," and " Jones' Falls might, at smaU 
expense, be conducted through every part of the town ;" fuel, coal, and 
lumber they had " for centuries to come." Another correspoudent, who 
did not admire the appearance of the town, said, " Should Congress ever 
settle in Baltimore, what would foreign ambassadors think of their taste 
when they observed hut few tolerable streets in all the metropolis, and 
even those disgraced by such a number of awkwardly-built, low, wooden 
cabins, the rest of the town being divided by irregular, narrow lanes?" 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITi' AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



an improvement have been brought into more direct 
communication, and the capacious and deep-water 
harbors, together with waste lands adjacent to them, 
would have been advantageously utilized. It was 
contended that pecuniarily the city would have been j 
benefited by the acquisition of laud valued at four | 
million five hundred thousand dollars, which when 
sold and improved would have added at least nine 
million dollars to the taxable basis of the city ; that 
filling up the Basin and leveling Federal Hill would j 
reclaim eight hundred and thirty acres lying then ^ 
almost unimproved between East Light Street and 
Ferry Bar, the value of which was put at forty-five ] 
million dollars. 

The scheme was laid before the City Council, 
debated and referred to a committee, and a report 
by Benjamin H. Latrobe was made showing the 
cost for actual filling to be $764,.346, not includ- 
ing the cost for damage to existing property rights. 
After much discussion in the press and very great 
opposition from interested parties the scheme dropped | 
out of public notice. AVhether it is forever dead j 
remains to be seen. That many objections exist to 
the Basin but few will deny. Whether its advan- 
tages exceed its disadvantages is very doubtful, and 
what will be the action of the city in the future can- 
not now be foreshadowed. But Dr. Buckler, who was ; 
also the originator of the scheme to introduce the 
water of the Gunpowder, has lived to see that part of 
his grand idea consummated, though that too was 
opposed and for the time defeated. It may be that 
within the not distant future the Basin also will be ' 
filled up, Federal Hill leveled, and the great scheme 
of Dr. Buckler in its entirety be realized for the city. 

Topographical Map.— In October, 1874, John T. ! 
Ford proposed in the City Council the preparation | 
of a new map of Baltimore City and its environs, 
which should be an accurate topographical picture 
of the city and its adjacent territory, showing within 
the city the grade and width of streets and avenues, 
their surface drainage, and their improved and unim- 
proved blocks, with the wharves, piers, docks, and 
depth of water, and all practical information neces- 
sary to the understanding of the topographical fea- | 
tures of the city ; and showing beyond the city limits 
in every direction the accurate details of all avenues 
and streets, and their proposed extensions, water- 
courses, parks, homesteads, with the elevations and 
depressions of surface. This eftbrt of Mr. Ford was 
followed in 1877 by a lecture at Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, by Prof. J. E. Hilgard, of the United States 
Coast Survey, upon "The Surveys of Baltimore and j 
Vicinity for Economic Construction and Sanitary j 
Purposes," urging the necessity of the early comple- ' 
tion of the map as proposed by Mr. Ford. In 1867 
an act of the Legislature was passed creating " The 
Harbor Commission," which was composed of the 
pr&sidents of the Board of Trade and Corn and Flour ! 
Exchange, and one other person appointed by the i 



presidents of the several Maryland insurance com- 
panies. This commission called in the aid of the 
United States Coast Survey in its work of surveying 
the harbor, but the proposition for such a survey was 
not acted upon by the Council. In November, 1880, 
Dr. C. W. Chancellor, of the State Board of Health, 
acting under authority from the National Board of 
Health, made a report on the sanitary condition of 
Baltimore as determined by him in a sanitary survey. 

The mayor and City Council have power to provide 
for the preservation of the navigation of the Basin 
and Patapsco River, within the limits of the city, and 
within four miles thereof, and for cleaning and deep- 
ening the Basin and docks, and for regulating the 
stationing, anchoring, and moving of vessels. The 
harbor is governed by a board of six commissioners, 
two of whom are appointed biennially, who, with the 
mayor, receive no compensation for the service they 
render in this connection. They are called the Har- 
bor Board of Baltimore, and consist of the following 
members : Mayor F. C. Latrobe, chairman ; John W. 
McCoy, William H. Skinner, Thomas B. Ferguson, 
Robert T. Baldwin, Alexander Jones, James Bond; 
James Woodside, secretary ; N. H. Hutton, engineer. 

There are also appointed annually, as other city 
officers are, six harbor-masters, who are empowered 
to collect wharfage on merchandise, tonnage, etc., at 
the city wharves. The harbor-masters for 1881 are: 
1st District, Joseph Cromwell ; 2d District, William 
Knorr ; 3d District, B. Maitland ; 4th District, Fran- 
cis Cutaiar; 5th District, Patrick McLaughlin ; Spring 
Gardens, Charles T. Balla. 

The Governor appoints biennially one or more 
persons as wharfingers in the city of Baltimore to 
take charge of the wharves rented or owned by the 
State. 

Ship-Channels. — The necessity for a deeper ship- 
channel for the commerce of Baltimore was fully 
recognized in 1851 by the Board of Trade, and meas- 
ures were actively undertaken to devise the means 
required for the work. At the January meeting in 
1852, on motion of Joseph C. Wilson, a resolution 
was unanimously adopted for the appointment of 
a committee of twenty members, empowered to ex- 
amine and report upon the subject of deepening the 
channel. The following gentlemen composed the 
committee: John C. Brune (e.i- officio chairman), Jacob 
Brandt, Jr., Galloway Cheston, Jacob G. Davies, Wil- 
liam Gardner, Rol)ert Howard, John Henderson, 
William Heald, Robert Leslie, Henry Mankin, Hugh 
McElderry, Henry A. Thompson, William Graham, 
William Kennedy, David Stuart, Andrew Flaunagan, 
Thomas Whitridge, R. M. Magraw, J. H. Luckett, R. 
R. Kirkland, James Murray. At a meeting of this 
committee, Capt. Robert Leslie submitted a chart 
constructed in 1819 by Lewis Brantz, and urged the 
necessity of a channel of twenty-five feet depth the 
entire length of the river, which could be accom- 
plished by removing the " Knolls," and he continued : 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



289 



"Should the committee coincide in this general view, the question 
presents itself. How is the object to bo accomplished ? Shall we apply 
at once to Congress for a special appropriation to be expended under the 
direction of one of their own engineers? or shall we ask the appoint- 
ment of an engineer to survet/ and report on the whole subject? or shall 
we ask for the construction of a dredging-machine to be employed in the 
waters of the Chesapeake, in deepening the channel leading to the navy- 
yard at Norfolk, on Harrison's Bar in James River, and in the removal 
of obstructions in the Patapsco? The latter plan would avoid any consti- 
tutional objections, and should it be determined on, Richmond and Nor- 
folk would unite in the petition. In case of failure with (3ongress, where 
shall we look? to the Legislature of Maryland, or the city of Baltimore, 
or both together ?" 

Being in earnest they applied to all, — to Congress, 
the city, and the State, and their zeal was rewarded 
with assistance from each. Congress appropriated 
$40,000, the city granted $50,000, and the State gave 
the auction dues, amounting to about $20,000. But 
all these sums were not immediately available, nor 
were they all applied by the same directing head. 
Capt. Brewerton had charge of the congressional 
appropriation, and the commissioners of the other 
funds. The original, or what is known as the Brew- 
erton Channel, commenced at Fort McHenry, and 
extending one and one-half miles below Fort Carroll, 
was six miles long, with an average natural depth 
from nineteen to twenty-one feet at mean low water ; 
the lower division of this channel, extending from a 
point one and one-half miles below Fort Carroll to 
the entrance buoy of the old ship-channel, about 
four miles beyond North Point, was nine miles in 
length, with an average depth of only sixteen to 
eighteen feet. Capt. Brewerton commenced (Octo- 
ber, 1853) the formation of the new channel by 
dredging a channel one hundred and fifty feet wide 
and twenty-two feet deep at mean low water in a 
direct line from Fort McHenry to a point one and a 
half miles below Fort Carroll, and thence in another 
straight line nine miles in length to the old .ship- 
channel entrance buoy, about four miles beyond 
North Point. His work was confined to the lower 
division until its depth was equal to that in the upper 
division, no work being done between Fort Carroll 
and Fort McHenry until the spring of 1873. In 1856, 
Congress appropriated for this work one hundred 
thousand dollars, and the operations were conducted 
at the joint cost of the city and the United States 
until suspended in 1860, when the results obtained 
were a channel one hundred and fifty feet wide and 
about twenty-two feet deep at mean low water, from 
a point one and a half miles below Fort Carroll to a 
point just beyond North Point, about four and a half 
miles in length. The whole work was left in an un- 
finished condition. The original estimate for this 
channel was .?390,000, the amount expended to the 
date of suspension was, by the United States, $120,- 
000, and by the city and State, $184,317.06, making a 
total of $304,317.06. In 1866, Congress appropriated 
$15,200, and a careful resurvey was made by Maj. 
Craighill of the river below Fort Carroll, which de- 
veloped the fact that the excavations had been ma- 



terially injured by the tides and currents, and that 
the lower end was subject to obstruction from float- 
ing ice. In consequence of this a new location was 
made, deflecting from the Brewerton Channel, three- 
fourths of a mile below the Seven-Foot Knoll Light, 
near the terminal point of the work previously com- 
pleted, and running thence due south towards Sandy 
Point Light. On this new line a channel was pro- 
jected two hundred feet wide and twenty-two feet 
deep at mean low water. In September, 1867, Maj.- 
Gen. Parke, of the United States Engineers, was 
placed in charge of the work, but relieved in May, 
1868, by Brev. Brig.-Gen. I. H. Simpson, of the 
United States Engineers, who in September, 1869, 
announced the new south channel open to commerce, 
two hundred feet wide and twenty-one feet deep at 
mean low water, and that the Brewerton Channel had 
been reopened for a limited width to the same depth. 
The name of the " Craighill Channel" was given to 
the new south channel by Gen. Simpson. In 1870 an 
appropriation of $42,900 having been made by Con- 
gress, work was resumed on the Brewerton Channel. 
Maj. W. P. Craighill, United States Engineers, was 
again placed in charge of the work in November, 
1870, and the " contract system" adopted, to the much 
greater expedition and cheapness of the work. In 
1872 Congress appropriated one hundred thousand 
dollars for the work, and this year the Patapsco River 
Improvement Board was organized, and two hundred 
thousand dollars put at its disposal. This greatly 
increased the force employed upon the work, and ex- 
pedited its earlier completion, as well as enabled it to 
be enlarged to meet the requirements of the day, 
which diflered greatly from what they were twenty 
years before, when the work was projected. In 1872 
the whole plan of the work was revised and the chan- 
nel marked out in three divisions, as follows : from 
Fort McHenry to the angle below Hawkins' Point 
two hundred and fifty feet wide and twenty-four feet 
deep at mean low tide ; thence to the angle near Seven 
Foot Knoll (Brewerton Channel), same dimensions; 
thence due south towards Sandy Point (Craighill 
Channel ) two hundred and fifty feet wide through the 
softer portions, four hundred feet wide through the 
oyster-beds and hard lumps, and twenty-four feet 
deep throughout. An addition to the Brewerton 
Channel of six and three-quarters miles long, one hun- 
dred feet wide, and twenty-four feet deep wa,s com- 
pleted during the summer of 1872, and buoys marking 
the northern edge of the cut located, and the new 
channel thrown open to commerce. In 1873 the 
United States and the city of Baltimore, by nearly 
equal contributions, made the sum of four hundred 
thousand dollars available to the prosecution of the 
work. 

The ship-channel has for its object to permit the 
approach to Baltimore at mean low water of vessels 
drawing from twenty-two and a half to twenty-three 
feet, and at ordinary high water vessels drawing 



290 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



twenty-four or twenty-four and a half feet. This 
was attained in 1874 by the completion of the chan- 
nel with a depth of twenty-four feet at mean low 
water. A width of two hundred and fifty feet was 
given where tlie material on the edges of the cut is 
not of sufficient liardness to injure a vessel torching 
it, which is the case throughout the channel from 
Fort McHenry through the Brewerton Channel, and 
for about two miles down the Craighill Channel. 
This is regarded as a minimum width, which will be 
gradually increased by the abrasure of the sides by 



Since that report by Maj. Craighill the project of 
the channel has been enlarged to a depth of twenty- 
seven feet, and its directionsomewhat changed by an- 
other cut-off", shortening the length 'and improving 
the work. When completed Baltimore will enjoy all 
the advantages of easy approach which New York 
possesses for the largest ships and vessels of modern 
commerce. 

Harbor Defenses. — The harbor of Baltimore is 
defended by two fortifications, Fort McHenry and 
Fort Carroll. The former is an inner fort, situated 



passing vessels which may not be exactly kept in the i at the extremity of a point of land lying between the 
line of the channel. In some parts of the lower I northwest and middle branches of Patapsco River, 



channel where hard sides existed a width of four 
hundred feet has been given, and which is extended 
in many places to one thousand feet by the natural 
depth of the water ; this width was given to the 
channel at the turn from the Brewerton into the 
Craighill Channel, to give ample room for the turn- 
ing of large vessels in passing that point. 




Maj. Craighill, in his report to the Patapsco River 
Improvement Board, in 1874, remarks, — 

" It is not to be forgotten that this channel is an artificial road or high- 
way of the flame general character in that respect as a railway or canal 
or ordinary wagon road. It did not exist by natnre. It waa made, and 
to be kept in good condition it requires care in its use and annual re- 
pairs. Range-lights and bnoys have been provided to enable careful 
navigators to And their highway and to keep it safely as well by niglit 
as by day. Tlte sum which wilt be required annually to keep this high- 
way in its present condition need not exceed, and probably will not be 
less than, fifty thousand dollars. But it should bo regularly provided and 
Judiciously and economically applied. The constant and caref\ll use of 
this channel by heavy ships, and especially by screw-steamers, will inl- 



and now known as Locust Point. The first settler 
upon the point was probably Charles Gorsuch, said to 
be a member of the Society of Friends, who on the 
24th of February, 1661, patented fifty acres of the 
tract, yielding and paying the rent of one pound 
sterling per annum in equal half-yearly installments 
at St. Mary's. Gorsuch subsequently abandoned it, 
and on the 2d of June, 1702, a 
patent was granted for the same 
land to James Carroll, who called 
it " Whetstone," and paid two 
shillings rent per annum. Whet- 
stone Point or Neck was evi- 
dently considered a favorable 
1 leation for a town, and by the 
ict of April 19, 1706, it was 
made a port of entry, but it does 
not appear that either traders or 
planters ever availed themselves 
(it its commercial " facilities." 
In 1725, Carroll .sold it to John 
• iiles for five pounds sterling, 
nid in 1727 the Principio Com- 
n),' through John England, 
I urchased of Giles all the iron 
(lie "opened and discovered or 
shut and not yet discovered" 
ir three hundred pounds ster- 
ng and twenty pounds current 
iiKinev of Maryland. It was for 
111 my years one of their principal 
sources of ore.^ 

Upon the commencement of 
the Revolution the importance 
of Whetstone Point for the defense of the town 
was at once appreciated, and in 1775 preparations 
were made to fortify it. Warned by the recent 
approach of the British sloop-of-war "Otter," in 

1 The Principid Company was an association of British iron-masters, 
merchants, and capitalists, established in the early part of 1700, and en- 
gaged in nianufactnring pig and bar iron in the colonies of Maryland 
and Virginia, 

■- After the Revolution, in 1781, the projierty of the company was con- 
fiscated, and we find among the returns of the Intendant of the Revenue 
the sale, on August 15tli in that year, of seventy-live acres, and on Sep- 
tember 2.')th of one hundred and twenty acres, on Whetstone Point 
belonging to the Principio Company. 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOEE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



March, 1776, the inhabitants set to work with a 
will to complete the defenses of Baltimore, which 
liad been ordered by the provincial convention. A 
water-battery of eighteen guns was planned at Whet- 
stone Point by James Alcock, and begun under the 
superintendence of Messrs. Griest, Griffith, and Lou- 
denslager, and Capt. N. Smith was put in command. 
A large force of colored men were employed in provid- 
ing timber, logs, etc., and in the erection of a boom be- 
tween Whetstone Point and the Lazaretto, and a chain 
was also stretched, supported by twenty-one sunken 
schooners, across the neck of the harbor. As the 
Revolution progressed these fortifications were still 
further strengthened, and an air-furnace was erected 
near the batteries, from which, the Maryland Oazetfe 
of Sept. 9, 1777, declares, "red thunder-bolts of war 
will issue to meet our invading foes." Until 1793 
the fortifications on Whetstone Point remained ex- 
clusively under the control of the State, but in conse- 
quence of the apprehensions entertained at that 
period of a conflict with Great Britain, it was deemed i 
advisable to place the Point at the disposal of the 
Federal government, which was done in the follow- 
ing somewhat condescending resolution passed by the 
Legislature in 1793 : 

" Whoreaa, the United States may think it necessary to erect a fort, 
arsenal, or other military works or buildings on Wlietstone Point for the 
public defense; therefore, Resolved, That upon the application of the 
President of the United States to the Governor for permission to erect a 
fort, arsenal, or other military works on the said Point for the purpose 
aforesaid, the Governor shall and may grant the same, with the consent 
of the owner of the soil." 

The Federal government did not take advantage of 
this permission, however, until 1798. In the summer 
of that year Maj. Tousard, an oflicer of rank and ex- 
perience, was ordered to examine the existing works 
at Whetstone Point and report the additions he should 
deem indispensable to the protection of the city. Maj. 
Tousard was directed to submit his plans to the con- 
sideration of a committee of Baltimore citizens, con- 
sisting of Messrs. Robert Gilmor, Jeremiah Yellott, 
George Sears, Mark Pringle, Robert Oliver, Archibald 
Campbell, William Patterson, Thomas Coale, and 
David Stewart, who were at that time engaged in 
superintending the construction of " ships of war" 
that were being built by the subscriptions of the citi- 
zens. In an address to the public on the subject 
under date of July 24, 1799, the committee say, — 

" It was a duty foreign to our general pursuits, and in every respect 
inconvenient, but it interested all, and we did not think ourselves at 
liberty to refuse. We were informed by the Secretary of War that the 
finances of the United States did not admit of a larger appropriation 
than twenty thousand dollars towards the fortification to be erected in 
our city, and Mty. Tousard was enjoined to keep this circumstance in 
view in projecting the proposed new works. From the same sum also 
the land on which the works were to be erected was to be purchased, as 
well aa all necessary materials. Maj. Tousard, after examining the old, 
and fully considering the position to be secured by the new works, de- 
livered a decided opinion to your committee that it was impossible to 
erect adequate works of defense for the sum limited, nor would he risk I 
his professional reputation by recommending such as on trial would de- 
ceive by proving insufficient. He, however, submitted the plan he 1 
deemed most proper to our consideration, with his estimate of the ex- 



pense of executing, which exceeded the public appropriation 810,963.44. 
Thus did your committee see the economy of the government at variance 
with the safety of the city. The latter was too serious and too im- 
portant an object to be relinquished, and your committee, at every 
hazard, recommended that the fortifications should be erected on the 
most approved and effectual plan. In doing this they relied on the well- 
known liberality, patriotism, and zeal of their fellow-citizens to supply 
the deficiency. The Secretary of War has complied with their recom- 
mendation, and under the direction of your committee the proper quan- 
tity of land has been purchased, and considerable progress is made in 
the necessary works. Mr. Foneiu, the present engineer and superin- 
tendent, in whose skill, industry, aud economy your committee have per- 
fect confidence, has improved the plan of Maj. Tousard and devotes his 
whole time and attention to its completion. In the mean time the pub- 
lic funds are nearly exhausted. But those works of defense, which all 
must admit to be proper even in the event of peace, and indispensable 
in time of war, remain incomplete. Our lives, our families, our property 
are all exposed, for danger will exist while Europe is convulsed with 
wars, and as long aa human nature remains imperfect. In this interest- 
ing situation you are called upon to supply the deficiency of public ap- 
propriations by voluntary contributions. Tour committee, from the ex- 
ample of New York and other State governments, have formed au expec- 
tation that the subscriptions of the citizens will be reimbursed by the 
Legislature of Maryland. They pledge themselves to make the applica- 
tion in person if required, and in a measure of just and sound policy and 
deeply interesting to the State, they may reasonably promise themselves 
success. At the present moment, however, it is of primary importance 
to raise a supply by private subscription. To facilitate the business the 
city will he divided into districts, and two of the subscribers will call on 
the inhabitants of each district to receive their donations on or after the 
25th instant."! 

The fortifications thus constructed consisted of a 
star fort of brick-work, which was subsequently called 
Fort McHenry in honor of James McHenry, of Balti- 
more, who was the first Secretary of War under Wash- 
ington. During the war of 1812 the defenses of Fort 
McHenry were still further strengthened, and it was 
thus enabled to withstand successfully the memorable 
attack of Sept. 13, 1814. In 1872 a heavy water-bat- 
tery was constructed and the fort was placed upon a 
thorough military footing. In spite of the proud as- 
sociations connected with its heroic resistance in 1814, 
Fort McHenry can scarcely be considered at the 
present day as an adequate water defense, and it might 
with advantage be superseded by another fortification 
at a greater distance from the city. 

Fort Carroll is situated in the middle of the 
Patapsco River, eight miles below Baltimore. It is 
a six-sided work, originally intended to be casemated 
on all sides, but has never been entirely completed. 
It occupies four acres, and is furnished with over forty 
heavy guns. With three tiers of casemates and bar- 
bette as originally intended, its armament would have 
consisted of three hundred and fifty guns. Fort Car- 
roll is in charge of Col. Craighill, who is superin- 
tendent of the harbor defenses of Baltimore. The 
ordinary occupants of the post are only the " fort 
keeper," the light-house keeper, and their families. 
The walls of the fort are from eight to ten feet thick 
and forty feet high. The foundations rest upon heavy 
piles riprapped and driven into the bed of the river. 

Fort Carroll was first projected in 1847, when Maj. 
Ogden, of the United States Engineers, asked for an 

1 Their hope of reimbursement by the Legislature, and we may also 
say by the general governmeut, does not appear to have been realized. 



292 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



appropriation to locate the site on Soller's Flats, be- 
tween Sparrow's Point and Hawkins' Point. Work 
was actually begun March 1, 1848. Capt. Robert E. 1 
Lee, then a brevet colonel of engineers for nieritor- i 
ious services in the Mexican war, relieved Maj. Ogden 
in the superintendence of the work on the 15th of ! 
November, 1848, remaining in charge until 1852. 
Lieut.-Col. Brewerton had charge from 1861 to 1864, 
and Col. Craighill, in connection with other duties, j 
since about 1871. | 

The Observatory. — The observatory on Federal 
Hill is an " i,h\ iiiluibitant." On May 9, 1797, Daniel 
Porter notified the commercial port of Baltimore that j 
his observatory rooms were then ready, and that the j 
price of one year's admittance thereto was three dol- I 
lars, and single visits twenty-five cents ; that he ex- | 
pected soon " to get as good a telescope as can be j 
procured in London," and that signals for vessels had j 
been completed as follows : " An American ensign for ! 
a ship, a pendant for a brig, a burgee for a topsail j 
schooner, and a red flag for a sloop ; for a ship and a [ 
brig, a pendant over the ensign ; for two brigs, the 
ensign over the pendant ; for two ships, a pendant 
over the red flag." Gentlemen who wished to en- 
courage this necessary undertaking were invited "to 
send their names to the observatory on Federal Hill." 
And there to-day, at an elevation of one hundred and 
fifty feet above tide, the signals that notify of ap- 
proaching craft may be seen. A more powerful tele- 
scope than that of Daniel Porter now makes out the 
letters, recognizes the flags, and communicates the 
intelligence of the arrival of the thousands of vessels 
that make up the commerce of this city. 

Ferries. — In 1813, Peter Paul ferried persons across 
the river by two ferry-boats, Nos. 1 and 2, at twelve 
and a half cents ferriage. The " Locust Point Ferry 
Company" was organized in 1851 with a capital of 
ten thousand dollars, with Rowland Robinson as 
president. Their first steam ferry-boat was launched 
from the yard of Homey & Mead, on June 14th of 
that year, and was designed to ply between Kerr's 
Wharf and Locust Point. Her name was the " Lo- 
cust Point," and her regular trips began Aug. 4, 
1851. The same company added " The Belle of Bal- 
timore" to their line May, 1852. In 1857 the City 
Council authorized the use of the terminus of the 
county wharf, lower end of Broadway, to this com- 
pany for ferry purposes, and on May 28, 1857, the 
" Locust Point" and the " Belle of Baltimore" com- 
menced regularly the route from that wharf to Locust 
Point. 

The " Federal Hill Steam Ferry Company" was 
organized Jan. 30, 1854 ; E. A. Abbott, president ; 
John S. Brown, Horace Abbott, R. A. Taylor, H. R. 
Hazlehurst, Saml. Butler, and Thos. Kensett, direc- 
tors. The route was from Hughes to West Falls 
Avenue. The "' City Block," a substantial and com- 
modious boat, commenced lier regular trips in April, 
1855. 



In 1864 the Patapsco Company opened a ferry from 
their lands at Locust Point to Ferry Bar, and in Sep- 
tember the steamer " Liberty" opened the route. 

In 1865, M. E. Uniack, of South Baltimore, opened 
a ferry with twenty small ferry-boats, marked on the 
stern " W. & C," for the ferriage of persons from 
Covington Street, South Baltimore, to the tobacco 
warehouse on the opposite side. In 1861 an ordi- 
nance authorized The City Block Ferry and Towing 
Company to open a ferry between West Falls Avenue 
and Great Hughes Street. 

Ship-Building. — As a ship-building station Balti- 
more takes an early precedence among American 
cities. Ships were built at Fell's Point at a period 
anterior to the founding of Baltimore Town. In 
1752, however, but two ships, the " Philip and 
Charles" and the " Baltimore," were owned in the 
town, though Douglass, who died in that year, says 
" some years since they built a very large ship, called 
the ' British Merchant,' burden one thousand hogs- 
heads." The Province of Maryland in 1 769, accord- 
ing to the tables of Lord Sheffield, built twenty ves- 
sels of thirteen hundred and forty-four tons. In 1772 
only eight vessels were built in Maryland. From 
Jan. 5, 1770, to Jan. 5, 1771, the total tonnage of 
Maryland was 30,477 tons entered and 32,474 tons 
cleared; how much of this belonged to Baltimore 
it is impossible even to conjecture. , John Pearce, in 
1777, built for Messrs. John Sterett and others the 
topsail schooner " Antelope," armed with fourteen 
guns, and under the command of Jeremiah Yellott 
she made many voyages, and had many narrow es- 
capes; the "Felicity," the "Nonesuch," the "Buck- 
skin," and the " Virginia" frigate of twenty-eight guns 
all belong to this period of Baltimore ship-building, 
and their various exploits are more fully detailed 
under their records as privateers and men-of-war. 
In 1786 there were entered in the port of Baltimore 
fifty ships, fifty-seven brigs, and one hundred and 
sixty schooners and sloops, and there were cleared for 
foreign ports twenty ships, fifty-seven brigs, and one 
hundred and fifty schooners and sloops. In 1787, 
Messrs. Septimus Noel, Isaac Vanbibber, Robert Hen- 
derson, and Thomas Elliott were constituted a Board 
of Examiners to license pilots and establish rates of 
pilotage. In 1791 there arrived at Baltimore sixty- 
eight ships and barges, one hundred and fifty-nine 
snows and brigs, ninety-four schooners, forty-five 
sloops, and three hundred and seventy coasters, 
making seven hundred and forty-six vessels entered 
at the custom-house, and the clearances were three 
hundred and eighty-seven for foreign ports, and six 
hundred and sixty-two coasters. In 1795 the number 
of vessels of all kinds entered at the port were one 
hundred and nine ships, one hundred and sixty-two 
brigs, three hundred and fifty sloops and schooners, 
and five thousand four hundred and sixty-four " bay 
craft." The value of merchandise entered at the cus- 
tom-house from October, 1790, to October, 1791 , was 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



293 



$1,690,000; in 1792, $1,782,861 ; in 1793, $2,092,660; 
in 1794, $3,456,421 ; in 1795, $4,421,924; making in 
all $13,444,796; and for the State of Maryland, in the 
same year, $20,026,126. 

During the Revolution the shipyards of Baltimore 
were very active in fitting out cruisers to annoy the 
enemy and to supply the need of a regular navy. 
The marine committee equipped in Baltimore a sloop 
and a schooner, the first that got to sea under the new 
government. 

The war between France and England in 1798 so 
nearly involved the United States that preparations 
were made in expectation of participation therein. 
In all these measures of defense Baltimore took an 
active and zealous part. At a meeting of merchants 
held at the Exchange, No. 2 Commerce Street, on 
June 16, 1798, Thorogood Smith in the chair, Messrs. 
Robert Oliver, David Stewart, George Sears, John 
Strieker, and James Barry were appointed a commit- 
tee to receive subscriptions for the purpose of building 
and equipping two sloops-of-war to be presented to 
the government of the United States. At this meet- 
ing forty thousand three hundred dollars was imme- 
diately subscribed for the purpose, which was in- 
creased in four days to seventy-six thousand one 
hundred dollars. Under this action of the patriotic 
citizens of Baltimore the sloops-of-war " Maryland" 
and " Chesapeake" were built at Fell's Point and 
presented to the United States government. The 
" Maryland," of twenty-six guns, constructed at Price's 
ship-yard, was launched on June 3, 1799, and on Sep- 
tember 13th following sailed under Capt. John Rogers. 
The " Che.sapeake," of twenty guns, was built at the 
ship-yard of Lewis Rochbrune, and launched on June 
20, 1799. The frigate "Constellation," of thirty- 
eight guns, was built at the ship-yard of David Stod- 
der, in Harris Creek, for the United States government, 
and was launched on Sept. 9, 1797. Under the com- 
mand of Capt. Thomas Truxton the " Constellation" 
sailed from Baltimore April 6, 1798, and gallantly 
captured the French frigate " Insurgente," Feb. 9, 
1799. The "Insurgente" was brought to Baltimore 
and fitted out, but under the command of Capt. Pat- 
rick Fletcher was lost with all her crew the ensuing 
winter. The merchant ships " Baltimore" and " Mon- 
tezuma," of this port, were fitted out with twenty 
guns each, and commanded respectively by Capts. 
Isaac Philips and Alexander Murray. On the 16th 
of November, 1798, the " Baltimore" having convoyed 
a number of American vessels near Havana, was met 
by a British squadron under Admiral Loring, who 
invited Capt. Philips on board his ship ; and in his 
absence had above fifty men brought away from the 
" Baltimore" as British seamen, which Capt. Philips 
resented strenuously and offered up his ship. Admiral 
Loring returned all the men but five, and Capt. Philips 
being without a commission for his ship, and thinking 
the government would find some better means of re- 
dress, hoisted his flag and proceeded, but was dis- 



missed the service on his return without a trial by an 
order of the Secretary of the Navy. The remaining 
I officers and crew becoming dissatisfied at the dismissal 
of their commander, in February, 1799, when off 
Craney Island, the officers resigned and the crew 
mutinied. In 1799 an elegantly-modeled cutter 
pierced for fourteen guns was launched from the ship- 
yard of Mr. Price for the United States. On Sept. 8, 
1804, the United States schooner " Louisiana," cop- 
pered and pierced for sixteen guns, was launched from 
the yard of Mr. Parsons. In 1832 the following ves- 
sels were being built at the shipyards of Baltimore :' 
" At Robb & Donaldson's, a brig two hundred and 
fifty tons; at Gardnes', a ship five hundred tons; at 
Beacham's, a ship five hundred tons ; at Duncan's, 
a ship five hundred tons; at Price's, a brig two hun- 
dred and forty tons ; at Kennard's, a large ship ; at 
Dorgans & Bailey's two large brigs ; at Miles', a large 
schooner; at Stevens', a schooner; at Culley's, a ship; 
at Skinner's, besides the beautiful steamboat ' Patrick 
Henry' now there receiving her machinery, there is 
! on the stocks in a great state of forwardness a steam- 
I boat which bids fair to rival anything of the kind on 
j the Chesapeake." The " noble ship ' Medora' " was 
launched from P. Beacham's yard Aug. 23, 1832,^ for 
the Liverpool trade, Luke Tiernan & Son owners. 
j Jan. 17, 1839, James Gordon Bennett, in a letter from 
Washington to the New York Herald, gives the fol- 
1 lowing account of ship-building at Baltimore: 

" Everything was ice-bound, yet I saw much of interest. There are 
six -vessels building here for the Texas government, one fiigate of 
twenty guns, two brigs, and three schooners; they are getting rapidly 
along, and a portion will be afloat next summer. I examined also a 
splendid new ship, recently launched, built on a somewhat new model, 
under the direction of the owner, Capt. Leslie, of this city. This vessel 
is called the -Scotia,' measuring four hundred tons, but capable of car. 
rying twelve hundred tons at least. The character of Baltimore for 
building 'clippers' has been celebrated in former days. Such vessels 
sacrifice burden to speed. The ' Scotia' is the first vessel constructed on 
a new model combining the Baltimore and Boston systems, so as to 
unite burden with speed. It is calculated that the commercial interest 
of Baltimore has lost five millions of dollars during the last ten years, 
arising from the peculiar construction of their vessels. A complete revo- 
lution is begun. The ' Scotia' is the first on the new plan. I saw at the 
wharf the ' Ann McKim,' a beautiful ship built on the old plan for speed 
at the sacrifice of burden. It was amusing to contrast the great differ- 
ence between these ships. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable 
extent here, and many merchants of the North have their vessels built 
here, principally from the superior cheapness of labor as compared with 
New York." 

The LTnited States gunboat " Eutaw," of twelve 
hundred tons measurement, length two hundred and 
forty feet, beam thirty-five feet, and depth of hold 
twelve feet, was launched from the ship-yard of J. A. 
I Robb in May, 1863, and the United States monitor 
j " Waxhaw" from the wharf of Messrs. Denmead, in 
May, 1865. 

Baltimore Clippers. — The triumph of Baltimore 
ship-building was the Baltimore " clipper," the 



1 There were building iu the ship-yards of Baltimore in 1832 eight 

ips, six schooners, and one steamboat. 

' 1826. Mr. Beacham launched a six- four-gun ship for the : 



HISTORY OF BALTLMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



fastest and stanchest sailing craft formerly built in 
any country. The model is said to have originated 
at St. Michael's, in Talbot County, where ship-build- \ 
ing had been handed down from father to son, and 
sometimes through collateral branches, from 1670, and i 
to have grown out of the "pinnace" of Capt. John 
Smith. The model was a rather singular one, being 
broader and higher in the bows than in the stern. 
Upon the model of the "clipper" the yacht " Amer- 
ica," which carried ofl'the international prize in 18.51, 
was built. These schooners furnished the British 
builders with models for their best ships, and the 
changes introduced by the Collins line of steamers 
may be directly traced to the model of the " clipper" 
ships of Baltimore. Their admirable forms for the 
combination of stability with great speed and for 
holding their course, their long and slender masts, 
and their unusually large spread of canvas, cut so 
perfectly that none of the propelling force of the wind ' 
was lost or wasted, presented a rig exactly adapted to ' 
the model of their need, and made them famous all 
over the world. It was " The Flying Cloud," of clip- 
per build, that made the two shortest trips between 
New York and San Francisco in 1851, one in ninety 
and the other in eighty-nine days. The clipper 
"Sovereign of the Seas," in 1863, arrived at Liver- 
pool from New York in less than fourteen days, and 
from thence to Melbourne in eighty days. The 
"Comet" made the passage from Liverpool to Hong- 
Kong in less than eighty-five days, and from San 
Francisco to New York in seventy-seven days; the 
" Panama" from New York to Shanghai in eighty- 
five days, all attest the splendid sailing qualities of 
those model ships which, having their origin here, 
associated with their form the name of this city. 
But the most remarkable instance of rapid sailing 
recorded is probably that of the brig "John Gilpin," i 
of Baltimore, which sailed from this port to Batavia j 
in a passage of eighty-two days, proceeded thence to j 
Canton in eleven days ; from Canton to Manilla in 
five days ; from Manilla, through the Straits of Sunda 
round south of New Holland to lat. 48°, to Valparaiso 
in eighty-five days, and from Valparaiso to Lima in six 
days and seventeen hours, making an aggregate dis- 
tance of thirty-four thousand nine hundred and twenty ; 
miles in one hundred and eighty-nine days and seven- 
teen hours, — averaging a fraction more than one hun- 
dred mid eighty-three miles per day. The " Gray 
Eagle," a Baltimore-built ship, made the passage 
from Rio to Philadelphia in twenty-three and a half 
days. The"Banshee,"Capt.Wingate, and the "Grey- i 
hound," Capt. Pickett, both Baltimore-built, made 
their famous race to Rio, the former winning by 
twenty-eight hours, in thirty-nine days. In the 
race the Boston clipper " Shooting Star" entered at 
Etjuator, but was beaten by the " Greyhound." The 
" Architect," another Baltimore-built clipper, made | 
the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco in 
one hundred and seventeen davs. 



The civil war between the States and the tariff 
necessitated by the public debt have had on ship- 
building at Baltimore the same depressing effect 
which has at every other port overtaken American 
ship-building. As the currency has become fixed, 
the price of labor, which in ship-building is fully 
eighty per cent, of the cost, is coming down ; the cost 
of materials is diminishing; and it only remains for 
some modification of the tariff to be made in order to 
revive this great industry. Baltimore has the same 
skill and material, the energy and capital, the same 
cheapness of labor, and all her other facilities which 
made the clipper-built ship known throughout the 
world. 

The new demand for iron ships will find this port 
equally prepared with all the appliances for the con- 
struction of that class of vessels. The census of 
1880 shows 18 ship-building firms in Baltimore, em- 
ploying 540 hands, with .$96,500 capital, paying an- 
nual wages of $110,556, and paying for materials 
$140,069, with annual products valued at $309,988. 
In addition, there are 15 ship-carpentering establish- 
ments, employing 62 hands, with $21,375 of capital, 
paying $20,685 in annual wages, and for material 
$15,302, with an annual production valued at $57,630. 

French Spoliations prior to 1800.— The story of 
French spoliations on American commerce prior to 
1800 presents one of the strongest illustrations of the 
maxim that " No one is fit to be a judge in his own 
case," for the original wrongs done by France having 
been atoned for by her, the United States have per- 
petuated and aggravated those wrongs by receiving 
the compensation from France and withholding it to 
this day from the rightful owners. This outrage 
upon American citizens, this immoral and unconsti- 
tutional confiscation of the property of American 
merchants, has a history, which, though now almost 
forgotten, is nevertheless a blot upon the character 
of our government. That history we propose to 
revive and recall. 

Our first transaction with a foreign government as 
an independent nation was the treaty of alliance ;vith 
France, concluded 6th of February, 1778, and by that 
treaty France acknowledged our independence and 
engaged to supjjort it with all her power. Its second 
article declared that " the essential and direct end of 
the present defensive alliance is to maintain effect- 
ually the liberty, sovereignty, and independence, ab- 
solute and unlimited, of the said United States, as 
well in matters of government as of commerce ;" and, 
in prosecution of this object, France engaged to fur- 
nish assistance, without any claim to compensation, 
whatever might be the event of the war. The conse- 
quence of this treaty to France was an immediate and 
expensive war with Great Britain. 

For the guarantee of our independence and for the 
material aid given by France to the United States, 
article 11 of the treaty guaranteed "the present pos- 
sessions of the Crown of France in America, as well 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



as those it may acquire by the future treaty of peace," 
and by article 12, "the contracting parties declare 
that in case of a rupture between France and Eng- 
land, the reciprocal guarantee declared in article 11 
shall have its force and effect the moment such war 
shall break out." 

France fulfilled her engagements to the letter, — she 
furnished supplies of men and money, and her troops 
and ships participated in the surrender of Lord Corn- 
wallis. England yielded to the united forces of the 
two countries, acknowledged our independence, and 
ample territory was secured by the treaty of peace. 

On the same day that the treaty of alliance was 
formed with France another treaty, of amity and 
commerce, was concluded, the 17th, 22d, and 23d arti- 
cles of which have an important bearing upon our 
subject. Article 17 made it " lawful for the ships of 
war and privateers freely to carry whithersoever they 
please the ships and goods taken from their enemies," 
without duty to admiralty officers, and without arrest I 
or seizure in port, and without search or examination. 
And on the other hand, " no shelter or refuge shall be 
given in the ports of either contracting party to such 
as shall make prizes of the subjects, people, or prop- 
erty of either of the parties." Article 22 provided 
that " it shall not be lawful for any foreign privateers," 
not belonging to France or the United States, " to fit 
their ships in the ports of either," or to sell what they 
have taken, or to exchange ship or merchandise, nor 
make purchase of anything beyond absolute necessa- 
ries. Article 23 made it lawful for the subjects of 
France or the citizens of the United States to sail 
with their ships, no matter who were the proprietors 
of the merchandise laden thereon, with all manner of 
liberty and security, from any port to the places of 
those who now are or hereafter shall be at enmity 
with either France or the United States; that free 
ships shall also give a freedom to goods, and that every- 
thing shall be deemed free and exempt found on 
board the ship of either contracting party except 
contraband of war, which latter articles were listed 
in another article ; and the same freedom extended 
to persons as well as to property. On the 14th of No- j 
vember, 1788, the Consular Convention was also con- j 
eluded between France and the United States. I 

The French Revolution of 1789 convulsed Europe 
and involved almost every nation in wars, during 
which rights unprotected by ample force were re- ) 
spected by neither party. Our commerce, at that i 
time flourishing, and encouraged by the neutral po- 
sition of our government, was peculiarly exposed to 
danger, and suffered extremely. Our citizens shipped 
immense quantities of provisions to the belligerents j 
of Europe, trusting for immunity and safety to our 
neutrality and to the action of our government. Their i 
ships fell an easy jjrey to the contending parties, and j 
our commerce was almost entirely swept from the | 
sea. Under these circumstances the government is- | 
sued its circular, as follows : 



"CunipIaiDts having been made to the government of the United States 
of some instances of unjustifiable vexation and spoliation committed on 
our merchant vessels by the privateers of the powers at war, and it being 
possible that other instances may have happened of which no informa- 
tion has been given to the government, I have it in charge from the 
President to assure the merchants of the United States concerned in 
foreign commerce and navigation that due attention will be paid to any 
injuries tliey may suffer on the high seas or in foreign countries, con- 
trary to the law of nations or to existing treaties; and that on their for- 
warding hither (to the Department of State) well-authenticated evidence 
of the same, proper proceedings will be adopted for their relief" 

In response to this invitation merchants collected 
the evidence of their injuries and transmitted it to 
the State Department. For what purpose was the 
invitation given if not for redress of wrongs, com- 
pensation for losses, " indemnity for the past, and 
security for the future?" That the government so 
understood its duty, and entered actively upon its 
discharge, is abundantly proven by the instructions 
given to our ministers resident in France, by the ac- 
tion of those oflicers, and by the results of their labors. 
The instructions given to Mr. Monroe, who succeeded 
Mr. Morris in 1794, were "to insist upon compensa- 
tion for the captures and spoliations of our property 
and injuries to the persons of our citizens by French 
cruisers." This was done, and so persistently done 
that apology was given and explanation offered, the 
French minister concluding his dispatch by saying 
that "the difficulty of distinguishing our allies from 
our enemies has often been the cause of offenses com- 
mitted on board your vessels ; all that the administra- 
tion could do is to order indemnification to those who 
have suffered, and to punish the guilty." But the 
spoliations did not cease, and, to the contrary, in- 
creased, not only in European waters, but even the 
authorities in the West Indian possessions of France 
i.ssued their decrees prohibiting trade with Great 
Britain and her islands, authorizing the seizure of 
American vessels and the appropriation of the prop- 
erty of American citizens. Some idea of the destruc- 
tion of American commerce and the loss to our citi- 
zens may be had from a single clause in a report to 
the Executive Directory of France, in which it is said 

" that having found no resource in finance, and knowing the unfriendly 
disposition of the Americans, and to avoid perishing in distress, they had 
armed for cruising; and that already eighty-seven cruisers were at sea; 
and that for three months preceding the administration had subsisted 
and individuals been enriched by the product of their prizes." 

The people of this country, humiliated by the wrongs 
endured by their fellow-citizens, and the evident 
hesitancy on the part of the government to vindicate 
the national honor, began an agitation which drew a 
resolution from the House of Representatives asking 
for information. In reply to which, on the 21st of 
June, 1797, the Secretary of State reported the facts 
of wrong and humiliation, of property seized and 
confiscated both in France and her West India 
possessions, of citizens beaten, insulted, and cruelly 
imprisoned, of the exchange of American citizens 
with England for Frenchmen, and among other out- 
rages that perpetrated upon " Capt. William Murphy 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of the ship ' Cincinnatus,' of Baltimore, with a copy 
of the protest, together with an extract of a letter 
from Mr. King, minister of the United States in Lon- 
don, who examined Capt. Murphy's thumbs, and says 
the marks of the torturing-screws will {ro with him to 
his grave." 

During all these wrongs and outrages the protests 
of our government were overshadowed and clouded 
by the knowedge of the fact that the stipulations of 
our guaranty of the possessions of France in the 
West Indies by article 11 of the treaty of alliance 
were unfulfilled, and that our government was liable 
at any moment to be called on to discharge its portion 
of that treaty. In one of the conversations, Mr. 
Monroe was asked by the French minister if he in- 
sisted on the execution of the treaties, and Mr. Mon- 
roe declined giving an explicit reply. The procla- 
mation of neutrality, issued by President Washington, 
in December, 1793, aggravated and exasperated tlie 
French. The excitement of that day has passed 
away, the violence of its hasty spirit no longer blinds 
the judgment of men, and candor compels the con- 
fession that our engagements under the treaty of al- 
liance were unlimited, and that the casus f<jederis was 
not confined to a defensive war ; that we could not 
be neutral while that treaty was unannulled. The 
treaty with England of 1794 was made known at this 
time, and that also increased the unfriendliness of 
France. Many of its provisions interfered with the 
privileges of France under the treaty of alliance of 
1778 ; the 17th article of which gave 'to French 
men-of-war and privateers the exclusive right of 
shelter in our ports; the 22d article i)rohibited any 
but French privateers from fitting out their ships, 
selling their prizes, or purchasing anything but abso- 
lute nece.ssaries. The treaty with England (1794) ex- 
tended many of these privileges to England, and, 
moreover, the principle that free ships make free aoods, 
guaranteed to France, was surrendered to England, 
and British cruisers were allowed to take French 
goods and French subjects from our vessels. The list 
of contraband articles of the treaty of 1788 was en- 
larged and extended by that of 1794, very greatly to 
the injury of France. These were practical and seri- 
ous grievances, which were subsequently brought for- 
ward by France as an offset to the claims of our citi- 
zens, and formed a part of the consideration for 
which these claims were relinquished. 

From the time of the publication of the treaty with 
England (1794) the tone of the French government 
towards the United States materially changed ; she 
demanded the performance of the stipulation of guar- 
anty of her West India possessions, then lost to her ; 
she suspended her minister to our government, and 
refused to receive ours in France. Though the mis- 
sion of Marshall, Pinkney, and Gerry proved fruit- 
less, yet their instructions are an important factor in 
the history of these claims. The language of these 
instructions was : 



" Although the reparation fur losses sustained by the citizens of the 
United States, in consequence of irregular or illegal captures or con- 
demnations, or forcible seizures or detentions, is of very high impor- 
tance, and is to be pressed with the greatest earnestness, yet it is not to be 
insisted on as an indispensable condition of the proposed treaty. You 
are nol, however^ to renounce these claims of our citizens, nor to stipulate that 
they be assumed by the United States as a loan to the French govern- 



After suggesting the necessity of revising all our 
treaties with France, the instructions continue: 

" In such revision, the first object tliat will attract your attention is 
the reciprocal guaranty in the 11th article in the treaty of alliance. 
Tkis guaranty we are ■perfectly willing to renounce. The guaranty by 
France of the liberty, sovereignty, and independence of the United 
States will add nothing to our security; while, on the contrary, our guar* 
anty of the possessions of France in America will perpetually expose us to 
the risk and expense of ivar, or to disputes and questions concemimj our 
national faUh." 

It was our covenant in the treaty of alliance that 
it was important to get rid of, and for that covenant 
our government swapped the claims of its citizens on 
France. But not at that time. The mission of Mar- 
shall, Pinkney, and Gerry failed in 1798, and with 
so much humiliation that the President, in his mes- 
sage to Congress, declared that " he would never send 
another minister to France without assurances that 
he would be received, respected, and honored as 
representative of a great, free, powerful, and inde- 
pendent nation." 

To such a length were these French depredations 
carried that our government, finding it useless to re- 
monstrate, and fruitless to ask indemnity, determined 
to adopt more efficient measures to assert its own 
dignity and protect the rights of its own citizens. 
For this purpose legislation provided, by the act of 
May 28, 1798, for the seizure of any armed vessel of 
France hovering on the coast of the United States 
with the purpose of committing depredations on our 
commerce. On the 13th of June, 1798, the Congress 
passed an act suspending all intercourse with France ; 
on the 25th of June, " An act to authorize the defense 
of merchants' vessels of the United States against 
French depredations," besides other statutes of like 
character. These acts of quasi war were followed on 
the 7th of July, 1798, by the law annulling the treaties 
between the United States and France,— a law which 
no publicist will approve and which posterity will 
condemn. It is not within the province of one party 
to a treaty to annul its provisions, even though its 
provisions may have been violated by the other. 

It has been important thus hurriedly to trace the 
principal events in our relations with France in order 
to understand how these claims originated, the steps 
taken in negotiation for their settlement, and how 
they were transferred from France to our own gov- 
ernment. Negotiations were renewed in 1800, with 
Chief Justice Ellsworth, Mr. Davie, and Mr. Murray 
envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary. 
Their instructions, like those to the previous embassy, 
were to the effect that compensation for all losses and 
damages sustained by reason of illegal captures or 
condemnations of the vessels or other property of our 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOKE AS A TKADE CENTRE. 



citizens was to be " an indispensable condition of the 
treaty ;" that while national claims might be recipro- [ 
cally waived and abandoned, individual losses must 
be recognized and their compensation provided for. 
Among the ultimata were, first, the establishment of i 
a board to hear and determine all claiiAs of our citi- I 
zens and binding France to pay ; second, the treaties j 
declared no longer obligatory by act of Congress 
were not to be revived ; and, third, the guaranty of 
French possession was not to be stipulated for in 
any new treaty. The principal object, therefore, of 
this embassy, as of the first, was the satisfaction of 
the claims of our citizens ; and for this purpose our 
minister submitted six articles of a treaty relating 
entirely to the claims which the citizens and subjects 
of the two nations might have against the two gov- 
ernments respectively, and binding each government 
to their full and complete satisfaction. The French 
minister replied assenting to the principles, and add- 
ing: "The respective ministers agree also upon the 
expediency of compensation. The discussion, then, 
is now confined to two points, viz. : First, what are 
the principles which ought to govern the political 
and commercial relations of the two nations ? Sec- 
ond, what is the form most suitable to the respective 
interests of liquidating and discharging the indemni- 
ties which shall be due ?" The French ministry re- 
fused to recognize the right of Congress to annul the 
treaty of 1778 by the act of July 7, 1798. The Amer- 
ican ministers had been expressly instructed not to 
admit the existence of the former treaties. The 
French thought it hard to indemnify for violating 
engagements unless they can thereby be restored to 
the benefit of them. The French minister offered 
two propositions, viz. : first, " To stipulate for the 
full and entire recognition of the treaties, and the 
reciprocal engagements of compensation for damages 
resulting on both sides for their infraction;" or, sec- 
ondly, " The formation of a new treaty, in which the 
French nation, laying aside a privilege disagreeable 
to the United States, would treat for its political and 
commercial relations as the most favored nation, and 
in which there would be no demand for compensa- 
tion," thus reducing it to the simple alternative of 
the ancient treaties with full indemnity, or a new 
treaty assuring equality with no indemnity. 

This alternative presented to the American envoys 
the dilemma of abandoning the negotiations or depart- 
, ing from their instructions. To avoid this they offered 
a new project, — that the former treaties should be re- 
newed and confirmed, except so far as altered by the 
projected treaties ; that either party, upon the pay- 
ment of three million of francs, might reduce the 
rights of the other as to privateers to those of the 
most favored nation ; that the neutral guaranty should 
be commuted for the annual payment of one million 
of francs during the war, or the gross sum of five mil- 
lion of francs at any one time ; that the former trea- 
ties, except the 17th article, should be modified ; that 



there should be a mutual stipulation for indemnities ; 
and that all properties seized, but not then condemned, 
should be restored. This was considered by the 
French as an adoption of their second alternative, by 
which indemnities were to be relinquished, and pro- 
posed in direct terms that " the indemnities which 
shall be due by France to the citizens of the United 
States shall be paid for by the United States; and 
in return for which France yields the exclusive privi- 
lege resulting from the 17th and 22d articles of the 
treaty of commerce, and from the rights of guaranty 
of the 11th article of the treaty of alliance." The 
American envoys not being able to agree to this, 
had recourse to a "temporary arrangement which 
would extricate the United States from the situa- 
tion in which they were involved, save the immense 
property of our citizens then depending before the 
French council of prizes, and secure, as far as pos- 
sible, our commerce against the abuses of capture 
during the present war;" they therefore agreed to 
the convention of Sept. 30, 1800, the second article of 
which provided that France and the United States, 
" not being able to agree at present" as to the treaties 
of 1788, " nor upon the indemnities mutually due or 
claimed," will negotiate further on these subjects at a 
convenient time, until which time the treaties had 
no operation, and the future relations of the nations 
were then provided for. The last article of the conven- 
tion of 1800, after providing for the prosecution of 
" debts contracted," concluded, " but this clause shall 
not extend to indemnities claimed on account of cap- 
tures or confiscations," these having been left for 
future negotiation by the second article. On the 3d 
of February, 1801, the Senate of the United States rati- 
fied this convention, provided the second article be 
expunged, and in lieu thereof the following be in- 
serted : "It is agreed that the present convention 
shall be in force for the term of eight years from the 
time of exchange of ratifications." To this France 
j added a clause which, after consenting to the " eight 
years," and with the retrenchment of the second 
I article, provided thai by this retrenchment the two 
i states renounce the respective pretensions which are the 
I object of this article." Thus the United States, by 
j treaty, released France from its obligation, and for 
that release obtained valuable considerations, at one 
time estimated as high as five million of francs, and 
by France held at a much higher value. Mr. Madi- 
son, under date of Feb. 6, 1804, says "the claims 
from which France were released were admitted by 
France, and the release was for a valuable considera- 
tion in a correspondent release of the United States 
from certain claims on them." Thus private prop- 
erty was taken for public uses without compensa- 
tion, contrary to good morals, positive law, and the 
Constitution of the United States. 

For more than eighty years this confiscation of 

private property to public uses has been submitted 

' to, not without complaint or effort on the part of the 



298 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



claimants, but against their earnest application and 
to their manifest injury. On May 19, 1829, a meet- 
ing of the merchants of Baltimore interested in 
these claims was held, with David Winchester as 
chairman and Samuel Sterett as secretary, and from 
that day to within a very late period the suft'cr- 
ers and their heirs have vainly appealed to Congress 
for relief. In 1870 the following list of Baltimore 
claimants was published : William Smith, by Robert 
Smith, executor ; George Grundy, by Samuel J. Don- 
aldson, trustee ; Thomas Smith, by J. J. Donaldson, 
trustee ; Falls & Brown, by Stewart Brown ; Albert See- 
kamp, by J. L. E. Amelung, administrator; Baltimore 
In.surance Company, by David Winchester, president ; 
Maryland Insurance Company, by John Holland, 
president ; Marine Insurance Company, by Daniel 
Howland, secretary; David Pearce, by C. R. Pearce; 
Henry Dashiell, by Mary Dashiell ; S. Smith, and 
Smith & Buchanan, by Jonathan Meredith and Thos. 
Ellicott, trustees; John McFadden & Co., Richard 
Caton, Thomas and Samuel Hollingsworth ; Wm. 
Cole, by C. F. Mayer ; Cumberland Dugan ; Charles 
Ghequire, by Luke Tiernan ; Luke Tiernan, Paul 
Bentalou, James Clarke, Joseph Young, Wm. Lor- 
man, Wm. Van Wyck, Wm. B. Magruder & Co., 
David Stewart & Sons, Joseph Williams, by N. F. 
Williams, attorney ; Lewis Pascault, John Donnell, 
Gabriel Wood, by Robert Barry; John Hollins, John 
S. Howell, by John Hollins; John Ross, by Beverly 
Diggs; David Wilson, by Alice Wilson; Thomas C. 
Jenkins, Robert and George McCandless, Bedford & 
Morton, James Barry, by Robert Barry ; Barry, Cole & 
Barry, Buchanan & Young, Samuel Young, by Cumber- 
land Williams; Wm. Patterson, John Holmes, Marcus 
McCausland, Geo. Repold, by Frederick Walsche ; 
James Corrie, by George W. Dashiell ; John Granby, 
by Jonas Hastings ; Stouifer & Closs, by Henry Stouf- 
fer; Dwerliagen & Groverman, Alexander Martler, 
James JafFrey, by James C. Howard, administrator ; 
Robert Gilmor & Son, Alex. McKim, Von Kapft & 
Anspach, R. C. Boislandry, John Carriere, Henry 
Mission, Samuel P. Walker, Robert and John Oliver, 
Henry Payson, George Sears, by John Strieker; John 
A. Dubernat, William Duncan, by Luke Tiernan ; 
Jacob Adams, Wm. Presstman, by Robert Lemmon ; 
Francis Blackwell, Fred, and Henry Konig, by C. F. 
Magee ; John Hillen, Wm. L. Sontag & Co., by Geo. 
F. de la Roche ; Chris. Johnson, by Maurice Johnson ; 
Thos. Higgenbotham, John Lester & Co., establish- 
ment of Robt. Courtenay ; Wm. D. McKim, for John 
McKim & Son ; Rogers & Owings, by Philip Rogers ; 
Jeremiah Yellott, by Philip Rogers ; Solomon Belts, 
Abraham Falconer, by Solomon Belts ; James Price, 
Andrew Buchanan, by John Donaldson, trustee; 
Jesse Tyson, by Thomas Tyson ; Peter Hoffman & 
Son, by John Hoffman ; Wm. Taylor, by Jonathan 
Meredith, trustee; A. J. Swartz, Gabriel Wood, by 
Robt. Barry ; Zach. Cooperman & Co., by David Wil- 
liam.son, trustee; Jacob Meyers, Isaac Causten, 



I William Robb, by James Ferguson ; John A. Duber- 

j nat, Lemuel Taylor, by Ro.sswell L. Colt, trustee; 

j Anthony Groverman, for D. Werhagen & Groverman. 

The total original amount supposed to be over 

.fl, .500,000. 

A Pirate in the Chesapeake.— In the Federal 
Gazelle of Aug. 31, 1807, we have the "Official Re- 
! port" of the capture of a pirate in the Chesapeake. 
1 The schooner " Volunteer," belonging to James Cal- 
well, was loaned for the expedition, which was under 
the command of Lieut. Porter, of the United States 
j navy. Capt. Samuel Sterett, of the "Independent 
j Company," and Capt. Joseph Sterett, of " Baltimore 
United Volunteers," made the report to Col. John 
Strieker, Fifth Maryland Regiment. The following 
are the names of the volunteers : William Cooper, of 
Norfolk, Charles Wingman, John Miller, William 
; Davidson, William Deakins, George Lee, James 
I Brien, William Richardson, James Dunahue, James 
Vinson, Claudius Beese, James Towers, John Davis, 
Thomas Wring, John Ferns, William Macey, William 
I Murdoch, Tobias Belt, and Overton Hardy, of Balti- 
' more, all of whom are commended for " cool and de- 
j liberate courage in the hour of trial," which consisted 
I in capturing three men on a schooner, four others 
having taken to a boat and made the shore on the ap- 
proach of the " Volunteer." These latter were cap- 
tured by the "French imperial ship 'Patriot,'" and 
delivered up by the commander, Capt. Krohn, and 
j after the consent of Gen. Turreau, French minister 
j at Washington, had been obtained, were imprisoned 
in the jail at Annapolis, and thus was "a place of 
piracy which tlueatoiied serious injury to our com- 
merce" coni[iletfly liroken up. 

The Blockade of the Chesapeake.— Sept. 27, 1813, 
the schooner " Boa Esperanza," Capt. Coelke, was 
! overhauled at the Capes, and sent back to Baltimore 
I with the following hint: 

1 "Suffered to return to Baltimore, but warned that tlie vessel will be 
I destroyed if she again attempts to force the Blockade, and after this notice 
any other vessel attempting to force the Blockade will be captured or 
destroyed, 

"Rob: Barns, 
" Capt. aiid Senior off: o/ Ji. M. Ships employed 
jjl Oi' Blockade of the Chempeake. 
^ " H. SI. Ship ' Dragoon,' Sept. 20th, 1813." 

; The blockade passed away, and in 181.5, March 5th, 
" our wharves are once more crowded with vessels and 
enlivened with the active bustle of busy citizens with 
cheerful countenances. More than thirty vessels have 
come into our Basin within the last forty-eight hours, 
which has reduced the price of wood to the old 
reasonable peace rates. Country produce is also 
arriving in abundance, and we may expect the prices 
of marketing will be at the old rates in a few days." 
An Ice Blockade.— As late as March 6, 1817, the 
harbor of Baltimore was effectually closed by ice. A 
public meeting of citizens was called, which deter- 
mined on an effort to open a passage by cutting and 
breaking the ice. The following citizens were ap- 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



299 



pointed " superintendents" for that part of the Basin 
extending from the county wharf to Fell's wharf: 
Francis D. McHenri,-, John W. Wilson, John Lever- 
ing, Joel Vickers, Thomas L. Sheppard, Wm. Pen- 
ington, John Diffenderffer, and Solomon G. Albers; 
and for the direction from Fell's Point downwards, 
Thorndike Chase, James Biays, Thomas Sheppard, 
Capt. A. Carr, William Price, and Thomas Worrell. 
The superintendents and the inhabitants assembled at 
F. D. McHenry's county wharf on March 7, 1817, 
at eight o'clock, but the Federal Gazette does not 
state whether the ice blockade was raised.' 

Winans' Yacht, "The Sokoloflf."— This was a 
yacht of which it was said she " will not upset in the 
strongest gale." She was launched at Ferry Bar, in 
this city, June 10, 1876. She was the invention of 
Thomas Winans. The frame, hull, deck, etc., were 
of jointed iron plates, from the workshop of Bartlett, [ 
Robins & Co., and inclosed sixteen air-tight compart- j 
ments. The craft was thirty-two feet long, four feet 
in depth, and eight feet in breadth of beam ; capacity, 1 
seven and one-third tons ; draft, six feet, of which 
three feet was for the iron keel, which was separated 
and fastened fore and aft by brass gudgeons so as to 
permit the boat to swing clear. The mast — thirty-six 
feet long — was fastened to the keel at the bow, so that 
in a gust of wind the mast and keel would go over, 
leaving the boat upright. The boom was thirty-six 
feet and the gaff fourteen feet. The yacht would 
carry the extraordinary amount of six hundred and 
twenty square feet of canvas, which was twice the 
amount usually carried by a boat of the same capacity. 

The Winans' Cigar Ship.— Messrs. Ross and Thos. 
Winans, of this city, whose " object" it was " to ad- 
vance the science of commerce by supplying vessels 
which will more fully answer the requirements than 
any heretofore constructed," in the year 1858 began 
the construction of their novel cigar steamer. The 
" circular" of the Messrs. Winans says that, — 

" With a view to obtaiuing greater safety, dispatch, uuifurmity, and 
certainty, as well as economy of transportation by sea (taking shi])- 
wrecka and other casualties into consideration), that we devised and com- 
bined the elements -exhibited in the vessel in question. 

" Experience hjis shown that steam-power on board sea-going vessels, 
when used in aid of sails, insures, to a great extent, dispatch, certainty 
of action, and uniformity in time of their voyages. Now we believe 
■ that by discarding sails entirely and all their necessary appendages, the 
building of the vessel of iron, having reference to the use of steam alone, 
these most desirable ends may be even still more fully obtained. 

"The length of the vessel we are building is more than eleven times 
its breadth of beam, being sixteen feet broad and one hundred and 
eighty feet long." 

Four high-pressure engines were to supply the 
motive-power. 

Around this huge cigar-shaped iron vessel at mid- 
ship was passed an iron wheel with flanges at an 
angle, adapted to work upon the water and give pro- 
pulsion to the vessel. This wheel was driven by 

1 Messrs. Buchanan, Dorsey, and Gettings, citizens of Baltimore, who 
were captured in the attack by the British, arrived in New York Dec. 
13, 1814, on board the British cartel sloop "Jane and Martha." 



machinery from the inside, and was covered all 
round by a belt of iron broad enough to inclose the 
wheel, and extended some four feet on each side be- 
yond it. This nondescript ship was launched in 
October, 1858, and went upon her first trial trip in 
January, 1859, attaining an average speed of about 
twelve miles an hour. In February, 1859, the ship 
was lengthened thirty-nine feet, making her one hun- 
dred and ninety-four feet long. In October, 1859, 
experimental trials induced her owner to increase her 
length to two hundred and thirty-five feet. In De- 
cember, 1859, the craft went to Norfolk, Va., and 
from there made several experimental trips to sea, 
returning to Baltimore December 12th. No success 
attended this experiment, which has been continued 
in England at an outlay of five hundred thousand 
pounds, according to the London Daily Telegraph. 

Air-Ship. — In 1875 the problem of aerial naviga- 
tion found in W. F. Shroeder, of Baltimore, a firm 
believer, who, with the assistance of capital contrib- 
uted by friends in the city, attempted the construction 
of an air-ship on the vacant lot at the intersection of 
Madison and Boundary Avenues. Considerable pro- 
gress was made in the construction of the ship, but a 
violent storm destroyed alike the ship and the hopes 
of its friends. The problem, so far as Baltimore is 
concerned, will probably remain truly unsolved. 

The Yacht "John T. Ford."— The miniature 
schooner "John T. Ford," intended for the Paris Ex- 
position, was of two and a quarter tons burden. She 
was built in Baltimore for Capt. Gold, and took her de- 
parture from this port on June 22, 1867, amid every 
demonstration of good will and encouragement. Her 
crew were Capt. Gold, Capt. Riddle, John Shaney, and 
Murphy, a cabin-boy. The little craft made her 
way without accident to Halifax, when Capt. Riddle 
left her, as she had shown herself too small, in his 
opinion, to carry four persons across the Atlantic. 
At Halifax Andrew Armstrong shipped as seaman, 
and the little schooner sailed from Halifax July 16th. 
At the entrance of the British Channel, on the 19th 
of August, she encountered a sudden squall, which 
upset the vessel, and all hands except the seaman 
Armstrong were lost. "In all kinds of weather," 
says Armstrong in his account of the voyage, " two- 
of the crew had to be on deck, as there was only room 
for two below, and they were cramped up." From 
the 28th of July until the wreck of the schooner bad 
weather was encountered, and loss of stores, water, 
oil for cooking, and every kind of suffering was en- 
dured by the unfortunate crew. On two occasions 
they might have been saved by passing vessels if the 
captain had reported their actual condition^ but 
instead he merely asked for provisions. On the 19th 
of August the little craft capsized, and as the ballast 
was loosened by the boards having been used for fuel, 
she continued to roll over and over, the hapless crew 
clinging to her sides, and washed off" and on for four 
days. The captain, the mate, and the boy perished. 



300 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



but Armstrong was rescued on the 23d of August by | 
the ship " Aerolite," after liaving clung to the wreck, I 
without nourishment, for four days. Armstrong re- ; 
covered, and was cared for by the American consul. 
The little schooner was found on the coast of Ireland, 
near Queenstown. Such was the termination of a 
foolhardy venture from which no practical good would 
have been possible even if it had been attended with 
complete success. 

Steamboats. — Before the inauguration of the era of 
steam navigation, travelers by water from Baltimore to , 
northern or southern points were conveyed in the old- ' 
fashioned sloops or packet-boats, which ran weekly or i 
tri-weekly from the port, making connection at their 
land termini with the no less old-fashioned wagon : 
or stage. The first regular line of packets between < 
Baltimore and Philadelphia was started in 1804, by 
William McDonald and Andrew Fisher Henderson, 
and consisted of four sloops, which ran to French- ' 
town, from which point the freight was carried to New 
Castle by wagon, and passengers by stages, and thence 
by sloop to Philadelphia. In 1808, Edward Trippe, 
of Dorchester County, John Ferguson, Jonas Owens, 
and Capt. Taylor started a new line with four sloops, j 
which ran to Court-House Point, on Elk Eiver, whence 
passengers and freight were conveyed across the pen- 
insula to a point a little below the present site of 
Delaware City, and thence by sloop to Philadelphia. 
In 1810 the two packet lines to Philadelphia were 
consolidated, and became known as the " Union 
Line." The advantages of steam navigation, how- 
ever, were so obvious that in 1812 the managers de- 
termined to supersede the packet with the steamboat. 
The important change was soon eft'ected, and the 
" Chesapeake," the first steamboat built in Baltimore, 
and the first that ran in Maryland waters, was com- 
pleted in 1813, under the superintendence of Edward 
Trippe. Her first trip was made on Sunday, June 
12th, when she made an excursion to Annapolis, 
which was followed by another to Rock Hall the I 
next week, and on Monday, June 21st, she took her i 
place on the line and commenced her regular trips. [ 
The Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Adrertiser of : 
the next day contained the following advertisement : | 

"STEAM BOAT. j 

" The public are respectfully informed that 

" The Steam Boat has commenced regularly in the line, and will leave 
the lower end of Bowley'B wharf every Monday, Wednesday, Jt Friday 
at 9 o'clock A.M. for Krench-town. The Steam Boat at New Oastle (the j 
* Delaware') waits the arrival of her passengers to proceed to Philadel- ! 

"McDonald & Son. 
rat trip this day to French-town A 



The " Chesapeake" was built by William Flaunigan, 
whose ship-yard was situated at the present site of the 
wharf of the Boston steamship line, and her construc- 
tion was superintended by Edward Trippe, a gentle- 
man of extensive scientific attainments and practical 
knowledge. The " Chesapeake" was one hundred and 



thirty feet long, twenty-two feet wide, and depth of 
hold seven feet. Her wheels were ten feet in diameter 
and five feet in depth. Her engine was a cross-head, 
with four and one-half feet .strokes, which revolved a 
cog-wheel that worked in teeth upon the shaft, which 
wa-s of cast iron ; a fly-wheel was connected with the 
engine to enable it to pass its centre. The smoke- 
stack was amidships behind the engine, and extending 
about twenty feet abaft of it was the boiler. She had 
a miist forward with a yard, and sail to be spread 
when the wind was fair. There was no upper deck, 
but in warm weather an awning was stretched over 
the quarter-deck, which was taken down, stanchions 
and all, in the fall. She had no pilot-house, but was 
steered by a wheel working in the cogs of a quadrant 
attached to the top of the rudder-head. The ladies' 
cabin, fitted with berths, occupied the stern of the 
boat. Between it and the machinery was the gentle- 
men's cabin, also supplied with berths, and which was 
at the same time the dining-saloon. In front of the 
machinery was the forward cabin, similarly fitted up. 
These cabins were furnished in first-cla^s style, and 
no provision was made for second-class passengers. 
In fact, there were none. They might take the sloops, 
as the agents did not hesitate to intimate in their ad- 
vertisements. 

The appliances for her navigation were simple and 
crude. A pilot stood at the bow, who called out the 
course to the helmsman at the stern. There were no 
bells to signal the engineer, but the captain conveyed 
his commands by word of mouth, or by stamping with 
his heel upon the wood-work over the engine. The 
boat had been running for six months when the en- 
gineer, a German named Yeager, accidentally ascer- 
tained that he could reverse the engine, and this was 
regarded as a great discovery. Her speed was five 
miles an hour, for although her agents claimed that 
she made the trip to Frenchtown and back in twenty- 
four hours, it is now known that the distance is a trifle 
less than one hundred and twenty miles. Her cost 
was about forty thousand dollars. 

The "Chesapeake" continued the sole steamboat in 
Baltimore waters for two years. Her success was very 
great, her net profits amounting to forty per cent. At 
this period Messrs. Briscoe & Partridge were running 
a rival line of packets to Philadelphia, i;ia Elkton and 
Wilmington, which began rapidly to lose public pa- 
tronage after the appearance of the " Chesapeake." 
This was in part due to the fact that the fare in the 
steamboat was six dollars, while by way of the packets 
it was only four dollars and fifty cents, which made 
the latter second-class modes of conveyance, and gave 
the journey by the steamer an air of fashion and gen- 
tility that added greatly to its popularity. The pomp 
and ceremony ingeniously connected with the depart- 
ure of the " Chesapeake" also served to tickle the pop- 
ular fancy, and to attract public attention and custom. 
Her departure from the wharf was announced by the 
explosion of an iron swivel, which was run out of her 



THE ADVANTAGES OP BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



forward gangway. This exultant music, while attract- 
ing the admiring attention of the citizens, sounded 
mournfully in the counting-room of their rivals. 
They saw that if they were to continue their compe- 
tition successfully with the Union line they too must 
have a steamboat, and in July, 1815, were fortunate 
enough to secure the " Eagle," which came round from 
the Delaware in search of a charter, and which com- 
menced to run on the Elkton and Wilmington line on 
the 24th of the same month, under command of Capt. 
Moses Rogers. Passengers were received at Wilming- 
ton by the steamboat " Vesta" from Philadelphia. 
It was also announced at the same time by the agents 
of the Elkton line that " a steamboat was preparing 
to run between Baltimore and the Eastern Shore," 
and that " until that boat should be ready" the 
" Eagle" would leave Baltimore every Saturday morn- 
ing, returning on Sunday, for the accommodation of 
passengers to and from that point. 

The " Eagle" was a boat of about the same size and 
speed as the " Chesapeake." She continued on the line 
for four years and was then sold, and ran to Annapo- 
lis and the Patuxent River until April 18, 1824, when 
on her return trip to the city she exploded her boiler, 
severely injuring Henry M. Murray, State's attorney, 
and seven of the boat-hands. Mr. Murray languished 
until the 28th, when he died from the accident, which 
was the first fatal explosion on the " Chesapeake." ' In 
October, 1816, the Union Company added two new 
boats to their line, — the " Baltimore," Capt. Matthew 
Jenkins, built in Philadelphia, to ply between Phila- 
delphia and New Castle, and the " Philadelphia," 
Capt. Edward Trippe (the second steamboat built in 
Baltimore), to ply between Baltimore and French- 
town in conjunction with the '' Delaware" and the 
" Chesapeake," which were still running. Following 
close upon them the Elkton line announced that on 
December 2d the steamboat " New Jersey," Capt. 
Moses Rogers, just arrived from Philadelphia via 
Norfolk, would start on the line. The " New Jersey" 
was distinguished by a large gilt horse in front of its 
cut-water, which attracted universal attention by its 
size and brilliancy. 

The first steamboat that ran between Baltimore, 
Norfolk, and Richmond was the " Eagle," com- 
manded by Capt. Moses Rogers. In 1815 he adver- 
tises in the Federal Gazette the running of his boat 
from Baltimore to Norfolk, and thence to Richmond, 
returning by the same route. The third steamboat 
built in Baltimore was the " Virginia," commanded 
by Capt. John Ferguson. She was completed Aug. 
20, 1817, and made regular trips to Norfolk and re- 
turn. In November, 1818, the " United States," 
another Baltimore-built boat, was added to the 



1 The earliest charitable excursion from Baltimore was made to An- 
napolis by the steamer " Chesaiieake," on Aug. 6, 1815, for the benefit of 
the sufferers by the disastrous fire at Petersburg. The author is indebted 
to Capt. Andrew C. Trippe, of the Baltimore bar, for much information 
relating to the early steamboats of Baltimore. 
20 



Union line, and took the place of the "Chesa- 
peake," which passed off the scene. " The Consti- 
tution," built for the Union line by James Beacham, 
was launched in August, 1822. In 1837 the "Ala- 
bama," the largest steamboat up to that time in the 
port, was launched for the Baltimore and Norfolk 
line. Dec. 1, 1849, the Baltimore steam-packets began 
their regular trips on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday 
from Baltimore, returning the alternate days; and in 
1851 commenced to make daily trips. 

The " Maryland," in 1818, established steam com- 
munication between Baltimore and Talbot, and was 
the first steamboat that appeared in the waters of that 
county. The accommodations of the "Maryland" 
were of a very primitive and limited description, the 
hull being occupied not only by the engine and boilers, 
but also for the storage of freight and cord-wood, the 
fuel then exclusively used to make steam. Her first 
commander was Capt. S. Dickinson, who was suc- 
ceeded by Capt. Clement Vickers. During the late 
civil war she was employed as a transport, and after 
its conclusion was destroyed by fire in New York, 
from which port she had sailed for many years. The 
" Maryland" was succeeded on the route by the " Paul 
Jones" in 1838, which was afterwards employed as 
a tow-boat between Baltimore and Havre de Grace, 
and whilst on one of her trips exploded her boiler off 
Sparrow's Point, in Patapsco River, killing the en- 
gineer and injuring several other persons. The 
"Osiris" followed the "Paul Jones" in 1843. In 
1846 the " Cambridge" was built in Baltimore for this 
route, and was afterwards destroyed by fire. Other 
steamers on the route were the " Hugh Jenkins," 
subsequently known as the " Kent Island," the " Ga- 
zelle" or " Orange," the " Champion," built in 1851, 
the " Dupont," the " William Selden," the " Kent," 
built in Baltimore in 1854, the " Cecil," the " Bal- 
loon," and the " Pioneer." 

Among the veteran steamers of Baltimore was the 
" Columbia," which was built in 1828, and was in 
active service until December, 1874. She belonged 
to the Washington and Alexandria, or Potomac line. 

Eastern Shore Steamboat Company. — The steam- 
ers of this company run between Baltimore and the 
counties of Somerset, Worcester, and Wicomico, in 
Maryland, and Accomac and Northampton, in Vir- 
ginia. The freight carried consists principally of 
market produce. The company began as a private 
enterprise ; the first steamer put on the route was the 
" Maggie," Oct. 26, 1867. The company was incor- 
porated June 16, 1869, and Samuel Harlan was chosen 
president, J. T. Gause vice-president, E. A. Siter 
treasurer, S. A. Flynn secretary, P. R. Clark (of Bal- 
timore) general agent. There has been no change in 
the ofiScers, except in the appointment of Millard 
Thomas, in 1871, to the position of general superin- 
tendent. In 1871 the steamer " Helen" was built by 
the company, and in 1875 the "Tangier," from the 
proceeds of the steamer " Sue," which had been sold 



302 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in 1874. These steamers average about five hundred 
and fifty tons. 

To Southern Ports. — The launch of the steamship 
"Republic" on April 9, 1849, at the yard of Messrs. 
Robb, was the inauguration of steamship communi- 
cation with Southern ports from this city, and on 
Nov. 9, 1849, the " Republic" started on her first trip 
to Charleston, S. C, with a full cargo of freight and a 
number of passengers. Sept. 24, 1850, a meeting was 
held' at the ofiice of J. D. Pratt, 239 West Baltimore 
Street, to consider the project of forming a regular 
line of steam-packets between this city and Charleston 
and Wilmington, and Dec. 6, 1851, the "Palmetto," 
the first of the regular line of steamers established be- 
tween Baltimore and Charleston, sailed from this port. 
In 1853 a vigorous effort was made by commercial 
and mercantile men to obtain the required subscrip- 
tions for the establishment of steam communications 
with Savannah, Ga. A public meeting was held on the 
27th of September for the purpose of advancing the 
enterprise, and a committee of the following prominent 
citizens was appointed to solicit subscriptions to the 
enterprise, viz. : Col. G. P. Kane, W. Crichton, M. W. 
Rogers, Allan Chapman, W. T. Walters, S. B. Smith, 
M. O'Brien, T. W. Levering, E. B. Long, William D. 
Miller, William Woodward, William Wilson, Jr., E. 
G. Wilson, A. D. Kelley, and W. B. Norris. 

The Baltimore and Savannah Steamship Company 
was not organized until 1865 ; the capital at the start 
was one hundred thousand dollars, with the steamers 
" North Point" and the " Fannie" ; in 1869 the capi- 
tal was increased to one hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars, and the " America" was procured, and 1870 
the " Saragossa" was added to the line. In December, 
1875, a series of heavy losses was encountered by the 
company and it was dissolved, Messrs. George J. 
and Samuel Appold, with D. H. Miller, purchasing 
the steamships " Saragossa" and " America." These 
gentlemen being identified with the Baltimore and 
Boston line of steamships, the present line to Sa- 
vannah is run under the auspices of the Merchants' 
and Miners' Transportation Company. 

The Baltimore, Charleston, and Havana Line. 
— On Oct. 30, 1865, a meeting presided over by Geo. 
S. Brown, Esq., was held at the residence of C. G. de 
Garmeudia, for the purpose of organizing a company 
to run a line of steamers between this city and Ha- 
vana, calling at Charleston. Forty thousand dollars 
having been subscribed, a resolution was adopted that 
the balance of one hundred thousand dollars be so- 
licited from the capitalists of this city, with a view 
to purchasing a steamer capable of accommodating 
first-class passengers, as well as the growing trade be- 
tween this city and that island. In December, 1865, 
the " Isabella," pioneer ship of the line, sailed from 
Baltimore with a full cargo and a number of passengers. 
The "Isabella" had been a famous blockader during 
the civil war, and was captured by the United States, 
and was called the " Fort Donaldson." She was built 



at Glasgow in 1860. In 1868 the company increased 
its capital and extended its operations to embrace New 
Orleans, and the " Cuba" and the " Liberty" were 
added to the line. After the dissolution of the com- 
pany the " Liberty" was continued by George S. 
Brown, who purchased her, in the Havana trade until 
some time in 1874, when she was injured on the Florida 
reefs, and was afterwards sold to New York parties. 

To Boston. — March 27, 1854, it was stated in one 
of the Baltimore papers " that the sum of one hundred 
and forty-six thousand dollars has been subscribed in 
Boston and Baltimore for the establishment of a line 
of side-wheel steamers between those cities, and the 
contracts for boats and engines will be made April 1st." 
In 1856 the steamship " Joseph Whitney" of the Bos- 
ton and Baltimore line arrived in this city, opening 
the steam communication. The occasion was made 
one of congratulation, and at a dinner on board 
the " Joseph Whitney" there were present George 
Bartlett, Charles H. Gunnell, Benjamin Deford, 
Thomas H. Jenkins, A. Fuller Crane, William Ken- 
nedy, and Mr. Elder, of the Merchants' and Miners' 
Transportation Company, and Thomas Swann, Esq. 
The " Caledonian," the " Mount Savage," and the 
"Western Port," purchased from the Parker Vein 
Coal Company, were soon added to the line. The 
Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, in 
1864, opened the present and existing line of screw 
steamships with the " William Kennedy" and the 
" George Appold." The '•' Joseph Whitney" of this 
line was destroyed by the Confederates in Savannah, 
and the " Spaulding" and the " Benjamin Deford" 
were taken by the United States government at the 
breaking out of the war, so that for three years the 
operations of the line were entirely suspended. In 
1871 the " William Crane" was added to the line, and 
the line at present consists of the "George Appold," 
"William Lawrence," "Johns Hopkins," "William 
Crane." 

Richmond and York River Line of Steamers.— 
The Richmond and York River line commenced 
oi)erating between Baltimore and Richmond, via West 
Point, Va., and the York River Railroad, in the sum- 
mer of 1867; in 1873 the property changed hands, 
and the line was reorganized. As now operated, it 
extends from Baltimore to West Point, Va., connect- 
ing with the Piedmont Air-Line .system of railroads. 
It also operates a branch line to Richmond, Va., 
direct, via James River, another branch line to Alex- 
andria, Georgetown, and Washington, via the Poto- 
mac, and a line through the North Carolina sounds 
to Newbern and Wilmington, N. C. All of these 
lines are under one management ; the office of the 
company is 90 Light Street. 

The Bay line to Norfolk, connecting with the Sea- 
board and Roanoke Railroad. E. Brown, G. T. A., 
157 North Baltimore Street. 

The Maryland Steamboat Company, to Easton, Ox- 
ford, Cambridge, and landings on Choptank River 



THE ADVANTAGES 



BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, to Annapolis 
daily, to great Wicomico River, Dividing and Dymer's 
Creeks, and Piankatank River, every Tuesday and 
Friday. 

The Weems line, to Patuxent and Rappahannock 
Rivers. H. Williams, agent, 114 Light Street. 

The Shriver line to New York and Philadelphia via 
canals, daily. J. Alexander Shriver, 3 Light Street, 
agent. 

Potomac Steamboat Company, to Easton, Oxford, 
Cambridge, Jamaica Point, Cabin Creek, and Wright's 
wharf, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, returning 
Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. George Mat- 
tingly, superintendent, 11 Light Street. 

The steamer " Trumpeter," for Sassafras, Backneck, 
and Tolchester, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, 
returning alternate days. William Condiff, master. 

The Chester River Steamboat Company, to Chester- 
town, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, also to 
Rolph's, Booker's, Quaker Neck, Gray's Inn, Centre- 
ville, and Kent Island, returning Tuesdays, Thurs- 
days, and Saturdays. George Warfield, president. 

Marine Docks. — The absence of proper facilities 
at the port of Baltimore for docking and repairing 
large vessels was seriously felt previous to 1878, and 
operated greatly to the disadvantage of its commerce. 
Various efforts had been made from time to time to 
secure the required improvements, but the large cost 
of a suitable site and buildings and the fear that the 
expenditure would not be remunerative delayed the 
enterprise until a few public-spirited citizens, aided 
by the government, built a dry-dock of the size and 
description so long needed. 

In the early days of the city the small-sized vessels 
of the port in need of repairs were hauled on the 
marine railways, while vessels of over twelve hundred 
tons had to be taken to New York or some other port 
on the coast. Impressed with the necessity of possess- 
ing a dock for repairing the large vessels sailing out 
of the port of Baltimore, a number of gentlemen 
organized in 1828 " The Baltimore Screw-Dock Com- 
pany," for the purpose of erecting one or more screw 
docks for elevating vessels for repairs. It was incor- 
porated on Jan. 21, 1829, with a capital stock of 
$75,000, divided into shares of $100 each, and with 
the following incorporators and officers : Luke Tier- 
nan, president; J. Mezick, R. H. Osgood, M. Kelly, 
J. Hoppe, S. W. Staples, and W. H. Conkling, direc- 
tors. The screw-dock was built at Ramsey's wharf, 
Fell's Point, and cost about twenty-five thousand 
dollars. It was first tried on June 27th by the brig 
" Catharine," of two hundred and sixty tons burden. 
The dock wa.s constantly used until the night of June 
28, 1847, when it broke down under the weight of the 
British bark " Barlow." It was immediately cleaned 
out, repaired, and steam thenceforth used in place of 
horse-power. The " Baltimore Marine Sectional Dock 
Company" was incorporated on the 22d of March, 
1867, with a capital stock of $150,000, divided into 



shares of $100 each, and the following incorporators : 
John J. Abrahams, James A. Hooper, Woodward 
Abrahams, A. S. Knight, R. K. Hawley, and William 
H. Abrahams. The "Baltimore Dry-Dock and Ware- 
house Company" was incorporated March 30, 1868, 
with the following incorporators : Henry M. Warfield, 
William T. Markland, James C. Clark, Hugh Sisson, 
John H. Tegmeyer, and George L. Harrison. 

The first dry-dock ever constructed in Baltimore 
was built by Messrs. William E. Woodall & Co., at 
the wharf of Charles Reeder, foot of Hughes Street, 
south side of the Basin, in 1874. It had a capacity of 
over two thousand tons. Its width was eighty feet, 
depth of hold seven feet, and height of walls thirty 
feet. The frame was of white oak fifteen inches square, 
and the outside of Georgia yellow pine. About one 
million feet of timber was used in its construction. 
The machinery was built by Charles Reeder & Co., 
and consisted of a forty horse-power engine and 
twenty-eight pumps. The dock was a floating one, 
aud was towed to the lower end of Fell's Point and 
anchored in the stream. The first vessel docked was 
the United States steamer " Heliotrope," in Novem- 
ber, 1874.' 

The establishment of the North German Lloyd and 
the Allan lines of steamships from the port of Balti- 
more, and the increased terminal facilities erected by 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Locust Point, 
soon increased the commerce of the city, and marked 
a new era in its history. The necessity for increiised 
docking facilities and the building of a new first-class 
dry-dock was soon apparent, and a company was 
formed with a capital of $1,000,000, divided into 
shares of $100 each, with a Board of Directors com- 
posed of James Carey Coale, Charles Morton Stewart, 
Decatur H. Miller, Robert Garrett, and George A. 
Von Lingen. It was incorporated on Dec. 14, 1877, 
as "The Baltimore Dry-Dock Company," and it soon 
after caused a bill to be introduced into Congress 
granting a portion of the Fort McHenry tract for the 
construction of a " Simpson's Improved Dry-Dock," 
of large proportions, in return for which it was stipu- 
lated that government vessels should be docked free 
of charge. After some delay the bill was passed and 
approved by the President, June 19, 1878. Having 
secured the site, Messrs. John W. Garrett and his two 
sons, Robert and T. Harrison Garrett, James E. Simp- 
son & Co., James Carey Coale, C. Morton Stewart, 
Decatur H. Miller, A. Von Lingen, and Alexander 

1 Philip H. Muller completed a marine railway in 1843, at the lower 
end of Pliilpot Street, near the Bethel church, and in 1849, Hugh A. 
Cooper and Samuel Butler built one in connection with the former's ship- 
yard. In 1865 another marine railway was built at Canton by a company, 
the first officers of which were Adam Denmead, president ; Talbott Den- 
mead, secretary ; and John W. Kandolpb, treasurer. The first vessel 
talieu upon the railway was the United States gunboat "Mercedita," of 
eight hundred tons. In the same year William Shoemaker * Son, con- 
tractors, built a marine railway for J. N. Muller, adjoining his shipyard, 
at the intersection of Philpot and Point Streets. In 186;l, Messrs. Far- 
raday & Woodall built a marine railway in connection with their ship- 
yard at the foot of Montgomery Street. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Harris, the originators of the enterprise, invited the 
community to subscribe to the capital stock to enable 
them to raise the means to build the dock. They en- 
countered great difficulty in securing subscriptions, 
and finally, on Dec. 14, 1878, to prevent the failure of 
the enterprise, these public-spirited gentlemen reduced 
the capital stock to $365,500, in shares of $100 each, 
and assumed the burden and risk of carrying out 
their laudable design. The company was finally or- 
ganized March 4, 1879, and the following officers ap- 
pointed : President, Robert Garrett ; Treasurer, James 
Carey Coale ; Secretary, Alexander Harris ; Directors, 
Decatur H. Miller, George A. Von Lingen, C. Morton 
Stewart, and James Carey Coale. A contract was made 
March 21, 1879, with J. E. Simpson & Co., inventors 
and patentees, for the construction of a first-class dry- 
dock, and all the buildings, piers, and other improve- 
ments necessary to constitute a dock and ship-yard of 
the most extensive and complete description. The 
deed from the United States was executed March 2G, 
1879, and required that the dry-dock sliould be com- 
pleted within two years from that date, and the 
whole work was finished within fifteen months of that 
period, and its completion celebrated June 26, 1880. 
In addition to the supervision of the company's en- 
gineer, the work was thoroughly inspected during 
its progress by a board of officers of the United States 
Navy Department appointed for the purpose. Upon 
its completion, by request of the dry-dock company, a 
board of navy officers, composed of H. H. Stewart, 
President and Chief Engineer, U.S.N. ; Philip Hich- 
born, Naval Constructor, U.S.N. ; W. L. Mintonye, 
Naval Constructor, U.S.N. ; H. S. Craven, Civil En- 
gineer, U.S.N. ; and F. C. Prindle, Civil Engineer, 
U.S.N., were appointed by the Secretary of the Navy 
to again inspect the work, and these officers reported 
that the dock was securely and substantially built, 
and would safely dock and sustain any vessel it is ca- 
pable of receiving. The dock is of the following di- 
mensions: extreme length on coping, five hundred 
and four feet; on floor, four hundred and seventy feet; 
extreme width on coping, one hundred and fifteen feet; 
on floor, forty-five feet; width of entrance, eighty feet; 
depth of gate-sill below high water, twenty-three feet. 
The dock is closed by means of an iron caisson or 
floating-gate, made to fit in either of two grooves in 
the entrance abutments, the inner groove being located 
twenty feet from the outer one. It is filled through 
six tubular filling sluices placed in the caisson, each 
twenty-two inches in diameter. The dock is built 
principally of yellow-pine and white-oak, with a sub- 
stantial pile foundation, and is so designed and con- 
structed as to aflford strength, dryness, air, light, and 
easy access. The rise and fall of the tide at Baltimore is 
so small that the dock is available for use at any time. 
One hour is generally consumed in filling it and three 
hours in emptying it, alter the vessel is in position. 
It is emptied by means of two centrifugal pumps, 
seven feet in diameter, and operated by two vertical 



high-pressure 18 by 24 engines, geared IJ to 1. The 
pumps, engines, and boilers are located near the dock 
entrance. There are other buildings necessary for 
ship-building near at hand. The property is four 
hundred and fifty feet wide facing the water, with a 
depth of about two hundred and fifty feet, and con- 
tains about fourteen acres. The wharf facilities con- 
sist of two substantial pile piers, one 20 by 200, and 
one 80 by 200, the latter fitted with a pair of heavy 
shears, a slip between them one hundred and twenty- 
three feet wide and two hundred feet long (being the 
approach to the dock ), and a slip alongside the freight- 
house seven hundred feet long ; depth of water, twenty- 
five feet. The portion of the yard devoted to ship- 
building purposes has a frontage of one hundred and 
sixty-five feet. The establishment has excellent rail- 
road facilities, the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad entering the yard and running alongside 
the dock and freight-house their whole length. 

The dry -dock and improvements soon after comple- 
tion were leased to Messrs. Malster & Reaney, expe- 
rienced and skillful builders of iron and wooden 
vessels, of Baltimore, and it was opened for business 
on July 16, 1880, when it was used for docking the 
British steamship "Andean," of twenty-two hundred 
tons. The importance of this improvement to the 
business interests of Baltimore cannot be too highly 
estimated, and its success during the short period it 
has been in operation shows that it is fully appre- 
ciated by the commercial world. William T. Malster, 
the senior member of the great firm of Malster & 
Reaney, to whom the dry-dock has been leased, was 
born in Cecil Co., Md., April 4, 1843. His life has 
not been one of ease or pleasure, but of work and 
labor. Without the advantages of an early education, 
he has picked up vast amounts of practical knowledge 
in the " off-hours" of work, and his observant mind 
has laid in stores of information in hours and upon 
occasions when the minds of others would have been 
at play. Many employments were tried by Mr. 
Malster in his youth before he found himself suited 
for life. Neither the farm nor the grocery-store, the 
confectionery business, the painter, the blacksmith, nor . 
carpenter would suit the active energy and the in- 
quiring mind of a restive and energetic man. Find- 
ing employment on a steamer, machinery filled up the 
visions of an ambition that before would not be satis- 
fied. The school of design when on shore supple- 
mented the school of practice when afloat. Engi- 
neering was thus studied in theory and practice, and 
the result was a perfect examination for engineer be- 
fore the United States inspectors. From the position 
of engineer on a canal freight-boat to that of chief 
engineer on an ocean transport the course of promo- 
tion was steady and without interruption. In all the 
places of his employment he was storing up informa- 
tion and making the study of the construction of 
steamships preparatory to embracing the first oppor- 
tunity that was presented. 




■% . .m 



WILLIAM L. JIALSTER. 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMOEE AS A TEADE CENTRE. 



In 1871, in a small shop in Caroline Street, Mr. 
Malster began the business of constructing engines 
and steamers; in this small shop, and partly, indeed 
mostly, in the street, he built some of the most pow- 
erful engines ever constructed in Baltimore. The 
reputation thus won brought an increase of orders, 
and thus necessitated an enlarged workshop. At the 
foot of Ann Street he built the " Enoch Pratt" and the 
enormous hull of the ice-boat "F. C. Latrobe," to- 
gether with many other iron as well as wooden steam- 
ers. His .shojjs became widely known for excellent 
work, and himself as a reliable and skillful builder. 
Again he "builded better than he knew," and other 
and larger quarters became indispensable for his in- 
creasing busine'ss. The magnificent iron bridge over 
.Tones' Falls at Calvert Street is the work of his shops, 
and now, established at the new dry-dock, his firm has 
one of the most extensive and complete plants for 
the construction of iron steamers and all their ap- 
pointments that can be found in this country. In 
1879, W. B. Reaney, of Philadelphia, a thoroughly 
trained constructing engineer and ship-builder, be- 
came associated with Mr. Malster, and the firm of 
Malster & Reaney was established. Mr. Reaney was 
born in Philadelphia, April 26, 1833. His father, 
Thomas Reaney, was the senior partner of Reaney, 
Neafie & Co., engineers and iron ship-builders of Phil- 
adelphia. He educated his son in his own works, care- 
fiilly training him in every part of the business, and 
he soon proved an apt pupil. When but twenty-four 
years of age he became engineer and superintendent 
of his father's works, and retained this position until 
Jan. 1, 1860. In the following month, in connection 
with his father, Thomas Reaney, he established ship- 
))uilding and engine-works at Chester, Pa., where the 
firm built three monitors and twelve iron steamers for 
the United States government, and a large number of 
iron steamers for the merchant service, ranging from 
five hundred to two thousand five hundred tons bur- 
then. Mr. Reaney subsequently designed and superin- 
tended the construction of the Girard Point elevator in 
Philadelphia, and the Canton elevator for the North- 
ern Central Railway in this city, and it was while con- 
ducting this latter enterprise that the advantages and 
opportunities offered by Baltimore for the prosecution 
of the business of ship-building were so forcibly im- 
pressed upon him as to lead to his removal from 
Pennsylvania, and to the formation of the connection 
with Mr. Malster. Such an establishment is valuable 
to Baltimore not only as a matter of reputation and 
pride, but as a valuable assistant in the development 
of her population, her trade, and her business. This 
firm has not only planted the instruments of a well- 
organized workshop, but its members have also laid 
broad and deep the foundations of business integrity 
that cannot fail to be more useful in the future 
business of the concern than even their valuable 
plant. 

Steamships. — The first steamship that ever crossed 



the Atlantic from Europe was the " City of Kingston," 
which arrived in Baltimore in February, 1838. The 
" City of Kingston" was schooner-rigged, spread a 
very large square-sail from her foreyard, and was a 
handsome vessel of three hundred and twenty-five 
tons, British measure. Her wheels and arms were 
made of wrought iron, and she had two engines, each 
of fifty horse-power, consumed half a ton of Liverpool 
coal every hour, and carried five hundred and fifty 
tons of coal without inconvenience. She left London 
for Jamaica via Madeira, where she safely arrived, 
but failing to obtain an engagement as a packet be- 
tween Jamaica and Carthagena, as originally in- 
tended, she left Jamaica for New York, and put into 
Norfolk, whence she resumed her voyage, but encoun- 
tering a heavy gale, and failing in all attempts to 
make way with wood or anthracite coal, she put back 
and came up to Baltimore. Her speed with steam 
was about twelve miles an hour,' and she was com- 
manded by Capt. Crane. She left Baltimore at 
noon on Sunday, May 20th, for London direct. It 
was during the same year that the " Sirius," from 
Liverpool, and the " Great Western," from Bristol, 
entered the port of New York, but they did not reach 
that city until the latter part of April, while the 
" City of Kingston," as we have seen, arrived at Bal- 
timore in February .- 

To Liverpool. — The civil war (1861-65) inter- 
rupted and postponed the establishment of a line of 
steamships between this city and Liverpool. But as 
soon as peace enabled persons to consider and under- 
take peaceful pursuits, the project was renewed and 
put in process of successful experiment by citizens of 
Baltimore purchasing, in 1865, four first-class screw- 
steamers, the " Neptune," " Glaucus," '• Proteus," 
" Menus" ; their names being changed to the " Car- 
roll," the " Alleghany," the " Somerset," and the 
" Worcester," after four principal counties of the 
State. The " Somerset," on Nov. 30, 1865, inaugu- 
rated the first steamship line from Baltimore to any 
European port amid every demonstration of public 
joy. Notwithstanding the public interest taken in 
this line, as well as the most favorable assistance of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, this pioneer line 
proved but moderately successful, and was succeeded 



1 In connection with the early history of steam navigation, it may be 
stated that on the 2d of March, 1S14, a meeting was held at the mayor's 
oflBce to examine the model of a floating-battery, to be worked by steam, 
submitted by Capt. George Stiles. The battery was designed to carry 
thirty thirty-two pounders, and was projected as a means of defense 
against the threatened attack of the Biitish. " At the same time," we 
are told, " the opinions of several respectable persons, well acquainted 
with the subject, were likewise submitted, stating the practicaliility of 
constructing and advantageously employing such a machine." It was, 
therefore, unanimously resolved that application should be made to the 
citizens of Baltimore for subscriptions to the amount of 850,000 for the 
purpose of constructing the floating-battery, and a number of prominent 
citizens were requested " to carry subscription papers round." 

2 As a matter of reference it may be mentioned that the " Great East- 
ern," on her first trip to this country in 1860, anchored in Annapolis 
Roads, where she was visited in August by a large number of persons 
from Baltimore and other points. 



306 



IIISTOIIY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Baltimore and 



by the " North German Lloyd, 
Bremen line" of steamships. 

In 1870 the present Liverpool line, known as " The 
Allan Line," was established between this port and 
Liverpool, starting every two weeks from each port. 
The " Austrian," of this line, arrived on her first trip 
to Baltimore on Oct. 27, 1870. The steamers of this 
line in 1879 were the "Sardinian," 4100 tons; the 
"Polynesian," 4100 tons; the "Sarmatian," 3600 
tons ; the " Circassian," 4000 tons ; the " Moravian," 
3650 tons; the " Hibernian," 3000 tons; the "Peru- 
vian," 3400 tons; the "Nova Scotian," 3300 tons; 
the " Caspian," 3000 tons ; the " Scandinavian," 3000 
tons; the "Prussian," 3000 tons; the "Austrian," 
2700 tons ; the " Nestorian," 2700 tons ; the " Cana- 
dian," 2600 tons; the " Manitobian," 3000 tons; the 
"Corinthian," 2400 tons; the "Phoenician," 2800 
tons; and the " Waldensian," 2600 tons. A special 
feature of this line is the delightful summer excur- 
sion trips to Halifax, which have every year increased 
in popularity. 

Baltimore and Bremen.— At the February meet- 
ing of the Board of Directors of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad Company, in 1868, President Garrett 
announced the completion of a contract between the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company and the North 
German Lloyds for at least two first-class iron steam- 
ships, to be put upon the route between Bremen and 
Baltimore, and maintained for five years. Under this 
agreement two screw steamship.?, the " Baltimore" 
and the " Berlin," each two thousand five hundred 
tons, were, in 1868, put upon the line, to be run in 
connection with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
Company. The arrival of the "Baltimore" at this 
city in March, 1868, was celebrated with every demon- 
stration of great public satisfaction. Regarded as 
the beginning of a new epoch in the history of the 
city, it was duly honored by municipal, corporate, 
and individual celebration. It had been for many 
years the ambition of this city to place herself upon 
an equal footing with other Atlantic cities in the j 
transatlantic trade. For years the subject had been 
agitated and discussed, but from various causes, among 
which were the civil war of 1861-65, the practical 
carrying out of the plans had been defeated, until, 
through the perseverance and persistent effort of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, first the 
Liverpool line was opened, and then the Bremen 
line. In honor of the arrival of the pioneer ship of 
this line, the " Baltimore," a complimentary banquet 
was^given by the merchants of Baltimore to the offi- 
cers of the " Baltimore" on the 26th of March, 1868, 
at which over three hundred and fifty of the most 
prominent citizens of this city participated. In re- 
plying to the toast to the steamship line, the late 
Albert Schumacher said, — 

"The mftiu impulse (towards tJie establishment of tlie liue) came from 
this side, aud you are chielly indebted for its consummation to my 
friend Mr. Ganett, president of tlio Baltimore and Ohio Kuilroad Com- 
pany, witliout whose aid the line could not have been estublislied. The 



advantages which he offered, in addition to advancing one-half of the 
capital required, such as the promise of providing a pier, with all neces- 
sary accommodations for vessels and cargoes, and of supplying the 
steamers with coal at less than current market rates, were powerful 
arguments, and induced the North German Lloyds to give Baltimore the 
preference over other cities which sought to secure its co-operation for 
the same object. The connection is a happy one. Both companies have 
been eminently successful in their respective spheres, and their associa- 
tion promises well for the futureof this young enterprise." 

And Mr. Garrett replying, remarked, — 

" Immediately upon the close of the recent terrific contest, the Balti- 
more and Ohio Company, trusting that the boundless energies which for 
four dreadful years bad been expended in deeds of blood and destruction 
would be organized for great commercial and other advantageous devel- 
opments, believing, too, that the time had arrived when their city should 
arrange to offer for the consideration aud use of their country and Eu- 
rope the best modern facilities for ocean commerce, purchased from the 
Federal government steamers that had been used for war purposes, with 
the object of inaugurating a line of steamships to ply between Baltimore 
and Liverpool. That enterprise, thus inaugurated, proved that the ex- 
pectations of those who, from the founding of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, held sound views, based upon correct elements of calculation. 
Gradually the attention of capitalists of Europe was thus commanded to 
the advantages of this port; the admirable character of its harbor; the 
superior navigation from the ocean to its whan'es ; and the vast facilities 
to be obtained and economies to be effected, in comparison with other 
cities, by the use of this port and of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
and its connections, for the great and growing business of a large por- 
tion of this country." 

The great enterprise thus inaugurated was further 
developed by the arrival, April 22, 1868, of the 
" Berlin," the companion ship of the line, with a full 
complement of passengers and an assorted cargo. 
A cable dispatch of May 23, 1872, gave "an account of 
the loss of the " Baltimore." Arriving at Southamp- 
ton on the 20th of May, and sailing hence, met, 

"at twelve o'clock last night off Hastings, with disaster which will 
probably prove a total loss. She came in collision with an unknown 
steamer,' and had a hole eighteen feet long by seven feet wide stove in 
her hull. Water poured in rapidly and extinguished her tires, not, how- 
ever, before the steamer had been run aground. The coast-guard at 
Hastings immediately came to the rescue of the distressed vessel, and 
succeeded in rescuing her passengers and crew and landing them in 
safety." 

The Baltimore and Bremen line has continued to 
increase in public favor, and now has six first-class 
steamships regularly plying between Bremen, South- 
ampton, and Baltimore. As in the case of the Allan 
line to Baltimore, no steamer of the Bremen line to 
this port has yet met with any accident resulting in 
loss of life. 

Regular lines of steamships of the most improved 
style of construction are run at the present time (1881) 
by the German Lloyds between Baltimore and Bremen, 
starting every alternate Wednesday from Baltimore, 
and every alternate Thursday from Bremen. 

The Allan line, between Baltimore and Liverpool, 
calling at Halifax, fortnightly. A. Shumacher & Co., 
No. 5 South Gay Street, agents. 

Hooper line of steamers, for Liverpool direct. J. 
Hooper & Co., agents, Gay and Lombard Streets. 

The National line, to Liverpool. W. Schnautt'er, 
agent, Holliday Street. 

The Johnston line for Liverpool, Antwerp, Belfast, 

' The Spanish screw-.^teanicr " Loreniw." 



THE ADVANTAGES OF BALTIMORE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



307 



and Barrow. Patterson, Ramsay & Co., agents, 56 
South Gay Street. 

The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Com- 
pany's line, for New York direct, also to Boston and 
to Providence, R. I., via Norfolk. A. L. Huggins, 
agent. Spear's wharf, Baltimore, and George H. Glover, 
pier 14 North River, N. Y., agent. The same com- 
pany also runs steamers to Savanuah, Ga. 

Tow-boats.— Previous to 1849 steam-tugs or tow- 
Ijoats were unknown in the harbor of this city, the 
regular side-wheel steamers being, previous to 1849, 
used for moving sailing-vessels into and out of the 
harbor as well as within the harbor. The idea of in- 
troducing regular steam-tugs on the Patapsco orig- 
inated with Capt. Luke League, who brought fi-om 
Philadelphia the tug " Charles H. Haswel," which 
Tipon its first trial proved so great a success that in 
the month of November of that year Capt. League 
purchased in Philadelphia and brought to this city 
the tug " Hector." In 1852, John Henderson pur- 
chased in Philadelphia two other tugs for service 
in Baltimore. In 1856, John Wells built the first 
steam-tug, " The Sun," constructed in Baltimore. 
From that small beginning of Capt. League in 1849 
to the present day the fleet of steam-tugs has in- 
creased in number and power, until the mercantile 
service at this port is as well served with steam-tugs 
as that of any port in the country. 

Ice-Soats. — The severity of occasional and excep- 
tional winters closes the harbor of Baltimore with 
ice, and checks to some extent the movements of 
commerce. In 1837 the ice-boat "Relief," an indi- 
vidual enterprise, rendered very efficient service in 
opening a way for commercial intercourse. In 1848 
the ice-breaker " Patapsco" was burned, and after- 
wards her hull was broken up. In 1867 the City 
Council appropriated seventy-five thousand dollars 
and the State added the same amount for the build- 
ing of the ice-boat " City of Baltimore." Messrs. A. 
Schumacher, I. M. Parr, and Francis W. Wilson were 
commissioners for the superintendence of the con- 
struction as well as management, and the means for 
the cost were raised by the sale of city six per cent, 
bonds, redeemable in 1890. In 1868 the ice-boat 
" Chesapeake" made her first trial of breaking the 
ice (January 17th), and released from the ice the 
steamship " Cuba," of the New Orleans and Havana 
line, and the " Worcester," of the Baltimore and 
Ohio line. Her builder was Chas. Reeder, and her 
•captain D. C. Lander. In 1871 she burst her boiler 
and was partially burned, and sunk in the river 
at the mouth of the Craighill Channel. She was 
afterwards raised, and sold for thirteen hundred dol- 
lars to Messrs. E. M. Hanna & Co. In 1871 the ice- 
boat " Maryland" was launched from the yard of 
Messrs. Wellner & Beech, Fell's Point, to take the 
place of the " Chesapeake." She also was nearly 
destroyed by fire in January, 1872. In 1878 the ice- 
boat " F. C. Latrobe" was launched from the ship- 



yard of Wm. T. Malster, and at present the " Mary- 
land" and the " F. C. Latrobe" effectively keep the 
harbor open for the passage of vessels. 

Tonnage, etc.— The subjoined tables will explain 
the tonnage facilities of this port, as well as afford 
the means of comparison for its gradual increase and 
growing importance: 

Abeivals fbom Foreign Poets. 



Yeabs. 


Steam- 
ships. 


Ships. 


Barks. 


Brigs. 


Schoon- 


Total. 
















Total, 1879 


290 


175 


1160 


134 


190 


1939 


Total, 1878 




137 


999 


160 


240 


1723 


Total, 1877 








194 


207 


1434 










187 






Total, 1875 


77 


47 


446 


.41 


245 


1055 



Cleabed for Foeeiqn Poets. 



Total, 1880. 
Total, 1879. 
Total, 1878. 
Total, 1877. 
Total, 1876. 
Total, 1875. 



Steam- 
ships. 


Ships. 


Barks. 


Brigs. 


Schoon- 
ers. 


297 


120 


968 


110 


133 








135 


186 














72 


874 


159 


149 


99 


94 


837 


178 


151 


85 


53 


437 


•■^ 


184 





■i 








2 


1 


§ 




5 
















1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 








«■> 










Argentine 




3 









3 


5 






















30 








606 




Beleian 
















DaS: :::::::::::. 


... 







2 






5 


















French 






? 






9. 






27 


34 


35 






101 


133 


Italian 






263 






272 


205 


Nicaragnan 




















20 


157 











Portuguese 













1 


1 


















Spanish 


26 


1 


4 


4 




36 


32 






2 




2 




30 


15 


Total, 1880 


313 


114 


» 


108 


121 


1521 


1939 



Months. 


1880. 


1879. 


Foreign. 


American. 


Foreign. 


American. 




100,344 
95,187 
79;312 
110,792 
102,129 
95870 
126,910 
160,453 
104,821 
96:809 
96,195 
76,245 


5,868 
7,930 
10,436 
12,040 
9,206 
9,436 
4:431 
7,179 
7,948 
6j343 
4,474 
7,634 


82,142 

89,280 
137,941 

97,186 
116,660 
113,057 

93,187 
141,190 
187,260 
107,810 
160 665 






7.379 










May 


8,482 
11,239 








6:M9 












S.SRO 


December. 


124,834 8,687 




1,236,067 


91,929 











HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Total amount of tonnage arrived from foreign 

ports during 1880 1,326,996 

Total Hniount of tonnage arrived from foreign 
ports during 1879 1,549,050 

Decrease, 1880 222,054 



Of the total ) 
1880, 723,129 to 



— 


1880. 


1879. 


Foreign. 


American. 


Foreign. American. 


J 


95,178 
100,426 
126:.M1 
127,2.(9 

76,586 
108,371 
143,919 
162,7^(8 
102,408 

95,682 
112,760 

98,432 


4,132 
: 8,933 

70S6 

8,693 
12.766 

2,351 

mi 
7,073 
6,361 
2406 
7,326 


74,935 5.701 




102,941 
113,337 
90,963 
127,449 
139,119 
167,773 
142,761 
103,802 
102,048 




Marcl. '"! 


11.317 






May.'.!!!'.::!!!!!!!!!!.'! 
jSr/..'.'.'.'.'.'.'!!!!!!.'!.'!!! 

August 


7,483 
8,694 
4,046 
5110 


September. 

NOTemi;;";;!'.'."!!!".!!! 


7,701 
7,371 
7331 
8.330 






Total 


1,348,240 


81.145 


1.389,072 


92,892 





Total amount of toDnage cleared for foreign ports 

during 1880 1,429,385 

Total amouDt of tonnage cleared for foreign ports 
during 1879 1,481,971 

Decrease, 1880 52,58fi 



Of the total number of vessels which cleared for foreign ports during 
1880, there were 23 American and 13 foreign which cleared in ballast, 
the former principally small West India fruit-schooners; and of the 
latter several were chartered to load at Nova Scotia ports, while the 
others cleared for foreign ports via Norfolk, New Orleans, or other 
American cities. 



Cleared roE Foreign Poets : 



Yeabs 1879 AND 1880. 



— 


Sleam- 
ships. 


Ships. 


Barks. 


Brigs. 


Sch»n- 


Total, 
1880. 


Total, 
1879. 


January 


22 
13 
18 
27 
18 
19 
42 
55 
21 
19 
20 
23 


4 
10 
15 
14 
10 
15 

6 
12 
10 

9 
10 

5 

120 
171 
126 
72 
94 


66 

70 

81 
56 
77 
101 
95 
79 
78 
80 
72 

968 
1046 
1008 
874 
837 
437 


10 
4 
11 
12 
12 
7 
6 
10 
13 
13 
11 
2 

110 
i:» 
158 
159 
178 
241 


8 
20 
11 

18 
22 


110 
117 
168 
152 
118 


140 
165 
160 


£ 


151 




6 im 




fiSL'iiv;:!!! 

October 

November. 

December 


2 

4 

8 
15 


174 
130 
123 
129 
117 

1814 
1697 
1349 


160 
196 
188 
134 
134 


Total, 1880 

Total, 1879 

Total, 1878 

TotHi, 1877 

Total. 187B 

Total. 1875 


297 
276 
184 
95 
99 
85 


186 
222 
149 
151 
184 


■•i'8U 



NATioNAinr OF Vessels cleared 


FOB FoBEIQN FOKTS 


DHEINO THE 




Yeaes 1879 


AND 1880. 








t 






1 


1 


i 


i 




i 


1 


i 


i 


American 




6 


68 


37 


120 


?<ii 


289 


Argentine 
















Austrian 







18 


1 






16 




243 


.51 


349 










Belguin 












1 


I 


















Dutch 






2 






2 


i 


French 



















26 


38 


36 






IM 


131 


Italian 






244 


11 




255 


19» 


Nicaraguan 


































Portuguese 














1 






5 


39 






46 


52 


Spanish 


27 


1 


7 






.39 


32 







1 


25 


2 




28 


14 




297 




120 


968 


110 


133 


1628 


1814 





ToNNAOE OF Vessels 





Tears. 


Number of Tons. 


Total Tons. 




Foreign. 


American. 


1870 




130.863 
232,402 
274,990 
334,1.54 
412,742 
4.-(6,372 
752,234 
879,481 

i;389;072 
i;348;240 


93.092 
92 332 
99388 
118935 
125.893 
127,795 
97,917 
91,515 
126,277 
92,899 
81,145 


223,956 




374.378 




SjisS 


jgi^ 








850,151 




970,996 




J879 


1.481.971 




i;429:386 







Princijyat arlidtA exported from Baltimore to foreign countries for past 



Articles. 


1880. 


1879. 


1878. 


Bark, Quercitron, bags 


70,293 

18,225 

7,566 

486,891 

33,768,985 

14,686.402 

12,891 


67,756 

17,761 

8,649 

448.349 

32,152,612 

2i:327;729 

25,857 


60,884 
10.718 


Corn-meal, barrels 


2V22! 




19.610.791 




J69M458 
14;373 








Cotton bales' .'!! 


148,036 1 93,755 
13 031 a 120 


84,144 




3.340 




20,079 

14.780,980 

28,870,172 

2,634 

244,357 

640,612 

34,797 502 


5:716 
23,322.482 
21.915,858 

1461094 

138,021 

26 9.50 Rl 9 


i'^2 








14,746.451 


Beef, tierces and barrels 


' 2:943 






Lard pounds 


21.262,610 


Pork, barrels and boxes 


4,348 7.414 
53,874 1 53,262 


' 8:337 







In addition to the articles named above, there were exported 13,28& 
boxes starch, 19,408 cases canned goods, 100 M shooks and heads. 3639 
M hoops. 44.887 tons coal, 542 barrels apples, 1131 barrels dried apples, 
624 boxes bristles, 11,327 bushels clover-seed, 1649 packages glassware, 
4569 ban els hominy and grits, 29,774 packages oil-cake, 1348 packages 
oil-meal. 233,567 pounds oil-meal, 14,040 reams paper, 13,215 bushels po- 
tatoes. 636 M shingles. 47.633 tree-nails, 2984 sheep, 72 horeee, 10,771 
cattle, 121 mules, 211 bushels beans, 8837 bushels potatoes, 22 packages 
glue-stock, 1598 bales hair, 112,962 gallons lard oil, 73 packages leather, 
2204 logs wood, 812 cases matches, 1080 pigs, 3850 empty hogsheads,— 



THE ADVANTAGES OP BALTIMOKE AS A TRADE CENTRE. 



cooperage stuff,— 336 empty tierces, 6000 laths, 8424 bushels bran, 33,209 
pouuilB candles, 048 bales cotton duck, 391 bags rice, 104 sacks salt, 
3,684,649 pounds tnllow, 1625 casks potash, 135 tons sassalVas-root, 36,000 
gallons alcohol, 1484 carboys acid, 607 boxes soap, 17,160 pounds grease, 
13,796 barrels naval stores, and 179,300 pounds tongues. 

IMPORTS. 

ConiparaCive (able of imports unil receipts of principal articles for last three 



Aeticies. 


1880. 


1879. 


1878. 


Coffee Mo ba"8 


431,289 

24^:'JS? 

1,676,6.60 

16,690,291 

36,414,:i93 

1,172.4.^7 

20.-.,6l3 

3:i4,488 

16,943 

15,443 

11312 

18;2S9 

5:1,923 

24,204 

5,474 


531,401 

2,686 

17:1.262 

1,684,311 

2:1.161.896 

34,634,426 

1,616,877 

154,:i3l 

265,»98 

7;932 

15.940 

14.746 

12.217 

47,.622 

15,131 

18:1,000 

26,814 

19,419 

6,046 

"■- 

20,070 

6.925 

404,758 

173,357 

20 569 

89,678 

1.6,062 

267,848 


488 .627 




liil 


Cotton, bales 


159,888 




17.907,108 




22 017120 


Oats, bLshels 

Kye. bushels 


1,052,046 
59,631 
360,(100 


Macker,-1, barrels 

Herriug, barrels 


8,515 
18,:a6 


LetiionV boxes 


11.424 
















1,689 




26.''37 


■^"^",l'»g8 


33;6I9 
30,l:i5 




2,818 


Kico, tierces 

gl^-S:::;:::::::::;::::::::::;::: 

Salt bushels 


18,832 
2.229 
33;j,6:i7 
186,000 
19.865 
94,158 
1.3.169 
305,082 


16,6:12 

4,164 

217,652 

18:1.316 


Spirits of turpentine, barrels.... 

Rosin, barrels 

Tar, etc., barrels 

Tin plates boxes 


10.379 
47,576 
19,544 
145,694 







the above 1 



lu addition to the articled 
imported 26,858 tons agricultural salt, 6444 casks cement, 13,786 tons 
brimstone and sulphur, 2360 barrels oranges, 659,000 oranges, 1000 mats 
raisins, 65,752 dozen pineapples, 51,457 bunches bananas, 11,632 bags 
nitrate soda, 2049 tons bones, 2635 tons bone-ash, :i387 packages earthen- 
ware, 11,960 horns, 18,583 barrels grapes, 06,000 grape fruit, 16 packages 
mineral water, 957 packages and 350 tons marble, 11,150 bushels pota- 
toes, 114 tons and 380,000 bags ivory-nuts, 29,12 pounds India-rubber, 
45,763 packages chemicals, 88,000 bricks, 4010 cases clay, 6675 conch- 
shells, 6418 bars copper, 112 packages drug-', 240 bales hair, 8,094,000 
laths, 2870 packages vinegar, 49:i6 packages wines and liquors, 2775 bun- 
dles wire, 1193 boxes soap, 2316 bags sumac, 19,462 bundles gas strips, 
173 bales wool, 40U0 cases canned fruit, and 20,776 bundles cotton ties. 

FOREIGN TRADE OF BALTIMORE FOR TWENTT-FOUB TEARS. 



Fiscal Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Total. 




89,119,907 
10,581,208 
8,930,157 
9,713,921 
9,784,773 
9,449,105 
3:096;620 
4,484,399 
5,835,60:l 
4,816,464 
8,1.65,991 
12,209,609 
12,9:10,733 
16,S03.0:i2 
19,612,468 
24.672,X7I 
2S,K36.3U5 
29,287,603 
29,:i02.l:i8 
27,7K8,992 
22,340,629 
22,327.928 
16.9:18,028 
19,945,991 
18,643,253 


810,866 637 
13,405,:193 
9:878,386 
9,074,611 
8,804.606 
12,949,625 
8,:i75,:l03 
11,01:1,871 
8,741.755 
11,794,546 
10,804,012 
10,996,348 
13,867,:i9I 
13.667.630 

16>37,8.66 
lx.325.32l 
19,:i44.l77 
27.61:1,111 
27.615,667 
31,216,807 
39,206.274 
45,492,527 
78,220.870 
73,994,910 


819,976,544 




ig^^ 












jgg[ 


22,398,730 




















I-'- 


23,204,857 






















1874 


66 8li6 249 














1878 .... 


02 431 155 




96.168,861 
92,638,163 







INTERNAL REVENUE. 

The internal revenue collected in this collection 
district during 1879 and 1880 was as follows: 

Taxes. 1880. 1879. 

On spirits 8709,248.94 8700,201.68 

On tobacco 1,282,979.48 1,I02,:)33.52 

On beer 26.6,126.59 22k,S17.04 

On banks 60,59861 52,28045 

Other collections 36,695.35 7,362.81 

Penalties 1,682.48 482.41 

Total 82,:)46,331.45 $2,091,477.91 

Increase for 1880, 8254,8,53.54. 

Distances from Baltimore to Principal Cities. 

Miles. Miles. 



Annapolis, Md 
Albany, N. Y.. 
Altoona, Pa.... 

Atlanta, Ga 

Boston, Maj?8... 
BufTiil... N,T... 



Mobile, Ala 1065 

Montgomery, Ala 899 

Memphis, Tenn 971 

Milwaukee. Wis 890 



Norfolk, Va 

New York City 

New Haven, Conn.. 



New Orleans, La.. 

Nashville, Tenn 

Omaha, Neb 

Varksishur!;. W. Va... 



Petereburg, Va. 

Qnincy, 111 

Uichniond, Va.. 



lull Unwii, lu.l 654 

Grafton, W, Va 279 

Galveston, Texas 1711 

Hageretown, Md 103 

Havre de Grace, Md 36 

Harrisburg, Pa 85 

Harrisonburg, Va 162 

Hartford, Conn 829 

Indianapolis, Ind 704 

Jei-sey Citv. N. J 188 

Kansas Cilj-, Mo 1213 

Lexington, Ky 688 



Salt Lake City, Utah 2332 

Staunton, Va 193 

St. Louis, Mo 931 



Pa.. 



St. Paul, Mil 



Leavenworth. Kan.... 

Lynchburg, Va 

Martinsburg, W. Va.. 
Macon, Ga 



218 
1296 

St. Joseph, Mo 1237 

Toledo, O 591 

Terra Haute, Ind 765 

Utica, N. Y 427 

Vicksburg, Miss 1202 

Washington. D. C 40 

Wheeling, W. Va 379 

Winchester, Va 113 

Wilmington, N. C 418 



Distances on the Chesapeake.— The following 
tables have been furnished by the United States 
Coast Survey, and are taken from official measure- 
ments by statute miles : 



Sev< n t 11 1 Knoll 
Low CI I<,lind Point mouth ( 
Mouth of Magothy Ruer 
Pool s lalanil Light-house 
Love Point Light house K 1 
Sandy P 11 1 Li„ht house 
Legos Point mouth of Bnsh 

Queeliht >w 11 

Thomas P int Light house 

Hov ell s Point 

Kent Point 

Mouth )f Cox 8 Creek W est 

Turktv Point Light hou<.e 

Fredeiick on bassatras Rnei 

Havre de drace 

Fail Ha>en Herring Creek 

Tnu \ s 1 an ling, Heriing (. t 

St. Michaels 

Chaili 1 wn 

CheBt^ * 



Choi t ink 111! I I i„l I 1 

Oxford 

Ca8Ileha\en (.h pt ink Ri\ 

Easlon landin„ 

Cove Point I ight h use 



310 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Baltimoie to Miles. 

Cambridge 70 

Chancellor's Point, Cluiptiiiik Kivn 7i'4 

Church's Creek Landini; T^]4 

Drum Point, Patnxent Hiv. I 76 

Mill Creek I-andinK,PatuN.ui !:,>.. 78 

Mouth of Cabin Creek, (Jli.M.im.k Un^i 1»]4 

Hunting Creek, Choptank Uiver 81 

Hooper's Strait Fog Signal 9154 

Point Lookout Light-house 95 

Clay M.n.l LiRht l„m«. 98 

Solon,. ■ '- I nrr yi-,,ti, ■; r 101 

Smllh. !■ , M I : . 1U5V4 

Willi. ■ ii >. i. ■ in 

Crl»l..l I. : -I 115 

Vic.,..:. 1..I ;, . ^ l:: 124 

Wnll»l.i,u,., I., l--!05i 

Pongotcafc'ui' I ..' ! 129 

Windmill P.Miit 1 : , 129 

Onancock Lamlin l-W)^ 

Chorrv l'..iiit, I; , ■ :.. i. 135 

Parn.if. ''•.), I l;,|.|..,i„. k 1;,>,t 1:19 

Wulli, ,,. 1,1, HI 

Will,,u, I ,. : r :, ! ,. i;iv,., 147 

Nt« r , : - : ; i I il house 151 

Ch.-..' - 1 I I ; .i-' lol 

EasH:l : i 155% 

Turk - ! I 156 

Toe.'- II ■ I ,,■. 163% 

01.1 I' i M 175 

Cape Ik n:. ki.h. I 175 

Cranev l=k.i,.l l„^ki-i„.u.-,. 1821^ 

Norfolk 187 

From Baltimore to Foreign Ports. — The distance 
by water from Baltimore to Bremen, in Germany, is 
3575 miles; to Liverpool, England, 3023 miles ; to Lon- 
don, 3225 miles; to Havre, France, 3148 miles; to 
Southampton, England, 3156 miles; to Amsterdam, 
Holland, 3510 miles ; to Canton, China, 10,600 miles ; 
to Batavia, Java, 13,066 miles ; to Bordeaux, France, 
3310 miles; to Botany Bay, Australia, 13,294 miles; 
to Bombay, India, 11,574 miles; to Constantinople, 
5140 miles; to Havana, 1280 miles; to Hong Kong, 
China, 6488 miles; to Lima, Peru, 11,310 miles; to 
Nagasaki, Japan, 9800 miles ; to Pekin, China, 15,325 
miles ; to Eio Janeiro, Brazil, 5920 miles ; to the Sand- 
wich Islands, 7157 miles. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

TRAN.SPORTATION. 

Roads— stage-Lines — Internal Improvements — Steam Railroads — Adams 
Express Company— Railroad Riots— Omnibuses — City and Suburban 
Railroads— Old Roads. 

As early as 1666 the Assembly of Maryland began 
the work of expediting intercommunication between 
the difi'erent parts of the colony, and for this purpose 
passed an act for " marking highways and making 
the heads of rivers, creeks, branches, and swamps 
piissable for horse and foot;" and in 1704 the width 
of roads was established at twenty feet, and provis- 
ion was made for marking their route by notching 
trees and branding them with marking-irons ; and 
in 1774, Isaac Griest, Benjamin Griffith, Jesse Hol- 
lingsworth, and others were appointed commissioners 
to direct the expenditure of nearly $11,000 to con- 
struct the three great roads leading to the town. The 
Frederick, Reisterstown, and York roads were laid out 
in 1787. The Falls road was authorized by act of 
Assembly, Dec. 27, 1791. to be laid out forty feet wide 



from the mill-seats of Elisha Tyson, William and 
Charles Jessop, John Ellicott, George Leggett, Rob- 
ert Long, Jacob Hart, and John Strieker to Balti- 
more Town. Charles Alex. Warfield, Lewis Law- 
rence, Thomas Hobbs, of Anne Arundel County, and 
Thomas Worthington, Zachariah McCubbin, and 
Daniel Carroll, of Baltimore County, were appointed 
commissioners, and empowered to make the Freder- 
ick road, in 1792, a public highway. The Washing- 
ton turnpike was authorized on the 31st of December, 
1796 ; and an " act to lay out and establish a turnpike 
road from the city of Baltimore, through Frederick 
Town, in Frederick County, to Elizabeth Town 
(now Hagerstown) and Williamsport, in Washington 
County," was passed by the General Assembly on the 
20th of January, 1797. The Reisterstown Turnpike 
Company was also incorporated at the same time. In 
1805 three companies were incorporated by one act for 
the construction of three most important roads, — the 
Baltimore and Fredericktown turnpike road, the Bal- 
timore and Reisterstown turnpike road, and the Balti- 
more and Yorktown turnpike road. In 1815 the first 
of these companies was empowered to extend its road 
from Boonsborough as the beginning of the Cumber- 
land turnpike road. In 1813 the presidents and direc- 
tors for the time being of the several incorporate banks 
in the city of Baltimore — of the Hagerstown Bank, of 
the Connococheague Bank, and the Cumberland Bank 
of Alleghany — were incorporated as the president, 
managers, and company of the Cumberland turnpike 
road. In 1821 the presidents and directors of the 
banks in Baltimore, except the City Bank, and the 
president and directors of the Bank of Hagerstown 
were incorporated as the president, managers, and 
company of the Boonsborough Turnpike Company. 
The era of railroads, which began about this time, put 
an end to turnpike roads, except as feeders to rail- 
roads. 

Early Stage-Lines. — As early as 1757 a line of 
stages, boats, and wagons was run by John Hughes 
& Co. between Annapolis and Philadelphia as fol- 
lows : By "good stage-boats on the river Delaware 
and on the Sassafras at Frederick Town immedi- 
ately to Annapolis." The land carriage by this route 
was only twenty-one miles. lu 1772 a stage-line be- 
tween Baltimore and Philadelphia made regular pas- 
sage along the route from Philadelphia by stage- 
boat to Wilmington every Wednesday, from Wil- 
mington to Charlestown by stage-wagon, and by 
packet from Charlestown to Baltimore. The time 
was from two to three days, as weather permitted, and 
the fare eleven shillings. Messrs. Smith & Flanagan 
were the agents in Baltimore, and Thomas Ellicott at 
Fell's Point. In the next year, 1773, a line of stage, 
boat, and wagon, by Patrick Hamilton and Joseph 
Tatlow, was run between Philadelphia and Baltimore 
via boat to New Castle on same day, by stage-wagon 
from New Castle to Charlestown the next day, and 
by packet to Baltimore the day after, returning the 



TKANSPORTATION. 



311 



alternate days of the week, " fare eleven shillings, 
and luggage at reasonable rates." In 1781, Gabriel 
Peterson Vanhorn ran his " carriage" from Daniel 
Grant's Fountain Inn, Market Space, Baltimore, at 
eight o'clock, to Capt. Phillips, " where the passengers 
may dine," and thence to Harford Town, where they 
remained over-night, and proceeded next morning to 
the Susquehanna for breakfast at Capt. Twining's, 
meeting there the stage from Philadelphia and ex- 
changing passengers, returning by same route to 
Baltimore, " fare $4 specie, and the like sum for 150 
weight of baggage." Nathaniel Twining and Gershon 
Johnson, of Philadelphia, ran the stages connecting 
with Vanhorn's line, and assured the passenger leav- 
ing "Baltimore on Monday morning of completing 
his journey to Elizabeth Town by Friday at two 
o'clock." Letters were carried by this line : for 
"every letter one-eighth of a hard dollar, to be paid 
by the person sending the letter." 

John Hamilton, of Charlestown, Messrs. Stockton 
& Eakin, of New Castle, and James McClenam, 
Crooked Billet wharf, Philadelphia, ran packet-boats 
and stages from this city to Philadelphia in 1784 by 
the following route : From Richard Lemmon's wharf 
every Saturday at 2 p.m., stopping one-half hour at 
William Trimble's wharf. Fell's Point, arriving Sun- 
day evening at Charlestown, and departing Monday 
morning in wagon for New Castle, thence in the fol- 
lowing morning by boat to Philadelphia, returning 
on alternate days. William Hubin, Basil Noel, and 
Joseph Middleton in 1786 provided two vessels for 
the conveyance of passengers between Philadelphia 
and Baltimore via New Town, Chester, Georgetown, 
Warwick, Middletown, Ked Lion, Wilmington, and 
Chester, arriving in Philadelphia the next day by 
twelve o'clock. William Howell and William Thomas 
rail stages via Charlestown and New Castle in 1787. 
In this year the public post-stages between this city 
and Philadelphia, under the direction of Messrs. 
Twining, Vanhorn & Co., performed the whole dis- 
tance in one day. Gabriel Peterson Vanhorn & Co. 
ran a stage-line Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays 
from Baltimore, and on alternate days from Philadel- 
phia, and after April, by means of the Charlestown 
packet, a daily line, Sundays excepted. John Starck's 
"Indian Queen," in Baltimore, and James Thompson's 
"Indian Queen," in Philadelphia, were the points of 
departure, fare £1 1.5s. to Philadelphia. In 1788, 
William Clark commenced running a daily line of 
stages between Baltimore and Annapolis. William 
Evans & Co. established in 1794 a line of stages for 
six trips per week between the two cities. In 1796 
the route via Frenchtown was opened by William 
McDonald & Co. D. Fulton & Co. were proprietors 
in 1809 of the Pilot stages. The New Line Expedi- 
tion stages in 1811 made the trip daily in fifteen 
hours from John H. Barney's "Fountain Inn," Balti- 
more, stopping at French Ringgold's, Havre de 
Grace; Mathias Tyson, Elkton ; David Brinton, Wil- 



mington; Joseph Reper, Chester ; and David Barnum, 
"Shakespeare Hotel," Philadelphia. In this same 
year the New Pilot stages, through in one day, left 
Gadsby's Hotel, Hanover Street, and arrived at the 
" Mansion House," Philadelphia, early in the evening; 
Richard C. Stockton (Baltimore), William B. Stokes 
'(Havre de Grace), Joshua Richardson and Alexander 
Scott (Elkton), William Anderson (Chester), and Wil- 
liam F.Stockton (Philadelphia), proprietors. In 1818, 
Stockton & Stokes's new post-chaise line performed 
the whole journey to Philadelphia " by daylicjkt," 
fare «8. 

The Old Stage-road to Philadelphia. — The 
road by which the stages traveled to Philadelphia in 
1802 left this city at "Union Town," and running 
nearly due east, crossed Back River very high up near 
" Bird-in-hand," and thence to Smith's Shop, Buck 
Town, Scales Town, crossed Bird River near the old 
iron-works, reached the Great Gunpowder, thence 
across to the Little Gunpowder near Grand Turk, and 
passing into Harford County, continued by Black 
Horse, across Winter's Run, and over Gunpowder 
Neck' to the Bush River, through Abington, about 
one and a half miles from Joppa, reached Bush Town, 
also called Harford, thence over the northeast branch 
of Bush River, near Hall's Mill, by Poplar Hill, on to 
Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, 
across which a ferry carried the stages at the charge 
of 12 for coach and four horses ; thence in a northeast- 
erly direction to Charlestown, on Northeast River, 
where, bending north, the road crossed the river 
at Northeast Town, passed on to Elkton, in Cecil 
County, and crossed the State line forty-five miles from 
Philadelphia, and then over Christiana Creek to the 
village of Christiana, and nearly due north crossed 
White Clay Creek to Newport, and thence to Wil- 
mington, near which place the road crossed Brandy- 
wine Creek, then Shellpot Creek, Cartwill Creek, ap- 
proached the banks of the Delaware, and proceeding 
along the banks, across Naaman's Creek, passed out of 
Delaware into Pennsylvania near Marcus Hook, and 
thence over Chester Creek and through Chester, still 
close to the banks of the river, crossed the Schuylkill 
at Gray's Ferry, and entered Philadelphia, a total dis- 
tance of ninety-eight miles. 

Old Road to Washington. — Leaving the ex- 
treme western limit of the city, the road crossed 
Gwynn's Falls, and over hills and through woods, 
reached the Patapsco by ferry at Elkridge ; then run- 
ning through Anne Arundel County, parallel to Deep 
Run, which it crossed near Spurrier's Town, it passed 
the Patuxent about seventeen miles from Baltimore, 
thence into Prince George County, through Vanville 
and Bladensburg, into Washington City. 

Stage-Lines to Alexandria, Va. — In 1783, Ga- 

' So called from a " tradition that the Indians who formerly lived on 
this tract, when first acquainted with the use of gunpowder, supposed it 
to be a vegetable seed ; they purchased a quantity, and sowed it on this 
neck, exl)ecting it to produce a good crop." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY% MARYLAND. 



briel P. Vanliorn's line of stages to Alexandria left 
Baltimore Town on the same daj's and hours as the 
Philadelphia stages, and arrived in Alexandria the 
same evening. On Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur- 
days left Alexandria, fare $3. At Alexandria, in 
1789, "the Virginia stages met those of Maryland," 
and eontinued three trips a week to Fredericksburg 
and Richmond.' In 1799, James Bryden and .John 
H. Barney & Co. ran the Diligent line of stages 
every morning at six o'clock from the Fountain Inn 
to Alexandria in eleven hours and thirty minutes. A 
stage-line to the Eastern Shore in 1789 was contem- 
plated by Gershon Johnson and Robert Hodgson ; the 
j)roposed route was by Murray's Tavern, on the Sus- 
quehanna road, thence across the bay between Man- 
of-War Shoals and Pool's Island, and thence over the 
"Eastern Shore." Twining & Vanhorn ran in 1783 
an " every other day line" to Annapolis, and William 
Clark in 1788 ran a line of stages from Baltimore and 
Annapolis every morning. Henry Stouffer in 1789 
ran a tri-weekly line, and Greenbury Docheersb, Ja- 
cob Turner, and Nehemiah Holland in 1811 ran the 
Exposition line of stages every Sunday, Tuesday, and 
Friday ; tickets at Barney's stage-otfice, Light Street. 

From Lancaster, Pa., ma York to Baltimore, in 
1797, a stage started every Monday morning from the 
house of William Ferris, stopping for dinner at 
Baltzer Spangler's, in York, and arrived in Baltimore 
Tuesday evening ; and returned from the house of 
Abraham KaufFman, at the sign of the Black Bear, in 
Gay Street, every Wednesday, and arrived in York 
on Thursday, connecting with stages to Philadelphia 
or Lancaster; fare to York from Lancaster eleven 
shillings, and from York to Baltimore three and a 
half shillings, with fifteen pounds of baggage. 

Edward McCabe and Levi Hulton in 1808 ran a 
line of stages to Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, leaving 
the house of Benjamin Williams (formerly David 
Hostetter's tavern), sign of Red Lion, North Howard 
Street, Baltimore, every Thursday at 4 a.m., arriving 
at Hanover the same evening. In 1818, Adam Hoo- 
ver's line of stages ran from Baltimore, through Reis- 
terstown, Hampstead, Manchester, Hanover, Abbotts- j 
town, York Springs, and Petersburg to Carlisle, Pa., t 
and also a hack from Carlisle for Ramsay's Sulphur 
Springs. 

John Ragan in 1797 ran a stage three times a week 
to Hagerstown ; and to Emmitsburg, via Union and 
Taneytown, a bi-weekly line was run in 1826, and in 
this last year a line to Chambersbiirg was running 
every Thursday and Saturday. 

A bi-weekly line of stage-coaches ran in 1783 be- 
tween Baltimore and Frederick Town, William Da- 
vey and Richard Shoebels proprietors, "stopping for 
the entertainment of passengers at Mr. Hobbs', Mr. 
Simpson's, and Mr. Ricketts', where good fare may 



> In 18IS the line from Washington wa 
Hooe'a Ferry, and Port Royal. 



I Piacataway, Port Tobacco, 



be had for fifteen shillings." In 1819 the stage-route 
from Baltimore to Pittsburgh and Wheeling was 
via Frederick Town, Hagerstown, Cumberland, and 
Brownsville. Starting from Gadsby's Hotel every 
Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday, it arrived at Ha- 
gerstown at 8 o'clock P.M. same day ; left Hagerstown 
Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 3 o'clock 
-i.M., arriving at Pratt's Tavern same evening at 6 
P.M. ; left Pratt's Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Satur- 
days at 2 A.M., and arrived at Union Town, Pa., 
at 9 P.M., leaving there at 4 a.m., and arriving at 
Pittsburgh and West Alexandria the same evening; 
thence at 4 a.m., arriving in Wheeling at 7 a.m., 
through in four days. The Good Intent and Pilot 
lines to Pittsburgh and Wheeling and Cincinnati in 
1838 ran daily, with United States mail. 

In their "day and generation" these were the fast 
lines of our fathers, but they have passed away for- 
ever, leaving behind them only their advertisements 
for travelers to show who were the men of energy and 
enterprise that preceded the " railway kings" of the 
present time. 

Internal Improvements. — No State in the Union 
has a bolder record upon internal improvements than 
the State of Maryland, and whether we look at her 
completed works or at the many which " closed their 
little being without light and went down to the grave 
unborn," we shall discover a people who throughout 
their history have exhibited fiir-reaching views of 
State improvement and commercial development. 
As early as 1783 the people began to stir themselves 
about works of internal improvement which should 
bring other people and their productsjiearer to Mary- 
land and her water-ways to the ocean. At that early 
day water-ways ofl'ered the most practicable and 
easiest mode of intercommunication. The Susque- 
hanna River poured its waters into the Chesapeake, 
and extended far up into the "back country" of 
Pennsylvania. To reach that fertile country and 
transport its productions to Baltimore, men like 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton were "actuated by 
very laudable motives," and subscribed eighteen 
thousand five hundred pounds in Maryland currency, 
and pledged themselves to raise a further sura of fif- 
teen hundred pounds, and the General Assembly, 
" being strongly impressed with the general utility of 
the said undertaking, with the beneficial consequences 
that will be derived from the accomplishment thereof," 
incorporated the "Proprietors of the Susquehanna 
Canal." It was a courageous beginning, and an ex- 
ample that was followed in 1784 by an effort to ex- 
tend the navigation of the North Branch of the 
Potomac River, which " would also serve the com- 
mon interest," and therefore "the Potomac Company" 
was incorporated, with a capital stock of $222,222.22. 
In the same year leave was granted to the citizens of 
Baltimore to cut a canal from the Basin to the Ferry 
Branch of the Patapsco. In 1796 a charter was 
granted to the " Pocomoke Company" for the im- 



TRANSPORTATION. 



provement of that river, with a capital of $11,000. 
In 1799 the " Chesapealie and Delaware Canal 
Company" was incorporated, with a capital of 
$500,000. We cannot here undertake to trace the 
amount of work done under any of these charters, 
our purpose having been merely to sketch the early 
history of our people in the matter of internal im- 
provement. It will be seen from these dates that the 
spirit of improvement was early abroad in Maryland. 

The waters of the Chesapeake and Dehaware Bays, 
notwithstanding the last-mentioned charter, were not 
connected, and the war of 1812-14 was fought with- 
out the aid of such a work. In 1812 the Legis- 
lature of Maryland first indicated a purpose to con- 
nect the State with the internal improvements, as 
may be seen in the words of the preamble of the 
act of that year, which says that during the war of 
the Revolution such a canal as the Chesapeake and 
Delaware would have been important, in a military 
point of view, to the whole people, and to Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland, and Delaware would be of great 
importance in promoting commerce. Therefore it 
was resolved that if the United States would take 
seven hundred and fifty shares, and Pennsylvania 
three hundred and sixty-five shares, and Delaware 
one hundred shares, Maryland would take one hun- 
dred and fifty shares. 

The Patapsco Canal Company, with a capital of 
$1,000,000, was incorporated in 1817, and in the same 
year a company was chartered to connect by canal 
the Severn River and Curtis Creek, and from the 
Severn River to the eastern branch of the Potomac. 
The latter was to be the " Washington and Baltimore 
Canal Company," and its capital stock was $800,000. 

Neither the United States, nor Pennsylvania nor 
Delaware having paid any attention to the invitation 
of Maryland in 1812 to aid, as shown above, in the 
work of connecting the waters of the Delaware and 
Chesapeake Bays, in 1822 the Legislature of Mary- 
land came to its aid, saying, " There does not appear 
to exist a disposition on the part of the United 
States and the State of Pennsylvania to subscribe 
their respective quotas ;" and directs its own sub- 
scription to be made if certain private subscriptions 
could be had. It was about this time, 1823, that 
the first definite indications of public sentiment 
were given for the construction of a water-way from 
the Chesapeake to the Ohio. The preamble re- 
cited that " a navigable canal from the tide- water of 
the river Potomac, in the District of Columbia, to 
the mouth of Savage Creek, on the North Branch of 
the said river, and extending thence across the Alle- 
ghany Mountains to some convenient point on the 
navigable waters of the river Ohio, will be a work of 
great profit and advantage, and interweave more 
closely all the mutual interests and afiectious that are 
calculated to consolidate and perpetuate the vital 
principles of union." For these reasons the canal 
company was incorporated, and the " Potomac Canal 



Company," incorporated in 1784, was directed " to 
cease and determine." The capital was fixed at 
$6,000,000, and provision was made for the reduction 
jjro rata in the number of shares subscribed for, in 
case popular interest in the investment led to a larger 
subscription than this amount. A dividend was to be 
declared annually or semi-annually, but no dividend to 
a larger amount than fifteen per cent, per annum was 
to be declared. So great were the expectations of 
popular subscriptions that it was not then thought 
necessary to admit the State to share in the prospective 
profits. In this year, 1823, the General Assembly also 
considered the subject of connecting the Susquehanna 
River with the city of Baltimore, and authority was 
given to the city to construct the work, which was to 
be called the " Baltimore Canal." The State reserved 
the right to purchase the improvement after it was 
made. In 1824, John J. Jacques, of Dorchester County, 
was authorized by act of Assembly to make a canal 
between Fishing Bay and the Nanticoke River, and in 
1825, John McKnight obtained like authority for a 
canal from Hapleford Creek to the main road in Dor- 
chester County, and "sundry citizens" in Somerset 
County were also authorized to cut a canal from Quan- 
tico Creek to the Nanticoke River ; and Baltimore not 
having availed herself of the privilege of constructing 
the "Baltimore Canal," the "Susquehanna and Poto- 
mac Canal Company" was incorporated (1825), with a 
capital of $2,500,000. The " proprietors of the Susque- 
hanna Canal Company" of 1783 not having fulfilled 
their mission, were authorized to subscribe to the new 
work, and the old company was to be extinct. The 
" Maryland Canal" was originated in this same year, 
1825, to connect the " Chesapeake and Ohio Canal" 
with Baltimore. In furtherance of this great enterprise 
public meetings were held in Frederick, Cumberland, 
Williamsport, and Washington. Surveys were made 
by Isaac Trimble of the following routes : 

Miles. Lockage. Cost. 

Westminster 113 860 

Liiiganore 81 827 S8,810,00(] 

Sciioca 76 7(il 6,3ii4,:i(X] 

Georgetown U% 262 3,o30,00J 

In 1836, William Krebs was elected president, and 
Richard Caton, Daniel Cobb, Samuel Jones, Jr., 
Charles F. Mayer, Jacob Albert, and James W. Mc- 
Culloch, directors. In 1826 the Internal Improve- 
ment Bill became a law, and the Board of Public 
Works was established, consisting of Thomas Bu- 
chanan, Richard Potts, Robert W. Bowie, Isaac Mc- 
Kim, William Howard, Ezekiel F. Chambers, R. H. 
Goldsborough, Littleton Dennis, and the Governor of 
the State, ex officio president. 

In 1828 the Frederick County Canal Company 
and the Annapolis and Potomac Canal Company 
were incorporated, the latter to take the place of the 
Washington and Baltimore Canal Company of 1817, 
and for the purpose of giving the ancient capital of 
the State a connection with the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal ; in 1832 the Lewis and Pocomoke Canal 



314 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Company and Transquoekin Canal Company of Dor- 
chester County ; and in 1835 authority was given to 
construct a canal from Cumberland, Md., to the mouth 
of Savage Creek, and also the Tide- Water Canal in 
the place of the Baltimore Canal Company ; and in 
1836 the St. Martin's Canal and Navigation Company 
was incorporated. 

In 1826 the railroad fever seems to have supplanted 
the canal fever, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
inaugurated the new era. In 1827 the Baltimore and 
Susquehanna Railroad, also the Elkton and Wilming- 
ton Railroad Company, the New Castle and French- 
town Turnpike and Railroad Company, were incor- 
porated. In 1828 the Baltimore and Washington 
Turnpike Company was authorized to build a railroad 
to Washington. The Washington Branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio in 1830; the Wilmington and 
Smyrna Railroad Company, the Alleghany Coal- 
Mine Railroad Company, the Cecil County Railroad 
Company, Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad 
Company, and Sam's Creek Railroad Company were 
all incorporated in 1831. The Eastern Shore Rail- 
road was chartered in the legislative year 1885, but 
in fact upon the 4th of June, 1836. The feverish 
excitement in relation to internal improvements in 
the State culminated in the passage of "The Eight 
Million Loan Bill," under which the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad re- 
ceived a subscription of three millions of dollars each, 
and the Eastern Shore Railroad Company, the Mary- 
land Canal Company of 1825, and the Annapolis and 
Potomac Canal Company of 1828 were remembered. 
That to the Eastern Shore Railroad Company was 
not, like the others, made dependent upon individual 
subscriptions. This sketch of the era of internal 
improvements in Maryland will show with what earn- 
estness the people entered into the work of opening up 
the county, and may also serve to show, when read 
by the light of subsequent experience, how futile 
were the expectations that possessed our fathers when 
they thought that within a few years the State would 
" desist from taxation and live upon the income of 
its public works, and from the surplus applied to new 
enterprises enlarge the public wealth and elevate the 
community to honor and fortune." 

Railroad Connections. — " Remarks on the Inter- 
course of Baltimore with the Western Country. With 
a view of the communications proposed between the 
Atlantic and Western States. Baltimore. Printed 
and published by Joseph Robinson, 1818." Such is 
the title of a curious old pamphlet of the times of 
turnpikes. The map that accompanies the pamphlet 
shows two turnpikes projected, the one from Phila- 
delphia to Pittsburgh, the other from Baltimore to 
Wheeling. The first pas.ses Lancaster and Harris- 
burg to Pittsburgh, and the second from Baltimore, via 
Hagerstown and Hancock, to Wheeling. The argu- 
ments advanced by the author of the pamphlet in 
favor of the Baltimore to Wheeling turnpike are 



identical with those which have since demonstrated 
the greater usefulness and cheapness in transporta- 
tion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad over all the 
great trunk lines that now connect the Mississippi 
Valley with the Atlantic. The proposed Baltimore 
and Wheeling turnpike would have been two hun- 
dred and fifty-two miles and ninety-nine and a half 
perches ; that between Philadelphia and Wheeling, 
four hundred and twenty-three miles, or by another 
route, five hundred and eighteen miles. The esti- 
mates for working expenses and profits were as 
follows : 

First Cost. 
2 teams at each stage,— 28 teams, 6 hoTses each, — 168 horses. 

168 horses, at S120 ., S20,16U 

25 wagons, at $)llO 7,600 

Expenses not foreseen 2,340 

$50,1)00 

Annoai, Expenses. 

Interest on 8:i0,000 capital at G per cent 81,800 

Keep of 168 horses, at 40 cts. per diem 24,628 

28 drivers, at S20 per month 6,720 

$33,048 

Annual Receipts. 

60 cwt. taken for S2 for 300 worlting days 936,000 

One-third freight back 12,000 

$48,000 
Leaving a balance of 815,000 after paying interest on capital. 

This extract measures in one way the rapid advance 
of our country in sixty-three years, — " 60 cwt." per 
day, not a rar-load ! 

Ten years later, 1828, perhaps the writer of this 
old pamphlet may have witnessed the ceremony of 
the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton laying 
the " corner-stone" of the first great railroad in the 
United States, the Baltimore and Ohio. The three 
hundred and seventy-nine miles to Wheeling, which 
were completed in 1853, have been extended to three 
thousand five hundred and fifty-eight miles in 1881. 
It crosses the States of Maryland, West Virginia, 
Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, and forms connection 
with the trans-Mississippi system, by which it reaches 
to the Pacific. Its branches extend northward to 
the Lakes, and southward it has continuous connec- 
tions to the Gulf, thus centering at Baltimore those 
facilities of travel and transportation by which 
almost every State has intimate relations with this 
city. Nearly every city and important town in the 
Northwest, the West, and Southwest are by this one 
line and its connections brought into commercial and 
social relations with Baltimore. 

The Northern Central Railway connects Baltimore 
with the great Pennsylvania system, and its connec- 
tions extend over almost the same country as that 
traversed by the Baltimore and Ohio, thus furnishing 
a competing connection, by which the utmost possible 
economy in the cost of transportation is secured. The 
South and Southwest also enjoy the same advantages 
of competing roads. The Baltimore and Potomac, 
with the Washington and Alexandria, the Alexandria 
and Fredericksburg, the Richmond, Fredericksburg 
and Potomac, stretches onward through Virginia and 




|f|Jl!rei_i!i}iii!|iii5f,!i|' ,, 




BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD CENTRAL BUILDING. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



North Carolina to Georgia and to the Gulf and the 
Mississippi. The trans-Potomac connections of the 
Baltimore and Ohio traverse Virginia, branching at 
Lynchburg to the southwest, and also to the south 
via Danville. The Atlantic sea-board, by means of 
the Bay Line steamers and the Sea-board and Roan- 
oke Railroad, are brought into the closest commercial 
relations with Baltimore. When to this magnificent 
system of continental communications is added the 
Northern and Eastern system, it may be said of Bal- 
timore that there is hardly a hamlet in the Union 
tluit may not feel the impulse of her energy and en- 
terprise. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — No adequate 
sketch of the growth of Baltimore City could be given 
that did not embody some account of the great rail- 
road which has probably contributed more to its com- 
mercial prosperity than all other agencies combined. 
Happily, the origin and early history of this splendid 
public improvement are not involved in obscurity. 
There are men still living whose recollection goes 
back to the first organization of the company, and 
who were identified with the movements by which its 
corporate franchises were secured and its credit estab- 
lished. All of the original projectors and corporators 
have passed away, but some of their younger associates 
still remain. Were there no other sources of infor- 
mation, an accurate history of the road from the day 
the " first stone" was laid by Charles Carroll of Car- 
roUton (July 4, 1828) down to a very recent period 
might be compiled from the public laws, the reports 
of committees of the two houses of the General As- 
sembly, and the decisions of the courts. There was 
something so striking in the inauguration of this 
gigantic enterprise that the main incidents were 
deeply impressed upon the popular mind, and the 
whole story has since crystallized into local legends 
which are part of the lore of every Baltimore school- 
boy. 

As the first railroad ever projected for general trafiic 
between widely-separated sections of the country, the 
history of the Baltimore and Ohio during the first 
ten years of its progress towards the mountains is 
singularly interesting. The builders were compelled 
not only to grapple with the unsolved problems of 
railroad construction, but to devise all the mechani- 
cal appliances by which transportation was to be ef- 
fected. The colossal monument which they have left 
of their far-reaching commercial sagacity is colored 
with the romance of invention, and in the experi- 
ments conducted by the ingenious mechanics whose 
names are associated with the early history of the 
company is to be found the germ of almost everything 
that is now regarded as useful and effective in the 
moving of railway trains. It is also a remarkable 
fact that the familiar phrases by which railroad opera- 
tions are now described were used in the reports, ad- 
dresses, and resolutions in which the founders of the 
Baltimore and Ohio first disclosed their contemplated 



enterprise to the public ; while the original act of in- 
corporation, as drawn by the late Hon. John V. L. 
McMahon, one of Maryland's most distinguished 
lawyers and orators, has served as a model for nearly 
all the railroad charters that have been granted in the 
United States. 

During the first quarter of the present century the 
trade of the West was as much a matter of concern 
to the enterprising merchants of Baltimore as it is 
to-day. The State of New York had laid the foun- 
dation for the commercial supremacy of her chief city 
by digging a canal from the lakes to the Hudson 
River, while Pennsylvania was engaged in an exten- 
sive scheme of public improvements which were in- 
tended to unite the Susquehanna and the Delaware 
Rivers with the Ohio River and the lakes. At that 
time the only means of bringing the W^est into easy 
communication with the sea-board that seemed prac- 
ticable was the linking together of navigable rivers 
by canals. Notwithstanding the tremendous cost and 
the extraordinary obstacles to be overcome, Maryland 
embarked in the colossal undertaking. The Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal was chartered by the Legisla- 
ture in the year 1825, and a subscription of $500,000 
to the capital authorized by the act of incorporation 
paved the way for further investments and loans 
until the State had completely prostrated its own 
credit. The franchises, money, and credit granted to 
the canal not only exhausted the resources that ought 
! to have been expended upon the railway in order to 
I secure its speedy completion, but placed obstacles in 
j its path which greatly retarded its progress. At one 
I time the opposition of the canal company seemed 
1 more formidable than the mountains which loomed 
! up beyond the point where the right of way was dis- 
puted. 

Among the public-spirited citizens of Baltimore 
who saw that the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal could 
not be extended across the mountains except at such 
I a cost as would make the project utterly impractica- 
ble were Philip E. Thomas and George Brown.' 
Both were gentlemen of wealth and intelligence, and 
! both had devoted much study to the new method of 
transportation which had been for some time attract- 
ing attention in England. They were in correspond- 
ence with friends abroad, who kept them informed of 
the various experiments that were being tried on the 
short railways at the New Castle coal-mines and else- 
where. From the data thus obtained these thoughtful 
pioneers in the greatest commercial enterprise of the 
nineteenth century came to the conclusion that rail- 
ways were entirely practicable for the general pur- 
poses of transportation and traffic, and that they must 
eventually supersede the costly canals which were 

1 At this time Mr. Thomas was president of the Mechanics' Banl5, but 
in consequence of the engagements which afterwards devolved npon him 
as the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, he resigned the 
presidency of the bank, and George Brown was elected to fill the va- 



316 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



then in the course of construction between the sea- 
board and the West. Acting upon this conviction, 
they invited some twenty-five of the leading citizens 
of Baltimore to meet at the residence of Mr. Brown 
on the evening of Feb. 12, 1827, for the purpose of 
procuring an interchange of opinion upon the subject 
in which they were so profoundly interested.' 

At this meeting William Patterson was appointed 
chairman, and David Winchester secretary. Various 
documents and statements setting forth the advan- 
tages of railroads over turnpikes and canals having 
been exhibited and approved, a committee consisting 
of Philip E. Thomas, Benjamin C. Howard, George 
Brown, Talbot Jones, Joseph W. Patterson, and Evan 
Thomas was appointed to make a formal report at 
a future meeting, embodying the views of those who 
had faith in the success of the contemplated railway. 

This report was submitted by Mr. Thomas, the 
chairman of the committee, at a meeting held on 
Feb. 19, 1827, and when read at this day, in the light 
of what has been accomplished, it almost seems as if 
the author was touched with the spirit of prophecy 
when he unfolded the possibilities of the great scheme, 
in the prosecution of which he was destined to play 
so distinguished a part. In the broad, comprehensive 
view taken by these sagacious founders of the rail- 
road system in the United States, nothing but a 
double track railway would meet the demands of the 
traffic between Baltimore and the great West, and 
the resolution on Feb. 19, 1827, proposing the con- 
struction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, calls 
for " a double track." In those days New Orleans 
was looked upon as the most formidable competitor 
with Baltimore for the trade of the West, and Mr. 
Thomas, in his report, while admitting the superior 
advantages enjoyed by New Orleans, expresses the 
belief that the long distance between the States bor- 
dering on the Ohio and the " Crescent City," and the 
deleterious effect of the Southern climate upon grain 
and provisions, would save to Baltimore a consider- 
able share of the trade of the Ohio Valley and the 
Upper Mississippi Valley. Mr. Thomas lived long 
enough to see the railroad system which he inaugu- 
rated stretching its arms far across the Mississippi 
Valley, and downwards to the very city which he 
supposed would become the metropolis of the West, 
as well as the South, because the waters of all the 
great rivers of the West flow by her wharves. Far- 
reaching as was his vision, and comprehensive as was 
his intellect, he did not dream that the new force 
which he and his associates were calling into exist- 
ence would turn traffic from its natural channels, and 
rob rivers of their commerce. 

A large edition of this report was ordered to be 
printed, and at this day it is impossible to estimate 

IThe call being **to take into consideration the beet means of re- 
Btoringto the city of Baltimore that portion of tho WeBtern trade which 
has lately been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation 
and by other causes.^' 



the effect which it produced upon the public mind. 
It gave an impulse to railroad building which was 
felt throughout the whole country, and enterprises, 
which had lain dormant for years, were quickened 
into life. A plan for the organization of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad Company was immediately 
drawn up, and a committee of eminent citizens of 
Maryland appointed to procure an act of incorpora- 
tion from the General Assembly then in session ; and 
also secure the necessary legislation from the other 
States — Virginia and Pennsylvania — through a por- 
tion of whose territory the road as projected would 
pass before reaching the Ohio River.-' 

The application to the General Assembly was suc- 
cessful, and the act of incorporation was passed Feb. 
27, 1 827, nine days after the scheme was first submitted 
to the public. The distinguished lawyer who prepared 
the charter had no precedents to guide him, but its 
provisions are nevertheless well adapted to promote 
the objects for which it was granted, and it is, withal, 
so exact in its language, and has stood the test of prac- 
tical experience and judicial scrutiny so well, that even 
now its phraseology is seldom departed from in the 
drawing of similar instruments. The ('lause exempt- 
ing the shares of capital stock from taxation gave rise 
to much controversy in later years, but the Court of 
Appeals not only affirmed its constitutionality, but 
decided that, under this provision, all the property of 
the company of every description was exempt from 
taxation. The capital stock was fixed at $3,000,000 
(30,000 shares, each of the value of $100), which the 
president and directors were empowered to increase, 
and the State was authorized to subscribe for 10,000 
shares ($1,000,000), and the city of Baltimore 5000 
shares ($500,000). Such was the confidence in the 
ultimate success of the project, and such the enthusi- 
asm of the people, that during the eleven days on 
which the stock books were kept open in the city of 
Baltimore the subscriptions amounted to $4,178,000. 
The charter fixed the amount at $3,000,000 (half of 
which was to be reserved for the State of Maryland 
and the city of Baltimore). There was as yet no 
board of directors in existence, and Isaac McKim, 
Thomas EUicott, Jos. W. Patterson, John McKim, 
Jr., William Stewart, Talbot Jones, Roswell L. Colt, 
George Brown, and Evan Thomas, the commissioners 
named in the act, could only accept subscriptions to 
the amount of $1,500,000. Before the close of the 
year 1828 subscriptions to the capital stock to the 
amount of $4,000,000 were accepted by the board of 
directors. 

A sufficient amount of stock having been subscribed 



2 This committee was composed of the following gentlemen : Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton, William Patterson. lenac McKim, Robert Oliver, 
Charles Eidgely, of Hampton, Tliounis Tenant, Alexander Brown, John 
tIcKim, Jr., Talbot Jones, James Wilson, Thomas Ellicott, George Hoff- 
man, William Stewart, Philip E. Thomas, William Lorman, George 
Warner, Benjamin C. Howard, Solenion Etting, W. W. Taylor, Alex- 
ander Fridge, James L. Hawkins, John B. Morris, Luke Tieruan, Alex- 
ander McDonald, and Solomon Birckhead. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



317 



and all the preliminary conditions prescribed by the 
act of incorporation having been complied with, the 
construction of the railroad was commenced.' The 
board of directors was organized April 23, 1827, and 
consisted of the following gentlemen : Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, William Patterson, Robert Oliver, 
Alexander Brown, Isaac McKim, William Lorman, 
George Hoffman, Philip E. Thomas, John B. Morris, 
Thomas Ellicott, Talbot Jones, and William Stewart. 
Philip E. Thomas was made president, and George 



on which the "first stone" was laid. Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Decla- 
ration of Independence, took a conspicuous part in 
the ceremonies of the day. The military and civic 
procession was the largest and most imposing that 
Baltimore had ever seen, and a number of the most 
distinguished men in the country honored the occa- 
sion with their presence. The memorial stone, which 
was presented by the stone-cutters of Baltimore, 
through a committee composed of James F. Syming- 




lARLE.S CAKKOLL OF CAKKOLLTOX. 



Brown treasurer. The 4th of July, 1828, will be for- 
ever memorable in the annals of Baltimore as the day 

I The earliest use of the railway principle in America was by the 
"Qaincy Granite Railway Company," which was chartered by the Legis- 
lature of Massachusetts, March 4, 1826, for " the conveyance of stone and 
other property." The incorporators were Thomas H. Perkins, William 
Sallivan, Amos Lawrence, David Moody, Solomon Willard, Gridley 
Bryant, "and their associates," with a capital of $100,000. They were 
not authorized to transport passengers until April, 1846, but never 
availed themselves of this privilege. Messrs. Philip E. Thomas, Alexan- 
der Brown, and Thomas Ellicott were appointed a committee by the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad to examine this roaii, which they did, and 
made a very elaborate report on the 2lst of June, 1827. 
21 



ton, Frederick Baughman, H. B. Griffith, and Alex- 
ander Gadde.ss, was planted in an open field a short 
distance from the city limits.' In changing the grade 

2 The ceremonies of laying the corner-stone were begun by a prayer 
by the Eev. Dr. Wyatt, followed by the reading of the Declaration of In- 
dependence by Upton S. Heath, with an eloquent preface. The Carroll- 
ton March, composed by Mr. Ctifton, being then performed, John B. 
Morris, one of the directors, delivered an eloquent address. On the con- 
clusion of the address the corner-stone was laid by Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, with grand Masonic ceremonies. The following was the in- 
scription on the stone: " Tfcis Storw, presented by theStonc-OuWerj of Balti- 
more in commemoration of the commencement of the BaJlimore and Ohio 
Railroitdf was here placed on the Fourth of July, 1828, by the Grand 



318 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



some years afterwards this stone was covered with 
earth and has never since been seen. For a long time 
the precise locality was unknown, but it has since 
been ascertained and marked. 

Fortunate as was the company in its selection of offi- 
cers and in the intelligent mechanics whom it took 
into its employ, it nevertheless owes much of its early 
success to the corps of skillful and adventurous engi- 
neers detailed from the United States army to make 
a reconnoissance from the Chesapeake Bay to the 
Ohio, and to report the result of their experimental 
surveys. During the summer of 1827 these gentlemen 
entered upon the work assigned them, and early in the 
following year made their report. All the engineers 
who have followed in the paths opened up by these 
pioneers have been greatly indebted to them for tlieir 
full and accurate description of the topography of the 
region traversed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
Gen. Isaac Trimble, to whom was assigned the district 
through which the Parkersburg branch of the Balti- 
more and Ohio now passes, and which he, with a touch 
of unconscious humor, divides into two sections in his 
report, " the mountainous and the hilly," is at this writ- 
ing (October, 1881) still living, and still a practical 
engineer. 

There was a general concurrence in the opinion that 
the line of the first division of the road trom Baltimore 



Loil.je o/ Man/liml. assisteil l>y CTiarZes OirroU of CarrolUm, the last sur- 

i,:j, ,/>■:-.■ :'>■ !■ .. '...■..' ]>■,. ■■<,^ //.■''., -/■/-.■'/r^, autl ucder the 
ilii' ', M ' r. !■■ !■. I ..■ I \'r. I I ■! iiM I I. ui Company.^'* On 

M"i:i AMi uiii,: I; M I i:.. M. Ii^il nii\..l 1 1 1. -toiiH was deposited a 

gliu^s cylimlor, lit- iiiieticiilly seiiled, cmitainiiig ;i txipy of the charter of 
the company, as granted and confirmed by the States of Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, and Pennsylvania, and the newspapers of the day, together with 
a scroll containing these words : " This stone is deposited in conimemora. 
tion of the commencement of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a work 
of iUep and vUal interest to the American people. Its accomplishment 
will confer the most important benefits upon this nation by facilitating 
its commerce, diffusing and extending its social intercourse, and perpetu- 
ating the happy union of these confederated States. The first general 
meeting of the citizens of Baltimore to confer upon the adoption of 
proper measures for undertaking this magnificent work was on the 12th 
day of February, 1827. An act of incorporation by the State of Mary- 
land was granted Feb. 28, 1827, and was confirmed by the State of Vir- 
ginia March 8, 1S27. Stock was subscribed to provide funds for its ex- 
ecution April 1, 1827. The first board of directors was elected April 23, 

1827. The company was organized April 24, 1827. An examination of 
the country was commenced under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Stephen 
H. Long and Capt. William G. McNeill, U. S. Topographical Engineers, 
and William Howard, D. S. Civil Engineer, assisted by Lieuts. Barney, 
Trimble, and Dillebunty, of the U. S. artillery, and Mr. Harrison, July 
2, 1827. The actual surveys to determine the route were begun by the 
same officers, with the additional assistance of Lieuts. Cook, Gwynn, 
Hazzard, Fessenden, and Thompson, and Mr. Guiou, Nov. 20, 1827. Tlie 
charter of the company was confirmed by the State of Pennsylvania 
Feb. 22, 1828. The State of Maryland became a stockholder in the com- 
pany, by subscribing for half a million of dollars of its stock, March 6, 

1828. And the construction of the road was commenced July 4, 1828, 
under the management of the following-named board of directors: 
Philip Evau Thomas, president ; Charles Carroll of Carrollton, William 
Patterson, Robert Oliver, Alexander Brown, Isaac McKim, William Lor- 
mau, George Hoffman, John B. Morris, Talbot Jones, William Stewart, 
Solomon fitting, Patrick Macauley ; George Brown, treasurer." The com- 
mittee to arrange the ceremonies of the laying of the corner-stone was 
composed of George Hoffman, Alexander Brown, John B. Morris, and 
Patrick Macauley. 



westward should follow the course of the Patapsco 
River, cross Parr's Ridge, and run thence, by. as direct 
a line as possible, to Point of Rocks ; thence along the 
Maryland shore of the Potomac River, through the 
gap at Harper's Ferry, to William.sport, which was 
fixed as the terminus of the first division. This route 
turned the flank of the Catoctin Mountain, and 
avoided the necessity of grading or tunneling the 
South Mountain, by taking advantage of the natural 
cut made by the waters of the Potomac. Other routes 
were surveyed, any one of which might have been 
quite as advantageous for local traffic, but the avoid- 
ing of the mountain grades was a consideration too 
weighty to be overcome. One of the experimental 
surveys led to Mechanicstown, and thence through 
the South Mountain by the gaps now occupied by the 
Western Maryland Railroad. All the lines converged 
at Williamsport, and it was a very great disappoint- 
ment to the people of Washington County when the 
litigation with the canal company and the subsequent 
action of the Virginia Legislature compelled the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Company to cross the Potomac at 
Harper's Ferry and locate their line in that State as 
far west as Cumberland. This was one of the unhappy 
consequences of the dispute concerning the riglit of 
way through the passes of the Potomac. 

In his report of the first reconnoissance. Col. Long, 
the chief of the corps of engineers, not only gave a 
topographical sketch of the country through which 
the experimental lines were run, but also appended 
" a statement of the principles" which in his opinion 
should govern the construction of railroads. Consid- 
ering that he was dealing with a subject upon which 
there was at that time but little information derived 
from actual experience, his theories and suggestions 
were surprisingly near to being correct. He was of 
the opinion that the space between the rails should be 
four feet six and a half inches ; that where there are 
two tracks there should be an intervening space of two 
feet ; that the embankment for a double track should 
be eighteen feet wide on the top, and that all side- 
tracks should be laid so as to allow loaded cars seven 
feet wide to pass each other. He also took into ac- 
count the effect of the heat of summer and the cold 
of winter upon the iron rails, and suggested that the 
holes for the rivets should be elliptical, so as to allow 
one-twelfth of an inch on each side of the rivet for 
contraction and expansion. In common with most of 
the railroad men of those days, he thought that stone 
was the proper material for longitudinal sills, and he 
advised the Board of Directors that wooden sills should 
never be used, " except in situations where a tempo- 
rary structure is advisable in order to allow the sub- 
stratum of the road to settle and consolidate before a 
work of more permanent character can be advan- 
tageously substituted." The directors so far con- 
curred in this view that when the road reached the 
vicinity of Ellicott's Mills, where granite quarries 
still abound, a portion of one section of track was laid 



TRANSPOKTATION. 



319 



with granite sills. An enthusiastic newspaper re- 
porter of the period, who passed over the road on a 
free excursion May 22, 1830, describes the granite I 
rail section as the " ne plus ultra of railroad making, 
combining as it does the greatest strength and solidity ' 
in a material which will endure for ages. It possesses, 
also, the advantage, from its unyielding nature, of af- 
fording the full cnjo)Tnent of the moving power which 
may be applied." The " unyielding nature" so highly 
commended by the reporter is the quality which un- 
fits granite for railroad sills, as was soon discovered, 
and the Baltimore and Ohio Company made no further ' 
experiments with this material. 

Having divided the line of the road as located be- 
tween Baltimore and Ellicott's Mills into twenty-six 
sections, the contracts for constructing the road-bed 
were given out early in July, 1828, and work was 
begun on July 28th, the first grading being done on 
the sections intervening between the " first stone" and i 
the city limits. The deep cut some two miles west of 
the starting*point greatly delayed the work, and the 
cost, which largely exceeded the estimates, had a some- 
what depressing effect on the prospects of the com- 
pany. The burst of enthusisam which had run up the 
conditional stock subscriptions to $4,000,000 thirty 
days after the charter was granted had measurably 
subsided before the first section of the road was 
graded, and the directors were obliged to advance 
$200,000 of their own private funds to complete the 
above-mentioned cut. During the year 1829 the three 
sections of the road nearest the city were completed, 
a depot was established at the end of Pratt near 
Poppleton Street, on ground now inclosed in the 
Mount Clare yards, and on Jan. 7, 1830, the company 
began to run excursion-ears out to the CarroUton vi- 
aduct, about one and a half miles distant. The fare 
for the round trip was nine cents, or three tickets for 
twenty-five cents, and the Federal Gazette, in chron- 
icling the event, exultingly remarked that " within 
about fifteen months after the actual commencement 
of its construction our railroad has begun to be pro- 
ductive." The cars used for the excursions were of a 
pattern that would excite much ridicule in these days, 
and were drawn by a single horse provided for the com- 
pany by Messrs. Stockton & Stokes, the great stage- 
drivers; but .such was the novelty of " a ride upon 
the rail" in the winter and spring of 1830 that on fine 
days the Mount Clare depot was crowded with eager 
excursionists, and it was impossible for the company 
with its limited facilities to furnish transportation for 
all who were anxious to try the new mode of travel. 
On the 22d of May, 1830, the road was formally 
opened to Ellicott's Mills, and then the business of 
transporting passengers and freight began in real 
earnest. The company put new cars on the track as 
fast as they could be built, making such improvements 
from time to time as experience suggested, and man- 
aged the transportation business so well that the re- 
ceipts, which averaged something over $1000 a week, 



largely exceeded the working expenses. The average 
number of passengers during the month of June ex- 
ceeded 400 per day. The result of the first three 
months' operations between Baltimore and Ellicott's 
Mills practically solved the railway problem. 

While the company was devoting its energies to 
the construction of the road, and to the procuring 
of means to carry on the great undertaking, a half- 
dozen thoughtful mechanics were inventing and per- 
fecting the machinery which wa.s destined to become 
a most important part of the railroad system. The 
locomotive was not entirely unknown at this period, 
but it was yet a slow, feeble, and somewhat intract- 
able machine. It remained for the engineers and me- 
chanics in the employ of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company to develop its power and speed, to 
give it beauty of form and action, to adapt it to curves 
and grades, and, in short, to endow it with most of 
the splendid qualities which make the " iron horse" the 
wonder of the age. About the time that the company 
was chartered, Ross Winans, a New Jersey farmer, who 
had a remarkable genius for mechanical invention, 
; removed to Baltimore, and turned his attention to the 
building of steam-engines. The experiments in the 
construction of railroad machinery which the com- 
pany instituted gave Mr. Winans a wide field for the 
exercise of his inventive faculties. To him the rail- 
road world is indebted for a series of improvements 
in the construction of the locomotive without which 
it might have long remained a sort of blind giant, 
incapable of moving except upon a straight track. 
The Winans journals, friction-wheels, coal-burning 
j grates, and four-wheel trucks lifted forward the rail- 
way art at least ten years. His famous camel-back 
engines were in their day the most powerful motors 
in the world, and although none have been built since 
1861, the Baltimore and Ohio Company still has a 
large number of them in daily use. 

The first locomotives and cars used on the Balti- 
more and Ohio road had wheels with flanges on the 
outside, and for a while it was supposed that if the 
flanges were put inside it would be difiicult to keep 
the car on the track. Jonathan Knight, the chief 
engineer of the company, was at first of this opinion, 
but after the track had been laid to Ellicott's Mills 
with the iron strap on the outer edge of the wooden 
rails, and this section of the road had been in actual 
operation for four or five months, he came to a differ- 
ent conclusion. About this time Mr. Knight demon- 
strated by an intricate and laborious mathematical 
calculation that a pair of car-wheels should be equal 
sections of a cone, with the larger diameters turned 
inward and facing each other. He proved by scien- 
tific demonstration that wheels of this form would be 
less likely to leave the track than if they were par- 
allel sections of a cylinder. Every time a drayman 
rolls a flour-barrel down a pair of skids he illustrates 
the principle which Mr. Knight applied to the con- 
struction of car-wheels. The two cones are constantly 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



adjusting themselves to tlie curvature of tlie track and 
keeping the axle approximately at right angles to the 
rails. In rounding curves one wheel is crowded over 
against the outer rail, and by revolving on its larger 
diameter overcomes the increased distance ; while 
the other wheel, being pulled away from the inside 
rail, revolves on its smaller diameter, and having a 




PETER COOPER S LOCOMOTIVE. 

less distance to travel, both wheels move in lines ap- 
proximately parallel with the track. Except in turn- 
ing sharp curves the flange scarcely ever touches the 
rail, and under ordinary conditions a pair of conical 
wheels without flanges would keep the track. Mr. 
Knight was not the original inventor of the cone- 
shaped car-wheel, for it was in use in England as 
early as 1829, but he made an improvement in the 
form of a rim, which was regarded as of great utility. 
Of late years, as railroad-tracks have improved, the 
tendency has been to lessen the angle of the cone, in 
order to bring more of the rim of the wheel in eon- 
tact with the rail. 

To Peter Cooper, of New York, whose eighty-fourth 
birthday was recently celebrated, belongs the honor 
of placing the first steam-motor on the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad. Mr. Cooper had made a large invest- 
ment in real estate in Baltimore, and took much in- 
terest in the great public improvement, whose suc- 
cess, he had every reason to believe, would largely 
enhance the value of his property. The distinction 
which Mr. Cooper has since attained as a philanthro- 
pist and millionaire has, however, given an importance 
to this experiment which it scarcely deserves. His 
engine consisted of a small upright boiler, with enough 
of the machinery of an ordinary stationary engine to 
turn the wheels of the low platform-car on which it 
was mounted. There not being enough of draft to 
force the fire through the flues, a small fanning ap- 



paratus was attached, which was kept in motion by 
means of a band-wheel and strap running to a pulley 
on one of the axles. The first trip was made to the 
Relay House on Aug. 25, 1830,' and the motor being 
considered a success, Mr. Cooper invited the officers 
of the company and several of his friends, twenty- 
three persons in all, to make an excursion to Ellicott's 
Mills on August 28th. Eighteen of 
the excursionists seated themselves 
in a small car in front of the en- 
gine, and five were permitted to ride 
with the engineer, Mr. Cooper him- 
self Where the grade was favora- 
ble a speed of a mile in four minutes 
was attained, but the average speed 
did not exceed a mile in five min- 
utes. Mr. Cooper was highly com- 
plimented by his friends and guests 
upon the success of his engine, but 
it soon passed out of notice, and if 
any new principle or'mechanical 
appliance entered into its construc- 
tion which has been of the least 
practical utility the fact has been 
forgotten. Nevertheless the experi- 
ment of drawing, or rather pushing, 
a car with a steam-motor had a 
good moral effect, and no doubt en- 
couraged the projectors of the road 
to hope for better results from a 
more powerful machine.' 

Before the steam-motor made its appearance on the 



1 Upon this occasiou the following certificate was given to Mr. Cooper: 
"Among the persons who rode on the carriage of the engine, the sub- 
scribers take this opportunity to express their high gratification at the 
experiment, and to state their full confidence in the general construc- 
tion of the engine and the superior advantages of tiiis mode of convey- 
ance. Leonard Frailey, John S. Sliriver, Frederick S. Littig, Isaac 
Cooper, A. Horton, Henry Wedford, Wm. Tilyard, Alexander F. Turn- 
bull, Robert Carey Long." 

" The power of Mr. Ct>oper's " working model" was "little if any over 
the power of one horse, and was at the time described as follows: 
" Diameter of the cylinder, 314 inches, or 8J^ in area ; length of the stroke 
of the piston, 14 inches ; speed of the piston per minute, 220 feel ; pressure 
of Btoam per inch area, bQ pounds. The position of Uie cylinder is ver- 
tical, and tlie motion of the rod is connected with a vertical cog-wheel 
of 44 cogs, working into a pinion of 23, fixed on the axle of the forward 
wheels ; the axles of these wheels move in boxes of (jillinghanrs con- 
struction, the bearings on the extremity outside the nave; the rear 
wheels are on Ross Winans' patent principle, with friction-wheels, 
which permit the carriage to adjust its motion to the curves of the road. 
The carriage- frame and its component parts were made by Richard luilay, 
and is by its elasticity well adapted to relieve the engine from any occa- 
sional concussion, which the gearing, as described above, is also, as ex- 
perience has proved, admirably suited to counteract. The boiler and some 
of the working jiarts of the engine were made by Charles Reeder; the 
power, it is believed, is of peculiar construction, and may be termed a 
' double boiler,' as it is composed of two parts, each differing materially 
from the other. Tlie outer boiler is formed of two centric cylinden>, 
placed two inches apart all around, the space between them closed at 
top and bottom, and filled as high as the gauge-line with water; within 
the open circular space a cylinder boiler is placed, of such size as to 
leave a distance of two inches all around between its circumference and 
inner case of the outside boiler, to which, however, it is connected by 
an opening at the bottom of the water, and one at the top for the steam 
communication. The ends of this inner boiler are closed, but through 



TRANSPORTATION. 



railroad-track at Mount Clare several experiments 
were tried iu the way of rigging cars with sails, 
to be propelled by the wind. Evan Thomas, brother 
to the president of the company, who had made a 
personal inspection of most of the railroads in opera- 
tion at that time in England and America, con- 
structed a sail-car, which he named " ^olus," and 
when the wind was favorable its performances were 
highly satisfactory. Its first appearance was on Jan. 
23, 1830. Baron Krudener, Eussian minister at Wash- 
ington, was so much impressed with what he heard 
about the railroad operations at Baltimore that he 
came over and took a trip on the "^olus," managing 
the sail himself. Following the sailing-car came the 
" horse-power" car. A horse was placed in a box-car 
and made to walk on an endless apron or belt, and to 
communicate motion to the wheels, as in the horse- 
power machines of the present day. The " horse- 
car," like the " sailing-car," had its day, and is re- 
ferred to now as an illustration of the crudity of the 
ideas prevailing fifty years ago in reference to rail- 
roads. There was at that time an apprentice-boy in 
Mr. Winans' machine-shop, who fifteen years after- 
wards superintended the construction of the loco- 
motives for the first railways built in Russia. One 
of the English engineers in the employ of the Czar 
wrote to Ross Winans, asking him to make an effec- 
tive pile-driver to be used on these works. Mr. 
Winans made the pile-driver, and also a locomotive, 
to be sent to St. Petersburg, and his son Thomas 
concluded to go there also and show the Russians 



how to use the machines. The locomotives proved 
to be so much superior to those that had been brought 
from England that the Czar determined to have a 



the body of it Bfty-three gun-barrel tubes are fixed vertically, through 
which, and also through the .space between the inner and outer boilera, 
the flame and heat pass from the furnace, which is immediately beneath 
the inner boiler. The fire is urged by a fan revolving in a case, and 
driven by the motion of the carriage. The water-tank is a low, oblong 
case, placed lengthwise on the carriage-frame. A light pyramidal frame 
Supports the cylinder and sustains the movenienls. The boiler is vertical, 
and the whole presents an appeanince of much lightness and simplicity ; 
the entile weight is not much more than a ton and a half." 

Mr, Cooper, in an interview published in the New York WorU in 
June, 1881, gave his recollections of his engine as follows : " During the 
year 1828 I became the owner of three thousand acres of land in the city 
of Baltimore, on which I began to build the Canton Iron-Works. At 
that time the Legislature had granted a charter to a company to build a 
railroad for carrying passengers and merchandise, and the capital stock 
was to he $500,000. The route was from Baltimore through the Patapsco 
Valley to Ellicott's Mills, a distance of thirteen miles. The road was 
constiucted very simply, and had a number of short turns, which dis- 
couraged the projectors, who thought that no engine could he built to 
take these curves. They had almost determined to abandon the road, 
when I told them tliat if they would only hold on a little while longer I 
thought I could overcome the diificulty. In my glue-factory at New 
York, on the ' Old Middle road,' — a road that was situated somewhere 
between Thirty-first and Thirty-second Streets,— I bad an old stationary 
engine, with a boiler about the size of a barrel, and a cylinder three and 
a half inches in diameter. The whole engine could easily be moved on a 
hand-barrow. I sent for the engine, and when it arrived at Baltimore I 
took it to a carriage-maker's, mounted it on a truck, and connected it 
with the wheels by an ordinary crank. The day we made the experi- 
ment there were thirty-six men on the car and six men on the engine, 
which carried its own fuel and water. The thirteen miles were made, 
up a grade of eighteen feet to the mile, in one hour and twelve minutes, 
and the return trip in fifty-seven minutes. This was the first passenger- 
engine built in America, and the first passenger-train that was ever 
drawn by an engine on this continent." 




large number built upon the same model. Mr. 
Winans entered into an engagement to superin- 
tend the construction of locomotives and railway ma- 
chinery in the government shops, upon terms which 
brought great profit to himself and his business part- 
ner, Mr. Harrison, of Philadelphia. The Baltimore 
mechanic, who went abroad to exhibit a locomotive, 
came home a millionaire. 

For a year or longer after the opening of the Balti- 
more and Ohio road to Ellicott's Mills, the depot re- 
mained at the west end of Pratt Street, outside the 
city limits. It was of the utmost importance to the 
company, as well as to the public, that the track 
should be extended to Pratt Street wharf, at the head 
of the Basin, where communication would be estab- 
lished with the shipping, and especially with the 
steamer which plied between Baltimore and Phila- 
delphia ; but such was the opposition on the part of 
a portion of the citizens of Baltimore to laying a rail- 
road-track through Pratt Street that the ordinance 
granting the right of way was not passed by the City 
Council till April 1, 1831, and the connection with 
tide-water was not made till Sept. 29, 1831, at which 
time a depot was established at the intersection of 
Light and Pratt Streets ; but the passenger-cars started 
from the Three Tuns Hotel, on the corner of Pratt 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and Paca Streets, for some months later. A bitter i 
controversy was waged in the ward meetings and j 
through the newspapers over tlie occupation of Pratt ! 
Street by the railroad while the ordinance was pend- 
ing, and it has broken out at intervals from that time 
till the present. 

While the discussion was going on in the city as 
to whether an actual connection with the shipping- 
wharves was desirable or otherwise, the road was 
being rapidly pushed westward. On Nov. 12, 1831, 
the president and directors, accompanied by the mayor 
of Baltimore and members of the City Council, made 
a trip to the inclined plane near Parrsville, and Dec. 
1, 1831, the road was formally opened to Frederick 
with a grand excursion, in which the Governor of the 
State and other prominent officials took part. Each 
car was drawn by one horse, and although a snow had 
fallen during the previous night, "the large caval- 
cade" (using the language of the reporter of the ex- 
cursion) made ten miles an hour. Some of the ex- 
cursionists returned to Baltimore on the same evening, 
deeply impressed with the belief that they had made 
the best day's journey on record, one hundred and 
twenty miles in twelve hours. 

We now come to the period when the " iron horse" 
took the track and crowded off all competitors. In 
his presence the sail-cars, the tread-powers, and even 
the horse-cars became mere toys, either to be thrown 
aside as worthless rubbish, or put away and preserved 
as memorials' of the infancy of railroad transporta- 
tion. Prior to 1831 a few locomotives had been con- 
structed both in England and America, but they were 
of small capacity, and it was a question whether they 
could be used on roads in which there were curves of 
a radius of four hundred feet. However, the im- 
provements made by Mr. Knight, Mr. Imlay, and 
Mr. Winans in the form of car-wheels and journals, 
and in the mode of mounting cars on trucks, had 
practically solved the problem, and all that remained 
to be done was to apply these inventions to the loco- 
motive, and its ability to turn curves without leaving 
the track became an assured fact. 

An advertisement published by the company Jan. 
4, 1831, offering a premium for two locomotives which 
should come up to the specifications therein set forth, 
is somewhat remarkable, for the reason that it shows 
a very thorough knowledge of what a railroad engine 
ought to be, although the motor which the president 
describes had not yet taken form and shape. The 
object of the advertisement was to submit to the in- 
genious mechanics of the country certain ascertained 
facts and principles, to the end that they might be 
applied to the construction of an effective locomotive, 
Such was the faith of the company in the utility of 
the inventions of Mr. Knight and Mr. Winans that 
it was expres-sly stipulated they should be embodied 
in the competing locomotives. The experience of 
fifty years has shown that the company did not claim 
too much for tliese improvements. The sum of four 



thousand dollars (the premium being included in the 
price) was to be paid for the locomotive, constructed 
in accordance with these specifications, which should 
be deemed the best after thirty days' actual use, and 
three tliousand five hundred dollars for the second 
best. Three locomotives were constructed in pur- 
suance of this advertisement, and the tests to which 
they were subjected and the exhibitions given of 
their working capacity constitute a most interesting 
chapter in the history of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad. The company extended the time named 
in the advertisement for testing the engines (June 1, 
1831) to June 27th, and in point of fact the trial 
did not come off till July 12th. Only two competitors 
put in an appearance at the first trial, the " York," 
manufactured by Davis & Gartner, at York, Pa., and 
an engine from New York City, the name of which 
is not recorded in the local chronicles. Another 
engine, built at Gettysburg, Pa., by George Welsh, 
had been entered for the prize, but it was not ready 
to take the track on the day finally set for the con- 
test. At this exhibition the " York" won all the 
honors. On the first 'trip it made a mile in three 
minutes, drawing a car containing forty persons, and 
rounded the curves without checking speed. Several 
trips were made, and the engine ran a mile in two 
minutes and a half on some portions of the road. 
After the Davis engine had astonished the assembled 
multitude with its splendid performance, the New York 
engine made a short trip, but it fell so far behind its 
competitor in the essential quality of ^peed that not 
much notice was taken of its merits, whatever they 
may have been. The " York" was kept on the road 
until it was worn out; the builder, Phineas Davis, 
was made chief constructor of engines for the com- 
pany, and remained in its service until he was acci- 
dentally killed while taking his employes on an ex- 
cursion to Washington, on Sept. 27, 1835.' Four of 

^ Plitneas Davis was a self-taught man, and like all eminent men of 
his class in science and art, he wascapableof achieving the most decisive 
results, Mr. Davis was a native of New Hampshire, and ear)^ in life 
migrated to York, Pa., where he arrived poor, friendless, and nnknown. 
He began the watch-making business in York with an estimable citizen, 
and soon met with great success. After continuing in business for sev- 
eral years he turned bis attention to chemistry, hut soon applied himself 
to steam and the constructiou of steam-engines, in which he took great 
delight. In connection with his partner, Mr. Garlner, he built several 
engines for various purposes, and made many improvements to illustrate 
their power and capacity for work. The firat efficient locomotive engine 
used upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was constructed by Davis & 
Gartner, under his direction, at York, and brought to Baltimore upon 
wagons. From this period up to the time of his death a large number of 
locomotives were built for this great work under his immediate superin? 
tendence, and scarcely any one ever succeeded another without evincing 
some improvement in design or execution. The construction of locomo- 
tives was particularly suited to his taste and capacity, and the Bhllimore 
and Ohio Railroad Company very soon discovered his value in that depart- 
ment and ofTered him such facilities as induced him to leave the concern 
at York in the care of his jiartner and engage in making engines in Balti- 
more at the company's shops. He had been so engaged for a couple of 
years, and by his talents, industry, and perseverance, under the liberal en- 
couragement of the company, he hat! by successive improvement* brought 
the locomotive to a high dogroc of perfection. He was on a trial-trip 
with his latest-improved engine when lie met his doatli. Upon the re- 



TRANSPORTATION. 



323 



the engines built by Mr. Davis after the model of the 
"York" are still in daily use at the Mount Clare 
depot as " regulators" for making up trains and push- 
ing cars about from one yard to another. 

A history of the growth of the locomotive from the 
diminutive upright engine mounted on a small plat- 
form-car which won the prize in 1831 to the ponder- 
ous " camel" invented by Ross Winans cannot be 
given within the limits of this sketch, although the 
subject is most attractive. In the specifications for 
the prize engine of 1831 it was provided that "it must 
on a level road be capable of drawing day by day 
fifteen tons, inclusive of the weight of the wagons, fif- 
teen miles per hour." The powerful " camel" (which 
is still a familiar object on the Baltimore and Ohio 
road, although none have been built since 1861) draws 
a train of thirty coal-cars, about four hundred and 
fifty tons, including the weight of the cars. The 
best performance of the " camel," however, is com- 
pletely eclipsed by the " Consolidation," the name 
given to the new freight-engines now built at the 
Mount Clare shops. The usual load for one of these 
powerful locomotives is a train of fifty-two coal-cars, 
nearly eight hundred tons. 

The progress from the quaint-looking little wagons 
which Richard Imlay, the enterprising manufacturer, 
then at the corner of Monument and North Streets, 
used to exhibit in Monument Square before he de- 
livered them to the company to the palace-coaches 
which the company now builds for itself is scarcely 
less striking.' 



turn of the train from WaBhington he rode on the tender to watch the 
movements of the engine, and while thus engaged it ran off tlie tracli, 
which brought the cars in the rear with great force upon the tendpr, in- 
stantly killing its only occupant. His body was brought to Baltimore 
and interred in the Friends' burying-ground at the corner of Aisqnitb 
and Fayette Streets. He left two orphan children, his wife having died a 
short time before. 

The Rrat successful locomotive engine after the " York" on the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad was also built by Messrs. Davis & Gartner, and 
called the " AUantic." The experimental trial of this engine took 
place on Aug. 6, 1S32, and was highly successful. It was the first engine 
that completely succeeded in burning anthracite coal. A trip of eighty 
miles per day was performed with a consumption of one ton of coal. 
From this time forward steam-power was generally used on the road. 

The first fatal accident occurred with the horse-cars, which ran over a 
driver near the city on Sept. 13, 1830. On Dec. 3, 1831, John Lanahan 
was killed near the Monocacy viaduct. He was the first person killed 
by " a car in the reg\ilar use of the company." On Nov. 12, 1834, the 
boiler of a new engine built by Charles Reeder for the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, while engaged in drj^wing a train of burden -cars, ex- 
ploded and killed the engineer and severely wounded the fireman. 
This was the first locomotive explosion on the road. 

^ The first passenger-car was made like an old-fashioned " Conestoga" 
country-wagon on railroad wheels. Then came cars resembling the old- 
fashioned stage-coach, with the same springs and leather braces, and car- 
rying nine passengers each, with a driver's seat perched upon eitherend, 
as there were no turn-tables at that early day. For a long time the cars 
were gaudily painted, with a small increase in the size. One of Mr. 
' Imlay's cars is thus described on Aug. 4, 1830 : *' The body of the carriage 
will contain twelve persons, and the outside seats at either end will re- 
ceive six, including the driver. On the top of the carriage is placed a 
double sofa, running lengthwise, which will accommodate twelve more. 
A wire netting rises from two sides of the top of the carriage to a height 
which renders the top seats perfectly secure. The whole is surmounted 
by an iron framework, with an awning to protect from the sun or rain. 



With the advent of the locomotive the Imlay wagons 
disappeared from the road. In November, 1831, two 
cars were put into service in which glazed windows 
with sliding sash were substituted for leather curtains. 
Mr. Knight, the chief engineer of the company, de- 
signed a car called the " Dromedary," from some fan- 
cied resemblance to that animal, which embodied 
most of the features of the modern street-car. Trains 
of cars like these were called brigades, and were con- 
tinued until Ross Winans placed upon the track the 
first eight-wheel car ever built for passengers and 
called it " Columbus." This car was a large box, and 
had a truck of four wheels at each end, like the eight- 
wheel cars of the present time ; the seats were on the 
top of the car as well as inside, and were reached by 
a ladder at one of the coiners. This was followed 
by several odd-shaped contrivances ; one was named 
the "Sea Serpent," another was known by the name 
of the " Frederick," next came the " Winchester," 
which was followed by the " Washington," each an 
improvement on its predecessor. Gradually the car- 
builders divested themselves of the stage-coach idea, 
and the model of the railroad car as it now exists be- 
gan to grow into shape, but the development of the 
passenger-coach was much slower than that of the 
locomotive. 

At the close of the year 1831 sixty miles of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were in operation ; a 
connection had been made with tide-water ; the prac- 
ticability of using steam locomotives had been fully 
demonstrated ; two engines, the " York" and " At- 
lantic," were each making four trips a day between 
Baltimore and Ellicott's Mills; and the amount of 
freight otfered for transportation far exceeded the 
capacity of the company's rolling stock. On account 
of the inclined planes at Parr's Ridge, horses were 
still used to draw the cars between Ellicott's Mills 
and Frederick. In all its mechanical experiments 
the company had been singularly successful, and it 
had now a regularly organized department for de- 
signing and manufacturing the machinery used in 
transportation. All this had been accomplished, or 
rather created, in three years. 

It now becomes necessary to make a digression in 
the narrative, and leave the main stem for a time in 
order to give some account of the Washington branch. 
The building of a railway between Baltimore and the 
national capital was no doubt contemplated by the 
projectors of the Baltimore and Ohio road when they 
first entered upon the great enterprise, although it 
was not mentioned in the original charter. One of 
the reasons given for locating the first division of the 
road on the line of the Patapsco was the fact that 
this route would bring it within thirty miles of Wash- 
ington, and that the most difficult and costly portion 

The carriage, which is named the ' Ohio,' is very handsomely finished, 
and will, we have no doubt, be a great favoi-ite with the visitors to the 
railroad, the number of whom, we are gratified to learn, continues to be 
as great as it was at the opening of the road." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of a road between the two cities would be covered by 
the first nine miles of the main stem. When the 
project was first presented to the public (May 12, 1829) 
and conditional subscriptions called for, the idea 
seemed to be to organize another company, to be called 
"The Baltimore and Washington Railroad Company," 
with a capital stock of $300,000 divided into 6000 
shares of $50 each. Most of the gentlemen' whose 
names were appended to the advertisement were di- 
rectors in the Baltimore and Ohio Company. Nothing 
was accomplished, however, by this appeal to the 
public, and the project slumbered until the Baltimore 
and Ohio Company in its corporate capacity took 
hold of it and carried it through. At a meeting of 
the directors, held Dec. 6, 18.30, a resolution presented 
by William Patterson and seconded by Robert Oliver 
was adopted directing the chief engineer to make the 
necessary surveys and report upon the estimated cost 
of a branch road to Washington. It was also re- 
solved that application be made to Congress for such 
legislation as might be deemed necessary to secure 
the right to build and operate the branch road in the 
District of Columbia. Congress passed an act grant- 
ing the franchises and privileges prayed for March 2, 
1831. 

Although the Baltimore and Ohio Company claimed 
that it had the power to construct the Washington 
branch under tjie provisions of its original charter, 
an act was passed by the General Assembly Feb. 22, 
1831, expressly granting this authority. It was pro- 
vided in this act that the State should have the option 
any time within two years after the completion of the 
road to subscribe for and receive the stock of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Company to the amount of the 
whole or any part of the sum expended in building 
this branch, the stock of the company to be increased 
by the amount of stock thus taken by the State. This 
extraordinary provision was not coupled with any 
grant of money or credit, and it is not surprising that 
it defeated the whole purpose of the act and hindered 
and delayed the enterprise which it was intended to 
promote. A supplementary act was passed March 9, 
1833, repealing this portion of the act of Feb. 22, 
1831, and authorizing the treasurer of the Western 
Shore to subscribe for 5000 shares of the branch road 
as soon as 10,000 shares were taken by private indi- 
viduals and corporations. This act further provided 
that all the money applied to the construction of 
the Washington branch should be represented by 
stock separate and distinct from the regular stock of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Company. As a sort of per- 
petual premium on the $500,000 stock subscription 
authorized by this act, it was provided that the com- 
pany must pay to the State one-fifth of the gross re- 
ceipts from passengers on the Washington branch, 
and that settlement must be made and the money 



> WiUiam Patlerson, John S. Hillon, C. D. Williams, Thomas i 
Jr., George Brown ,Han80ii Penn, William Lorman, James Wilson, John 
B. Morris, John C. Herbert, Eilmund I). Duviill. 



paid over every six months. This proved to be the 
mo.st profitable financial transaction ever entered into 
by the State of Maryland. During the forty years 
that this provision of the act of March 9, 1833, re- 
mained in force, the State received from the company 
$1,675,250 in stock dividends on the $500,000 invest- 
ment, and $3,327,919 from the twenty per cent, tax 
on passengers.- 

With the money obtained from the State on these 
hard conditions, and $1,000,000 advanced by the di- 
rectors, who took 10,000 shares of the stock for the 
use of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 
the road was built. Of these last-mentioned shares 
5000 were sent to Brown, Shipley & Co. in Liverpool, 
and were the first American railway securities ever 
deposited in a foreign banking-house. The country 
traversed by the Washington branch is level, and the 
grading was soon completed after the contractors got 
to work. The bridge across the Patapsco at the Relay 
House was, at the time it was completed, the finest 
and most costly work of the kind in the United States. 
Eight stone arches, each of fifty-eight feet span and 
sixty-six feet high, support the iron superstructure. 
This beautiful viaduct was designed by the late Ben- 
jamin H. Latrobe, who had recently been made as- 
sistant to Mr. Knight, the chief engineer. On the 
25th of August, 1835, the branch was opened for 
travel throughout its entire length, and forthwith be- 
came one of the most profitable railroads in the world. 
The returns for the first quarter showed that an average 
of two hundred passengers per day had been carried 
over the road, and this number increased with each 
succeeding year, until there are now thirteen daily 
passenger-trains running each way between the two 
cities over this road. 

Returning to the main stem, we come to an incident 
in the history of the Baltimore and Ohio Company 
which in its consequences immediate and remote was 
most unfortunate. As already stated, the directors, 
for reasons which at that time seemed to leave no 
alternative, had determined to outflank the Catoctin 
Mountain by passing around the Point of Rocks, and 
to get through the Blue Ridge by way of the Harper's 
Ferry Gap. In the summer of 1828, while the agents 
of the company were proceeding to negotiate with the 
owners of the ground on which the road had been lo- 
cated between Sandy Hook and Harper's Ferry for 
the right of way, an injunction was sued out in the 
Washington County Court, at the instance of the 
canal company, restraining the railroad company ac- 
quiring title to the land until its own works had been 
located through the pass. Another injunction was 
sued out in Frederick County which stopped the rail- 
road company from proceeding with the construction 
of its road beyond the Point of Rocks. The litiga- 
tion begun by these injunctions lasted until the year 
1832, when the Court of Appeals decided that the 



TRANSPORTATION. 



325 



Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, as the assignee 
of the Potomac Company, chartered in 1784, had the 
right of the choice of route along the banks of the 
Potomac, and that the railroad company could not 
occupy any place along the river in a way to restrict 
the canal company in the location of its works. This 
stopped the further progress of the road until the 
canal company had decided how much of the narrow 
strip of ground between the river and the precipitous 
walls of the mountain it desired to appropriate, and 
after it had exercised its right of election in this re- 
gard there was no room left for the railroad. Nothing 
remained for the railroad company but a " compro- 
mise" which would permit the joint occupation of 
the narrow passes between the Point of Rocks and 
Harper's Ferry, and to this end application was made 
to the Legislature for an act proposing a plan of agree- 
ment between the two companies. A committee of 
the House of Delegates, after inspecting the disputed 
passes, reported that there was room enough for both 
the canal and the railroad, and severely reprobated 
the canal company for stopping the westward exten- 
sion of the road. No remedy could be applied, how- 
ever, except to give tlie sanction of the Legislature 
to a compromise, the terms of which were set forth in 
the act of December, 1832. The railroad company 
was authorized to subscribe for 2500 shares of the 
canal stock, and the canal company was to be per- 
mitted to grade the road through the disputed passes, 
and to receive $100,000 for the work. The appoint- 
ment of two commissioners was provided for in the 
act, who were empowered to carry its provisions into 
effect, both companies consenting thereto. After some 
negotiation, a settlement was effected which closed the 
whole controversy. The railroad company paid the 
canal company in lieu of the stock subscription, and 
in satisfaction of all the conditions of the compro- 
mise act, the sum of $226,000 ; and further agreed 
that the railroad should not be pushed beyond Har- 
per's Ferry until the canal reached Cumberland, pro- 
vided that it got there at the time fixed in its charter, 
the year 1840. On the 9th of May, 1833, the con- 
struction of the railroad from Point of Rocks to 
Harper's Ferry was resumed, the work having been 
stopped five years by the controversy with the canal 
company. At this day it is impossible to calculate 
the loss inflicted upon the railroad company, and 
more especially upon the city of Baltimore, by this 
interruption and by the further delay at Harper's 
Ferry in pursuance of the compromise with the canal 
company. 

The far-seeing men who were the first projectors 
of a railway from Baltimore to the great West real- 
ized the importance of reaching the Ohio River in 
advance of all similar works, and it was provided in 
the act of incorporation that if the road was not com- 
pleted in ten years from the day its construction was 
begun the company should forfeit its corporate fran- 
chises. All the advantages that Baltimore might 



have enjoyed by being brought into communication 
with the West by rail ten years in advance of her 
sister sea-board cities were sacrificed by the delays 
occasioned by the persistent assertion of the " para- 
mount right" of the canal company to occupy the 
valley of the Potomac. If it had not been for the 
injunctions sued out in the summer of 1828 tfie rail- 
road company would have been bringing coal from 
Cumberland to tide-water before the digging of the 
canal had been fairly begun, and possibly the State 
might have been saved from the profitless investment 
which for a time destroyed its own credit and brought 
it to the very verge of repudiation. As it was, the 
road was not opened to Cumberland till Nov. 5, 1842. 
The company promised to build fifty miles of road 
every year until the Ohio River was reached, but 
owing to the difficulty in getting through the Har- 
per's Ferry Gap, to financial embarrassments occa- 
sioned by the long delay, and to the new conditions 
imposed by the Virginia Legislature after the charter 
in that State had expired by limitation, it was only 
able to build one hundred and seventy-nine miles of 
the main stem in fourteen years. As late as 1835 the 
southern and western counties of Pennsylvania looked 
to Baltimore as the best market for their products, 
and to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as the most 
suitable route of transit between the East and the 
West. In an act passed by the Pennsylvania Legis- 
lature in that year, giving the Susquehanna Canal 
Company the right to connect its works with the 
Pennsylvania Canal at Columbia, it was made one of 
the conditions of the grant that the State of Mary- 
land should permit a railroad leading from the Cum- 
berland Valley to connect with the Baltimore and 
Ohio road at Hagerstown, Williamsport, or some 
point in that vicinity. Virginia refused to renew the 
charter of the company, however, except upon the 
condition that the road should cross the Potomac 
River at Harper's Ferry and proceed westward with- 
in the limits of that State to a point six miles east of 
Cumberland. One of the disastrous consequences of 
the long delay at Point of Rocks was the loss of a 
connection with Chambersburg and the Cumberland 
Valley, which, if it had been made any time prior to 
1840, would have been of incalculable advantage to 
Baltimore. 

The five years' blockade at the Point of Rocks, 
however, was not entirely without compensation. 
During that period the art of transporting passengers 
and freight by rail was thoroughly studied and mas- 
tered. The completed division of the main stem be- 
tween Point of Rocks and Baltimore and the Wash- 
ington branch were put into successful operation, 
and the speed and strength of the " iron horse" had 
been developed to a degree not dreamed of when the 
controversy with the canal company began. At the 
trial of locomotives in the summer of 1831 the 
"York" was regarded as a magnificent motor be- 
cause it could draw a load of fifteen tons at the rate 



326 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of fifteen miles an hour; but in 1834 the "Arabian," 
also built by Phineas Davis, was making daily trips 
of eighty miles, oftentimes drawing a load of two 
hundred and twelve tons. Five other locomotives 
of equal power were doing the same service on the 
Washington branch, and when the road was opened 
betweefl the two cities they made the trip in two 
hours and ten minutes. At the close of the year 
1835 the company had seven locomotives, forty-four 
passenger-cars, and one thousand and seventy-eight 
freight-cars in daily* use. The shops at Mount Clare 
for the construction and repair of cars and locomo- 
tives had grown to such proportions that the ten-acre 
lot donated to the company by James Carroll, Esq., 
was found to be entirely too small for the machinery 
department, and an adjacent lot of eleven acres was 
purchased, which was soon covered with shops and 
railroad-tracks. 

From 1835 to 1838 nothing was done towards the 
extension of the road beyond Harper's Ferry except 
the surveying of routes by the engineer corps. On 
April 2, 1838, the Virginia Legislature passed the act 
heretofore referred to, which required the company 
to locate the next ninety-two miles of its road in that 
State, and also to make Wheeling the western termi- 
nus. Work was resumed in the latter part of the year 
1838, and during the next four years the company de- 
voted its energies and resources mainly to the construc- 
tion of the road from Harper's Ferry to Cumberland, 
a distance of ninety-seven miles. The approach to 
the Harper's Ferry bridge on the Virginia side was 
covered by the reservation on which the United States 
armory was located, but the Secretary of War gave 
the company permission to lay its track through these 
grounds. By taking the southern bank of the Poto- 
mac the railroad company left the canal company to 
the full enjoyment of its " paramount right" to the 
northern bank, while the act of June 4, 1836, so far 
modified the compromise of 1833 as to allow the two 
works to proceed in the direction of Cumberland 
pari passu. The first division of one hundred miles 
of the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio road 
ended at Martinsburg, and here extensive repair-shops 
were subsequently erected. 

Marvellous as was the foresight of the men who 
projected this gigantic enterprise, they were greatly 
mistaken in their estimate of the probable cost. 
This is not to be wondered at, however, when we re- 
member that the railroad of 1828 was an entirely 
different structure from the railroad of 1838. With 
increased capacity came increased cost. As locomo- 
tives grew in size, weight, and power, the rails, 
bridges, and even the road-bed had to be enlarged, 
strengthened, and adapted to the changed conditions. 
In a memorial presented to the two Houses of Con- 
gress Jan. 28, 1829, the president and directors ex- 
pressed the opinion that the cost of building the 
road to the Ohio River would not exceed seven mil- 
lions of dollars. T"p to Oct. 1, 1838, the comii.iny 



had expended on the main stem between Baltimore 
and Harper's Ferry $3,584,970, and in its various op- 
erations the whole of its original capital ($4,000,000) 
had been exhausted. Long before the road emerged 
from the valley of the Patapsco it became evident 
that more capital would be needed. 

An act of the General Assembly passed Feb. 25, 
1836, authorized the mayor and City Council of Balti- 
more to make an additional subscription of $3,000,000 
to the capital stock of the company, and soon after- 
wards an ordinance was passed by the City Council 
to carry the act into effect. The main inducement to 
the acceptance of the plan of compromise between 
the canal company and the railroad company, as pre- 
scribed by the act of 1833, heretofore mentioned, was 
the expectation that both companies would receive 
further aid from the State. This hope was realized 
in the passage of the act of June 4, 1836, under which 
a subscription of $3,000,000 to the capital stock of 
each company was made, upon a guarantee being 
given of a perpetual dividend of six per cent, per 
annum. This proved a good investment for the State, 
as far as the railroad company was concerned, but the 
three millions of dollars given to the canal have 
never brought any return. By the terms of the act 
authorizing the subscription, the canal company was 
exempted from the payment of the six per cent, 
dividend for three years, and this exemption has been 
indefinitely prolonged ; in fact, the State subsequently 
waived its lien upon the canal in favor of other 
creditors, and has no means of recovering the inter- 
est in arrears until the preferred bondholders have 
been satisfied. 

The act of June 4, 1836, imposed certain restric- 
tions and limitations upon the railroad company re- 
lating to the joint construction of the two works from 
Harper's Ferry westward, most of which were avoided 
by crossing over to the south side of the Potomac ; 
but the company, in locating this division of the road 
in Virginia, violated one of the provisions of the act, 
which gave great dissatisfaction in Western Maryland 
and led to another controversy in the Legislature and 
in the courts. It was enacted that the road should 
run through Boonsboro' and Hagerstown, and thence 
to Cumberland ; and in the event of any other route 
being chosen, the company was to forfeit one million 
of dollars to the State of Jlaryland for the use of 
Washington County. When the company decided to 
take the Virginia route, the county commissioners of 
Washington County brought suit in the Frederick 
County Court, claiming one million of dollars. Before 
the case was tried, however, the Legislature met and 
repealed this section of the act of June 4, 1836. A 
pro forma judgment was entered for the defendants 
I and an appeal taken. The Court of Appeals decided 
[ that the million of dollars mentioned in the act was 
j in the nature of a penalty, which the Legislature 
could remit, and which it had, in fact, remitted by 
repealing the section of the act which prescribed it. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



327 



To the great regret of the directors, the stockholders, 
and the people of the State at large, Philip E. Thomas ; 
resigned the presidency of the company June 30, 1836, j 
having filled the office with distinguished ability for ; 
a period of nine years. His health had become im- 
paired by the exhausting labors which he had per- i 
formed in carrying forward the great enterprise, of 
which he was the first projector, and after its practi- 
cability had been fully demonstrated, and the means 
to complete it (as was then supposed) had been pro- 
vided, he was anxious to retire. No one can read the 
reports and memorials which he prepared when the 
construction of an extended liue of railway was yet 
an untried experiment without being impressed with 
his broad comprehension of commercial aflairs and 
his acute perception of the relations between trade 
and transportation. His style in writing was clear, 
forcible, and even elegant, and the words and phrases 
which he used seem to have been handed down as 
part of the railroad system which he founded. In 
his letter of resignation he thus modestly but most 
accurately stated what had been accomplished by the 
company from which he was about to retire : 

"The extension of the main line of the road being elfected as far as 
Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac River, at which point it is now connected 
with the Windiester and Potomac Railway, the lateral road to Wash- 
ington being also opened and in successful operation, I feel mj'self at 
liberty to withdraw from the presidency of the company. On retiring 
from a position in which I have received so many proofs of your personal 
friendship, I cannot forbear the expression of my most grateful acknowl- 
edgments. When I entered upon the duties of this office little was. 
known in our country, either as regarded the construction of railways 
or the application of moving power upon them, and indeed the experi- 
ence of Europe at that time offered but faint and very uncertain lights 
in regard to this system. We had therefore, of necessity, everything to 
learn, and without youi constant and cordial co-operation I am sensible 
I could not have sustained myself under the many complicated difficul- 
ties which often pressed upon me. An extensive fund of valuable infor- 
mation has now been obtained, a universal confidence is now felt in tlie 
undertaking, and a firm determination is manifested to carry it forward 
to its completion, as originally intended. Under these circumstances I 
feel assured that with the excellent organization you have adopted in 
relation to the several departments into which the concerns of the com- 
pany are divided, its further management will be rendered much less 
difficult, and the early completion of the road may be regarded as certain. 
An opportunity will then be afforded of fully testing the usefulness of 
this undertaking; and whilst important benefits will be secured to our 
country, and especially to the city of Baltimore, by the facilities opened 
through this channel of communication with the West, the stockholders, 
under a prudent management of their aflairs, will receive a fair remu- 
neration for their capital invested." 

Mr. Thomas lived to see the road completed to the 
Ohio River and the hopeful predictions in his letter 
of resignation fully realized. After a brief interim, 
during which the office was temporarily filled by i 
Joseph W. Patterson, son of William Patterson, j 
one of the first directors, he was succeeded by the ] 
Hon. Louis McLane as president of the company, j 
The difficult duty of negotiating the securities fur- i 
nished in payment of the subscription authorized j 
by the act of June 4, 1836, in such a manner as 
not to injure the credit of the State at a time of 
great financial depression devolved upon Mr. Mc- 
Lane. He spent much time abroad, and through 
his exertions one of the great London banking-houses 



was induced to make advances from time to time, 
which carried the company through a most disastrous 
financial panic without sacrificing its securities or sus- 
pending work. The construction of the ninety-seven 
miles of road between Harper's Ferry and Cumberland 
cost $3,-5o4,403, and the whole of this sum was raised by 
the sale and hypothecation of bonds and stocks at a 
time when American securities were greatly depressed 
in the European money markets, and these operations 
were conducted without loss to the State or the com- 
pany. In one emergency Baltimore City stock to 
the amount of 1515,000 was paid out as currency to 
contractors and other creditors of the company. 

The road was opened to Cumberland Nov. 5, 1842, 
and that city remained its western terminus during 
the next seven years. The completed portion of the 
main stem had cost thus far, in round numbers, 
$7,500,000. Of the State's subscription under the act 
of June 4, 1836, something over $2,500,000 still re- 
mained on hand as available capital, and a contingent 
subscription of $1,058,420 on the part of the State of 
Virginia and .$500,000 on the part of the city of 
Wheeling was awaiting the further westward progress 
of the road on the line indicated in the act of the 
Virginia Legislature, passed April 2, 1838. Singular 
as it may seem at this day, but little importance was 
attached to the transportation of coal at the time the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company establi-shed 
its western depot at Cumberland. There was much 
congratulation over the completion of the road to this 
point, but it was because Baltimore had been brought 
within thirty hours' ride of Wheeling, and the cur- 
rent of trade and travel which flowed eastward from 
the Ohio River had been intercepted at " the gates of 
the mountains." The possible development of the 
coal trade was regarded as an incident which might 
prove of some advantage to the company, but the 
great controlling object which overshadowed every 
other consideration was the establishing of commu- 
nication w-ith the Ohio River. 

The only mode of bringing coal to Cumberland in 
those days was by hauling it in wagons over mountain 
roads. The great mines which have since yielded 
many millions of tons had not then been opened, 
and in fact there was but little demand for bitumin- 
ous coal in the sea-board cities. Pennsylvania, by a 
system of canals and railroads, had connected her 
anthracite mines with the Delaware and Susquehanna 
Rivers and with the Chesapeake Bay, and hard coal 
had almost entirely superseded soft coal in the great 
work.-hops of the East, and was gradually establishing 
itself as the best fuel for domestic use. The Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad Company was itself a large 
consumer of anthracite, no other fuel being used 
in its locomotives and machine-shops. It was the 
tremendous impulse given to manufactures and to 
steam navigation on the ocean by the building of the 
great railways between the East and the West that 
created a demand for Cumberland coal. 



328 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND 'COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



During the year 1843 the president and directors of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Company scarcely thought it 
necessary to make any special preparations for the 
carrying of coal, and only four thousand nine hun- 
dred and sixty-four tons were brought to Balti- 
more during that year. Ross Winans had constructed 
an engine as early as 1842 which was capable of 
drawing eleven hundred tons on a level road and 
one hundred and seventy tons up a grade of eighty- 
two feet to the mile, so that the motive-power of the 
company was supposed to be equal to all the demands 
likely to be made upon it for the transportation of 
coal until railway communication had been estab- 
lished with the mines. The development of the 
Cumberland coal-mines, however, followed close upon 
the completion of the railroad to that point. In the 
year 1843 the Maryland and New York Iron and Coal 
Company began operations, and a railway connecting 
its extensive mines with the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road was projected. It was represented to the rail- 
road company that the success of the raining com- 
pany would depend largely upon the rate at which 
coal could be transported by rail from Cumberland to 
Baltimore, and that this would have to be determined 
in advance. At first the railroad company refused to 
enter into a permanent contract, because it would 
involve the expense of building a large number of 
cars especially designed for carrying coal ; and in 
the event of a failure in the demand for coal, these 
cars could not be advantageously used in the trans- 
portation of ordinary freight. Subsequently, however, 
upon a guarantee being given that one hundred and 
seventy-five tons of coal per day would be furnished 
for three hundred days in the year, the company en- 
tered into a contract by which it agreed to transport 
coal from Cumberland to Baltimore for one and one- 
third cents per ton per mile, with ten cents per ton 
added for hauling the cars through the streets of Balti- 
more to the point of delivery, the cost of loading and 
unloading to be borne by the mining company. This 
contract was made early in January, 1844, but it was 
not to take effect until the projected railway to the 
mines had been completed. 

In the mean time the canal had " stretched its slow 
length" along the tortuous banks of the Potomac as 
far as dam No. 6, forty-five miles east of Cumberland, 
and in the summer of 1843 was ready to begin the 
transportation of coal from that point. An arrange- 
ment was made between the canal company and the 
railroad company by which the latter agreed to carry 
coal from Cumberland to dam No. 6 and deliver it 
to the boatmen for two cents per ton per mile. At 
the ensuing session of the Legislature the subject of 
coal transportation was taken up by the House of 
Delegates, and an order was passed Jan. 25, 1844, 
calling upon the president of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company to answer certain interrogatories 
as to the cost of transporting coal by rail, and as to 
the facilities of the company for supplying the canal 



with coal at dam No. 6. The canal company had 
exhausted all its means, and was unable to prosecute 
its work any further without additional aid from the 
State, and the object of this inquiry seemed to be to 
determine whether it would be better to make dam 
No. 6 the terminus of the canal and depend upon the 
railroad for a supply of coal, or to postpone the liens 
of the State so as to permit the company to pledge its 
revenues for additional loans to complete the canal to 
Cumberland. In response to the.se inquiries, Mr. Mc- 
Lane submitted a statement to show that according to 
the established rates coal could be delivered at 
Georgetown at about the same cost for transportation 
whether the boats should be loaded from the railroad- 
trains at Cumberland or at dam No. 6. Mr. McLane 
further expressed the opinion that the demand for 
Cumberland coal would not exceed 100,000 tons a 
year for many years to come. 

In this prediction Mr. McLane was mistaken, al- 
though the experience of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Company during the first four years after the opening 
of the coal trade was far from encouraging. Only 
5433 tons were carried in 1844 ; the next year the 
amount rose to 16,020 tons. The whole transporta- 
tion of coal for four years wa.s 44,840 tons. From 
this time forward the coal trade grew so rapidly that 
the company often found it difiicult to provide trans- 
portation. Six new freight-engines built by Ross 
Winans were placed on the road in 1846, and nine 
more were added during the two succeeding years. 
In 1849 the coal carried eastward from Cumberland 
by rail aggregated 142,449 tons, and in 1850 the 
amount increased to 192,806 tons. The canal having 
been completed to Cumberland in 1850, began carry- 
ing coal from that point, and the immediate effect of 
the competition was largely increased shipments by 
rail. In 1860 the Baltimore and Ohio brought 493,031 
tons of coal to Baltimore, 1,112,938 tons in 1870, and 
2,255,146 tons in 1880. 

The construction of the road westward from Cum- 
berland was not begun till 1849. This long delay 
was occasioned mainly by the difficulty in procuring 
the requisite legislation from the States of Virginia 
and Pennsylvania. In the original charter ten years 
was fixed as the time for building the road. When 
the Virginia Legislature gave permission to locate 
the road through that State, the same limitation was 
put into the act. When the term expired the Mary- 
land Legislature extended it twenty years, and the 
Virginia Legislature five years. In the Pennsylvania 
act the limitation was fixed at fifteen years. Thus 
it happened that at the close of the year 1843 the com- 
pany had no authority to enter either of the States, 
through one or the other of which it was obliged to 
go in order to reach the Ohio River. In the fifteen 
years that had elapsed since the Baltimore and Ohio 
Company began it« work the circumstances had ma- 
terially changed, other railroads from the sea-board to 
the Ohio River had been projected, and new interests 



TKANSPORTATION. 



329 



had arisen more or less antagonistic to the great enter- 
prise that antedated them all. In the Pennsylvania 
act of 1828 authorizing the Baltimore and Ohio Com- 
pany to locate its road through that State it was made 
one of the conditions that the western terminus should 
be at Pittsburgh, and if the company should elect 
otherwise, then a lateral branch should be constructed 
from the main stem to Pittsburgh. Reference has 
already been made to the clause in the Pennsylvania 
act of 1836 providing for a railroad connection with 
the Baltimore and Ohio at Hagerstown or Williams- 
port. Such was the feeling in Pennsylvania towards 
the Baltimore and Ohio Company during the first ten 
years of its existence. Five years later the people of 
Western Pennsylvania were still anxious that the road 
should come to Pittsburgh, but they wanted that city 
to be the terminus of the main stem. On the other 
hand, the representatives of the city of Philadelphia 
and the great commercial interests that centred there 
were most anxious to keep the road entirely out of 
the State. After a protracted contest in the Legisla- 
ture, an act was passed in 1846 authorizing the build- 
ing of what was long known as the " Connellsville 
road," now the Pittsburgh branch of the Baltimore 
and Ohio, which extends from Cumberland to Pitts- 
burgh by way of Connellsville. At that time a large 
number of the Baltimore merchants, including heavy 
stockholders in the Baltimore and Ohio Company, 
believed that this should be made the western exten- 
sion of the main stem, and that the company should 
devote all its resources and energies to its immediate 
completion. 

As long as there was any probability that the main 
stem of the road might be taken to Pittsburgh instead 
of Wheeling, the Virginia Legislature refused to 
grant the right of way through that State. In 1845 
an act was passed renewing the charter, but it was 
encumbered with such provisions and restrictions as 
it was impossible for the company to accept. It was 
not till 1847 that the authority to enter the State was 
given, and this was coupled with the imperative con- 
dition that the main stem must go to Wheeling. Not 
being able to procure any better terms, the company 
decided to accept the Virginia act of 1847. 

After the right of way had been secured, a most 
formidable task still remained to be accomplished 
before work could be resumed on the western exten- 
sion, namely, the restoration of the credit of the 
company. During the seven years' delay at Cumber- 
land public confidence had become weakened in the 
ultimate success of the project; the hostile attitude 
of the Virginia Legislature had a most depressing 
influence ; and notwithstanding the expectations 
founded upon the development of the coal trade, the 
immediate effect of the increased demand for trans- 
portation was to impose a large additional expense on 
the company for new rolling stock, and for the recon- 
struction of a portion of the road which had not yet 
been repaired out of the earnings. The credit of the 



State of Maryland had suffered a severe shock abroad 
through the temporary failure to pay interest on her 
bonds, and it was impossible to dispose of the securi- 
ties in which she had paid her last subscription to the 
capital stock of the company except at a ruinous 
sacrifice. From year to year the president of the 
company was obliged to inform the stockholders that 
all the net revenue derived from working the road 
had been absorbed in the payment of interest, in im- 
proving the track and purchasing additional rolling 
stock, and that no money dividend could be declared. 
Under these depressing influences the stock of the 
company ran down from 1100 per share to $28 per 
share, and its financial outlook was sufficiently gloomy. 

At this critical period in the history of the road a 
new man appeared on the scene who afterwards 
attained wide distinction as president of the company, 
as mayor of the city of Baltimore, as Governor of the 
State of Maryland, and as a representative in Con- 
gress. In the winter of 1847, Thomas Swann, at 
the urgent solicitation of the president and directors 
of the company, went to Richmond to secure from 
the Virginia Legislature the best terms possible in 
the act granting the right of way through the State. 
He subsequently went to Wheeling to confer with 
the authorities of that city in relation to the exten- 
sion of the road. Early in 1848 he was elected one 
of the directors of the company, and very soon his 
energy, intelligence, and force of character were felt 
in the administration of its aflairs. Mr. McLane ten- 
dered his resignation as president of the company 
Sept. 13, 1848, and Mr. Swann was chosen his suc- 
cessor Oct. 10, 1848. From that time until he retired 
from the office Mr. Swann devoted his great abili- 
ties to the service of the company, to the almost en- 
tire exclusion of hie own private business interests. 
Under his administration the road was built from 
Cumberland to Wheeling. As soon as the iron track 
touched the banks of the Ohio he felt at liberty to lay 
down the burdens and responsibilities which he had 
borne with unfaltering courage and resolute purpose 
until the splendid consummation had been reached. 

Mr. Swann found the road resting at Cumberland in 
a state of semi-paralysis. Although a portion of the 
capital contributed by the State for its completion 
still remained, it was not available, because the credit 
of both the State and the company had been seriously 
impaired. To the work of re-establishing the credit 
of the company Mr. Swann first addressed himself, 
and having restored confidence and demonstrated the 
grand possibilities that lay within easy reach, he 
boldly advised the directors to proceed with the work, 
and accordingly contracts were let for the construction 
of the whole western division. To provide the means 
for meeting the enormous outlay which the building 
of two hundred miles of railway involved was indeed 
a herculean task. Heretofore the company had built 
its road mainly with the capital furnished by the State 
and the city of Baltimore, but the bounty of both the 



330 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



State and city had been exhausted, and the company 
had nothing to rely on now save its own credit and 
its own resources. The remainder of the sterling 
bonds were sold, and when tiie money derived from 
this source bad been expended, Mr. Swann courage- 
ously faced the situation and advised the sale of the 
company's coupon bonds, authorized to be issued at 
the discretion of the president and directors by the 
act of 1845. Prior to this none of these bonds had 
been put on the market because the president and di- 
rectors feared that they would fall below par, and the 
effect would be to still further impair the credit of 
the company. But when the alternative was pre- 
sented to Mr. Swann of submitting to a discount or 
stopping work on the western division of the road, 
he had no hesitation in deciding what ougiit to be 
done. The first lot of bonds offered were taken by a 
banking-house at eighty cents on the dollar, and then 
the price rose to eighty-seven cents. The effect upon 
the credit of the company was precisely the reverse 
of what had been predicted by those who opposed 
the selling of the bonds below par. Mr. Swann was 
severely criticized while this matter was pending, but 
the result fully vindicated the wisdom of his action. 

As already stated, the extension of the road west- 
ward from Cumberland was commenced in 1849. The 
engineers had not proceeded far before they again 
came in collision with the old claim of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal Company to the "paramount 
right" to occupy the narrow passes of the Potomac, 
but the difficulty was settled without litigation, and 
the company was permitted to build its road across 
and through the mountains without any further inter- 
ruption from the "assignee of the Potomac Company, 
chartered in 1784," and soon got out of the region 
supposed to be covered by this ancient grant. On the 
22d of July, 18.51, the road was opened for travel to 
Piedmont, twenty-eight miles west of Cumberland, 
and on the 22d of June, 1852, the first train reached 
the Monongahela Eiver. The conditional subscription 
of $500,000 to the capital stock of the company made by 
the city of Wheeling became available when the road 
crossed the Monongahela, and that sum was now added 
to the construction fund. In the fulfillment of a 
promise or a prophecy made by Mr. Swann two 
years before, the road was completed to Wheeling 
Jan. 1, 1853, and was formally opened from the Ches- 
apeake to the Ohio by an excursion from Baltimore 
to Wheeling, Jan. 10, 1853. The municipal authori- 
ties of Wheeling gave^a grand complimentary banquet 
to the visitors on January 12th, at which George 
Brown, the first treasurer of the company, and who, 
in connection with Philip E. Thomas, had first sug- 
gested the building of a railway from tide-water to 
the Ohio River, gave a most interesting historical 
sketch of the early history of the road. 

No railroad two hundred miles in length was ever 
before constructed through a region presenting so 
many natural obstacles in so short a time as the 



western division of the Baltimore and Ohio. The 
j contracts were given out in the summer of 1849, and 
I the road was opened for travel throughout its entire 
length Jan. 10, 1853. Notwithstanding the vastly 
improved appliances that have been invented since 
j 1853 for boring tunnels and building bridges, no such 
i rapidity of construction has been witnessed on this 
side of the Rocky Mountains up to the present time. 
The road traverses a region which the mighty rush 
of the locomotive for thirty years has not deprived 
of its native wildness, and all the industrial forces 
which the railroad has introduced have not tamed the 
J wild spirit that haunts these mountain-peaks. The 
j " iron horse" encircles them in his course, but his 
1 path is only a dark thread winding around hills and 
through gorges which nature neglected to make abso- 
lutely inaccessible. There are twelve tunnels between 
Cumberland and Wheeling, the aggregate length 
of which is ten thousand five hundred feet (two miles) ; 
the longest is the great tunnel at Kingwood, four 
, thousand one hundred feet, which cost S4G0,000. 
There are also one hundred and fourteen bridges on 
this division of the road, some of which are splendid 
structures. The construction of a railroad two hun- 
j dred miles in length across a series of parallel moun- 
tain ranges, tunneling such as could not be out- 
! flanked or graded, in the space of three years was a 
j marvelous achievement. This division of the road 
i cost, in round numbers, $8,000,000. Up to the time of 
its completion the whole line between Baltimore and 
' Wheeling had cost $17,500,000, in round numbers, 
and the laying of a second track, the purchase of 
real estate, and the stocking of the road with loco- 
motives and cars had brought the whole expenditure 
up to $22,000,000, this sum being more than three 
times the amount of the original estimate. The 
common stock of the company had been issued to the 
amount of $9,091,500, of which 6855 shares ($685,500) 
, were held by the State of Maryland, 42,.582 shares 
i ($4,258,200) by the city of Baltimore, 5000 shares 
! ($500,000) by the city of Wheeling, and 46,478 shares 
I ($4,647,800) by individuals. To this must be added 
I the 30,000 shares of preferred six per cent, stock issued 
under the provisions of the act of June 4, 1836, and 
' held by the State of Maryland ($3,000,000), making 
the entire stock debt of the company $13,091,500. 
Up to this time coupon bonds secured by mortgage 
j had been issued to the amount of $5,677,012. 

Mr. Swann resigned the presidency of the company 
I April 13, 1853, and on the same day William G. 
Harrison was elected his successor, who filled the 
I office four years and was succeeded by Chauncey 
Brooks, who retired at the end of two years. During 
these six years the company was mainly concerned 
I in paying off its debts, increasing its revenues, de- 
veloping the capacity of the road, arching the tunnels 
on the western division, and establishing communica- 
tion with the system of railroads beyond the Ohio 
River. The Northwe-stern Virginia — now the Par- 



TKANSPORTATION. 



331 



kersburg branch of the Baltimore and Ohio — was 
chartered in 1851, and completed in 1857. It extends 
from Grafton, on the main stem of the Baltimore and 
Ohio, to Parkersburg, on the Ohio River, a distance 
of one hundred and four miles, and is the middle 
division of the " short line" between Baltimore and 
Cincinnati. Mr. Swann was the first president of the 
company, and held the office until the road was 
finished and leased to the Baltimore and Ohio Com- 
pany. The road was built mainly with funds fur- 
nished by the Baltimore and Ohio Company, which 
indorsed its bonds to the amount of $1,500,000, and 
advanced in cash at various times nearly two n\illions 
of dollars. The city of Baltimore indorsed its bonds 
to the amount of $1,500,000, and the Baltimore and 
Ohio Company afterwards assumed the payment of 
the interest. This road reached the Ohio River in 
advance of the Marietta and Cincinnati road, and 
some years elapsed before the connections necessary 
to form an unbroken line between Baltimore and 
Cincinnati were effected, although the interchange of 
business began in 1857. 

All the acts relating to the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad passed by the Virginia Legislature contem- 
plated Wheeling as the terminus of the main stem. 
When the road was opened to that city the Central 
Ohio road was in process of construction, and it was 
taken for granted that it would come to the opposite 
shore, and that a connection would be made between 
the two roads by means of ferry-boats until a bridge 
could be built. The president and directors of the 
Central Ohio Company, however, came to the conclu- 
sion that it would be best to make Bellaire, on the 
Ohio side of the river, the terminus of the road, and 
to form a connection with the Baltimore and Ohio 
road by cro.ssing over to Benwood, on the Virginia 
side of the river, four miles below Wheeling. Al- 
though the president and directors of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Company were in no way responsible for 
this action of the Central Ohio Company, yet after it 
had been determined on they could do nothing but 
accept the situation and make the necessary arrange- 
ments for an interchange of business between the 
two roads. After spending many millions of dollars 
in building a trunk line, they could not refuse a con- 
nection with the main western branch. Preparations 
for the construction of extensive wharves on both sides 
of the river were accordingly made with .a view to 
running ferry-boats between Benwood and Bellaire. 
A sudden stop was put to the work, however, on the 
Virginian side by an injunction sued out at the in- 
stance of the municipal authorities of Wheeling to 
restrain the Baltimore and Ohio Company from 
making a junction with the Central Ohio road at a 
point which would deprive that city of all the advan- 
tages it expected to derive from its position as the 
terminus of the main stem. A motion to dissolve the 
injunction was overruled, and the case was taken to 
the Virginia Court of Appeals, where it was held that 



the act of the Legislature fixing the terminus of the 
main .stem at Wheeling could not be so construed as 
to prohibit the Baltimore and Ohio Company from 
forming connections with other railroads at such 
points as might be deemed most advantageous. This 
decision was made in the latter part of the year 1855, 
and no further legal obstacles were interposed to 
prevent the junction of the two railroads. 

While the company was carrying on these great en- 
terprises west of the mountains, constantly wrestling 
with the forces of nature, and occasionally with the 
prohibitory processes of the law, the eastern end of 
the line was not neglected. After a protracted struggle 
the City Council passed an ordinance in 1845 giving 
the company authority to extend its tracks to Locust 
Point. This ordinance was vetoed by the mayor on 
account of the popular opposition to a section which 
permitted locomotives to be run through Pratt and 
other streets on another part of the line. It was 
afterwards passed in a modified form and approved. 
The company then began building the great wharves 
and piers at Locust Point which are now regarded as 
the very bulwarks of the commerce of Baltimore. The 
main depot was removed from Pratt Street, between 
Charles and Light Streets, to its present site in the 
summer of 1852, and " Camden Station" became 
henceforth one of the landmarks of the city.' The 
fine building which is now the headquarters of the 
company was completed in 1867. The Mount Clare 
shops and yards were enlarged until an area of more 
than forty acres was covered with sheds and railroad- 
tracks. 

We now come to a point in the history of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad which is closely linked to the 
present, and which is covered by the personal recollec- 
tion of men who have not yet passed the meridian of 
life. On the 17th of November, 1858, Chauncey 
Brooks resigned the presidency of the company, and 
John W. Garrett, the present incumbent, was elected 
to fill his place. The period of railroad expansion ' 
had just set in when Mr. Garrett assumed direc- 
tion of the affairs of the company, and he found 

1 The ordinance authorizing -the introduction of the traclts of the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Bailroad to the depot of the company on the south side 
of Pratt west of Light Street, and to the depot at President Street, and 
upon Paca, Howard, Eutaw, Charles, and Camden Streets, was passed by 
the City Council in April, 1831. This, privilege was extended by ordi- 
nance to other streets in 1831, 18:)2, 1833, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1840, 1843, 
1847. etc. In June, 1852, the company purchased the property bounded 
by Camden, Howard, Eutaw, and Lee Streets, for the purpose of erecting 
a new depot. The property occupying the site, consisting of forty-niue 
houses, was sold at public auction on September 28th, and the houses 
were immediately removed, preparatory to the erection of the present 
Camden Street depot buildings, under the superintendence of Messrs. 
Niernsee & Neilson, architects. The front range of buildings on Camden 
Street was begun in 1856, and the directors met in it for the first time 
on Feb. 11, 1857. Tlie old depots on Pratt Street near Light, and on the 
east side of Charles Street south of Pratt, were sold at public auction on 
July 25, 1853, for J65,000, the latter lot subject to a gronnd-rent of nine 
hundred dollars. The former had a front on Pratt Street of one hundred 
and twenty-nine feet eight inches, with a depth of two hundred and 
twenty-seven feet, and tlie latter a front of two hundred s ' 
feet on Charles Street, with a depth of one hundred and forty feet. 




cu>-^-^^^L ^ 



TKANSPORTATION. 



333 



of the Peabody Institute, and a public fountain cost- 
ing the same amount, which he has authorized to be 
purchased and presented to the City of Baltimore. 
His last visit to Europe greatly improved Mr. Gar- 
rett's health, and his capacity for thought and work 
is not less than it was twenty years ago, notwith- 
standing that he was sixty-one years old on July 31st, 
and has undergone almost incessant labor from his 
youth up. He continues as the head of the banking- 
house of Robert Garrett & Sons, but its affairs are 
managed by his youngest son, T. Harrison Garrett, 
who worthily maintains its higli reputation. His 
eldest son, Eobert Garrett, is also a member of the 
lirm, but is occupying the very responsible post of 
first vice-president of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, and is in the direct line of promotion, which 
he has earned by the able discharge of his duties. 
Thoroughly familiar with railroad government in 
these days of the keenest competition, Robert Gar- 
rett is the legitimate successor of his honored father, 
by whose policy he has largely helped to guide the 
road during that gentleman's absence abroad, when 
the labor mainly devolved upon him. 

Although the Baltimore and Ohio was the first rail- 
road projected to the West, it was not the first to 
enter and " occupy the land." While the company 
waited six years at Cumberland for permission to pass 
through the State of Virginia, Western energy and 
enterprise, aided by Eastern capital, began the con- 
struction of a system of railroads which sent its 
ramifications through the whole Mississippi Valley 
and formed connections with the trunk lines from the 
East that first entered the much-coveted territory. 
Long before the main stem of the Baltimore and 
Ohio road reached the Ohio River two great rail- 
roads were draining the Ohio Valley and the whole 
of the lake region of their products. By a process 
of " consolidation" which is still in progress the 
stronger of these Western railroads took possession 
of the weaker, and these were in turn swallowed up 
by the lines whose geographical position made them 
desirable links in the great Northern chain. 

When Mr. Garrett first viewed the field, in which 
he has since won so much renown, he saw that all the 
currents of Western traffic had been turned away 
from Baltimore, and that the money expended in 
carrying the road westward from Cumberland to the 
Ohio River would be practically lost unless a new 
system of Western railroads was organized and made 
tributary to the new trunk line. To this colossal un- 
dertaking Mr. Garrett addressed himself, and in the 
extraordinary development of the domestic and for- 
eign trade of Baltimore City during the past fifteen 
years, as well as in the solid prosperity of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Company, are seen the substantial 
results of his labors. The Western branches of the 
Baltimore and Ohio traverse the most productive 
sections of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and tap all 
the great granaries on the Mississippi and on the 
22 



lakes, while a continuous procession of heavily-laden 
trains brings wheat and corn to the Baltimore eleva- 
tors. The aggressive movements of rival lines and 
the " wrecking" and consolidation of the heavily 
mortgaged Western roads compelled Mr. Garrett to 
enter the lists as the champion of his own city and 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; and certainly 
those who are interested in the commercial prosperity 
of Baltimore have no reason to regret the inaugura- 
tion of a struggle which has resulted so advanta- 
geously to themselves, however disappointing it may 
have been to the representatives of rival cities and 
rival interests, who had all the advantage of being 
first in the field. 

The experience of the first four or five years after 
the road reached the banks of the Ohio River was not 
encouraging. When the main stem was completed to 
Wheeling no railroad was there to meet it. The Cen- 
tral Ohio road was approaching from the West, but 
the Baltimore and Ohio Company was obliged to loan 
it $400,000 to enable it to reach the western bank of 
the river, and then a proper connection between the 
two roads was delayed for more than a year by the 
litigation heretofore referred to. As the Parkersburg 
branch approached the Ohio River, its projectors were 
astounded to see the Marietta and Cincinnati road 
turned away from the point at which the two roads were 
to join and its eastern terminus established ten miles 
farther up the river, thus leaving an ugly gap to be 
filled either by jjutting a line of steamers on the river 
or building a branch road some eight or ten miles in 
length. The mighty tide of travel from the West 
which was expected to move eastward over the main 
stem and over the Parkersburg branch did not come. 
Under the prudent and conservative management of 
Mr. Garrett's immediate predecessors the revenues of 
the company had steadily increased, but they were 
derived mainly from the transportation of coal, from 
freight brought up the Ohio River in steamboats, and 
from the local traffic. Prior to 1859 the Western rail- 
road connections of the Baltimore and Ohio had not 
yielded results commensurate to the general expecta- 
tion. 

In carrying out the aggressive policy through which 
Baltimore was enabled to win back the trade that had 
been diverted to other cities, Mr. Garrett encountered 
much opposition. He regarded it as a matter of the 
first importance that the road should be kept in a high 
state of efficiency, and that it should yield a fair re- 
turn to the stockholders. The city of Baltimore being 
a stockholder to the amount of $3,500,000, and having 
loaned the company $5,000,000 besides, suffered heavily 
whenever there was a falling off in the net earnings 
of the road. So large a portion of the municipal rev- 
enue was derived from this source that the passing of 
a single dividend occasioned much embarrassment. 
In order to lighten the burden of taxation and to pro- 
tect the credit of the city, Mr. Garrett saw that the 
of the road must be enlarged and its earnings 



334 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



This could only be done by extending 
its Western connections, and by carrying "through 
freiglit" at the schedule rates fixed by the other trunk 
lines. The Central Ohio road and its tributaries 
were looked to as the main source of supply, and in 
order to secure the flour, grain, and other products 
carried by these lines, the Baltimore and Ohio Com- 
pany was obliged to make such traffic contracts as 
would furnish a special inducemeut to Western ship- 
pers to select the Baltimore market, or at least to send 
their freight to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston 
by way of Baltimore. 

In these days of sharp railroad competition nobody 
disputes the wisdom or necessity of tratfic contracts be- 
tween connecting lines by which the profits of trans- 
portation are divided on an equable basis; but when 
Mr. Garrett began the organization of the splendid sys- 
tem of Western railroads which now contributes many 
millions of dollars annually to the trade of Baltimore 
the matter was not so well understood, and he was 
bitterly assailed in the newspapers for the supposed 
discrimination against local shippers, and especially 
for carrying Western freight to Philadelphia and New 
York at rates but little in excess of those charged 
on freight delivered at Baltimore. He was also 
charged with discriminating against the river trade, 
one of the specifications of the bill of complaint, as 
exhibited in the newspapers, being that the low rates 
at which return freights were carried on the Central 
Ohio road prevented the steamboats from loading at 
Benwood for the downward trip. It was also insinu- 
ated that persons connected with the management of 
the Baltimore and Ohio road were speculating in the 
securities of the Central Ohio Company, and that it 
was for their benefit these alleged discriminations 
against Baltimore interests were made. Even as late 
as 1863, when the president and directors of the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Company decided to invest $1,223,932 
in the securities of the Ohio Central Company, an in- 
junction was sued out to prevent the resolution of the 
board from being carried into effect. 

The "discrimination" controversy was carried on 
through the newspapers during the summer and au- 
tumn of 1859, and when the Legislature met the next 
winter the House of Delegates passed an order call- 
ing upon Mr. Garrett to answer whether the Baltimore 
and Ohio Company had not discriminated against Bal- 
timore City in fixing its rates of freight. In response 
to this order, Mr. Garrett addressed a communication 
to the House of Delegates, in which he said, — 

" Itgives me pleasure to answer the inquiry propounded in that order. 
This coD)pany does not discriminate against the city of Baltimore in the 
rates of freight. It has, on the contrary, heen its constant effort to con- 
tribute to the welfare and prosperity of that community by malting the 
largest pmcticable differences in its favor. . . . The Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad Company is one of the several great lines of railway which 
stretch from the sea-board to the West. The others are the Pennsylvania 
Railroad, the New York and Erie lluilroad, and the New York Central. 
Not one of these roods reaches by its own line to the valleys of the Mis- 
sissippi and Missouri and the leading cities in the West and Southwest, 
from which an iuimonso traffic is drawn. They connect with other 



Western lines. Upon the character of the arrangement which tltey make 

with those lines depends the amount of trade which each is able to obtain. 

i The road which does not compete with them in making such arrange- 

j ments receives no part of the freight which passes over them to the 

J Eastern markets. 

j " The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Baltimore City were long the 
I victims of the agreements thus made between the Northern and Western 
I lines. The road has in consequence, as occasion reqnired, retaliated, to 
j vindicate its real advantages. In executing this policy, and in the very 
maintenance of a discrimination by this company ih favor of Baltimore, 
{ a conflict occurred with the Northern lines last year. During a bnef 
portion of that time all the companies engaged in competition for West- 
i em trailic, and in that battle carried ' through freight' at rates below the 
I actual cost of transportation. 

"The Baltimore and Ohio Company, at great temporary sacrifice, re- 
fused to agree to any arrangement but such as would properly recognize 
discriminations in favor of the city of Baltimore, to which its geographi- 
cal advantages entitled it. It succeeded in enforcing its equitable de- 
mands. It boldly met the emergency when necessary, and at the earliest 
practicable period arranged for remunerative rates, when its objects had 
been accomplished. I deem it my duty to say to the House of Delegates 
that not one pound of freight is carried beyond Baltimore, by reason of 
any policy of this company, that would under any other policy come to 
Baltimore as a market. The battle has been to obtain the carriage of 
freight on its way to and from the West and Philadelphia, New York, 
and Boston, and thus secute a profit to the State, city, and private stock- 
holders, who are all interested in the road as proprietors. Moreover, it is 
the partial profit drawn from these arrangements which enables the com- 
pany to keep the local freights within this State and Virginia generally 
below the rates authorized by the charter, and below the average rates of 
other roads." 

In this answer to the House of Delegates Mr. Gar- 
rett forcibly states the general principle on which 
transportation must be conducted in this epoch of the 
railway age. "Through freights" will inevitably seek 
the lines that charge the lowest rates, and it is better 
to carry them at very small profit than not to carry 
them at all. The charge of " discrimination" has been 
made many times since this letter was written, but it 
has always been regarded as a sufficient answer to 
everything that can be said against the policy therein 
enunciated. 

The substantial fruits of Mr. Garrett's vigorous ad- 
ministration were just beginning to be plucked when 
the breaking out of the war interrupted communica- 
tion with the West, completely cut off all commercial 
relations with the South, and exposed the company's 
property to destruction. The road stretched along 
the line of demarcation between the North and the 
South, and for four years contending armies fought 
for its possession, the one side striving to protect it, 
because it was indispensable to the United States 
government as a great highway for the transportation 
of troops and munitions of war, and the other side 
trying to destroy it for the same reason. Through all 
this distressing period Mr. Garrett was equal to every 
emergency, and managed the afl!airs of the company 
with such discretion and ability as not only to save 
the stockholders from loss, but to put the government 
under the highest obligations for the means of prose- 
cuting its campaigns. The news that the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad had been torn up at any point by the 
enemy always sent a shudder of apprehension through 
the entire North, and nothing did so much to allay the 
fear of invasion from the South a.< the announcement 
that its trains were again making their regular trips. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



In most instances the damage inflicted by raiders was 
promptly repaired, and the courage, energy, and zeal 
shown by the railroad men in restoring communica- 
tion often contrasted strongly with the indecision and 
cowardice of military commanders. 

On May 25, 1861, a small party of raiders crossed 
over from Virginia to the Point of Rocks and de- 
tached an immense rock from an overhanging ledge, 
wjiich dropped on the track and stopped all westward 
bound trains, and three days afterwards more than 
one hundred miles of the road were seized by the 
Southern troops. This division of the road was not 
again opened for travel till March 28, 1862. Simul- 
taneously with the movement on the middle division 
of the main stem, raids were made upon the western 
division and the Parkersburg branch at various points. 
Several bridges were burned, but the rapid movement 
of the Union troops from the Ohio River eastward 
prevented any further destruction during the year 
1861. Fourteen locomotives were taken from the 
track at Martinsburg and hauled with horses over the 
turnpike to Strasburg, a distance of forty-five miles. 
All of the most valuable machinery in the company's 
repair-shops was transported to Strasburg in the same 
way, and a great deal of railroad material besides. 
Forty-two locomotives were run on to a long trestle- 
work, which was then fired, and w'hen the wooden 
cross-beams were burned the heavy engines fell 
through and were completely wrecked. Some of 
these locomotives had steam up when they were 
seized, and the jar which they sustained when the 
burning timbers gave way opened the whistle-valves. 
During the whole of that day of destruction and dis- 
aster these dismantled machines gave forth screams 
and groans that filled all who heard them with melan- 
choly forebodings. When the Union army under 
Gen. Patterson advanced from Hagerstown towards 
the Potomac River the Confederates fell back to Win- 
chester, but before they left the railroad they destroyed 
all the bridges from Harper's Ferry westward for a 
distance of nearly eighty miles. While the Southern 
troops who had occupied Harper's Ferry were on the 
other side of the Blue Ridge Mountains taking part 
in the Bull Run campaign the Union troops crossed 
over into Virginia, and the Baltimore and Ohio Com- 
pany immediately began to rebuild the Harper's Ferry 
bridge, but before the trestle-work was 'in place the 
Confederates returned from Bull Run, and the Union 
forces fell back into Maryland, where they remained 
until March, 1862. The repairs on the middle divis- 
ion of the road were commenced at Cumberland in 
the winter of 1861-62, and the construction corps 
came eastward with the advance of Gen. Lander's 
forces, rebuilding the bridges whenever military pro- 
tection was afforded. On the 4th of March work was 
begun at Harper's Ferry, and although the weather 
was exceedingly unfavorable a bridge was built across 
the river in fourteen days, and on the night of the 18th 
the first locomotive crossed over to Harper's Ferry 



that had been there for nine months. By April 1st 
the bridges had all been rebuilt, and thirty-six miles 
of track from which the iron had been removed and 
taken South relaid. During the next two months 
there was a succession of extraordinary freshets which 
washed away a number of bridges, including the trest- 
ling at Harper's Ferry. The road was opened, how- 
ever, for through travel between Baltimore and Wheel- 
ing early in June, and there was no further interrup- 
tion till Gen. Lee invaded Maryland in September, 
1862. The first hostile act was the blowing up of the 
fine iron bridge across the Monocacy at Frederick 
Junction ;' the fated Harper's Ferry bridge was again 
thrown into the river, and the track destroyed be- 
tween Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg. This divis- 
ion of the road was again destroyed during Gen. 
Lee's invasion in 1863, but far heavier damages were 
inflicted by the Breckenridge raid of 1864. All the 
bridges from Monocacy Junction westward to Mar- 
tinsburg and beyond were torn down, and the track 
was broken within forty miles of Baltimore. A divis- 
ion of the Union army under Gen. Hunter marched 
up the Valley of Virginia early in the summer of 
1864, and after making an ineffectual demonstration 
on Lynchburg retreated across the mountains to the 
Kanawha Valley. Trains were sent to Parkersburg, 
and the same troops were brought back to the place 
from which they had set out after having made a cir- 
cuit of more than six hundred miles. By the time 
they reached Cumberland, however, the Confederate 
force which they had encountered in front of Lynch- 
burg had by a rapid march northward entered Mary- 
land. The main body under Gen. Breckenridge 
turned eastward after crossing the Potomac, fought a 
battle at Monocacy Junction, and then advanced on 
Washington. In the outskirts of the District of Co- 
lumbia Gen. Early met the Sixth Corps, which had 
been hastily brought up from Gen. Grant's army, at 
that time lying in front of Petersburg. After an in- 
considerable skirmish the Confederate force retreated 
up the river and crossed into Virginia at the first 
available ford. Most of the cavalry that came down 
the Valley of Virginia with Breckenridge remained 
in the vicinity of Martinsburg, and from that point 
made raids up and down the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, and crossing the Potomac, one detachment went 
as far north as Chambersburg and burned that town, 
while another laid Hagerstown under contribution. 
These raids began June 29, 1864, and continued at 
intervals till September 13th. Gen. Hunter's troops 
were brought eastward from Cumberland, literally 
through the lines of the enemy. Reconnoitering 
parties in iron-clad cars were sent in front of the 
military trains to feel the way and protect the bridge- 
builders, but even after a considerable army had been 
concentrated at Harper's Ferry the work of destroy- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing the bridges went on more rapidly than their 
restoration. i 

In the mean time Gen. I'hilip Sheridan was sent to 
take command of the Union forces in this department. 
He organized an army out of the fragments of the , 
various corps that had been sent to the Potomac to 
repel the Breckenridge invasion, and early in Sep- | 
tember moved up the valley. On the 19th of October 
the battle of Cedar Creek was fought, and the Con- 
federate forces were started on a retreat from which 
they never returned. Sporadic raids on the railroad , 
were continued by the small detachments of cavalry 
that were left behind up to the day of the surrender \ 
at Appomattox. It was frequently necessary to run 
a train of iron-clad cars in front of the regular trains, 
and even with these precautions the passengers did 
not always escape pillage, while the construction 
corps was kept busy restoring the bridges, water- , 
tanks, and other appurtenances of the road, which ' 
were destroyed from day to day. The late William , 
Prescott Smith was master of transportation during 
tlie war, and in closing his report for 18(52 he uses this 
language : 

"When tlie history of the present war in connection with railroad I 
affairs is properly written, the wonderful fidelity, courage, and success I 
•with which the men generally of ouv service have acted their part in [ 
these eventful times must occupy an honorable place in such a record. 
The most daring bravery in protecting the property of the company and 
the lives of its passengers was frequently shown, while the admirable 
judgment and discretion exhibited, even in many instances by the hum- 
blest men connected with the trains or other duties, is entitled to the 
highest favor of the company, and challenges, indeed, the applause of 
the community. Before the road was itrst closed in June, 1861, by the 
destruction of track and bridges, prior to the evacuation of Harper's 
Ferry by the Confederates, the trains were daily literally run through 
the lines and camps of both armies ; but such whs the singleness of pur- 
pose with which our men devoted themselves to their duties that few 
special difficulties arose in working the road, other than such as were 
directed by supposed military necessities." j 

Notwithstanding the immense destruction of prop- j 
erty and the interruption of transportation during a 
considerable portion of each year, the company made 
money during all these troublous times. All the troops , 
and munitions of war sent from the North and West ; 
to Washington passed over the Washington branch, i 
and the earnings of the thirty miles of track between 
the Relay House and Washington exceeded anything , 
ever known in the history of railroads. In 1863 the 
company's common stock paid six per cent, dividends, 
and eight per cent, dividends in 1864. 

Railroad building was suspended during the war 
(except in so far as it was necessary to restore the tracks [ 
and bridges destroyed by the enemy), and from 1861 
to 1864 the Baltimore and Ohio Company added no 
new branches to its lines. The most important finan- 
cial movement of this period was the purchase of the 
mortgage held by the city of Baltimore on the Par- 
kersburg branch as security for the payment of 
the $1,500,000 indorsed bonds. In consideration of 
$1,200,000 in cash paid by the Baltimore and Ohio 
Company, the city surrendered its lien on the Par- 
kersburg branch, and agreed to pay the interest on the 



$1,500,000 of bonds and the principal at maturity. 
This agreement having been consummated in July, 
1864, the Baltimore and Ohio Company became vir- 
tually the owner of the Parkersburg branch, its total 
investments in the stock, bonds, and other obligations 
of the Northwestern Virginia Company amounting 
to $5,680,684. Upon the reorganization of the com- 
pany preferred stock to this amount was issued to the 
Baltimore and Ohio Company. ^ 

With the return of peace Mr. Garrett resumed the 
work of extending the lines of the Baltimore and Ohio 
in the West. Preparations were begun for building 
bridges across the Ohio River at Benwood and at 
Parkersburg. The Central Ohio road, which extends 
from Bellaire, opposite Benwood, to Columbus, a dis- 
tance of one hundred and thirty-seven miles, was 
leased Dec. 1, 1866, and two years afterwards the 
Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark road was leased, 
which brought the Baltimore and Ohio to the shores 
of Lake Erie, and gave it a point of departure from 
which it was subsequently carried in a direct line to 
Chicago. The company was busy with great enter- 
prises during the year 1867. At the close of the war 
four large wooden steamships were purchased from 
the United States government, and a line established 
between Baltimore and Liverpool ; but it was soon 
abandoned for a line of iron steamships between Bal- 
timore and Bremen. The North German Lloyds Con- 
tributed one-half the capital stock, and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Company the other half. For a period of 
thirteen years the magnificent vessels of this line 
have made their regular trips across the ocean, in 
storm and sunshine, without an accident. The Balti- 
more and Ohio Company built the splendid piers at 
Locust Point at which the vessels receive and deliver 
their cargoes, and the thousands of emigrants who 
come over in the steerage step from the wharf into 
the cars that take them to their destination in the 
West without an hour's delay. In November, 1867, 
the Baltimore and Ohio Company leased the Win- 
chester and Potomac road on terms which amount 
substantially to a purchase, and to this the Winches- 
ter and Strasbnrg, the Strasburg and Harrisonburg, 
and the completed portion of the Valley road have 
since been added, making a continuous line of one 
hundred and twenty-six miles, extending southward 
to Staunton, through the very heart of Virginia. This 
line will soon reach Lexington, Va., where it will 
connect with the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad. 
The Washington County branch, which connects the 
Baltimore and Ohio with Hagerstown, was completed 
in September, 1807. The Baltimore and Ohio Company 
furnished $400,000 of the capital, Washington County 
$150,000, and private subscriptions were made to the 
amount of $200,000, mostly by the directors of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Company. 

Some reference must now be made to a most import- 
ant improvement which shortened the distance be- 
tween the national capital .and all jioint.s in the West 



TRANSPORTATION. 



by forty-eight miles. The construction of a branch 
road from Washington to a point on the main stem 
was long contemplated, but the route presented so 
many difficulties that the enterprise was not under- 
taken until the company bad ample means to carry it 
through. The necessary legislation was procured in 
1865, and the act provided that the road must be com- 
pleted in five years. The limitation ran out in 1870,' 
but the Legislature extended it till March 21, 1873. 
Although only forty-three miles in length, the Metro- 
politan branch cost $3,583,497. The junction with 
the main stem is made at Point of Rocks, sixty-nine 
miles west of Baltimore. From thence the distance 
to Washington by way of the Relay House is ninety 
miles, and by the Metropolitan branch forty-three 
miles. The distance from Point of Rocks to Balti- 
more by way of Washington is eighty-two miles 
(thirteen miles further than by the direct route), but 
notwithstanding the increased distance all the through 
passenger-trains to and from the West are run by way 
of Washington, while the freight-trains and the local 
passenger-trains take the main stem. The branch was 
opened for through travel on the 25th of May, 1873. 

The reasons that induced, or rather compelled, the 
Baltimore and Ohio Company to carry the main stem 
to Wheeling instead of Pittsburgh have heretofore been 
stated. But the idea of a connection with Pittsburgh 
was not abandoned, and the extension of the Con- 
nellsville road to Cumberland was regarded as a 
matter of such vital importance to Baltimore that the j 
City Council, with the approbation of the masses of 
the people, authorized a loan of $1,000,000 in city 
stock to the Connellsville Company. This loan was 
made in 1856, and for nineteen years the city paid 
$60,000 per annum interest on the stock without re- 
ceiving any return. In 1876 the Baltimore and Ohio 
Company assumed the payment of the principal and 
the interest in arrears, the whole debt amounting to 
$2,2.35,000 at the time of its liquidation. The whole 
distance from Cumberland to Pittsburgh by way of 
Connellsville is one hundred and forty-nine miles, 
whereas the distance from Cumberland to Wheeling, 
as measured on the railroad, is two hundred and one 
miles, although the actual distance by the national 
turnpike is only ojie hundred and thirty-one miles. 
This shows the difliculties that had to be overcome in 
locating the western division of the main stem. The 
route to Pittsburgh is comparatively direct, and for 
nearly a hundred miles runs through a thickly-settled 
and highly-productive section of Pennsylvania. In 
1856, Benjamin H. Latrobe, chief engineer of the 
Baltimore and Ohio road, having completed the sur- 
veys for the Parkersburg branch, accepted the presi- 
dency of the Connellsville Company, and devoted his 
energies and large practical experience to the exten- 
sion of the road in the direction of Cumberland. For 
a number of years the road connected with the Penn- 
sylvania road at Turtle Creek, ten miles east of Pitts- 
burgh, but during the administration of Mr. Latrobe 



it was extended directly into the city, and thus be- 
came independent of the Pennsylvania Company. 
This was accomplished in 1861, the whole length of 
the road being at that time fifty-eight and a half 
miles. A link of ninety-one miles between Connells- 
ville and Cumberland remained to be constructed, 
upon which about $200,000 had been expended. The 
breaking out of the war put an end to all further 
operations on the Cumberland division ; but with the 
return of peace work was resumed and prosecuted at 
intervals, as means could be procured, until it was 
finally completed, April 11, 1871, when there was a 
grand excursion from each end of the line, and cour- 
tesies were interchanged between the municipal 
authorities of Baltimore and Pittsburgh. The whole 
distance between the two cities by this line is three 
hundred and twenty-seven miles ; between Washing- 
ton and Pittsburgh, three hundred miles. 

The route of the Connellsville Railroad was first 
surveyed by Gen. Washington in 1754. He was 
then looking for an available wagon-road, over which 
an army could be moved whenever it became neces- 
sary to dislodge the French from Fort Duquesne, and 
to take possession of the vast region beyond the Ohio, 
which they claimed by right of first occupation. The 
following year he accompanied Braddock's expe- 
dition over the same route, and participated in the 
battle in which that brave but arrogant commander 
lost his life. No sooner had Gen. Washington re- 
signed his commission as commander-in-chief of the 
army of independence than he hastened with com- 
pass and chain to the .scene of his early surveys, and 
again traced a line from Cumberland to Braddock's 
battle-field. This time he was looking for a prac- 
ticable route for the great canal which he had pro- 
jected from tide-water on the Potomac River to the 
Ohio River and the Lakes. He was president of the 
Potomac Company, chartered by Maryland and Vir- 
ginia in 1784, whose extensive franchises were long 
afterwards assigned to the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal Company, and gave the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company a great deal of trouble, as has 
heretofore been explained. 

To keep the leading events of Mr. Garrett's admin- 
istration in chronological order, it will now be neces- 
sary to give some account of the extension and im- 
provement of the lines west of the Ohio River. In 
1871 tiie bridge across the Ohio River at Benwood 
was completed, and the building of the Chicago di- 
vision of the road was begun. It starts from a point 
on the Lake Erie division eighty-nine miles north of 
Newark, Ohio, and extends from thence in a direct 
line to Chicago, a distance of two hundred and forty- 
three miles, through a country of unsurpassed fer- 
tility, abounding in the products of agricultural and 
mechanical industry, which it has greatly helped to 
develop. The entire division was completed in 1874, 
and at the beginning of the year 1875 the Baltimore 
and Ohio road had passed more than four hundred 



338 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



miles beyond the limits contemplated in its corporate 
title, and might have been appropriately called the 
Baltimore and Chicago road. 

The Marietta and Cincinnati Company having 
carried the terminus of its road some ten miles above 
the point at which it was supposed a junction with 
the Parkersburg branch would be made, it became 
necessary for the Baltimore and Ohio Company, after 
building a splendid bridge across the river at Parkers- 
burg, to invest nearly $2,000,000 in a branch, or 
rather a " link," thirty miles long, to connect the two 
lines at a favorable point. The distance between 
Baltimore and Cincinnati was lessened ten miles by 
building this link. The Marietta and Cincinnati 
road did not run directly into the city of Cincinnati, 
but connected with the Cincinnati, Hamilton and 
Dayton road six miles outside the city limits. It 
was of the highest importance that the main line 
should run directly into the city and have proper 
terminal facilities there ; consequently a sort of " end" 
link was built and provided with all the appurte- 
nances that belong to tlie main depot of a grand trunk 
line. The Baltimore and Ohio Company not only 
advanced the money for all these improvements, but 
it also furnished the means for rebuilding the Mari- 
etta and Cincinnati road throughout its entire length 
and bringing it up to the requirements of a large 
traffic. The Marietta and Cincinnati Company gave 
its notes for these loans and pledged securities which 
it was never able to redeem, and after an ineffectual 
struggle with adverse circumstances was obliged to 
ask for a receiver, and John King, Jr., then the 
first vice-president of the Baltimore and Ohio Com- 
pany, was appointed to that position. The road is 
now the western division of the "short line" be- 
tween Baltimore and Cincinnati, the length of the 
whole line being five hundred and seventy-eight 
miles. 

The Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, which runs in 
a direct line from Cincinnati to St. Louis, across the 
States of Indiana and Illinois, a distance of three 
hundred and forty miles, had the misfortune to en- 
cumber itself with a profitless branch which brought 
it but little revenue and entailed a heavy annual ex- 
pense. The company being unable to meet the in- 
terest on its obligations, was forced into bankruptcy 
by the bondholders, and Mr. King was appointed 
receiver of this insolvent corporation also. Mr.' King's 
health has recently necessitated his retirement from 
the receivership of both the Marietta and Cincinnati 
and the Ohio and Mississippi roads, and his successor 
at this date (Oct. 5, 1881) has not been appointed. 
The road connects with the Marietta and Cincinnati 
road, and gives the Baltimore and Ohio a continuous 
line to St. Louis. Each of the three main branches of 
the trunk line west of the Ohio River is intersected by 
numerous smaller branches which help to swell the 
general traific, although some of them are fiir from 
being profitable to their stockholders. 



The new Baltimore and Ohio Railroad central 
building is now nearly completed. The property, 
which is on the northwest corner of Baltimore and 
Calvert Streets, fronting one hundred and two feet 
six inches on Baltimore, and one hundred and four 
feet two inches on Calvert Street, was purchased 
for $225,000 cash. Th« building being erected 
upon this land is seven stories above the sidewalk, 
and a first-class and durable structure in every par- 
ticular. The massive walls of brick are laid in 
cement, the staircases, window-frames, and joists are 
of iron, while the building will be made fire-proof 
throughout, and provided with fire and burglar- 
proof vaults. The fronts are of the finest quality of 
Baltimore pressed brick, except that of the first floor, 
which is of fine-cut granite. The trimmings of the 
pressed brick fronts are of the Cheat River or blue 
stone. The granite and Cheat River stone were pro- 

i cured from quarries upon the Baltimore and Ohio 

I road, and are believed to be equal in color, quality, 

j and effectiveness to any in the United States. The 
first floor will be appropriated to offices for the pas- 

I senger, ticket, freight, telegraph, and express services; 
the second floor for the president, vice-presidents, and 

I their assistants, and for the trea.sury department ; the 
third for the room of the board of directors and the 
general freight department; the fourth for the audi- 
tor's department. The remaining floors will be used 
for other departments, documents, etc. There will be 
passenger and freight elevators, located to furnish 
convenient communication with each floor. The 

1 building when completed will not only afford much 
improved facilities and conveniences for the public 
and the company, but its architecture will add greatly 
to the attractive appearance of the metropolis. 

In anticipation of the trade which the western 
tributaries of the Baltimore and Ohio road would 
bring to Baltimore, the tide-water improvements at 
Locust Point were pushed forward as rapidly as the 

j magnitude of the work would permit. Piers were 
extended out into deep water, where vessels drawing 
twenty-seven feet can load ; railroad-tracks multiplied 
upon the wharves, and three magnificent elevators 

I loomed up, the most conspicuous monuments to the 
genius of commerce that had yet been reared on the 
shores of the Chesapeake. Elevator " A" was com- 
pleted in 1872, and has a storage capacity of 1,000,000 
bushels of grain. Elevator " B," completed in 1874, 
has a storage capacity of 1,500,000 bushels. Elevator 
"C," recently completed, has a storage capacity of 
1,800,000 bushels. The company now have storage- 
room for 4,300,000 bushels of grain, which can be 
poured into vessels of the largest burthen as they lie 
moored to the piers on which the elevators are built. 
All along the water-front are trestled piers for dump- 
ing coal into vessels from the cars that bring it from 
the mines. These splendid improvements may be 
said to have restored the foreign commerce of Balti- 
more. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



Notwithstanding the large expenditure upon the 
improvements in Baltimore and throughout the whole 
length of its lines, the credit of the company re- 
mained unimpaired, and dividends were regularly 
paid out of the net earnings. In January, 1874, a 
loan of $10,000,000 was negotiated in London upon 
the most favorable terms, although the distrust occa- 
sioned by the financial panic of 1873 had greatly de- 
preciated nearly all the railway securities offered in 
the foreign market. Part of the money thus obtained 
was used in building the Chicago extension. 

Scarcely had the Baltimore and Ohio Company 
completed its most important western connections 
before Baltimore took its place as the second of the 
sea-board cities in the exportation of grain (being 
outranked only by New York), and the great bulk of 
the wheat and corn sent abroad passed through the 
Locust Point elevators. During the fiscal year end- 
ing Sept. 30, 1878, the Baltimore and Ohio Company 
brought to the sea-board 20,639,654 bushels of grain 
and 778,211 barrels of flour ; and the report for the 
fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1880, shows a gain of 
over five million of bushels on the transportation of 
1878. The carrying of live stock is a most important 
branch of the Western traffic, and in 1880 the aggre- 
gate weight of the animals brought to Baltimore was 
165,454 tons. In the transportation of all other 
.standard products the increase since 1870 has been 
most surprising. The gross revenues of the company 
for 1880 (derived from the operation of its various 
lines) were $18,317,740, and net earnings $7,986,970. 
At this writing (June, 1881) the stock-board quotation 
of the company's common stock (par value $100) is 
$225. 

At the regular monthly meeting of the directors of 
the railroad company, held on July 13, 1881, Presi- 
dent Garrett submitted the resignations of John 
King, Jr., first vice-president, and of Wm. Keyser, 
second vice-president of the company, which had been 
placed in his hands. The board passed resolutions ac- 
cepting the resignations and complimentary to the re- 
signing officials, and there was a general expression of 
regret upon the severance of the company's relations 
with two gentlemen who had been so long and so 
closely identified with the management of the road. 
Mr. King had been in the service of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad Company for twenty-seven years. 
He began his railroad career as a ticket agent at 
Camden Station, and by gradual steps he became 
paymaster, auditor, general freight agent, and finally 
first vice-president, which several positions he filled 
with remarkable ability. Mr. King is also president 
of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad Company 
and the Baltimore and Ohio and Chicago Railroad 
Company, and thus has become one of the conspic- 
uous railroad managers of the country. Untiring 
patience, sagacious foresight, broad and liberal views 
of general policy, a wonderful mastery of every-day 
detail, singular fecility in dispatch of business, prompt 



and decisive answers to persons having negotiations 
with the road, as well as to the daily problems he 
has been called upon to solve, an unruffled temper 
in the discharge of his daily duties, a clear and inci- 
sive style in speech, and in written statement the ap- 
propriate clothing of the thoughts of a business man- 
ager who knows precisely what he wants and why 
he wants it, — these are some of the many valuable 
characteristics and acquirements which Mr. King 
brought to the performance of his duties. The con- 
troversy of eight years' standing between the corpo- 
ration and the State he settled, after the prolonged 
and sometimes bitter discussion of years, in a manner 
most creditable to the company and to the State to 
which it owes its existence. No railroad oflicer was 
more respected than he by the officials of rival roads. 
He was conciliatory when conciliation was right, but 
at the same time equally ready and vigorous when 
a railroad war was needful; and in all the controver- 
sies of railroad strife and war no man has ever im- 
peached his word or integrity of statement. 

Mr. Keyser has also been of va.st service to the com- 
pany. He brought to the performance of his duties 
as a railroad oBicer a broad mercantile knowledge 
and thorough acquaintance with the wants of business 
men in their dealings with railroads. To understand 
practically and thoroughly the views of bankers, 
merchants, and business men generally in regard to 
the relations of great transporting companies to the 
country's trade is something particularly desirable in 
a general railroad officer, and Mr. Keyser possessed 
this important requirement in a marked degree. 
None knew better than he how to harmonize and 
reconcile those views with the at times apparently 
conflicting demands of a railroad company. His 
genial humor and kindly disposition also made him 
an object of affection to all the employes of the road. 
In the strike of 1877 he met the men at the Cross 
Street Market, and while he told them firmly that 
the company could not accede to their demands, he 
yet presented the company 's cause, as well as that of 
its employes, in such a light that every angry man es- 
teemed him for his honest, fearless, and manly ways. 
He moved unarmed and unharmed among the strikers 
at Martinsburg, Keyser, Piedmont, and Grafton, and 
everywhere his kindly but firm tone of advice and 
persuasion was heard with respect by men who but 
a few hours before were breathing vengeance upon 
managers whom they thought had done them a griev- 
ous wrong. Mr. Keyser, during his connection with 
the road, attended in the main to the company's deal- 
ings with official bodies and public officers, and was 
brought in contact with a large number of public men 
of the various States traversed by the company's 
lines, and it is not too much to say that no one has 
done more than he to popularize the company in its 
dealings with the public. 

Robert Garrett, the eldest son of President Garrett, 
who had been practically the president of the road 



340 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



during the two years' absence of his father in Europe, 
was elected to the office of first vice-president as the 
successor of Mr. King, whose interests had Iain almost 
exclusively in the West. Samuel Spencer, who had 
large railroad experience in the service of the com- 
pany, was appointed third vice-president to fill the 
vacancy caused by the promotion of "Robert Gai-rett. 
John M. Hood, the president of the Western Mary- 
land Railroad, was tendered the position of second 
vice-president, but he decided not to sever his con- 
nection with the Western Maryland. In his official 
connection with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
Robert Garrett has exhibited many sterling business 
traits, as well as popular characteristics, to the advan- 
tage not only of the railroad corporation, but of the 
city of Baltimore. He combines with the sagacity 
and prudence of a veteran the enterprise and courage 
of a young and vigorous manhood, and he may be 
trusted to make prompt and profitable use of every 
opportunity as it arises to promote the interests of 
the company. Endowed with a remarkable capacity 
for hard work, a quick intelligence, and a positive 
genius for railway management, and enjoying, more- 
over, the advantage of his father's vast experience, he 
is peculiarly well fitted to assume the grave responsi- 
bilities which will rest upon him as the executive of 
the company. Doubtless as long as his health per- 
mits John W. Garrett will remain at the head of the 
road ; but it must be a source of satisfaction to him, 
as well as the general public, to know that a succes- 
sion at any time would involve no interruption of the 
company's policy, and jeopardize none of its interests. 
If any evidence was needed to show the comprehen- 
sive business intelligence of Robert Garrett, a recital 
of a few of the prominent features from the fifty- 
fourth annual report of the company demonstrates 
beyond question the enormous work the road has ac- 
complished in the last year of his management. It 
proves also that Baltimore's trunk-line is the line of 
the country, — in fact, the most important in the 
world. The revenues for the fiscal year ending Sep- 
tember 30th aggregated no less than $18,317,740.10, an 
increase, as compared with 1879, of $4,123,759.67, and 
an increase, as compared with 1878, of $4,552,460.11. 
In other words, the revenues were greater by about 
25 per cent. The net earnings were $5,172,980.76, or 
$831,735.67 more than in 1879. Compared with the 
great increase in revenues this shows at first sight a 
disappointingly small gain, large as the figures are ; 
but he who reads the report carefully will find an 
explanation much more than satisfactory. Twenty- 
four engines of the largest class (the "Consolidated" 
or "Mogul" engines) and two engines for switching 
purposes have been built at the cost of $211,733.61 ; 
334 cars of largely-increased capacity have been built ; 
697 iron hopper-cars have been raised from 20,000 to 
30,000 pounds capacity per car; 297 house and 727 gon- 
dola-cars have been increased in capacity from 20,000 
to 40,000 pounds ; 50 additional refrigerator-cars have 



been built; 501 hopper gondolas, 115 stock, and 1012 
house-cars, each of 40,000 pounds capacity, have been 
constructed, besides 5 passenger-coaches and other mis- 
cellaneous cars. The cost of 1690 cars was $716,881.32. 
A very large amount was also expended upon steel 
rails. Seven hundred and fifty miles of track are now 
laid with steel rails. The whole of this has been 
charged to repairs. In other words, over a million 
of dollars of the revenues has been applied to the 
construction of new rolling stock alone, and instead 
of the sums being charged against " construction ac- 
count," they are entered again.5t " repairs." The divi- 
dend is provided for, a splendid surplus is left, and 
the stockholders find themselves possessed of a fuller 
and better equipment by far than ever before in the 
history of the corporation, and with the roadway in 
splendid condition. The increase in the tonnage is 
most remarkable. In 1871 the aggregate of through 
merchandise east and west was 435,207 tons; in 1876 
it had reached 1,093,393 tons ; last year it was 1,425,- 
629 tons ; in 1880 the total was 1,980,397 tons. This 
increase of about 33 per cent, is almost unprece- 
dented in railroad history. In this aggregate enter the 
following items : 598,992 barrels of flour, 25,962,696 
bushels of grain, and 54,530 tons of lumber brought 
to Baltimore ; 165,454 tons of live-stock transported, 
and 4,388,856 tons of coal, an increase for the year of 
997,881 tons of coal. 

But the half is not yet told. The indebtedness of 
the corporation was decreased in the fiscal year by 
the sum of $2,830,815.98. And the profit and loss ac- 
count shows an increase of $2,356,984.44, the surplus 
fund, which represents invested capital derived from 
net earnings, and which is not represented by either 
stock or bonds, now amounting to $40,561,642.37. 
With all this accomplished, the condition of the 
tracks, engines, and cars has been brought to a very 
high standard, and the hotels owned by the company 
have been placed in superior order. 
\ As regards the branch lines, the Washington road 
i reports an increase in net earnings of $22,822.88, the 
Parkereburg branch an increase of $176,250.49 (1862 
tons of steel rails were laid), the Pittsburgh division 
an increase of $279,545.04, the Central Ohio of 
I $38,754.21, the Chicago of $72,142.93, the Lake Erie 
1 of $19,739.76, and the Straitsville of $42,598.54. The 
improved result on all the lines worked by the com- 
pany aggregated $652,849.71. The condition of the 
1 Pittsburgh and Connellsville road is very satisfactory, 
j the net earnings being $1,011,827.09, and the excess 
1 of net earnings, after paying $678,858.40 for interest 
i on mortgage indebtedness, $332,968.69. Attention is 
j also called to the improvements at Camden Station, 
the additional tobacco warehouse, the new grain 
elevator recently built, with a capacity for 1,800,000 
bushels, the Locust Point and Canton ferry, the Bal- 
timore Stock-Yard Company, the central building, 
i and the dry-dock. The Berlin branch and the Somer- 
set and Cambria Railroad — the two new feeders and 



TRANSPORTATION. 



connections, the latter of great value and import- 
ance—are referred to descriptively. The importance 
of deepening the channel to the port to twenty-seven 
feet at mean tide, and of the construction of the Ches- 
apeake and Delaware Canal, are strongly urged. 

From first to last the report is a splendid one, and 
it is most gratifying to know that there is every pros- 
pect not only of a continuance of the prosperity of 
the great corporation, but even of a marked increase 
in its already enormous business and revenues. 

The only branches of the Baltimore and Ohio men- 
tioned in the foregoing sketch are those which are 
actually worked by the company, (inly excepting the 
Marietta and Cincinnati and th.' i )liin ami Mississippi, 
which, although they form ]i:ni of thr Kaltimore and 
Ohio system, still maintain their own organization. 
John King, Jr., until recently first vice-president of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Company, was receiver for 
both of these roads. No allusion has been made to a 
number of short roads in Maryland, Pennsylvania, 
West Virginia, and Ohio which are owned and 
worked by the Baltimore and Ohio Company. A 
most important branch is now being built from Som- 
erset, Pa., to Johnstown, where the great iron-works 
of the Cambria Company are located. Quite recently 
a syndicate of capitalists connected with the Balti- 
more and Ohio Company bought the Delaware West- 
ern road, with a view to making it an independent 
line between Baltimore and Philadelphia. About 
seventy miles of road must be built and the Susque- 
hanna must be bridged before trains can run between 
the two cities on this line. At present the northward- 
bound trains from AVashington and the West cross 
the harbor on a steam transport, and proceed to their 
destination by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
Baltimore Railroad. The through trains for the 
South take the Virginia Midland road at Washing- 
ton, and strike the Atlantic, Ohio and Mississippi 
road at Lynchburg, and the Piedmont Air-Line at 
Danville. 

In common with all other great railroads, the Balti- 
more and Ohio has had many a tough struggle with 
adversity, the immediate consequences of which were 
sufficiently discouraging. On July 24, 1868, an un- 
precedented flood swept down the valley of the Pa- 
tapsco, destroying bridges and culverts, lifting the 
track from the embankment, and inflicting damages 
wliich compelled a total suspension of the running of 
trains on this division of the road for fourteen days. 
Some compensation for the heavy loss was found in 
the opportunity that the reconstruction of the road 
afforded for straightening the track and getting away 
from the serpentine bends of the Patapsco. During 
the preceding year a tunnel eight liundred feet long 
was bored through the flinty rocks of the Catoctin 
Mountain, in order to get rid of the very curve which 
it took the company, aided by the Legislature and 
two courts of equity, six years to establish. 

The "cutting" of rates by competing lines has fre- 



quently inflicted heavier loss on the company than it 
ever sustained by storm or flood, and the Western 
railroad " wars" have proved far more disastrous than 
the periodic raids that the Southern soldiers used to 
make upon the bridges and track of the middle di- 
vision. For eight years the company was engaged in 
a controversy with the State over the tax imposed on 
the Washington branch, one-fifth of the gross receipts 
from passengers between Baltimore and Washington 
being reserved to the State by the act of 1833. In 
1869 the company being advised by eminent counsel 
that under recent decisions of the United States Su- 
preme Court this tax was unconstitutional, withheld 
payment. The matter was taken up by the Legisla- 
ture, and after a protracted struggle a resolution pa sed 
the House of Delegates directing the attorney-gen- 
eral to proceed against the company by writ of scire 
facias, with a view to forfeiting its charter. This reso- 
lution was defeated in the Senate, and a substitute was 
adopted by both houses directing the attorney-gen- 
eral to bring suit for the money alleged to be due. 
An action of debt was brought in the Superior Court 
of Baltimore City, and the case was decided in favor 
of the company. The Court of Appeals reversed the 
decision of the Superior Court, and the case was then 
carried to the Supreme Court of the United States, 
where it was finally decided in favor of the State. In 
the mean time various plans of adjustment were dis- 
cussed at the successive sessions of the Legislature, 
and in 1878 an act was passed which settled the con- 
troversy upon terms satisfactory to the State and the 
company. Under the provisions of this act the com- 
pany paid $466,540 in liquidation of all arrears, and 

I the Legislature abolished the one-fifth passenger tax, 
and in lieu thereof imposed a tax of one-third of one 
percent, upon the company's gross earnings on all its 
lines within the State of Maryland. This is the only 
State tax paid by the company. 

The foregoing is simply an outline of the history of 
a great corporation, whose struggles, experiments, and 
triumphs cover the whole of the railway age. Some 

I of its most splendid achievements have been merely 

i alluded to, while others have been entirely omitted. 
In the lives of the patient, laborious, persevering men 

' who inaugurated the great enterprise and put it into 
actual operation there is abundant material for many 

j volumes of interesting biography. Some of those who 
made the road a great commercial success are still con- 
nected with its management. From the laying of " the 
first stone" it has had the good fortune to attract to 
its .service men endowed with a peculiar genius for 
railway affairs. 

Mr. Garrett belongs to the modern period, and his 
administration has not yet come within the domain of 
historical review ; but the immediate results of his 
policy of railroad extension are so apparent in the 
growth and prosperity of Baltimore, in the enlarge- 
ment of its foreign and domestic trade, and in the 
commanding position occupied by the Baltimore and 



342 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Ohio in the railroad system of the United States, that 
it will not be necessary for him to wait for "coming 
generations" to comprehend and ai)preciate the mag- 
nitude of his achievements. 

The principal officers of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad are John W. Garrett, president; Robert 
Garrett, first vice-president; Samuel Spencer, third 
vice-president ; Andrew Anderson, assistant to presi- 
dent; John W. Davis, assistant to vice-presidents; 
George P. Frick, general manager of telegraphs, etc. ; 
Wm. M. Clements, master of transportation ; Wm. H. 
Ijams, treasurer ; W. T. Thelin, auditor ; O. R. John- 
son, master of road; John C. Davis, master of ma- 
chinery; L. M. Cole, general ticket agent; M. H. 
Smith, general freight agent; A. J. Fairbanks, gen- 
eral agent, Camden Station ; R. F. Beeler, general 
agent, Locust Point; N. S. Hill, purchasing agent; 
J. L. Randolph, chief engineer ; Geo. S. Koontz, gen- 
eral agent at Washington. 



Ktlaj 

ElllLOtt ( lt> 

H llofields 



lei Jails 
toi s Torrj 
l" lllp 



^ St 

It IjoK 

Mu (iHVllIC 

McMechen ■■ 



IlHllt vtr 
CI arlesl v 
Cameruii 



^e^^t.«n 
Muldletowii 
Cedai Crcik 
Ca|H II It M\ 



Stations. 


Miles. 


Sutions. 

Gaithersburg 

German town 

Boyd's 

Barnesville 


Miles. 

21.5 

26.5 

29.6 

33.2 


Metropolitan Junction.. 
Terra CotU 


1 

3.2 

4 

7 

11 


TuBcarora 


39 






Washington Junction 

Stations. 
Savage 


42.7 

Miles. 
20.2 


stations. 
Camden Station 


WiSHINOTO 
Miles. 


Eik'nidge.'."!!!.'.'.'"!;;"'.'.'.'. 

Dorset's ■.'.'.'.'.'.■.';.";.'.".'.■.■.■.■.■.'.■ 

JeSBUl-'s 

Bridewell 

Annapolis Junction 

Stations. 

Annapolis Junction 

Patuxent 

Odenton 


!1'.'.'. 111.7 

Miles. 

!'.'.'.'.'.'.' 3.0 

G.O 

8.5 

10.0 

Miles. 


' ii 24.5 

I: '.i- ::: !>» 


Washington 

KBIDGE BAILEOAU. 

Stations. 

Sorv/Se;:-::;;;::::;:. 

Iglehait 


31.7 

34 

34.2 

39 

40 

Miles. 

11.5 

13.5 

15.5 


Millersville 

Stations. 


Annapolis 

AND EAILEOAD. 

Stations. 
(•Ii«,l„ni.sville 


20.5 

Mile*. 
.... 109.5 
.... 110.5 


A. and F. K. R. Crossing i: 

Springfield ^ 

Burke's 1 1 


Elmingt'on. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.'.'.'.'.'.'.■.'.'."' 
Lovingston 

TyeKiver"!!.'.";!.'.'.'.".".".".;!; 
NewGhisgow 

M?llw'5'. !...■■.■.'.'.'.''.'.!''.'.'.'.'.'.. 

Burfoi.l-^ 

Lynclil.urg 

Luaui,,....": 

Lawyer's Road 

Evii.gt.m 

i.vn.'i,'.'"'' ; ;:'.':";;.'.'.".'.'." 

Ihtv\-:t'.ZZZZZZ'.".'. 
Fall Creek 


.... 121 
.... 126.5 
.... 131.2 
.... 13:) 
.... 137 
.... 140.6 


Fairfax 


.',' ■, 


















Xokesville 


342 

.... 38 7 


.... 1.H.5 
. .. l.ii'..5 


Warrenton Junction 


41 


.... liy.S 


\Va,T»Mtnn 


60 


.... 170.5 
.... 176.5 
.... 181.5 
.... 187.5 
.... 1915 
.... 194.6 
.... 198.5 
.... 205 
.... 208.6 
.... 214.6 

.... 2la.6 

.... 225.5 
2'95 








WS'-.r---- ■ 


102.2 




Danv.lle 


.... 236 



Northern Central Railway Company. — At a very 
early jjcriod ett'orts were made to secure to Baltimore 
the trade of the Susquehanna, and in 1783 the Legis- 
lature incorporated the Susquehanna Canal Company 
for the purpose of making a canal from the Maryland 
line to tide-water. After the expenditure of more 
than a million of dollars, mainly contributed by the 
citizens of Baltimore, a canal of about ten miles in 
length was completed from the Maryland line to Port 
Deposit. This canal proved to be of little value, and 
about 1816 it was finally purchased by a few wealthy 
citizens of Baltimore for a trifling sum. After the 
failure of the canal the active and intelligent men of 
Baltimore still directed their attention to the trade 
of the Susquehanna, and about 1800 they projected 
the bold experiment of running "arks" (which had 
never before descended below Columbia) over the 
dangerous rapids of the river to tide-water. The 
experiment succeeded, and by successive improve- 
nuMit!> ill tlie bed of the river its navigation soon 



TEANSPOKTATION. 



343 



became comparatively safe. lu the mean time, from 
1800 to 1812, large sums of money were also expended 
by the merchants and traders and insurance officers 
of Baltimore in improving and facilitating land in- 
tercourse with the country bordering on the southern 
shore of the Susquehanna by means of turnpike roads 
extending in every direction, including the interior 
of Pennsylvania. Baltimore continued to enjoy the 
trade of this region for a considerable period, but 
the idea suggested itself of establishing a return 
trade with this productive section. To this end the 
Legislature of Maryland, in 1822, appointed Theo- 
dorick Bland, George Winchester, and John Patter- 
son commissioners to lay out and survey a route for 
a canal from the Conewago Falls to Baltimore. They 
appointed James Geddess, one of the most distin- 
guished engineers of the country, to make the sur- 
vey, and in their very elaborate report recommended 
the construction of a canal on the right bank of the 
river from the Conewago Falls to Baltimore. They 
repudiated the idea of a joint-stock company, and 
recommended that it should be constructed by the 
mayor and City Council of Baltimore in their cor- 
porate capacity. To execute this plan it was nec- 
essary to obtain the authority of the Legislature, 
which would have been granted but for the interfer- 
ence of the parties who had purchased the ten miles 
of canal. The same parties afterwards attempted to 
organize a company to make a canal on the left bank 
of the river, from the Maryland line upwards, but 
they were in turn defeated. 

These efforts to gain the trade of the Susquehanna 
region were continued until August, 1827, when a com- 
mittee consisting of Messrs. Winchester, Leakin, Kelso, 
Stouffer, and Jenkins were appointed jointly by the 
York Haven Company and the several turnpike boards 
to examine into the practicability of making a 
railroad from Baltimore to the Susquehanna. Ac- 
companied by William F. Small, civil engineer of 
Baltimore, they arrived at York Haven, after making 
a general reconnoissance along their line, on Aug. 15, 
1 827. The committee on their return were unanimously 
of the opinion that no insuperable obstacles existed to 
the construction of a railroad from Baltimore to the 
Susquehanna, and accordingly a company was organ- 
ized. It was incorporated Feb. 13, 1828, the purpose, 
as set forth in the charter, being to build a railway 
from Baltimore to York Haven, where a connection 
was to be made with the Pennsylvania Canal, on the 
opposite side of the river.' 

The first directors of the company were Charles 
Eidgely, of Hampton, Hugh W. Evans, George Win- 
chester, Robert Purviance, Thomas Wilson, James 



1 York Haven was at that time a place of growing importance, and 
it was supposed that it would take precedence of aU the towns on the 
western shore of the Susquehanna. In the quiet wayside station on 
the line of the Northern Central Eailway, eleven miles above York, past 
which the express-trains rush without the least recognition of its exist- 
ence, the traveler of this day would scarcely recognize the embryo 
metropolis of a half-century ago. 



Smith, James L. Hawkins, James B. Stansbury, Shep- 
perd C. Leakin, Thomas Finley, Justus Hoppe, and 
John Kelso.^ At the organization of the Board of 
Directors, May 5, 1828, George Winchester was elec- 
ted president, and George J. Brown secretary. The 
popular excitement over internal impovements which 
had been created by the projectors of the Baltimore 
and Ohio road during the previous year had not yet 
subsided when the books for stock subscriptions to 
the Baltimore and Susquehanna road were opened at 
the old Franklin Bank, and 33,700 shares were sub- 
scribed for in a few days, although only 20,000 shares 
of the par value of $50 per share were authorized by 
the charter, and GOOO of these were reserved for the 
State of Maryland, the city of Baltimore, and the 
State of Pennsylvania. It was supposed that the 
Pennsylvania Legislature would promptly adopt the 
charter, and that the company would be permitted to 
build its road to the Susquehanna without hindrance. 
To the great disappointment of the friends of the 
enterprise in both States, the Philadelphia influence 
was sufficiently strong to prevent the Maryland com- 
pany from acquiring any corporate rights in Pennsyl- 
vania, and it was only alter a persistent struggle, last- 
ing through three years, that a Pennsylvania com- 
pany was incorporated and vested with authority to 
build a railway from York to the Maryland line. 
The corporators of this company were George Small, 
Michael Doudle, Daniel Inginfritz, Jacob Laumaster, 
James Shall, Charles Weiser, Peter Ahl, Jacob Bailor, 
Phineas Davis, George Morris, and Jacob Emmitt, of 
the borough of York ; and Charles A. Barnitz, Henry 
Snyder, Daniel Raman, Joseph Osborn, John Hel- 
lings, John Smith, and William Patterson, of York 
County. 

Soon after its organization the Baltimore and Sus- 
quehanna Company dispatched a corps of engineers 
to make the necessary surveys and select the most 
practicable route between the points named in the 
charter. Brig.-Gen. Joseph G. Swift, of the United 
States Engineers, was chief of this corps, and was 
assisted by William F. Small, Charles Ward, James 
Collins, Jr., and Joseph G. Partridge, civil engineers 
of Baltimore. 

The centennial anniversary of the founding of the 
city of Baltimore was fittingly celebrated on the 8th 
of August, 1829, by laying the "corner-stone" of this 
railway, which during the next half-century was des- 
tined to grow into one of the most splendid public 
improvements of the age. This stone was planted 
with appropriate ceremonies on the northern bound- 
ary of the city, some sixty feet from the present site 
of the North Avenue bridge, where it remained until 
October 30, 1870, when it was dug up by workmen 
who were removing earth from this locality to cover 

" All of these gentlemen were the incorporators of the company ex- 
cepting Messre. Finley and Kelso. They were substituted by Messrs. 
Eoswell L. Colt, Jacob I. Cohen, and William Frick. William Frick 
declined, being a director. 



344 



HISTOllV OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the arch of the Potomac tuiiiiel. It marked the start- 
ing-point of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail- 
road, the second great highway for transportation 
projected by the merchants of Baltimore. The first j 
division was located on the line of Jones' Falls, and 
to this day the picturesque valley through which 
the road approaches the city remains as fresh and as 
serenely rural in all its features as when the "iron 
horse" first intruded upon the privacy of the suburban 
homes that dot these wooded hills. Cars began to 
run from Baltimore to the Relay Station {now Lake 
Roland) July 4, 1S31. The engineers located the 
road to the northern border of the State, and ran an 
experimental line to York, but the obstructive action 
of the Pennsylvania Legislature greatly embarrassed 
the company in its operations. After the road had , 
been completed to the Relay Station work on the ' 
main stem was stopped, and the unexpended portion 
of the original capital was devoted to the building of 
a branch in the direction of Westminster, with the 
ultimate purpose of extending it to " the head-waters 
of the Monocacy River," as authorized by a supple- 
ment to the charter, passed Feb. 7, 1830. The branch 
road was opened to the Green Spring Hotel, some 
seven or eight miles from the Relay Junction, and 
fifteen miles from Baltimore, on May 26, 1832. In 
the mean time the Pennsylvania Legislature had so 
far receded from its opposition to the building of the 
main stem in the direction of the Susquehanna as to 
charter the New York and Maryland Line Company, i 
The prospect of uniting the two roads at the State 
line arrested the further extension of the Westminster 
branch, and its terminus remained at the Green 
Spring Hotel until the Western Maryland Company 
took up the abandoned work, twenty-five years after- 
wards, and carried it to the point originally contem- 
plated and far beyond. 

Upon the completed section of the main stem be- 
tween Baltimore and Relay Station a locomotive im- 
ported from England was placed on the road on the ; 
6th of August, 1832, which, after various alterations 
and improvements in the wheels, so as to adapt them 
to the turning of curves, became a very effective 
motor. It was named the " Herald," after the ship 
in which it was brought across the ocean, and was 
built by the celebrated engineer Stephenson. John 
Lawson, an English engineer, came over with the 
locomotive, and ran it for some months. The "Her- ■ 
aid" remained on the road twenty-three years, and 
was included in the inventory of rolling stock turned 
over to the Consolidated Company, Jan. 1, 1855. 
Not long afterwards it was taken to the car-shops in 
York and broken up. 

The Baltimore and Susquehanna Company was j 
obliged to apply to the State and to the City of Bal- 
timore at various times for aid to carry on its work. ; 
The cost of building the several sections far exceeded 
the original estimates, and the road was not opened j 
for travel to York until Aug. .'W, 1838. One passen- 



ger-train a day was sufficient to meet the wants of the 
traveling public for some time. The trip of sixty 
miles was made in four hours, and the fare was 
one dollar and seventy-five cents. All the railroads 
chartered in Pennsylvania at that time were public 
highways, upon which any person had the right to 
place cars and have them transported on the payment 
of the " tolls," as fixed by the company, within the 
limits prescribed by the Legislature. For many 
years nearly all the local freight moved over the roads 
which now form the Northern Central was carried in 
cars owned by the shippers. 

While the Baltimore and Susquehanna Company 
was slowly pushing its road northward in the direc- 
tion of the State line, an act of the Legislature was 
passed (March 22, 1836) authorizing it to build a 
branch road eastward through Baltimore and Har- 
ford Counties to Peach Bottom, on the Susquehanna, 
with a view to cro.ssing the river at that point and 
forming a connection with the Philadelphia and Co- 
lumbia Railroad in Lancaster County. This lateral 
branch was never built, although the contemplated 
route is now partly covered by the Baltimore and 
Delta Narrow-Gauge. Long before the road touched 
the western bank of the Susquehanna at York Haven 
all idea of a connection with the Pennsylvania Canal 
was abandoned. In due time several connections 
were made with other roads in Pennsylvania, and in 
1854,' by the concurrent action of Maryland and 
Pennsylvania, four roads, constituting a continuous 
line between Baltimore and Sunbury, were consoli- 
dated into one, under the name of the Northern Cen- 
tral Railroad Company. These acts consolidated in 
one corporation all the rights and privileges of the 
charters of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad 
Company, whose road extended from Baltimore to 
the Pennsylvania line, chartered by Maryland in 
1828; of the York and Maryland Line Railroad 
Company, whose road extended from the Maryland 
line to York, chartered by the State of Pennsylvania 
in 1832 ; of the York and Cumberland Railroad Com- 
pany, whose road extended from York to Bridgeport, 
opposite Harrisburg, chartered by the same State in 
1846 ; and of the Susquehanna Railroad Company, 
whose road extended from Bridgeport to the town of 
Sunbury, under the general railroad law of the State 
of Pennsylvania, by a charter from that State in 1851. 

The consolidated line thus formed extends from 
Baltimore through Baltimore County, in Maryland, 
and the counties of York, Cumberland, Perry, Dau- 
phin, and Northumberland, in Pennsylvania, to the 
town of Sunbury, at the junction of the north and 
west branches of the Susquehanna River, a total dis- 
tance of one hundred and thirty-eight miles. 

1 On the 4th of July, 1854, one of the most terrible railroail accidents 
thut over occurred in this country took place on the Susquehanna Itail- 
road, caused by collision in a curve of the road about midway between 
the Kelay House ami " Rider's Grove." Thirty-Rve persons were killed 

and over one hundred were wounded. 



TRANSPOKTATION. 



At Union Depot, one and one-tenth miles north of [ 
Calvert Street Station,' Baltimore, connection is made j 
with the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, thus af- 
fording communication with the South. Connection 
may also be made here with the Western Maryland 
road, and with trains for Philadelphia and New York 
via the Philadelphia and Wilmington road. 

At Kelay, seven miles from Baltimore, a branch 
diverges from the main line and follows the Green 
Spring Valley to a connection with the Western 
Maryland Railroad, at a distance of eight and a half 
miles. This branch was originally owned by the 
Susquehanna Railroad Company, and was known as 
the Westminster or Green Spring branch. Shortly 
after the Western Maryland Railroad was chartered 
in 1854 it commenced the construction of a line from 
the terminus of the Green Spring branch into the 
counties of Carroll and Washington. At that time a 
contract was made between the Northern Central and 
the Western Maryland Railroad Company, transfer- 
ring this branch to the latter company, with the pro- 
vision that should the Western Maryland Railroad 
Company at any time either build a new line to Bal- 
timore, or reach that city with its traffic by any other 
line than that of the Northern Central Railroad Com- 
pany, the latter should have the right to repurchase 
it at its appraised value. In 1873 the Western Mary- 
land Railroad Company completed an independent 
line to Baltimore ; and in July, 1874, upon the pay- 
ment of $10,000, the Northern Central Railway Com- 
pany resumed possession of the branch. At Hanover 
Junction, forty -six miles from Baltimore, the North- 
ern Central Railroad makes connection with the 
Hanover Branch Railroad, extending fourteen miles 
to the town of Hanover, and thence seventeen miles 
to the town of Gettysburg ; and another line extend- 
ing southward from Hanover to the Pennsylvania 
line, where connection is made with the Frederick 
and Pennsylvania Railroad, which has been leased 
by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.'- At York, 
fifty-eight miles from Baltimore, connection is made 
with the York branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
extending from York to Wrightsville and Columbia, 
on the Susquehanna River, and connecting at the 
latter point with the main line of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad. At Bridgeport connection is made with 
the Cumberland Valley Railroad, extending west- 
ward to West Virginia. Connection is also made at 
Bridgeport with the Pennsylvania Railroad and the 
Lebanon Valley branch of the Philadelphia and 
Reading Railroad. At Dauphin the Schuylkill and 
Susquehanna branch of the Philadelphia and Read- 



1 The lot of ground bounded by Franklin, North, Centre, and Calvert 
Streets, upon which the Calvert Street Station is built, was purchased 
by the Susquehanna Eailroad Company in June, 1848, from the Balti- 
more Water Company. It was formerly occupied by Sands & Lents' 
"Amphitheatre," destroyed by flro about 1847, and the "Old City 
Mills." 

2 The Hanover branch to Hanover, Pa., was opened for business Oct. 
22, 1852. 



ing Railroad diverges, passing through the Lorberry 
and Schuylkill coal regions. At Millersburg the 
Lyken's Valley Railroad is reached, and at Treaver- 
tou the Treaverton Railroad is crossed. At Sunbury 
the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad is reached, con- 
necting with the Elmira and Williamsport Railroad, 
seventy-eight miles in length, leased to the Northern 
Central April 15, 1863. At Elmira connection is 
made with the line of the Erie Railway Company. 
At Warren and Corry the Pennsylvania and the 
Northern Central connects with roads running into the 
great oil regions of that State. At Emporium it 
connects with a direct line to Buffalo, and at Drift- 
wood the Alleghany Valley Railroad unites with its 
eastern outlet. At Sunbury connection is also made 
with the Danville, Hazleton and Wilkesbarre Rail- 
road, and two miles north of Sunbury is located the 
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Con- 
nection is also made at Sunbury with the line of the 
Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad Company, 
which was leased to the Northern Central Feb. 27, 
18(i3. It extends from Sunbury to Shamokin and 
Mount Carmel, a distance of twenty-eight miles, with 
a branch of three miles to the extensive coal lands 
owned by the company on Coal Run. 

The president of the Northern Central Railway 
Company at the time of the consolidation was the 
late Hon. John P. Kennedy, a gentleman no less dis- 
tinguished for his enlightened public spirit than for 
his literary genius and scholarly accomplishments. 
The directors on the part of the city of Baltimore 
were Richard C. Mason and William McPhail, and 
on the part of the stockholders W. H. Keighler, Simon 
Cameron, Michael Herr, John Herr, Francis White, 
Eli Lewis, Zenus Barnum, Johns Hopkins, R. M. 
Magraw, Lloyd N. Rogers, W. E. Mayhew, and W. 
F. Packer. The secretary of the company was Robert 
S. Hollins, and the treasurer John S. Leib. The last- 
mentioned gentleman has filled the office which he 
now holds ever since the organization of the Northern 
Central Company. 

With the extension of the Northern Central road 
to Sunbury began the active development of the Sus- 
quehanna coal-fields. In 1880 the company trans- 
ported 4,196,715 tons of coal over its lines. From 
Sunbury to Williamsport the company uses the track 
of the Philadelphia and Erie road. The Elmira 
division begins at Williamsport, and runs almost due 
north seventy-eight miles to the city from which it 
takes its name ; here the Canandaigua division begins, 
which connects with the New York Central at Ca- 
nandaigua, three hundred and twenty-five miles from 
Baltimore. The main stem crosses three States, and 
virtually connects both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario 
with the Chesapeake. The whole line runs through 
a populous and highly cultivated region, teeming 
with all the industries by which wealth is created. 
The scenery along the middle and upper divisions has 
furnished subjects for famous artists of both hemis- 



346 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



pheres, and the romantic retreats which the northern 
extension has opened up to tourists and health-seekers 
have attained a wide celebrity. 

Mr. Kennedy, the first president of the Northern 
Central Company, filled the office two years. Messrs. 
Zenus Barnum, John S. Gittings, and Gen. A. B. War- 
ford each held the office one year. Hon. J. Donald 
Cameron (now United States Senator from Pennsyl- 
vania) was elected president in 1863, and remained in 
office until 1875, when, on account of other engage- 
ments, he declined a re-election, and was succeeded 
by Col. Thomas A. Scott, who resigned in 1879 and 
was succeeded by George B. Roberts, president of 
the Pennsylvania Company. The officers for the year 
1881 are as follows: President, George B.Roberts; 
Vice-President, A. J. Cassatt; Directors, A. J. Cas- 
satt, Wistar Morris, Samuel C. Huey, John P. Green, 
Edmund Smith, George Small, B. F. Newcomer, S. 
M. Shoemaker, J. N. Hutchinson, Dell Noblitt, Harry 
Walters, Henry Gilbert; Secretary, Stephen W. 
White ; Treasurer, John S. Leib ; Auditor, John 
Ciowe; General Manager, Frank Thompson. 

One of the most active and diligent directors of this 
railroad company in Baltimore for many years has been 
George Small. Having been born and raised in 
Pennsylvania, along the line of the road over which, 
it has been said, " that at one time fully one-sixth of 
the freight forwarded over the Northern Central Rail- 
road to Baltimore was shipped by his father's mer- 
cantile house in York," it was very natural that he 
should take a very active part in its management. 
Mr. Small was born in York, Pa., Dec. 13, 1825, and 
was the son of Philip A. Small and Sarah Lati- 
mer. His father was born in York in 1797, and was 
the eldest son of George Small, a descendant of Law- 
rence Small, a Reformed Lutheran clergyman who 
came to this country very early in the eighteenth 
century with three sons, one of whom settled on the 
banks of the Hudson River, near Albany, a second in 
Eastern Pennsylvania, and a third in Western Penn- 
sylvania. George Small, Sr., married the daughter 
of Col. Philip Albright, an officer in the Revolu- 
tionary army, who was an intimate personal friend of 
Gen. Washington, and at whose house Washington 
found a home during that gloomy period of the Revo- 
lution when the Continental Congress was sitting in 
the old court-house at York. Sarah Latimer, the 
wife of Philip A. Small, was a descendant of William 
Latimer, a brother of the Bishop Latimer who, with 
Ridley, was burned at the stake in Oxford, England, 
in the year 1555. Philip A. Small, the head of the 
firm of P. A. & S. Small, of York, died April 3, 1875. 
He began business in Baltimore in 1815, with the firm 
of Schultz, Konig & Co. In 1820 he went into busi- 
ness in York with his father, the firm being George 
Small & Son, which was changed to George Small & 
Sons by the accession of his brother, Samuel Small, 
and at the retirement of the senior partner in 1821 
to P. A. & S. Small. The operations of this firm grew 



I to very extensive proportions, and he gave them his 
I personal attention to within three weeks of his deatl}. 
j He was also heavily engaged in the manufacture of 
iron, and built a furnace in Harford County, Md., 
I which was successfully operated for many years. 
j About 1847 the firm, with the Messrs. Patterson, of 
Baltimore, erected the Ashland Furnaces, near Cock- 
eysville, Baltimore Co., Md., which are now in full and 
successful operation, under the presidency of George 
Small. Extensive farming and stock-raising were 
also successfully carried on by Philip A. Small, whose 
whole life was one of activity and energy, and ex- 
hibited wonderful elasticity. In his counting-room 
at York by sunrise, he gave his personal supervision 
to the many divisions of his extensive business. 
The credit of his house ranked with that of the first 
I in the whole country, and sustained itself unsullied 
in all the periods of financial depression and panics. 
Charitable to a very large extent, whenever worthy 
] objects offered; his advice was always sought and 
heeded by the younger farmers, merchants, and manu- 
facturers around him. His physical and mental con- 
stitution was unusually strong, and his faculties were 
j preserved unimpaired until the last, and his judgment 
i was as clear at seventy-eight years as at any period of 
j his life. Four daughters and three sons survive him, 
I of whom George Small, of Baltimore, is the eldest. 
The present George Small was educated at the York 
County Academy, and decided upon a mercantile life 
before he was eighteen years of age. At the age of 
twenty-one (Sept. 1, 1846) he came to reside in Balti- 
more. Displaying the mental and moral traits that 
are indispensable to the successful merchant, he 
quickly controlled a large and rapidly extended busi- 
ness, and aided by the agency of the great milling 
house of P. A. & S. Small, with the Codorus Mills, 
near York, he supplied the Brazil market for many 
years through the port of Baltimore with some ninety 
thousand barrels of flour annually, and to-day no 
mercantile house in Baltimore has a reputation su- 
perior to that of George Small & Co. Since the 
death of Philip A. Small, he has succeeded to the 
head of the house of P. A. & S. Small, and both es- 
tablishments prosper under the vigorous brain and 
steady hand that guides their affairs. In the midst 
of all his business engagements he has devoted much 
time and given great attention to the cultivation and 
extension of the business connections and relations 
of Baltimore with that large and fertile section of 
Pennsylvania through which the Northern Central 
Railroad passes. He energetically aided in the open- 
ing of that railroad, and has been for many years one 
of its directoi-s as well as a director in the Baltimore 
and Potomac Railroad, and in the First National 
Bank of Baltimore; also president of the Ashland 
Iron Company, whose works on the Northern Central 
Railroad are the largest manufactory of the kind in 
Maryland. With all these enterprises on hand he is 
one of the busiest men in Baltimore, but his method- 



TRANSPORTATION. 



347 



ical habits and comprehensive grasp of affairs render 
him able to perform an amount of daily work that 
would swamp men less precise and systematic in 
their handling of business. His judgment on ob- 
scure and complicated commercial and railroad prob- 
lems is regarded by his associates as especially sound, 
while his executive ability is in harmony with the 
other features of his character. No fairer example 
of the meritoriously successful merchant could be 
set for the imitation of young men. Mr. Small mar- ■ 
ried, Jan. 13, 1852, Mary Grant Jackson, daughter of ' 
Col. William A. Jackson, of Fredericksburg, Va., 
whose ancestors emigrated from England in 1730. 
They have no children. Mr. Small has an elegant 
mansion on Mount Vernon Place, and is attached to 
the Presbyterian Church; and while an enthusiastic 
Whig, and Unionist and Republican, he has uniformly 
refused to accept any public position or become a can- 
didate for office. 

During the war the Northern Central was a most 
important link in the main line of communication 
between the national Capital and the North and 
West, and during the first two years most of the mili- 
tary trains from New York took this route. On the 
20th of April, 1861, the principal bridges on the 
Maryland division were burned to prevent the trans- 
portation of troops from the North to Washington, 
and operations on the lower end of the line were en- 
tirely suspended for nearly a month. Alarmed by 
the measures adopted for the protection of Baltimore, 
the managers removed the main office of the com- 
pany to Harrisburg, and the meetings of the board of 
directors were held there during the remainder of the 
year 1861. The road resumed operations May 11, 
1861, but there was another suspension of the run- 
ning of trains between Baltimore and Harrisburg 
while the Gettysburg campaign was in progress. All 
the bridges on the main stem from Hanover Junction 
to Goldsboro', fifteen miles above York, were burned 
at this time, and the Wrightsville branch was com- 
pletely destroyed. Notwithstanding these heavy 
losses, the company profited so much by the trans- 
portation of troops and military supplies that it was 
able to rebuild the greater portion of its main stem, 
and to put down a double track out of its surplus 
revenues. After the war the northern extensions and 
leases heretofore mentioned were consummated, and 
the main stem was brought into immediate commu- 
nication with the three great trunk-lines which it 
crosses, namely, the Pennsylvania road, the New 
York and Erie road, and the New York Central. 
Important improvements were also made at the Balti- 
more terminus. The piers at Canton were enlarged, 
and the storage facilities increased by the erection of 
new elevators and warehouses. The old track by 
which trains entered and departed from the city was 
abandoned, and a new route established on the line 
of the Falls, upon which trains run to Calvert Sta- 
tion without crossing any street at grade, save at the 



entrance to the depot. All the other cross streets are 
carried over the track and over the Falls on iron 
bridges. It is one of the peculiar features of the 
Northern Central, and the roads which connect with it 
in Baltimore, that the running of trains does not in 
the least interfere with travel and transportation on 
the streets. The fine building on the corner of Cal- 
vert and Centre Streets, in which the main offices of 
the company are located, was erected in 1876. 

Like all other roads whose history goes back to the 
beginning of the railway age, the Northern Central 
(or rather the Baltimore and Susquehanna) was greatly 
embarrassed during the first twenty years of its exist- 
ence for want of sufficient money to carry on its opera- 
tions. The city of Baltimore came to its aid, and 
loaned it various sums amounting in the aggregate to 
$850,000, besides investing $200,000 in the capital 
stock, making in all, with interest, $1,250,000. The 
Northern Central Company liquidated the entire debt 
in 1866 by paying $880,000. The State of Maryland 
loaned the company $1,750,000, on which it pays an 
annuity of $90,000. 

The Northern Central is the parent stem of the 
Union road, by which its trains reach the Canton 
wharves, and of the Baltimore and Potomac road. A 
separate sketch is given of each of these splendid im- 
provements. The large investments made by the 
company in its leased lines, and in permanent im- 
provements at its tide-water terminus, have for the 
most part absorbed its net earnings, but it must in- 
evitably become one of the most profitable, as it is 
already oneof the best managed, railways in the world. 
No estimate can be given of what it has done for 
Baltimore, save that which is furnished by the growth 
of the city in population, wealth, and commercial 
prosperity since the Northern Central first began to 
bring to its warehouses and shipping-wharves the pro- 
ducts of the North and West. 

DISTANCES ON THE NORTHERN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 
Stations. Miles. ' Stations. Miles. 
Baltimore 0.0 Bentley 31.7 



Moitkton 23,'2 MfW ( iiliuiel 

White Hall 26.8 i Brideeiiort.. 

Parktun 28.9 I Harrisburg.. 



Articles. 

Coal, tons 

General merchandise, tons.. 

Flour, barrels 

Grain, bushels 

Live-stock, tons 

Pig-iron and iron ores, tons. 



Z3M 



412,1 



194,674 180,302 104,139 

.,438 447,965 336,282 

),056 25,288,390 14,486,900 

i,S36 17.082 14,382 

1,495 421,748 415,640 

i,704 19,218 10,458 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Arti.li.s. 1880. 1879. 1878. 

„., i,,i 30,16a,.146 32,852,73a 10,620,183 

,1 ; , ,, - 649.274 499,908 280.641 

I 2,752 2,505 1,889 

18,423 8,742 8,6.36 

-,,,,,,., u- 18,423 21,632 20,188 

Not tons, ISNl 1,424,.V)3 

1S79 l..'>70,,6" 



),7S4 



9liC,(l 



The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroad.— Tliis railroad company was formed of 
four coiiipaiiies,— the Baltimore and Port Deposit, the 
Delaware and Maryland, the Wilmington and Sus- 
quehanna, and the Phihidelphia and Delaware County 
Kailroad Companies. 

The Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad Company 
was incorporated by the Legislature of Maryland 
March 5, 1832, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, 
divided into ten thousand shares of $100 each, and 
the necessary authority to construct a railroad fjrom 
Baltimore to the Susquehanna River. The incorpo- 
rators were Albert Constable, John W. Thomas, 
<iraiiville S. Townsend, Heury S. Stiles, Frederick 
Dawson, William H. Freeman, Peter Neff, and Job 
.'<mith, who opened books for subscription to the 
lapital stock in Baltimore on May 21, 1832. A pre- 
liminary organization was effected in 1833, and in 
.January, 1834, Benjamin H. Latrobe was appointed 
engineer, and immediately surveyed the proposed 
line. The enterprise slumbered until May, 1835, when 
the company was reorganized, and E. L. Finley 
elected president, who immediately thereafter caused 
the construction of the work to begin. Mr. Finley 
resigned the presidency October 12th, and was suc- 
ceeded by Roswell L. Colt, of Baltimore, who resigned 
during the ensuing month, and gave place to Lewis 
Brantz, of the same city. 

The Delaware and Maryland Railroad Company 
was chartered by the Legislature of Maryland on the 
14th of March, 1832, with a capital of $3,000,000, to 
construct a railroad from some point on the Delaware 
and Maryland State line to Port Deposit, or any other 
])()int on the Susquehanna River. This company, 
however, was not organized until April 18, 1835, 
when it met at Elkton, and elected Mathew Newkirk, 
of Philadelphia, president. William Strickland was 
chosen engineer, and in June following the road 
was begun, and pushed forward until April 18, 1836, 
when the rompany was merged into the Wilmington 
and Siisqui'lianna Company, which was incorporated 
by tiR' lA'fcnslature of Delaware, Jan. 18, 1832, with a 
capital of ^^(((i.dOO, and with power to build a road 
from the I'onnsylvania line through Wilmington 
towards the Susquehanna River to the Maryland line. 

The Philadelphia and Delaware County Railroad 
Company was chartered by the Legislature of Penn- 
sylvania April 2, 1831, with a capital of $200,000, 
and with power to construct a railroad from Philadel- 
phia to tiie Penn.sylvania and Delaware State lines. 
The road was organized in 18.35, and on Jan. 18, 1836, 



Mathew Newkirk was elected president. It was the 
intention of the charter and board of directors of the 
Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad that the eastern 
terminus of the road should be at Port Deposit, but 
in April, 1836, a committee of conference between 
this and the Delaware and Maryland Companies re- 
ported in favor of a ferry at Havre de Grace, and the 
projjosed terminal jioint at Port Deposit was aban- 
doned. 

Before this time the rival interests of Port Deposit 
and Havre de Grace had been warring to obtain the 
eastern terminus of the road. A contest arose in 
1835 between the company and the inhabitants north 
of the line of the road, in the vicinity of Gunpowder, 
Bird's, and Bush Rivers, ostensibly because the pro- 
posed crossing of these rivers (which are navigable 
for small craft) at the points located would intercept 
navigation ; but it is said the inhabitants were actu- 
ated in part by a desire to carry the line farther north 
in the interest of Port Deposit. This opposition was 
very energetic, and had to be overcome by legislative 
action. This difficulty having been adju^lrd. the con- 
struction of the road was advanced wiih rapi'lily iiud 
spirit. In June, 1837, the road was (■oiiipUli'd to the 
Susquehanna, and two coal-burning engines having 
been built by Messrs. Gillingham & Winans, of Balti- 
more, the first regular train passed over the road be- 
tween the latter city and Havre de Grace on the 6th 
of July. A steam ferry-boat of the first class was 
ordered for the Susquehanna crossing, upon a plan 
which would permit the cars to be transferred to an 
upper deck by direct connection with the track. The 
steamer " Susquehanna" was the first boat constructed 
in the United States upon this model and used for 
this purpose. She was replaced in December, 1854, 
by the " Maryland," a new and more commodious 
steamer, which was used until November, 1866, when 
the bridge across the Susquehanna was completed. 
A trial excursion was made upon the Wilmington 
and Susquehanna Railroad, between AVilmington and 
the Susquehanna River, as early as May 5, 1837, but 
the formal opening of the road did not take place 
until July 19th, at which time an entertainment was 
provided by the two companies on board of the "Sus- 
quehanna." 

This new route to Philadelphia via Wilmington 
commenced running a daily regular train for the ac- 
commodation of passengers on July 31, 1837. The 
cars started from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
depot in Pratt Street at 6 a.m., and proceeded to 
Havre de Grace, where the passengers took their 
breakfast on board the steamer " Susquehanna" while 
crossing the river. From thence the cars proceeded 
to Wilmington, connecting with the steamboat "Tele- 
graph," Capt. Whilldin, plying between Wilmington 
and Philadelphia, and landing the passengers at Dock 
Street. The fare to Philadelphia from Baltimore was 
$4, to Wilmington $3.25, Elkton $2, Havre de Grace 
$1.50, Perryman's $1 ; time of journey to Philadelphia, 



TRANSPORTATION. 



349 



six hours. The steamboat " Canton" took passengers 
from Havre de Grace to Port Deposit. 

A union of the different railroad lines between 
Baltimore and Philadelphia was now agitated, and 
steps were taken for its consummation. While the 
matter was pending, on Jan. 21, 1838, Mr. Brantz, of 
the Baltimore road, died, and James I. Cohen, of I 
the same city, was elected to succeed him, and con- 
tinued to hold this position until the following Feb- 
ruary, when the desired union was effected between | 
the Baltimore and Port Deposit and the Delaware 
and Maryland Railroad Companies. The latter com- 
pany, as we have seen, had formed a union with the 
Wilmington and Susquehanna Company on April 18, 
1836, and the joint companies adopted its name. > 
The Philadelphia and Delaware County Railroad j 
Company was reorganized in 1836, and the title of 
the company was changed to the Philadelphia, Wil- 
mington and Baltimore Railroad Company. The 
road, as limited by the charter, extended only to the 
Pennsylvania State line, but in 1837 an arrangement 
was effected with the Susquehanna Company by 
whic]i the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore j 
road acquired the right of way from the State line to 
Wilmington. The road was soon after completed, 
and opened from Gray's Ferry to Baltimore on Jan. , 
15, 1838. ; 

Although there was now but one line of road, it 
was the property of three companies, viz., the Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, from 
Philadelphia to Wilmington ; the Wilmington and 
Susquehanna Railroad, from Wilmington to the Sus- 
quehanna River; and the Baltimore and Port De- 
posit Railroad, from that river to Baltimore. This 
unity of property without unity of interests was soon 
looked upon as likely to be disadvantageous for all 
parties, and " it became evident that the permanent j 
and indivisible combination of the three companies 
as one corporation would prevent the danger and dis- 
cord of jarring interests and sectional prejudice, and 
secure that harmony of action in their united efforts 
for the accommodation of the public so indispensable 
to their mutual utility, existence, and advantage." 
These considerations led to a consolidation of the 
three companies into one, under the name of .the 
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad 
Company, with a capital of $2,250,000, which was 
finally consummated on the 5th of February, 1838, 
and on the 20th the new board elected Mathew New- 
kirk president. He resigned, and on June 1, 1842, 
M. Brooke Buckley was chosen to succeed him. He 
was succeeded, Jan. 12, 1846, by Edward C. Dale, 
who resigned in July, 1848, and on Jan. 9, 1849, Wm. 
H. Swift was elected to fill the vacancy. Mr. Swift 
resigned Feb. 28, 1851, and Samuel M. Felton was 
elected president. In consequence of ill-health Mr. 
Felton resigned, to take effect on April 15, 1865, and 
Isaac Hinckley was elected to fill the vacancy. 

Before 1842 the company had used a portion of the 



passenger depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
now (1881) occupied by James D. Mason & Sons, 
cracker dealers, but the inconvenience attending such 
an arrangemeflt induced them to build the present com- 
modious station at the southeast corner of President 
Street and Canton Avenue. At the first opening of the 
road freight was loaded on the cars at Canton, and the 
passengers were transferred by horse-cars from the old 
Baltimore and Ohio depot to the same point. On May 
26, 1842, the cars of the company were brought for the 
first time to the new station at President Street by loco- 
motive power, and from this time to the present both 
passeugersand freight have been carried from this point. 
In 1848 the stone blocks along Pratt Street, on which 
the strap-rails were originally laid, were taken up and 
oak timbers substituted in their place. The founda- 
tion of the present depot was laid in May, 1849, and 
on Feb. 18, 1850, the new station was completed and 
occupied, and the old depot on Pratt Street left to the 
use of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and at the 
same time, with a view to better accommodations in 
Philadelphia, the site of the present depot at Broad 
and Prime Streets in that city was purchased. 

Various efforts were made from time to time, for 
several years, to procure legislative permission to 
construct a bridge across the Susquehanna River at 
Havre de Grace, but strong opposition was offered by 
the residents of Port Deposit and its vicinity, who 
deemed such a structure a serious obstruction to navi- 
gation, and these efforts were without success until 
the 12th of May, 1853, when, by compromise with its 
opponents, the company was authorized to construct 
a bridge, on condition of building a branch railroad 
from Perryville, on the east bank of the river, to 
Port Deposit, a distance of four and a half miles. 
Many ditficulties arose to prevent the completion of 
the bridge. The piers were commenced in 1861, but 
were not ready for the superstructure until October, 

1865, when the engineer began the erection of the 
spans. All of these spans, with the exception of the 
one to the west of the draw, were in place on July 25, 

1866, when a terrible tornado blew them off the piers 
into the river.' 

Happily the piers were uninjured, and on the 3d of 
August, the debris having been removed, work was 
again commenced on the immense superstructure, and 
in eighty-six days the bridge was finished and an en- 
gine passed over it. This great structure was formally 
opened for public use on November 26th, the event 
being marked by festivities and a meeting of excur- 

1 In 1852 the Susquehanna was frozen over with ice of such thickness 
as to prevent the use of the ferry-boat for several weelis, and the rail- 
road company determined to lay a traclt upon the ice. This was com- 
pleted on January 15th, and continued in use until Fehruary 24th, when 
it was taken up, and in a few days the river was free of ice. During this 
time one thousand three hundred and seventy-eight cars, loaded with 
freight and passengers, were transported upon this natural brid<je, the 
tonnage amounting to about ten thousand tons. The whole was accom- 
plished without accident of any kind, and the materials were all re- 
moved before the breaking up of the river without the loss of a cross-Ue 



350 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



sion parties, under the auspices of the company, from 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and otlier cities. The bridge 
consists of twelve spans, of two liundred and fifty feet 
each between the piers, with a draw for passing vessels 
of one hundred and eighty-two feet, the twelve piers 
being each eight feet wide, adding thus an aggregate 
of ninety-six feet, and making the whole structure 
three thousand two hundred and seventy-eight feet 
in length. The firet si.x piers on the eastern side are 
built of solid masonry bedded on piles, and the re- 
mainder entirely of stone, the foundation reaching 
far below the bed of the river. The distance from 
the surface of the water at medium tide to the track 
or floor of the bridge is twenty-six feet. The width 
of the structure is twenty-one feet. The bridge was 
constructed under the immediate superintendence of 
George A. Parker, chief engineer, with Benjamin H. 
Latrobe, consulting engineer, and E. Larkins and S. 
B. Fuller, assistants. The masonry was done under 
the superintendence of L. Bates, and J. E. Bagley 
and F. W. Cushing were the supervisors of the super- 
structure. Five million feet of timber, 20,000 cubic 
yards of masonry, and 3,000,000 pounds of wrought 
and cast iron were used in the structure. The im- 
mense superstructure, originally of wood, has grad- 
ually been replaced with iron. 

In 1878 the railroad company acquired in Balti- 
more all the water-front of the harbor from Eastern 
Avenue to Patuxent Street, Canton, nearly fifteen 
hundred feet. In October they began to improve this 
property, and erected an extensive pier over four 
hundred and fifty feet long to accommodate the pas- 
seuger and freight steamers of the Norfolk Line and 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad trafiic between Can- 
ton and Locust Point. In addition to these improve- 
ments, others of an extended character (some of which 
are upon its line, while others, as tributaries, will ad- 
vance its business) have been projected and are now 
progressing. As it is the direct and only connecting 
link between Baltimore and Philadelphia, the travel 
over its line is very large. Its double track between 
Baltimore and Philadelphia comprises one hundred 
and ninety-two miles of rail, traversed by sixty-one 
daily trains, employing one hundred and fifteen pas- 
senger and twelve hundred and fifty freight-cars. Its 
facilities for safe and rapid transit are not surpassed 
by any road in the Union, and its business is steadily 
increasing. During 1880 trouble arose between the 
Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania Railroad 
Companies as to the right of way over the Junction 
Railroad at Philadelphia, which finally led to the 
formation of a syndicate for the purpose of purchas- 
ing the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroad. 

Among those interested in the syndicate were Vice- 
Pr&sident Haven, of the New Jersey Central, and the 
I'epresentatives of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
On the 22d of February, 1881, it was announced that 
the syndicate had bought a controlling interest in the 



Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore road from 
Director N. P. Thayer, of Boston, in which city eighty- 
five per cent, of the stock was held. The Penn.syl- 
vania Railroad, however, was aware that Mr. Thayer 
had sold the stock short at $70 a share, and as it had 
been selling in Boston at $65, it was inferred that he 
was not authorized to offer the Boston stockholders 
more than $70. The Pennsylvania Company accord- 
ingly directed its Boston representatives, Messrs. Kid- 
der, Peabody & Co., to inform the stockholders that 
they could get more for it, and the latter appointed a 
committee to take charge of their stock and .sell it on 
the best possible terms. The committee soon con- 
trolled more than one-half the shares, and on the 7th 
of March met President Roberts and Vice-Presidents 
Cassatt and Smith, of the Pennsylvania road, in New 
York, who agreed to take at .$80 per share, on or be- 
fore July 1st, all the stock of the Philadelphia, Wil- 
mington and Baltimore Railroad which should be 
ofiered them before the 1st of April. At the annual 
meeting of the stockholders of the Pennsylvania road, 
on the following day. President Roberts announced 
the purchase, and the meeting authorized the issue of 
400,000 shares of new stock to raise the requisite funds 
for the purchase. The total amount of the purchase- 
money was $16,675,692, of which $14,949,052 went to 
Boston stockholders, and the rest to stockholders in 
Phila.lil|,lii;i. Wilmington, and Baltimore. Of this 
anidiiiii .<: 1,71 II 1,01 III were furnished in subscriptions 
for the .-^l I Mil 1(1,1)110 loan of four per cent, made on 
June 7th. The loan runs forty years, and is secured 
by 200,000 shares of Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
Baltimore stock, with a semi-annual sinking fund of 
about $175,000, or the difference between the interest 
to be paid semi-annually ($200,000) and the dividends 
that would otherwise be payable on the Philadel- 
phia, Wilmington and Baltimore stock ($400,000 semi- 
annually, minus about $25,000 for taxes). The bal- 
ance of the amount paid for the stock was drawn from 
the company's surplus, which was being replenished 
by subscriptions to the new stock, allotted in the 
proportion of one share to every eight already held, 
and taken by the stockholders at par. The amount 
realized from the sale of new stock up to the expira- 
tion of the time allowed, June 15th, was, in round 
numbers, $8,730,000, showing that 174,600 shares of 
new stock were issued. The possession of the Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore virtually involves 
control of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central, 
which extends from Lamokin Junction to Octorara, 
Md., forty-six miles, with a three-mile branch to Port 
Deposit; the Chester Creek Railroad, leased, consti- 
tuting the first seven miles from Lamokin to West 
Chester Junction ; and the West Chester and Phila- 
delphia Railroad, extending 26.3 miles from Philadel- 
phia to West Chester. 

On the 1st of July, 1881, all the terms of the con- 
tract had been complied with, and the Pennsylvania 
Company took possession of the road. 




^^^^ 



TRANSPORTATION. 



351 



DISTANCES ON THE PHILADELPHIA, WILMINGTON AND 



Stations. 
Itimorc 



3ALTI3IOEE RAILROAD. 
Miles. Stations. 

Elkton 

4 1 Newark 

9 Stautou 

I Newport.. 



Perrymaiisvjlle 27 Claymout.. 

Aberdeen 31 Liiiwood..., 

Havre de Grace 36 Thurlow... 



37 Lamoki] 



North East 46 

Baltimore and Potomac Railroad.— In the con- 
struction of public works in Maryland the southern 
counties of the Western Shore were for a long time 
neglected. The population being comparatively 
sparse, and agriculture being the principal industry, 
there were no local interests that were not sufficiently 
well served by the steamers which made regular trips 
to the ports on the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac 
Eiver and the little sailing-vessels which spread their 
white wings on all the tributary streams. The Balti- 
more and Potomac Railroad Company was chartered 
May 6, 1853, with the following incorporators : 
Thumas G. Pratt, John S. Sellman, Charles R. Stew- 
art, Eezin Hammond, George Wells, Owen Disney, 
John T. Hodges, James S. Owens, Thomas F. Bowie, 
George Morton, William R. Barker, William P. 
Brooke, Dr. Charles Diivall, W. W. W. Bowie, 
Charles C. Hill, Thomas J. Marshall, Nicholas H. 
Shipley, P. W. Grain, William B. Stone, John Mat- 
thews, John W. Jenkins, Francis Thompson, Uzial 
Nalley, Walter Mitchell, Edmund Perry, George 
Thomas, Richard H. Miles, Edmund J. Plowden, 
John C. Brune, John S. Gittings, James Carroll, Ed- 
ward Reynolds, Henry Garrett, Francis Neale, Zenus 
Barnum, and William Baker. The object of the pro- 
jectors was to unite the railroad system of Maryland 
and Pennsylvania with that of Virginia by building 
a road from Baltimore down the Western Shore, and 
crossing the lower Potomac, form a junction with the 
Richmond and Fredericksburg road at Acquia Creek. 
In those days passengers for the South went from 
Washington to Acquia Creek in steamboats, and the 
Baltimore and Potomac road was intended to supply 
the missing link, and to make a continuous line of 
railway from Baltimore to Richmond. 

Beyond the granting of the charter, nothing was 
done towards the building of the road during the 
next six years. The company was organized in 
December, 1858, and a Board of Directors elected 
composed of the following gentlemen: Hon. John 
Stephen Sellman, Hon. William D. Bowie, Hon. 
W^alter Mitchell, John W. Jenkins, W. W. W. 
Bowie, Edwin J. Plowden, and Edwin Robinson. 
The board met in Baltimore, Jan. 12, 1859, and 
elected Hon. John Stephen Sellman, president; H. 
W. Cooke, secretary ; and John S. Gittings, treasurer. 
In 1861 the Hon. Odeu Bowie was elected president, 
and he still fills the office. To the active agency and 
energetic labor of Oden Bowie, more than to any 



other person, is due the successful construction of this 
connection of Baltimore with Washington City and 
Southern Maryland. William Duckett Bowie, the 
father of Oden Bowie, was born at Fair View, in 
Prince George's Co., Md., the present family-seat, on 
the 7th of October, 1803. Eliza Oden, the mother of 
Oden Bowie, was born at Belfield, in the same county. 
William Bowie, of Walter, the grandfather of Oden 
Bowie, was born Jan. 29, 1776, and died Sept. 10, 
1826. He married Kitty B. Duckett, only child of 
Baruch Duckett, on Dec. 14, 1802, and William 
Duckett Bowie, above mentioned, was their first child. 
Walter Bowie married Mary, daughter of Benjamin 
and Elizabeth Brooks, Nov. 16, 1771. His son, Wil- 
liam Bowie, of Walter, was a member of Congress 
contemporaneously with John Randolph of Roanoke, 
of whom he was a particular friend. Benjamin Oden, 
the maternal grandfather of Oden Bowie, was born 
April, 1772, and married Miss West, of Woodyard, 
Prince George's Co., Md. Oden Bowie was born in 
Prince George's Co., Md., Nov. 10, 1826, and was ed- 
ucated by a private tutor at home until nine years of 
age, when, upon the death of his mother, he was sent 
to the preparatory department of St. John's College, 
Annapolis, at that time under the charge of the dis- 
tinguished Prof. Elwell. 

He remained at St. John's three years, and at 

twelve years of age attended St. Mary's College, Bal- 

{ timore, where in July, 1845, he graduated as valedic- 

j torian of his class. On the breaking out of the Mexi- 

1 can war in 1846, with his academic laurels still fresh 

upon his brow, he enlisted as a private in the Baltimore 

and Washington Battalion, commanded by Lieut. -Col. 

I William H. Watson, and was promoted to a lieuten- 

antcy at the battle of Monterey, where he was highly 

complimented for gallantry by Gen. Taylor. During 

this engagement he took part in the celebrated charge 

made into the very heart of Monterey, and on the 

retreat of the battalion Lieut.-Col. Watson and Lieut. 

Bowie became separated from the main body. While 

thus retiring they met another column advancing to 

the attack, which they joined, and a few minutes after 

Lieut.-Col. Watson was instantly killed, Lieut. Bowie 

being the only officer of the battalion with him when 

befell.' President Polk subsequently appointed Lieut. 



1 Upon tlie death of Lieut.-Col. Watson, Lieut. Bowie 



the 



following 1 






"Monterey, Sept. 28, 184C. 

" Mv Dear Madam, — It is with feelings of the keenest sorrow that I 

am compelled to announce to you the sad bereavement, which I fear you 

may have been informed of ere this through a newspaper medium. I 

would fain have preferred that some other person more adequate to the 

task should have announced to you the death of "yonr late husband ; but 

as in life I was most intimate with him, and was at his side when the 

fatal messenger of death performed its destructive errand, I was requested 

by him to inform you of bis fall. It may ameliorate some little the grief 

which the news of his demise will inflict to know that Col. Watson fell 

while gallantly leading on a Spartan few to a second charge, after our 

forces had once been repulsed and were then retreating. I am happy 

to say that through the whole army his heroism is spoken of in the 

' highest terms of laudation, and of the many who fell on that day no one 

' was more regretted. His wound was received from a musket-ball which 



35i 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 



Bowie senior captain of the only voltigeur regiment 
(one 01 the ten new United States regiments then i 
raised by act of Congress) ever in tlie United States 1 
service, the now distinguished Gen. Joseph E. John- 
ston being its lieutenant-colonel. Capt. Bowie's 
health, liowever. proved unequal to the rigor of I 
military life, and he was. compelled to return home 
before the end of the war. His services, however, 
had not passed unmarked, and after the conclusion of 
hostilities the Maryland Legislature adopted resolu- j 
tions eulogizing his gallantry and good conduct. 

In politics Jlr. Bowie has always been a Democrat. I 
His political career commenced in Prince George's i 
County in 1847, when he was nominated for the i 
House of Delegates on the Democratic ticket, and | 
although not of age on the day of election, was beaten 
only ten votes in that strong Whig county. At the : 
next election iu 1849 he was elected to the House, 
the only Democrat from the county, his three col- 
leagues" being Whigs. After this he withdrew en- 
tirely from active politics until 1861, when he was 
nominated as the " peace candidate" for the Senate, | 
but the polls were seized by the military, and the 
Democrats were not allowed to vote. In 1864 he was 
nominated as the Democratic candidate for Lieuten 
ant-Governor, but was beaten by the soldier vote ii 
the field. Mr. Bowie was chairman of the Demo- 
cratic State Central Committee during the whole of 
the war, and was one of the principal negotiators 
with Governor Swann in regaining control of the 
State for the Democrats. He was a delegate to the 
Chicago State Democratic Convention which nomi- 
nated McClellan for the Presidency in 1864, was 
then appointed the member of the Democratic State 
Committee from Maryland, and it was through his 
exertions and influence that the Democratic State 
Convention of 1868 was held in Baltimore. In 1867 
he was elected to the State Senate, where he became 
chairman on the Committees on Federal Kelations 
and Executive Nominations, member of the Commit- 
tee on Internal Improvements, and other important 
standing committees. This was a very important 
legislative session, and Mr. Bowie rendered valuable 
and efficient service iu the consideration and deter- 

passed through the neck, severing the jugular vein. He died a most 
placid death, with a smile upon his countenance, iu ahout five minutes 
after the wound was received. I remained with him until lie breathed 
his last, and we performed the last sad rites with military honors. I took 
from his neck your miniature, which, together with his efiTects, are now 
in my possession, an inventory of them having been taken by Capt. 
Kenly and myself. His death, as I have said, is deplored by all, but by 
none half so much as the oilicera under his command. To us was his 
real worth known, and by ns was every kindness received from him. A 
committee has been appointed to express our sorrow, and to devise, if 
possible, some means of sending his body to Baltimore. In conclusion, 
madam, with a full sense of the grief which this news will impart, I 
may be permitted to express the hope that you will bear up under the 
aflliction, and comfort yourself with the assurance that his death was not 
without the consent of Him ' who permitteth the sparrow to fall without 
his knowledge." 

" Very truly and respectfully, 
" To Mrs. WiiLTAM n. Watson. " Oden Bowie." 



mination of the many great public questions of the 
hour. It was at this session that an effort was made 
to annul the charter of the Baltimore and Potomac 
Railroad, and the life of the road was only saved by 
the energy and ability of Mr. Bowie. In 1867 he 
was elected Governor by a majority of nearly 42,000 
votes, leading largely the rest of the Democratic State 
ticket. Governor Bowie's administration was of a 
most successful character, and was marked by, many 
practical and important achievements. Among them 
may be mentioned the settlement of the oyster diffi- 
culties with Virginia, the collection of the arrearages 
I of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the repayment 
by the United States of large sums of money advanced 
by the State, and the obtainment of large quantities 
of arms and artillery from the Federal government. 
: Not the least of the practical results of his adminis- 
tration was the wonderful change produced in the 
condition of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which 
was metamorphosed from a financial wreck into an 
' interest-paying enterprise. Since his retirement from 
I the executive chair he has taken no part in active 
politics. 

Mr. Bowie's business life has involved many im- 
portant and responsible trusts. In 1860 he was made, 
as we have stated, president of the Baltimore and Po- 
tomac Railroad Company, and at once proceeded to 
push that enterprise with his customary energy, having 
several sections of the road under contract in 1861, 
when the work was interrupted by the outbreak of the 
civil war. On the return of peace the construction of 
the road was recommenced, and was soon completed 
under Mr. Bowie's intelligent management. In 1873 
he was elected president of the Baltimore City Passen- 
ger Railway Company. W^hen he assumed the presi- 
dency of this corporation its stock was selling at §14, 
with a par value of $25, no dividends had been de- 
clared for two years, the company owed the city a debt 
I of over $100,000* for arrearages of park tax, and the 
road stock was in a wretched condition. At present 
I the stock of the company is quoted at $40, with no 
sellers, stockholders receive regular dividends, and 
the equipment of the road is of the best character. 
In 1870 he was elected president of the Maryland 
Jockey Club, then organized, and through his exer- 
tions the course at Pimlico was bought and estab- 
lished. The establishment of the "Dinner Stakes," 
and subsequently of the " Breakfast Stakes," two of 
the most popular events of the Pimlico course, was 
suggested by Mr. Bowie at the famous " dinner- 
party" at Saratoga. In order to connect the city 
and course more closely, the Arlington and Pimlico 
Railroad Company was organized in January, 1881, 
with Hon. John Jlerryman as president. Mr. Mer- 
, ryman was ill when elected, and was confined to hia 
house all winter, but during his sickness the road 
j was built through the energetic efforts of Mr. Bowie, 
and the first train ran over it on the 14th of May, 
1881. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



353 



Mr. Bowie began the study of law soon after his 
graduation in 1845, but upon his return from Mexico 
he devoted himself to farming, and in spite of his 
active business and political career has managed ever 
since to find time for agricultural pursuits. Mr. 
Bowie has several of the finest stock-farms in the 
county, breeding largely thoroughbred horses, Devon 
cattle. Southdown and Cotswold .sheep. The fine flock 
of Southdowns in Druid Hill Park were purchased by 
the commissioners from Mr. Bowie. His horse-breed- 
ing farm is now only excelled in the number of stal- 
lions and mares by Alexander's and Sanford's, in Ken- 
tucky, and Gen. Harding's, in Tennessee, and he pro- 
poses soon to establish annual sales of the yearlings 
bred at Fair View, such as are held by the gentlemen 
above named. In 1851, Mr. Bowie married Alice 
Carter, daughter of Charles H. Carter (a descendant 
of " King" Carter, of Virginia). Mrs. Bowie's mother 
was Rosalie Eugenie Calvert, of Riversdale, Prince 
George's Co., Md., and a descendant of Lord Balti- 
more. Mr. Bowie joined the Masonic order in 1870, 
and is a Master Mason. He is a member, though not 
a communicant, of the Episcopal Church ; has been 
vestryman of his parish in Prince George's County 



Rutter, the contractor, and the first locomotive passed 
through it June 26, 1873. The Union Railroad, with 
its double-track tunnel, was completed about the same 
time, and brought the Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
Baltimore Railroad into close relations with the Bal- 
timore and Potomac. Through trains from Washing- 
ton to New York began to pass around and under 
Baltimore without breaking connection and almost 
without making a halt. While these improvements 
were in progress in Baltimore and on the east side of 
the Potomac, the Richmond and Fredericksburg road 
was extended to Washington, and joined to the Balti- 
more and Potomac at the Sixth Street Depot, and thus 
the connection between the Penn.sylvania Railroad 
and the South was completed. As heretofore inti- 
mated, the revenues of the Baltimore and Potomac 
Company are derived mainly from the division of the 
road between Baltimore and Washington. After the 
extension of the Potomac road to Washington, and 
the construction of the Alexandria and Fredericks- 
burg Railroad, there was no need for crossing the lower 
Potomac, and consequently the southern terminus in 
Maryland remains at Pope's Creek, in Charles County. 
With the further development of the agricultural re- 



fer many years, and several times delegate to the I sources of the Western Peninsula, the division of the 
diocesan convention. His legal residence is at the ! road between Bowie Junction (where the Washing- 
ton branch diverges from the main stem) and Pope's 
Creek (48.7 miles) may become profitable to the com- 
pany, but up to this time it has not paid its working 
expenses. The upper division, however, is a link in 
the main line between the North and the South, and 
over it is transported the great bulk of the freight 
sent from the North to AVashington. All the an- 
thracite coal brought from the Susquehanna mines 
to the banks of the Potomac passes over the upper 
division, and this is of itself an immense business. 
The Northern Central, the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore, and the Western Maryland Railroads 
join tracks with the Baltimore and Potomac, and 
southward bound trains, whether freight or passenger, 
can continue their journey without breaking con- 
nection at Baltimore. The Pennsylvania Company 
has a 'controlling interest in the Northern 'Central 
road.'as'well as in the Baltimore and Potomac road, 
and with the exception of the president, all the prin- 
cipal executive oflScers of the Baltimore and Potomac 
Company are also oflicers of the Northern Central 
Company, and some of them hold similar positions 
enough for a double track and a mile and a half in I in the Pennsylvania Company. The three roads are 
length was built under the northern section of the operated under the same general direction, although 
city, at a cost exceeding two million and a half of each maintains an independent organization. It is 
dollars. Work was begun on the Baltimore and Po- [ more than probable that the recent purchase of a 
tomac road in 1868, and it was completed inside of ' controlling interest in the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
four years. Trains began to run from Lafayette Sta- j and Baltimore Railroad by the Pennsylvania Com- 
tion, in the outskirts of the city, to Washington July | pany, will bring that road into more intimate rela- 
2, 1872. The tunnel was planned in 1869 by Thomas j tions with the Pennsylvania system, and that a still 
Seabrook, general manager, C. S. Emack, the chief I larger portion of the travel and trafl[ic between the 
engineer, and H. H. Carter, the resident engineer, ; North and Washington will pass over the uppei 
and the work commenced in June, 1871, by Thomas ' division of the Baltimore and Potomac. 



old family estate of Fair View, in Prince George's 
County. 

Some little grading was done on the line of the 
Potomac Railroad in the vicinity of Upper Marlboro' 
in 1860, but the breaking out of the war put an end 
to all further operations until the return of peace. 
One of the provisions of the charter gave the com- 
pany authority to build " lateral" roads, and in 1867 
the project of building a branch to Washington took 
definite shape. This gave an impulse to the work 
which carried it from Baltimore to its southern 
terminus, and sent a branch across to the national 
capital that became of vastly more importance, in a 
financial point of view, than the whole of the main 
stem below Bowie Junction. 

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company had long de- 
sired to secure a southern outlet, and the Washing- 
ton branch of the Baltimore and Potomac road afforded 
the opportunity. Nearly all the capital invested in 
the road was furnished by the Pennsylvania and 
Northern Central Railroad Companies, and in order 
to make a junction with the latter road a tunnel wide 



354 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The construction of the Baltimore and Potomac 
tunnel has solved the question of rapid transit in the 
city of Baltimore for a century at least, if not for all 
time. In obedience to some inevitable law, which is 
probably not fully understood, the centre of popula- 
tion in all great cities on this side of the ocean is 
constantly moving to the northwest, unless prevented 
by insuperable natural obstacles. This tendency is 
particularly marked in Baltimore, and there is indefi- 
nite room for the city to grow in that direction. The 
Baltimore and Potomac road sweeps around the 
northern and western suburbs, and by means of the 
tunnel its trains are brought within easy reach of the 
crowded business thoroughfares. The time will come 
when this subterranean arch will become the main 
artery of communication between two distinctly 
marked sections of the city. 

DISTANCES ON THE BALTIMORE AND POTOMAC KAILROAD. 



(Eic 



Fhedeeicksbuug Bai 



Richland 81 I Butberglen 

Brooke 88 I C. & D. R. R. Jun 

Potomac Run 90 i Tayloreville 

Fredericksliurg 97 I Ashland 

Suuiniit 105 I Kilby 

Guinoa 109 i Hungary 

Woodford in I Boulton , 

Milforrt 118 : Elba , 



Pent 



122 



The Union Railroad and Tunnel.— This import- 
ant enterprise cdinicrts together the Baltimore and 
Potomac, W. -I (III .Maryland, Northern Central, Phila- 
delphia, WihiiiiiutDU and Baltimore, and Baltimore 
and Delta Eailroads, and brings them all to tide- 
water at Canton. The Union Railroad was chartered 
by the Legislature of Maryland on Feb. 5, 1866, with 
the following commissionc'rs who were authorized to 
receive subscriptions to the capital stock of the com- 
pany, which was limited to $600,000, in shares of 
$100 each : John W. Randolph, Alford Mace, Jesse 
Tyson, Samuel Shoemaker, Chauncey Brooks, Horace 
Abbott, William A. Fisher, Dr. J. H. Tyler, Thomas 
Booze, F. Littig Schaeffer, S. J. Carroll, Charles J. 
Baker, and Evan T. Ellicott. The charter of the 
company was amended and several sections repealed 
by the Legislatures of 1867 and 1870, and nothing was 
done towards building the road until the fall of the 
latter year, hi view of the advantages likely to ac- 
crue to the Canton Company upon the completion of 
the road, that corporation at a general meeting of the 
stockholders held in November, 1870, subscribed for 



$590,000 of the $600,000 of the stock, and indorsed 
the bonds of the Union Company for $873,000, which 
it was thought was ample to defray the whole cost of 
the road. For the safety of the Canton Company, the 
Union Railroad Company executed to it a mortgage 
on its franchise, and on all the rights and property to be 
acquired thereunder, and entered into an agreement to 
pay to the Canton Company the interest on the bonds 
as it became due, and six per cent, per annum for in- 
terest on $220,196, and five per cent, per annum on 
the same sum, in liquidation of the principal of this 
amount, conveyed in ground-rents by the Canton 
Company to trustees to secure the bonds. Thus the 
road was built, and it became the property of the 
Canton Company, who are the almost sole owners of 
its stock and bonds. The first president of the com- 
pany was William G. Harrison, who has continued in 
that capacity up to the present time. C. P. Manning 
was chief engineer, and under his supervision the 
plans were designed. Messrs. J. C. Wrenshall and J. 
R. Kenly were the resident engineers, under whose 
inspection the work was completed, and Messrs. Drill, 
Wiley, & Andrews were the contractors. The work 
was given out late in March, 1871, and begun May 1st, 
and continued without intermission until it was com- 
pleted, July 24, 1873, when the first trains passed 
through the tunnel. On that day the 9.20 a.m. fast 
train from Washington for New York arrived at the 
Potomac (now Union ) Depot, at Charles Street, and in 
ten minutes it passed through the tunnel and sped on 
its way northward on the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore track, which forms a junction with the 
Union Railroad near Bayview Asylum. Two other 
trains passed through the tunnel later in the day. 

The construction of the Union Railroad tunnel, al- 
though a work demanding skillful engineering, did 
not present some of the peculiar difficulties of that 
of the Baltimore and Potomac tunnel. But little 
trouble was experienced from water, and as the line 
of its construction was not closely built up, the ne- 
cessity of vertical cuts with an intricate system of 
timbering for their support was obviated. The quan- 
tity of rock met with rendering blasting necessary 
was not very great, and no unusual difficulties were 
presented in the progress of the work. A great deal 
of sand and gravel was found, making such a pre- 
carious bottom in many places that an invert arch 
was constructed for two-thirds of the distance. 

From the eastern facade at Bond Street the tunnel 
extends under the bed of Hoffman Street, crossing 
under the beds of Dallas, Caroline, Spring, and Eden 
Streets, Central and Harford Avenues, Aisquith, Ensor, 
Valley, and McKim Streets, and Greenmount Avenue, 
where it ends. From Ensor Street to Greenmount 
Avenue the line of the tunnel passes along beside the 
south wall of Greenmount Cemetery. The western 
facjade is similar in appearance to the eastern. Its face 
is immediately against the embankment of Green- 
mount Avenue, and it has wing-walls of bluostone, 



TRANSPOKTATION. 



355 



extending a short distance on either side. The tunnel 
is an air-line, and is three thousand four hundred and 
ten feet in length, or about five-eighths of a mile. Only 
a small distance was drifted, being the portion between 
Harford Avenue and Eden Street, where the tunnel 
was boxed through at a depth of some seventy feet, 
extending under the beds of Harford and Central 
Avenues. The tunnel is built entirely of brick, and 
is twenty-three and one-half feet high by twenty-six 
feet wide, and the height from the rails to the top of 
the arch is nineteen and one-half feet. The shape of 
the arch is slightly different from that of the Balti- 
more and Potomac tunnel, the haunches and vertex 
of the arch forming a semicircle of thirteen feet 
radius, the sides an arch of twenty-six feet radius, 
and the invert an arch of thirty feet radius. The 
arch is constructed of five rings of brick, and is 
broken up with masonry of bluestone. The eastern 
facade is ninety feet above tide-level, sloping down 
to fifty feet at the western facade. In the construc- 
tion of the tunnel 8,810,000 bricks were used, and 
there were 18,622 cubic yards of stone-backing behind 
the arch. In making the open cuts 224,000 cubic 
yards of earth were excavated, and in drifting 12,000 
cubic yards. During the progress of the work 36,000 
cubic yards of stone were taken out. The work also 
required 6000 yards of retaining-vvall masonry built 
at the approaches, and 2361 yards of masonry for 
bridge abutments. Upwards of three hundred men 
were employed upon the work. 

The Union Kailroad begins at its junction with the 
track of the Northern Central Railroad, near Charles 
Street, running eastwardly along the line of Jones' 
Falls to the western entrance of the tunnel at Green- 
mount Avenue. Emerging from the tunnel at Bond 
Street, it passes over Broadway and Belair Avenue 
on iron bridges, and curves southwardly to Eager 
Street ; thence it runs due east, following the line of 
Eager Street, crossing East Avenue, the eastern 
boundary of the city. Passing on through the open 
country, it again curves southeastwardly, dividing 
into two branches, one cro.ssing the Philadelphia 
turnpike by a bridge, and connecting with the Phil- 
adelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Eailroad at 
Dungan's Lane, the other running due south to Can- 
ton, passing through the lands of the Canton Com- 
pany for three miles, ending at tide-water on Ninth 
Street. The road is laid with a double track, and is 
three and four-fifths miles from the Union Depot to 
the junction with the Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
Baltimore Railroad at Bayview Station, and from 
Union Depot to tide-water six miles. The cost of 
the road and tunnel has been about $3,000,000. As 
the Union Railroad is a toll-road, it has very little 
rolling-stock and very few buildings. 

Western Maryland Railroad.— Of all the rail- 
roads tliat centre at Baltimore, the Western Maryland 
was the hist to be completed. Although projected in 
1830, its trains did not enter the city on its own track 



till 1873. It is difficult for those who pass over the 
road to understand why its building was delayed so 
long. Fully fifty years ago the people of Baltimore 
were most anxious to establish communication by rail 
with the fertile and populous region which it traverses. 
The Baltimore and Ohio road would have been lo- 
cated upon this line if the engineers could have found 
a practicable route across the South Mountain. Rail- 
road building was in its infancy when these explor- 
ations were made. After the Baltimore and Susque- 
hanna Company (now the Northern Central) had 
completed eight miles of its main stem it turned to 
the west and built nine miles of road through the 
Green Spring Valley, with the intention of continu- 
ing the line to the Blue Ridge. The completed por- 
tion of this branch was opened for travel May 26, 
1832. When work was resumed on the main stem, 
the western extension of the Green Spring branch 
was suspended, and nothing further was done for 
twenty years. 

An act was passed May 27, 1852, incorporating the 
Baltimore, Carroll and Frederick Railroad Company. 
The corporators were George Brown, Robert M. Ma- 
graw, Zenus Barnum, William F. Johnson, Charles 
Painter, Richard Green, Richard Worthington, Nich- 
olas Kelly, Edward Remington, Jacob Reese, John 
Fisher, Jacob Mathias, David Roop, Joshua Smith, 
J. Henry Hoppe, David H. Shriver, John Smith, 
Samuel Ecker, Joseph Moore, Reuben Haines, of 
W., Daniel P. Saylor, John Cover, Peregrine Fitz- 
hugh, Joshua Motter, Robert Annan, David Rinehart, 
Jervis Spencer, Isaac Motter, and John Baker. This 
company was authorized to build a railroad to the 
"head-waters of the Monocacy River," with the 
option of beginning at Baltimore or at the terminus 
of the Green Spring branch of the Baltimore and 
Susquehanna road (Northern Central). In the fol- 
lowing year the corporate name was changed to " the 
Western Maryland Railroad Company," and an act 
was passed at the same session of the Legislature 
authorizing the company to issue bonds to the amount 
of $1,000,000, and to extend the road to Hagerstown. 
Robert M. Magraw was the first president of the new 
company. Nothing was done for five or six years 
except that it was decided to begin building at the 
terminus of the Green Spring branch, and to use the 
main stem of the Northern Central Railway from 
Lake Roland to the city. The road was opened to 
Owings' Mills Aug. 11, 1859, and to Westminster 
June 15, 1861. One year afterwards trains began to 
run to Union Bridge, twelve miles beyond West- 
minster, and this place remained the terminus of the 
road until Jan. 9, 1871, when it was opened to 
Mechanicstown, fifty-nine miles from Baltimore. 

The construction of the road on the west side of 
the Blue Ridge was begun in 1866. In that year the 
Legislature passed an act authorizing the county com- 
missioners of Washington County to subscribe $150,000 
to the capital stock of the Western Maryland Com- 



356 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



pany, the money to be expended in grading the road 
from the western sloi)e of the mountain to Hagers- 
town. The commissioners of Washington County 
suljsequently indorsed the bonds of the Western 
Maryland Company to the amount of S300,000. There 
was some delay in getting over the mountain, and the 
eastern and western' divisions were not united until 
June G, 1872, when trains began to run to Hagers- 
town. The Williamsport " extension" and the " short 
line" from Baltimore to Owings' Mills were builtsimul- 
taneously, and the road was opened to the Potomac 
River Dec. 17, 1873. After the completion of the 
direct line from Owings' Mills to the city, the nine 
miles of track between the Green Spring Junction 
and Lake Roland reverted to the original owners, and 
this division is again operated as the Green Spring 
branch of the Northern Central Railway. 

Baltimore City and Washington County furnished 
the greater portion of the capital used in building the 
Western Maryland Railroad, and the Board of Direc- 
tors and the oiEcers of the company were subject to 
the mutations of municipal politics. A great deal of 
money was wasted, and although the route presented 
no extraordinary difficulties, the cost of construction 
per mile far exceeded that of any other railroad in 
Maryland. The funded debt amounts to $4,205,250, 
or something more than $48,000 for every mile of the 
main stem. To this must be added the capital paid 
in by the stockholders. Bonds representing the 
funded debt to the amount of $2,375,000 are indorsed 
by the city of Baltimore, and bonds amounting to 
$300,000 are indorsed by Washington County. 

Early in 1874, Col. J. M. Hood, a practical engineer 
of large experience, was elected president of the com- 
pany and general manager. With his administration 
began a new era in the history of the Western Mary- 
land Railroad. The management was completely 
divorced from municipal politics, and the president 
became in fact, as well as in theory, the chief execu- 
tive officer of the company. The net earnings of the 
road increased from year to year, new sources of rev- 
enue were developed, the floating debt was paid, the 
overdue interest on the mortgage debt was funded, 
and the liquidation of the principal provided for on 
terms satisfactory to the bondholders. The old por- 
tion of the main stem was rebuilt, additional pas- 
senger-trains were put on the eastern division, and 
special inducements were held out to summer excur- 
sionists to visit the romantic spots on the line of the 
road. The increased facilities for getting to and from 
the city attracted a large number of people to the 
suburban towns on the line of the road, and the move- 
ment of population in this direction is seen in the 
constantly increa.sing receipts from passengers on the 
eastern division. A summer resort was established 
at Penmar, on the summit of the Blue Ridge, which 
W!is visited by more than one hundred thousand per- 
sons last season. In 1874 a contract was concluded 
with the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Company, 



under which the trains of the Western Maryland 
Company enter the city through the tunnel and run 
direct to Hillen Station. This fine depot was built in 
1875 with funds loaned by the city. Early in 1880 
the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad was completed 
to Emory Grove Station, nineteen miles from the city, 
where it connects with the main stem of the Western 
Maryland road. Its trains run to Hillen Station on 
the Western Maryland track, and the business drawn 
from the section of country traversed by the new road 
has added considerably to the revenues of the West- 
ern Maryland Company. 

The projected line of the Western Maryland Rail- 
road ran through Emmittsburg and Waynesboro' in 
all the old surveys, but in the multitude of counsels 
which prevailed between 1867 and 1870 the route was 
changed to its present location. It then became neces- 
sary to reach these two important towns, each lying 
five miles north of the main stem, by means of lateral 
branches.' The Emmittsburg branch, which diverge* 
from the Western Maryland road at Rocky Ridge, 
fifty-four miles from Baltimore, was completed in 
1875. The Waynesboro' branch, which has developed 
into the Baltimore and Cumberland Valley Railroad, 
leaves the main stem at Edgemont, on the western 
slope of the Blue Ridge, and extends to Waynesboro', 
seven and a half miles ; thence to Shippensburg, by 
way of Chambersburg, twenty-six miles, the whole 
length of the road being thirty-three and a half miles. 
This, in fact, is an extension of the Western Maryland 
road into the very heart of the Cumberland Valley. 
The Baltimore and Cumberland Valley road was 
opened on the 5th of September, 1881, to Chambers- 
burg, and has since been completed and opened to 
I Shippensburg. The Cumberland Valley of Pennsyl- 
i vania, which is brought into close connection with 
I Baltimore by this road, extends from the Susquehanna 
River on the north to the Potomac on the south, a 
I distance of eighty-one miles, and is an extremely rich 
j and thickly populated section. The land is well 
j watered by small streams, and the North Mountain 
on the west, and the Blue Ridge on the east, protect 
the valley from violent storms in winter. Every pro- 
duct of the soil known to this climate is successfully 
'raised. By this route Chambersburg is ninety-seven 
and a half miles from Baltimore, while it is one hun- 
dred and fifty miles iiom Philadelphia by way of 
I Harrisburg ; and Shippensburg is one hundred and 
I eight and a half miles from Baltimore, and one hun- 
dred and forty miles from Philadelphia. It is con- 
fidently expected that this difference in distance in 
favor of Baltimore will have a marked influence upon 
the course of trade. 

1 A couipiiny was cliartered in 1865 called the Gwynn's Falls Railroad. 
A siiflicieht amount of stock having been subscribed, a company was or- 
ganized on October 8t)i by the election of the following officers : George 
Slothower, president ; and John Weathered, J. T. Myers, J. Howard Mc- 
Heury, Mr. Harris, and Theodore Mottu, directors. Notwithstanding an 
earnest spirit was manifested, nothing more was done under the charter. 
It was CKtiniated the road would cost $'250,O00. 



TKANSPORTATION. 



President John Mifflin Hood, through whose exer- 
tions and under whose personal direction these im- 
portant extensions have been made, is one of the 
youngest of the prominent railroad men of the coun- 
try. He was born at Bowling Green, the old family 
residence, near Sykesville, in Howard Co., Md., on 
the 5th of April, 1843. His father. Dr. Benjamin 
Hood, was the son of Benjamin and Sarah Hood, and 
was born at Bowling Green in 1812, and died in 1855, 
in the forty-third year of his age. His mother, Han- 
nah Mifflin Hood, was the daughter of Alexander 
Coulter, of Baltimore, where she was born. Young 
Hood was educated in Howard and Harford Counties, 
completing his course at Rugby's Institute, Mount 
Washington, in 1859. He then commenced the study 
of engineering, and in July of the same year secured 
employment in the engineer corps engaged in the ex- 
tension of the Delaware Railroad. The same corps 
was next employed in the construction of the Eastern 
Shore Railroad of Maryland, Mr. Hood soon becoming 
principal assistant engineer, and for part of the time 
having sole charge of the operations. In August, 
1861, he went to Brazil, but finding the field for engi- 
neering unpromising, returned to Baltimore in Jan- 
uary, 1862, and after studying marine engineering, 
ran the blockade, and reported to the Confederate 
authorities at Richmond, Va., for service. He was 
at once assigned to duty as topographical engineer 
and draughtsman of the military railroad then build- 
ing from Danville, Va., to Greenboro', N. C. (since 
known as the Piedmont Railroad), and upon the com- 
pletion of his work declined a commission offered in 
the Engineer Corps, and enlisted as a private in Com- 
pany C, Second Battalion Maryland Infantry. He 
served with distinction in the Maryland Infantry 
until the spring of 1864, when, owing to the scarcity 
of engineers, he accepted a lieutenant's commission 
in the Second Regiment of Engineer Troops, in which 
service he continued until surrendered at Appomat- 
tox. Mr. Hood was several times slightly wounded, 
and at Stanard's Mill, in the Spottsylvania battles, 
had his left arm badly shattered above the elbow. 
While still incapacitated for duty he ran the blockade, 
and, wading the Potomac at night, visited his family, 
and came to Baltimore, where he had his wound 
treated by Prof. Nathan R. Smith, returning to his 
command before Richmond with a large party of re- 
cruits for the Confederate service. In September, 1865, 
he was employed by the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad to make surveys for the ex- 
tension of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central line 
between the Susquehanna River and Baltimore; he 
was next placed in charge of the construction of the 
Port Deposit branch of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad, and made chief engineer of 
the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railroad, and 
constructed its line through Cecil County to the Sus- 
quehanna River. He was soon afterwards elected 
engineer and superintendent of the same company. 



and in April, 1870, became general superintendent of 
the Florida (now Atlantic, Gulf and West India 
Transit) Railroad. His health failing, in November, 
1871, he accepted the position of chief engineer of 
the Oxford and York Narrow-Gauge Railroad, in 
Pennsylvania, and while holding this position he be- 
came also chief engineer of a new line, known as the 
Baltimore, Philadelphia and New Y^ork Railroad, the 
construction of which was stopped by the panic of 
1873. On the 14th of January, 1874, Mr. Hood was 
elected vice-president and general superintendent of 
the Western Maryland Railroad, and on the 24th of 
March following he was made president and general 
manager of the road, including the office of chief en- 
gineer, in which position he continues to the present 
time. On the retirement of Mr. Keyser in 1881, Mr. 
Hood was tendered the office of second vice-president 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, but declined the 
office. Mr. Hood married on the 17th of July, 1867, 
Florence Eloise Haden, of Botetourt County, Va., and 
has five children. The presidents of the Western 
Maryland Company and the dates on which they were 
respectively elected are given in the following list : 



.John Lee Chapman. Nov. 8, 1866. 

JNatnan Maines lSb4. i WendeU Bollmaii...ApiiI 2, 1868. 

William Roberts June 23, 1858. George M. Bokee...May 17, 1870. 

Augustus Shriver June 12, I860. Robert T. Banks.. ..Oct. 18, 1S71. 

Natban Haines October, 1861. I James L. McLane... Nov. 21, 1S71. 

John Smith Nov. 6, 1862. i Alexander Rieman.Dec. 2, 1873. 

Robert Irvin Jan. 6, 1863. | John M. Hood March 24, 1874. 

CLASSIFICATION OF TONNAGE RECEIPTS ON WESTERN MART- 
LAND RAILROAD FOR TEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1880, COM- 
PARED WITH TWO PREVIOUS TEARS: 



Lumber and bark 

Coal 




1880. 

Tons. 

11,808 


1879. 

Tons. 
10,154 
10,081 
39,0:i7 

27',999 
4,564 
1.(152 
93,692 
92,562 
108,906 

KAILROA 


1878. 
Tons. 
11,016 
9 955 








42,225 
3,630 
26395 

4;iii 





















Wood 













Flour, barrels 

Net tonnage 

DISTANCES ON 

stations. 

Oakland..'.'.'.;;.'!;!:;.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 


WESTER^ 

Miles. 

s 


64,820 

154.795 

MABTLAND 

Stations. 

Middleburg 

Frederick Junct 


89,891 

0. 

Miles. 
.... 48 
.... 49 


Mount Hope 
















GreeTiw.od 

McD..hM,I, 


11 

12 

13 


Double Pipe Creek 

Rocky Ridge 


.... 61 
.... 64 






Ouin..- M;;i 


Emmittsburg... 





.... 61 




19 

;;;;;;;;; 22 

26 




Gl.-i, M-iTis 

Finksl.urg 


toy's 

Graceham 

Mechanicstown 


■::= 


.... 65 

57 

.... 59 


Westminster 

Avondale 


30 

33 

36 




Blue Ridge 

Waynesboro'.... 
Smithsburg 


;;;;::;:;::::: 


.... 69 
.... 71 








Union Bridge 




""ge-^to"" 





86 



The Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad.— As 

early as 1856 a railroad was projected between Balti- 
more and Drum Point, at the mouth of the Patuxent 
River. In 1867 the Legislature made an appropri- 
ation of $5000 to make a survey of the route, and 
commissioners were appointed by Governor Bowie, 
under whose direction a survey was made by Col. G. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



H. Hughes. The commissioners made a favorable 
report on the subject, and in 1868 a charter was 
granted by the Legislature for the " Baltimore and 
Drum Point Railroad Company," and the following 
persons were appointed commissioners to receive sub- 
scriptions to the capital stock : George W. Hughes, 
Dr. R. S. Stewart, D. R. Magruder, B. Allen Welch, 
Henry M. Warfield, Henry E. Morton, Augustus 
Hall, James Cheston, Jr., John Parran, Thomas S. 
Iglehart, James T. Briscoe, Joshua Linthicum, E. J. 
Henkle, Thomas H. Hall, William Hawkins, Henry 
Owings, of Samuel, Henry Duvall, Isaac Solomon, 
George W. Nutwell, Dr. William P. Dorsey, Dr. 
Nicholas Knighton, C. S. Parran, Dr. Thomas Ham- 
mond, Joseph Norfolk, Joseph Blake, of Thomas, 
Johns Hopkins, Galloway Cheston, A. C. Gibbs, 
Richard O. Crisp, Dr. Basil S. Dixon, and Charles .S. 
Somerville. The capital stock of the company was 
to be $1,500,000, divided into shares of $100 each. 

Governor Bowie, in his message to the Legislature, 
called attention to the advantages that would accrue 
to the State by the construction of this road, and re- 
commended that aid be given it by the counties and 
Baltimore City. He said that " any one who knows 
the country through which the road is to run will 
admit that its capacity for production cannot well be 
exaggerated," and the advantages that would result 
from its construction would largely counterbalance 
the outlay. He also said that Drum Point has long 
been known to the shipping interests as one of the 
safest and most commodious harbors in the country, 
and has for many years been looked upon by many 
intelligent merchants and shippers as a jjoint which 
would prove a valuable adjunct to the commerce of 
B.altimore if connected by railroad with that city, af- 
fording as it does the deepest water, never liable to 
any obstruction by ice or otherwise, and within an 
easy run of the capes. " The necessity also of a coal 
depot upon deep water, and at a point convenient to 
the ocean, has long been felt, and Drum Point is be- 
lieved to aftbrd the best location for this purpose. 
Besides, the development of the intermediate country 
between that harbor and our chief city, a fine soil 
especially adapted to the growth of the earliest and 
finest fruits and vegetables, and the convenient trans- 
portation of the valuable products of the surround- 
ing waters are considered very important to the full 
growth and prosperity of the State."' 

There has been subscribed to the capital stock of 
the company by the State of Maryland $152,000 ; by 
tlic county of Anne Arundel, .$200,000 ; by the county 
of Calvert, $100,000 ; and by individuals along the 
line of the proposed road, $221,000. Estimates and 
jilans are being prepared by Nicholas Goldsborough, 
chief engineer, and as soon as they are completed 
proposals for the work will be advertised for and the 



' Prof. Biiche, nt thu 
of 1S69 iinil 1800, sa.Vfl I 



;i'<l Stiitm CoaBt Sui-vi- 
uHior lit Dnnii I'uiiit 



road pushed to completion. In Baltimore City prop- 
erty for depots amply sufficient for both freight and 
passenger facilities has been secured. The ground, 
comprising five blocks, is located from West to Bay- 
ard Streets, and between Russell and Ridgely Streets. 
The lots purchased were principally owned by Gen. 
I. R. Trimble, the Howard estate, John H. B. Latrobe, 
Francis White, and others. On this property the 
company proposes to erect its depots for freight and 
passengers. The passenger depot will front on West 
Street. Other buildings of large size will be so lo- 
cated as to give ample space for receiving and hand- 
ling all products of the country through which this 
road will pass, such as tobacco, grain, fruit, vegetables, 
oysters, and fish. For the transportation of these the 
road will offer especial advantages, as saving both 
time and expense. The line as located leaves Balti- 
more on Ridgely Street extended to Putnam Street, 
along which it passes until, on crossing Gvvynn's 
Falls, it enters the property of the South Baltimore 
Land Company, in Baltimore County. After passing 
through the Kaufman estate and the lands of Patrick 
O'Brien and others, it crosses the main branch of the 
Patapsco River to Brooklyn. From thence the line 
extends easterly to Curtis' Creek, through the lands 
of the Patapsco Land Company and others, and then 
takes the general direction south, crossing Furnace 
and Marley Creeks, and the Severn River at Cypress 
Point. This is within two and a half miles of the 
Annapolis and Elkridge Railroad, which it joins at 
Waterbury Station. The distance from Baltimore to 
Waterbury Station is about nineteen miles. From 
that point the track of the Annapolis and Elkridge 
Railroad, which has been purchased by the Baltimore 
and Drum Point Railroad Company, will be used to 
Annapolis, making the entire distance from Baltimore 
to the capital of the State about twenty-six miles, 
being the shortest practicable rail route. The line in 
Baltimore City crosses the tracks of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad at Ostend Street above grade. Right 
of way has also been secured through Putnam Street 
to the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
on that street, admitting of a grade connection be- 
tween the two railroads. For a considerable time 
past Augustus Albert, president of the Baltimore and 
Drum Point Railroad, and Chief Engineer Golds- 
borough have been energetically at work to secure 
the right of way, and it has now been accomplished 
as far as the Annapolis and Elkridge Railway, except 
in a very few cases. From Annapolis the road will 
run by the shortest routes [iracticable to South River, 
Owensville, Fair Haven, Friendship, Prince Fred- 
erick, Port Republic, and St. Leonard's, the distance 
between the termini being about seventy-six miles. 

Opposite Drum Point Harbor the Southern Mary- 
land Railroad Company have surveyed a track from 
California, a point thirteen miles from Point Lookout, 
which will give this locality direct connection with 
tlie latter |)()int ami Washington City and its connec- 




ADAMS EXPRESS COMPANY'S OFFICE, 
205 BALTIMOBE STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



359 



tions. The Southern Maryland Railroad, from its 
intersection with the Baltimore and Potomac road 
at Brandywiue to St. Mary's City and Point Lookout, 
including the branch to the Patuxent River, opposite 
Drum Point Harbor, will be completed in 18S1, and 
to Washington City by the following spring. The 
officers of the Southern Maryland Railroad for the 
ensuing year are John Van Riswick, of Washington 
City, president; J. H. Linville, of Philadelphia, 
vice-president; Frank Hume, of Washington City, 
treasurer; Directors, Col. W. W. W. Wood, S. A. 
Lambert, L. G. Hine, John P. Poe, Mr. Barbour, 
Edward Wheaton. Dr. John M. Brome, John G. 
Chapman, and Mr. Elliott are directors on the part 
of the State of Maryland. 

Baltimore and Delta Railroad.— This company 
was chartered by the Legislature of Maryland in 
18G8, as " The Baltimore and Svvann Lake Passenger 
Railway Company," with the following incorporators : 
James L. Sutton, A. W. Bradford, Hiram Woods, Jr., 
Dr. W. R. Monroe, George Merryman, Daniel Adler, 
and W. S. G. Baker. This charter was amended by 
act of 1874, ch. 272, and the name changed to the 
Baltimore, Hampden and To<vsontown Railway Com- 
pany. This company was consolidated with the Bal- 
timore and Delta Railway Company by act of 1878, 
ch. 195, to be known by the latter name. The Balti- 
more and Delta Railway Company was incorporated 
under the act of 1870, ch. 476. 

The road is narrow-gauge, and when completed, 
will run from Baltimore, via Towsontown, Belair 
(Harford County), Rocks of Deer Creek, Pylesville, 
to Delta, a slate-mining town in York County, Pa., a 
distance of forty-four and a half miles. At Delta 
it connects with the Peach Bottom Narrow-Gauge 
Railway, already built. The Baltimore end con- 
nects with the Northern Central Railway, and the 
first rail was laid on Aug. 23, 1881, on the Falls 
road under North Avenue bridge. Work on the 
road is being vigorously pushed, and it is expected 
Towsontown will be reached by November of the pres- 
ent year. The contractors hope to finish to Belair, 
Harford Co., by Jan. 1, 1882, and to Delta early in 
the spring. The road runs through an elevated, fine, 
healthy country, well dotted with fine country resi- 
dences. Loch Raven, the permanent city water lake 
on the Big Gunpowder River, four miles long, is on 
the line of this road, and the company have already 
secured ample picnic grounds, etc., and will lay them 
off for a summer resort. The Rocks of Deer Creek, 
already a place of resort, thirty-three miles from Bal- 
timore, will also be improved by the company to ac- 
commodate summer excursionists. There are over 
eleven hundred subscribers to the capital stock of the 
company, and the grading, masonry, depot grounds, 
right of way, etc., have all been done by stock sub- 
scriptions. The mortgage is light, about thirteen 
thousand dollars on each mile of the road. The road 
will cost seventeen thousand five hundred dollars per 



mile; steel rails, forty pounds to the yard, with fine 
equipment generally, — Baldwin engines and first-class 
cars. The main depot will be on the grounds of the 
company, near where the first rail was laid. The 
president of the road is William H. Waters; S. G. 
Boyd, superintendent; Thomas Armstrong, treasurer; 
E. B. Pleasants, engineer; R. C. Woods, first assist- 
ant engineer; Robert Hanna, second assistant en- 
gineer; William Gilmor, financial agent. 

Adams Express Company.— One of the most re- 
markable developments of railroad facilities is that 
of the express business, which now extends over 
more than 60,000 miles of railroads, employing near 
4000 horses and 20,000 men, with over 8000 offices. 
This organized system of transportation for mer- 
chandise and parcels of all kinds originated in 
1839 with William Harnden, of Boston. A year 
later P. B. Burke and Alvan Adams, of Boston, 
started a competing express, which was the foun- 
dation of that extensive system of transportation 
afterwards known as Adams & Co.'s Express, and 
now, with world-wide connection, as the Adams 
Express Company. The Adams & Co.'s Express was 
an association of various express lines from Boston 
to Philadelphia, where, about 1843, E. S. Sanford, as 
agent for Alvan Adams, became associated with S. M. 
Shoemaker, of Baltimore, then extensively engaged 
in the express business South and West from Balti- 
more. In 1854, Adams & Co., the Harnden Express, 
Kingsley & Co., and Hoey & Co. were consolidated 
in a joint stock company, under the laws of the State 
of New York, by the corporate name of the Adams 
Express Company. Since then this now famous trans- 
portation agency has extended with the growth of 
railroads and steamboat lines until it has ramified 
into a vast network of lines and agencies covering the 
whole country, and greatly adding to the facilities of 
exchange and to the accommodations of daily inter- 
course. The country is indebted to one of the citizens 
of Baltimore for the great facilities which the people 
enjoy by means of the present express system. To 
Samuel M. Shoemaker is due the credit not only of 
originating the express business in Baltimore, but 
also organizing and developing its vast economies 
throughout the South and West. Mr. Shoemaker 
was born at Bayou la Fourche, La., on the 28th of 
June, 1821, and was brought by his mother, when 
only a few months old, to Baltimore County, where 
she returned after the accidental drowning of her 
husband in the Mississippi River. Educated at La- 
fayette College, Pennsylvania, at the age of sixteen he 
became a clerk in the counting-house of Alexander 
Falls & Co., wholesale grocers, in Baltimore. It was 
doubtless in the difficulties of this business that the 
idea of the express system as a means of expediting 
and extending trade was suggested to the active 
mind of a young and energetic man engaged in the 
transmission and delivery of merchandise. Appointed 
at the age of twenty to the agency of the Rappahannock 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Steam Packet Company, trading between Baltimore 
and Fredericksburg, the wants and necessities of 
greater regularity and expedition in the transmission 
of merchandise became more and more apparent to 
Mr. Shoemaker, and though for a short period also 
engaged with Mr. Martin in the grocery business, yet 
the forwarding and transportation of merchandise en- 
gaged not only most of his time, but more completely 
coincided with the bent and inclination of his mind. 
Withdrawing from the grocery business after about 
eighteen months, Mr. Shoemaker obtained the Balti- 
more agency of the Ericsson line of steamers be- 
tween Philadelphia and Baltimore. Displaying re- 
markable energy and aptitude for the forwarding 
business while managing these lines, in 1843 E. S. 
Sanford, then agent of Adams & Co.'s Express at 
Philadelphia, invited Mr. Shoemaker to unite with 
him in establishing an express line between that city 
and Baltimore, and under the name of Adams ^ Co.'s 
Express, the Sanford and Shoemaker line was opened, 
developed, and systematized into lines to Richmond, 
Va., and Charleston, S. C. In conjunction with Green 
& Co., the express system was widened to Wheeling, 
and the Great Western Express between Baltimore 
and St. Louis was also organized. The railroad system 
then stopped at Cumberland ; but by means of stage 
and river transportation, Wheeling, Pittsburgh, Cin- 
cinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis were brought within 
the lines of express organization. Every new link in 
the great chain of accommodation and expedition of 
business was made under the name of Adams & Co. ; 
and by the energy and diligence of Sanford & Shoe- 
maker, the proprietors, the business grew throughout 
the South and West into vast proportions. In 1854 
their facilities were extended eastward to New York 
and Boston by means of arrangements with the pro- 
prietors of other express lines. Gradually the inter- j 
change of business facilitated as well as suggested the j 
consolidation of lines, and the Adams Express Com- I 
pany was the outgrowth of the combination of the 
several lines above mentioned. 

The extent of the business transacted by this single 
company is said to be greater than that of any one 
line of railroad in the country. Auxiliary to all the 
wants and necessities of the business of the whole 
country, it has also become indispensable to the re- 
quirements of social life, and while the merchant and 
banker, the State and national governments, are patrons 
of its agencies, the Christmas and Thanksgiving fes- 
tivals of the people are made more joyful by the facili- 
ties it offers for the interchange of the social ameni- 
ties of those occasions. Immense sums of money, j 
the most valuable jewels and gems, the most important i 
public and private papers, the most perishable com- ' 
modities, and the closest secrets are intrusted to its ' 
care with the utmost confidence in its skill and in- ' 
tegrity. Tender babies are tran.sported with a mother's ! 
care, and the last offices to the dead performed with 
all the decorum which affection could suggest. 



In the organization and perfection of this vast and 
intricate agency, Mr. Shoemaker has been the most 
successful worker, until he has become one of the prin- 
cipal managers and most trusted officers of the organ- 
ization. To his judgment is due the purchase of the 
large iron warehouse No. 205 West Baltimore Street, 
and No. 36 German Street, where are established 
the most complete and convenient offices which the 
company possess. While engaged in a business which 
requires the closest attention, Mr. Shoemaker has yet 
found time to identify himself with the railroad, 
banking, and manufacturing enterprises of Maryland, 
as well as lend a helping hand in the development 
of those in States farther South. In December, 1853, 
Mr. Shoemaker was married to Miss Augusta C. Ec- 
cleston, daughter of the late Hon. John B. Eccleston, 
a judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland. His 
ample fortune has enabled him to make his house a 
centre of social attraction, and his hospitable nature 
has made it famous as one of the most delightful 
homes in the city. 

Among the real workers in the Adams Express 
Company, John Q. A. Herring, the superintendent, 
occupies a very prominent place. Beginning his 
transportation life as a messenger on the Baltimore 
and Richmond route in 1852, he has gradually as- 
cended the ladder of promotion, rung by rung, until 
from messenger he has become the superintendent of a 
vast and intricate system of transportation. He aided 
very greatly in the organization and c(msolidation of 
the system throughout the South and West, and con- 
ducted successfully many of the negotiations required 
in perfecting and consolidating the various lines. His 
activity and enterprise have also made him prominent 
in almost every local movement and measure of im- 
portance, and his sound judgment and great executive 
capacity have been recognized by the public on many 
interesting occasions. 

In the matter of alleviating the sufferings of the 
wounded on the battle-field of Gettysburg, the Adams 
Express Company was awarded a most honorable 
testimonial in the fullowing letter: 



'Sen 



Off 



" Wasuingto.v City, D. C, July 20, 1803. 
" S. M. SuoEMAKEB, Esu., Baltimore ; 

" Dear Sir, — I desire to express to you my sincere thanks for the great 
benefits rendered by the Adams Express Company and its agents to the 
wounded after the battle of Gettysburg. 

"I assure you I shall always bear in grateful remembrance the noble 
services which the Adams Express Company and its agents have ren- 
dered, and I beg you to convey to your agents my high appreciation of 
their labors. 

" Yours sincerely, 

*' William .\. Hammond, Sunjeon- General" 

Lieut.-Col. J. M. Cuyler, the Medical Inspector of 
the United States Army, gratefully acknowledged 
their services, and in his report said, "To Adams 
Express Company we are also greatly indebted for 
much liberality and kindness extended to the wounded 
at a time when they were most in need." 

Railroad Riots.— In August, 1829, several disgrace- 




^rn. J^k//j^7^i^^/Cu) 



TRANSPORTATION. 



3U1 



ful riots occurred among the laborers of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad. On Friday, August 14th, one man 
was killed near the city and several wounded, and on 
Sunday the dwelling of Thomas Elliott, one of the 
contractors, was broken open by a body of railroad 
men and Mr. Elliott severely wounded. 

On the 29th of June, 1831, a riot occurred on the 
third division of the Baltimore and Ohio, about 
twenty-five miles from Baltimore. A contractor on the 
road, Truxton Lyon, of Pennsylvania, absconded with 
the funds he had received fVom the company to pay 
the workmen. The latter, attributing the fault to the 
company, assembled to the number of about two hun- 
dred and commenced the destruction of the railroad. 
Information of the riot was sent to Baltimore, and the 
sherifi' of Baltimore County was directed by Judge 
Hanson to arrest the persons engaged in it, but he 
reported that he was unable to obtain a sufficient 
posse comitatus to execute the warrant, as the rioters 
had fully organized by choosing a leader, and had 
declared their intention to proceed in destroying the 
property of the company. A requisition was made 
upon Gen. G. H. Steuart, commanding the Baltimore 
militia, for a detachment of volunteers to quell the 
disturbance, and a body of troops started on the cars 
about ten o'clock at night. They reached the third 
division of the road about daylight, and succeeded 
without dilficulty in restoring order. 

The damage done to the railroad amounted to about 
five thousand dollars. Gen. Steuart and his command 
were subsequently the recipients of a letter of thanks 
from the president pro tern, of the road, William 
Patterson, on behalf of the Board of Directors, for the 
services rendered the company. It is highly probable 
that if the troops had not arrived early that morning 
at the scene of destruction the fine bridge across the 
Patapsco would have been destroyed. 

On the 25th of June, 1834, Mr: Gorman, one of the 
contractors of the Washington Railroad, about eigh- 
teen miles from Baltimore, was assailed in his own 
shanty by eight or ten men, supposed to be some of 
those at work on the road. John Watson, a super- 
intendent, was also in the shanty on a casual visit. 
Both gentlemen were forcibly dragged out, beaten 
severely, and left in a state of insensibility. About 
midnight the next day the same rioters surrounded 
the office where Mr. Watson was lying wounded, and 
after breaking open the door, they deliberately mur- 
dered him in a most barbarous and shocking manner, 
the back of his head being cut open and the brains 
scattered about. William Messer, one of Mr. Wat- 
son's assistants, who was present in the ofiice when 
the attack on it was made, was dragged out and 
shot dead. Another of the superintendents, a Mr. 
Gallon, was also shot dead; several other persons 
were injured, but none dangerously. A number of 
shanties were destroyed on the section of the road 
near Elkridge, and injury was apprehended to the 
JRelay House and adjoining property. A requisition 



was made on the military of the city, and a detachment 
composed of the infantry companies commanded by 
Capts. Hodgkinson, Cook, Hickman, Maguire, Cheves, 
and Branson, and Capt. Bouldin's troop of horse, the 
whole under command of Maj. E. L. Finley, marched 
for the scene of disturbance. It was expected that a 
general battle would be fought, but the rioters, con- 
cluding that discretion was the better part of valor, 
dispersed rapidly upon the approach of the military. 
The troops succeeded, however, in arresting about 
three hundred of them and lodged them in the city 
jail. 

On the 27th of April, 1857, a new order adopted by 
the board of directors of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad for sealing the doors of the merchandise 
cars took effect, to which the conductors objected, and 
on the 29th they assembled in force at the Martins- 
burg Station and undertook to stop the operations of 
the road by violence. In Baltimore, on the 30th, the 
rioters prevented the departure of the trains, and on 
the next day stopped them at the Washington turn- 
pike bridge, where they expelled the employes and 
uncoupled the cars. 

The police of the city not being authorized to act 
out of the city limits, Governor Ligon ordered the 
militia to guard the trains, which were accordingly 
accompanied by troops, and after several skirmishes 
at Jackson's bridge, at the deep cut beyond, at Elli- 
cott's Mills, and other points along the road, order 
was restored. A number of the rioters were wounded 
in these skirmishes, and one man, Henry Houser, 
was killed. 

The Old Omnibus Lines.— It was not until May 1, 
1844, that omnibus lines were established in Balti- 
more. On April 30th of that year two new omni- 
buses arrived, "quite handsome affairs, well fitted 
up, richly decorated, and drawn by good horses. 
Another is expected in a few days, and four more as 
soon as they are finished." The route was from the 
corner of Franklin Street and Eutaw to Baltimore, 
to Gay, to Pratt, and thence to Market Street (now 
Broadway), Fell's Point. The Sun of May 1, 1844, 
says, "In other cities, in addition to the general 
convenience, these lines have tended to enhance the 
value of property in the outskirts of the city, enabling 
persons to reside at a distance from their places of 
business, in more healthy localities, without loss of 
time and fatigue of walking, whilst the cost is but a 
trifle." June 7th of the same year a line of omni- 
buses commenced running to Govanstown, stopping 
I at the Star Tavern and Cold Spring Hotel. Nov. 29, 
j 1844, the Blue Line of omnibuses began to run from 
Pennsylvania Avenue to Exchange Place, via Green 
i and Baltimore Streets, South Street, Lombard Street 
j to Exchange Place; thence, via Gay, Baltimore, Caro- 
line, Gough, Bond, Thames, to the Point Market. 
i Fare, 16 tickets for $1.00. I. Peters & Co., proprietors. 
: Lines across the city were started in 1845, running 
' from Howard and Madison Streets, via Baltimore and 



362 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Gay Streets, to Ashland Square, and also from Ex- 
change Place to Ashland Square, both continuing to 
Greenmount Cemetery. 

The York Road line of omnibuses commenced run- 
ning in 1847, thus bringing Towsontown and vicinity 
nearer to Baltimore in point of time and convenience. 
This line ran but one trip a day at starting. The 
route lay from Monument Square down Forest Street 
to Ensor Street, along Gay to Fayette, thence to Hil- 
len and High Streets. In 1850 the Yellow line, Ja- 
cob Hardtner, proprietor, was established along the 
general route from east to west. Peters' line was 
withdrawn in 1850. The Monumental line ran from 
corner of Ross and Light, through Light, Montgom- 
ery, Hanover to Baltimore, thence to Broadway, and 
down Thames. From the lower end of Broadway to 
Canton a line was established in 1851 ; and in 1852 the 
Canton Company put on a line from the Eutaw House 
to their grounds, stopping near the old race-course. 
This was the White line. A line from Paca Street 
to the Baltimore Cemetery was started in 1852, — from 
Paca to Fremont, to Pratt, to Sharp, to Baltimore, to 
Gay, to the cemetery. The Good Intent line, from 
Franklin Square down Baltimore Street to Gay, to 
Pratt, to Broadway, thence to corner of Thames and 
Bond Street, was started in 1852. In July, 1853, 
James Mitchell, proprietor of the People's line of 
omnibuses, running from Ashland Square to Franklin 
Square, added two " new and elegant omnibuses" to 
his route. The Accommodation line, in 1854, was 
established by A. Johnson along the route from Fell's 
Point up Broadway, through Pratt and Gay Streets, 
thence to Baltimore and Franklin Square. A three- 
cent line, in 1856, was started from the Merchants' 
Exchange to Madison Avenue, via Baltimore Street. 

The Harlem Stage-coach Company' was incor- 
porated February, 1878, to run a line of coaches from 
Fulton Avenue to Edmondson Avenue, thence to 
Carey Street, to Baltimore, to South, and Exchange 
Place. The directors were John J. M. Sellman, Ga- 
briel D. Clark, Jr., John Hubner, Lucius C. Polk, 
Joseph M. Cone, A. M. O. Saville, and Robert C. Dif- 
fenderflfer. The capital of the company is $50,000. 
When the street-cars began running in 1858 the 
public deserted the omnibuses, and it was thought 
that the time for that kind of locomotion had passed 
forever, but when in 1878 the old-time omnibuses re- 
appeared they met with a favorable reception from 
the public. The line was opened on the 24th of June, 
1878. Feb. 10, 1880, the Baltimore Chariot Company 
undertook to transport passengers between South, 
Howard, and Montgomery Streets and Broadway and 
North Gay Streets; J. B. N. Barry president, and 
John H. Middleton secretary. The enterprise was of 
very short duration. A line of Herdic coaches was 
established in May, 1881, running between Eutaw 

1 In 1851, Mr. Person, of Baltimore, invented and exhibited in New 
York a machine to register the number of passengers tliat may ride in 



and Exchange Places, but were withdrawn after a 
few MKiiiths' trial. 

Baltimore City Passenger Railway Company. — 
On the 24th of March, 1854, a petition from John H. 
Barnes, .Tames B. George, Jr., George W. Russell, and 
James H. Bond was presented to the City Council 
for a railroad through the streets of the city.'^ The 
petition was referred to the committee on Internal 
Improvements, which reported a resolution that the 
importance of the subject was so great that it ought 
to be decided by the voters of Baltimore at the next 
election. No further action appears to have been 
taken on the .subject at that time. In 18.58, Mr. 
Crowley, a member from Baltimore in the Legisla- 
ture, introduced a bill to incorporate " The Balti- 
more City Passenger Railway Company," to con- 
struct a road from West Baltimore to Canton, with 
Robert H. Archer, J. P. Shannon, George S. Riggs, J. 
E. Wilson, J. P. Archer, and associates as incorpora- 
tors, but the bill failed to become a law for want of 
time. Before the adjournment of the General Assem- 
bly, Messrs. William Robertson, of the " Old Line" of 
omnibuses, with Coleman & Baily, of the " Accom- 
modation Line," and John Mitchell, of the " People's 
Line," petitioned the City Council for authority to 
lay down a railroad from Franklin Square through 
Baltimore Street to Broadway or Bond, and thence to 
Canton, whereupon the incorporators in the " City 
Passenger Railway Company's" bill petitioned the 
Council to delay any action in the matter until after 
the passage of the bill then before the Legislature.' 
The subject was postponed Sept. 24, 1858, for want of 
time to consider it. Nov. 17, 1858, Messrs. Chauncey 
Brooks, Zenus Barnum, and others petitioned the City 
Council for permission to lay down a city passenger 
horse railway on Baltimore, Charles, Gay, and other 
streets of the city, and similar petitions were presented 
by E. L. Thomas, Thomas B. Brinkley, and others 
for the same privileges. On September 29th, Mr. 
Talbot, in the First Branch of the City Council, re- 
ported a bill for constructing a passenger railway 
from the western to the eastern boundary of the city. 

During the agitation of the question previous to 
1858, " remonstrances" against granting authority for 
street railways were "signed by all the busin&ss men 
except two* on this (Baltimore) Street," but a great 

- I ; I. 11,.. 1, I. 1^ .1 .ul.le, and the cars to he propelled by horse.power. 
Tl.. I ., .1 i tli.it they are "awareof the importance of more 
(1..- ;i. . :iii. .us extremes of the city, and for Ihe purpose of 

'^i\ I 1,1 ;. -.-iK'rally the advantage of a certain, easy, and ex- 

|...i;i .-t travel," propose to construct said railway along 

l!;.li,i, II I: II. Franklin Square to Broadway, thence to Canton 

A\. ...I. , ... ,. ..I, ...I I, I -jiiiilar to the lines of street railway in successful 
opeiati.m in Ne-w i.irk City. 

^ At the same session another city railroad bill was introduced to in- 
corporate "The City and Hampden Railroad Company," with .T. N. Mc- 
Jillon, W. S. Cn.wk.y, T.iithi-r ,1. Cox, B. H. Stabler, Christian Keener, 
It, I II In. i.,A I i'l,., Ill, A L. Webb, J Malcom, and othor8a8co^- 
p..l,.| I I : , I ■ .1 ii.l from the city to the property of the 
Hi. nil 1 I \ I I, . , I ,.1..' to Towsontown, the company to 
i.i::..! . . ^' i II .1.1 .. lhu,s was subscribed and paid in. 

< Tl.,. i.n.pi i.-l..r» .,f 'iV.e S<„i. and Messrs. Huwcll & Bro. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



change took place during the year, and by December, 
1858, a petition was signed by five or six hundred 
owners and tenants of property on Baltimore Street to 
the mayor and City Council in favor of granting to 
Chauncey Brooks, Zenus Barnum, and others the priv- 
ilege of laying passenger railways on that and other 
streets. Feb. 21, 1859, Mr. Beacham, from the Com- 
mittee on Highways in the First Branch of the City 
Council, reported an ordinance empowering William 
H. Travers, William H. Browning, and others to lay 
down passenger railways on Baltimore and other 
streets, and a minority report by Mr. Van Nostrand 
empowering the several omnibus proprietors to con- 
struct a similar railway. The " Travers" ordinance 
was passed by the First Branch on March 2, 1859, 
by a vole of yeas 14, nays 6, with an amendment 
reducing the fare to four cents for each passenger. 
On March 11th it passed the Second Branch with 
several amendments, which were concurred in by the 
First Branch on March 14th. The ordinance fixed 
the fare at four cents from one end of the city to the 
other, the grant to extend for fifteen years, with the 
privilege to the city to buy out the company, and if 
this was not exercised the grant to extend for fifteen 
years more. The " Brooks" ordinance was rejected, 
notwithstanding it contained the same provisions, with 
the addition that " none but Maryland capitalists" 
were to take the stock, and the fare not to exceed 
three cents, with a bonus of $10,000 per year to the 
city for the privilege, and a mortgage to secure the 
perfo-mance of the tenor and conditions of the ordi- 
nance. The passage of the " Travers" ordinance was 
fiercely assailed as "one of the most objectionable leg- 
islative acts ever imposed upon the people of Balti- 
more," in that it required /o«r cents for fare, while 
a more favorable bill in other respects would have 
charged only three cents. " It is estimated that in a 
short time the cars will carry twenty thousand pas- 
sengers a day," with a tax of one cent each, which 
they were not required to pay by the rejected 
"Brooks" ordinance. The ordinance was vetoed by 
the mayor on the 22d of March ; but on March 23d 
tlie First Branch pa.ssed an ordinance by a vote of 
ayes 15, nays 3, similar in every respect, and with the 
same grantees, but fixing the fare at '^ five cents for 
each passenger," and further providing for the pay- 
ment to the city quarterly " one-fifth of the gross re- 
ceipts accruing from the passenger travel upon said 
roads located within the city limits." The Second 
Branch concurred on the 25th, and passed the ordi- 
nance, with some immaterial amendments, by a vote 
of ayes 7, nays 3. Mayor Swann signed the ordinance 
on the 28th of March, and on the 29th sent in a mes- 
sage requesting the Council to submit to the people 
the question whether the "park tax" AnA five-cent 
fares, or four cents and no " park tax" should be the 
provisions of the ordinance. On the 15th of April 
the "grantees" under the "Travers" ordinance dis- 
posed of the franchise to L. Johnston and others, of 



Philadelphia, for a consideration not named in the 
deed, but reported to have been $100,000. The as- 
signment was vigorously assailed as soon as made 
known, and the proceedings connected with the grant 
and sale denounced as "exceedingly discreditable," 
and the charge made that the charter had been ob- 
tained " through favor, partiality, and inducements 
which can only be conjectured." " Pliant legislators," 
it was said, " may grasp the bribe which corrupts them 
and achieve a temporary wrong, and presently enjoy 
their dishonest gains, but the wrong by which a bur- 
densome tax is entailed upon the people of a great 
city for a series of years will be a daily plague and 
torment to all concerned until the character of the 
whole transaction is scourged into the light, and an 
indignant people annuls the instrument of their hu- 
miliation." Injunctions,judicial opinions, and action 
by city and State legislation were loudly demanded, 
because the first proceedings were " malum in se." The 
deed of sale was made on the 2d of April by William 
H. Travers, William G. Browning, William De Goey, 
Robert Cathcart, and Joshua B. Sumwalt, of Balti- 
moie, to L. Johnston, Conrad S. Grove, Robert F. Nay- 
lor, John Ely, and Jonathan Brock, of Philadelphia. 
Mr. Colton in the City Council presented on April 
21st a resolution denouncing the sale, and directing 
the counselor of the city to consider the provisions of 
the ordinance, and to report if said ordinance should' 
be repealed. No report was ever made upon the 
resolution, and on May 24th ground was broken on 
Broadway for the building of the road, on what is 
now the Eutaw Street and Broadway line.' The 
powerful protests of the press and the well-known 
indignation of the best portion of the tax-payers of 
the city were ineffectual to right the great wrong, 
because " bloody lawlessness'' had " disfranchised" 
the people. A meeting of the people in favor of a 
three-cent fare was broken up by rowdyism, and 
other " incidents of the age" demonstrated the utter 
helplessness of the people of Baltimore at that time. 
" Know-nothing" rowdyism and outrage are the 
"shame, deep and blighting, shame," inscribed upon 
the history of the city at that time. 

On the 16th of June, 1859, Mayor Swann sent a 
message to the City Council, in which, among other 
matters, he held that the transfer of the grant before 
the work was commenced was contrary to the spirit 
and intention of the ordinance; that a refusal to 
open books by the Philadelphia party was a forfeiture 
of all privileges under the ordinance ; that the origi- 
nal grantees could not open books after their transfer 
of the ordinance ; and that the Legislature would not 
by a charter give validity to a contract with an asso- 



1 The arrangement required by the ordinance with the omnibui 
was settled by arbitration ; tlie proprietors of the lines, retaining 
stages, liorses, etc., received $83,87.5 for their stable property, to 1 
livered on the completion of the railway. 

The contract for constructing the whole line of railway was aw 
to William S. Shoemaker. 



364 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ciation never contemplated by the ordinance. The 
" farce" of opening books was played at No. 6 St. 
Paul Street, on the 26th of June, in the presence of 
Win. S. Travers, Wm. S. Browning, Wm. De Goey, 
Robert Cathcart, and Joshua B. Sumwalt ; on the third 
and last day the farce closed without a bona-fide sub- 
scription. The grantees having sold out, and the pur- 
chasers being absent and without corporate powers, 
the public would have nothing to do with the affair. 

Nevertheless the " work" went on, and on July 6th 
" ground was broken" on North Green Street for the 
Green Street line, under a contract with J. G. Crowley, 
and on the 12th of July the first car was placed on 
the City Passenger Railway on Broadway, and a con- 
siderable number of persons assembled to witness the 
start. During the entire morning the car on every trip 
was crowded to e.xcess with men and boys, particu- 
larly the latter, who were present by hundreds, those 
of them who could not get a seat inside clinging to 
the platforms and sides of the car. 

On July 14th an injunction' was filed in the City 
Court restraining the City Passenger Railway Com- 
pany from laying more than a single track on Balti- 
more Street between North and Sharp. The power 
of the City Council to grant the privileges in the 
" Travers" ordinance was not raised by this injunc- 
tion, but at this time (July 20th) public opinion was 
turned to the consideration of the question whether 
without an act of the General Assembly the power 
of laying street railways could be conferred by the 
mayor and City Council. Numerous enabling acts 
from 1797 to 1853 were quoted in the daily press to 
show how limited were the powers of the mayor and 
City Council over the streets of the city until further 
authority was obtained from the General Assembly. 
The want of corporate powers also now began to em- 
barrass the purchasers, and to remedy this, at a meet- 
ing held July 25th, a committee of five was appointed 
" to organize the City Passenger Railway Company, 
to fix the capital stock, the price of shares, and any 
and all other matters and things inherent to or con- 
nected therewith." This committee consisted of John 
A. Thompson, Robert Hooper, Col. Henry Snyder, 
Wm. Callow, and Col. Isaac M. Denson. The report 
of this committee was equally unsatisfactory, and was 
immediately assailed as "playing into the hands of 
the existing usurpation, and entirely to preclude the 
citizens of Baltimore from all hope of commanding 
an interest in this important work." 

The injunction above referred to was appealed 
from by the assignees and grantees on October 23d, 
and having given bond in the sum of $40,000, they 
proceeded to lay down the double track over the 
whole ground between North and Sharp Streets on 



nplaiiiants were Noah Walker, Hamilton Easter, Samuel 
and wife, Hugh L. Bond, trustee, R. Snowden Andrews, 
Henrietta R. Glenn, W. W. Glenn, and John Glonn, Jr., Thos. McKen- 
zie, Frederick Fickcy, Jr., and Robert Campbell, Sr., owners and repre- 
sentatives of property between the points valued at SSOO,000. 



Baltimore Street, and completed it by the 27th of Oc- 
tober, thus enabling the cars to pass on that day from 
one end of the line to the other. 

The time for the meeting of the General Assembly 
was approaching, and preparations for the work to be 
done required another " meeting of subscribers to the 
City Passenger Railways," which was held December 
14th, at which were present about twenty of the sub- 
scribers who on the 4th of August previous had 
formed themselves into an association. The object 
of the meeting was to raise " more money" to enable 
the association to prosecute its affairs successfully be- 
fore the Legislature. 

The meeting of the General Assembly of 1860 took 
place early in January, and on the 19th of that month 
the " opposing forces" in the railway war were all 
promptly in the field. A bill to incorporate " the 
Baltimore City Passenger Railway Company," with 
the same privileges as the "Travers" ordinance, with 
a capital of 40,000 shares of $50 each, and with the 
Philadelphians, or, as they were then styled, " Brock 
& Co.," as incorporators, was met by a memorial signed 
by Henry Maukin, J. L. Owens, J. N. McJilton, John 
C. Crooner, George B. Clark, Chas. S. Willett, Chaun- 
cey Brooks, William F. Murdoch, A. Neill, Nicholas 
Poplein, and John Merryman, setting forth the his- 
tory of the ordinances in the City Council and pray- 
ing relief to the people of Baltimore from the " Trav- 
ers" ordinance and its assignees. This relief was 
asked, first, because it did not contribute to the gen- 
eral fund of the city as much as the rejected " Brooks" 
ordinance would have done ; second, it did not pro- 
vide for connections with other street railways ; third, 
because it charged five cents (with one cent to the 
city for park purposes) instead of three, as proposed 
by the " Brooks" ordinance. With the approach of the 
" Lobby Gang" the vigor and vehemence of the press 
increased, and reviving and retelling the history of the 
" Great Fraud," the corruption and partisan action 
of the City Council, and dealing its blows at the 
mayor and the " roughs," carried the war with great 
force against the " intrigue, corruption, and fraud 
practiced under the connivance of those who have 
been instrumental in sustaining and using the most 
extreme resources of corruption and fraud against 
the great mass of the people of Baltimore." The 
Legislature being Democratic, the " Lobby" was con- 
stituted on like principles ; " an ex-United States 
senator, two ex-members of Congress, and an ex- 
president of a railroad," said one of the papers, " are 
at the dirty work." The Democratic City Conven- 
tion of February 2d denounced by resolution the 
manner in which the " Travers" ordinance was forced 
upon the city, and were of course persuasive, at least 
with the Democrats in the Legislature, against the 
" Brock" bill. An enthusiastic demonstration of the 
people was made at the Maryland Institute on the 
6th of February against the passage of the " Brock" 
bill, with Adam Denmead as president, and John C. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



365 



Brune, J. Parkhurst, Jr., Thomas E. Hambleton, W. 
D. Miller, J. H. Thomas, F. Fickey, Jr., W. F. 
Murdoch, Peter Merrill, Charles Webb, William J. 
Reimaii, James Hodges, John C. Bridges, Albert 
Schumacher, John S. Williams, I. M. Parr, John B. 
Seidenstricker, Samuel K. George, Hugh Bolton, John 
R. Conway, William G. Harrison, vice-presidents ; 
with P. P. Pendleton and Albert Jenkins, secretaries. 
A committee of five, consisting of P. G. Sauerwein, 
L. Sangston, W. H. Brune, J. R. Spencer, and Joshua 
Vansant, reported resolutions earnestly invoking the 
Legislature not to pass the " Brock" bill, approving 
of the investigation ordered by the Legislature, pro- 
testing the ability and willingness of the citizens of 
Baltimore to build the street railways as they had the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and that while wel- 
coming at all times the introduction of foreign capital 
for fair and honorable purposes, they " detest a scheme 
the real object of which is to rob the poorer class of 
the people for the benefit of speculators," and appoint- 
ing a committee to present the resolution to the Gen- 
eral Assembly. On the 10th of February the Com- 
mittee on Corporations began the investigation, which 
continued until the 15th of the same month ; the 
" rich developments" of that investigation are things 
of the past, exciting and interesting at that time, and 
perhaps capable of pointing a moral, but utterly " dry 
as dust" at present to the people of this day. But for 
the purpose of understanding this history of the city 
passenger railway excitement in its early day, we 
serve up the "points" established by the investi- 
gation, that " in the beginning" the capital was to 
come from Philadelphia, and that this was known to 
the " grantees" and to members of the City Council ; 
that the ordinance did contain a promise of an oppor- 
tunity to the people of Baltimore to subscribe to the 
" capital stock ;" that the grant was sold and assigned 
as soon as passed ; that the section providing for the 
opening of books in Baltimore was so framed that 
the obligation was not binding upon the assignees ; 
all of which have the appearance at this day of very 
"sharp practice," if not of the "bare-faced fraud" 
it was considered twenty years ago. Another im- 
mense public meeting was held at the Maryland Insti- 
tute February 26th, " to give expression to the feelings 
and indignation of the people, and to make a last ap- 
peal to the House of Delegates to pause before they 
rob the people of the indisputable franchise for the 
benefit of a foreign monopoly." To aid in the defeat 
of the Brock bill, the " Commissioner Bill" was in- 
troduced, by which Johns Hopkins, W. F. Murdoch, 
Chauncey Brooks, Jr., A. Thompson, J. M. Owen, 
"Adam Denmead, John Merry man, of Baltimore County, 
J. Smith, N. Poplein, J. L. Owings, Peter Mowell, I. 
M. Denison, G. Q. Quail, J. H. Thomas, J. Vansant, 
W. Hopkins, and J. J. Abrams were constituted 
a Board of Commissioners for the organization of a city 
passenger railway company with a three-cent fare. 
The following committee was appointed to go and re- 
24 



) main in Annapolis until the passenger railway ques- 
I tion should be disposed of: J. Hanson Thomas, Ed- 
! ward Wolff", J. B. Seidenstricker, P. B. Sauerwein, 
Robert Hooper, W. T. Walters, J. W. Jenkins, J. W. 
McCoy, Henry Taylor, McH. Grofton, H. W. Dra- 
heley, J. W. Frey, H. Sisson, C. F. Middleton, W. J. 
Albert, F. Neal," E. Oatis Hinkley, H. F. Stickney, 
Gustavus Lurman, J. M. Green, A. K. Mantz, J. H. 
Brown, James Hodges, J. Mohler, F. B. Fitzgerald, 
J. B. Mattison, Charles Shipley, Peter Mowell, George 
Appold, Jacob Pappler, Samuel Chew, Jr., J. P. 
Archer, Joshua Vansant, J. H. Spencer, W. P. Light- 
ener, George T. Thomas, C. Webb, W. Canby, W. P. 
Spencer, S. R. Smith, W. S. Crowley, D. Stewart, J. 
F. Watkins. B. Whiteley, L. H. Gover, W. H. Rob- 
erts, N. E. Berry, W. H. Owens, George Merryman, 
S. G. Miles, Thomas Street, J. W. Wilson, and Peter 
Hanson. By March 6th, in two days $600,000 was 
pledged by name to the three-ceat fare bill, and the 
" address of the people" was presented to the Legis- 
lature, a document setting forth in plain, unvarnished 
and dispassionate language the wrongs that would be 
done to the city by the " Brock" bill if it should be- 
come a law. The sub-committee of the general com- 
mittee, consisting of Messrs. J. Hanson Thomas, P. G. 
Sauerwein, John W. McCoy, J. B. Seidenstricker, and 
E. O. Hinkley, prepared an address to the House of 
Delegates in behalf of the citizens of Baltimore on 
their city passenger railway enterprise, contrasting in 
strong terms the two propositions before the House of 
Delegates, the one by a " close corporation of strangers 
to our soil and institutions," the other by "your own 
constituents," and presenting with forcible reasons 
the propriety and sound policy of the Commissioner 
bill. Excitement and self-interest continued to in- 
crease personal feeling until, to the utmost conftjsion 
within and without the House of Delegates, on the 
evening of March 11th actual personal altercation was 
added, involving the serious wounding and hazard- 
ing of several of the partisans of each side. That 
evening a collision occurred in the rotunda of the 
capital at Annapolis between Thomas H. Gardiner, of 
the " Brock" party, and John W. McCoy, a friend 
and advocate of the Commissioner bill, resulting in 
the wounding of Mr. Gardiner in the thigh ; confu- 
sion and disorder reigned in the capital, and threats 
against the lives of members were openly made, 
until by a motion of Mr. Morgan the house adjourned 
sine die without action on the Commissioner bill, the 
" Brock" bill having been defeated on the 23d of 
February. 

The General Assembly having adjourned without 
incorporating either party as the City Passenger Rail- 
way Company, on the 11th of May, 1860, articles of 
agreement were executed between the city of Balti- 
more and the "assignees," under the name of the 
" Passenger Railway Association," whereby Jonathan 
Brock, Conrad S. Grove, and Robert F. Taylor and 
their successors were constituted trustees of all prop- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



erties acquired or thereafter to be acquired by, and 
as representatives in law and equity of the associa- 
tion. The beneficial interests were divided into 40,000 
shares at the par value of $50. The association was 
endowed with powers similar in all respects to those 
of an incorporated company, and continued to hold 
and enjoy the privileges of the grant. The prop- 
erty of the association at the date of the contract with 
the city of Baltimore consisted of "about twenty- 
two miles of railway-tracks, with turn-outs, switches, 
and crossings, in the city of Baltimore," sixty-five 
passenger-cars, three hundred and sixty horses, har- 
ness, blankets, stables and stable equipments, etc., 
costing less than $500,000, which properties were 
represented by a capital stock of $2,000,000. The 
association, through trustees, continued in possession 
and management of the street railways until the 
meeting of the General Assembly, when, on Feb. 13, 
1862, an act was passed whereby Henry Tyson, John 
W. Walker, William Chesnut, John W. Randolph, 
Conrad S. Grove, Jonathan Brock, and Albert W. 
Markley, and others, their associates, assignees of all 
the rights, powers, and privileges granted to William 
H. Travers, William S. Browning, William De Goey, 
Robert Cathcart, and Joshua B. Sumwalt, aud their 
associates and assignees, by an ordinance of the mayor 
and City Council of Baltimore, approved on or about 
the 28th of March, 1859, were incorporated by the 
name and style of the "Baltimore City Passenger 
Railway Company." Henry Tyson was elected presi- 
dent, and a more satisfactory relation established 
with the city and public than had existed at any time 
before.' 

The internal revenue tax of one and one-half per 
centum on gross receipts, the depreciation of the cur- 
rency, and the increase in the cost of every article 
used by the company produced embarrassments 
which could only be remedied by an increase of fare 
above five cents. The provisions of the charter, being 
identical with those of the ordinance of March 29, 
1859, did not provide for any power in the company 
to alter or vary the express stipulation for five cents 
" for transporting passengers from one part of the 
city to any other on the line of these railways." The 
right to provide for the internal revenue tax by an 
increase of fare could not be disputed, but that in- 
crease was only about three-quarters of a mill, aud 
was not practicable ; and the right to add the next 
lowest possible sum, which was one cent for each pas- 
senger, was, if not conceded, at least no longer de- 

1 On the 17th of Dccemher, 1860, the company commenced running 
cars day and night for tlie better accommodation of the public, the cara 
pacing the corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets every half-hour after 
twelve o'clock, the faro after that hour being ten cents. The running of 
all.night cars continued for one week only, when they ceased. The line 
from Baltimore Street to Boundary Avenue, known as the Charles Street 
line, was completed on the 2d of December, la62, and put in operation 
on the following day. One-horee cars were at one time employed on this 
route. The Park Passenger Railway was completed in September, 1864. 
The line to the President Street Depot was opened on the 25th of April, 
1870. 



nied. The fare, therefore, was raised to six cents in 

1863. But the right claimed to charge two cents ad- 
ditional where a passenger is transferred from one car 
to another wiis not so clear, and the matter was re- 
ferred to the joint special committee of the City Coun- 
cil on the Baltimore Passenger Railway Company, 
from which a report was made Jan. 9, 1863, by C. 
Sidney Norris, G. J. Kennard, and A. Schwartz, of 
the Second Branch, and T. H. Mules, John Duke- 
hart, and Thomas W. Cromer, of the First Branch, 
whereby the right to make the extra charge was de- 
nied ; but legal proceedings to prevent its exercise 
were discouraged because of the embarrassed condi- 
tion of the financial affairs of the company. In view 
of the fact that the city was then receiving all the 
profits of the company and the stockholders nothing, 
it was considered by the committee to be " sound 
policy for the city to afford the company all the tem- 
porary assistance legally in its power to render, there 
being no doubt in the minds of your committee that 
in a short time the increased revenue of the com- 
pany will enable it to comply strictly with all the 
obligations of its charter and leave a fair remunera- 
tion to its stockholders." In further pursuance of 
this policy, the City Council on the 11th of February, 

1864, adopted a resolution directing the city collector 
to susjjend the collection of the license tax upon the 
cars of the company until otherwise ordered, and on 
the 7th of March in the same year, an act was passed 
by the Legislature authorizing the company to in- 
crease the fare from five to six cents, " without charge 
for transfer tickets." It was provided, however, that 
the company should continue to pay one-fifth of the 
gross receipts from passengers to the city, and that 
the operation of the act should be limited to two years. 
Even these measures of relief were, however, insuf- 
ficient, and on the 24th of December, 1864, the com- 
pany, through its president, Mr. Tyson, addressed a 
communication to the City Council on the subject of 
its financial condition^ asking the municipal authori- 
ties to co-operate with the company in measures to 
obtain the necessary relief. A committee of the City 
Council was appointed in January, 1865, to examine 
the company's books, and ascertained that though no 
extraordinary expenditure had been incurred during 
the last half fiscal year, the current working expenses 
in that period were in excess of the revenue by the 
sum of $8000. As further evidence of their embar- 
rassment, the company oflered to sell their franchise 
and all their property to the city at their actual cost, 
namely, $640,000, or, if preferred by the city, at a 
valuation to be ascertained by arbitrators. The com- 
mittee, however, reported that though the company was 
in need of relief, the city had already done all in its 
power in remitting taxes and licenses, and suggested 
that no further aid should be extended. The com- 
pany then appealed to the Legislature for relief, ask- 

I ing the reduction of the park tax to one-third of the 
' net receipts ; and although this request was not 



TRANSPORTATION. 



367 



granted, an act was passed on the 16th of March, 
1865, authorizing the company to charge four cents 
for transfer tickets. On the 1st of April following 
the company announced that on and after April 3d 
the fare would be seven instead of six cents, with a 
charge of three instead of four cents for transfers. 
The authority for the increase was claimed to be 
derived from the tenth section of the amendatory 
internal revenue act passed by Congress at the pre- 
ceding session, which provided that whenever the 
tax of two and a half per cent, on the gross receipts 
of railways, canals, steamboats, vehicles, etc., should 
amount to a sum involving the fraction of a cent, 
such corporations or persons should be authorized 
to add to the fare one cent in lieu of such fraction.' 

Up to April 15, 1867, the care of the City Passen- 
ger Line turned oflF at Holliday Street, but on that 
date the present system was adopted, and the cars 
began to run directly to and from the extreme east- 
ern and western termini. The question of allowing 
the cars to run on Sunday was agitated as early as 
1862, and in July of that year a resolution was passed 
by the Second Branch of the City Council providing 
for taking the sense of the people on the subject at 
the next municipal election, but it was laid on the 
table in the First Branch under the rules. In Sep- 
tember of the following year the resolution was passed 
by both branches of the City Council, but was vetoed 
by the mayor on the 24th of that month, in the follow- 
ing emphatic language : " Gentlemen, — I return to 
your honorable body without my approval a resolution 
providing for ascertaining the sense of the people on 
the running of cars on Sunday. I am opposed to the 
running of cars on Sunday, feeling convinced that 
no greater source of demoralization could be legal- 
ized. Entertaining this view, I cannot with any pro- 
priety sanction a resolution placing the matter before 
the people." In 1867 the question was again brought 
forward, and was submitted to the people on the 10th 
of April in that year. A majority of the popular 
vote was cast in favor of granting the privilege, and 
Sunday cars commenced running on April 2Sth. 

On the 29th of April, 1870, a decision was rendered 
in the United States Circuit Court for Maryland by 
Judge Giles requiring street-car companies to carry 
colored persons on the same terms and in the same 
class of cars provided for other passengers, and on the 
2d of May special cars for colored passengers were 
placed on the tracks of the City Passenger Railway. 
On each of these cars was affixed a placard bearing 
the words, " Colored persons are permitted to ride in 
this car." On the 11th of November, 1871, the 
United States Circuit Court decided in the case of 
John W. Fields, colored, against the City Passenger 
Railway Company that this discrimination was ille- 
gal, and that colored passengers were entitled to use 



1 The dummy-engine and ca 
I the 26th of August, 1865. 



1 the park t 



all the cars without distinction. In accordance with 
this decision, the company on Monday, the 13th of 
November, removed the signs from the cars, and all 
passengers were received without discrimination. In 
1870 the clause of the internal revenue law author- 
izing railways and other common carriers to add one 
cent to their ordinary fares to reimburse themselves 
for the fractional tax was repealed by Congress, to go 
into eflect on the 1st of October in that year, and on 
that date the fare on the Baltimore City Passenger 
Railway was reduced to six cents. 

On the 13th of August, 1873, the resignation of 
Mr. Tyson as president of the company was accepted, 
and on the 14th of October following ex-Governor 
Bowie was elected as his successor. On the 14th of 
January, 1874, Enoch Pratt was chosen president, 
but declined to serve, and Governor Bowie was re- 
elected on the 22d of the same month. 

At the session of 1874 the company presented a 
memorial to the Legislature asking for the reduction 
of the park tax to ten per cent., but the General As- 
sembly declining to act in the premises, on the ground 
that it would be impairing the obligation of contracts, 
application for similar relief was made to the City 
Council in May of that year; and on the 21st Mr. 
Porter, from the Committee on City Passenger Rail- 
ways, reported an ordinance in the First Branch of 
the City Council reducing the park tax on all the 
lines to twelve per centum of their gross receipts, 
instead of the one-fifth originally required. This 
ordinance was passed in the following month, and 
still regulates the obligations of the various street-car 
companies. An effort was made at the session of the 
Legislature in 1880 to obtain a still further reduction 
in the park tax, but the attempt was not successful. 
The directors of the company for 1881 are Oden 
Bowie, Gabriel D. Clark, Austin Jenkins, John Bol- 
giano, Wesley Ricketts, Jackson Holland, and Wesley 
A. Tucker. 

Citizens' Passenger Railway Company.— The 
Citizens' Passenger Railway was authorized by ordi- 
nance of the City Council, passed June 25, 1868, and 
was incorporated in 1870, with Samuel Snowden, 
Jacob Rice, Mathew B. Sellers, John Richardson, 
Capt. George A. Coleman, James S. Hagerty, Dr. J. 
J. Moran, William J. Hooper, John W. Munson, 
Andrew J. Myers, Alfred P. Burt, and their associates 
as incorporators. Immediately after the acceptance of 
the charter the corporators organized by the election 
of James S. Hagerty, president; J. E. H. Boston, 
secretary ; and George V. Keen, treasurer, with Oliver 
A. Parker, William J. Hooper, A. P. Burt, H. Shriver, 
Jacob Hecht, P. S. Chappelle, and Harvey Knew as 
directors. The line extends from Druid Hill Park 
to Patterson Park. In 1876 an effort was made by 
this company to substitute steam for horse-power, and 
for this purpose a small steam-engine with car at- 
tached commenced running September 28th. The 
locomotive was built at the Baldwin Locomotive 



368 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Works, in Philadelphia, for the Citizens' Passenger 
Railway Company, and was transferred by a team of 
six horses to the track of the City Passenger Railway 
Company at Albemarle Street, and thence to the 
track of the Citizens' Line at corner of High and 
Lombard Streets, and then to the Northwestern Sta- 
tion of the company. The motor was of ten-horse 
power, with eight-inch cylinder, and weighed seven 
thousand pounds, consuming its own smoke, and cost- 
ing three thousand dollars. A permit of sixty days 
for trial was granted by the City Council, but at the 
expiration of the time the motor was withdrawn. 
James S. Hagerty is president of the company. The 
directors for 1881 are O. A. Parker, Henry Shriver, 
Joseph Friedenwald, George V. Keen, Jacob Hecht, 
John E. Boston, and Frederick Rice. 

People's Passenger Railway Company, — The 
People's Passenger Railway Company was incorpo- 
rated by act of Assembly of 1876, ch. 242, and by the 
ordinance of June 28, 1878, Wm. Frederick, Jacob 
Tome, Michael P. O'Hern, and George W. P. Coats, 
the incorporators, were authorized to construct pas- 
senger railway tracks along certain streets of the city. 
The line extends from the intersection of Druid Hill { 
and Boundary Avenues to Fort McHenry, and is the 
only one of the city railways proper on which the fare 
is five cents. The first car was run over the road on j 
the 9th of August, 1879. In September, 1878, the I 
company mortgaged the road for $100,000 to Jacob ' 
Tome, of Cecil County. The directors for 1881 are j 
Hon. J. D. Cameron, Jacob Tome, John J. Patterson, 
Isaac M. Denson, Eugene Higgins, John Quinn, and 
W. H. Patterson. 

Park Railway Company.— On the 28th of March, , 
1872, an ordinance was passed by the City Council 
authorizing James L. McLane, Wallace King, C. Ol- 
iver G'Donnell, Darius C. Howell, George P. Frick, 
Cumberland Dugan, James W. Tyson, John S. Hogg, 
and Gerard T. Hopkins to lay down city passenger 
railway tracks along German Street, beginning at the i 
west line of South Street, and extending by way of 
Charles, Saratoga, Park, Franklin, Howard, Dolphin, 
Bolton, and McMechen Streets to the northern limit 
of the city, under the name and style of the Park \ 
Railway Company. By act "bf 1872, ch. 369, Charles 
Webb, Henry Taylor, Wm. Devriese, Rev. Franklin 
Wilson, H. L. Whitridge, Charles E. Dickey, and 
Wm. S. Whitely were made a body corporate, by the 
name and style of Baltimore and Peabody Heights 
and Waverly Passenger Railway, with power to con- 
struct passenger railways in the city of Baltimore on 
all such streets and subject to such conditions as 
might be designated by the mayor and City Council. 
Upon the passage of this act the persons named in 
the Park Railway ordinance of March 28th assigned 
their rights to the Baltimore, Peabody Heights and 
Waverly Passenger Railway Company, and the two 
organizations were consolidated under the latter 
name. The road went into operation on the 21st of 



November, 1872. The first officers were Geo. P. 
Frick, president, and James L. McLane, Daniel J. 
Foley, C. Oliver O'Donnell, James W. Tyson, Charles 
E. Dickey, John W. Griffith, R. L. Cuyler, and Wal- 
lace King, directors. On the 2d of December, 1876, 
the Peabody Heights Railway, then owned by Charles 
E. Dickey, was purchased and consolidated with the 
company, giving it a continuous line from German 
and South Streets to Waverly, on the York road, in 
Baltimore County, a mile beyond the city limits. 

Baltimore and CatonsvlUe Passenger Railway 
Company. — This company was incorporated March 
3, 1800, to run passenger-cars from Baltimore to 
Catonsville and beyond on the bed of the Frederick 
turnpike, and by the act of 1874 was authorized to use 
steam instead of horse-power for the transportation 
of passengers, provided the Baltimore and Frederick- 
town Turnpike Road Company consent to the use of 
steam instead of horse-power on said railway, and 
that the locomotives used be smokeless, fireless, and 
noiseless, except only ordinary noise and smoke from 
running of cars. On the 29th of October, 1860, the 
company was fully organized by the election of the 
following directors : William Wilkens, John C. Hol- 
land, George M. Gill, Asa Needham, Darius C. How- 
ell, Mathias Benzinger, and James H. Stone. William 
Wilkins was elected president, and James H. Stone 
treasurer and secretary. The road was commenced 
March 26, 1861, and opened to travel in August, 1862,' 
between Baltimore and the western limits of Catons- 
ville, and continued under the presidency of Mr. 
Wilkins until November, 1868, when the following 
officers were elected, who have been continued till 
the present time : President, John C. Holland ; Treas- 
urer, H. H. Graue ; Secretary, William W. Orndorff; 
Directors, John C. Holland, Benjamin Whitely, James 
W. Flack, Frank Frick, Herman H. Graue, Asa H. 
Smith, and Jeremiah Storm. 

Col. John C. Holland, the president of the road, 
was born in Baltimore, Jan. 24, 1822, of an old Mary- 
land family. His father, James Holland, was one 
of the "Old Defenders," serving in Montgomery's 
artillery at the battle of North Point. His mother 
was Nancy Fuller, oldest daughter of William Fuller, 
of Baltimore County. Mr. Holland was educated 
in the public schools of Baltimore, and was appren- 
ticed in the paper-hanging and upholstering busi- 
ness to Walter Crook. From 1842 to 18.54 he was in 
business, and retired in the latter year with impaired 
health. In 1852 he visited Europe in the interest of 
his business, but upon retiring from the partnership 
with his brother in 1854 he removed to Baltimore 
County, where he resided from 1854 to 1874. For the 
benefit of his health he visited the West Indies, the 
Spanish Main, Laguayra, Caraccas, Porto Cabello, and 
Havana. He has always been prominent in public 
matters, and taken a lively interest in the temper- 



1 to Catonsville from the eastern terminus on July 23, 



i 



t 



_0&'^- 




TRANSPORTATION. 



369 



ance cause, organizing in 1841 the Washingtoniau 
Temperance Society in Baltimore, of which he was 
president. From 1839 to 1842 he was an active mem- 
ber of the Patapsco Fire Company, and held positions 
of honor and usefulness in the Fire Department. In 
1845 he was an active member of the Independent 
Blues, one of the oldest military companies, of which 
he was a lieutenant. From 1842 to 1862 he was a 
member of the AVashington Lodge, Independent 
Order of Odd-Fellows, of which he was one of the 
incorporators, and for several years financial secretary 
and chaplain. In 1841, with other members of the 
Universalist Church, he organized the Murray Insti- 
tute in the lecture-room of the church corner of 
Pleasant and Calvert Streets. Its discussions were 
conducted with great ability, and drew large and 
intelligent audiences, and at that time was the only 
literary institution where the slavery question could 
be discussed in Baltimore. Here it was earnestly 
debated by its friends and foes, and commanded great 
public interest and attention. Col. Holland's ability 
as presiding officer contributed largely to its popu- 
larity. 

In politics he was a Democrat, supporting Polk and 
Dallas against Clay and Frelinghuysen, but in 1845 
he advocated the American party and espoused its 
principles, and was upon its ticket for the Legislature, 
but was defeated. Removing to the county in 1854, 
he immediately became a recognized leader in the 
American party, and was the next year elected by 
that party to the House of Delegates. An accident, 
causing the fracture of his leg, a few days before the 
meeting of the Legislature, prevented his taking his 
seat. In 1860 he took a decided ground as a LTnionist, 
delivering many public addresses at public meetings 
and State conventions in the support of the Federal 
Union. He assisted in raising the Fifth Maryland 
Regiment, of which he was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel. Though organized as a home-guard, the 
regiment was ordered to Fortress Monroe, and Col. 
Holland, as field-officer of the day, was on duty the 
night the " Merrimac" was destroyed. Compelled by 
bilious fever to return home, he was assigned to re- 
cruiting service in Baltimore, and proceeded with a 
large detachment of recruits to the regiment, partici- 
pating in the battle of Antietam. In 1863 he was ap- 
pointed provost-marshal and president of the Board 
of Enrollment for the Fifth Congressional District of 
Maryland ; the district was large and intensely South- 
ern, but Col. Holland enrolled the whole district, 
and furnished the full quota of men from the southern 
counties of Maryland. He was honorably discharged 
the service Aug. 15, 1865. In 1863 he was nomi- 
nated for Congress by the Union party of the Fifth 
Congressional District of Maryland, but owing to the 
divided LTnion vote he was defeated. Nominated 
again in 1864, he was defeated in the district, which 
was still intensely hostile to the Unionists. In No- 
vember, 1868, he was unanimously elected president 



of the Baltimore, Catonsville and Ellicott Mills Rail- 
way Company. Upon assuming control he found the 
company heavily encumbered with debt and paying 
no dividend. Devoting his entire time to its affairs, 
he soon paid off a mortgage then due and under exe- 

j cution, relieving the company of its embarrassments, 

i and has so successfully administered its affiiirs that it 
has been paying handsome dividends. He has been 
annually re-elected for ten consecutive years, and still 
fills the place. He was also elected president of the 
Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Railroad Com- 

1 pany in 1874, and after serving for three years re- 
signed. In all the positions to which he has been 
called he has developed decided administrative and 
executive ability, administering trusts in all positions 
with fidelity and unobtrusive quietness, always re- 
spectful to associate and superior officers, and kind 
and courteous to inferiors. Since 1874 he has resided 
in Baltimore City. 

Col. Holland has always cultivated a taste for liter- 
ature, and is an earnest, forcible, and logical public 
speaker. In 1878 he was unanimously nominated by 
the Republican convention of the Fourth Congres- 
sional District for Congress, but was defeated by Mr. 
McLane. He has been twice married, and is now a 
widower. 

Suburban Horse-Cars. — The Towsontown Rail- 
road Company was incorporated by the General As- 
sembly of Maryland on the 9th of March, 1858, with 

! the following incorporators : Nathan Smedley, John 

! R. D. Bedford, Enos Smedley, Jacob Wisner, Dr. 

! Grafton N. Bosley, Amos Matthews, William M. El- 
licott, Benjamin Bowen, William Bowen, James L. 
McDaniel, and William B. Hill. Books for subscrip- 

; tion of stock were opened at the office of William B. 

! Hill, corner St. Paul and Fayette Streets, and at the 
office of J. R. D. Bedford, Towsontown, on the 2d 
of July, 1860. On the following 10th of July a 

! meeting of land-owners and others favorable to the 
proposed road was held at the Cold Spring Hotel, and 
Zenus Baruum, A. S. Abell, W. P. Preston, Archibald 
Sterling, John E. Owens, W. I. Whitely, G. M. Bos- 
ley, B. N. Payne, Ed. H. Ady, George C. Irving, Wil- 

i liam B. Chew, and John Stevenson subscribed for the 
necessary amount of stock. Archibald Sterling was 

j chosen president, and John R. D. Bedford secretary. 

1 The iron track was completed to Govanstown 27th 
of May, 1863, and shortly afterwards completed to 



Towsontown. 

The Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Eail- 
road was incorporated by act of Assembly in 1870, to 
construct a line of horse railway from some convenient 
point in the western part of the city to Wethereds- 
ville, Franklintown, Powhatan, or to any one or all 
of said places. The incorporators were Messrs. J. 
Lazear, W. P. Webb, L. Turner, C. B. Slingluff, Eli 
G. Ulery, G. Cheston, F. White, Jr., S. Berry, and J. 
Hurst. By act of 1872 it was authorized to acquire 
' all the corporate rights and franchises of the Hooks- 



370 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



town and Pimlico branch, and the Eandallstovvn 
branch of the Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan 
Eailroad Company, or either of them, so as to unite 
them all into one roadt 

The first officers of the Baltimore, Calverton and 
Powhatan Eailway were elected on May 21, 1870, and 
were as follows: James A. Garey, president; E. D. 
Freeman, secretary ; Charles Shipley, treasurer ; Gen. 
Jesse Lazear, William P. Webb, Lewis Turner, Joshua | 
Zimmerman, K.G.Ulery,Carey McClelland, and John 
D. Hammond, directors. 

Baltimore and Pikesville Railroad Company.— 
By the act of Feb. 6, 1866, John T. Ford, William i 
Thompson, Charles H. Mills, Gustavus A. Thompson, 
and Covington D. Barnetz were authorized to open 
books and receive subscriptions to the capital stock 
of the Baltimore and Pikesville Railroad Company 
thereby incorporated. Nothing came of this, how- 
ever, and by the act of 1870, ch. 249, the Baltimore 
and Reisterstown Turnpike Company were authorized 
to construct a passenger railway between Baltimore 
and Pikesville. The work was commenced in 1872, 
and includes a branch road to the agricultural grounds 
at Pimlico. 

The Baltimore and Randallstown Horse Rail- 
road Company was organized in 1872, with Messrs. 
George R. Vickers, Hamilton Easter, James L. Ridge- 
ly, William M. Hoopes, P. W. Patterson, Charles G. j 
Wilson, and Fielder Sliuglufl" as directors. Fielder ; 
Slingluff was chosen president ; George N. Moale, 
secretary ; and James L. Ridgely, treasurer. The 
road extended from the corner of Fremont and 
Presstman Streets out the Liberty road to Morris' 
Bridge, through the estate of Jesse Slingluif to the 
Highland, thence to the estates of George R. Vickers ' 
and Dr. Hoopes, and again to the Liberty road at I 
the estate of James L. Ridgely, and thence to Pow- 
hatan Lake. The company is no longer in existence, 
the road and equipments having been sold Feb. 3, 
1874. I 

Baltimore and Hampden Railway Company. — 
The Baltimore and Hampden Passenger Railroad, : 
connecting this city with the thriving manufacturing 
suburb of Hampden, was incorporated by act of 1872, [ 
and opened in March, 1876. The officers are Albert I 
H. Carrol, president; H. W. Rogers, secretary; and 
L. L. Conrad, R. J. Capron, H. Mankin, J." W. L. 
Brady, and Daviil Carroll, directors. 

The Baltimore and Hall Springs Passenger 
Railway was incorporated by act of the General 
Assembly at the session of 1870, and opened for busi- 
ness between the city and Darly Park on the 21st of 
October, 1872. By act of 1872 the time for the com- 
pletion of the road was extended to April 13, 1875. 

Among other street railways projected or in course 
of construction in Baltimore, are the Central Cross- 
Town Railway, the Monumental Railway, and the 
Patterson and Druid Hill Parks City Passenger Rail- 
way, 



CHAPTER XXVL 



CO.M.MERCIAL IXDU.-^TKIES .\ND .M.WUFACTURE.S. 



The growth of tobacco absorbed the attention of 
the planters of Maryland from the earliest period of 
her colonial existence ; it monopolized their industry, 
excluding almost entirely the cultivation of grain, 
and preventing the introduction of manufactures. It 
grew upon one-half of the arable soil of the colony ; 
was the chief production and support of the whole 
of her people, and was the foundation of her trade 
and commerce. The " country pay" was in tobacco, 
the currency of the colony was tobacco, and the legis- 
lation of the colony was " to amend the staple of 
tobacco, for preventing frauds in his majesty's cus- 
toms, and for limiting the fees of officers." (Laws 
of Maryland, 1763, ch. xviii.) That " tobacco code" 
was composed of one hundred and fifty-three sections, 
and provided the mo.st minute details for the inspec- 
tion of the tobacco, its warehousing, its shipping; 
punishment for stealing, opening hogsheads, burning 
or damaging was provided by that act ; every officer 
in the province and every laborer was paid in to- 
bacco ; all debts could be discharged in tobacco, and 
all custom duties were paid in tobacco. This univer- 
sality of use compelled the establishment of some 
mode of fixing, if not its value, at least its purity, 
and hence tobacco inspection became at an early day 
a necessity in Maryland. By the " tobacco code" act 
of 1763 Baltimore Town was favored with two inspec- 
tors at an annual salary of 9600 pounds of tobacco 
each, and Baltimore County with two at Joppa with 
a salary of 6400 pounds each, two at Otter Point 
near Red Cleft, on Bush River, with salary at 6400 
pounds each, and two at John Loney's, Swan Creek, 
and Rock Run, on Susquehanna River, with salary at 
6400 pounds each. It was impossible for a whole 
people thus to devote all their energies and the pro- 
ductiveness of a virgin soil upon one commodity 
without increasing its production far beyond its real 
value and depreciating its price. Thus in 1663 the 
tobacco sold would scarcely purchase the clothing of 
the people, and in 1639 the fears of famine compelled 
the enactment of a law compelling every planter to 
cultivate two acres in corn for each member of his 
household. The fluctuations in price were variable 
and without any fixed causes. But the tobacco 
code of 1763 brought greater regularity in the pro- 
duction of the staple, and if it did not restore the 
character of the quality to that of its early history, it 
at least retarded the depreciation. 

The value of Maryland tobacco in 1770 in London 
was £300,000, with a population of 174,000 in 1775. 
In 1789 a severe penalty was enacted against export- 
ing or carrying out of the State any tobacco previous 
to entry and inspection. In 1795 the justices of the 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



371 



peace were authorized to appoint the places of inspec- 
tion and designate the numher of inspectors. All 
along the pages of Maryland laws, from the tobacco 
code of 176.3 to the present day, the care bestowed by 
the State upon the tobacco interest is marked and 
important. Although the general subject of tobacco 
legislation belongs more particularly to the history 
of the State, the account of the "Tobacco Fund," by 
which the tobacco warehouses in the city were built, 
more properly pertains to the history of Baltimore 
City. The Tobacco Fund owes its origin to " an act 
to establish State warehouses for the inspection of 
tobacco in the city of Baltimore," ' authorizing the 
Governor and Council to contract for the erecting of 
warehouses and for the appointment of inspectors. A 
supplement to this acf^ authorized the Governor and 
Council to contract for the building of a fire-proof 
State warehouse or warehouses for the inspection of 
tobacco in the city of Baltimore. The expenditure 
under this act was $.54,500. In 1826 the General As- 
sembly^ appointed commissioners to value and con- 
demn so much of the land lying south of Pratt Street, 
between Market Space and O'Donnell's wharf, as 
would be proper and necessary to perfect the design 
of the act of 1825 ; and the act further directed the 
treasurer of the Western Shore to borrow on the credit 
of the State, at a rate not exceeding five per cent, per 
annum, a sum suflicient to cover the amount of the 
value of such real estate as might be valued and con- 
demned. The revenue arising from the inspection of 
tobacco was pledged to pay the interest and principal 
of the loan, and the premium arising from the sale of 
the bonds was directed to be invested for the redemption 
of the loan. This sum was one per cent, on $48,000, 
the amount of the sale of the bonds, and amounted 
to $480, and was invested in the stock of the Farmers' 
Bank of Maryland, and constituted the foundation of 
the "Tobacco Warehouse Sinking Fund." In 1832 
the General Assembly, by resolution No. 20, directed 
the treasurer of the Western-Shore to carry to the 
credit of this fund the sum of $12,563.70, being the 
net revenue accrued from the inspection of tobacco, 
and to invest the same in public stocks to be applied 
to the redemption of the $48,000 loan. In 1833, by 
the consolidation of the several sinking funds of the 
State,* the " Tobacco Warehouse Sinking Fund" was 
merged in general sinking fund and ceased to exist as 
a separate account. The treasurer of the Western 
Shore was further directed, at the session of 1834,° to 
place to the credit of the balance of the tobacco in- 
spection revenue what sum remained in the treasury 
on the 1st day of December annually, for the purpose 
of redeeming the loan of $48,000. This was done 
until 1844, when the debt was extinguished. In 
1835 '^ the General Assembly authorized the Governor 
and Council to build a new inspection warehouse in 



Baltimore, and for this purpose authorized the treas- 
urer to negotiate a loan of $30,000 under the credit 
of the State by a six per cent, stock, redeemable at 
the pleasure of the State at any time after such period 
as the premium for which said stock should sell, and 
the revenue arising from that portion of the State's 
wharves attached to the warehouse lot, by invest- 
ment and reinvestment, should produce a sum suffi- 
cient to pay the principal. This loan was disposed of 
at a premium of $3525, and that premium and the 
wharf revenues discharged the debt in May, 1853. 
Warehouse No. 2 was built under the act of 1843,' 
which authorized a loan of $30,000, which being ne- 
gotiated at par there was no accretion to the fund 
from that source. Under the actof 1845' stock to the 
amount of $81,984.15 was issued, which sold for only 
$77,006.05, and the amount of stock sold under the 
act of 1846" to reimburse the tobacco inspectors for 
expenses over and above their receipts was $21,705.52. 
The act of 1853'" provided for the building of a new 
warehouse, under'which .$34,202.22 was expended. 
The tobacco inspection fund was indebted to the 
treasury of the State in the year 1875 in the sum of 
$61,168.04. 

The cost of the various warehouses has been as 
follows: Warehouse No. 4, land $7810.94, building 
$47,779.19; warehouse No. 5, $29,961.05; Nos. 1, 2, and 
3, for land and buildings $97,211.96 ; improvements 
on same, $19,678.33; additional warehouse lot, $25,000; 
building, $96,790.57 ; repairs and improvements to 
same, $.'')0,609.38. The total disbursements have 
been $1,632,829.61, with a balance due the State of 
$61,168.04. 

The following tables exhibit the inspection of to- 
bacco at Baltimore from 1841 to 1880: 



1842 

1843 


3t;,759 

2(i,lin 




39.844 






1847 


33,729 




3(1,869 




..27 U85 












29,248 


1854 

1856 

1856 

1867 

lSr,9.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..^. 


2';,f'1'^ 




5(1.4(17 








}S 










31,516 




11 :i37 








1870 

1371 

1872 


25,969 

:i0,956 

33,254 




27,754 




33.523 



13,465 
15,320 
26,716 
28,862 
16,671 

9,702 
13,064 
13,965 
16,798 
17,720 
17,947 
10,362 
10,097 
12,959 

7,640 
22,300 
16,331 
23,000 
23,(j00 



17,032 
21,961 
15,396 



13,614 

16',347 
24,162 
26,699 
6,036 



1,043 
1,472 
2,660 
991 
1,663 

3il69 
3,022 
3,100 
3,012 
3,646 
2,267 
2,140 
3,077 



4,183 
1,608 
2,193 



43,082 
47,503 
66,660 

49400 
33,906 
45,601 
41,833 
42,742 
48,332 
48,667 
38,970 
39,668 
62,852 
47,305 

62',801 
77,503 
67,671 
58,699 
66,976 
.52,619 
4.3,962 
47,660 
63,747 
37,959 
44,648 
47,070 
49,570 
51,209 
66,067 
.67,965 
40,367 



1 Laws of Maryland, 1 
3 Ibid., 1826, ch. 250. 
5 Resolution No. 40. 



! Ibid., 1826, ch. 169. 

» Session 1833, res. No. 20. 

» Laws of Maryland, 1836, ch. 350. 



« Ibid., 1846, ch. 97. 
w Ibid., 1863, ch. 381. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Year. Maryland. Ohio. Kentucky, etc. Tot»I. 

1876 4>,IU 1V.SI9 978 60,8clJ< 

1877 :iS,Wi 22,914 444 62,263 

1878 46,521 16,955 715 64,191 

1879 :!",KiO 16,44(1 4.t5 54,725 

18SCI 30,871 8,258 211 45,367 

The following table shows the shipments of Mary- 
land and Ohio tobacco from Baltimore, January 1st to 
December 81st, for fifteen years : 



At the present time Baltimore is the great depot 
for the inspection, sale, and shipment of this import- 
ant staple to foreign countries. It is contiguous to 
Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsyl- 
vania, and other sections of the country remarkable 
for the production of the best brands of tobacco. 
The admirable location and abundant capital of our 





1860. 



16,005 
15,198 
4,192 
6S2 
6,320 
818 

42,215 


1867. 

22,190 
21,137 
5467 
2.358 
9,059 


1868. 

9,381 
5,632 
7,910 
2,109 


1869. 


1870. 

9,697 
8,014 
5:893 
1,908 
4.872 

46 


1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 1875. 1876. 


1877. 1878. 

14,371 18,808 
13,888 18.307 
1,810 3,578 
611 301 
12,886 15,476 

■ 2V726 ■ 1,496 


1879. 1880. 


Bremen 

Kotterdam 

kn'ulan.l. ...:."'".!'.'''.'.!. 
KruiK- 

.\ntwei-p, etc 


17,358 
7,763 
6,992 
1,192 
9,672 




15,984 

2:209 

8,940 
45,161 


14,103 
10,475 
6,042 
2:367 
8,516 

'■"eis 

221 


12,673 
10,616 
5,913 
1398 
17,495 
1.279 

T252 
126 


14.910 8,485 19,933 
10,889 7,200 14,624 
4,191 2,691 4.938 
2,921 1,237 1,822 
9,994 8,976 11,397 
2,337 j 

■"e^ijso I "siVm 1 ::;.::::: 

i "i 


9,953 6,762 
10,219 ll.OOT 

l,2;i7 1,829 
12,975 18,048 

■'241 :;::::::: 


Total 


61,111 


32,467 


42,077 


42,336 


51,652 


49,241 33,070 52,714 


46,322 58,020 


37,260 39,616 



The inspections for 1880 from Maryland, Virginia, 
Ohio, and Kentucky in the various warehouses is as 



Warehouses. 


Maryland. 


Ohio. I 


Centucl 


No. 1 


. 8,042 







No. 2 


. 8,142 




64 


No. 3 


. 9.078 






No. 4 


. 7.060 






No. 5 


. 4,549 


1,175 




Locust Point 




5,834 


69 


Canton 









Total.. 



S,2S5 



Tobacco Manufactured. — That the manufacture 
of tobacco wa.s a very early industry in Baltimore is 
abundantly shown in the columns of the old news- 
papers, in which we find, as early as 1766, that Thomp- i 
son & Farish had a store for the sale of their tobacco, \ 
manufactured at Georgetown, in Frederick County, ; 
and Fau Eiufes, in 1789, at Bowley's wharf, was a com- 
mission merchant for the sale of leaf and manufac- 
tured tobacco. In the same year Adrian Valck & 
Co. manufactured tobacco and snuff", and sold at the 
following reduced prices : No. 1, Is. 2d. per pound ; No. 
2, 9d. per pound ; No. 3, 6rf. per pound ; Kite's Foot, 
first quality, 2s. 6rf. per pound ; Scotch snuff, in bottles, 
2s. 6d. per bottle ; ditto in bladders, 2s. 6d. per pound ; 
American rappee, equal to Dunkirk, No. 1, 2s. per 
pound ; Macuba, ditto. No. 2, 15s. 6d. per pound ; 
chewing tobacco, in rolls from six to ten pounds, 10s. 
per pound ; ditto in small rolls, 5s., 7s., and 12s. per 
dozen. Also various smoking tobacco of superior 
quality at 8s. 4rf., 7s. 6d., 6s., and 4s. Gd. per pound." 
Jos. Brown, in 1777, manufactured tobacco at 164 
Baltimore Street. 

The following table shows the proportions of the 
manufacturing interests of Baltimore, a.s ascertained 
by the census of 1880, as well as their development 
during the last ten years : 

No.of No.of Amt.nf Amt. in Value of Value of 
Est. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 
Tobacco, includ- 
ing cigars, 1870. 186 1978 $916,877 8399,570 51,482,717 52,372.069 
Tobacco and snuff 13 346 496,400 82,046 251.911 653,760 
Cigars 247 970 390,300 295,439 395,584 1,070,873 



tobacco merchants enable them to carry large stocks, 
and the fine rail and water facilities which the port 
of Baltimore enjoys confer superior advantages in 
attracting and holding trade. Indeed, Baltimore may 
be said to be mistress of the market. There are also 
several very large factories for the manufacture of 
smoking, fine-cut, and chewing tobacco, and snuffs, 
which are equal if not superior to any made in the 
country, and have attained a wide reputation in Eu- 
rope.' Among the leading firms engaged in the man- 
ufacture of tobacco in Baltimore are Messrs. Gail & 
Ax, Marburg Bros., D. H., Jr., & L. V. Miller, B. F. 
Parlett & Co., J. D. Kremelberg, and R. Starr & Co. 
Among the principal dealers in leaf tobacco are the 
Becker Bros., John Behrens & Co., Werner, Dresel & 



1 In April, 1826, the tobacco merchants of Baltimore signed the fol- 
lowing agreement : 

" We, the undersigned, shippers and purchasers of Maryland tobacco, 
pledge oureelves to each other not to purchase a hogshead which may 
be hereafter inspected in any warehouse in this city, except such an 
have been selected or which may hereafter be selected by the Executive 
of the State, in accordance with' the letter and spirit of the law enacted 
at the last session of the Legislature to regulate the same. And such of 
us aa are agents for houses in Europe bind ourselves that we will not give 
any advances on tobacco inspected in this city and shipped unless it has 
been done conformably to what is stated above. 



Thomas Tennant. 


William P. Dunnington. 


Jacob Wichelhauser. 


Isaiah Mankin. 


Jacob Adams. 


F. W. Heueke. 


J. J. Hoogeworff. 


Henry G. Jacobsen. 


Henry Rodewald. 


Nathaniel Pearce. 


Henry Rodewald. 


Benjamin M. Hodges. 


J. P. Krafft. 


William Cooke. 


R. H. Douglass. 


John G. Dorsey. 


Joseph Ferguson. 


Walter Muschett. 


Frederick Graf. 


John C. Delprat. 


William Dawson & Co. 


Tliomas Barber. 


Charles W. Karthaus. 


I). F. Magruder. 


Brunei Dannemanu. 


George W. Waring. 


Thomas Macilroy. 


Ralph Smith. 


Von Kapff & Brune. 


F. L. Brauns. 


Hammond & Newman. 


C. C. Egerton. 


Henry Payson & Co. 


Gnstavus Magruder. 


James Bosley. 


R. Gilmore Jt Sons. 


C. U. Heineken. 


John Laffitte, Jr. 


H. W. Evans. 


Thompson & Bathurst." 




c^ 



^p%^c? 




COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



Co., Decatur H. Miller, John P. Pleasants & Sons, 
Richards, Leftwich & Co., A. Seemuller & Sons, and 
Liidolph Wilhelm Gunther. Mr. Gunther is not only 
a dealer in tobacco, but is also one of our most enter- 
prising German citizens, and takes a large share in 
developing our industries, maintaining our manufac- 
tures, commerce, credit, and civic repute and stand- 
ing. He is a descendant of the noble German family 
of Schwartzburg-Sondershausen, which traces its an- 
cestry back to the dark ages. George John Gunther, 
his father, served as chief surgeon of the fourth bat- 
talion of the king's German legion against Napoleon 
in the early part of the century, and at Waterloo had 
three horses shot under him and was severely wounded, 
receiving from King George a special medal of honor, 
which is now in the possession of the subject of this 
sketch. The veteran settled in Nienburg after peace 
was declared, and there married Caroline Mensching, 
who was a daughter of a leading physician of that 
town and a noted beauty. Ludolph Wilhelm was 
born Feb. 6, 1821, and after receiving his educa- 
tion there he went into a Bremen commercial house 
to study business and languages at the same time. 
In 1839 he was invited by a large German importing- 
house in Baltimore to connect himself with it, and 
this opening he was glad to avail himself of; but 
when he landed in this city the promised engage- 
ment was annulled on account of the then existing 
business crisis, and the young stranger was thrown 
upon his own resources. He was an excellent lin- 
guist, penman, and accountant, and he soon found 
employment. He was with the Easters for a few 
years, and subsequently with the now extinct firm of 
Pendleton, Riley & Co., in whose service he made 
trips to what was then the far West, traveling be- 
yond Cumberland in stage-coaches or on horseback. 
He went among the Indians in their camps, and wit- 
nessed the expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo, 
111. Risk and toil were never absent from these | 
journeys, but they richly repaid the house for which I 
Mr. Gunther labored, and brought to him much use- 
ful knowledge and experience. He located in 1848 
on the Ohio River, in Kentucky, and prepared ship- 
timbers and staves for the English and French 
markets, but the floods of two successive years so in- 
terfered with him that he abandoned the enterprise 
and returned to Baltimore to reside, where he has 
since transacted a large business as a cotton and to- 
bacco commission merchant, and in the improvement 
of his extensive real estate. He is a large property- 
owner, having a superb residence on Eutaw Place 
and the massive warehouses on South Gay Street 
known as the Gunther Buildings. He is a director of 
the Merchants' National Bank and of several insur- 
ance companies, and has filled other positions of 
honor and trust, including that of member of the 
Board of Trustees of the Maryland Hospital for the 
Insane. In politics he was formerly a Whig, and 
when that party died out he became a Democrat. 



He is a member of the Baptist Church. His first 
wife was Miss Catherine Upsliaw, of King and Queen 
County, Va., and of this union there were born two sons, 
both now prosperous merchants, one in Louisville 
and the other in New Orleans. After the death ot 
this lady he was married, in January, 1855, to Miss 
Martha Ann Cecil, of King William County, Va.,ade- 
scendant of the English Cecils who settled in Mary- 
land. They have four sons, the eldest of whom is a 
member of the Baltimore bar, and steadily advancing 
in his profession. 

The Milling and Flour Trade.—" We may easily 
estimate," says Chalmers, " the numbers, wealth, and 
power of a people who think it necessary by general 
contribution to erect a water-mill for the use of the 
colony." This was said in relation to a bill which 
passed the third Assembly of Maryland in 1638-39, 
authorizing the Governor and Council to contract for 
the erection of a water-mill, provided the cost should 
not " exceed twenty thousand pounds of tobacco," 
which was to be raised for the purpose by general 
taxation in two years. A mill is mentioned as having 
been set up in 1635 " near the town," probably at 
St. Mary's, the capital. The sparseness of population, 
for which hand-mills sufliced, may have suffered this 
to go down. The other, it is 2)robable, was built on 
the Isle of Kent, as the other county of the province 
was called. Plantagenet, in his account of New Al- 
bion, 1648, mentioned a mill and fort on Kent Isle, 
" lately pulled down, and, on account of war with the 
Indians near it, not worth the keeping." 

Maryland passed several judicious laws for the en- 
couragement of industry and manufactures at an early 
period. One of these, in 1681, aimed, among other 
things, to promote tillage and the raising of provis- 
ions. It was not till 1730 that Baltimore, now one of 
the largest flour-markets in the world, was founded, 
and it was late in the provincial period before the 
jjlace entered upon its career of rapid growth. How 
early mills began to be erected on the Patapsco, Jones' 
Falls, and neighboring mill-streams so rich in water- 
power we are unable to say. About the earliest, 
however, was one erected in 1711 by Jonathan Han- 
son, millwright, on a mill-seat purchased of Mr. Car- 
roll, and of whicli the ruins were visible in 1854 at 
the intersection of Holliday and Bath Streets. 

The Maryland Legislature, about the year 1748, 
made grants of land to those who would erect water- 
mills in order to encourage the manufacture of flour 
for exportation. Many of the arts were carried to 
Maryland by the people of the more northern colo- 
nies, particularly from Pennsylvania. 

In 1762, William Moore, a native of Ireland, re- 
moved from Brandywine Mills, in Delaware, to Balti- 
more, where he purchased mill property of Edward 
Fell. The upper mill-seats he sold to Joseph EUicott 
and John and Hugh Burgess, of Bucks County, Pa., 
who built a mill " opposite the site of the jail." Ten 
years after, Ellicott, with two brothers, John and 



374 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Andrew, built mills on ^he Patapsco. In 1769, not- 
withstanding the general attention to tobacco, there 
were exported from Baltimore 45,868 tons of flour 
and bread. Two yeare after an act of the Assembly 
was passed to i)revent the export of flour, staves, and 
shingles, which were not merchantable, and to regu- 
late weights and measures, etc. Jonathan Hanson, 
whose father had erected the third, fourth, and fifth 
mills on the Falls, was appointed inspector of flour, 
which continued to be sold by weight until after the 
Revolution. The salutary effect of such ordinances 
was made apjiarent in the high reputation of Mary- 
land flour, which, with that of Pennsylvania, com- 
manded better prices in the southern provinces and 
the West India markets than other flour perhaps 
scarcely inferior. 

In 1787, Oliver Evans made an application to the 
Assembly of Maryland for the exclusive right of using 
his improved mill machinery, and also his steam- 
carriages, all of which was granted, although the 
last-named project had been rejected and derided in 
the Legislature of Pennsylvania early in the same 
year. The mill improvements of the patentee were 
not long after introduced into the large establish- 
ments of the EUicotts on the Patapsco. The savings 
in the expense of attendance alone thereby effected 
at these mills, where three hundred and twenty bar- 
rels of flour were daily made, was estimated at $4875 
annually ; and the saving made by the increased 
manufacture was at least fifty cents a barrel, a gain in 
that department of $32,500. 

James Eumsey about the year 1784 also made some 
important improvements in mill machinery. Adver- 
tisements of mills for sale and for rent frequently 
appear in the newspapers of those days. James 
Carey, in Baltimore, advertises, Jan. 24, 1760, a mill 
for sale " sixteen miles from the Town on the Fred- 
erick Road," and Charles Carroll, in 1782, advertised 
a mill near Baltimore Town for rent ; and in the 
same year William McLaughlin, commissioner of 
provisions, gives notice of the following mills where 
may be deposited grain for payment of taxes, viz. : 
Benjamin Grifiith, Col. James Gittings, Benjamin 
Rogers, Capt. Charles Eidgely, Thomas Mathews, 
Jacob Lemmon, Arthur Chriswith, Samuel Owings, 
Dr. Wm. Lyons, Solomon Allen, and Henry Brower. 
The weight of flour per barrel was fixed in 1781 at 
the present standard of one hundred and ninety-six 
pounds net. The fathers of Maryland milling were 
unquestionably Joseph, Andrew, and John Ellicott; 
for though prior to 1772, the date of their purchase 
of lauds and mill-sites on the Patapsco River at the 
point now known as Ellicott's City, there were many 
other mills around the present site of Baltimore, yet 
the purchase, building, and improvements introduced 
by them produced such very great changes in the 
manufacture of flour that they are justly entitled to 
the proud distinction of being tlie real progenitors of 
modern milliriL' in Marvhind. 



The EUicotts were men of great resolution and 
energy, and their migration from Bucks County, 
Pa., with " wagons, carts, wheelbarrows, and hand- 
barrows, and all their agricultural and mechanical 
implements, with the household goods for the fami- 
lies of their workmen, and the draught-horses neces- ' 
sary for the work of milling and agriculture," shows 
them to have been men of great enterprise. 

Embarking with all their multifarious wealth of 
tools and machinery of labor on board a vessel in the 
port of Philadelphia, their cargo of men and materials 
was taken down the Delaware to New Castle, where 
the wagons loaded, and the land voyage across the 
peninsula was made to the Head of Elk, where they 
were again embarked on a vessel and carried down 
the bay and up the Patapsco to Elkridge Landing, 
then the head of navigation on that river. At this 
point the EUicotts discharged their cargo, and reload- 
ing carts and wagons, hand and wheelbarrows, they 
passed over the narrow, rough country to within one 
mile of their destination, when, stopped by precipices 
and rocks, they unloaded all vehicles, and carried 
their contents by hand and shoulders to the end of 
their journey. In "The Hollow," as the point of 
settlement was called, the work of improvement was 
immediately commenced, and pressed with so much 
spirit and energy that by the time of harvest in 1774 
a house one hundred feet long and of proportionate 
breadth and height, with chambers for the storage of 
grain, was completed ; it also contained all the im- 
provements and inventions of the EUicotts for the 
manufacture of that celebrated brand of flour which 
has made the exportation of Baltimore famous all 
over the world. 

The Ellicott brothers, Joseph, Andrew, and John 
Ellicott, transacted business under the firm-name of 
" Ellicott & Co." Their lands were a wilderness of 
the finest timber and the most productive character 
when cleared of the undergrowth ; the wild turkey 
and the deer were numerous until driven away by the 
noise of improvement and the constant intercourse of 
men. They possessed that fine taste which even in 
the rush of improvement respects and preserves the 
beautiful trees that everywhere overspread their lands, 
and for fifty years after their settlement they pre- 
served and cherished the wild Maryland forest, and 
for the distance their lands extended along the river- 
banks these forest-trees continued to flourish; and 
down to a late date, when the railroad, which respects 
and venerates nothing, laid its axe at the root of these 
old trees, they were to be seen over hill and fields, 
giving stately beauty to the landscape. 

The completion of the mills in 1774 opened their 
manufacture of flour.' 



' We append an e 

Sold to Wm. L.I 

1774, Dec. 



I from the first ledger of Ellicott & Co. : 



, 100 Barrels of flour. 



" 17». " 
losing pnrty i 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



375 



The first wheat tliey manufactured into flour was 
tlie production of their own fields, and for several 
years their only supply was from their own sowing ; 
the cultivators of tobacco would not embark in the 
growth of wheat without some example of success 
which would hold out at least an encouraging pros- 
pect of proiit. Wheat was then grown only by the 
wealthy for their own use, and was ground into flour 
at a small mill near Elkridge Landing; hand-mills 
ground the Indian corn, and hominy was beaten by 
hand. To the old residents the operations of the 
Ellicotts appeared as extremely unwise, and notwith- 
standing their ability, integrity, and liberality, they 
were distrusted by the planters, who remained stead- 
fast in their determination not to abaqdon the culti- 
vation of tobacco for that of wheat, nor to unite in 
the building of bridges or construction of roads. It 
takes time to work an important change in the habits 
of men, but the day came in the end, and was fostered 
and promoted by the steady adherence of the Elli- 
cotts to their first determination. They continued to 
oiier fair prices for wheat, to encourage and enforce 
by example a different mode of agriculture, to make 
roads and build bridges, and in the end they revo- 
lutionized the whole farming system of that part of 
Maryland where the force of their example could 
reach. They were road-builders also, constructing a 
road wholly at their own cost from Eliicott's City to 
Baltimore, and from Eliicott's City to Carroll Manor, 
on the route to Frederick. They were instructors of 
youth, building and supporting a school for the chil- 
dren of their operatives; they were improvers of 
public taste, by introducing at their store a diflerent 
and finer class of goods than could before be purchased 
at any country store in Maryland. 

By the year 1783 the supply of wheat from the 
counties of Anne Arundel and Frederick had so 
much increased that the Ellicotts, anticipating peace 
with Great Britain, made preparation for the expor- 
tation of their flour; to this end they built their 
wharf at the corner of Pratt and Light Streets, from 
logs cut on Curtis' Creek ; for dredging their dock 
they introduced the first of those " mud-machines" 
which, since improved and perfected, are now em- 
ployed to deepen the harbor and basin. 

Elias EUicott, a son of Andrew EUicott, took charge 
of the export business of EUicott & Co., and in 1783 
took up his residence in Baltimore, and lived at the 
corner of Sharp and Lombard Streets. 

tioDB had a coarse house and place of residence at Elkridge Landing. 
Other purchases hy Wm. Lux Bowley are recorded in after-years at 
higher prices; in 1777 the price of flour per barrel is charged at £2 8s. 6d. 
and charges. Beautiful residences were added to the SDiall town of Elk- 
ridge Landing immediately after the terniinatiuu of the Revolutionary 
war, with handsome grounds, flower-gardens, and gravel-walks, but as 
Baltimore rose to eminence, and was also a more healthful location, 
Elkridge Landing declined. A household tiook in one of the families 
of Eliicott's Mills gives the following prices for different sorts of pro- 
visions in 1774: "Bacon, 2fl. 6d. per pound; turkeys, 4d. per pound; 
chickens, 4d. per pound; butter, 9rf. per pound; beef and pork, 3(/. per 
pound ; at the snme time a man's wages per day was 20il." 



If not the introducers of. plaster of Paris as a fer- 
tilizer, the Ellicotts were certainly among the earli- 
est users of this improver of the soil. The improve- 
ment of fruit culture and the introduction of "graft- 
ing" is also due very largely to these men. They 
were Friends, and, with the Pierponts, Haywards, 
Reads, and others, had their meeting-house near 
Ilchester. 

With Robert Goodloe Harper, William Cook, Eli- 
sha Tyson, John McKim, John Donnell, Robert Gil- 
mor, and others, the Ellicotts were in 1804 the advo- 
cates for the introduction of a sufiicient supply of 
water into Baltimore. The charter was obtained by 
Andrew EUicott, then a member of the Legislature, 
and Jonathan EUicott was for a time president of the 
" Baltimore Water Company." 

The Ellicotts were and had been millers in Penn- 
sylvania, and were the inventors of all the important 
improvements in mill machinery, and used "eleva- 
tors" and " hopper-boys" at their Pettets Mills as early 
as 1761, but without taking out patent-rights, and 
this liberality involved them in an expensive lawsuit 
with Oliver Evans, who obtained letters patent from 
the Legislature of Maryland for the use of " elevators" 
and " hopper-boys." ' 

The " brake" now used to retard the speed of wag- 
ons and other vehicles was first made in this country 
in the workshops at Eliicott's City. It was seen in 
France and Belgium by James Brooke EUicott, who 
sent a drawing thereof to John EUicott, from which 
it was made and introduced in this country, and the 
chain to the wheel dispensed with. 

Joseph EUicott, the senior partner, withdrew from 
the concern in 1774. John EUicott died in 1795, and 
Andrew EUicott turned over his interest to his three 
sons, Jonathan, Elias, and George EUicott. In 1808 
EUicott & Co. disposed of between eight hundred and 
nine hundred acres of their property to the Union 
Manufacturing Company of Maryland. In 1772, 
Joseph EUicott, with Hugh Burgess, of Pennsyl- 
vania, purchased on Jones' Falls a mill within the 
present city limits, but in consequence of receiving a 
legacy from his grandfather, of Callumpton, England, 
which rendered it necessary for him to go to Eng- 
land, he disposed of his property in the mills. His 
inventive turn of mind had produced a "repeating 
watch" which was an admirable time-keeper, and 
which in England was the means of introducing 



1 In the Laws of Maryland, ch. 21, 1787, a patent is granted to Oliver 
Evans (May 2l8t) for the "elevator" and "hopper-boy" and a "steam 
carriage," for fourteen years, with the exclusive right of making and 
selling within the State, wiUi a penalty for first violation £100, for the 
second, £200. Evans had been a frequent visitor at the mills, and had 
seen the "elevators," and from them it was believed by the Ellicotts 
that he had obtained the idea which he patented. They charged him 
with treachery and duplicity, and concluded all intercourse with him. 
In 1812-13, Evans sued the Ellicotts for using his inventions contrary to 
law. The lawyers for Evans were William Pinkney and Robert Good- 
loo Harper, and for the Ellicotts, Richard Ridgely and Lnther Martin. 
Evans obtained a verdict, under which he became a large capitalist by 
pursuing with ria:or all ulio used his patents. 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMOKB CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



him to many eminent men of science'; among them I 
Dr. Ferguson, the distinguished mathematician and 
astronomer, wlio introduced him to the Royal Philo- 
sophical Society. Upon his residence on the Patapsco 
he constructed a four-faced musical clock, which com- 
bined the most delicate and accurate movements, 
with the greatest simplicity.' 

The Ellicotts of Ellicott's City have found a faith- 
ful chronicler in their descendant, Martha E. Tyson, 
from whose " Settlement of Ellicott's Mills" the facts 
above narrated are mainly derived. 

In 1801 there were located and in operation a very 
large number of mills along the course of Jones' 
Falls, which were owned by Messrs. Stump, Moore, 
Pennington, Tyson, and others, and in the State in 
1810 there were three hundred and ninety-nine 
wheat-mills. 

The progress of the milling business of Baltimore 
has been steady and without important retrogression 
until within the past few years. In 1800 there were 
within four miles of Baltimore eighteen large mer- 
chant flour-mills, and in 1822 the manufacture of flour 
around Baltin)ore amounted to 300,000 barrels. The 
following tables will show the extent which the trade 
has obtained at this port. Western flour finds at 
Baltimore one of its principal ports of departure for 
foreign countries, and from the warehouses the South- 
ern States draw the largest share of their supply. 
The inspections of flour at Baltimore since 1841 have 
been as follows : 

Bbls. 
613,006 



1842 

1843 547,224 

1844 480,475 

1845 5e:!,n32 

1846 8:i4,655 

1847 945,787 



Half-bbl6. Total in M 

31,716 628,974 

26,962 658,282 

20,415 560,431 

26,062 499,601 

26,226 576,745 

31,322 860,116 

27,339 959,456 



1 We add the following account of this fine specimen of ingenuity and 
science from Charles W. Evans, of Buffalo, N. Y., the grandson of Joseph 
Ellicott : " The case of the clock is of mahogany, in the shape of a four- 
sided pillar or column, neatly though plainly finished, and on the capi- 
tol is the clock, with four faces, it being designed to stand in the middle 
of an apartment, or a sufficient distance from the wall to enable the ob- 
server to walk around it. On one face is represented tiie sun, moon, and 
all the planets, moving in their different orbits as they do in the heav- 
ens. On another face are the hands, which designate the hours, minutes, 
days, weeks, months, and years, the years representing one century. On 
the third face are marked twenty-four musical tunes of the times pre- 
vious to the American Kevolution, as follows : ' Lady's Anthem," ' Capt. 
Bead's Minuet,' 'Lady Coventry's Minuet,' 'Address to Sleep," The 
Hounds are All Out," Willinghaw's Frolic," The Lass with a Delicate 
Air,' 'Humors of Wafliug,' 'Come, Brave Boys,' 'Seamen's Hymn,' 
'God Save the King,' 'Bellisle's March,' ' The Hemp Dresser,' 'Harvest 
Home,' ' The Pilgrim," Ballancea's Strain,' ' King of Prussia's March,' 
'Lovely Nancy,' 'The Mason's Health,' 'Nancy Dawson,' 'Lads and 
Lassies," ' Black Dove,' and two illegible. In the centre of this face is a 
pointer, which being placed against any named tune, this tune is re- 
peated every fifteen minutes until the pointer is removed to another. 
On the fourth face is a plate of glass, through which you see the curious 
mechanism of the clock. 

" The clock was constructed in Bucks County, Pa., about the year 1769. 
Joseph Ellicott, in its construction, was assisted by his son, Andrew 
Ellicott, a youUi of fifteen years of age, who afterwards fulfilled im- 
portant trusts under the government of the United States, and died 
professor of mathematics in the military academy at West Point in 
1820. The clock is now in the possession of Catharine Evans, in Albany, 



N. Y.' 





Bbls. 


Half-bble. 


Total in bbls. 






22,933 
27.667 


736,441 
761,519 


1849 


759.686 


1850 


882,777 


26,630 


896,592 






32,828 






1,288.990 






18.53 


1,171,208 


24.872 


1,183,704 


1854 


829,430 


15,5:)0 
















16,572 
15,880 


940,314 
856,914 


1857 


847,974 


185S. 


898,487 


16,000 


900,487 


1859 


845,031 


18;3U8 


8.')4,I85 










1S61 






890,404 


























1865 






. OM.021 


1806 'il;l l:'.4 
















•■- ll'i 


1809 






















1872 








1873 




1 1 ■ M '■ 










1876 






1.'.;. , .iA 


l^i" 






i,irj.,.i8 








. 1,594,113 
1 084 311 


1879 






1880 






. 1,676,660 



The export of flour from Baltimore to foreign 
countries for the last four years has been as follows : 



DBST.N.X.0». 


1880. 


1879. 


1878. 


1877. 




141,105 


92,219 

273 

2 

262,533 

■■■3,616 
96,406 
3,330 


100,353 

1,118 

200 

363,796 






'58 


Holland 

Brazil 





1,904 
260,409 

'■"i',994 
80,109 
1,361 


53 
255,310 




"ci'ionies 


British North Americau 
West Indies 


■■■v:9M 

116,070 
7,708 


7ki?? 








Total 


486,891 


448,359 


590,160 


369,519 



The Grain Trade. — The history of the grain trade 
shows that Baltimore has always taken high rank 
among the grain-markets of this country. Situated on 
the most convenient and extensive navigable waters, 
Baltimore Town attracted to its wharves the wheat 
and corn of all the Chesapeake Bay and tributary 
waters, and as soon as roads were constructed the in- 
terior country found Baltimore its natural market for 
grain of all kind. The State of Maryland, a large 
portion of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
North Carolina, have always made Baltimore the 
chief market for their grain products. The advent of 
railroads and the immense extent of country through 
which those centring in Baltimore pass has greatly 
increased the trade of this port in grain. The flour 
manufactured in the mills around Baltimore, as well 
as that from the country mills, was manufactured from 
wheat which has ranked at all times, and still con- 
tinues to rank, as the very best produced in this 
country. The high standard of Baltimore flour early 
attracted attention, and has since been maintained, 
until there is no city in any country whose flour bears 
a higher character than that of Baltimore. 

The elevators that now aid in the removal of grain 
from ears to vessels, as well as store the same, have 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



greatly facilitated this trade and increased its magni- 
tude. From 1850, when the receipts were 2,300,000 
busliels, they have increased in 1880 to 36,414,393 
bushels of wheat, and from 3,250,000 bushels of corn 
to 16,590,291 bushels. 

The magnitude of the grain trade at Baltimore will 
best be understood by an examination of the following 
tables. The receipts and exports of wheat and corn 
at Baltimore for a period of thirty-one years have been 
as follows : 





Receipts. 


EXPOBTS. 














Wheat, bus. 


Corn, bus. 


Wheat, bus. 


Corn, bus. 




2 300 000 


S.'oO 000 




450 000 




3,'46i;i50 


2,650,000 
3,745,900 






1852 


287,060 


445,900 




2.673,085 




248.248 
113;085 


228,306 
601,104 




4,642,124 








978,372 


526,768 
768,669 


1866 


4.297,700 


5,003,492 


1867 


3,103,498 


4,183,854 


178,414 


392.424 






4.046,745 


130,196 


451,193 












1860 






599,288 


469,196 


1861 




:,l'.iii,:)74 


795,636 


742,272 




■i.,; :l ■ 


.,JJ(|,1S9 




879,711 








84,373 












101,644 
101,544 


1866 


1 KST r,7{) 


2,9(6,246 


60,092 










830,000 
800,000 






5,661,763 
4177 264 










1869 


;;J.|',i,'l96 


3,9^3,663 


Villi 01 HI 


.iiuiniio 


1870 


...r.:,.?,:,! 


3,831,676 






1871 


i-;.-,iii7 


5,735,921 




■ .-r,! 












187;i 




8,330,449 






1874 










187S 










1S7.; 


■ i ■ 


1 ■ - 1 
















1878 

1879 


oO, 


I6;.n'iiv.;iii 


■J3,~6i''jsl 


14',7«7iio8 



The destination of this large amount of grain will 
be seen from the following table of exports for the 
three years of 1878, 1879, and 1880: 

Exports of Corn for past Three Tears by Countries. 



),733 17,984,448 
t,682 948,0o7 

1,281 l,i!01,673 



238,896 
52,068 
72,960 





"■■90,022 






Africa 


1,939 
17,590 
17,437 
23,172 


21,429 




24,90i 
6,601 
22,027 

106 


British North American Colonies.. 

West Indies 

Mexico 


36,083 
28,417 
18,000 


^rSr::::::::::::::;:;;::;:::::::::::::;;;- 




10,300 






Norway 


9,656 






Total 


14,686,402 


21,327,729 


16,953,458 



Exports of Wheat for past Three Years i 



Countries. 



Destination. 


Bushels. 


1879. 
Bushels. 


1878. 
Bushels. 


Great Britain 

Germany 


14,968,004 

14,230,394 

189,409 

"2,'96'6,'7'8'9 

1,280,191 

88,541 

'io,'5r2 

25,962 
9,183 


12,920,413 

16,669,508 

296,679 

4,630 

1,716,436 

392,756 


11,371,612 


Belgium .. 


980 038 


Holland 




Portugal.'.'.'.'.'...'..'.....'.''.".'.'.'.".'.'!;'.'.'!.'..'.'.. 
Turkey 


145,475 
106,816 


9,565 
211,081 










Total 


33,768,985 


32,152,612 


19,610,791 



The growth of the trade of Baltimore, both foreign 
and domestic, will be better understood by comparison 
with other cities, and taking the five great Atlantic 
ports for the three years past, it will be seen that Bal- 
timore has risen to the position of second to New 
York only in the volume and value of her receipts 
and exports of grain : 

, 1878. , 

Port. Flour. Wheat. Corn. 

Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. 

New York 2,811,836 66,170,6*! 27,870,992 

Baltimore 590,150 19,610,791 16,963.468 

Philadelphia 190,345 8,923,708 19,695,699 

Boston 387,771 3,888,608 6,669,138 

New Orleans 38,042 838,088 6,02.5,664 

Total 4,018,144 88,431,839 77,114,951 

, 1879. . 

Port. Flour. Wheat. Corn. 

Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. 

Nfw Y.irk 4,230,242 63,342,862 36,035,628 

Kiliii ■ 448,359 32,152,612 21.327,729 

r:,:i li 201,818 16,814,572 14,0.39,228 

r I . 618,295 5,214,293 7,15,5,963 

.s-« iiilr 111. 40,230 2,796,669 3,909,587 

Tutiil 5,538,944 120,321,008 82,408,136 

. 1 880. , 

Port. Flour. Wheat. Corn. 

BnrrcN Bn«l.»lq HiikIihIs. 

New York ■. 4.^l^^ ■' .,l-,l,j-; n: .,172 

Baltimore -I" l 11' ' .lui 

Philadelphia J^- ■ i : j I JT 

Boston l,ii!iii,."i ■::■■.■'■ It I'lijlH 

New Orleans j:;,.-bLi .:-,.m j,.1_ ■.». -.:.;., 153 

Total 6,026,457 117,423,971 103.629,370 

The percentages of the exports of breadstuffs from 
the Atlantic seaports for the past ten years are as fol- 
lows : 



Years. 


Baltimore. 


Boston. 


New Or- 
leans. 


New York. 


Philadel- 
phia. 


Port- 
land. 






4.54 





73.30 


5.96 


6.96 










72.50 




4.79 


1873 


. 12.25 


2.90 


1.94 


73.11 


6.51 


3.29 


1874 


. 12.89 


3.59 


2.66 


70.80 


7.15 


3.01 


1875 


14.63 


4.73 


0.99 


64.88 


11.38 


3.40 






5.68 


1.89 


48.66 


19.48 










2.70 








1878 


. 19.81 


6.69 


3.80 


53.80 


14.85 


1.16 


1879 


. 23.53 


6.76 


2.97 








1880 


. 20.31 


7.47 




52.83 


12.40 


0.71 



Beginning in 1871 with 10.24 per cent, of the entire 
exports of breadstuffs from the six ports, Baltimore 
steadily gained until 1877, when her percentage was 
23.35, but in the following year there was a decline to 
19.81 per cent., which was, however, followed by 23.53 



378 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



per cent, in the next year, only to drop back to 20.31 
per cent, in 1880. While Baltimore has in ten years 
increased her percentage from 10.24 to 20.81, or 
nearly double. New York's percentage has almost 
steadily declined. In 1871 New York's percentage 
was 73.30, but in 1872 it had fallen to 72.50, while in 
1873 there was a slight rally, and the upward turn 
carried it to 73.11, after which each year, excepting 
1877, marked a decline until 1879, when the figures 
were 52.05, and in 1880 it again moved upward, but 
only to reach 52.83, against 73.30 for 1871, or a de- 
cline of about 30 per cent, in ten years. 

From 1879 to 1880, New Orleans gained more rap- 
idly than any other port, having more than doubled 
her percentage in that time. During 1880 the gain 
at New Orleans was but a small fraction less than the 
loss at Baltimore and Philadelphia together. Phila- 
delphia's lowest percentage for the ten years was in 
1871, and the highest in 1876, while the percentage 
in 1880 was less than in either 1878 or 1879. Port- 
land in 1871 had exactly the same percentage as 
Philadelphia, but every year since, with one excep- 
tion, has witnessed a steady decline, and in 1880 the 
percentage of that port was less than three-fourths 
of one per cent. 

The percentages of the total, as given in the above 
figures, must not be confounded with the rate of in- 
crease or decrease at each port, which has been as 
follows : 



New Orleane 
New York... 
Philadelphia 



Per Cent. 


Per Cen 














316.14 














The total increase or decrease in bushels at each 
port in 1880, as compared with 1871, was as follows: 





Bushels. 

44,746,261 

16,(K)4,324 

14,3CH),«09 


Bushels. 


Boston 



















p^lS!::":::::::::::: 




1,781,797 



The gain at Baltimore in the ten years under 
was 44,746,261 bushels, which was 1,500,000 bushels 
more than the combined gains at Boston and Phila- 
delphia, was 28,700,000 more than the increase at 
Boston, was 30,400,000 bushels more than the gain at 
New Orleans, and was 17,200,000 bushels more than 
the gain at Philadelphia. 

For the year ending Aug. 31, 1876, the exports of 
wheat from New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Balti- 
more, and New Orleans amounted to 32,072,705 bushels, 
of which only 1,147,445 bushels, or 3.57 per cent., went 
from Baltimore; while New York had 8.70 per cent., 
Boston 0.47, Philadelphia 8.24, and New Orleans 
.002. The shipments from Baltimore were then nearly 
five per cent, less than from Philadelphia. For the 



1 From 1873 to 1880. 



year ending Aug. 31, 1881, the shipments from Balti- 
more were 27,676,158 bushels, 27.75 per cent. ; while 
from Philadelphia the shipments were only 12,024,288 
bushels, or 12.10 per cent. 

In six years New York's percentage has decreased 
from 87.70 to 50.10 each year, showing a steady decline, 
while during the same time Baltimore has increased 
from 3.57 to 27.75, and our percentage for the past 
year would doubtless have been even larger but for 
the unfortunate lack of suflBcient elevator storage- 
room. Boston shows a small decrease compared with 
last year, while New Orleans made a moderate gain. 

The trade in oats, rye, and barley from 1868 to 1880, 
as given in the report of the Corn and Flour Ex- 
change, is as follows : 



1 

Oats. 
I Bushels. 


Bushels. 


B^t^;. 


Total corn and 

wheat rec'd. 

Bushels. 


Total, 1880 

■ " i878!;;;.'.'.'."."; 


1,172,487 

' i.;;J';.9-T 


224,606 

sa.HSi 

llr,,C89 


321,195 
269,307 
350,000 




" 1876 

" 1876 




" 1874 

" 1873 

" 1872 

" 1871 

" 1870 

" 1809 

" 1808 











It will be seen that Baltimore exports about 22 per 
cent, of the aggregate grain exports of the whole 
country, and that this percentage has steadily grown 
from year to year, with only those fluctuations which 
followed necessarily the improved crops in foreign 
countries. The steady growth of her grain trade will 
eventually lead to a corresponding increase of her 
imports, and this result has already taken .place to 
some extent, though not to that point which the 
value of her large exports would justify the expecta- 
tions of her merchants. The railroad receipts of 
grain of all kinds for the year 1880 were as follows: 

Bus. Grain. 

Baltimore and Ohio road 26,796.990 

Northern Central road 21,8(19,066 

Western Maryland 1,21I,.M0 

48,817,686 
Balance water-borne :. 5,899,586 

Total receipts, 1880 54,717,172 

The following shows the receipts of grain at Balti- 
more per the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the 
Pennsylvania or Northern Central road for the last 
five years : 

B. & O. Road. N. C. Road. 

Years. Bushels. Bushels. 

1876 18.87.6,194 4.8-'.6,l,32 

1877 1.6,814,016 K,r,07..i79 

1878 18,824,229 14,485,900 

1879 .32,241,129 2.6,288,390 

1880 26,700,900 21,809,066 

The importance and value of the grain trade has 
naturally attracted to it a large amount of capital as 
well as many men of enterprise and great business 




tlx^^^a^^y/^. {■ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



capacity. Prominent among sucli establishments is 
the house of C. W. Slagle & Co. 

Charles William Slagle was born in Hanover, York 
Co., Pa., March 11, 1828. His great-grandfather was 
one of a band of pioneers who first settled west of the 
Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, where he be- 
came owner of large landed estates in what was first 
York, but now Adams County, and the homestead is 
still owned by the family. David Slagle, his father, 
was born on the old homestead in 1802; became a 
prominent citizen of Hanover, filling the office of 
chief burgess, member of the Town Council, and other 
public trusts; died July 6, 1870. In 1827 he married 
Hannah, daughter of Peter Winebreuner, an old and 
esteemed citizen of Hanover. She was born in 1800, 
and died in June, 1867. She was a member of the 
church, exemplary for her piety and good works, and 
universally respected. They had born to them Charles 
W., David N., Henry P., Jacob W., and Belinda M. 
Henry died young ; David N. and Jacob W. live in 
Baltimore, and, with their brother Charles, constitute 
the firm of C. W. Slagle & Co. Their only sister mar- 
ried Hon. Henry J. Myers, of Adams County, Pa. ; 
they have but one child living. 

After completing his education at New Oxford Col- 
legiate Institute, Charles W. Slagle was employed in 
business houses in Hanover, Reading, and York, Pa. ; 
came to Baltimore Dec. 21, 1851, and Jan. 7, 1852, 
formed a connection with Edmund Wolf, establishing 
the wholesale grocery and commission firm of Wolf 
& Slagle, at 110 West Pratt Street. In January, 
1856, he sold his interest to Mr. Wolf, and March 1, 
1856, established the present grain, flour, and seed- 
house of C. W. Slagle & Co. at their present location, 
No. 118 North Street, being now the oldest grain firm 
on that street. They command an extensive trade and j 
their reputation is widely known. 

Nov. 8, 1860, Mr. Slagle married Rachel A. Mat- | 
thews, of Baltimore County, born Oct. 7, 18.39, and a 1 
daughter of Benjamin Matthews, of a large and highly 
respectable Quaker family. Her mother is a Method- j 
ist, the daughter of George Letty, and grandfather of 
Caleb Bosley, under whose hospitable roof many | 
a Methodist preacher found a welcome home. He j 
was a brother of Eliza Bosley, and Col. Nicholas M. | 
Bosley, of Hayfields, was his nephew. By this mar- | 
riage six children were born to Mr. Slagle, of whom ! 
four only live,— Mary H., Charles N., D. Clinton, i 
and Lillie A.; Katie S. and Ross are deceased. 

Mr. Slagle was always an active promoter of the 
welfare of the city, was one of the original members 
of the Corn and Flour Exchange, was twice elected 
one of its directors, and for the last six years was 
vice-president of the Corn and Flour E.xchange Build- 
ing Company. In 1857 he was one of the promoters 
of the American Fire Insurance Company, and ever 
since has been in its board, served as member of its 
finance committee, chairman of the building co'm- 
mittee, and for the last six years as its vice-president; 



has also been a director in the Citizens' National 
Bank, and since 1870 in the Frederick Turnpike 
Company, and identified with other financial institu- 
tions, as well as insurance and railroad enterprises. 
Was one of the originators and director in the Balti- 
more and Hanover Railroad, for the construction of 
which he consumed so much of his time and energy, 
and was a director of the Hanover Junction, Hanover 
and Gettysburg Railroad. In 1870 he entered as 
special partner with J. G. Kroft and P. Forney Wine- 
brenner, as the firm of J. G. Kroft & Co., for oyster 
and fruit-packing, and built up one of the largest es- 
tablishments of the kind in the United States, em- 
ploying at times over four hundred hands. In the 
spring of 1879, accompanied by his wife and eldest 
daughter, he visited Europe, and traveled through 
England, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, 
and France. 

At the outbreak of the civil war he was a decided 
opponent of secession, firm and unswerving in his at- 
tachment to the Union and his country, and gave the 
cause material aid. He was one of the founders and 
liberal supporters of the Nursery and Child's Hos- 
pital, and associated with various other religious and 
charitable societies ; has extended aid to many young 
men commencing business, and in a quiet way assisted 
a large number of the worthy poor. His financial 
ability has fitted_ him for important trusts, but he 
shrinks from notoriety, is retiring in his habits, 
although his attachments and affections are strong 
and ardent. He attributes whatever success he has 
achieved in life to a good mother and a devoted wife, 
in both of which he has been particularly blessed. 
He is no politician ; never held public office, being 
strictly a man of busine.ss, and giving close attention 
thereto. 

Terminal Facilities.— It was early perceived by 
the management of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road that the " handling" of the vast amount of grain 
which their system of " in bulk" transportation was 
bringing to Baltimore could not continue either with 
economy or convenience. The construction, there- 
fore, of the first great elevator east of the mountains, 
with a capacity of 500,000 bushels, was another of 
the triumphs of Baltimore enterprise. A second ele- 
vator, with a capacity of 1,500,000 bushels, was com- 
pleted, and now a third is finished, with a capacity 
of 1,800,000 bushels. These elevators are supplied 
with every appliance which modern machinists can 
construct for storing, weighing, cleaning, and de- 
livering grain into vessels. Double tracks of rail- 
roads run into each elevator, thus bringing the grain 
in the cars within reach of the machinery which is 
to hoist it into the elevator or transmit it into the 
vessel. 

Two miles of water-front are occupied by the ter- 
minal facilities of this road, and throughout its length 
it is a busy mart of trade. There are the docks of 
the North German Lloyd's steamers, which ply be- 



380 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tween Haltiraore, Soutliainpton, and Bremen, and of 
the Allan Line to Halifax and Liverpool. The ac- 
commodations at the upper pier for emigrants are 
equal to those of any city for comfort and conveni- 
ence, and their dispatch to their destinations is inter- 
rupted in no way. The piers number thirty-two, and 
extend to the dry-dock. 

The Baltimore Elevator Company, at Canton, oper- 
ate three elevators in connection with the Northern 
Central Railway, with a combined storage capacity 
of 1,350,000 bushels, receiving 580 cars and delivering 
675,000 bushels daily. In addition to these the float- 
inj,' elevators aid greatly in facilitating the quick dis- 
patch of vessels. The " Artisan," of the Maryland 
Floating Elevator Company, 68 South Street, F. N. 
Gardner, capacity 2000 bushels per hour ; the " Hat- 
tie" and the " Domestic," 45 Wood Street, John 
Wood, agent, the former 3500 bushels, and the latter 
2000 bushels per hour; the " Independent," 97 South 
Street, Samuel Phillips & Co., capacity 3000 bushels 
per hour; and the "Eureka," No. 5 P. O. Avenue, 
Eugene Lewis, agent, capacity 3000 bushels per 
hour; the "Maryland," No. 62 South Gay Street, 
Wm. Goodwin, proprietor, capacity 6000 bushels per 
hour. 

The Live Cattle Trade.— This trade has been 
greatly increased of late years, so much so that iu 
addition to the large accommodation at theCalverton 
Road Stock- Yards, on the Baltimore and Potomac 
Railroad, the organization of the Baltimore Stock- 
Yard Company was completed during the present 
year. It is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road (Mount Clare branch), and is one of the most 
extensive and complete establishments of the kind in 
the country. 

The receipts of beef cattle at Baltimore for'tbe past 
eleven years are as follows : 



Years. 

1870 ..... 


No. Head. , Years. 
89,021 ' 1876 


No. Head. 
109,854 




















1875 


113,370 





The receipts of beef cattle at Baltimore for the past 
three vcars are as follows : 





21,320 


38,698 
32,700 
7,488 
g;912 
3,631 

669 
696 

150.829 


4.5,363 
25.722 
24,956 
10,971 
4;.501 




5.349 




::■■;■■:::::::::::::: c^e 




lfi.009 

842 


J^^^, 


138,909 


117.676 



Tiie receipts of live sheep at Baltimore for the last 
four years are as follows : 

Year,". Number. Y'ears. 



1879 



umber. \ ears. Number. 

248,047 i 187S 246,282 

243,520 1 1877 203,348 



The receipts of live hogs at Baltimore for the last 
eight years are as follows : 

YearB. Number. Years. Number. 

187.3 392,7,34 ' 1877 319,661 

1874 367,547 , 1878 360,614 

1875 277,496 1879 356,.524 

1876 247,462] 1880 336,867 

The Sutchers. — Among the trades, business, and 
employments of the citizens of Baltimore, there is not 
one that surpasses the butchers in any respect. In- 
telligent in the management of their affairs, active 
and enterprising in business, they are public-spirited, 
and their liberality is well known and appreciated. 
The " Butchers' Association of Baltimore" in 1839 
stopped the operation of forestallers and monopolists 
by adopting a resolution " that from May 2d they 
would not charge more than twelve and a half cents 
per pound for beef, and if they were unable to furnish 
it at that price they would vacate their stalls." This 
grew out of the oppressions under which they and the 
public in general suffered from the extortions of fore- 
stallers and monopolist cattle-dealers. Among those 
who signed the resolutions were William Rusk, Henry 
Pentz, Marcus Wolf, J. W. Pentz, H. M. Turner, J. 
W. Bankard, J. M. Turner, Andrew H. Wells, Charles 
Myers, Christian Stingle, Leon Dyer, William Bank- 
ard, Samuel Kimberly, Jacob Banks, Jr., Lewis 
Turner, Josiah Keller, H. R. Williar, Daniel Pentz, 
William Eden, John J. Pentz, George Martin, F. 
Shelby, Edward Moon, James Elmore, Lewis Chand- 
ler, Thomas Rodley, John M. Dyer, L. W. Elmore, 
Richard Gallagher, Hiram Kauffman, F. Hoover, 
William L. Rusk, Samuel S. Pentz, T. J. Rusk, Jr., 
William J. Pentz, Robert Rusk, H. Kimberly, John 
McElroy, Jacob Bankard, Jr., Robert Elliott, George 

A. Levering, Lewis Winingder, Thomas J. Rusk, 
] Edward Vain, John Hardy, John Moore, George H. 
[ Wilson, Edward Hahn, Peter Wilson, William Far- 
I nier, Charles A. Pentz, Peter Zell, Thoma.s Mitchell, 

James Stewart, Martin Solomon, John Hoff, William 
Carmichael, Peter Crager, .Tohn Xickilson, William 
Biggs, Jacob Greasley, William Steer, Henry Reafiier, 

B. Burke. William Rusk, president; Marcus Wolf, sec- 
retary. And in 1842, when the "shinplaster" nuisance 
was abroad in the land, a public meeting of the butchers 
was organized by the appointment of John J. Pentz, 
chairman, and Marcus Wolf, secretary. The follow- 
ing resolution, adopted at a former meeting, was re- 
ported as having received over one hundred signa- 
tures, procured by a committee appointed for the pur- 
pose of obtaining them : 

" liesoli-cd, Th&t we will not receive nor circulate any savings insti- 
tution, or individual notes purporting to be currencj-, except railroad 
ortlers, from and after Jan. 17, 1842, unless 



This resolution was unanimously adopted. Mr. 
Wolf offered a resolution providing for the payment 
of purchases of .stock by the butchers, one-half in 
railroad shares; for this a substitute was offered by 
J. M. Turner, which was accepted by Mr. Wolf, with 




^/^^u^ 



l^/^/^^^ / 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



ther way than in auch ordere." 

preceded the reading of | 



modifications proposed by himself. As modi: 
read thus : 

" Resolved, That we will receive B 
par in market for meats, and make 
February let next, altogether in no 

Considerable discussion 
this resolution, but on being read by the secretary it 
appeared so satisfactory to the meeting that the ques- 
tion was immediately taken, and it was adopted with- 
out a single dissenting vote. 

These incidents from a former time illustrate the 
spirit that animated this great association when ques- 
tions affecting public interest agitated the community. 
In 1832 the butchers finding that they were the vic- 
tims of an odious monopoly, organized the " Butch- 
ers' Hide and Tallow Association." The object of 
the association was to salt their own hides and render 
their own tallow, and thus protect the butchers 
against impositions by giving them control of their 
own business. Marcus Wolf was made president ; Wil- 
liam Carmichael, vice-president ; James P. Thomas, 
treasurer. The directors were Edward Moore, Henry 
Eiefle, Francis Hoover, Jacob Hoff, Frederick Rice, 
John H. Toffling, Lewis Turner, and George H. Lov- 
ering. Lewis Turner early became the chief manager 
of the association, and its success and efficiency must 
be largely attributed to his skill and ability. 

Mr. Turner was born in Baltimore, June 15, 1810, 
and was one of the five children of William and 
Elizabeth Turner, of whom he is the only survivor. 
Mrs. Turner (born Huber) was of German family, 
and died when her son was eight years of age. He 
went to live with an aunt at an early age ; they were 
without support except his scanty earnings at fruit- 
picking and other labor in the suburbs of the city. 
What little education he could pick up in the inter- 
vals of labor was mainly acquired in the neighboring 
Sunday-schools. At eleven years of age he entered 
the china and queensware store of George and Wil- 
liam Keyser, on Howard Street, with whom he re- 
mained three years. In order to learn a trade he then 
apprenticed himself to a shoemaker, and in a short 
time became an expert workman, but his health failed, 
and before he was eighteen he was compelled to seek 
another opening in life. He served an apprenticeship 
of three years and a half with Frederick Neibling, a 
butcher, and having acquired a thorough knowledge 
of the business he went to Lancaster, Ohio, in com- 
pany with a friend, where in 1831 they opened a 
butchering establishment. They were doing well, but 
sickness again attacked Mr. Turner, and in 1832 he 
was forced to return to Baltimore, where he com- 
menced the same line of business, relinquishing it 
in 1857 to his second son, Lewis Turner, Jr., whose 
death in 1879 was a subject of wide-spread regret. 
Mr. Turner has been very successful in life, and has 
dealt very largely in real estate. His transactions 
have substantially aided in the improvement of what 
are now some of the handsomest localities of West 
25 



Baltimore. For ten years, dating from 1866, he was 
president of the Baltimore Butchers' Hide, Tallow, 
and Cattle Association, a position of heavy pecuniary 
responsibility and severe labor. Governor Oden Bowie 
.subsequently appointed him to the position of State 
weigher of live-stock on account of his practical 
knowledge of cattle and the cattle trade, and he in- 
troduced at the stock-yards many improvements, the 
value of which have stood the test of time. Mr. 
Turner was the founder and first president of the 
Butchers' Loan and Annuity Association, and is vice- 
president of the Baltimore City Loan and Annuity 
Association. In 1832 he married Margaret, daughter 
of Capt. Dominick Bader, of the German Yagers in 
the British service, who was captured by the Ameri- 
cans at the battle of Bladensburg. They have had 
nine children, of whom seven are now living. Mr. 
Turner is a member of Mount Vernon Methodist 
Episcopal Church. Sterling Thomas was another 
butcher whose irreproachable conduct and Christian 
character secured for him the confidence of the com- 
munity and church. His career presents a fine ex- 
ample of honesty, integrity, energy, and perseverance 
struggling with all the adverse circumstances of life 
and rising into complete triumph. 

Provisions. — The trade in provisions has of late 
years been very greatly extended both inwardly and 
outwardly from Baltimore. The railroad and steamer 
lines centring at this port have made it the distribu- 
ting point for the Atlantic seaboard States as well as a 
large exporting point to foreign countries. 

The receipts of Western hog product at Baltimore 
for the last nine years were as follows : 

Years. Pounds. I Years. Pounds. 

880 93,542,400 I 1875 140,000,000 

879 133,572,000 ' 1874 124,000,000 

878 122,964,000 ; 1873 111,668,000 

877 107,632,000 I 1872 100,000,000 

876 132,578,840 

The shipments of provisions from Baltimore for 
i880 were as follows : 



Great Brit 
Germany ., 
Holland... 



British Guiana 

Br.North American Colonies 

West Indies 

Aspinwali 



22,602 
748 

28,870,172 



And for the five preceding years the shi 
been : „ , 

Lard. Bacon. Pork. Beef. 

Pounds. Pounds. Barrels. Barrels. 

1879 26,950,519 21,915,853 7,414 2,143 

1878 21,262,610 14,746,451 8,337 2,943 

1877' 12,348,851 8,452,239 7,511 4,741 

1S7G 12,268,709 5,482,000 14,874 3,321 

1875.!.'."! 8,520,006 1,130,210 17,864 3,127 

The above table exhibits the growth of the trade in 
refined lard, which has developed within the last 
decade into very large proportions. The Baltimore 
brands of refined lard have attained the highest repu- 



382 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tation in Continental European markets, as well as in 
those of South America and the West Indies. The 
growth and extent of this immense business is but 
little understood by our citizens, and the following 
statistics of exports from the port of Baltimore at 
each decade from 1850 is very strilcing : 

EXPOBTS FROM PoRT OF BaLTIMOHB IN POUNDS. 

Bacon. Lard. 

1850 5,259,713 »37,47-i 

lar,n 788,333 3.285,385 

1S7U 253,552 1,701,360 

1880 28,870,172 34,797,502 

In addition to this export trade, Baltimore has a 
large demand for provisions from Virginia, North and 
South Carolina, and other Southern States. The ex- 
cellent manner in which meat and lard are prepared 
by our merchants is universally acknowledged, and 
this has a tendency more than anything else to keep 
up the demand which otherwise might be diverted, 
now that the Western merchants have become such 
strong competitors for our Southern trade. In this 
competition individual experience, integrity, and en- 
terprise must count for even more than the mere 
advantages of location, and Baltimore is singularly 
fortunate in the pcrsotmd of the merchants who hold 
the leading places in this important branch of busi- 
ness. Among the most prominent firms in this city 
is that of T. Robert Jenkins & Sons, whose integrity 
and energy have contributed largely to the develop- 
ment of the provision trade of Baltimore. 

Mr. Jenkins, the senior member of the firm, was 
born in Baltimore, April 19, 1822, and is a scion 
of one of the oldest and most distinguished Catholic 
families of Maryland. He is a descendant of William 
Jenkins, the son of Ap Jenkins, of Wales, and Mary 
Courtney, daughter of Lieut. Thomas Courtney, of 
England, who left Great Britain about the year 1660 to 
escape the religious persecutions of which the Catho- 
lics were the victims, and settled down at White Plains, 
Md., six miles from old St. Mary's City, and near the 
head of St. Mary's River. Here they lived peacefully 
for many years under the beneficent and tolerant gov- 
ernment of the Lord Proprietary ; but early in the 
eighteenth century discord arose, the Catholic disa- 
bility act wiis passed, and some time prior to 1730 the 
Jenkins family sought out Long Green Land, in Balti- 
more County, then the frontier of the province and 
inhabited by Indians, a home where their faith would 
not subject them to pains and penalties. This prop- 
erty is still held by the family. The first William Jen- 
kins was born on the St. Mary's homestead in 1663, and 
the emigrants to Long Green Land were Michael, 
Courtney, and Ignatius Jenkins. There another Mi- 
chael Jenkins was born, Dec. 21, 1736, and he married, 
on Dec. 21, 1761, Charity Ann Wheeler, daughter of 
Thomas Wheeler, a wealthy Catholic gentleman of 
Baltimore County, whose family were also refugees 
from intolerant laws. Their sons were Thomas Court- 
ney, William Edward, and Michael Jenkins, who all 
removed to Baltimore City about the year 1784, enter- 



ing various lines of business and establishing firms 
some of which are still in prosperous existence. Wil- 
liam Jenkins is conspicuous in the history of Balti- 
more as a leader in business, a useful citizen, and a 
stern patriot, and these are characteristics that are 
indeed common to the whole family. He had a large 
tannery on the York road, and was the father of the 
leather trade in this city. Early in life he joined 
what was called "Paul Bertalou's Legion," a body of 
volunteer cavalry, which in those days often escorted 
President Washington from Waterloo to Baltimore, 
on his way from Mount Vernon to Philadelphia, 
where Congress then held its sessions. In 1812 all 
four of the brothers went into the field as volunteers, 
and took part in the defense of Baltimore at the battle 
of North Point. Thomas Courtney Jenkins was mar- 
ried in 1806, by Archbishop Carroll, to Elizabeth Gold, 
a Baltimore lady. Their children were Louis Wil- 
liam, lawyer and member of the State Legislature 
and City Council, born 1806, died 1840; Michael 
Courtney, lawyer, born 1809, died 1877 ; Theodore, 
physician, born 1809 ; Oliver L., priest, and president 
of St. Charles College, Howard County, born 1813, 
died 1868 ; Martha A., who married Hon. Z. Collins 
Lee, judge of the Superior Court of Baltimore, 
and Thomas Robert, the subject of this biography. 
He entered Georgetown College in his early youth, and 
graduated with honor in 1840. In 1845 he was mar- 
ried to Rebecca A. Hunter, daughter of John Hunter, 
of Baltimore County, and granddaughter of John Hil- 
len, by Archbishop Eccleston. In 1848 he, together 
with Philip T. George, established the wholesale pro- 
vision house of George & Jenkins, which had a very 
successful career of a quarter of a century, and was 
dissolved in 1873. Mr. Jenkins has since then con- 
tinued the business, associating with him his sons 
Francis X. and Alphonsus L., under the style of T. 
Robert Jenkins &Sons. During his long commercial 
career Mr. Jenkins' name has always been found 
upon the subscription lists of new and important 
enterprises connected with the development of the 
city. He is a director in the Farmers' and Merchants' 
National Bank, the Baltimore Fire Insurance Com- 
pany, and other corporations. His participation in 
the extension of the provision trade of the city is a 
matter of public knowledge. This trade has reached 
proportions that are astonishing when compared with 
its condition at the time of Mr. Jenkins' entry into 
the business, and in every stage of its growth the 
l^rorainence of the firms that counted him as a mem- 
ber is apparent. He is a loyal and faithful member 
of the Catholic Church, to which his family has been 
most devotedly attached in its trials and sufferings, as 
well as in its days of triumph. 

Coffee. — The city of Baltimore from "Colonial 
days" has enjoyed a most prominent position among 
American ports in the coftee trade, once holding 
almost a monopoly. She still occupies the second 
place among American cities as a point of import for 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



South American coffees. The following tables ex- 
hibit the trade in coflee for the past twenty-eight 
years : 

Year. Buss. Yciir. B:igs. 



18.H 


^11".^'^'' 


1-'- 


.:-.'■■■ 


1856 


vIt'^i^.i 


1-7" 


1 ,/ -' 


1867 


-jn ; ,(,.1 


l-TI 


:j.i\,-<:\ 


















18G0 








1861 










.. .. 7; .7 , 


i-.r, 


17 .,7:; 


1863 














481,18 






531,4li 


1866 


160:487ll880 


431,28! 



The imports of Kio coffee at all the ports in the 
United States for the past three years have been as 
follows : 

1880. 1879. 1878. 

Ports. Bags. Bags. Bags. 

Baltimore 431,289 531,401 481,184 

New York 1,277,649 l,7i2,361 1,117,377 

New Orleans 199,916 212,668 137,727 

Mobile 9,600 30,403 39,322 

Savannah 17,844 22,160 20,456 

Charleston '.. 

Galveston 14,500 32,913 30,317 

Philadelphia 

Richmond 7,100 3,500 

Boston 



Total 1,950,.598 2,569,006 1,829,883 

During the past year the well-known house of E. 
Levering & Co. have added to their immense busi- 
ness of importing that of roasting coffees, which bids 
fair to become in the near future the great feature of 
the coffee trade ; the same business of roasting cofiee 
is largely conducted by Barclay & Hasson, ZoUer & 
Little, and others. 

In spite of the persistent efforts which have been 
made to destroy the coffee and sugar trade of Balti- 
more, it is still represented by houses as substantial 
and responsible as any in the United States. Promi- 
nent among them is that of 

FISHER, WAGNER & MACKALL. 
This Commercial House — engaged for seventy years 
past in the Sugar and Coffee Trade — was founded No- 
vember 20, 1811, by Richard Henry Douglass, who 
transacted business under the Firm of 

Richard H. Douglass 
until July 1, 1815, when he admitted his brother Wil- 
liam Douglass to partnership under the Firm of 

R. H. & Wm. Douglass. 
William Douglass dying July 8, 1821, the business 
was continued by the surviving partner, under the 
Firm of 

Richard H. Douglass, 
until January 1, 1828, when, by the admission of 
James Isom Fisher (who had entered the Counting- 
House as a youth in 1814), the Firm became 

R. H. Douglass & Co. 
R. H. Douglass died October 30, 1829, in the 49th 
year of his age; but, under the provisions of his Will, 
the Firm was continued, unchanged, by his surviving 
partner James I. Fisher and his nepliew B. G. Doug- 



lass Moxley. On February 21, 1832, Mr. Fisher mar- 
ried Sophia M. P. Moxley, sister of his partner and 
niece of R. H. Douglass, deceased. On November 6, 
1833, the Firm was dissolved by the retirement of Mr. 
Moxley, and the business was continued by 

James I. Fisher, 
under his own name. In 1850 Mr. Fisher took into his 
Counting-House, as clerks, his sons Robert Alexander 
Fisher and Richard Douglass Fisher; and on January 
1, 1854, he admitted them to partnership under the 
Firm of 

James I. Fisher & Soxs, 
which remained unchanged until 1862, at the end of 
which year James I. Fisher and Robert A. Fisher 
withdrew from active life, the former in view of ad- 
vancing age and the latter owing to declining health. 
The succession was retained by Richard D. Fisher, 
under the Firm of 

Richard D. Fisher & Co., 
until December 1, 1864, by which time the health of 
Robert A. Fisher was partially restored and he was 
enabled to rejoin his brother under the Firm of 

Fisher Brothers & Co. 
On January 1, 1866, Basil Wagner (who had been a 
Clerk of the House since 18.57) became a partner of 
this Firm. On July 30, 1877, James I. Fisher (now 
retired) died, in the 79th year of his age. At the end 
of the latter year Richard D. Fisher withdrew from 
active business, and on January 1, 1878, was formed 
the Firm of 

Robert A. Fisher & Co., 
consisting of Robert A. Fisher, Basil Wagner, and 
Leonard Covington Mackall (the last-named having 
originally entered the House as clerk in 1860) as Gen- 
eral Partners, and Richard D. Fisher as Special Part- 
ner. This Partnership expiring by limitation at the 
end of three years, the Firm of 

R. A. & R. D. Fisher & Co. 
was formed on January 1, 1881, by Robert A. Fisher, 
Richard D. Fisher, Basil Wagner, and Leonard C. 
Mackall ; but was dissolved by the death of Robert 
A. Fisher, in the 49th year of his age, on February 4, 
1881. The present Firm of 

Fisher, Wagner & Mackall 
was formed on February 5, 1881, and coasists of 
Richard D. Fisher, Basil Wagner, and Leonard C. 
Mackall. 

The rank held by this old and solidly established 
house is too well known to require explanation after 
the simple recital of facts given above. Such facts 
speak for themselves. Founded in 1811, it has grown 
up with the growth of the city, and become commer- 
cially bone of its bone, and flesh of its flesh. Of the 
living members of the firm it would be inappropriate 
to say more than that they faithfully maintain its 
ancient reputation, and of those connected with its 



384 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



early history we cannot speak better than in the lan- 
guage of the following extracts from the press of the 
city in which they lived and labored : 

Richard Henry Douglass 
Died October 30, 1829. 

"To associate with announcements of this kind 
some allusion to the remarkable characteristics of their 
particular subjects, is an observance amiable as it is 
common. But, the friendship which suggests it must 
often regret the entire inadequacy of a notice, neces- 
sarily so brief, to do justice to all the qualities which 
it delights to remember as embellishing and endear- 
ing the departed. This is experienced to be emi- 
nently the case in regard to the excellent man whose 
death it is our melancholy tribute to record. 

"Mr. Douglass was a native of Charles County, 
Maryland, but, with the exception of temporary for- 
eign residences with commercial views, had, from 
early youth, resided in Baltimore; during which 
period he enjoyed pre-eminent standing as an enter- 
prising Merchant and useful Citizen. 

" To those with whom he mingled in social life 
(and to this number belongs the mass of our respect- 
able inhabitants) he was known as one who united 
the solid attainments of education with intrinsic 
virtues of a mind highly endued— the refinements of 
taste with the dignity of reason — the graces of the 
Gentleman with the piety of the Christian. This 
last consolatory trait of character was conspicu- 
ously confirmed during bis protracted illness, which 
while it imposed a painftil and hardly remitted 
confinement of one year, could not disturb the 
cheerful composure of his mind — it was pillowed 
upon certain anticipation of a blissful futurity. His 
natural goodness of heart will be remembered by all, 
and there is a large class who can attest that the same 
kindly ieeling which made him so amiable an associ- 
ate, was, to the needy and distressed, an open handed 
and diffusive charity. 

"As a husband and father— but here we must 
pause ; we have no power for aught but silent condo- 
lence when we would speak of the severe privation 
of his interesting family." — Baltimore American, Nov. 
2, 1829. 

James Isom Fisher 
Died July 30, 1877. 

"The death of this venerable and universally re- 
spected citizen, which was noted in our obituary 
column of yesterday, removes another of the few 
connecting links between the mercantile community 
of to-day and the generation of well-trained, able 
and enterprising merchants which preceded it. Of 
the men of his time, there was no one to whom the 
common and cordial consent of his brethren would 
have assigned a higher rank than to Mr. Fisher, for 
all the qualities which give dignity and usefulness to 
the mercantile profession. In those days, the element 
of simple speculation, or — to speak more precisely — 



of pure chance, entered comparatively little into com- 
mercial aff;iirs. The telegraph had not placed men 
upon their present equality of knowledge as to com- 
mercial facts, and they were necessarily thrown upon 
their individual intelligence and prevision, their fa- 
miliarity with the course and laws of trade, their ex- 
perienced knowledge of the necessities and demands 
of nations in peace and at war and in seasons of want 
and plenty. The pursuit of commerce was therefore 
essentially a profession, requiring special education 
and long training, like every other intellectual call- 
ing. It involved large calculations, large views and 
large experience, and it bestowed its rewards, for the 
most part, upon those of its followers who were ablest, 
most prudent and most wise. It had its vicissitudes, 
of course, but they were, in the main, the vicissitudes 
of all those who ' go down unto the sea in ships.' 
They did not belong to the same class of chances as 
those which have passed, in our day, from the stock 
board and gold room into every department of trade. 
" In speaking, therefore, of Mr. Fisher as a leading 
and successful merchant of his generation, we mean 
to speak of him as one who earned his position and 
success by a life-time of well-directed ability, indus- 
try, and intelligent enterprise. He was eminently 
sagacious, prudent, and far-seeing — a man of strong 
will, of resolute and patient perseverance, of thorough 
system and exact and conscientious punctuality. 
Above all, he was the very soul of mercantile and 
personal integrity — even more scrupulous, in the jus- 
tice of his dealings, when it was to his loss to be so, 
than when it might be to his gain. Among all the ac- 
cumulations of his long and prosperous labors, there 
can be none more permanent, or more valuable as an 
example and a legacy, than the record of his manly, 
simple, and absolutely upright life." — Baltimore Even- 
ing Bulletin, July 31, 1877. 

Robert Alexander Fisher 
Died February 4, 1881. 
" When a citizen of such public spirit, of such 
staunch business integrity, and of such a lovable per- 
sonal character as Mr. Robert A. Fisher is stricken 
down by the cold hand of death, the most sincere 
expressions of regret are apt to seem but mere com- 
mon-places. His associates in the activities of the 
business world will feel his loss much more keenly 
than can be indicated by formal resolutions or ad- 
dresses, however eloquent ; for there are some quali- 
ties in human nature that cannot be defined by speech, 
and some influences that cannot be measured by 
passing feelings. It happens, not infrequently, that 
men of large renown, over whose biers high-sounding 
eulogies are pronounced, leave behind them no real 
mourners ; and it sometimes happens that those who 
go to the grave ' unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' are 
afterwards found to have been of permanent service 
to the age in which they lived. It is rare that the 
usefulness of the citizen and the nobility of the man 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUi'ACTURES. 



find such universal recognition at the hands of his 
contemporaries. As President of the Board of Trade, 
Mr. Fisher's services will be formally commemorated ; 
but that acknowledgment will be^of small significance 
compared with the sentiment of profound and sincere 
regret which the news of his sudden death has called 
forth among all classes of his fellow-citizens. And 
there is, indeed, no loss which a city can sustain that 
is to be compared for a moment with that which it 
suflTers when a citizen like Mr. Fisher is cut down in 
his prime."— Baltimore American, Feb. 5, 1881. 

Petroleum. — At one time Baltimore had reason- 
able expectations of becoming a first-class port for 
the shipping of petroleum, but the operation and 
manipulation of the Standard Oil Company has dis- 
appointed those hopes, and her trade in Western 
Refined is gradually being lost. The subjoined tables 
will exhibit the present prospects as well as the past 
condition of this trade. 

The receipts of crude and refined petroleum foi- the 
year 1880 were as follows : 

















t;n,9o4 


















" 1873 


201,000 



The following table will sliow the shipments, in gal- 
lons, to each port from Baltimore for three years : 



Destiniition. 
Amsterdam 


1880. 


1879. 
087,165 
2,789.476 


1878. 

900,885 

7,786,293 

113,899 

415,190 

18,040,794 

97,687 

69,555 

114,094 

226,287 

454,266 

736,638 

1,246,249 

142,989 

2,488,962 

149,526 

111,430 

356,229 

151,091 


Arendal 


Barcelona 

Bremen 

Bergen 


'.'.' 9,097,731 


3:i,n:!6 








Copenhagen 




136,165 
123,330 
135.277 

1,637.913 
93,020 


Dunkirk 


'.'. "521,533 




Hamburg 


.. 1,735,758 


Konigsberg 





... 887,970 
.. 101,365 


178,019 


Norway 


100,906 
1,418.161 
341,159 
63,000 
222,200 
229,906 


.. 365.984 


1,482,893 
388843 
16,500 
1,363,283 
314,313 
145 648 
20,000 


^ttin " 


South America 


4,972 
.. 119,001 
.. 107,810 


Trieste 

West Indies 














231,690 






226,978 
107:034 


]S^:z::::::-::::::::::::r. r 






5,000 
191,986 
266,220 








Tuborg 








250 
.. 14,780,980 




Total 


23,322,482 


37,712,900 



Cooperage. — The vast number of barrels required 
by the commerce and trade of a large city has not 
failed to create an immense industry in this city. 
Oil, pork, syrup, beef, whisky, flour, and other arti- 
cles of commerce are required to be packed in barrels, 
and these again require constant repairing. The de- 



mands of such an industry embrace millions of feet 
of lumber, specially prepared, and adapted by ma- 
terial and form for the particular uses to which the 
barrel is to be applied. Hence the trade in shooks 
and hoops ha.s assumed immense proportions, and the 
railroads extending to the forests of Virginia, West 
"Virginia, Pennsylvania, and other States are doing a 
very large business in the transportation of these 
articles. The West India Islands take a large amount 
of the cooperage of Baltimore, and the shipments to 
these ports from this city are larger than from any 
other United States port. The statistics of this trade, 
from the census of 1880, show the following: 

Number of establishments 38 

Number of hands 444 

Amount of capital J220,850 

wages 8146,282 

Cost of material $;i24,764 

Value of products $558,068 

Naval Stores. — Spirits of turpentine, rosin, and 
tar find at Baltimore a ready market, and their trade 
has gradually extended. AVe give annexed receipts 
for the past ten years, compiled from the Baltimore 
Journal of Commerce : 

Spirits T, • Tar and 

Years. Turpentine. ^,,,'°- Pitch. 

Bbls. ^''''- Bbls. 

1880 19,665 94,158 13,169 

1879 20,,569 89,578 15.062 

1878 16.379 47,676 19,544 

1877 16,139 65,763 20,043 

1876 19,557 82,668 23,144 

1875 16,749 70,694 18,686 

1874 18,867 71,301 21,943 

1873 17,979 80,346 19,243 

1872 21,667 80,020 13,467 

1871 22,862 79,352 13,243 

Ice. — When ice first became an article of merchan- 
dise in Baltimore is not known, but it is possible that 
the " ice trade," in a small way at least, began even 
before Baltimore had exchanged the swaddling clothes 
of the town for the dignity of municipal robes. It 
was not, however, until 1828 that the trade in North- 
ern ice was begun, as up to that period the local sup- 
ply appears to have been sufficient for the needs of 
the community. The winter of 1827-28 was exceed- 
ingly mild, and no ice being made in the neighbor- 
hood of Baltimore, the inhabitants were forced to 
rely during the ensuing summer upon importations 
from Maine, from whence many full cargoes were 
received and sold at considerable profit. It was this 
experience probably and the superiority of the 
Northern ice to the home article that led to the 
establishment of regular agencies for supplying the 
Baltimore market with imported ice. In 1837 the 
ice trade had become sufficiently profitable to war- 
rant more enlarged operations than had hitherto been 
attempted, and Thomas J. Cochran engaged in the 
business, and was soon followed by Messrs. Wm. H. 
Oler, David Siimwalt, Michael Hurley, John Hamil- 
ton, Jacob Frederick, and others. Most of these 
firms are still actively engaged in the trade, bringing 
their ice mainly from the Susquehanna, where a large 
number of immense ice-houses have been erected, 
and in mild seasons from the unfailing ice-fields of 
Maine. In 1835 the entire annual consumption of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ice in Baltimore was only about one thousand tons, 
requiring the services of less than a score of em- 
ploye's in its handling and distribution. The follow- 
ing figures from the census of 1880 show how greatly 
this trade has grown. The distribution and con- 
sumption of ice for the year commencing Oct. 1, 1879, 
to Oct. 1, 1880, in Baltimore was as follows: 



.\gfei.t,iiU ,u.,..u,U „1 ua^.., i..ua lu th>; »:u... $102,900 

In addition to the above, there was secured from 
the ponds near the city by the brewers 4498 tons; 
And meat-packers, 6179 tons. 



nitchi 



IS79-80.. 
1878-79.. 
1877-78.. 



Maryland 

TOUB.' 


Kennebec 

Kivei'. Me. 

Tons. 

183,240 

I'laiko 

113,325 


128,000 

50,100 

6,000 

102,200 



The largest ice-dealers in Baltimore are naturally 
those who first entered the field, Messrs. Cochran & Co. 
The senior partner, T. J. Cochran, died in 1867, when 
his interest was purchased by his brother, James E. 
Cochran. Woodward Abrahams became a member of 
the firm in 185.1, and has contributed very materially 
to its success and jjrosperity. Mr. Abrahams traces the 
genealogy of his family back to Joseph Abrahams, 
who emigrated from England to Massachusetts about 
the year 1660, and transplanted to the new country 
the sturdy virtues of a good old stock. The first 
Woodward Abrahams was born in 1727, and was mar- 
ried in 1751 to Tabitha Smithurst. At his home in 
Marblehead he was postmaster and collector of cus- 
toms, besides filling other public positions. His son 
Woodward was born at Marblehead, July 14, 1762, 
and the second Woodward had a sou named William, 
who was one of the defenders of the three-gun bat- 
tery on the Patapsco River during the war of 1812. 
Another son, the third Woodward, had a great longing 
for the sea, and it happened to him to be with his 
ship at Baltimore in 1802, where he met Miss Hannah 
Wooley, of Harford County, Md. Courtship and mar- 
riage followed. Capt. Abrahams determined to make 
Maryl.and his home, and after he lost his ship, the 
" Adrianna," on a voyage from London to Baltimore, 
he quit the sea and settled down on a farm called 
" Lucky Mistake," in Cecil County, on the Susque- 
hanna. The present Woodward Abrahams was the 
fourth son of this union, and was born Oct. 2, 1814, 
and in 1844 was married to Margaret E. Littig. 
After the death of the old captain tiie family re- 
moved to Baltimore, and Mr. Abrahams learned 



printing. He superintended an establishment in 
Petersburg, Va., and afterwards w:is one of the pub- 
lishers of the Koiftern Express and the Kaleidoscope 
in Baltimore. Mr. Abrahams is wealthy, a liberal 
patron of the fine arts, and is connected with many 
charitable institutions. He cherishes a deep affection 
for Miisonry, and is a "Knight Commander, Court of 
Honor 33," the highest post attainable in the order. 
He is also allied with Odd-Fellowship. He is ex- 
ceedingly popular in business and social circles, and 
at his beautiful home on Linden Avenue dispenses 
a refined and generous hospitality. His residence is 
adorned with choice works of the sculptor's and 
painter's arts that have been selected with rare taste. 
Strictly abstemious in his habits, Mr. Abrahams ap- 
pears much younger than his years, and bids fair to 
attain or exceed the venerable age of many of his 
ancestors. 

Coal Trade.— The first coal used in Baltimore, it is 
beli(ived, was cannel coal, which was shipped from Rich- 
mond, Va., to this port for several years prior to 1800, 
and consumed by those who could afibrd this luxuri- 
ous fuel. On the 3d of August, 1801, Benjamin Hen- 
frey, au Englishman, " respectfully informs the citi- 
zens of Baltimore that he has opened a coal-mine on 
the lands of Charles Ridgely, Esq., of Hampton, eight 
and a half miles from this town, and is now ready to 
deliver good pit coal on the following terms for cash, 
viz. : ten cents per bushel at the pit or eighteen cents 
delivered in Baltimore, and to those persons who buy 
one hundred bushels and upwards, two cents less." 
This discovery, according to Mr. Henfrey's description, 
" answered well for grates and stoves," " made a pleas- 
ant fire," emitting "no offensive smell," burned "with 
a lively flame like cannel coal," left a deposit of 
" white ashes with very little cinder," and was what 
" is known in Europe by the term Bovey coal." Mr. 
Henfrey expressed great confidence in the value of 
his " find," but his mine for some reason unknown 
did not prove a success.' What may have been the 
cause of his failure is not now ascertainable, but Mr. 
Henfrey appears to have been a man of considerable 
scientific attainments, and probably with some previ- 
ous experience in coal-mining. There were even then 
rival coal interests in the field, as he requests Intending 
customers to " send their orders to John Morgan, 
McElderry's wharf, who keeps coal forsale," and their 
competition may have possibly prevented the success 
of his enterprise. 

In 1816, Messrs. Richard Caton, Benjamin and 
James EUicott, Levi Hollingsworth, and others ob- 
tained licenses from several proprietors, and employed 
John Leadbetter to bore for coal in the neighborhood 
of Saratoga and North Streets. The undertaking 
must have been suggested by some previous discover- 



1 Mr. Henfrey was more successful soon after in discovering a method 
of creating light by gas from wood. He exhibited experiments in 
Baltimore, and actually lighted Richmond, Va., before any similar 
diflcovery wns known. 




^liL 



(V'V\Q-AaU) 



~^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



387 



ies pointing to the probability of coal deposits in that 
locality, but at all events it was rewarded by no 
practical results. 

In May, 1848, a vein of coal thirty-five feet below 
the surface was discovered in digging a well at the 
corner of Ross and Union Streets. A considerable 
quantity was taken out in passing through the vein, 
and was said to burn well, though its appearance was 
not in its favor. 

All these various discoveries have ended in disap- 
pointment for the reason that the substance discovered 
has never been a true coal, and only in a few instances 
a poor substitute for it. Carbonaceous matter has ac- 
cumulated at various places in the Jurassic and later 
clays, and in some of these, as well as in more modern 
fresh-water bogs and ponds, it has accumulated in ex- 
tensive deposits. Trees, shrubs, and plants have been 
drifted down from the hills and banks of these ancient 
depressions, stranded in the mire, and covered with 
alluvial sediments. Sealed thus in almost air-tight 
strata, they have undergone a slow carbonization, 
which has turned them into the lignites and charcoal 
masses which have so often been mistaken for true 
coal. Whole trunks of trees are often found in the 
clays of the iron ore beds, and when these are exposed 
to the air for a short time resemble anthracite coal, 
botli in hardness of texture and in thefinequality of the 
shining surface. Such deposits have occurred in the 
clays south and east of Baltimore, in the Clifton tun- 
nel near the Washington turnpike, and in wells and 
tunnels within the city. In general it is strongly 
impregnated with sulphuret of iron, which deadens 
its flame and disturbs its combustion. No true coal- 
measures exist within the limits of the county, and 
hence none of the kinds of coal useful for fuel and 
manufacturing purposes can ever be met with here. 

Baltimore's strength as a commercial and manu- 
facturing centre is supplemented by her proximity to 
the great coal-fields of Maryland, West Virginia, and 
Pennsylvania. The vast supplies of coal which nature 
has stored away in these regions form not only a 
commercial staple of the most valuable character, but 
an important element in the achievement of manu- 
facturing greatness. Situated within easy distance of 
the l)ituminous deposits of the Cumberland region, of 
the gas-coal of West Virginia, and the anthracite 
coal of Pennsylvania, and connected with them all by 
direct lines of railroad, Baltimore can furnish coal of 
every description, in all quantities and for every pur- 
pose, more cheaply and readily than any city in the 
country. The figures given below show the propor- 
tions the trade has already attained ; and when it is 
remembered that only a few years ago the annual 
shipments of bituminous coal from the mines scarcely 
reached 1700 tons, a more striking presentation of its 
growth could not be made. The coal trade at Balti- 
more at present gives employment to over five thou- 
sand vessels, and the coals received at the port are 
shipped not only to all domestic but many foreign 



ports. The foreign trade, for the most part, has 
sprung into existence during the last four or five 
years, and gives promise of steady growth. The 
cheap rates at which coal can be put upon the mar- 
ket in Baltimore offer special inducement to the es- 
tablishment of ocean and coastwise lines of steamers 
at this port, and have already attracted the attention 
of ship-owners and the commercial world. The 
ocean steamers of New York are supplied with coal 
carried by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and 
shipped from Baltimore. The cost of transportation 
from Baltimore to New York is one dollar and fifty 
cents per ton, which must be added to the expenses 
of steam-lines from the latter point. How important 
this single item is may be estimated from the fact 
that the Bremen steamers from Baltimore to the home 
port consume eight hundred tons of coal, making 
their expenses for coal on each voyage twelve hun- 
dred dollars less than if they sailed from New York. 
Such a combination of circumstances favorable to the 
development of an immense and profitable trade in 
an article which has become the wings of commerce 
as well as the muscles of manufactures have not es- 
caped the keen-eyed vision of capital ; and in addition 
to the railroad connections already existing with the 
coal regions, others are projected by the Western 
Maryland Railroad, and by the Canton Company, 
which proposes to construct a shorter line to the 
bituminous coal regions and to Pittsburgh. 

The following shows the total quantity of Cumber- 
land coal forwarded per rail and canal from 1842 to 
1874, inclusive : 



Years. 


Total by 
Baltimore 
and Ohio 
Railroad. 
1,708 


Total by 
Baltimoie 
and Ohio 
Uaual. 


Total by 
Peniisvlva- 
nia Rail- 
road 


Aggregate. 








10.082 






















ilfi 


29,795 
62,640 
79 571 








1847 




62;i)40 






79 671 










142 449 


1860 


192,806 
174 701 


4,042 
82,978 
65,719 
157,760 
155,845 
183,786 
204,120 
116,574 
254,251 
297,842 
295878 
97,599 

216^92 

343/202 
343,178 
468,153 
482;:i26 
652.151 
604,137 
860,339 
816,103 
778,802 
767,064 

8,585,966 




196,848 
267,679 




1852 


m%l 




334,178 




1854 


503,836 















706,450 




l^i^ 




682.486 


VSg 




649,6i6 
















788,909 


isei 

1S62 

1863 

1864 


172,075 
218,950 
531,533 
399;364 





269,674 
317 634 




748 345 









903,495 








1 079,331 


JS 




■ 






K+K,l 18 

riij;.i:is 
1 1-1, sU 
l,il7,_;47 

i^sTel'ieoi 

17,648,434 




1,330.443 


]**'','] 









1,717,075 
2,345,153 
2;355;471 
2,674,101 
2,410,895 

26,338,681 


ISTJ 

1874 


"22,021 
114,689 
67,671 

204,281 



1 Includes 38,100 tons used on line of Cumberland and Pennsylvania 
Railroad and its branches, and at Cumberland and Piedmont; also 
424,580 tons used by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company in loco- 
motives, rolling-mills, etc. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The following table shows tlie receipts of coal at 
Baltimore for the past seven years: 



1879., 



1877 ," I ,';•. 

1876 IJll ■ ' I 

1875 l.l",:i JTi.TM 

1874 l,.l(i(i,!<WJ 232,038 

Foreign exports for the year amounted to 52,356 
tons, against 28,059 tons in 1879, 32,804 tons in 1878, 
and 27,189 tons in 1877. 

The receipts of anthracite coal for Northern Cen- 
tral Railroad, 335,356 tons, against 412,169 tons in 
1879, and 301,042 tons in 1878. 

The following table shows the amount of fuel con- 
sumed in the city and vicinity during the twelve 
months commencing June 1, 1879, and ending May 
31, 1880: 

Tons. Value. 

Antliracite coal 382,376 $l,:i60,964 

Bituminous coal 439,623 1,019,209 

Caldrons. 

Coke 3,588 15,641 

Cords. 

Wood" 124,945 412,001 

Charcoal 2,366,823 223,883 

Other fuels 144,377 

Total 83,770,035 

Although the area of our coal-fields is not defined 
with absolute precision, there is good authority for 
the statement that " there are about two hundred mil- 
lions of tons of the ' big vein' untouched." 

Between 1842 and 1869 fourteen million eight hun- 
dred and fifty thousand tons were mined and shipped 
to market, and it is estimated tliat at the same rate 
of mining the big vein will last for at least a century. 
The four and six-feet veins combined contain more 
than the big vein, and " it is therefore safe to say that 
the minor veins will yield two millions of tons per 
annum for another century ; so, if we may feel sure 
that we can go on duplicating the present product 
until the year 2080, it is hardly necessary for the 
present generation to be anxious about the exhaus- 
tion of the coal-measures of Alleghany." 

The coal region of Maryland and West Virginia be- 
gins in Alleghany County, Md. The great bituminous 
coal basin of the State lies between Dan's and Savage 
Mountains, extending over sixty miles in length, and 
five in breadth. Through this valley flows George's 
Creek, on both sides of which are large deposits of the 
celebrated George's Creek Cumberland coal, so exten- 
sively used in iron and other manufactures, as well as 
upon railways, steamboats, etc. These fields are owned 
by mining companies actively employed in working 
the deposits, millions of capital being invested in the 
business, and thousands of men constantly engaged 
in the various operations of these immense interests. 
The Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad runs the 
entire length of the valley, and carries the coal from 

1 Foi-ty-four thousand eight hundred and eighty cords of wood in- 
cluded in this was burned into charcoal, producing 2,226.600 bushels, 
whicti is inclu<led in the item of clmrcoa). 

' Tar-cake, petroleum-cake, gasoline used as fuel. 



the mines to Piedmont and Cumberland, from whence 
it is shipped to such points as may be desired. From 
Piedmont it finds its way to Baltimore by the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad, and from Cumberland by 
the same route to Baltimore, and by the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal to Georgetown and Alexandria. 
Northumberland coal can be carried by the Cum- 
berland and Pennsylvania road, by way of the Penn- 
sylvania connection, to Philadelphia and New York. 

The principal company engaged in the develop- 
ment of these mines is the Consolidation Coal Com- 
pany, formed in 1864 by the combination of several 
of the wealthiest coal corporations in the country. 

The extraordinary success and prestige in the busi- 
ness and financial world which have been won by this 
gigantic corporation have been due mainly to the 
splendid enterprise and rare executive capacity of its 
president, Charles F. Mayer. Mr. Mayer comes of a 
family widely distinguished for ability in many varied 
spheres of thought and action. 

His father, Lewis Mayer, who died in the prime of 
a brilliant manhood, was educated at one of the best 
continental universities, and was a cultivated and ac- 
complished gentleman. He was no less noted for his 
business talent than for his mental culture, and was 
among the pioneers in developing the anthracite coal 
region of Pennsylvania, where he and many of his 
relatives were large landholders. The father of Lewis 
Mayer was Christian Mayer, who filled until his death 
the office of consul-general of Wurtemberg, and was 
well known to the citizens of half a century ago as 
one of the most successful merchants of Baltimore. 
There were no consuls appointed by the king of Wur- 
temberg at that time, or for many years afterwards, 
and all the business Avith that country from the 
United States passed through his hands. Christian 
Mayer was also the father of Charles F. Mayer, the 
distinguished lawyer, and of Col. Brantz Mayer, the 
litterateur, who is known wherever American litera- 
ture is read. Lewis Mayer was married in Lancaster, 
Pa., to his relative, Susan O. Mayer, daughter of Chris- 
topher M.ayer, of that place, an opulent merchant, 
who represented his district for years in the Senate of 
his native State, and died there, leaving a large for- 
tune to his children. He was a gentleman of the old 
school, and one of the most prominent and respected 
citizens of Pennsylvania. 

"He dwelt in a large, double stone house at the 
corner of Duke and Orange Streets, Lancaster, dis- 
pensing an elegant hospitality. He was a remarkably 
handsome and dignified man, with quiet manners, 
long a leader among his fellow-citizens as head of 
one of their most influential families." He died on 
the 11th of August, 1815. Without further reference 
to the details of the family genealogy, which shows 
the descent from Melchior Mayer, born in Ulm, 1495, 
until the emigration to America in 1752, it is suffi- 
cient to say that Charles F. Mayer is sprung from a 
race of men and women noted in their day for pos- 




^/t^-^^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



seasing the virtues as well as the accomplishments of 
generations of cultivated and educated people. The 
Mayer family have intermarried with some of the 
most distinguished families of Virginia and Pennsyl- 
vania, and their representatives can be traced from 
the northern boundary to the Mexican gulf. Mr. 
Mayer himself was educated in Baltimore, and at a 
very early age entered the counting-house of his 
uncle, Frederick Konig (who married Mr. Mayer's 
paternal aunt), and who was one of the large import- 
ing merchants of that day. Mr. Mayer at once mani- 
fested great aptitude for business, and before he was 
of age was sent as supercargo to the west coast of 
South America on one of the last trading voyages 
fitted out in Baltimore for that coast. Returning to 
this country after an absence of nearly two years, he 
became the head of the concern in which he was 
brought up, and continued until 1865 to conduct a 
large and very successful business. In that year he 
withdrew from active participation in the firm, and 
with a number of other prominent gentlemen of Bal- 
timore purchased and undertook the development of 
one of the valuable gas-coal basins of West Virginia, 
and organized the " Despard Coal Company," occupy- 
ing the position of vice-president, and afterwards pres- 
ident, in which latter position he still continues to man- 
age the affairs of the company with eminent success. 

In 1871 he formed the house of Mayer, Carroll & 
Co., miners and shippers of coal, which, under the 
name of Davis, Mayer & Co., continues to be one of 
the largest and most enterprising firms in this city, the 
first-mentioned member of the establishment being 
Hon. Henry G. Davis, United States senator from 
West Virginia. In 1877, Mr. Mayer was elected to 
the presidency of the Consolidation Coal Company of 
Maryland, and of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company. Mr. Mayer is also a director of 
the Western National Bank of Baltimore, the Eutaw 
Savings-Bank of Baltimore, the Baltimore Steam- 
Packet Company, trustee of the Church Home and 
Infirmary, and a member of the vestry of St. Paul's 
Episcopal Church. He was married in 1866 to his 
cousin, Susan Douglas, daughter of the late Hon. 
George May Keim, of Reading, Pa. There is no issue 
of this marriage. 

Of Mr. Mayer's private and personal character it is 
unnecessary, as it would be inappropriate, to speak at 
length in this connection. A man of actions rather 
than words, he demonstrates his public spirit by actual 
achievements that advance the prosperity and welfare 
of the community rather than by brilliant promises 
and showy rhetoric. In private friendship firm and 
unvarying, his strong hand has smoothed the path for 
many whose subsequent success has been due to his 
timely assistance, while his charities, though quiet 
and unostentatious, have found their way to the sup- 
port of hundreds of meritorious objects, and though 
bidden to be silent, now will bear eloquent testimony 
when the greatest of Christian virtues is called upon 



to point out the worthiest of her followers. A man of 
remarkable business talent, of untiring energy and 
fixedness of purpose, whatever is undertaken by him 
to it he gives his whole soul, and lets not one of the 
many interests confided to his care suff'er from want of 
ability, integrity, or industry. Such men are indeed 
rare, an honor to the community in which they reside, 
an object of emulation by the youth of to-day, the 
men of to-morrow. 

Some idea of the resources and the extent of the 
operations of the company over which Mr. Mayer 
presides may be gathered from the fact that it has a 
capital of $10,250,000, and owns over seven thousand 
acres of the "big vein," and over fourteen thousand 
acres of the smaller veins, its coal-lands forming two- 
thirds of the George's Creek deposit. The coal mined 
by the company is semi-bituminous in its character, 
remarkably free from impurities, and specially adapted 
for manufacturing purposes where a combination of 
economy and power are desired. 

The Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, al- 
ready referred to, is also the result of the vast capital 
and energy of the Consolidation Coal Company, which 
has thus provided itself and other coal companies 
with facilities for transportation unequaled by those 
of any coal region in the country. The coal trade of 
Baltimore has felt the stimulus imparted by this en- 
ergetic corporation, and its growth of recent years is 
mainly attributable to the admirable and complete 
system which regulates every detail of the vast busi- 
ness of this company. Its principal ofiice is at No. 13 
German Street, Baltimore, but it has agencies in New 
York, Boston, and other places. Locust Point is the 
chief point of shipment, but it also has piers at the 
Cumberland basin of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
from whence it sends coal to Georgetown. 

The following table shows the product of the whole 
Cumberland coal-field for each year since 1864, and 
the product of the mines of the Consolidation Coal 
Company, thus indicating the proportion which the 
business of this single company bears to that of the 
entire region : 



Teabs. 


Whole 
Region. 
Tons. 


Consolidation 

Coal Company. 

Tons. 




667,996 
903,495 
1,079,331 
1,193,822 
1330 443 
1,882,669 
1,717,075 
2,346,163 
2,355.471 
2,674,101 
2,410,895 
2,342,773 
1,835,081 

1,679,322 
1,730,709 
2,136,160 


33,641 




68,097 






}*J;^ 










256.790 




383,707 


jgZy 








1873 


548.414 
467,458 


jg!'f 














404,015 




488,692 


}ggQ 








Total 


37,637,268 


5,835,263 



390 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The continued improvement in the general busi- 
ness of the country warrants the expectation of an 
increase in the company's business for the year 1881, 
and with more profitable results than have been pos- 
sible with the low prices for coal which have i)revailed 
until very recently. The mining operations of the 
company have been carried on during the past year 
without accidents or expenses of extraordinary char- 
acter, and generally upon the system heretofore ob- 
served. The mines are now capable of an output of 
four thousand tons per day. During the past year 
the company has made large extensions and improve- 
ments in the mining department, which will enable 
it hereafter to meet promptly the increasing demand 
for its product. These improvements have also ac- 
complished some important economies iu the working 
of its mines. 

Every economy consistent with the most efficient 
management and preservation of the property has 
been observed in all the departments. The railroads of 
the company have been improved during the past year 
by the addition of two hundred and fifty-nine tons of 
heavy steel rail. Everything in the road department is 
in superior condition. The directors are William F. 
Burns, William F. Frick, John Gregg, William Don- 
nell, William Whitewright, George B. Warren, Kob- 
ert Garrett, Decatur H. Miller, and Edward DeRose. 
The secretary and treasurer is Charles W. Keim, 
whose efficiency, fidelity, and energy have thoroughly 
merited the important trusts confided to him. The 
company is represented at Cumberland, Md., by P. L. 
Burwell, resident agent ; at Georgetown by Gilmore, 
Meredith & Co. ; iu New York by Roussel & Hicks ; 
and iu Boston by Wood & Oliphant. In addition to 
the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, already 
mentioned, the Consolidation Company also owns the 
Eckhart Branch Railroad, extending from the vil- 
lage of Eckhart to Cumberland, and the State Line 
road, connecting the Cumberland and Pennsylvania 
Railroad with the Pennsylvania system of roads. It 
is worthy of note that intelligent employers of steam- 
power everywhere are abandoning the use of the 
cheaper coals in favor of the semi-bituminous pro- 
duct of the George's Creek region, on account of 
the vastly superior steam-producing qualities of the 
latter. It is claimed by manufacturers of experience 
that there is a saving in the use of the best semi-bitu- 
minous coal from twenty-five to thirty per cent, as 
compared with anthracite. No doubt this fact has 
much to do with the commercial supremacy Great 
Britain so long enjoyed. In that country bituminous 
coals are exclusively used for manufacturing pur- 
poses. In 1876, 134,125,166 tons of coal were raised, 
of which about 18,000,000 tons were exported, while 
the greatest quantity of coal ever raised in the United 
States in a single year was 50,000,000, of which 
30,000,000 tons were bituminous and 20,000,000 tons 
were anthracite. 

Among those most largely interested in the Cum- 



berland coal-fields, as well as in the general coal trade 
■of the city, is James Boyce, so well known in Balti- 
more and elsewhere for his business capacity and 
success. Mr. Boyce was born in the town of Chester, 
Orange Co., N. Y., Jan. 8, 1823, of parents who were 
natives of Dublin, Ireland. After receiving a com- 
mon-school education he went to New York City, and 
found employment as clerk with a retail grocer, sub- 
sequently entering into a wholesale house in the same 
capacity. In 1839, being then in his sixteenth year, 
he obtained a situation in a coal-office, and thus his 
attention was diverted to the line of business in which 
he has since become so successful. In 1842 he opened 
business on his own account, and five years later he 
became interested in the Cumberland coal-fields. He 
invested his accumulated capital iu bituminous coal- 
lands in Maryland and Virginia, operating largely in 
his own name, and also acting as general agent of a 
mining company, in which he was one of the prin- 
cipal stockholders. He removed to Baltimore be- 
cause of its being more convenient as the centre of 
his operations, and was elected president of the 
Franklin Coal Company of Maryland, of whose 
property he became sole owner in 1865. The de- 
mands of the United States government during the 
war epoch for immense quantities of coal provided 
Mr. Boyce with the opportunity of accepting con- 
tracts on a scale of magnitude that was possible to 
but a few dealers. For this single account millions 
of tons were mined, handled, and transferred, Mr. 
Boyce faithfully fulfilling to the letter every specifi- 
cation of his contracts, and coming to be regarded by 
the government officers as always reliable and prompt. 
Most of these shipments were anthracite coal from 
Pennsylvania, in which State he purchased an an- 
thracite tract, and he is engaged in working other 
collieries in Maryland and Virginia. He is the 
largest owner in the stock of the Maryland Union 
Coal Company of Maryland, as well as manager of 
the mines, having sole control of the sale of the coal, 
which company now owns the lands formerly worked 
by him, known as the George's Creek Mining Com- 
pany, Franklin Company, Hammel and Midland tracts. 
He is also half-owner of the Gaston gas-coal mine, 
and the largest owner in another gas-coal mining 
company of West Virginia, and is interested in gold 
and copper mining properties in North Carolina. 
The growth of Mr. Boyce's business has more than 
kept j)ace with the increase in the use of coal through- 
out the country. Interests of enormous proportions 
have been gathered into his hands, and he directs them 
with such business ability that he is now one of the 
most extensive miners and shippers of bituminous coal 
in Maryland and West Virginia, and is sometimes 
spoken of as the autocrat of the trade. He had very 
few advantages in making his start in life, for his 
education was limited and his family in moderate 
circumstances. He earned by hard labor the small 
fund witli which he entered into tlie coal trade, and 




^^^^^^^^^^^^^(:>w^'^^^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



all of his now large fortune lias been built up by his 
own exertions. He is remarkably self-reliant, and 
has every detail of his vast business at his fingers' 
ends. Many years ago, before Locust Point showed 
any signs of becoming the great maritime depot for 
the port of Baltimore, he decided for himself what its 
future must be. He bought water-fronts and erected 
coal piers, recently rebuilt with iron, with direct rail- 
road communication, and furnished them with all the 
best machinery and other facilities for the quick and 
cheap handling of bituminous coal. This property 
is now worth a large increase over its cost to Mr. 
Boyce, and upon it are received from the mines and 
transferred to vessels thousands of tons of coal annu- 
ally, which are shipped to our own coast ports and to 
those of the West Indies, South America, and even to 
California. Mr. Boyce is very quiet and retiring in 
his habits and manners, but in business circles his 
name is synonymous with financial strength and re- 
sponsibility. His leisure hours are spent at his de- 
lightful home in Baltimore County. He has been 
twice married, first in 1844, and secondly in 1850, 
both ladies being residents of New York City. His 
first wife died in 1845, leaving an only daughter. 
The second marriage has been fruitful of four sons 
and two daughters. JVIr. Boyce's eldest son, James, 
was a member of the firm of Cox & Boyce, wholesale 
coal-dealers. New York, now representing his father 
in the coal business in New York City and vicinity. 

Baltimore Anthracite Coal-Mine.— On the 20th 
of July, 1829, Garrick Mallery, John L. Butler, and 
Chester Butler, administrators of Lord Butler, con- 
veyed to Thomas Symington, of Baltimore, four hun- 
dred and ten acres of coal-land in the vicinity of 
Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa., for the consideration 
of fourteen thousand dollars, or about thirty-four 
dollars an acre. 

On this land was then opened and partially de- 
veloped the great vein then known as the Butler, but 
ever after the " Baltimore vein," and so put down 
upon the coal maps, whenever it ajipears through the 
whole valley. This seam of coal will average twenty- 
six feet in thickness, of the best quality of anthracite 
coal, and will yield, after allowing the necessary pil- 
lars for supporting the roof and twenty per cent, in 
waste in preparation, twenty-six thousand tons to the 
acre, and worth to-day one dollar per ton in the mine ; 
exhibiting the fact that one acre of the land is worth 
over twice as much per acre (because there are other 
seams under and otter it) as Mr. Symington paid for 
the four hundred and ten acres in 1829. A million of 
dollars would not buy the tract to-day, after over 
forty years' mining. There is no purer or better 
quality of coal in the great field than is contained in 
this mine. 

After the purchase of the mine, Mr. Symington 
organized a company under the name of the " Balti- 
more Coal Company." This company immediately 
commenced mining and shipping coal from tliis mine 



in arks to Baltimore, hauling it in wagons from the 
mines to the Susquehanna, a distance of two miles. 
This business was continued for several years, but was 
attended with no success. The stock went down to 
five dollars per share. After the building of railroads 
and canals, and the coal business became established, 
these shares passed hands at five hundred dollars a 
share. The mines are now owned by the " Delaware 
and Hudson Canal Company," and carried on upon a 
large scale. 

Baltimore was the first shipping depot of coal in 
this trade. Not from this vein, however, for as early 
as 1810 coal was shipped from Baltimore coastwise to 
New York. It was sent down the Susquehanna from 
the Wyoming coal-field in arks by Abijah Smith, who 
may be justly called the pioneer of the trade, and who 
devoted his life to the business. He died about 1826. 
The vein which Mr. Smith operated in is known as 
the red-ash vein, on the opposite side of the river, 
which is some twenty-eight feet in thickness. This 
vein .underlies the Baltimore vein, but on the Balti- 
more purchase it is not over ten feet in thickness. 

The coal trade in 1810 in the county of Luzerne 
may have amounted annually to five hundred tons. 
The trade in 1874 was probably ten millions within 
the county limits. 

In referring to the growth of the coal trade of Balti- 
more, the prominent connection of the late Robert 
Howard with its early history and the measures which 
contributed so greatly to its subsequent development 
should not be forgotten. Mr. Howard was intimately 
connected with many of the most useful improve- 
ments of the city, and his career as a merchant and 
public-spirited citizen was one which has left its mark. 
He was among the first who appreciated the value of 
the coal trade to Baltimore, and used his personal and 
official influence as president of the Second Branch of 
the City Council to have the terminus of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad extended to Locust Point.' 
He died May 12, 1865. 

One of the oldest and best-known coal-dealers in 
Baltimore is Edward Day Onion. Mr. Onion was born 
in Harford County, Md., on the 27th of September, 
1829. He is the son of Lloyd Day Onion, born in 1799 
on the Little Gunpowder, Baltimore County. His 
mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Rouse, 
was born in Harford County, Md. His paternal grand- 
father, William Onion, was a member of the Principio 
Iron Company, which was organized in 1719, and 
which was the first to erect iron-works in Maryland. 
Lawrence Washington, of Virginia, father of Gen. 
George Washington, was a member of the Principio 
Company. The father of Mr. Onion afterwards estab- 
lished iron-works on his own account on the Gun- 
powder River, in Baltimore County. 

Edward Day Onion was married Dec. 26, 1850, to 



' Jackson Square, located near Broadway and Fayette Streets, 
presented by liinl to the city. 



392 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Elizabeth Ann Buckniiller, daughter of Robert S. 
Buckmiller, of Baltimore, of German ancestry. His 
first wife dying, he was married the second time, 
June 24, 1868, to Julia Ann R.awlings, a daughter of 
Joshua Rawlings, of Baltimore. 

Mr. Onion received a limited education at a com- 
mon school in Harford County, but like most men of 
active minds and great energy lias known how to re- 
pair the deficiencies of early training by improving 
the opportunities of after-years. 

His parents were Catholics, but his first wife be- 
coming a member of the Lutheran communion, he 
attended that church with her, and although not a 
communicant, he has since continued to be a mem- 
ber of the congregation. In politics Mr. Onion is 
a Democrat, and votes with that party on all great 
public measures. When he was about sixteen years 
of age he entered, as an apprentice, a cabinet manu- 
factory in order to learn that trade, but only remained 
in that business for about twelve months. 

In 1857 he commenced dealing iu wood and coal, and 
has been engaged in that business with considerable 
success until the present time. 

Mr. Onion and his first wife had eight childjen, 
five of whom are living, — two sons, Robert S. and 
James E., and three daughters, Virginia C, Eliz- 
abeth A., and Ann Olevia. Virginia C. married 
Wm. G. Wilson, and Elizabeth A. married Louis G. 
Onion, all residing in Baltimore. 

Edward Day Onion is one of the best-known busi- 
ness men of enterprise in Baltimore. Closely atten- 
tive to his business, and correct in his dealings, he 
bears a most excellent character in the business com- 
munity, and is highly esteemed by the public for his 
many fine traits of character. He has the justly- 
merited reputation of unimpeachable integrity, and 
in the social relations of life is highly valued by a 
large circle of friends. 

Lumber Trade. — The navigable waters of the 
Chesapeake Bay, extending from the woodlands of 
Pennsylvania on the north to the great forests of the 
Carolinas at the south, the railroad lines that extend 
from Baltimore to every forest as well as grain region 
of the country, could not have failed to make this 
city a very large lumber-market. The numerous in- 
dustries that are dependent directly and indirectly 
upon lumber in all its various branches aggregate 
nearly four hundred establishments in the city of 
Baltimore. For their consumption over three hun- 
dred millions of feet of white and yellow pine, j)oplar, 
ash, walnut, oak, and other woods are annually re- 
ceived in Baltimore. This is also a great market for 
lumber used in car manufacturing in all sections of 
the United States. The building trade of the city, 
itself very large, aUso manufactures lumber for ship- 
ping into the interior as well as to foreign ports ; the 
furniture trade, in its many divisions, consumes im- 
mense quantities of the lighter kinds; mouldings, 
ovals, picture-frames, carriages and wagons, wheel- 



wrights, ship-carpentering, box-manufactures are very 
extensively conducted in this city, as will be seen by 
the following tables, from the census of 1880 : 

T,.i„.tr,-«. v„ No. of Amt. o( Amt. of Val. of Val.of 

limuBlnes. Ko. ^^^^^ Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 

Boxes, ci(!ar 48 $10,100 $13,450 $23,327 $47,100 

packing 198 463 152,737 ir,2,a9fl 31S,SJ9 !)IJ2,222 

Carpentering and 

building 79 1143 318,800 :; J H'. --iTI 1,122.126 

Carriages, wagons . 65 626 297,7-5(1 j" , I i .i,!l,379 

Cooperage 38 444 220,860 1 h i ..".s,068 

Furniture, etc 56 1072 697,102 :.;,:- , , ji. I,,.:i2,438 

Looliing-glass, etc. 29 395 109,3.50 ;)l,l..l ll.,,.;c. .;t,4,402 
Lumber, planed 

and sawed 4 62 61,000 22,699 168,200 204,462 

Patterns, models... 3 3 1,450 2,050 1,700 , 8,100 

Pumps 3 6 2,700 3,000 3,400 10,600 

Koofing material... 15 147 198,425 46,636 81,000 207,654 

Sash, doors, blinds. 8 443 344.526 118,115 322,113 663,755 

Ship-building 18 540 96,950 110,556 140,009 309,988 

" carpentering.. 15 62 21,375 20,686 16,302 67,030 

Wheelwrighting ... 3 60 10,150 13,630 20,101 45,630 

Wood carving 6 20 2,360 7,780 8,.545 24,700 

Woodenware 2 96 86,000 27,500 62,500 114,260 

Salt.' — The port of Baltimore possesses, by means 
of her steamer lines, equal advantages with the most 
favored ports elsewhere for the importation of salt, 
and her extended lines of railroad offer superior ad- 
vantages for distribution to interior points. Ship- 
ments are made directly from vessel to cars, and the 

1 The dependence of the colonies upon Great Britain is well illustrated 
in the following account of the difiiculties and embarrassments that at- 
tended, during the Revolution, the obtaining of this prime necessary 
of life. We append the proceedings of a public meeting and the or- 
ganization of a society for the reduction of the price of salt. It appeared 
in the Pemisylvania Packet and General AdcertUer of Nov. 2, 1779 : 

" Baltimoee, Oct. 26, 1779. 

" At a meeting of the society for reducing the price of salt, etc., held 
for the first time at the Coffee House in Baltimore Town on Friday, the 
15th of October, 1779, Col. John Dorsey was elected chairman of the so- 
ciety ; Mr. James Calhoun, treasurer ; and Mr. Robert Buchanan, secre- 
tary. Messrs. William Neil, David Stewart, and Mark Pringle were ap- 
pointed to retail salt. One thousand bushels of alum salt, imported, had 
been purchased by Mr. Neil at £50 per bushel. Mr. Caldwell, desirous of 
aiding the society, had given £750 towards defraying the expense of re- 
tailing the salt bought of Mr. Neil. It was resolved ' That the purchase 
made by Mr. Noil is approved of, and that the salt be retailed at £50 per 
bushel, the original cost.' The other purchases reported, made on ac- 
count of the society, aggregated 1100 bushels at £50 per bushel. The 
following subscriptions for the purchase of salt were then made : ' We, 
the subscribers, inhabitants of the town and county of Baltimore, view- 
ing with great concern the exorbitant price to which the article of salt 
has lately risen, and apprehending the avarice of the aggressors, if not 
speedily and vigorously opposed, will soon put that necessity of life out 
of the reach of the industrious poor both in town and county, do hereby 
associate ourselves together for the purpose of reducing the price of salt 
and to prevent, as far m is la our power, the evil consequences which 
must ensue to the community at large from the pernicious arts of specu- 
lators and engrossers. 

" • To attain these laudable ends we do, each for himself engage to pay 
into the hands of a treasurer, to be appointed by the society, the sums of 
money annexed to our respective names ; this money to be expended in 
purchasing all salt which may arrive at the port of Baltimore in the 
course of two months, which shall be sold out in small quantities, at a 
price barely sufficient to pay the cost and such expenses as may neces- 
sarily attend the retailing of it. Witness our hands this 14th day of Oc- 
tober, 1779. 

'"SigMwl: S. .V It. Pnrviance, £10,000; Wm. Smith, £5000; Wm. Willis, 

.£41111", Mill. Iiiii_l , 1. Daniel Bowley, £5000; John McCure, 

I'.'" 1 I "Ill Hammond, £4000; Stephen Stewart, 

.li HI', I , I'hos. Langton, £1000; Thos. Barling, 

i;:;iiii' i a i ii lin,^- >,.i ii,, t;iiuO; Hugh Young, £5000; James Cal- 
houn, .tjuiiii; Jonuthun Hudson, .£3000; Richard Carson, £1000; Mark 
Alexander, £2000; B. & A. McKim, £2000; Matthew Ridley, SMOi); 
David Stewart, £6000; Thos. Russell, £5000; Hughes & Williamson, 
£200(1; Gardner H Yates, £2000; John Sterrett, £1000; Saml. Smith, 
£2000; Philip Graybill, £1000. Total, £93,000.'" 




^.^^2^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



393 



low freights secured by vessels coming to Baltimore 
to load with grain have extended the trade in salt to 
the proportions exhibited in the annexed table of the 
imports at Baltimore for the past twelve years : 

Liverpool. Coastwise. Bulk. 

Sacks. Sacks. Bushels. 

1880 33.3,637 2,000 185,000 

1879 409,758 173,357 

1.S7S 213,628 4,024 183,316 

1S77 290,166 12,355 89,301 

ISTC. 301,586 6.400 118,S04 

187"! 213,007 3,800 1G4,49J 

1874 2!;9.893 8,000 201,486 

1873 280,146 8,206 142,985 

1872 167,527 16,073 248,693 

1871 2113,872 7,088 101,413 

1870 149,112 1,815 122,667 

1860 136,674 16,367 104,763 

Fish. — The Chesapeake Bay, teeming with fish 
suited to every palate, would of itself constitute 
Baltimore the leading fish-market of the country. 
Its bay mackerel, Potomac herring, its shad, drum, 
sheepshead, taylor, rock, white and yellow perch, crabs, 
and the numerous other varieties offer greater quantities 
and more decided excellence than are offered by any 
other waters of this country. Not only the home 
article but the foreign article from the British prov- 
inces find their best distributing-point at Baltimore. 
The annexed table exhibits the imports and receipts 
offish for 1880, as compared with a number of former 
years : 





Fbou 


r^r 


=f 


British Provinces 




289 
16,654 

16,943 
12,237 
13,515 
15,696 
21,038 
27,485 
17,172 
17314 
15,630 
26,202 


1086 


New England 





14,413 

15,499 
22,0.30 
23:366 






1878 










36,473 
14,858 
22,444 

20,767 
24,718 
36,755 


" 1875 


" 1874 











18,327 
9,769 
12,291 
12,474 



Manufactures. — While commerce was encouraged 
by the policy of Great Britain, manufactures in the 
colonies were forbidden and repressed. Hence the 
former grew and expanded from the earliest period 
of the city's history, while the latter languished until 
the Eevolution set free the energy and enterprise of 
the people. 

There existed in Baltimore Town as early as 1788 
a linen-factory, a bleach-yard, a paper-mill, a slitting- 
machine, a card-factory, and two nail-factories. The 
manufactures of the whole country received an im- 
petus from the action of "seven hundred of the me- 
chanics and tradesmen of Baltimore," who by peti- 
tion to Congress, March, 1789, called attention to the 
decline of manufactures and trade since the Revolu- 
tion, and prayed that the new government under the ' 



country, "independent in ftict as well as name," would 
give early attention to the encouragement and protec- 
tion of American manufactures, by imposing on " all 
foreign articles which could be made in America such 
duties as would give preference to their labor." This 
was indeed the origin of the American sy.stem of pro- 
tection to home industry. The first Congress re- 
sponded to this prayer by a law, the preamble of 
which declared that it was " necessary for the sup- 
port of the government, for the discharge of the debt 
of the United States, and the encouragement and pro- 
tection of manufactures, that duties be laid on goods, 
wares, and merchandise imported." 

The Athenian Society of Baltimore in 1809 was 
formed for the deposit and sale of domestic manufac- 
tures, the officers being William Haslett, president; 
Joseph Townsend, John Hillen, William McDonald, 
James Wilson, Luke Tieinan, Aaron Levering, and 
George Decker, directors, with Robert McKim, John 

D. Craig, Jerrard T. Hopkins, Nathan Levering, 
Isaac Burneston, Samuel Harden, John Kipp, A. J. 
Schwartz, James Mosher, Ghriste Slemmer, Isaac N. 
Toy, and Lewis Brantz, premium committee. The 
Union Manufacturing Company was formed in 1808, 
with William Patterson, John McKim, John Gill, 
Robert McKim, A. J. Schwartze, William Jones, 
Ludwick Herring, John Trimble, James H. MeCul- 
loh, William Wilson, Benjamin Ellicott, and Robert 
Gilmor, directors. The American Society for the 
Promotion of Domestic Manufactures and National 
Industry was organized Feb. 12, 1817, with Charles 
Ridgely, of Hampton, president ; John E. Howard 
and William Patterson, vice-presidents ; John Gill, 
William Gwynn, secretaries; Nathaniel Williams 
and W. Winder, counselors; James A. Buchanan, 
Alexander McKim, William Lormaii, J. C. White, 

E. W. Gray, J. A. Schwartze, John McKim, Jr., Al- 
exander McDonald, Isaac Burneston, Andrew Elli- 
cott, and Luke Tiernan, corresponding committee. 
"The Baltimore Economical Association" was organ- 
ized in conformity to a resolution of the citizens of 
Baltimore in 1819, with William Patterson, president; 
Isaac Burneston, treasurer ; L. Mathews, secretary ; 
James Mosher, N. F. Williams, Alexander McKim, 
A. J. Schwartze, John Hillen, and Luke Tiernan, di- 
rectors. At the great Tariff Convention held in New 
York in 183.5, Baltimore was represented by thirty- 
seven delegates appointed in public meeting, at which 
William Stewart, mayor, presided. The names were 
Luke Tiernan, Thomas Ellicott, Samuel Moore, John 
P. Kennedy, William McDonald, W. W. Taylor, 
John McKim, Jr., Christian Keener, Hezekiah Niles, 
Joseph K. Stapleton, William Meeter, James Wil- 
liams, James Wilson, Sheppard C. Leakin, James 
Howard, Columbus O'Donnell, Math. Kelly, James 
Beacham, Lewin Wethered, John Glenn, J. B. Mor- 
ris, John Kelso, Jesse Hunt, S. D. Walker, R. H. 
Jones, George Rogers, Joseph W. Patterson, R. C. 
Colt, Isaac Tyson, Jr., R. L. Hollins, H. W. Evans, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Joseph Beatty, John T. Barr, H. Boyle, E. L. Finley, 
Evan T. EUicott, and James W. McCulloh. In 1842 
" the friends of Home Industry" in Baltimore again 
rallied in an imposing meeting at the Exchange, with 
James Harwood, president; B. H. Richardson, Peter 
Leary, Benjamin Deford, J. G. Davis, L. B. Cully, 
Hucii Birckhead, Thomas Williams, O. C. Tiffany, 
John Dushane, Thomas Sewell, Robert Howard, 
Christian Kaborg, John Watchman, and Charles 
Reeder, vice-presidents ; and B. C. Sanders, Richard 
Lilly, George Rogers, and John L. Carey, secretaries. 
Thus, upon every principle of succession, the pres- 
ent generation of citizens of Baltimore inherit the 
zeal and spirit of a manufacturing community. With 
far-reaching lines of railroad to bring the raw ma- 
terial and to distribute the manufactured articles, 
with water-power abundant and convenient, with 
cheap coal for the generation of steam, with cheap 
labor, an orderly population, and with exemption 
from burdensome taxation, Baltimore offers to manu- 
facturers more inducements and encouragements than 
any other city. Mayor Latrobe, in his message of 
Jan. 8, 1877, very properly remarks, '" We should re- 
member that it is not commerce alone, but commerce 
and manufactures together, that will insure the future 
prosperity of the community. While, therefore, we 
are deepening the harbor, and thus making available 
the natural advantages of our short lines to the West, 
let us lend a helping hand to those people who, 
profiting by our cheap coal, healthy climate, plentiful 
supply of water, low rents, and cheap living, would 
establish in Baltimore the great manufacturing es- 
tablishments that have built up Philadelphia and 
neighboring communities. But we can never have 
manufactures unless, by a change in our existing laws, 
we offer similar inducements to capitalists as are ten- 
dered them elsewhere." The City Council, in response 
to this message, provided for the appointment of a 
'■ commission on the establishment of manufactures," 
whose report, after exhaustively examining the whole 
subject, recommended : 1. The exemption of " plant" 
and machinery from city taxation for a period of five 
years; 2. A drawback from present water-rates of 
seventy-five percent, of the total consumption of water 
for which they are charged ; 3. A general reduction 
of water-rates to the extent of twenty-five per cent. ;' 
4. A special tax on insurance agencies ; and suggested 
the modification of State legislation so as to distribute 
and equalize taxation throughout the State. Some of 
these recommendations have now assumed the shape 
of law, and the plant and machinery of manufacturing 
establishments have been expressly exempted from 
taxation. Water-rates have also been reduced, and 
the new supply of water from the Gunpowder adds 
largely to the manufacturing facilities and advantages 
of the city. 

> The price of water to those using meters has been reduced from 
fifteen cenu to eight cents per thousand gallons, so that the rate to'man- 
ufacturers is really nominal. 



Oysters, Fruit, and Vegetable Packing.— Dis- 
tinct and separate as these subjects are, yet in trade 
they are united and complete the work of the year. 
In fall and winter the oyster is manipulated, and 
spring and summer fruit and vegetables are canned 
in the same establishment. This combination has 
developed a trade and business in Baltimore for 
which she has no rival and never can have a success- 
ful competitor. Ample capital, long experience, and 
abundant labor have contributed to build up this 

, trade to immense proportions, until in all its many 
branches of growing, gathering, transporting, pick- 
ing, preparing, canning, and shipping it is believed 
that fifty thousand persons are employed. One thou- 
sand schooners and three thousand five hundred 

I smaller boats are employed in oystering during the 
fall and winter, the greater proportion of which in 
summer and fall are engaged in transporting fruit 
and vegetables. 

The oyster trade has two divisions, that of packing 
the raw oyster for early though not immediate con- 
sumption, and the partially cooked for transportation 
and deferred consumption. In both trades they are 
hermetically sealed in tin cans. This latter article, 
indispensable to this trade, has also immense de- 
velopment, reaching to 20,000,000 of cans. 

Several of the packing-houses are also manufac- 
turers of their own cans and cases, as well as burners 
of the shells, and thus manufacturers of lime ; the 
extent of the last-mentioned branch may be estimated 
from the fact that one establishment has made 600,000 
bushels of pure white lime in a year. 

The packing of fruit and vegetables, as well as the 
manufacture of preserves, sauces, catsups, and pickles, 
all belong to this branch of the trade. In 1868 the 
capital employed was estimated at §9,000,000, and in 
1880 at $30,000,000. The different modes of classifi- 
cation adopted in the census prevent the combined 
capital actually employed in this business from being 
stated with any accuracy. Inquiry among those best 

I acquainted with the trade has fixed the amount at the 

1 figures given above. 

Among the packers of oysters, fruits, and vege- 
tables is the house of Piatt & Co., the head of which 
is Sandy Beach Piatt, who was born in Milford, New 
Haven Co., Conn., Sept. 6, 1812. He is the son of 

I Elanson Piatt, born in Milford, Conn., in 1790. His 
mother was Betsy Ward Beach, born in Milford, 
Conn., in 1791. His grandfather, Isaac Piatt, resided 
in Milford, Conn., and was noted for his active interest 
in town. State, and national affairs. On the maternal 
side Mr. Piatt's grandfather was a farmer. His great- 
grandfather, for whom he was named, belonged to the 
coast-guard during the war of the Revolution, and 
had a record of many daring exploits, although he 
was then sixty years of age. He lived to the age of 
ninety-seven years. Mr. Piatt married Harriet Hem- 
mingway, who was born in East Haven, Conn. Her 
ancestors landed in New England with Bradford's 





'^^. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



395 



colony. Mr. Piatt was educated at the public schools 
of his native State; and is a Congregationalist in re- 
ligion, in politics was an Old-Line Whig. He served 
as quartermaster on the regimental stafi" of the Second 
Kegiment of the Connecticut militia in 1835, 183(5, 
and 1837. Mr. Piatt was educated as an architect and 
builder, in which business he continued until 1848. 
He then commenced his present business, that of 
oyster and fruit packing. He first engaged in the 
business in New York. In 1849 he removed to 
Chicago, and established himself in business there at 
the corner of Clark and South Water Streets, receiving 
his oysters part of the route by stage, the railroads not 
then connecting, and by sledges to Milwaukee, trips 
only being made in the winter season. In 1852 he 
made Buftalo, N. Y., his distributing-point, on account 
of railroad facilities and lake communications to the 
West and Southwest. In 1858, the trade having in- 
creased to such an extent that the supply began to 
. fail from New Haven waters, he was compelled to seek 
a better source of supply, and went to Seaford, Del., at 
the head of navigation of the Nanticoke, then famous 
for oysters. 

lu 1864 he moved to Baltimore City to avail himself 
of the fine oysters of the Chesapeake, and added to the 
fresh oyster business that of canning fruits and vege- 
tables, as well as oysters hermetically sealed, which 
found a ready market in all parts of the world. Mr. 
Piatt has continued in the business in Baltimore in 
connection with his two sons, H. S. Piatt, who is now 
president of the Union Oyster Company, of Baltimore, 
and William S. Piatt, who manages the business of 
Piatt & Co., and has succeeded in building up a large 
trade, his brands being familiar to the entire trade. 
Mr. Piatt's eldest son, L. B. Piatt, Jr., is a minister 
in the Congregational Church. Another son, James 
B. Piatt, who was connected with his father in busi- 
ness and was well known in Baltimore and other 
cities, died in 1873. He has two daughters, Harriet 
M. Piatt and Jennie E. Piatt. 

Thomas J. Myer, one of the pioneers of the oyster 
and fruit packing business in Baltimore, was born in 
this city, Nov. 23, 1820. His father was Thomas 
Myer, born in this city, March 21, 1788,' and his 
mother was Anna Ringgold, born in Kent Island, 
Queen Anne Co., Md. 

Thomas Myer, the father of the subject of this 
sketch, was the son of Jacob Myer and Mary Welsh. 
Jacob Myer was the son of John Jeremiah Mayer and 
Anne Schley, and was born in Frederick, Md. J.J. 
Mayer was one of the first settlers of that place, 
and came from Frankfort-on-the-Main. The original 
family name was Mayer, and John J. changed it to 
Myer. Mary Welsh was the daughter of Charles 
Welsh, of Baltimore, and was born in this city. 
Anna Ringgold, the mother of the subject of this 
sketch, was the daughter of Dr. Jacob Ringgold and 
Rebecca Kirby, of Kent Island, Md. Mrs. Myer is 
the daughter of William Shriver and Mary M. J. 



Owens, of Union Mills, Carroll Co., Md. She was 
born May 3, 1829. Her father was William Shriver, 
son of Andrew Shriver and Elizabeth Schultz. He 
was born at Union Mills, Dec. 25, 1796, where he re- 
sided until his death, June 11, 1879. Her mother 
was the daughter of James Owens, of Baltimore, and 
was born in this city, Aug. 29, 1808, and is now living 
at the homestead at Union Mills. 

Mr. Myer was educated at the best schools of the 
day, including the old City College, and commenced 
his business career at the age of seventeen in a 
grocery-house on Light Street wharf at a small salary, 
and after filling another situation without any better 
pecuniary return, determined to quit Baltimore and 
try his fortunes in the South. He arrived in Natchez, 
Miss., January, 1840, without money, but was fortu- 
nate in obtaining immediately a situation in a cotton 
commission house. In 1843, having made some 
savings from his salary, he went to New Orleans, and 
started on his own account a grain business, in which 
he accumulated about $4000, with which he returned 
to Baltimore in 1847, to be with his father, who died 
in. 1848. He commenced with the brick business in 
Baltimore, and then tried the hardware, but both 
being very slow, and requiring close work to keep 
ahead, he began the oyster and fruit packing, in 
which he has been eminently successful. In religion 
he is a Catholic, though his parents were Protestant 
Episcopalians. In politics he is a Democrat, but has 
never had any aspirations for oflice of any kind. He 
was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Savings- 
Bank. He was married Jan. 21, 1850, and his wife is 
yet living. They have had nine children, viz. : Anna, 
married to F. S. Willson, Jan. 21, 1873, and died Dec. 
19, 1873 ; William S., married to Mary J., daughter of 
D. J. Foley, April 26, 1881 ; Thomas R., Albert T., 
Mary J., Elizabeth, Constance, Robert J., and Anna, 
all of whom are living. 

Oysters, Feuits, and Veoetables, Canneh. 

iKsn Wn No. of Amt. of Amt. ol 

issu. JNO. g^^jjg Capital. W».ff™. 
Oysters, fruits, 

etc 45 14,296 81,980,450 8820,035 ?3,902,200 $5,262,568 

Preserves aud 

sauces 6 48 21,410 10,276 21,011 46,199 

The number of boats and vessels licensed by the 
State for the oyster trade is shown by the following 
tables, compiled from the books of the comptroller's 
oflice at Annapolis : 



Fiscal Year. 


1 Number 


Aggregate Ton- 


Amount of License 


of Boats. 




Paid by Same. 


1870-71 ~ 


..[ 627 


13,862.49 


$41,587.46 
























30,227.73 


]'.<:i-.:. 


583 


14,118.53 


42,355.58 
















49,837,46 








37,408.39 






10,391.10 


31,173.29 




1 '" 


6,202.17 


18,606.50 


Total 


.. 5722 


132,506.81 


8391,617.40 



396 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The value of these dredging-boats is set down at 
$1,050,000, which, with the value of the winders, 
dredges, etc., added, would amount to 11,120,000. 
The scraping-boats number 550, and employ 2200 
men ; in addition there are 300 unlicensed boats. 

The pay of the men employed averages eighteen 
dollars per month for seven and a half months, or 
$297,000 for the time employed. There are 5148 
tong-men, using 1828 canoes, and 200 boats called 
"runners." 

Summary of investments : 

700 dredgers, at $160(1 $1,050,000 

Oiltflt for same 70,000 

5S0 ecrapera, at S8(Kl 440,000 

200 runners, at $161X1 300,000 

1825 canoes, at $100 182,500 

$2,042,500 
$162,000 



3275 



The annual wages paid are as follows : 



5,600 wages $916,300 

2.200 " 297,000 

5,148 " 1,158,000 



Total 13,748 



82,538,1) 



With four persons dependent upon every oyster- 
man, there are 54,992 persons dependent upon this 
trade in Maryland. 

There are two hundred vessels employed in the 
shipments of oysters in shell for eight months of the 
year. The following is the summary of the trade : 



To 


For Planting. 
Bushels. 


For Immediate 

Consumption. 

Bushels. 


Total. 
Bushels. 




9,(WI 
66,000 

110,000 


75,000 
50,000 

30,000 
80;000 


84,000 
116,000 

140,000 
80 000 


Fair Haven, Conn 

Providence and Provi- 
dence River 

Boston 




488,800 


488,800 
162,960 

200,000 
650,000 
100,000 




162,960 
200,000 


Seaford, Del., for packing 























673,880 


597,960 


2,021,840 





Summary op Peesons and Wages. 

Men employ. 1 ii v, ii.l; 13,748 wages $2,538,000 

Emploves "f ! I I 1 !■ ' - 8,639 " 777,779 

Oan-maktr- ,1 i il ikiiien 700 " 256,000 

Prepariiit: I I ' i !.|ii.u 1,290 " 248,802 

Individual i'.i !■(- 225 

34,602 $3,820,621 

with 83,.S45 persons depending upon the trade for 
their annual .support. 

Confectionery, Candy, and Foreign Fruits. — In 
the maiuil'acture of confectionery and candies in this 
city there are thirty-seven establishments, employing 
one hundred and twenty-one hands, with capital 
amounting to one million dollars, and giving employ- 
ment to more than five hundred employes. 

The trade in foreign fruits is also very large, em- 
bracing the Mediterranean and West India ports, 
oranges and lemons from Florida and Sicily, almonds 



and raisins from Malaga, raisins from Valencia, cur- 
rants, citron, figs, dates, prunes, sardines, Canton 
ginger, together with French candies and conserves. 

The manufactures of these articles in Baltimore en- 
joy an enviable reputation, and the trade therein is 
extending throughout the South and West. Pure 
sugar is used exclusively, and adulteration with terra 
alba, barytes, and other noxious ingredients, so ex- 
tensively employed elsewhere, is carefully avoided. 
To every variety of candy and conserves there has 
lately been added the manufacture of fruit-butters, 
jellies, canned fruits, and cigars. Pennsylvania, New 
Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, 
North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida are 
the markets for the manufacture of Baltimore sweet 
goods. 

Among the largest and most reliable houses in 
Baltimore engaged in this trade is that of T. A. Bryan 
& Co., successors to Summers & Bryan. This old 
firm began business fifty years ago in a small house • 
at the corner of Baltimore and Liberty Streets, and 
the present spacious establishment of the successors, 
on Baltimore Street near Eutaw, is a monument to 
honest and intelligent enterprise. 

Cracker Bakeries. — The manufacture of crackers, 
formerly a slow and arduous business, has, through 
improved machinery, passed from the hands and feet 
of manual labor into that of machinery, where clean- 
liness is possible. In Baltimore all the changes from 
the old mode of hand-made crackers to that of ma- 
chinery have taken place, and now the outlay of 
millions of dollars in plant and machinery and the 
employment of many hundred persons marks the pro- 
gress made on this part of the staff of life. In 1820, 
Richard C. Mason established a small bakery near 
the Basin, where flour and water were put in a trough 
and mixed by hand ; a cloth was thrown over the 
dough of "our daddies," and a number of men with 
bare feet, and all that they imply, would tread it into 
a solid mass, after which it was placed upon a plat- 
form, and a long razor-blade, worked by a man's feet, 
was used to cut and knead it. It was then flattened 
and cut into shape by hand, and baked in hand-ovens. 
This Richard C. Mason was born at Watertown, Mass., 
in 1783, and removed to Baltimore in 1816. Mr. Ma- 
son traces his ancestors through five generations to 
Capt. Hugh Mason, who, with his wife Esther, sailed 
from Ipswich, England, in the bark " Francis," John 
Cutting, master, April, 1634, and received his com- 
mission of captain from Governor Endicott in 1652, 
at which time he settled at Watertown. Capt. Hugh 
Mason's son Nehemiah was the father of Hugh Ma- 
son the second, who left three sons, the youngest of 
whom was R. C. Mason, the founder of the ship-bread 
and cracker bakery now conducted by his son, James 
D. Mason, who, having received a practical education, 
entered business at a very early age, and soon worked 
his way into the confidence and respect of all classes 
of the communitv. Mr. Mason has been twice mar- 




T. A. BRYAN & CO, 
351 BALTIMOEE STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTEIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



397 



ried. His first wife was Mary Dent, of this city, and 
his second wife was Mary Cooke, of Philadelphia. 
He has three sons, all connected with him in his 
bakery business, and one daughter. He has long 
been a member of Washington Lodge of Free and j 
Accepted Masons, and is now treasurer of the Grand 
Lodge of Maryland. 

Fertilizers. — As Baltimore was the first city in the 
Union to import Peruvian guano, which trade began 
in 1832, so her manufacturers are, fifty years after- 
wards, the largest and among the best and most reli- 
able compounders of artificial or chemical fertilizers. 
The arrival of the first cargo of Peruvian guano in 
Baltimore in 1832 may be regarded as the beginning 
of a new era in agriculture. Experiments to deter- 
mine the value and uses of this novel manure led to \ 
discoveries of great importance in other directions. 
An impulse was given to analyses of soils, and land- 
holders were taught the characteristics of the proper- 
ties they owned and the proper methods of utilizing 
them. Progress was slow for a time and incredulity I 
great, but the steady success of those engaged in the 
handling of fertilizers encouraged others, and in 1858 
John Kettlewell, then naval ofiicer of the port, asso- [ 
ciated himself with John S. Keese & Co. in the prep- j 
aration of artificial manures. A factory equipped I 
with suitable machinery was erected, and the manu- 
facture of what was becoming a great commercial 
staple was begun on an extended scale. 

The imports of Peruvian guano at Baltimore in 
1849 were 2700 tons; in 1850, 6800; in 1851, 25,000; 
and in 1854, 58,927. From this beginning the indus- 
try has developed, until at present (1881) there are 
in Baltimore 27 factories, representing a capital of 
$5,000,000, giving employment to 2500 persons, dis- 
bursing annually to employes $1,500,000, expending 
in the purchase of materials $3,554,945, and producing 
annually values amounting to $5,419,358. The ag- 
gregate product of these factories for the year 1880 
was 280,000 tons of fertilizers, or more than half the 
amount annually consumed in the United States. Thus 
the manufacture of fertilizers ranks only second in im- 
portance of all the manufactures in this city. Until 
within a recent period Baltimore fertilizers found 
their chief market in the South, but many of them are 
now used in Ohio, and the high-pressure farming in 
parts of Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa has created a de- 
mand for them which Baltimore manufacturers find 
it difficult at times to supply, and which has not in- 
frequently tasked to their utmost the resources of the 
transportation companies. 

Guano as a fertilizer has been greatly superseded 
by the manufactured article, and it is used now almost 
entirely as an ingredient in manufacture, rather than 
applied directly to the land. Chemical analysis has 
' taught the wants of plants, and shown how these wants 
can be best applied in their proper proportions and 
of their proper ingredients. Hence manipulated ma- 
nures have come into most extensive use, their manu- 



facture requiring the highest scientific acquirements. 
In all these respects the manures of Baltimore houses 
have been found by long and thorough trial to be 
superior to those of any other city. Adulteration is so 
easily practiced, and its discovery so distant and dif- 
ficult, that the personal character of the manufac- 
turer is necessarily greatly relied on for a genuine 
and properly compounded article. In this respect, 
also, the manufacturers of manures in this city are 
not behind those of any community." 

The ingredients used in the manufacture of these 
manures are exceedingly varied, and are brought 
from all portions of the globe, — mineral phosphates 
from Spain, France, England, Canada, South Caro- 
lina; tankage from the West; fish-scrap, or dried fish, 
bone-black, ground bone, desiccated bone, brimstone, 
from Sicily ; Peruvian, Navassa, and Mexican guanos, 
and kainit and other potash salts from Germany. 
All of these are made available by solution in acids 
of proper strength, ammoniac and phosphoric acids 
being the most valuable to the soil and in the pro- 
duction of crops. 

The practical benefits to agriculture resulting from 
the use of these fertilizers can be scarcely overesti- 
mated. Millions of acres of waste and abandoned 
land have been restored to cultivation through their 
use, and the productive power of millions more has 
been quadrupled through their agency. The increase 
in the cotton production of the South is said to be 
mainly due to the general use of these fertilizers, so 
that the phrase " no guano, no crop," has almost be- 
come a proverb with the Southern planter. 

The increasing importance of this trade has re- 
cently led to the organization of "The Chemical and 
Fertilizer Exchange of Baltimore City," the object of 
which is " to advance the commercial character and 
promote the general agricultural interests, and es- 
pecially those of the trade engaged in the manufac- 
ture, importation, and merchandizing of agricultural 
chemicals, fertilizing materials, and guanos." The 
officers of the Exchange for 1881 are as follows : Presi- 
dent, K. W. L. Rasin; Vice-President, William Orem ; 
Treasurer, W. S. Powell ; Directors, Winfield S. Du- 
nan, R. W. L. Rasin, William Morris Orem, William 
J. Davison, Robert Ober, B. N. Baker, and W. S. 
Powell; Secretary, A. de Ghequier. The offices of 
the Exchange are in the Rialto Building, on Second 
Street. 

Mr. Rasin, the president of the Exchange, is de- 

1 It is believed that the elder Booth, the great tragedian, was the first 
person in Maryland to use bones as a fertilizer. His house was about 
three miles northeast of Belair, in Harford County, and in 1826-27 he 
advertised in the Bond of ViiUm, published in Belair, offering to pay cash 
for all bones brought to his house. Money being scarce and bones being 
plenty in those days, he was soon iu receipt of a very large supply. 
Carts, wagons, baskets, and even aprons on old women were soon seen 
wending their way to his mansion, and an enormous pile of bones was 
very soon accumulated. These the great tragedian pounded, burnt, and 
crushed, as the best mode of extracting that " good oft interred with their 
bones," of which he had so often appealed to "Friends, Romans, and 
countrymen." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



sccnded from a French family, one branch of which 
was among the pioneers in the settlement of Mary- 
land, his great-grandfather, William Rasin, having 
settled on Kent Island in the third decade of the 
eighteenth century. He represented his county in 
the General Assembly of 1757, and was a vestryman 
of Chester Parish. His son was William Blackiston 
Hasin, who at sixteen years of age enlisted as a 
jirivate in the Revolutionary army, rose to the rank 
of captain, and, as an ensign, was one of the gallant 
Maryland line at the battle of Camden, where he was 
the only color-bearer who brought his flag off the 
field. In the third generation following William 
Rasin was Robert Wilson Rasin, who married Mary 
Rebecca Ringgold and left two sons, R. W. L. Rasin, 
the subject of this sketch, and Isaac Freeman Rasin, 
the present clerk of the Court of Common Pleas 
for Baltimore City. On the mother's side the de- 
scent is from Thomas Ringgold, Lord of Hunting- 
field, who came from England to America, and in 
1650 settled on Kent Island with his two sons, James 
and John. He was a member of the courts as far 
back as 1651, and in 1652 was commissioned under 
Oliver Cromwell's protectorate for the decision of all 
matters in dispute in the English colonies in the 
Chesapeake Bay; he and sixty-five others pledging 
themselves to be true to the commonwealth of Eng- 
land without king or House of Lords. 

The grandmother of R. W. L. Rasin was Phcebe 
Wilson Rasin, who was connected on her mother's 
side with the family of Gouverneur Morris, the friend 
of George Washington, and the moneyed assistant of 
the Revolutionary cause. Mr. Rasin was born atCour- 
sey's Point, Queen Anne's Co., Md., Oct. 27, 1836, and 
ten years afterwards the family removed to Baltimore. 
It was his destiny to enter within a few years the busi- 
ness of the nuuiutacture and sale of fertilizers, which 
he has never since abandoned. He held positions 
in the offices of the Philadelphia Guano Company 
and the Sombrero Guano Company, and later on be- 
came connected with Capt. Edward K. Cooper, the 
discoverer and owner of Navassa Island and its vast 
guano deposits, and went to the island as manager 
of the work. Subsequently it was sold to the Na- 
vassa Phosphate Company, of which Mr. Rasin was 
made the general agent. In 1872 he resigned the 
position, his own extensive business in fertilizers de- 
manding his entire time and attention. Besides in- 
troducing various fertilizers into the United States, 
he. brought the Navassa and Sombrero guanos to 
the notice of European agriculturists, and also per- 
fected a plan for the utilization of the meat and bone 
refuse from the great slaughter-houses of the West 
and Texas, whereby the once unvalued materials 
have been converted into the base of the bone and 
nitrogenous ingredients that unite to make up the 
best class of fertilizers. With the firm-title of R. W. 
L. Rasin & Co., he and Capt. Cooper, his partner, 
now have a factory that has not a superior in the 



world. It covers an area of nearly two acres at the 
corner of Covington and Cross Streets, in South Bal- 
timore. The crude phosphates are manipulated by 
machinery which is a marvel of power and economy 
of labor, and when they are turned into fertilizers a 
warehouse with a capacity of five thousand ton.s ac- 
commodates the storage. A third building contains 
the chemicals, of which an immense amount is used. 
The present capacity of the factory is about thirty- 
six thousand tons per annum. The products of the 
factory are sent all over the country, and there has 
been such a demand for them in the South that the 
firm has found it necessary to establish a branch 
house in Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Rasin has a refined taste 
for horticulture, and in 1873 he and a few other gen- 
tlemen of similar inclination resuscitated the Mary- 
land Horticultural Society, at whose monthly and 
annual exhibitions can be seen a display of plants 
and flowers not rivaled by any other city in the 
United States. The grounds around his summer resi- 
dence, " Athol," a few miles out of town, are beauti- 
fully furnished with rare annual and perennial shrubs 
and flowers. In the conservatory there is the floral 
wealth of the tropics ; a grape-house contains the 
finest varieties of vines ; the green-house overflows 
with indigenous and exogenous plants ; and the fern- 
ery is a bower of luxuriant beauty. Mr. Rasin has 
imported from the West Indies a new variety of cen- 
tury plant, which, in compliment to him, was named 
by Mr. Smith, the botanist of the United States con- 
servatories at Washington, Agave Easinii. The 
"Rocky" fountain at Athol is made up of slag from 
iron furnaces, and tiie pockets of the rocks are filled 
with superb specimens of growing native ferns. Mr. 
Rasin has a luxurious city residence on Hamilton Ter- 
race, North Eutaw Street, and, with his brother, owns 
the " Old Field Point" estate in Kent County, on the 
Sassafras River, which has been held by the family 
for two centuries. He is treasurer of the Maryland 
Horticultural Society, and treasurer of the National 
Chemical Fertilizer Association. He personally su- 
perintends his extensive business, traveling from 
Maine to Texas, and has made several visits to 
Europe. He tendered his services in behalf of the 
International Cotton Exposition, held at Atlanta in 
October, 1881, and realizing that with the completion 
of Southern railroad connections now being built, 
Baltimore should become a great cotton port, he has 
strenuously endeavored to cultivate the Baltimore 
interest in the exhibition, and procured large sub- 
scriptions to it. In June, 1860, he married Miss 
Margaret A. Johnson, and their children are Mary 
Ringgold Rasin, Robert Cooper Rasin, Grace Rasin, 
Bessie Rasin, and Viola Rasin. 

Another old and leading firm in this department. 
is that of R. J. Baker & Co. Richard J. Baker, the 
head of the house, was born in this city, Jan. 13, 
1812, and receiving the ordinary instruction of the 
academical schools, he completed his studies in As- 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



bury College, in Howard Street. After remaining 
five years in the store of Wm. Brundage, in the paint 
and oil business, on Cheapside, he was admitted to 
the house of Stanley & Co., which became Stanleys 
& Baker. In 1837 the Stanleys retired, and Mr. 
Baker continued the business, confining it to drugs 
and dye-stuffs. This was the period when the subject 
of improving the soil was uppermost in almost every 
mind. The rich farming-lands of the West, and the 
improving and increasing lines of communication 
therewith, threatened great injury to the agricultural 
interests of the worn-out and exhausted soils in the 
Eastern States. Peruvian guano had been discovered 
and introduced, but soon its expensiveness and vola- 
tile character, and the fact that it was a stimulant 
rather than a permanent manure, led to experiments 
that would fix its volatility and render its effects 
more durable in the soil. In this work chemistry 
supplied the information and suggested the material. 
Mr. Baker was among the first to take hold of this 
subject. To it he applied all the energy of his mind, 
and becoming fully satisfied of the usefulness and 
practicability of combining with guano other sub- 
stances that would reduce its cost and make more 
lasting its effects, he began on an extensive and ex- 
panding scale the manufacture and manipulation of 
fertilizers. Doing work on a reliable and scientific 
basis, according to special formula; for the different 
products of the soil, it was not long before his house 
was appreciated by farmers and planters and began 
to furnish them with unmixed chemicals, and com- 
pounding special formulte, enabled them at greatly 
reduced cost to provide themselves with a pure and 
unadulterated article. While Mr. Baker was thus 
establishing a large manufacturing business in Balti- 
more, he was likewise enabling the farmer to renew 
his exhausted land and regain his waning fortunes. 
From 1837 to 1866, Mr. Baker was alone in business, 
but in the latter year he associated with himself 
Eichard J. Hollingsworth, whom he had trained, 
and who has since been the active business manager, 
and among the foremost in perfecting forraulre and 
extending the trade throughout the Middle and 
Southern States. 

Mr. Baker's business course was a steady advance. 
Avoiding speculation, and free from restless, competi- 
tive enterprise, his house rose to a leading place in 
the trade, and it has never lost it. Calm in spirit, 
and unmoved by the fluctuations of markets, his 
opinions have generally been verified by subsequent 
events. His unimpeachable honor established him 
firmly in the confidence and regard of the community, 
and gave his influence, views, and opinions very great 
value. 

At the organization of the Piedmont Guano and 

Manufacturing Company he was elected president, 

and his knowledge and ripe experience has made it 

one of the most successful enterprises in the city. 

A house like E. J. Baker &Co.'s is, in a sense, pro- 



ducer, merchant, and manufacturer, and directly aids 
each class and promotes the prosperity of all. 

As has already been suggested, there is scarcely any 
other branch of business in which personal integrity 
and high character is so important for the develop- 
ment and retention of trade, and it is fortunate for 
Baltimore that her manufacturers of fertilizers have 
established a wide reputation for honesty and fair 
dealing. Among those who have contributed largely 
to the maintenance of this high standard of mercan- 
tile honor may be mentioned the progressive house 
of Wm. Whitelock & Co. Mr. Whitelock was born 
in Wilmington, Del., in the first quarter of the 
present century. He was the son of George and 
Sarah Whitelock, and is of pure English descent, his 



^^^ 




V^^^ 



ancestors on the paternal side having emigrated from 
Leeds. His mother was a descendant of Caleb Pusey, 
a Friend very prominent in the colonial days of 
Pennsylvania. He came in the year 1682 from at 
or near Pusey Hall, Berkshire, England. His father 
erected a cotton-factory near Wilmington, in 1817, 
but finding himself bankrupt six years later, he re- 
moved with his seven children to Baltimore, where 
he died in 1833. Owing to his father's straightened 
circumstances, William Whitelock received a very 
limited common-school education. Impelled by a 
love of reading, inherited from his mother, he obtained 
a situation in the book-store of Edmund J. Coale, on 
North Calvert Street, soon afterwards removing to 
Norfolk, where he completed his mercantile training 
in the large shipping-house of Smith J. Fisher. With 
a little capital saved from his salary he returned to 



400 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Baltimore in 1845, and opened a retail grocery-store 
at the corner of Gay and High Streets, which soon 
exj^anded into a shipping business extending over the 
Southern States and the West India Islands. The 
late Samuel K. George had about that time imported 
some Peruvian guano, and Mr. Whitelock, apprecia- 
ting its value, undertook its sale with characteristic 
energy, and by granting credits to the farmers built 
up a heavy and lucrative trade in the article. Nor 
was his business confined to that specialty of fertilizer. 
He was the fir.st merchant to introduce the phosphatic 
and other guanos to the notice of the agriculturists 
of this region. In the year 1857 he erected the fine 
warehouse on South Street now occupied by him, and 
during the past twenty years has mainly confined his 
attention to the manufacture of fertilizers at his 
factories on Federal Hill. At the solicitation of many 
leading citizens, Mr. Whitelock, in 1858, established 
the Old Town Bank, and was its president for a long 
period. In 1864 he was one of the founders and the 
first president of the Third National Bank. He is 
now a director in several of the leading fire and ma- 
rine insurance companies. His early political asso- 
ciations were with the W^hig party, and when civil 
strife began he became an Unconditional Unionist, 
freely yielding all his influence to the support of the 
government. In 1863, at the request of Henry Win- 
ter Davis, he stood as a Republican candidate for 
State senator from Baltimore County, and in 1875 he 
was elected from the same county to the House of 
Delegates on the Reform ticket. Though he has al- 
ways taken an active interest in political movements, 
this is the only political office that he has ever held. 
His business management has always been marked by 
great prudence combined with enterprise, and his 
credit has never been in the slightest degree impaired 
in any of the crises that have shaken the com- 
mercial community. He has for twenty years resided 
on his beautiful estate of " Wildwood," near Mount 
Washington, Baltimore County. He married, in 1853, 
Jane, the daughter of Stephen Woolston, of Bucks 
County, Pa., whose ancestors emigrated from England 
to West Jersey about the year 1680. They have six 
children, — George, Elizabeth, Anna, Mary, Susan, 
and William. George Whitelock is a member of the 
bar of Baltimore. 

The house of Gustavus Ober & Sons is one of the 
largest in the city, and no account of this great interest 
would be complete without at least a brief reference 
to the founder of this establishment. Gustavus Ober 
was born on the 10th of February, 1819, in Montgomery 
County, Md., and died in Baltimore, on the 27th of 
January, 1881, in the sixty-second year of his age. 
His parents were Robert Ober and Catharine (Tenney) 
Ober, both of whom were born in Beverly, Mass. The 
father, Robert Ober, was a prominent merchant of 
Georgetown, D. C.,and became especially well known 
for his patriotism in public afiiiirs during the war of 
1812-14. Mr. Ober's grandfather was also an honored 



merchant of Georgetown. Gustavus Ober was mar- 
ried to Rebecca Kettlewell on the 27th of July, 1841. 
His wife was a daughter of Charles Kettlewell, a 
prominent and esteemed citizen of York County, Pa. 
Mr. Ober was educated at private schools in Mont- 
gomery County, and was emphatically a self-made 
man, having never taken a regular academic course. 
In his fifteenth year he entered a drug-store in Phila- 
delphia, and graduated before he was twenty-one at 
the College of Pharmacy in that city. He remained 
in Philadelphia in the drug business until 1840, when 
he settled in Baltimore, and opened on his own ac- 
count a wholesale drug-store on Charles Street. In 
this business he had a fair measure of success. 

In 1856, Mr. Ober became connected with the late 
John Kettlewell in the manufacture of fertilizers, a 
business that was at that time in its infancy. It was 
in this new business that Mr. Ober's enterprise, fore- 
sight, and nerve became conspicuous. His success 
was so great that he abandoned the drug business 
and devoted all his energies to the manufacture of 
fertilizers and the development of this new branch 
of trade. In 1861, however, the firm was cut off from 
their market, the Southern States, by the lines of op- 
posing armies, and the business was suspended until 
the close of the war. Mr. Kettlewell died during the 
war, and Mr. Ober alone, as soon as peace was re- 
stored, resumed the business on a large scale, and 
prosecuted it with remarkable skill and success until 
the day of his death. 

On the 1st of July, 1869, a new firm was formed 
under the style of G. Ober & Sons, consisting of Gus- 
tavus Ober and his two sons, John K. and Robert 
Ober. The new firm enlarged the sphere of their 
operations, and were encouraged by such rapid suc- 
cess that at the time of Mr. Ober's death the firm 
was just completing large acid chambers to their 
manufactory at Locust Point to meet the demands of 
their market throughout the whole South. 

Mr. Ober, whilst so remarkable for his talents, 
energy, and judgment as a man of business, was a 
truly consistent Christian, a firm Presbyterian, a pray- 
ing and working church-member, and for more than 
twenty years a revered and useful ruling elder, first 
in the Westminster, and then in the Franklin Square 
Presbyterian Church of Baltimore. For years previous 
to his death he was an active and faithful member of 
the Boards of Foreign and Domestic Missions, and a 
liberal supporter of these pious causes. His dispo- 
sition and habits were retiring and domestic, rather 
avoiding than seeking public honors ; and only as a 
matter of duty, when his friends thought it necessary 
to use his name as a Democratic candidate to reclaim 
his ward (the Nineteenth), did he consent to become a 
candidate for the First Branch of the City Council, to 
which hewas elected by a handsome majority. During 
his term of office he was eminent for the same ster- 
ling qualities which marked his business career and 
his religious life. 





cM^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



401 




^^. C^. J'^rrs/f 



He leaves three sons and five daughters living. 
The sons are John K., Robert, and Gustavus Ober, 
Jr. The daughters are Catharine, married to Jolm 
A. Hambleton, of Baltimore; Virginia R., married to 
Charles Watkins, of Richmond, Va. ; Mary E., mar- 
ried to John J. Hickok, of Augusta, Ga. ; Misses 
Matilda G. and Ella B. Ober. 

As a merchant Mr. Ober was extensively known, 
and possessed the confidence of the mercantile world. 
It was well known that his representations could 
always be implicitly trusted, and that no amount of 
profit could induce him to misrepresent his manu- 
factures. As a citizen his advice, always given with- 
out ostentation, had the greatest weight as that of a 
reading, thoughtful, observant, judicious, and saga- 
cious man. His remarks upon men and aflfairs were 
singularly free from all prejudice and invidious per- 
sonalities. In personal appearance he was large, 
erect, and of noble countenance and mien. During 
his life Mr. Ober acquired a very considerable for- 
tune, but the richest legacy he has left to his children 
is the unsullied name of a " Christian gentleman." 

The death of Mr. Ober was sudden in an extreme 
degree. He had been for a short time previous suf- 
fering from some obscure malarial disease, but was 
thought to have recovered and to need but a short 
time for complete restoration to his usual vigorous 
health. He passed the last evening of his life at his 
home in the manner he loved so well, — reading, con- 



versing with his pastor, his fellow-elders, his wife, and 
children. He retired without complaining of any 
discomfort, spoke to his wife about one o'clock in the 
night in his natural tones and in apparent good 
health, and at four it was discovered that he had 
quietly breathed out his life without a pain, or groan, 
or struggle, in perfect peace with God and man. 

The formation of the Chemical Exchange, to which 
we have previously referred, is an outward and visible 
indication not only of the proportions already attained 
by the trade, but of the promise which it holds out of 
further expansion. There can be no doubt that the 
new organization will exert a most beneficial influence, 
and that under the systematic and organized effort 
which it will encourage even more splendid results 
will be realized than have already crowned individual 
enterprise and energy. The character of the officers 
selected indeed affords a guarantee to this effect, which 
will be fully redeemed in time. A brief account has 
been given on another page of the business career of 
the president of the Exchange, and in this connection 
it may not be inappropriate to refer more particularly 
to another of the officers, William Sutheron Powell, 
who is one of the most prominent representatives of 
the organization, and one of the active, progressive 
merchants of Baltimore. Mr. Powell, who is the 
originator and patentee of " Powell's Prepared Agri- 
cultural Chemicals," was born in Alexandria, Va., 
1 May 10, 1853. His father, Edward B. Powell, was a 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



member of the well-known Powell family of Loudon 
County, Va., and liis mother was of the old Sutheron 
family of St. Mary's County, Md. Mr. Powell comes 
from what. may be called a profession-family, as 
nearly every member on both paternal and maternal 
sides have been connected with the civil or military 
jirofessions of the country, and, with one or two ex- I 
coptions, he is the only merchant in the family. 
Owing to the disastrous termination for all Southern I 
men of the late civil war, Mr. Powell, at the age of 
fifteen, dependent entirely on his own resources, found 
himself in Baltimore without one dollar in pocket 
and his trunk in the express-office with freight un- 
paid. In this dilemma work — and hard work — was 
plainly his only alternative, and to work he went 
cheerfully, resolutely, and with determination to win 
ill the coming struggle. On a salary of twelve dol- 
lars per month, with the floor for a bed, and preparing 
his own food over a gas-stove, he fought his fight with 
poverty, and came oft" victorious after a six months' 
struggle. 

As a member of the well-known house of William 
H. Brown & Co., he can look back upon the past with j 
the satisfaction of knowing that however hard the 
struggle it is now over, and without injury either to 
himself or any other man. The originator of Powell's 
Prepared Chemicals and the treasurer and manager 
of the Brown Chemical Company, he has " made two 
blades of grass grow where only one grew before" in 
many of the exhausted acres of the Southern States. 
He is a director in the Merchants' Club, chairman of 
the committee on hospitality of the Merchants' and 
Manufacturers' Association, and superintendent of the 
Sunday-school of the Memorial Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

A Democrat but not a partisan in politics, he dis- 
charges the duties of a citizen without the bitterness 
of a politician. He takes a lively interest in every- 
thing relating to progress and advancement, and 
is a member of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. 
He was married Nov. 22, 1878, to Lily B. Smith, only 
child of the late J. Bowen Smith, formerly a member 
of the well-known Baltimore house of Reynolds, 
Smith & Co. 

The business career of Mr. Powell is another ex- 
ample of energy, character, and determination tri- 
umphing over adverse circumstances. 

Paints and Chemicals. — The manufacture of 
chemicals (miscellaneous), according to the census of 
1880, in this city is conducted by 13, establishments, 
employing 191 hands, with an aggregate capital of 
$495,000, and paying for wages annually $95,000, and 
for materials $425,7.50, and producing values annually I 
amounting to $756,840. Those for the manufacture of 1 
jiaints are 2 in number, employing 13 hands, with 
$2200 of capital, and $2770 in annual wages, expend- 
ing for materials $1700, and producing annually $6600. 
These statistics give but an imperfect view of the very 
large business that is done in this city, either in chem- 



icals or in paints. The demand for chemicals in the 
twenty-three establishments for the manufacture of 
manures is filled in several instances by those manu- 
facturers themselves. Oil of vitriol, muriatic and 
nitric acid, sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts), sul- 
phate of soda (Glauber's salts), and sulphate of iron, 
(copperas) are largely manufactured in this city. 
The bichromate of potash is manufactured only in Bal- 
timore, there not being another establishment in the 
United States, and the largest factory in the world 
for the manufiicture of chrome-yellow is in this city. 

The Maryland White Lead Works are very large cor- 
roders, while many houses are engaged in grinding in 
oil, white lead, and zinc. Varnish-factories for the 
manufacture of furniture and coach varnishes, japan, 
leather, and Dormer varnishes are also among our 
most flourishing and successful establishments. Raw 
and double-boiled linseed oil are manufactured here 
to a very large extent. 

The goods of all these establishments find their way 
throughout the South and West, as well as in exporta- 
tion to foreign countries. 

Glass Manufacture. — This industry in Baltimore 
began at a very early day in the history of the city. 
The Baltimore Glass- Works on Federal Hill was es- 
tablished before 1800, and was among the earliest 
works of the kind in the United States. It has been 
in continual and successful operation, growing larger 
and developing with the trade year by year. At' 
Spring Gardens another factory has for more than 
twenty years been in successful operation. At these 
establishments all kinds of glassware and in every 
variety are manufactured, — bottles, vials, jars, flasks, 
demijohns, tumblers, chimneys, Cologne and extract 
bottles, and window-glass. 

The Baltimore Window-Glass Works, for the man- 
ufacture of window-glass, coach-glass, and picture- 
glass, and the Maryland Glass- Works also conduct 
their business in Baltimore. Together they turn out 
annually 100,000 boxes of window-glass.' 

1 The present government as early as 1789 manifested a purpose to 
protect the infant industries of the country. In adjusting the first tariff 
glass-manufacturing was amoug tlie industries thus protected. "On 
motion of Mr. Carroll, of Maryland, who stated that a manufactory of 
glass had been successfully commenced in his State, a duty of ten per 
cent, ad vojorem was laid on window and other glass, with the exception 
of quart bottles, imported from foreign countries. The Legislature of 
Maryland had previously encouraged the manufacture of glass by a con- 
sideraljle loan. The works were established at Tuscarora Creek, four 
miles above Fredericktown, and were known as the JEtna Glass-Works. 
Like most of the glass.works heretofore established, it was the property 
of an ingenious and enterprising German, John Frederick Amelung. 
(Bishop on Manufactures, vol. ii. p. 243.) In the newspapers of 1785 a 
notice of this infant enterprise, signed John Frederick Amelung & Co., 
at the glass-works, refers to Messre. Ludlow & Gould, New York ; Messrs. 
Cox & Frazier, Philailelphia; Messrs. Crockett & Harris, and Melcher 
Keener, Baltimore ; and Abram Fau, Fredericktown. A committee of 
Congi-ess in 1790 recommended a "loan of S8000 to Mr. Amelung, the 
proprietor of an extensive glass manufactory in Frederick, Maryland." 

The Federal GaseUe of March 8, 1829, gives the following names of com- 
missioners of the Baltimore Flint Glass Company: William Patterson, 
Samuel Moore, George Baily, Nathaniel Whitaker, Julius T. Ducatel, 
Christian Keener, James K. Stapleton, George H. Keerl, and John 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



403 



Pianos and Musical Instruments.— Baltimore 

claims precedence of all American cities in the estab- 
lishment of the manufacture of pianos as well as 
equality of excellence at the present time with any 
manufacture of these instruments. " In 1810, Adam 
Stewart, a Scotchman, and piano-maker by profession, 
established on Charles Street, near Baltimore, the first 
establishment for the manufacture of pianos in the 
United States, and there made the first piano that was 
made in America." This claim to priority of manu- 
facture, which we find in the newspapers of this city, 
does not rest upon reliable data, as there is "record" 
testimony in the Patent Office at Washington that 
ten years prior to 1810, viz., Feb. 12, 1800, John J. 
Hawkins, of Philadelphia, patented an "improve- 
ment in the piano-forte," which he manufactured 
and sold as the Patent Portable Grand Piano. In 
1815, James Stewart, " P. F. M.," at " his old stand in 
St. Paul's Lane," continued the manufacture of these 
instruments, and in 1819 the instruments from this 
establishment were offered for sale at No. 4 South Gay 
Street by Mr. Clifton. 



ment of tanneries and shoemaking was adopted as a 
provincial policy in Maryland as early as 1681, when 
a duty was imposed upon the exportation of hides 
and leather. Capt. Lux, of Baltimore, was most 
probably the first tanner of the city, as in 1743 his 
tannery is mentioned in the journals of that time as 
situated on the west side of Green (now Exeter) 
Street. 

The tanneries of Baltimore, according to the census 
of 1880, numbered 2-5 establishments, with a capital 
of $254,929, expending for wages $70,329, and for 
material $386,529, and with annual products worth 
$605,994. The curriers of Baltimore, by the same 
census, had 10 establishments, with $69,856 of capi- 
tal, and expending in wages $21,055, and for materials 
$224,956, with annual productions amounting to 1279,- 
350. The statistics of this industry for the last twenty 
years are as follows : 



Census. Eetabs. Hands. Capital. 



$:!35,100 
324,785 



Wages. Material. Products. 

«.M.i,165 8471,010 

862,50(1 499,967 633,954 

91,384 611,585 885,344 




Since those early days the manufacture of pianos 
in Baltimore has gradually grown from uncertain be- 
ginning to an established business, which now un- 
(juestionably ranks the instruments made in this city 
equal to any and superior to a vast number of instru- 
ments made elsewhere. The late William Knabe, in 
1837, laid the foundation of the immense business 
yet conducted by the establishment under his name, 
which has continued to expand and enlarge until it is 
among the largest and most complete in the United 
States. 

The manufacture of pianos and musical instruments 
in Baltimore is conducted by 16 establishments, em- 
ploying 690 hands, with an aggregate capital of 
$1,119,196, expending in wages $331,307 annually, 
and for material $269,233, and producing values 
amounting annually to $946,488. 

Leather and its Manufactures.— The encourage- 



Prominent among the tanners and leather-dealers 
of Baltimore was Benjamin Deford, a descendant of 
an old Huguenot family which emigrated to this coun- 
try after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and 
settled on West River, where the subject of this sketch 
was born in 1799, and where he was reared under those 
influences that have fashioned into the highe-st types 
of manhood many of the descendants of the Hugue- 
nots, who, wherever located in exile, have stamped 
their individuality upon their contemporaries. Left 
an orphan at an early age, he was under the guardian- 
ship of his uncle, Richard G. Hutton, until, in his 
fourteenth year, he was placed under James C. Dod- 
drell, to learn tanning, currying, and dressing leather. 
Faithful in work, he acquired a thorough knowledge 
of all the processes of tanning. With correct habits 
and by strict economy he accumulated the means of 
beginning business for himself, and in 1823, without 



404 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



capital or influential friends, he began the business of 
tanning. At that time the large tanneries of Balti- 
more, though few in number, were owned and worked 
by men of capital and experience. William Jenkins, 
Poland, Jenkins & Co., and George Appold were the 
leading tanners of that day. In a few years Mr. De- 
ford had laid the foundations of that eminent success 
which he afterwards attained. His business increasing 
as the city grew, he built and operated tanneries in 
Maryland and other States, and became one of the 
leading manufacturers and dealers in oak-tanned 
leather in the United States, and contributed very 
largely to the increase and development of the trade 
in leather with New England, New York, and Phila- 
delphia. Uniting with others in the leather trade, a 
charter was obtained for the Merchants' and Miners' 
Transportation Company, under which the line of 
steamers known as the Boston Steamship Line was 
organized and operated. In the work of organizing 
this steamship line Mr. Deford took a most active 
part, subscribing largely to the stock, and contributing 
to its successful establishment by the free use of his 
capital and efforts. In his honor one of the first steam- 
ships of the line was called the " Benjamin Deford." 
The value of this line, in a great measure owing its 
success to Benjamin Deford, cannot be estimated, 
and the result of this enterprise has been to extend 
the line to New York, Savannah, Charleston, and 
other Southern ports. 

His business sagacity made him one of the earliest 
and most active friends of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, and identifying himself with Johns Hopkins, 
Thomas Swann, Wm. G. Harrison, Chauncey Brooks, 
and John W. Garrett, he sustained the road through 
its most perilous periods. He stood by the road when 
general confidence abandoned it, and when the credit 
of the State and city was nearly ruined. In the Board 
of Directors his practical judgment was valued in some 
respects above all others. His financial and business 
operations had demonstrated the sagacity of his strong 
intellect, while his careful scrutiny of surroundings 
and contingencies proved the soundness of his conclu- 
sions. 

The influence and association of Mr. Deford were 
so highly esteemed by business men that they were 
sought in every branch of business. He became a 
director in the Mount Vernon Manufacturing Com- 
pany, the Mechanics' Bank, the Union Bank of 
Maryland, the First National Bank of Baltimore (of 
which he was one of the founders), the Baltimore Sav- 
iugs-Bank, the Equitable Fire Insurance Company, 
and several other corporations. In all these boards, 
various as were their routine of business, his judg- 
ment and opinion were always sought and followed. 
With a native genius of his order, and trained by self- 
culture, his judgment was always calm and clear, with- 
holding him from the eflfects of over-confidence, and 
restraining him fro)n those speculative ventures by 
which so many fortunes have been wrecked. Pursuing 



the straight road of business enterprise, he builded 
his fortune by laborious industry, and not by any sud- 
I den freaks of fortune. Associated with the late George 
I Brown in themanagement of the House of Refuge, he 
; formed for him a very strong attachment, and erected 
to the memory of Mr. Brown a beautiful testimonial 
on the grounds at the main entrance. The House of 
Reformation for Children is another evidence of his 
j benevolent disposition, as he aided in its establish- 
ment. Possessing a warm and sympathetic nature, 
I he was at all times a valuable friend to the poor and 
suff"ering. His sterling character has left a pleasant 
memory among all his contemporaries of Baltimore. 
I He died April 17, 1870, leaving a large fortune, and 
I bis funeral was attended by a large concourse of 
] citizens. He was succeeded in business by his sons 
Thomas and B. F. Deford, who preserved its relations 
to the trade, and maintain the high character estab- 
lished by the father. 

Another prominent house in the tanning business 
in Baltimore is that of Henry Klees & Son. • Its 
I founder, Henry Klees, was born in Holbach, Hesse- 
I Darmstadt, Germany, on the 13th of April, 1812, 
i and died in Baltimore on the 23d of December, 
1 1879. His father was an oflicer of the court and 
a member of the bar, and desired to give his son 
the advantage of a collegiate education. The latter, 
however, had no inclination for the military service 
which a life in Germany involved, and determined to 
avoid its exactions by leaving his native country. 
Accordingly, in 1832 he emigrated to England, and 
I obtaining employment in one of the largest fur-dress- 
ing establishments in London, soon became master of 
the business and was raised to the position of fore- 
man. But his enterprising mind saw still greater 
opportunities of advancement in the New World, and 
declining the offer of an interest in his employers' 
house, he embarked for America in October, 1837, 
with the intention of prosecuting the same business 
in this country. On his arrival in Baltimore he found 
that furs were not manufactured in this country, and 
that with the limited amount of capital at his com- 
mand it was impracticable to inaugurate that indus- 
try successfully. He therefore secured employment 
in the house of James Carrigan, manufacturer of 
sheepskins and morocco, with whom he remained ten 
years, accumulating a small capital, and making him- 
self thoroughly acquainted with the business. At the 
end of that period he purchased a half-interest in the 
I firm of Henry Bitzler, and upon the death of Mr. 
I Bitzler, a year afterwards, continued the business in 
his own name. He continued the manufacture of 
morocco and sheepskins until 1864, when his sons 
John and Henry were admitted to the partnership, 
and a currier's and tanning department were added 
to the establishment. The business expanded so 
rapidly that in 1865 the firm purchased the Linga- 
nore tannery in Frederick County, which was placed 
under the charge of John, the eldest son. while Henry 




(fl M<^^^^<^ 




c/xJ ^2-^?-«-t^ / ?i^f^.«V 




1. il t n», 1 abliiLir 



FRANK & ADLER, 
BOOTS AND SHOES, 314 AND 31G BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



405 



remained with his father in Baltimore. Mr. Klees' 
death was due to injuries received by the running 
away of his horse at New Windsor, Carroll County. 

He was originally a member of the Lutheran Church, 
but became connected with the United Brethren in 
1840, after his arrival in this country. He subse- 
quently united with a few others in founding the East 
Baltimore German Methodist Episcopal Church, of 
which Rev. Adam Miller became the pastor. The j 
church was situated at the corner of Lombard and 
Bond Streets, and was erected principally through the 
liberality of Mr. Klees. It was at first simply mis- 
sionary in its character, but the congregation soon 
greatly increased, and a new edifice was built on 
Broadway, between Bank Street and Eastern Avenue, 
and from this church the other three German Metho- 
dist Churches have sprung, all of which owe much to 
the generosity and energetic aid afforded by Mr. 
Klees. He was a director of the German Central 
Bank, a member of Mountain Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., of 
the Independent Order of Red Men, Anacosta Tribe, 
and of the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, by 
which highly complimentary resolutions with regard 
to him were passed at his death. He married Eliza- 
beth Fett, of Baltimore, who had emigrated with her 
father's family from Germany in 1839. She died in 
July, 1879, a few months previous to his death. 

Mr. Klees, while of a kindly and generous natnre, 
insisted in all transactions upon a strict observance 
of contract and discharge of duty. He took great 
interest in the growth and commercial prosperity of 
Baltimore, and his wise counsels and liberal views 
contributed largely to the development of the busi- 
ness and industrial interests of the city. As a citizen 
he enjoyed to an unusual extent the general confidence 
and esteem, and is remembered with affection by hosts 
of friends, to whom he had endeared himself by his 
many amiable qualities. 

Mr. Klees had a family of ten children, three of 
whom died in infancy. John, one of the members of 
the firm, died in 1878. The business is continued by 
Henry Klees, in accordance with the request of his 
father, under the former name and style. 

Boot and Shoe Manufactures.— The improve- 
ments made in the machinery used in the manufac- 
ture of boots and shoes have not been surpassed in 
their aggregate value by those in any other branch of 
manufactures. In Baltimore these improvements have 
been availed of to greatly increase her manufactures 
and to place them upon an equal footing with the 
best establishments in the country. New England 
and Philadelphia no longer supply the South and 
West. This city has extended her trade throughout 
those regions, and is now their equal in all of those 
States, and in many of them surpasses any other mar- 
ket. There are in this city, according to the census 
of 1880, 33 manufacturers of boots and shoes, with an 
aggregate capital of $588,600, employing 1896 hands, 
expending annually in wages $595,249, and in ma- 



terial $1,237,273, with annual productions valued at 
$2,207,848. 

The comparative growth of this manufacture is 
presented in the following table : 



Year. 
1860 



No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of Value of 

KstaLs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 

J211,668 S365,737 $871,567 

61 1563 444,600 $649,721 881,949 1,937,058 

33 1896 688,600 595,249 1,237,273 2,207,848 



Boot and Shoe Jobbing Trade.— As a centre for 
the jobbing trade in boots and shoes, Baltimore is the 
Boston of the South. The establishment of this 
branch of industry as a distinct business is so recent 
as to excite astonishment at its progress. Many of 
the merchants who were pioneers in the trade are to- 
day among the most vigorous and active business men 
in the city, and yet it is the largest single interest in 
Baltimore, giving employment to thousands, and ag- 
gregating in sales fully $26,000,000. The conditions 
of the trade are such that there can be no backward 
step in production, and the energy and probity of 
those who direct its development in Baltimore give 
assurance of healthy expansion in this locality. With 
the increase of population there must be increased 
demand for the products of the tanneries, and excel- 
lence of workmanship and fairness in dealing will 
always in the end command a proper share of trade. 
It is gratifying to be able to state that such is already 
the case in Baltimore. The chief aim of the manu- 
facturers has been to cheapen production, and at the 
same time improve the fabric, and the extraordinary 
increase in sales, taken one year with another, is a 
most flattering testimony to the excellence of Balti- 
more workmanship and the estimation in which it is 
held abroad. The total sales for 1880, as given by 
the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, were as follows : 
sales of wholesale and retail dealers, $10,500,000; 
manufacturers, $7,150,000 ; rubber boots and shoes, 
$650,000 ; at auction, $1,100,000 ; oak and hemlock 
leather, $3,400,000; calf-skin and harness leather, 
$1,400,000; green and salted hides, calf and kip-skins, 
$1,100,000; dry hides, $1,120,000. This is an in- 
crease of ten per cent, over the sales of the previous 
year, which were far in advance of those made during 
1878. 

There are now engaged in Baltimore an increased 
number of shoe-factories, producing a larger number 
of pairs than ever before, and employing between 
four and five thousand operatives in their production. 
Of the boots and shoes manufactured, about four- 
fifths are produced by the aid of machinery. There 
are also twenty-five wholesale houses, and a multitude 
of retail dealers. 

Boots and Shoes, Repaikino. 
No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of Value of 
Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 
1880 591 1083 $276,787 $349,912 $427,619 $1,204,904 



Saddlf.ey and Harness. 
No. of Amt. of 



Amt. of Value of Value of 
Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 

105 710 $349,975 $268,095 $490,677 $1,051,681 



40« 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Among the former merchants of Baltimore who in ' 
their day and generation held high rank in the busi- i 
uess world and wielded an influence for good that is 
still felt in the community was George Bartlett, for j 
many years connected with the leather trade of this 1 
city. Mr. Bartlett was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 
24, 1792, and died in Baltimore on the 15th of Feb- 
ruary, 1874, in the eighty-third year of his age. His 
father, William Bartlett, was born in Marblehead, 
Mass., in 1750, and liis mother, Susan Swift, the 
daughter of Ebenezer Swift, was also a native of New 
England. Mr. Bartlett was educated in Boston, and 
entered the boot, shoe, and hat establishment of Elisba 
Penniman, of that city, where he became familiar with [ 
the business. Hesubscquentlyremoved to Baltimore in i 
1812, and established a house of the same character, 
but after some years devoted himself exclusively to the | 
leather trade, in which he continued until the failure 
of his health compelled the relinquishment of active 
business life. Mr. Bartlett was a member of the First 
Unitarian Church of Baltimore, one of the founders 
of the National Fire Insurance Company and the 
First National Bank, a director in the Western Bank, 
and formerly a director in the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad and other institutions, and an earnest and 
able advocate of the public school system. He dis- 
played at all times an active interest in the pros- 
perity of the city, and aided greatly in its advance- 
ment by his energetic example and wise counsels. 
He was the first instigator of the project to erect a 
conservatory in Druid Hill Park. He was quiet 
and unobtrusive in his manners, but he was never- 
theless a man of decided opinions and fixed prin- 
ciples from which he never reversed. He was of 
a generous and kindly nature that manifested itself 
in a thousand charities, the practical expression of 
sympathies that were as wide and comprehensive as 
the race itself Mr. Bartlett was the youngest of five 
children. Susan, his eldest sister, married John R. 
Penniman, of Boston ; Elizabeth married Henry 
Nolen, of the same city ; his brother William married 
Aley Robinson, sister of Vashtie, Mr. Bartlett's wife; 
and Lucretia married John Osborn, of New York. 

Mr. Bartlett was married Nov. 3, 1824, to Vashtie 
Robinson, daughter of Charles Robinson, of Balti- 
more County, by whom he had four children, — Lu- 
cretia, born May 3, 1827, who married Charles W. 
C. McCoy, of Baltimore ; George W., born Sept. 25, 
1834, who died in infancy ; Rebecca C, born Jan. 14, 
1839, who died in infiincy ;' and George Washington 
Burnap, born April 14, 1843, who married Amanda 
Sallie Griffith, daughter of Ulysses Griffith, of Mont- 
gomery County, Md. 

The children of Charles W. C. McCoy and his 
wife Lucretia are George Bartlett, Charles Seward, 
Lewis Macatee, and Maury McCoy. The children of 
George W. B. Bartlett are Viishtie Rebecca, Alice 
Riggs, George Burnap, and Harry Griffith. 

Cotton.— The cotton trade of Baltimore is of recent 



growth. Until within a few^ years but little was done 
in exporting cotton, and even now Baltimore does not 
occupy that position among cotton-markets to which 
her situation and facilities entitle her. The incor- 
poration and organization in 1867 of the Baltimore 
Warehouse Company, and the erection of a cotton- 
press, have given very considerable impetus to the 
trade in this great staple. Its manufacture for years 
around Baltimore has been very great, but the trade 
in cotton in the city has been of very recent intro- 
duction. The Warehouse Company affi3rds every fa- 
cility for storage, and its certificates, which are ne- 
gotiable securities, enable the dealers to make those 
advances which are necessary now in all kinds of 
trades. The cotton-press prepares the bales for ship- 
ment, and now only the same energy and enterprise 
which have so magnificently developed the grain trade 
of Baltimore arc necessary to make the city take 
rank among the great cotton -markets of the country. 
Owing in part to the new press, and in part to the 
increased steamship facilities, as compared with for- 
mer years, the exports of cotton from this port from 
Sept. 1, 1880, to Aug. 20, 1881, have aggregated 
153,679 bales, an increase of 128,640 bales over the 
same time last year. The following table shows the 
shipments by ports : 

1880-81. 1879-80. 1880-81. 

Bales. Bales. Increase. 

■ To Liverpool 122,561 102,896 19,665 

" Bremen 31,118 26,744 6,374 

Total ;. 153,679 128,640 25,039 

To Liverpool the exports reached 122,561 bales, a 
gain of 19,665 bales, while to Bremen the shipments 
were 31,118 bales, an increase of 5374 bales. 

The following tables exhibit the receipts and ex- 
ports of cotton at and from this city for the past few- 
years : 

Eeoeipts. 



Fkom 


1880. 

19,890 

1 83,773 

114,291 

32,027 


1879. 



15,230 
45,622 
85,440 
27,060 


1878. 

22,904 
47,500 
69,968 
19:516 


1877. 

17,884 
51,17*1 
63,588; 

9,489j 


1670. 


CharlestoD 


10,788 


Virginia and North Carolina... 
Per rail 


83,293 
11,076 


Total 


249,981 


173,252 


142,135 


128,932 


126,192 



EXPOKTS. 

Bales. Bales. 

148,036 For 1874 .46,087 

93,755 " 1873 35,826 

83,295 " 1872 16,747 

37,094 ; " 1871 36,525 

27,410 I " 1870 29,027 



The above tables show a steady increase in receipts 
and exports during the last decade. This increase is 
likely to be continuous and much more rapid in the 
future. Baltimore has better connections with the 
centres of production than formerly ; its compressing 
facilities are now large and very eftective, and in the 
matter of warehousing, cheap and easy handling, and 
regular and al)undant steamer-room, we can offer very 




%.u^!3. 



^i, 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



407 



attractive advantages. The exports are chiefly to 
Liverpool, while the receipts, which are not only by 
railroad but by steamer from the South, show a wide 
extent of contributing country. It is anticipated that 
the receipts of the present cotton year will exceed 
250,000 bales, worth, at $5-1 per bale, over $13,500,000. 
This is an important factor in the city's trade, though 
its proportions do not tower up to the height of the 
grain trade. The Taylor press now used at our com- 
press, one of the most powerful in existence, is cap- 
able of reducing, at a charge of only fifty cents per 
bale, without any expense for wharfage, fifty or sixty 
bales per hour to a thickness of only seven inches in 
the bale. This is accomplished by means of a press- 
ure of 3800 pounds to the square inch, and enables 
5000 bales to be loaded on a vessel which under the 
former method of hydraulic pressure could only carry 
3000 bales. Facilities such as those enumerated, 
combined with cheapness, safety, and the means of 
obtaining any advances needed on warehouse receipts, 
must inevitably bring cotton to this port in increasing 
quantities. 

Cotton Manufactures.— The growth of cotton, 
manufactures has kept pace with the growth of the 
cotton trade. The mills and fiictories immediately 
adjacent to Baltimore employ over 8.500 hands, with 
125,000 spindles, and a capital of $.5,000,000. The 
factories at Ellicott City, Alberton, Laurel, Powhatan, 
Woodberry, Mount Washington, Franklin, and War- 
ren are among the best established in the country, 
having splendid water-power conjoined to steam, large 
and substantial buildings, and new and improved 
plant and machinery. The goods they turn out are 
recognized for uniformity and excellence of quality 
in every market. Our mills, which have perfected 
the manufacture of cotton duck, supply to the trade 
eighty per cent, of the entire quantity consumed 
throughout the world. In addition to this article, in 
which we have no rivals, our mills produce twines 
and yarns of a superior quality, seine and netting 
twines in demand by fishermen everywhere, a well- 
known article of lamp-wick, and the best quality of 
Osnaburgs, sheetings, light duck, drills, quilt stuffs, 
twills, and shirtings. 

The manufacture of cotton in Baltimore may be 
considered as starting with the organization of the 
Baltimore Manufacturing Company. The Maryland 
Journal of May 15, 1789, contains the following: 
" Baltimore, May 15. At a meeting held at Mr. 
Stark's tavern on Saturday, agreeable to a public 
notice given in the Maryland Journal, etc., of the 
8th instant, the following rules for constituting a manu- 
facturing society were read and approved of: We the 
subscribers, being desirous to promote the internal 
manufactures of this country, do associate ourselves 
under the title of the Baltimore Manufacturing Com- 
pany, and in order to carry our view into effect have 
agreed to the following rules or constitution." A 
carefully drawn constitution here follows. Many 



advertisements appear, calling for payments upon the 

I shares.^ June 19th, Isaac Vanbibber, Christopher 

! Johnson, Andrew Skinner Ennals, Alexander Mc- 

Kim, Richard Caton, Thomas Dixon, and Andrew- 

I Vanbibber were elected directors, with James Calhoun 

as treasurer. June 16th, an advertisement calls for 

a "person qualified to act as superintendent in the 

manufacturing of cotton, flax, and wool, according to 

the present most approved methods in Europe;" also, 

" a number of skillful manufacturers of cotton, flax, 

and wool, to whom, according to their abilities and 

character, good encouragement will be given" by the 

Baltimore Manufacturing Company.'^ 

The Union Manufacturing Company of Maryland 
was organized in 1808, with a capital of $1,000,000, in 
which the State was a stockholder. It was located 
near Ellicott's Mills. Commenced running in 1810 ; 
was destroyed by fire in 1815.-' Mr. Bishop, in his 
" History of Manufactures," enumerates among the 
eighty-seven cotton-mills in 1809-10 in the United 
States " two near Baltimore," one of which was " The 
Union," above mentioned, and the other was The 
Wa.shington Manufacturing Company, on Jones' 
Falls, five miles above Baltimore. The capital of the 
company was $100,000. The mill was erected in 
1810, and the company incorporated in 1815. "In 
Baltimore and vicinity," says Bishop,^ " where the 
marshals reported eleven mills with 9000 spindles in 
1810, preparations were making to run 1500 to 2000 
more before 1st January. Messrs. Worthington, Jes- 
sop, Cheston, and others took up water-rights on 
Gwynn's Falls for the erection of the Calverton Mills, 

1"New FuiUNG-Mui,.— Geo. Parker, Fuller and Dyer, hereby in- 
forms his old customers, and the public in generiil, that his new Fulliug- 
Mill, at Mr. Josiab Pennington's, about a half a mile on Jones's Falls 
from Balto, Town, is now going, and that he is ready to receive cloth at 
the mill to full and dress. And it will be also received, for the same pur- 
pose, at Mr. John Shultz's in Market St., the 2nd door above South St. 
Those who shall be pleased to favor him with their cloth, may depend 
on its being attended to witli punctuality and despatch." — Maryland 
Journal, Tuesday, Oct. 2T, 1780. 

- Cotton was grown in Maryland during the Revolution, as mention is 
made that the people of St. Mary and Talbot Counties raised then enough 
for their own purposes, and as late as the census of 1840, 5673 pounds 
were gathered in the State. 

3 At an election held April 7, 1808, for directors of the " Union Manu- 
facturing Company" of Maryland, the following gentlemen were elected : 
William Patterson, John M. Kird, John Gill, Robert M'Kim, A. J. 
Schwartz, William Jones, Ludwick Herring, John Trimble, James H. 
McCulloch, William Wilson, Benjamin Ellicott, Robert Gilmor. 

" On Jan. 4, 1808, at a meeting of citizens desirous of promoting the 
establishment of cotton and woolen manufactories, held at the Mer- 
chants' Coffee-House, William Patterson chairman, a committee was 
appointed to meet at same place January 6th, at si,\ p.m., for the 
purpose of receiving such conimunicatiotis as any of the citizens ac- 
quainted with the theory or practice of either of the above branches 
may think proper to make to them, and to make report thereof to a gen- 
eral meeting of the citizens to be held at the Merchants' Coffee-House on 
Saturday, 9th inst., at six p.m. 

" On Jan. 4, 1808, Baltimore Cotton Manufactory will go into operation, 
in all this month, where a number of boys and girls from eight to twelv^ 
years of age are wanted, etc. 

'* Applications will be received by Thomas White, at the manufactory, 
near the Friend's meeting-house, Old-Town, or by Isaac Burneston, 196 
Market Street." 

< Vol. ii. p. 198 



408 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



four miles west of the city." The Powhatan Cotton- 
Works, on Gw)'nn's Falls, six miles from Baltimore, 
were erected in 1810-11, and the company incorpo- 
rated in 1815." The Warren Cotton-Factory, at Great 
Gunpowder Falls, was incorporated in 1816 ; it was 
destroyed by fire in 1830; rebuilt in 1837; sold in 
1864, for $40,000, to Woodward Baldwin & Norris. j 
The Eockdalc Factory of Messrs. Mason & Johnson, 
established in 1847 on the site of the old silk-factory, 
was destroyed by fire in 1855. The Phoenix Factory 
for Osnaburgs, Thomas Fulton, who died Jan. 12, 
1851, proprietor, was established in 1848. Mr. Ful- 
ton was also proprietor in 1848 of the Washington 
Factory,- on Jones' Falls, about five miles from the 
city. 

The Patuxent Cotton-Factory, at Laurel, was de- 
stroyed by fire June, 1855, and sold to G. P. Tiffany, 
treasurer, for $36,000. Rebuilt in 1857, with a ca- 
pacity of 7000 spindles. ' 

The Rockland Cotton-Factory, established in 1846, 
was then the only calico print-works in the State ; 
destroyed by fire in 1857. 

The Rockdale Cotton-Factory, on Jones' Falls, was 
destroyed by fire in 1855. i 

The Whitehall Factory was destroyed by fire in 
1854. 

The Ashland Factory was burnt in 1864. 

The Savage Manufacturing Company's mill, in 
1860, was purchased by Donaldson & Burgee. 

The Alberton Mills, at Elysville, Howard Co., are 
the growth of the enterprise and energy of the late 
James Sullivan Gary, and those of his son, James 
Alfred Gary. The father, James Sullivan Gary, was 
born at Medway, Mass., Nov. 15, 1808. He was de- 
scended from John Gary, who, with his brother 
James, emigrated to this country from Lancashire, 
England, in 1712, John settling in New Hampshire, 
and James at Marblehead, Mass. He was but five 
years old when his father died, leaving a large family, 
and he went to work in the cotton-mill of the Med- 
way Manufacturing Company, where he remained | 
constantly employed until 1820, thus acquiring a 1 
thorough practical knowledge of the minutest details j 
of the manufacture, which contributed largely to his ] 
success in after-life. His educational advantages were 
necessarily very limited, but were improved to their [ 
fullest capacity by the aid of an exemplary and kind 
mother. Quitting the Medway Company to find more 
profitable employment elsewhere, he engaged succes- 
sively in a number of manufacturing establishments, 
thus enlarging his knowledge of the business. In 



2 March 16, 1810, "John Hagerty, treasurer," advertises, " The Wash- 
ington Cotton Manufacturing Company (being the first cotton manufac- 
tory in Maryland worked by water) are now in operation," with " 288 
spindles going, and many more to be in operation. Tliere are a few 
shares to be disiiused of, Ibe piice of wbifb was S.'i(t, now ^.■jil.wliicli niiiy 
be had of the treasurer. X... 12 Liglit Street." 



these various changes he constantly bettered himself, 
and by the time he wa-s twenty-two years of age he 
had accumulated a few thousand dollars. Removing 
to M:iiisliilii, ( 'dim., he became a partner in a cotton- 
f:Kt(.r\, hilt this first venture in business on his own 
accDiiiit priivtil very unfortunate for him. The agents 
of the factory went into bankruptcy, and he lost his 
entire investment. After this disaster he spent some 
years in charge of one of the departments of the 
mills of the Lonsdale Manufacturing Company, in 
Rhode Island. In 1838 he removed with his family 
to Maryland, having been engaged to take charge of 
one of the departments in the mills of the Patuxent 
Manufacturing Company, at Laurel, Prince George's 
Co. In 1844 he and three other gentlemen established 
the Ashland Manufacturing Company of Baltimore 
County, and he assumed entire supervision of the 
works. This company operated most successfiilly 
until 1854, when the buildings and machinery were 
destroyed by fire. While thus engaged he was invited 
by the Patuxent Company, who had been greatly im- 
pressed by his energy and executive ability, to take 
complete control of their works, which for some time 
he did, visiting and directing the mills of both com- 
panies. A year previous to the fire at Ashland, Mr. 
Gary, in connection with another gentleman, had es- 
tablished the Alberton Manufacturing Company, at 
Elysville, Howard Co., which remained in operation 
until 1857, when it shared the fate of many other 
business houses in the financial panic which swept 
over the nation. A new organization was soon after 
effected, under the name of the Sagouan Manufactur- 
ing Company, and production was resumed. In 1859, 
Mr. Gary discovered that his associate, who controlled 
the financial afl'airs, had involved the company in ' 
outside operations to a large amount, and with disas- 
trous results. He at once arranged to assume the 
sole ownership of the mills, together with the heavy 
indebtedness. Recognizing the fact that he should 
not be held responsible for what had been done with- 
out his knowledge, the creditors were ready to agree 
to a very liberal compromise, but he declined the 
offer, promising to discharge every claim in full at a 
future time. A settlement on this basis was arranged, 
and Mr. Gary soon showed that his qualifications for 
mercantile and financial transactions were not inferior 
to his skill as a manufacturer. His affairs prospered 
rapidly, and in half the time for which he had asked 
he was able to pay oft' the debts of the company in 
full and with interest added. In 1861 his son, James 
Albert Gary, was taken into partnership, under the 
firm-name of James S. Gary & Son, and in 1863, for 
the purpose for securing a wider field of operations 
in the purchase of cotton and the sale of manufac- 
tured goods, a branch house was established in St. 
Louis, with the title of James S. Gary & Co. Great 
prosperity attended these enlargements of the busi- 
ness. In 1866 tlie mills, dwellings, and property at 
Alberton were considerably damaged by a freshet. A 




^ 




WILLIAM DEVRIES & CO., 
312 BALTIMOBE STREET, BALTIMOBE, US. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



much greater calamity occurred in tlie memorable 
iiood of 1868, when the whole valley of the Patapsco 
was suddenly swept by a torrent which destroyed 
many lives and millions of dollars' worth of property. 
Mr. Gary himself narrowly escaped with his life, and ' 
his loss amounted to $150,000. But scarcely bad the 
waters subsided when, with his usual courage and 
energy, he set to work to repair damages, first relieving 
the wants of the people of the village, many of whom 
were his employes. At this task he worked night and ' 
day, and though the Alberton Mills had suffered so ' 
heavily, they were the first of those along the line of 
the freshet to resume operations. Mr. Gary died 
rather suddenly on March 7, 1870, and is buried at 
Alberton, where the monuments of his energy and 
skill are to be seen in the great mills and their pic- 
turesque surroundings. His manners were' genial, 
and his disposition amiable, though he was strict in 
his discipline. He was a sincere and zealous Unionist 
and Republican. His daughter is married to H. B. 
Holton, and resides at the mills. His son is a worthy 
successor of the father at the head of tlieir vast busi- 
ness. He manages it on the same safe principles, and 
there has been no break in its prosperity. James A. 
Gary is now a very prominent citizen of Baltimore. 
In 1874 he was the candidate of the Republican party 
for Congress from the Fifth District, and in 1879 can- 
didate for Governor of Maryland. In the latter year 
he thoroughly stumped the State and obtained a flat- 
tering vote. In June, 1881, he sailed from Baltimore 
with his family for an extended tour of Europe! For 
several years he has been a director of the Citizens' 
National Bank. 

The property at Elysville embraces cotton-facto- 
ries, a commodious dwelling, a large store, and up- 
wards of seventy houses for the operatives, all built 
of stone in the most substantial and convenient man- 
ner. The factory is 340 by 50 feet, four stories high, 
with tasteful belfry, containing the bell to strike the 
hours " to begin" and " to quit" work. The spindles ' 
number 9000, with 228 looms. The preparatory de- 
partment, 68 by 32 feet; the dyeing department, 32 by 
50 feet; a store-house for 1500 bales, a gas-house, a 
reservoir 178 feet above the buildings, and containing 
70,000 gallons. The estimated value of the property 
is $600,000. The products are cotton ducking and 
drillings. 

In 1877 the Laurel Factory, at Laurel, Prince 
George's County, suspended operations, and was sold 
to a new company, the Gary Manufacturing Company, 
with James A. Gary, president ; W. H. Stewart, W. 
M. Boone, John Nicholson, and Jos. Friedenwald, 
directors. Capital, $300,000. Operations were re- 
sumed in 1877, employing 300 hands. 

The Mount Vernon Company was organized in 1847 
with the present mill. No. 1, 40 by 130 feet, consum- 
ing 100,000 pounds cotton per month, and employing 
150 hands, and producing 80,000 pounds of goods ; 
spindles 5000. In 1853 mill No. 2 was erected, 204 by 



44 feet, 4 stories, employing 150 hands, and 5000 spin- 
dles. These two mills consume about 3000 bales of 
cotton annually, with a production of $1,000,000 for 
the same period. 

The Washington Mills at Mount Washington, the 
Clipper Mills, Falls Road, Whitehall Factory, Falls 
Road, and Woodberry Mills, at Woodberry, Messrs. 
Wm. E. Hooper «& Sons, proprietors, are the most ex- 
tensive manufactories of cotton duck in this country. 
They owe their origin and growth to the labors and 
energy of Horatio N. Gambrill, now of the " Druid 
Mills," and Wm. E. Hooper, the present proprie- 
tor. The Whitehall Factory, formerly the " Old 
Whitehall Flouring-Mill," ou Jones' Falls, was con- 
verted and rebuilt in 1839 by Mr. Gambrill, who there 
commenced with five looms the manufacture of cotton 
duck for sails. In 1842 the Woodberry property was 
purchased, and the Woodberry Mills erected for a more 
extensive manufacture of the same article. In 1845 
the capacity of this mill was doubled, and steam in- 
troduced to assist the failing water-power. In 1847 
the Laurel Mill, on Jones' Falls, was purchased from 
Hugh Jenkins, and soon after the " Mount Vernon 
Mill, No. 1," was constructed by conversion of the 
old flouring-mill into a cotton-factory. In 1832, Mr. 
Gambrill purchased the Washington Factory, and 
proceeded to rebuild and enlarge the establishment. 
In 1863 the Whitehall Factory was destroyed by 
fire, and upon its site was erected the Clipper Mills. 
The Park Mil!, at Woodberry, for the manufacture of 
netting for seines by machinery, was built about 
1854^55. The machinery was invented and patented 
by John McMuUen, of Baltimore. In 1865, Mr. 
Gambrill sold out both branches of manufacture to 
Wm. E. Hooper. The house of Wm. E. Hooper & 
Sons now conduct the operations of the above mills. 
The Druid Mills, at Hampden, were erected in 
1866, by their present proprietor, after he had dis- 
posed of his interest in the manufacture of cotton 
duck and seine twine, as narrated in the sketch of 
the mills of Wm. E. Hooper & Sons. The " Druid 
Mills" began operations in 1866, having cost for es- 
tablishment and machinery about $470,000. Ante- 
rior to the establishing of the old Whitehall Factory 
for the manufacture of cotton duck for sails this 
country had drawn its supplies from the Passaic and 
Phoenix Mills, in Paterson, N. J., and from the looms 
of English and Russian manufacturers. The Balti- 
more goods proving of such excellent quality, and 
selling at a greatly reduced price, soon effectually 
supplanted in the markets of the country the pro- 
ductions of all competitors. The civil war in 1861- 
65, by largely increasing the price of cotton, greatly 
checked the operations of the Baltimore mills; but 
upon the return of peace in 1865 the works again sup- 
plied the markets, and have since continued to outstrip 
all competitors. Mr. Gambrill has made several valu- 
able improvements in cotton machinery, particularly 
that of a self-stripping cotton-card, the right of which 



410 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



was sold in England for $66,000, and the royalty upon 
which in the United States is $4000 annually. The ] 
operatives of the Druid Mills are well housed in neat 
cottages belonging to the proprietors of the mills. 
Woodberry, Hampden, and Sweetair are villages 
where reside the families of the operatives in the 
mills along the course of Jones' Falls, and aggregate 
a population of over 5000 persons. The aggregate 
investment of money in and around these manufac- 
turing establishments is over $10,000,000. 

The Thistle factory of the Thistle Manufacturing 
Company, near Ilchester, Howard County, manufac- 
tures sheetings and drills. 

The Phoenix Mills are situated in Baltimore County, 
eighteen miles out on the Northern Central Railroad ; 
E. W. Garrett & Sons and Jos. W. Jenkins, pro- 
prietors. 

The Dry-Goods Jobbing Trade.— Tlie jobbing 
trade in dry-goods and notions is one of the most 
substantial and promising business interests of Balti- 
more. No regular statistics are kept of this trade, ] 
and the figures given by the last census fail to present 
it in its true proportions, for the reason that it takes 
no account of the capital or the transactions of the 
large number of brokers who sell altogether by sample, 
and whose stock is never open for inspection. In spite, 
however, of the difficulty surrounding an accurate es- 
timate, careful inquiry among those engaged in the 
business renders it certain that there is over twenty 
millions of dollars employed in the two branches of 
trade under consideration. This large amount is 
being annually augmented, not only by the activity 
with which it is turned over in the course of busi- 
ness, but by the fresh capital which finds its way into 
these profitable channels. There is scarcely any other 
branch of business in Baltimore whose growth during 
the last few years has been so rapid, or whose future 
points to more magnificent results. No better evi- 
dence of this could be afforded than is furnished in 
the large number of new and splendid business struc- | 
tures which have been erected by the trade within 
the last few years. Among them may be mentioned l 
the fine warehouses of Messrs. Hurst, Purnell & Co., 
Wm. Devries & Co., Bruff, Faulkner & Co., Johnson, 
Sutton & Co., Seliger & Newman, Ross, Campbell & 
Co., Townsend, Whitely & Co., Turnbull, Sweet & ' 
Co., Robt. Hull, and Daniel Miller & Co. The char- 
acter of these establishments, and the extent and pro- ] 
portions of the trade which they represent, may be | 
gathered from the accompanying views of a few of i 
the leading houses of Baltimore. The new house of 
Daniel Miller & Co., at Nos. 32 and 34 South Sharp, , 
and 23, 24, and 2r> Liberty Street, is, however, deserv- 
ing of special mention. 

The building is five stories high, with basement and 
sub-cellar, with a front on Sharp Street of forty-five 
feet, and on Liberty Street of seventy feet, with a 
depth of one hundred and eighty feet. Both fronts 
are, architecturally, very imposing. On Sharp Street 



the first story is of iron, with heavy French plate 
stained-glass front, while for the upper stories the 
materials employed are the best pressed brick, with 
trimmings of Richmond granite and terra-cotta of 
elaborate pattern, and highly-polished granite col- 
umns and capitals. The Liberty Street front is sim- 
ilar in general appearance, but the trimmings are of 
Cheat River stone instead of granite, and owing to a 
difference of grade, the entrance is on a level with the 
basement, independent of which, however, a grand 
staircase leads directly to the door. The plan of the 
interior is the same on every floor. A double row of 
iron columns, with ornamental capitals and bases, 
handsomely decorated in gold and delicate tints, ex- 
tends the entire depth of the building. On each side 
is a staircase communicating independently with 
every floor. An abundance of light is obtained from 
three sides of the building, and an immense sky-light 
in the centre pours a flood of light upon every floor. 
The building is supplied with three elevators, one 
passenger and two freight, of new and improved pat- 
tern. The house, in addition to being almost fire- 
proof, is amply supplied with novel facilities for ex- 
tinguishing a fire should it occur. 

Many other business places equally imposing have 
recently been erected, and the amount of money which 
is being expended in these improvements is one of the 
best proofs that could be obtained of the expansion of 
the dry-goods and notions interests. Their growth, 
however, is tlie logical result, not only of the trade 
facilities and advantages enjoyed by Baltimore, but 
of the great energy and enterprise which have been 
showu by our merchants in extending their connec- 
tions in every direction, and building up a trade 
wherever a customer is to be found. Prior to the 
civil war the business in Baltimore, as in other cities, 
was based upon credit and mutual confidence. The 
relations between buyer and seller were necessarily 
closer than at present, and the former dealt directly 
with the latter. The outbreak of the civil war inter- 
rupted travel and traffic, and in many instances 
debtor and creditor were separated from each other 
by walls of steel more impassable than Chinese bar- 
riers. Capital, warned by these unpleasant lessons, 
decreed a cash basis for the future, and the relations 
of the parties were altered. The buyer, freed fi-om 
the thraldom of credit, became more independent, and 
the seller was compelled to seek him and to offer the 
strongest inducements for his custom. The Balti- 
more merchants soon conformed to the change in 
business methods, and with excellent judgment se- 
lected active and intelligent agents to represent them 
in the South, Southwest, and Northwest, and quickly 
extended the area of their operations far beyond its 
original limits. Their own energy and enterprise 
have been infused into these representatives, and 
there is no section of the country to which the Bal- 
timore " drummers" have not carried the commer- 
cial flag of their city. The stock of these trades will 



I Ir-- 



iWWLIfii 

m i i 

Jilil llilr'ii 




m liiii! iiii ill 




DANIEL MILLER & CO, 
32 AND 34 SHARP, AND 21, 23, AND 25 LIBERTY STS., BALTIMORE, MD. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



compare favorably with that of similar establishments 
in New York and Philadelphia, and embraces the 
best selections of home and foreign manufacture. 
Foreign goods are imported directly from abroad, and 
are purchased often by our merchants in person, who 
make regular trips to Great Britain and the continent 
of Europe for the purpose. 

In addition to the advantages arising from their 
greater proximity to the South and West, importers 
at Baltimore are favored by lighter port charges and ^ 
cheaper ship supplies than obtained at any rival cities, 
and can therefore sell more cheaply and on better 
terms. This in part accounts for the fact that com- 
peting cities have found it impossible to seduce her | 
customers, or to divert the constantly increasing 
stream of traffic which is flowing into the lap of Bal- 
timore. 

Among the oldest dry-goods houses in Baltimore is 
that of Daniel Miller & Co., established in 1846. It 
was founded by the enterprise and energy of the distin- 
guished merchant whose name it still bears, and com- 
menced business at No. .304 West Baltimore Street, in 
partnership with the late John Dallam. Nine years 
later Mr. Dallam was killed in a disaster on the Cam- 
den and Amboy Eailroad, and the surviving partner 
continued the business, which, commencing with 
annual sales of eighty thousand dollars in 1847, in- 
creased to one and a quarter millions in 1870, the year 
of Mr. Miller's death, and now amounts to nearly 
two millions of dollars. 

Mr. Miller was a native of Loudon County, Ya., and 
was born July 7, 1812. His father was a German, 
who had emigrated from the Fatherland prior to the 
Revolution and made his home in Loudon County 
as a teacher, in which profession he greatly excelled. 
With other patriotic citizens of the neighborhood, he 
as.sisted in the defense of Baltimore in 1814, and after 
the war became much embarrassed on account of in- 
dorsing for a friend whose means were swept away in 
a financial panic. At this time Daniel Miller, then 
but fourteen years of age, resolved to be no longer a 
burden to his family but to start out in search of his 
own fortune. He trudged off to Harper's Ferry, 
which was then a business and social centre, and 
found a situation in a country store at a meagre 
salary. Thus early in life he, in compliance with the 
wishes of his mother, made the stern resolution never 
to touch spirits or tobacco, and notwithstanding the 
temptations which beset him in his youthful days, he 
was a total abstainer and remained such to the end of 
his life. It was his custom to attribute much of his 
success in business to his observance of this principle, 
which he commended to all young men as a safe 
guiding star no matter what their pursuits might be. 
He labored with so much diligence for his employers 
that before attaining his majority he w\is offered an 
interest in a mercantile house at Lovettsville, Ya., 
which he accepted, and in a few years he bought out 
his partners and conducted the business on his own 



account. By the year 1842 he had become the lead- 
ing merchant and citizen of the vicinity, and ran for 
the Yirginia Legislature on the Whig ticket. He 
met the opposition on the hustings and was elected by 
a large majority, although he refused to buy votes or 
descend to any species of political bribery. He made 
a useful member of the Legislature, and was con- 
cerned in the enactment of several measures of im- 
portance to business interests. A rural district, how- 
ever, was too contracted a sphere for the exercise of 
Mr. Miller's ambitions, and in 1846, as has already 
been said, he removed to this city. 

The outbreak of the civil war plunged Mr. Miller 
into terrible business difficulties. He was accumu- 
lating wealth, but his business connections were so 
extensive and ramified that his capital and credit 
were most seriously involved. Great amounts of 
money were owing to him in the seceded States, and 
were of course uncollectable. In this critical moment 
his integrity and fortitude were the salvation of his 
house. Casting to the winds all suggestions of com- 
promise, he dissolved the partnership, notified his 
creditors that they should eventually be paid every 
dollar, and set himself to work to keep his promise. 
By close economy and untiring labor he made good 
his word, taking up as he could his maturing indebt- 
edness and renewing what he was not able to pay. 
Within five years he made himself a free man by 
paying four hundred and ninety-six thousand dollars, 
thus canceling the principal and interest of all his 
obligations. It was the happiest day of his life, as he 
himself said, when he announced to his creditors his 
full resumption. Mr. Miller was generous in his aid 
to the wounded men and prisoners of war during the 
civil conflict, and when it was terminated he was 
alert to devise ways and means to revive commerce 
and industry. He was one of the mo.st efficient pro- 
moters of the plan to make advances of money to the 
farmers of the valley of Yirginia to seed and restock 
their farms, and as treasurer of the Agricultural Aid 
Society he collected and disbursed over seventy thou- 
sand dollars. He also aided in the establishment 
of banks at Winchester, Harrisonburg, Staunton, 
and Charlottesville, and although there were debts 
amounting to nearly half a million dollars due him 
from this section of the countrj', he forgave his 
debtors, and gave new credit, as far as was prudent, 
to his old customers. He associated his two sons, 
Henry Clay and Theodore K., with him in business, 
and the firm steadily rose in commercial eminence. 
Daniel Miller ^vas married while at Lovettsville to 
Miss Klein, and the fruits of the union were five sous 
and one daughter. He died suddenly at midnight of 
Sunday, July 24, 1870. He had been an elder in the 
Presbyterian Church, and teacher and superintendent 
in the Sunday school. He was the first president of 
the National Exchange Bank, a director in the Eutaw 
Savings-Bank, and a member of the Board of Trade. 
His death threw a gloom over the whole community. 



412 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



His sons conducted tlie house on the great principles 
whicli he liad bequeathed to them, but in 1880 it was 
deprived of the invaluable labors of its head, Mr. 
Henry Clay Miller, who, at the age of thirty-nine 
years, followed his father to the grave, and was 
mourned in no less degree. The firm now consists of 
Theodore K., Daniel, and William E. Miller, and R. 
C. Davidson and J. Frank Supplee. They are all 
young men, and in full sympathy with the progressive 
spirit which has always marked the management of 
the house. 

Henry Clay Miller, whoSfe death occurred on Aug. 1, 
1880, in the thirty-ninth year of his age, inherited all 
the business talent of his father, and in the compara- 
tively brief period of business life which was allotted 
to him advanced in a marked degree the prosperity 
and fortunes of the house with which he was associ- 
ated. He was born in Lovettsville, Loudon Co., Va., 
and came to Baltimore with his father in 1846. He 
was educated in the public schools of this city, and 
graduated in the Central High School, now the Bal- 
timore City College, when only sixteen years of age. 
He was one of the best students in the class, and re- 
ceived the second of the Peabody prizes. After his 
graduation he entered his father's store, and dis- 
charged his duties with so much judgment, talent, and 
fidelity that on the 1st of January, 1865, when only 
twenty-three years of age, he was made a member of 
the firm. In his new position the business qualities 
which he had already exhibited were tested by cares 
and responsibilities of no common order, but be soon 
demonstrated by his calm judgment, unshrinking 
courage, and prudent action that he was fully equal 
to the most arduous and complicated business de- 
mands, and was entirely worthy of the confidence 
which had been placed in him. His striking aptitude 
for the career upon which he had entered was so ap- 
parent that it was not long before he assumed largely 
the management of the business, assisted by others, 
but always in the lead. The sudden death of his 
father called for the every effort of his will and every 
resource of his intellect to carry on the work in ac- 
cordance with the designs and views of its founder, 
and he acquitted himself in a manner that surprised 
even those who best understood his qualifications and 
abilities. Enterprising, constantly developing, clear- 
headed, far-sighted, his operations were exceptionally 
successful, and his investments safe and remunerative. 
He was a born merchant, and possessed a reserved 
force and mercantile genius which were exhibited 
with wonderful force and effect in the many emer- 
gencies and sudden demands of a great business ca- 
reer. The new structure in which the business is now 
conducted was projected by him, and though still un- 
finished at his death, has been completed in accord- 
ance with the plans arranged by him. In early man- 
hood he became a member of the Presbyterian Church, 
of which his father was a ruling elder, and by his 
large and ready charities proved the depth and sin- 



cerity of his religious faith. He married Elizabeth 
L. Whelen, daughter of Henry Whelen, of Bryn 
Mawr, Pa., and left two children, a boy and a girl. 

The firm of Woodward, Baldwin & Norris is one 
of the most prominent jobbing houses in Baltimore. 
It was established in March, 1828, on Baltimore 
Street, between Liberty and Howard Streets, for the 
sale of domestic dry-goods, under the name of Jones 
& Woodward, and was then composed of William 
Woodward and Talbot Dixon Jones. Upon the 
death of the latter, his younger brother, Andrew D. 
Jones, succeeded him in the business, and subse- 
quently Ellis B. Long became interested in the firm, 
the name of which was changed to Jones, Woodward 
& Co. In 1844, further changes having occurred in 
the personnel of the house, it assumed the name of 
William Woodward & Co., with William Woodward, 
Andrew D. Jones, and Wm. H. Baldwin, Jr., as its 
members. Mr. Jones died in 1846, and during the 
same year the place of business was removed to its 
present location on Hanover Street, and Francis A. 
Fisher was admitted to the partnership. In 1852, 
Mr. Fisher retired, and C. C. Baldwin became a 
member of the firm, the name of which was changed 
to Woodward, Baldwin & Co. The house continued 
business under this name until 1873, when Summer- 
field Baldwin, Edward T. Norris, and Andrew D. 
Jones, Jr., the son of a former partner, became mem- 
bers of the firm, which has since been known as 
Woodward, Baldwin & Norris, although Mr. Wood- 
ward's active interest ceased at that date. The house 
has been in continuous operation for more than fifty- 
three years, and its business prosperity has been 
steadily progressive through all that period, until at 
the present time it ranks among the most substantial 
establishments in the country. Its trade extends to 
the West and Northwest, and to the South and South- 
west, especially to the latter points. It has for some 
years controlled a number of cotton-mills, among 
which may be mentioned the Savage, in Howard 
County, two in Baltimore County, and the Arlington, 
located in Wilmington, Del. These mills consume 
annually from 10,000 to 13,000 bales of cotton, and 
employ about 1000 operatives, sustaining from 4000 
to 5000 people. During the war between the two 
sections, in consequence of the interruption of travel 
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the inter- 
ference with the Western trade, of which the house 
had a large share, a branch was established in New 
York at 43 and 45 Worth Street, under the super- 
vision of C. C. Baldwin, R. F. Woodward, and S. P. 
Smith. This establishment is still maintained, and 
does a large business with all parts of the South, as 
well as an extensive export trade in sheetings, shirt- 
ings, etc. The firm, while conservative in character, 
keeps fully abreast of the times, and always exhibits 
a praiseworthy interest in the welfare and advance- 
ment of tlie city in which their success has been 
achieved. 




i*» 




WOODWARD, BALDWIN & NORRIS, 
9 AND 11 HANOVZB, COBNEB 6EBHAN STBEET, BALTIMOBE, MD. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



413 



The dry-goods trade has also contributed many 
other distinguished merchants to the long array of | 
business men whose talents, integrity, and enterprise j 
have done so much to give Baltimore a leading posi- 
tion among the chief cities of the country. After 
all, it is these personal qualities which count for _^ 
most in the tremendous competition of the present 
day. Superior geographical position, splendid ter- 
minal facilities, and great natural advantages go 
for nothing unless the individual merchant and 
citizen has caught the progressive spirit of tlu' 
age and appreciates the changes which time has 
wrought in business methods and practices, other- 
wise the story of the tortoise and the hare will be 
again illustrated, and even the most favored lo- 
cality will find itself distanced in the race by some 
rival upon which nature has bestowed less, but 
which has been carried forward by an indomitable 
spirit of energy and determination. The true 
wealth of a city consists, like Cornelia's jewels, 
in the character of her sons, and the community 
whose business and mercantile representatives are 
worthy of the responsibilities of their position pos- 
sess the essential factors of commercial greatness. 
Fortunately for Baltimore, her natural advantages 
are supplemented by a class of business men whose 
enterprise is only second to their integrity. Ex- 
amples are so abundant that selection is difficult, 
but the life and business achievements of the late 
John W. Bruflf furnish an excellent illustration of 
the value and importance of a high individual 
standard. 

Mr. Bruflf was born in April, 1818, in Talbot 
County, Md., six miles from St. Michael's, and died 
March 3, 1868. He was the second son of Joseph 
and Eleanor Morsell Bruff, both of whom were born in 
the same county. John's father was the youngest son of 
Thomas Bruff, who emigrated from England and settled 
in Talbot County in 1765. One of Joseph's brothers 
afterwards removed to New York City, and a portion 
of the family still reside there. The mother of Joseph 
was Eleanor Morsell Hopkins, whose parents were old 
settlers in this country, of French extraction. Joseph 
W. Bruff married Sallie J. Floyd, of Northampton 
County, Va., Feb. 22, 1842, who was the daughter of 
Elijah and Rachel Floyd, who were old settlers of Vir- 
ginia and of English origin. John W. had five chil- 
dren, two sons and three daughters, all of whom are 
living except one daughter, who died in early woman- 
hood. The eldest son, Joseph E. Brufl', is the senior 
partner at the head of the firm of Rrufl', Faulkner & 
Co., wholesale dry-goods and notions house, corner of 
Eutaw and Baltimore and Eutaw and German Streets, 
in the magnificent Abell Building. The father of the 
subject of this sketch, Joseph Bruflf, although a farmer, 
was thoroughly and widely known as a man of great 
ability and integrity, and was quite active in county 
and State politics. He served in the Legislature of 
Virginia for five successive terms. 
27 



John W. Bruflf was educated at private schools in his 
native county, aided by the tuition of his father, who 
was highly educated. At the age of sixteen years he en- 
tered a dry -goods store in St. Michael's, Talbot County, 
as a clerk, but being very energetic and ambitious, he 




soon found the field too limited, and at the end of a 
year's service in this capacity he obtained a situation 
with James A. Sangston & Co., of Baltimore, who 
were at that time conducting a very large and influ- 
ential wholesale dry-goods house. He remained with 
this firm almost four years, when he embarked in trade 
for himself, forming a partnership with Thomas Cam- 
per, who was then already engaged in the retail dry- 
goods trade in Baltimore Street near Light Street. Mr. 
Bruflf, at the early age of twenty-two years, exhibited 
a most remarkable talent for business, and in the first 
year of the partnership he doubled the transactions 
of the firm. The business of the house continued to 
increase from year to year, until at the end of the 
fourth year Edwin Berkley, of Richmond, Va., be- 
came a member of the firm, which then engaged ex- 
tensively in the wholesale trade, and at the end of two 
years the two other partners purchased the interest of 
Mr. Camper. The success of the firm continued until 
1856, when Edwin Berkley retired, and John W. Bruff 
continued, admitting four clerks, who had been faith- 
ful workers, into the firm, under the name and style 
of John W. Bruff' & Co. The firm continued as thus 
constituted until 1864. Although they were doing a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



large business South at and before the commencement 
of the war, and suflered heavy losses thereby, they 
still continued to do a successful business, with credit 
unimpaired, and paid in full, without even asking an 
extension. In 1804 two of the junior members of the 




firm withdrew, forming a house of their own. In 
1867, James W. Bruft', a brother and partner, died, 
when Joseph E. Brutf and Alfred B. Faulkner were 
admitted as partners. The new partnership had only 
continued about a year, however, when the death of 
Jolin W. Bruff occurred. He was a man of marked 
ability and of the strictest integrity, a true and generous 
friend, an earnest and devoted Christian, a kind hus- 
band, a loving father, and was beloved by all who knew 
him. His business career was one of financial success. 
He was for many years a director in the Franklin 
Bank, and in the American Fire Insurance Company, 
and in every position evinced such sound judgment 
and sagacity that his counsel was eagerly sought by 
many of his business friends. The present firm of 
Bruft', Faulkner & Co. is composed of .Toseph E. Brufl", 
William Adams, Alfred B. Faulkner, and William R. 
Hallett, who are now conducting a very large and suc- 
cessful business in the Abell Building, Nos. 321 and 
323 West Baltimore Street. 

John W. Bruff was a member of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, and was known as one of its most 
zealous workers, contributing largely towards build- 
ing the handsomest churches in Baltimore, as well as 
considerable amounts for similar objects at other 
places. He was unostentatious in his charities, and 



was never known to turn away the deserving poor. 
He died deeply lamented by his family and friends 
and highly esteemed by the public. 

The house of Wm. Devries & Co. is another of the 
leading dry-goods establishments of the city, and oc- 
cupies the extensive warehouse at No. 312 West 
Baltimore Street. The founder of the house, Wm. 
Devries, was born in Baltimore (now Carroll) County, 
near Sykesville, Md. His father, Christian Devries, 
had emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, and in his 
new home united agriculture with the manufacture 
I of paper. William Devries came to Baltimore when 
I only fourteen years of age, and obtained a position 
in the establishment of L. W. Boswell, by whom at 
I the end of three years he was taken into partnership. 
I When the firm was dissolved in 1846, in connection 
[ with Upton Slinglufl", he established the house of 
Slingluff; Devries & Co., which continued its opera- 
tions for eight years, when Mr. Slingluff retired, and 
I the firm of Devries, Stephens & Thomas was formed. 
In 1861 this association was dissolved, and the name 
was changed to Wm. Devries & Co., consisting of 
Wra. Devries, his nephew, Christian Devries, his 
son, Wm. R. Devries, and Solomon Kimmell. Mr. 
Devries died Nov. 27, 1877. The firm now consists of 
Christian, Wm. E., and Harry Devries. 

Hurst, Purnell & Co. are among the principal im- 
porters and wholesale dry-goods and notion dealers in 
Baltimore. The house was founded in 1831 by Den- 
nis H. Battee and John Hurst, but in 1832 the firm- 
name was changed to Barry & Hurst, and the place of 
business removed to old Congress Hall, at the south- 
west corner of Baltimore and Sharp Streets. In 1841 
the firm became Hurst & Berry, in 18.57 Hurst & Co., 
and in 1869 Hurst, Purnell & Co. The iron ware- 
house Nos. 233 and 235 West Baltimore Street, now 
occupied by the firm, was completed in 1877, and is 
a most elegant structure. 

The millinery trade of Baltimore, which has always 
been large, has shown wonderful development within 
the past few years, and is steadily extending through 
the South, Southwest, West, and Middle States. In 
I addition to the large quantities of domestic goods 
[ manufactured in this city, the choicest products of 
' the European markets are imported directly, thus in- 
suring not only variety and quality, but the lowest 
' prices and the most reasonable terms of sale. 
I One of the oldest and most prominent firms en- 
I gaged in this branch of business is the house of 
j Armstrong, Cator & Co., founded in 1806 by Thomas 
Armstrong. Mr. Armstrong was only sixteen years 
of age when he laid the foundations of the establish- 
ment which has now attained such immense propor- 
tions, but he possessed energy and intelligence beyond 
his years, and soon attained a leading position among 
the merchants of the city. After a prosperous ca- 
reer of thirty-six years, the results of his labors were 
scattered by a series of commercial disiisters against 
which no intelligence could guard, and which no ac- 




. U. Evftna, TubUsber. 



ARMSTRONG, CATOR & CO., 
237 AND 239 BALTIMOEE STBEET, BALTIMORE, MD. 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



415 



tivity could have prevented. Nothing daunted, how- 
ever, he addressed himself at once with renewed en- 
ergy and brave spirit to the task of repairing his 
shattered fortunes, and was rewarded by a success 
which soon enabled him to discharge every item of 
his indebtedness. In 1847 he entered into a part- ^ 
nership with R. W. Cator, which was enlarged in i 
1852 by the admission of B. F. Cator, the firm- 
name then becoming Armstrong, Cator & Co. Mr. 
Armstrong subsequently at various times disposed of 
his entire interest in the business to Messrs. J. F. 
Bealmear, W. J. H. Watters, and W. H. Pagon, and 
died Nov. 14, 1868, in the seventy-ninth year of his 
age, leaving a handsome fortune and a legacy of 
$35,000 for charitable purposes. The name of the 
firm ha§ remained unchanged, in accordance with the 
English custom, which retains the title under which 
a house has won fortune and reputation, even when 
its original founders have passed away. 

After the admission of B. F. Cator the prosperity ! 
of the house continued to increase, and in 1861 it j 
had scarcely a rival in its special branch of trade. ' 
The civil war cut oft' a large area of valuable territory, ! 
but the business was energetically extended in other 
directions, and when hostilities came to a close the ] 
firm was not long in renewing its commercial relations 
with its former customers in the Southern States. 
The practical sympathy manifested by B. F. Cator 
for Southern prisoners during the war, and the lib- 
erality of the firm after its termination in extend- 
ing facilities to reduced merchants in that section, 
merited the grateful recollection which they have 
inspired, and have been largely instrumental in giving 
the house its strong hold upon Southern trade. There 
is probably no other establishment of the same charac- 
ter in the United States which does a business of 
such immense extent and proportions. The annual 
value of its operations exceeds two millions of dollars, 
and the rapid development which it is still undergoing 1 
promises even more remarkable results in the near 
future. The employes in their sales' ofiice and ship- 
ping departments alone number more than one hun- | 
dred persons, and several hundred operatives are ; 
employed in the manufacturing branches of the es- 
tablishment. A peculiar feature of the business, and 
one which this firm was the first to introduce in 
Baltimore, is the direct importation of pattern bon- 
nets and hats from France. At the beginning of 
each season they import one or two hundred samples 
of the leading styles, made up and trimmed by the first | 
artists in that department in Paris, and costing from 
twenty-five dollars to seventy-five dollars apiece. As 
soon as they are received they are displayed for general ! 
inspection, and then sold to the trade as patterns at less 
than half the cost of importation, thus enabling milli- 
ners to obtain in their own market and at greatly 
reduced prices what they would otherwise have to 
order abroad at very heavy expense. These patterns 
are only used as designs, the cost being sixty per cent. 



greater than the American manufactured article. 
While domestic dealers are thus assisted, the house 
is enabled to keep in Baltimore a valuable trade 
which would otherwise be drawn oft" by Northern 
importers. The place of business is 237 and 239 
West Baltimore Street, in a splendid structure five 
stories high, forty feet in width, two hundred and four 
feet in depth, and furnished with all the modern 
improvements and facilities for handling, selling, 
and shipping their large stock of merchandise. 
Benjamin F. Cator died on the 4th of January, 1872, 
and the firm, as at present constituted, consists of 
Robinson W. Cator, William J. H. Watters, William 
H. Pagon, J. McKenney White, James H. Cator, 
Franklin T. Cator, and George Cator. With the 
exception of Mr. White, they are all sons or nephews 
of R. W. Cator. The latter is the head of the house, 
and is noted not only for the masterly manner in 
which he directs a business whose proper manage- 
ment requires the possession of the highest intelli- 
gence and enterprise, but for the genial and kindly 
personal qualities which have endeared him to hosts 
of friends. 

The trade which only seeks to benefit the individual 
trader and the commerce whose only object is selfish 
gain are not separated in spirit from the methods of 
the miser, and carry with them the seeds of dangers 
to the community in which they thrive. How far 
the all-absorbing desire to grow wealthy at any and 
every cost may be responsible for many of the politi- 
cal and social evils of the day need not here be dis- 
cussed, but certainly the fact that a merchant rarely 
discharges the political duties of a citizen and holds 
himself aloof from the current of afl'airs is not ground 
for any special boasting, and fifty years ago would 
have been considered anything but an honorable dis- 
tinction. At all events, merchants and business men 
might more fully realize the pecuniary importance 
to themselves of exercising their due influence upon 
current events, and of so far giving their attention to 
what is going on around them as to protect their own 
interests. Public-spirited, patriotic merchants who 
can rise above the altitude of their counters, and 
whose aspirations are not bounded by the narrow 
channels of their trade, are happily to be found in 
Baltimore, and wherever found never fail to leave 
upon the times the impress of their character and 
talents. Such men as Adam Barclay Kyle, William 
S. Young, William J. Hooper, Samuel Shoemaker, 
D. L. Bartlett, R. W. Cator, H. C. Smith, W. H. Powell, 
Charles J. Baker, Charles D. Hinks, Henry M. War- 
field, and Decatur H. Miller have set examples which 
might be imitated with advantage, and have shown 
that it is possible to be a good citizen without being 
a poor merchant. Perhaps no better instance of this 
wise and generous spirit could be adduced than is 
presented in the life of one of the most distinguished 
of Baltimore's living merchants, James Hodges. The 
story of such a career carries with it a moral that is 



416 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



especially needed at the present time, and requires 
no excuse for its recital. 

Mr. Hodges was born Aug. 11, 1822, at Liberty Hall, 
Kent Co., Md., and is lineally descended from six of 
the earliest settlers of that part of the State, whose 
names and dates are as follows : William Hodges, 
1665; Thomas Ringgold, 1650; Andrew Hanson, 
16.53; Simon Wilmer, 1688; Thomas Hynson, 1650; 
and Marmaduke Tylden, grandson of Sir William 
Tylden, 1658, all of whom were members of the An- 
glican Cliurch and prominent in the annals of the 
county. In England and in America the men of this 
blood have been distinguished in military and civil 
life. The first James Hodges was a gallant soldier, 
who commanded a company of troops in the Revolu- 
tionary war. His grandson was the Hon. James 
Hodges, who married Mary Hanson Ringgold, an 
amiable lady, whose family has been known in Mary- 
land for over two hundred years. They had five 
children, the eldest of whom is the subject of this 
writing. He was designed for the legal profession, 
but his father died while he was yet a boy, leaving a 
widow with children of tender age and an impaired 
estate. She came to Baltimore with them, and James 
Hodges, manfully concealing the disappointment 
which he could not but keenly feel at being taken 
from bis studies, obtained a position in a commercial 
house. It was far from being the sort of life which 
he had pictured for himself in his honorably ambi- 
tious dreams of the future, but if his duties had been 
of the most agreeable nature he could not have dis- 
charged them with greater fidelity and energy. He 
evinced remarkable capacity and aptitude for busi- 
ness, and was promoted to the position of confidential 
clerk. As his knowledge of commercial transactions 
and familiarity with trade increased, he resolved to 
launch his own bark upon the current of a,ffairs, and 
in 1846 he and his brother, William Ringgold Hodges, 
established the house of Hodges Brothers. It seemed 
like a hopelessly bold undertaking, for the brothers 
were but twenty-three and twenty-one years of age, 
they were not overloaded with capital, and they had 
to face the competition of long- established rivals. 
But they triumphed ; their connections grew from 
year to year, until now the firm ranks among the 
principal importing notion houses in the United 
States, occupying a spacious and architecturally ele- 
gant warehouse and store at No. 23 Hanover Street. 
In more recent years Robert Hodges and William 
Penn Lewis, the European buyer for the house, have 
been added to the firm. 

James Hodges lias ever been on the alert in the 
observation of new fields and the opening of new 
paths of trade. Twenty-eight years ago he discov- 
ered that Baltimore was losing its position as a dis- 
tributing market because of the superior enterprise 
and capital of the Northern cities, where our whole- 
sale merchants were obliged to purchase their stock. 
To overcome this disadvantage he went to Europe 



and brought his firm into immediate connection with 
the great British and Continental manufacturers, and 
ever since then one of the partners has made semi- 
annual trips for the purchase of goods. By this ar- 
rangement they have competed successfully with the 
New York importers, and by doing away with middle- 
men have saved the extra commission to customers, 
and by direct importations have considerably in- 
creased the customs receipts at Baltimore. Mr. 
Hodges has taken pains to educate himself in the 
practical study of political economy and the science 
of finance, to understand the relations of the social, 
civil, and commercial spheres of life, and to observe 
the workings of the constituent elements of human 
society. He has thus become prominent in public 
affairs during the past quarter of a century, his advice 
has frequently been sought in the decision of mo- 
mentous questions, and as speaker and writer he has 
exerted a healthful influence in the correction of 
abuses, the frustration of contemplated wrong, and 
the execution of numerous projects which have been 
largely productive of the welfare of the city. In 
1856 he presented in the columns of the Baltimore 
American cogent arguments for the uniforming and 
reorganizing of the municipal police. In 1859, when 
the good citizens of Baltimore were engaged in the 
desperate struggle to redeem the city from the reign 
of anarchy and violence that prevailed under the 
rule of the Know-Nothing party, Mr. Hodges deliv- 
ered an effective speech at a meeting in Monument 
Square in favor of reform, and at the ensuing elec- 
tion he commanded one of the squads organized to 
protect legal voters against the ruffianism of the armed 
mob. That was a bloody day in the local chronicles ; 
several citizens were killed by the roughs, and it was 
discovered that they had calculated on numbering 
Mr. Hodges among their victims. But the cause of 
right was victorious, and the city was restored to 
tranquillity and the predominance of law and order. 
In an earnest speech at the Maryland Institute, Ln 

1860, Mr. Hodges exposed and lielped to defeat the 
iniquitous legislative bill designed to permit some 
Philadelphia speculators to build street railways in 
Baltimore at an expense of .S700,000, and issue stock 
and bonds to the amount of three million dollars. In 

1861, in a series of communications to the Baltimore 
American, he demonstrated the wisdom, expediency, 
and propriety of running the street cars on Sunday ; 
and though the ultra-Sabbatarians postponed the ex- 
tension of this convenience to the public for six 
years, the cars did commence running on Sunday in 
1867. Being a member of the Board of Trade at the 
time, he was appointed a delegate by that t)ody to 
represent it in the convention held at Phihuleli)hia 
in 1868 to organize a National Board of Trade, and 
was the author of the proposition submitted by its 
executive committee to Congress to " establish a new 
department of the government, to be known as the 
Department of Commerce." In 1872-73 he devoted 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



much thought and research to the currency question, 
and at the annual dinner of the Shoe and Leather 
Board of Trade, in January of the latter year, he re- 
viewed our national banking system, pointed out its 
advantages and defects, and contended that the future 
prosperity of the nation was indissolubly connected 
with the resumption of specie payments. In 1873, 
Mr. Hodges consented to be a candidate for the Demo- 
cratic nomination for the mayoralty, and his decision 
was applauded by the best class of citizens, but he 
found that the requirements of a successful canvass 
were incompatible with his tastes and sense of inde- 
pendence, and he withdrew from the contest. He 
has been foreman of the Grand Jury of the Criminal 
Court of Baltimore, and of the Grand Jury of the 
United States District Court, and for several years 
president of the Mercantile Library Association. 

On May 4, 1877, he was unanimously elected by the 
City Council one of the finance commissioners of 
Baltimore, his associates on the board being Mayor 
Latrobe, president ex officio, and Enoch Pratt. The 
fir.st question of importance that came before the 
board after the election of Mr. Hodges was the sub- 
stitution of the five million five per cent, loan for the 
six per cent, water loan of lilce amount which fell 
due July, 1875. The ordinance as originally passed 
was found to be defective, and the former commis- 
sioners had failed to negotiate the loan. In 1877 the 
matter was revived, and at Mr. Hodges' suggestion 
certain amendments were made which validated the 
law, and in a month the entire loan was taken at a 
premium, though its failure for a second time had 
been confidently predicted. This measure saves the 
tax-payers $50,000 annually, or $1,950,000 during the 
thirty-nine years which the loan has to run. If this 
yearly saving were invested at six per cent., payable 
semi-annually, it would grow in that time to nearly 
$8,000,000. Mr. Hodges resigned from the board in 
consequence of his inability to agree with Mayor La- 
trobe's policy of the diversion of the increment of the 
sinking fund to the current expenses of government. 
Among his other public services, he was commissioned 
by President Hayes, upon the nomination of Governor 
Carroll, to represent Maryland as honorary commis- 
sioner at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, with Dr. 
Thomas H. Buckler as his colleague ; and was while 
there made by the Baltimore Board of Trade a dele- 
gate to the Franco- American Commercial Treaty Con- 
ference. He was one of the committee that reported 
a basis for a treaty of commerce between France and 
the United States. He made a number of addresses 
in France upon political and commercial topics that 
were highly commended by the press and public, and 
on his return home he was invited by the Board of 
Trade to discuss before them the proposed treaty. 
This he did in an address delivered at Rialto Hall, 
Nov. 30, 1878, which was a lucid and convincing ex- 
position of the mutual advantages to the two coun- 
tries of such a compact. During the civil war he 



desired the preservation of the Union, but he could 
not sustain the methods of the government, and he 
extended all the relief in his power to the Confeder- 
ate prisoners and the sutfering people of the border 
States. In 1865 he availed himself of an opportunity 
at a banquet given to the Odd-Fellow.s' convention 
to publicly advocate the reconstruction of the Union 
upon the basis of the equality of all citizens before the 
law, and the equal rights of all the States under the 
Constitution. Mr. Hodges is a director of the Na- 
tional LTnion Bank, and a large stockholder in other 
business and financial institutions. The hours saved 
from commercial and public engagements are ab- 
sorbed by art and literature, which he has cultivated 
with congenial taste and admiration, and his library 
is well stocked with a collection of choice books. 

While the percentage of foreign population is not 
as great in Baltimore as in some other American 
cities, it is a large and substantial element, and has 
proved an influential factor in its progress and devel- 
opment. Many of the most prominent names in local 
history belong to this class, and it embraces at the 
present time some of the most enterprising and ster- 
ling citizens of Baltimore. Among those who have 
thus won honor and fortune may be mentioned John 
Stellman, a leading merchant of the city. 

Mr. Stellman was born in the city of Bremen, 
Germany, the 16th of October, 1816, and at the 
age of fifteen years was apprenticed to a commer- 
cial house in that city. After serving his time of 
five years he remained in the house another year 
as a clerk or agent. In 1838, Mr. Stellman emigrated 
to the United States and became a partner in the 
old and respectable house of Charles Fisher & Co., im- 
porters, in which connection he remained until 1842, 
when he entered into the commission business on 
his own account at No. 4 Hanover Street. He soon 
afterwards removed to a larger store, No. 264 West 
Baltimore Street, and continued to import German 
goods, with agencies for American manufacturers. 
In 1848, Mr. Christly Henricks, who had been book- 
keeper for Mr. Stellman, was admitted into partner- 
ship under the firm-style of Stellman & Henricks, in 
which they were exceedingly successful. In 1854, 
Mr. Henry J. Farber was admitted into the firm, 
which became Stellman, Henricks & Co., and re- 
moved to Hanover Street. Subsequently the firm 
moved to No. 23 Sharp Street, where Mr. Stellman 
had erected a large warehouse, which was occupied 
for twelve years. Mr. Henrieks, who entered the 
firm July 1, 1848, retired from it July 1, 1873, closing 
a most satisfactory connection of twenty-five years. 
The business was continued by H. J. Farber and Mr. 
Stellman's eldest son, with himself as senior part- 
ner, until the 31st of December, 1879, when the new 
firm of John Stellman & Sons was established, com- 
posed of John Stellman, J. W. and Francis G. Stell- 
man, sons of Mr. Stellman. John Stellman, the sub- 
ject of this sketch, retired in December, 1880, and his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



two sons, with William IJoyd, continue the busi- 
ness. 

In 184)1, Mr. Stelliniui was married to Miss Sarah 
Ann Cappeau, daughter of Joseph Cappeau, of Bal- 
timore, and had eight children, all of whom are living. 
Mr. Stellmaii was one of the directors of the German 
Orphan Asylum for seven years, and president of the 
Maryland Fire I'nsurance Company, a position which 
he reluctantly accepted, and which he resigned in 
1871. Mr. Stellman is a director of the National 
Union Bank. He resides at No. 442 Eutaw Place. 

Mr. Stellman's career is only one out of hundreds 
which might be cited to show how largely the German 
element has contributed to the solid bone and muscle 
of our prosperity. TheGermanshave well been called | 
the " conquering race," and the place they have won in 
Baltimore proves that they know how to achieve the 
victories of peace no less than the triumphs of war. 

Building' Materials. — In every article that enters 
intii Uiiildin;;. in any of its branches, this city has an 
abundant supply. Marble and granite for public 
structures, and sandstone and brick for private resi- 
dences, are equally convenient, cheap, and abundant. 

The Baltimore press brick' is almost as well known 
as the Chesapeake oyster, and as an article of export 
was antecedent to the bivalve. In 1827 the Balti- 
more Brick Manufacturing and Exporting Company 
was organized " at the tavern of George Beltzhoover," 
with a capital of §100,000, and Joseph Jamison as 
president, and Joshua Dryden secretary.- From that 
early day the clay of the surrounding country has 
been manufactured into bricks, and shipped as early 
as 1840 to New Orleans and other distant cities. 
Even in 1838 we find in the public prints bricks re- 
garded as a Baltimore "staple," for in 1832 there 
were made " within the limits of the city 32,000,000 of 
bricks." At this time the annual production of 
bricks is over 100,000,000. Extensive yards surround 
the city on every side, employing over $1,000,000 of 
capital, paying wages to 2000 men, consuming 25,000 
tons of coal and 2000 cords of wood. 

Furniture. — The manufacture of furniture is a very 
important and extensive branch of the industries of 

1 "Baltimore, wliich of late 3'eai-s has produced superior bricks in large 
quantities, appears not to have made them in sufficient number for its own 
use for some years after its settlement. Charles Carroll, an original pro- 
prietor of land now covereil by the city, in 1754 erected " at the Mount 
dure" buildings of bricks imported for the purpose. Two years after it 
had but four brick houses, and only twenty-five in all, the others very 
primitive in style. A pottery was erected in the town ten years after 
by John Brown, from New Jersey, who had learned the business in 
Wilmington, Del. The town at that date contained about fifty houses. 
Thirty-two years after it contained one thousand nine hundred, and 
■was the fourth in the Union, having more than half the number of 
New York. This unparalleled increase in building, the elegance of 
the buildings at Annapolis and of Frederick, which was chiefly built 
of brick and stone, must have made brick-making a considerable 
manufacture." (Bish. Manuf., vol. i. p. 229.) One of the first ordinances 
passed by the City Council on Feb. 28, 1798, was one "to regulate the 
size and dimensions of bricks made within the city of Baltimore." 

: Bishop's History of Manufactures, vol. ii. p. 34U, says, "Mr. Berry 
and others, of Baltimore, were so successful about this time (1828) in the 
manufacture of fine brick as to stop tlie importation." 



this city. The facilities for this manufacture are 
greater here than in any Eastern city. The prox- 
imity by rail of the city to the great lumber districts 
of the country, and the cheap and convenient trans- 
portation by water to the Eastern and Southern sup- 
ply, places Baltimore at a great advantage in obtaining 
the supply of raw material required in this industry, 
while her cheap houses, low taxes, and healthy cli- 
mate all contribute to cheapen the cost of manufac- 
ture. Her establishments in this trade have promptly 
availed themselves of all the patents issued that have 
proved of any benefit in cheapening the cost of manu- 
facture, while a high degree of taste has rendeied the 
work of the chief manufacture of Baltimore equal in 
every respect of style and beauty to those of any 
establishments. The establishments for the manu- 
facture of fiirniture, including refrigerators, accord- 
ing to the census of 1880, were 55 in number, em- 
ploying 1072 hands, with an aggregate capital of 
$697,102, paying for wages annually §375,328, ex- 
pending annually for material $797,195, and produc- 
ing yearly balances equal to $1,532,438. 

Sugar Refining. — The earliest mention of the art 
of sugar rctining in Baltimore is contained in the 
Maryland Journal of March 14, 1784, in which it is 
stated that Charles Gartz & Co. had erected a sugar 
refinery near the county wharf, foot of Calvert Street, 
for making double and single-refined sugars, and 
lump sugar, for which they had imported workmen 
from London. This old firm in 1789 had become 
" Gartz, Leypold & Co., sugar refiners and distillers." 
In 1803, Samuel Frye and George Foer were refining 
sugar at Eutaw and Saratoga Streets. The records 
are deficient and incomplete for the history of the 
development of this trade in Baltimore. 

The operation of the tariff, or, more properly 
speaking, the peculiar administration of the revenue 
laws in their application to the importation of sugar 
at Baltimore, has almost destroyed the importation 
as well as the refining of sugar. These results will 
be better comprehended by looking as well at what 
Baltimore has done in this trade, as at what she is 
doing at present. In 1854, Dougherty & Woods 
erected the Baltimore Steam Sugar Refinery, on 
Lombard Street. In 1866, the Merchants' Sugar 
Refinery, on Buchanan's wharf, was opened by 
Messrs. Fink, Sheetz, McSkeny & Co. In 1853, John 
C. Brune erected the sugar refinery on O'Donnell's 
wharf. The house of Sterling, Ahrens & Co. suc- 
ceeded the Merchants', the Maryland, and the Cal- 
vert Sugar Refineries. The business of this large 
house was interwoven with the trade and commerce 
of Baltimore to a greater extent than that of any 
other house prior to that time ; they were the owners 
of thirty vessels trading from this port, importing 
sugar, molasses, and coffee, and exporting the pro- 
ducts of this country. A large cooperage establish- 
ment was also conducted by them, and with other vari- 
ous industries they emjiloy regularly over 10(10 men. 




<^ 




COMMEKCIAL INDUSTKIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



419 




HEXRY KIEMA: 



The house suspended in 1875. The Calvert Sugar 
Eefinery reopened in 1877, but suspended in 1878, 
and was sold to a New York firm. 

The census of 1880 shows that all this vast trade 
has from some cause almost departed from Baltimore, 
leaving now in operation but 3 establishments, em- 
ploying 115 hands, with an aggregate capital of 
$260,000, paying $31,000 in annual wages, with 
$756,703 in value of materials, and producing annu- 
ally $840,986. The retrogression of the importing of 
sugar at this port will be understood by the following 
table for 1879. The year 1880 has no figures in the 
trade report. 

Imports of sugar at Baltimore for 1879 as com- 
pared with previous years : 

Hhds. ^-'-'. 



Bags. 



The following table appeared in the annual report 
of the Board of Trade, January, 1881, in the Baltimore 
Journal of Commerce : 

Imports for the year just closed were as follows : 



Demerara 




1,567 
2V309 
3.876 


115 
1,110 


25 


Barbadoes 




124 


Total 


11.051 


149 



SitGAii AND Molasses. 

No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Value of 

Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. 

3 115 $260,U1J0 J31,000 $756,703 



Cuba 


6,445 


44 

44 
2,818 
4,497 




127 






6,046 

6,046 
33,519 
83,308 










New Orleans 

Total 1879 

" 1878 

" 1877 


13,449 

30,135 

50,233 


127 
441 

2,720 



Molasses. — The trade in molasses at Baltimore has 
followeil the downward tendency of that of sugar, and 
necessarily from like causes. The Board of Trade 
report for 1879 contains the following table. 

The imports of molasses at Baltimore for the past 
three years, reduced to hogsheads, have been as follows : 

From 1879. 1878. 1877. 



Cuba 


Hhds. 
17,483 


Hhds. 

22.272 
580 

1,078 
26,237 


Hhds. 


English Islands 

French Islands 


272 


1,889 


Total 


19,419 


19,681 



Among those connected with the early development 
of the business of sugar refining in this city was 

I Henry Kieman. He was the son of Daniel Rieman, 
a native of Germany, and Catharine Peters, of Vir- 
ginia, and was born in Baltimore, Dec. 14, 1786, and 

I died in this city on the 27th of April, 1865. His 
father was among the first, if not the very first, to 
commence the refining of sugar in Baltimore ; the old 
building in which he began the business is still stand- 
ing on Paca Street near Franklin. Henry Kieman 
soon made himself thoroughly acquainted with the 
art of refining, and while still under age took his 
father's place in the business, conducting it success- 
fully with partners, first on Paca Street and then on 
Park Lane, now Raborg Street, until the war of 1812, 
when he retired with his family to the farm on which 
the Pimlico race-course is now located. After the 
war he reopened the refinery on Park Lane, but left 
the management of it largely to his younger brother, 
Samuel, and entered into the grocery trade, connect- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ing with it tlie packing of provisions, then in its in- 
fancy. He continued the business of sugar refining 
until the new steam process was introduced, when he 
was forced to abandon the old method. Leaving Paca 
Street, he removed first to Eutaw Street, then to the 
corner of Howard and Fayette Streets, at which lat- 
ter point he engaged solely in the provision packing 
business, under the firm-name of Henry Rieman & 
Sons, with branch houses at Cincinnati and Terre 
Haute, Ind. He had eight children who reached 
the nge of" maturity, three sons — Wm. Jones, Alex- 
ander, and Joseph H. — and five daughters ; the sons 
are all still living, but two of the daughters are dead. 
His eldest son, Wm. J., has retired from business, 
but Alexander and Joseph H. continue the firm-name 
of Henry Rieman & Sons, though not engaged in 
active business operations. 

Henry Rieman, the subject of this sketch, was 
brought up in the German Reformed faith, but subse- 
quently became a member of the Presbyterian Church 
on Fayette Street, under the pastoral charge of Rev. 
J. M. Duncan. After the death of Dr. Duncan he 
attached himself to the Central Presbyterian Church, 
under the charge of Rev. Dr. J. T. Smith, in which 
communion he died. Mr. Rieman was a Democrat 
until the nomination of Martin Van Buren, when he 
voted the Whig ticket, but returned to the Democratic 
ranks upon the organization of the Know-Nothing 
party. While taking a proper interest in the admin- 
istration of local and federal government, he always 
steadfastly declined political office. He was for 
many years director in one of the city banks, the 
Equitable Insurance Company, and the Eutaw Sav- 
ings-Bank. Independent in his opinions, lofty in 
tone and character, retiring in disposition, and averse 
to ostentation and display, Mr. Rieman was esteemed 
and respected by all who knew him, and left a name 
and record that will long be held in honorable re- 
membrance. 

Bell-Founding.— The bell-foundries of Baltimore, 
though limited to two establishments, yet are well 
known and highly appreciated throughout the whole 
country. In the art of bell-making Baltimore has 
attained v('ry high rank, and her establishments have 
turned out work equal in every respect to that from 
Northern and European workshops. The first bell 
made from blistered bar steel, or cast steel melted, 
was manufactured in 1827, under the superintendence 
of a gentleman from Baltimore who was said to have 
a patent. The cast was made at the New York Steel 
Manufacturing Company's works in New York City. 
It was equal in sound to compooition bells, and could 
be made as light as they at a cost of twenty to twenty- 
five cents per pound. In 18.56 the brass-works of 
Henry McShane & Co. in Baltimore were established, 
and have since been very largely extended and en- 
larged, until they have become one of the largest and 
best-appointed workshops in this art in the country. 
They are upon North Street, and occupy a building 



two hundred and fifteen by one hundred and fifty feet; 
the establishment also works the Phoenix Iron-Works, 
on Holliday Street, for castings for plumbers' and 
machinists' use. Electro-plating both in silver and 
gold forms a very important feature in this firm's work. 

The manufactory of Joshua Register & Sons, on 
Holliday Street, is also a very extensive and well-es- 
tablished workshop in bell-founding. 

Brass-Founding and Finishing.— The extensive 
use of brass in the jilumber's work has been greatly 
extended by the use of gas and water in cities and 
large towns. The eighty-nine plumbing establish- 
ments of Baltimore have created an enormous demand 
for the fixtures employed in their work, and led to the 
expansion of the resources and capacity of the brass- 
founding and finishing establishments of this city 
which enables them to compete with any works of the 
kind in the country. In these establishments all 
kinds of plumbers' brass-work, water, gas, and steam 
fixtures and apparatus, and bells of all descriptions 
are yearly turned out in immense quantities, so that 
this city possesses every facility for supplying the 
trade at the lowe-st prices, which are being availed of 
by the cities of tue South and West in an increasing 
degree every year. 



BniSS-FoUNDINO . 



PUJMB 



1880. 



No. of No. of Amt. of Amt. of Val. of Val. of 

Eetabe. Hands. Capital. Wage8. Material. Products. 

Brass-founding 2 4 S.3.800 $1,474 82,900 SG.300 

Plumbing 80 279 199,060 84,000 181,491 426,923 

Bell foundries (no figures in 1880). 

Soap and Candles.— The manufacture of soap and 
candles is conducted to a very large extent in this 
city. Its facilities for shipment to the West Indies 
and to the Southern States enable the manufacturers 
of candles to hold their own against the various oils 
that are so largely consumed in illumination. There 
are in this city 8 establishments, employing 88 hands, 
vfith a capital of $261,182, paying in wages $50,495, 
and for material $238,006, with annual productions 
amounting to $365,340. 

Fire-bricks and Potteries. — The note from Bishop, 
on another page, mentions the success of Mr. Berry, 
of Baltimore, in the manufacture of fire-bricks. This 
was John Berry, who as early as 1812 established 
a manufacture of fire-bricks on the corner of How- 
ard and Lee Streets, and succeeded in producing an 
article equal to any before imported. The manu- 
facture is still continued, in connection with that of 
retorts, sewer-pipes, tiles, etc., which are shipped in 
large quantities all over the country. There are in 
Baltimore, by the census of 1880, for the manufacture 
of fire-brick and tiles 6 establishments, giving em- 
ployment to 627 hands, with an aggregate capital of 
$215,000, paying annually in wages $121,248, and ex- 
pending for material $52,271, with an aunual pro- 
duction valued at $218,528. 

Shot. — The manufacture of shot in Baltimore be- 
gan in 1822, bv a comi)anv of which Col. .loseph 






:^^:^^^^^^^. 



^ 



^:y^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



421 



Jamison was president. The tower was on Nortli 
Gay Street, and was IGO feet higli. This tower was 
pulled down in 1845.' 

The imposing tower of the Merchants' Shot-Tower 
Company, which arrests the eye of every visitor to 
this city, was erected in 1828. The corner-stone was 
laid by Charles Carroll of CarroUton, and bears upon 
it the inscription : " June 2, 1828, this stone was laid 
by Charles Carroll of CarroUton, the only survivor of 
the Signers of the Declaration of Independence of 
the United States." The diameter of the tower is 50 
feet at the foundation and 25 at the top ; the height 
is 250 feet, being by one foot the highest shot-tower 
in the world. The shot from sizes B to 3T, inclusive, 
are dropped to the foundation, the smaller sizes from 
the middle floor. The capacity of this tower is over 
100,000 bags in a season, or nearly 500,000 bags 
yearly. 

On Howard and Montgomery Streets the shot-tower 
of the Baltimore Lead-Works was erected in 1877. 
It is 110 feet high, 24 feet square at the bottom, and 
12 feet square at the top. By the introduction of a 
current of cold air, the extraordinary height of the 
drop is obviated and dispensed with. These towers 
manufacture the most perfect shot that is offered to 
the public, and command a preference readily in 
every market to which they are sliipped. 

Marble and Marble Guarrying.— The inexhaust- 
ible marble-beds of Baltimore County have furnished 
the material for some of the largest and most im- 
posing buildings in the country. The monolithic 
columns- of the capitol at Washington, the City 
Hall, Peabody Institute, and Rialto Building in this 
city, as well as the famous Washington Monument 
and general post-office in Washington City, were 
constructed of material from these quarries. The 
pioneers in these marble-quarries were John Baker, 
of this city, and M. Dougherty, of Baltimore County ; 
but not being successful, these quarries, in the year 
1835, passed into the hands of Messrs. John B. and 
John F. Connolly, of Baltimore County, who in- 
creased the operations of the works and developed 
the superior character of the marble. The quarries 
arc now worked by the Beaver Dam Marble Com- 
pany, of which Hugh Sissou is president. 

Mr. Sisson was born in Baltimore on the 3d of 
May, 1820, and resides at No. 283 St. Paul Street, 
Baltimore. He was the son of Martin Sisson, who 
was born near Richmond, Va. His mother's maiden 
name was Mary Beard. She was born in Ireland, and 

1 Tlierewas also an old sliot-tower on South Eutaw Street, which was 
denjulished in 1851. 

- Mr. John F. Connolly, of this city, was the contractor who supplied 
these columns. The extension of the capitol at Washington in 1866 
hail practically been suspended for want of immense monolithic columns, 
wliiiii the law required to be of native material. These columns, when 
finished, were to be twenty-five and one-quarter feet long, three feet 
eight inches diameter at the base, and three feet at the top. The weight of 
each column was twenty-three tons, and their number was one hundred. 
Baltimore County supplied the columns, and was the only locality where 
such immense blocks of white marble could be obtained. 



came to this country with her father's family when a 
child. 

Hugh Sisson was married in 1848 to Sarah A. Lip- 
pincott, the daughter of Samuel Lippincott, of West- 
moreland County, Pa. They had eleven children, 
six of whom are living. There being no public 
schools in Mr. Sisson's youth, he received an ordi- 
nary English education at the private schools in 
Baltimore, with an additional training in the rudi- 
ments of Latin at a higher school. He has always 
been a close reader of history and of the current affairs 
of the day. Mr. Sisson is a Democrat, but conserva- 
tive and liberal in his political principles and feelings. 
Mr. Sisson is a public-spirited citizen, and has 
given active aid to all public improvements, and 
from the character of his business has been largely 
connected with nearly every public enterprise of 
the city of Baltimore and State of Maryland. At 
sixteen years of age he was apprenticed in order to 
learn the trade of marble-cutting, and served in that 
capacity for five years. About two years after he had 
become skilled in marble-cutting and the master of 
his own time, at the age of twenty-three years, he 
commenced the business of marble-cutting on his own 
account at the corner of Lombard and Paca Streets, 
Baltimore. He soon enlarged his business, and re- 
moved to the corner of Calvert and Mercer Streets, 
and subsequently settled his place of business perma- 
nently at the corner of North and Monument Streets, 
where he erected a steam marble-mill, for the purpose 
of manufacturing monuments, tombstones, mantels, 
and all character of marble- work. He is now the 
most extensive manufacturer of marble-wor'k in Bal- 
timore, importing marble direct from Italy in large 
quantities, five and six cargoes a year. Mr. Sisson 
has connected with him in business his two sons, 
Hugh and John B. Sisson, who became members of 
the firm three years since. The firm is now running 
the Baltimore County quarries, and furnish the 
marble for the completion of Washington's monu- 
ment at the national capital. Mr. Sisson was the 
first importer of Italian marble to Baltimore. His 
largest contract was for the marble-work on the new 
State-House at Columbia, S. C, which was suddenly 
terminated by the commencement of hostilities in 
1861. Mr. Sisson did the interior marble-work of the 
new City Hall, the Peabody Institute, of all the 
banks, insurance companies' buildings, post-office, 

I and custom-house of Baltimore. 

! Mr. Sisson is well known for the skill and finish 
displayed by his work, and in business circles stands 
high. In his social relations he is genial, kind, and 

! agreeable, with a large circle of friends sincerely at- 

; tached to him on account of his solid worth as a man 

j and a citizen. 

I The marble and stone-cutting of this city is carried 
on by 41 establishments, wjth an aggregate capital 

I of .f462,701, giving employment to 1017 workmen, 

' and expending annually in wages .'?335,532, and in 



42'J 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



material $448,414, with a production of $965,533 in 
value. 

Tin, Sheet-iron, Copper.— The census of 1880 
shows the extensive manufactures of these metals in 
Baltimore to be carried on by 144 establishments, 
employing 1913 hands, with an aggregate capital of 
$985,510, expending in annual wages $529,410, in the 
purchase of material $2,146,000 annually, and pro- 
ducing values amounting to $3,180,611. In addition 
to these there are 18 coppersmith establishments, em- 
ploying 297 hands, with $365,900 of capital, and $112,- 
670 of annual wages, expending in material $1,656,- 
441, and producing $1,952,051 of annual values. 

In 1810 a valuable copper-mine was said to have 
been discovered on the farm of Benjamin Bowen, 
about five miles from the city, on the Falls turnpike. 
The Baltimore and Cuba Copper-Smelting Company 
was organized in 1846, and located its works at Whet- 
stone Point. 

The Gunpowder Copper- Works are located on the 
Gunpowder, about ten miles from the city. 

Spices. — The manufacture of spices is very exten- 
sively carried on in this city ; the home consumption 
in so large a city must be very great, and the large 
territory into which Baltimore enterprise has ex- 
tended its many articles has largely increased the 
number of establishments as well as the volume of 
business. Pejiper, ginger, mace, nutmegs, cassia, 
and other spices are ground in very large quan- 
tities. Importing direct and manufacturing with 
great care has rendered this city independent of all 
others in this trade. The home manufactures supply 
the jobbing trade entirely. Several of the establish- 
ments include the grinding of coffee, which in the cen- 
sus tables is consolidated with those for the grinding 
of spices. These tables show 12 establishments, em- 
ploying 64 hands, with $120,750 capital, paying, in 
wages $23,003, and for material $220,608, and pro- 
ducing annual values amounting to $296,874. 

Hair-Work and Curled Hair.— In 1836, William 
Wilkins e.stalilislicil liis manufactory of hair, bristles, 
etc., in Baltimore. This trade has grown very rapidly, 
and is to-day not only an important manufacturing 
interest, employing large capital and several hundred 
operatives, but has become also an important article 
of exportation. The many uses to which hair and 
bristles are applied has increased the demand for the 
products of this establishment very largely in this 
city. According to the census returns, which are far 
below the real figures, there are 11 establishments for 
the manufacture of hair-work, employing 154 hands, 
and with a capital of $161,750, expending annually 
in wages $62,504, and for material $131,275, and pro- 
ducing yearly values amounting to $243,098. In ad- 
dition to these there are 10 brush manufactories, em- 
l)loying 163 hands; capital, $44,500 ; annual wages, 
$38,535 ; materials, $80,15p ; annual products, $154,845. 
In the manufacture of hair mattresses there are 5 es- 
tablisbmonts, employing 13 hands, with a capital of 



$4325; wages, $4702; materials, $25,413 ; and annual 
products, $37,325. These figures relate to Baltimore 
City, and do not include the hair-factories of Balti- 
more County. Mr. Wilkins, who was the founder of 
curled-hair manufacturing in Baltimore and in the 
United States, was born in Osterlinde, near Lesse, 
Dukedom of Brunswick, Germany, Oct. 13, 1817, and 
died in Baltimore. His father, Christian Wilkins, 
was a farmer for many years, but subsequently entered 
the dry-goods business in Lesse, to which place he 
removed soon after William's birth. The family 
afterwards removed to Hildesheim, where William 
received his education. After the termination of his 
school-life he commenced his business career in a 
dry-goods store, where he remained for several years. 
He felt, however, that the New World offered opportu- 
nities not to be found in the Old, and full of the ad- 
I venturous spirit of enterprise which distinguished him 
in after-years, he determined to come to America. 

To carry out his determination he was forced to 
walk to Bremen, a distance of one hundred miles. 
He left his home in Lesse June 23, 1836, and taking 
passage at Bremen, arrived in New York Sept. 17, 
1836. He did not remain in New York, but went 
immediately to Philadelphia, where he embarked in 
business on a capital that might well be termed 
limited, amounting, as it did, to only eighteen cents. 
In 1837 his services were engaged in the silk-weaving 
factory of William Horstmann, with whom he re- 
mained for about twelve months, when he commenced 
a general trading business on his own account. In 
1839 he made a journey by water to New Orleans, 
where, in conjunction with a Mr. Steckheim, he en- 
gaged for a short time in the furniture business. He 
soon abandoned this, and going to Texas, traded 
between that State and New Orleans for a few months, 
but the venture not proving profitable, in 1841 he 
turned his face northward and made his way back to 
Philadelphia by leisurely stages, not neglecting his 
business on the route. He remained about eighteen 
months in Philadelphia, where he married his first 
wife, and having already began to reap the rewards 
of his persevering industry, made a trip to Germany 
to visit his father. During his first residence in Phil- 
adelphia he boarded with H. Gerker, a small manu- 
facturer of curled hair, and this acquaintance sug- 
gested a new field to his enterprising genius. Ac- 
^cordingly, on his return to America he determined to 
embark in this branch of business, and casting about 
for a favorable locality, fixed upon Baltimore, in 
which there was no hair-factory, and which seemed to 
offer a promising market for goods of this character. 
He was not a man to hesitate after his judgment had 
approved a course of action, and he therefore promptly 
rented a part of Colson's glue-factory, near Ross Street, 
and in 1843 commenced the curled hair and glue busi- 
ness in Baltimore. His previous trading operations 
in the raw material now proved of advantage to him, 
and he turned bis cxporionce to account by adding 




WM. I^IJLIIIWS.. 




C"^^ \C^^^-^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



the bristle industry to his other business. His enter- 
prise was so successful that he was forced to seek larger 
accommodations, and accordingly leased a lot and 
built a factory on the Frederick road. He added to 
his grounds and buildings from time to time, until 
the immense establishment now covers fifteen acres, 
with an adjacent territory of one hundred and fifty 
acres, occupied by the dwellings of the employes, 
and neatly laid out and improved. About seven hun- 
dred persons are constantly employed, and all the 
equipments and improvements are of the most ap- 
proved character. Several millions of dollars are in- 
vested in the business, and the factory turns out over 
40,000 pounds of manufactured goods per week. A 
branch railroad-track runs to the factory for the ship- 
ment of the products to all parts of the country, and a 
telephone, the first introduced in Baltimore, connects 
these buildings with the warehouse on Pratt Street near 
Howard. Branch houses in New York, Chicago, and 
St. Louis attest the magnitude of the industry here car- 
ried on, and render valuable service in the collection of 
the raw material. Mr. Wilkins was an extensive trav- 
eler. In 1856 he made a trip to England and Russia, 
in 1865 he visited Egypt and Palestine, and in the fol- 
lowing year visited Spain. Mr. Wilkins was a mem- 
ber of the Odd-Fellow and Masonic fraternities, and 
when a child was confirmed in the Lutheran Church, 
of which his parents were members. He was three 
times married,- — in 1843 to Sophia Heyer, of Philadel- 
phia, by whom he had one daughter and two sons; in 
1857 to Helen Schluter, by whom he had one daugh- 
ter ; and in 1872 to Catharine Lorbacher, of Bremen, 
by whom he had one son and two daughters. 

In 1853, Mr. Wilkins associated with him Herman 
H. Graue, who, in connection with the sons of 
Mr. Wilkins, now conducts this immense business. 
Mr. Graue is a gentleman of the finest business quali- 
fications, and the development of the great industry 
with which he is connected has been largely due to 
his zeal and energy. During Mr. Wilkins' life he had 
entire control of the books and financial department 
of the establishment, and since his death has been 
the guiding spirit in its management. Mr. Wilkins 
fully appreciated his personal worth and business 
qualities, and time has shown that his estimate was 
thoroughly correct. Like Mr. Wilkins himself, Mr. 
Graue is the type of the best and most valuable class 
of our German citizens, and his enterprise, public 
spirit, and rare qualities of heart and mind have 
given him a leading and enviable position in the 
community. 

Breweries. — Brewing was a very early industry in 
Maryland. As early as 1756, Peter Creagh advertises 
for sale " a large brick brew-house on the Severn 
River," and Peters & Co., from 1784 to 1796, are con- 
stant advertisers of ale, strong table and small beer, 
at their brewery on Jones' Falls. In 1796, Kendall 
& Kerr were in the " brewing business on Hanover 
Street, in the house formerly occupied by John Ham- 



! mond & Co." The "brew-house and utensels" of 
j Peter Littig were sold Oct. 20, 1789, by William Mat- 
thews and George Levely, trustees. 

The manufacture of lager beer is conducted by 
large establishments and upon the most extensive 
scale around this city. Among these large breweries 
are those of John H. Vanderhorst, of whom we speak 
elsewhere, and John Jacob Seeger. Mr. Seeger was 
born in Beutlingen, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, 
now a portion of the German Empire, on the 26th of 
October, 1809. His father, John Jacob Seeger, was a 
silver-plater of some importance in the district, and 
his son, after thorough drilling in the public schools 
and classical academies of the town, pursued the same 
avocation. In 1831, Mr. Seeger left Germany and came 
to the city of Baltimore. He had no capital beyond 
a stout heart and a thorough knowledge of his trade, 
but he hired himself as an apprentice, and made 
enough money to secure the comforts of life. After 
three years of servitude he established himself as a 
silver-plater, and began to amass money. In 1835 he 
married Barbara Beck, a young lady from his native 
town who had migrated to Baltimore, and by her he 
j had two daughters, who are living respectively in 
j New York and Toledo. The business of silver-plat- 
j ing proved profitable, and in 1854, attracted by the 
fortunes made in brewing, he purchased a property 
on the Frederick road and entered into the business, 
still retaining his interest in the silver-plating estab- 
lishment on German Street. Mr. Seeger directed his 
attention to the production of a good article of beer, 
and was eminently successful. His beer became pop- 
ular, and in 1866 he sold out his interest in the silver- 
plating business, and devoted himself exclusively to 
the manufacture of beer, out of which industry he has 
amassed a large fortune and has given to the trade an 
enviable reputation. In 1845 his wife died, and in 
1850, while on a visit to his native town, he met with 
Bena Steckinfinger and married her. Paul August 
Seeger was the fruit of this union, a young man who, 
by his close attention to business and general man- 
agement, has proven himself to be a worthy suc- 
cessor of his father. Since 1876, Mr. Seeger has been 
to some extent an invalid, and has been confined to 
his home at 311 West Fayette Street, but he has not 
relinquished his interest in the business which he has 
built up, and exercises a general supervision over it. 
Soon after he came to America he connected him- 
self with St. John's Lutheran Church on Gay Street, 
of which he has been a consistent member. 

Iron. — Attention was called to the superficial de- 
posit of iron ore in Baltimore County as early as 1648 
by Plantagenet, who estimated the saving to the iron 
manufacturer at £3 per ton ; " another £5 would be 
saved in fuel by using driftwood and timber floated 
down the rivers, and thus the labor of each man 
would yield him 5s. \0d. per diem, iron being valued 
at £12 per ton." In 1681 the Legislature, to prevent 
the exportation of old iron and to encourage the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



smiths, imposed a duty on such exportations. The 
manufacture of iron appears to liave begun about this 
time. Samples of Maryland iron, most probably from 
Baltimore County, were received in England in 1718. 
The act of the Maryland General Assembly for the 
encouragement of iron manufactures was passed in 
1719; its preamble recites "that there are very great 
conveniences of carrying on iron-works within this 
province, which have not hitherto been embraced for 
want of proper encouragement to some first under- 
takers." Whether the Principio Company antedated 
the Baltimore Company is not now to be ascertained 
with certainty ; they probably started within a very 
few years of each other. " About the year 171.5" is 
claimed for the former, and the year 1723 is conceded 
to be the date of the latter. Admitting this chro- 
nology, the Principio Company will be first examined. 
This was an association, not incorporated, of British 
iron-masters, — merchants and capitalists engaged in 
manufacturing pig and bar iron from furnaces in both 
Maryland and Virginia. The prominent shareholders 
were Sir Nicholas Hachett Carew, Bart., of Bedding- 
ton, Surrey; Thomas Russell, of Birmingham, and 
his sons, Thomas and William Russell ; Stephen 
Onion, John England, Joshua, Samuel, and Osgood 
Gee, William Chetwynd, Esq., all of England, and 
Augustine and Lawrence Washington, of Virginia, 
the father and brother of George Washington. The 
Principio Company in 1751 outranked all other iron 
manufacturers in America, being the sole proprietors 
of four furnaces and two forges, viz. : Principio Fur- 
nace, in Cecil County, Md., built about 1715; Prin- 
cipio Forge, at the same place; North East Forge, in 
the same county, built 1720-30 ; Accokeek Furnace, 
Virginia, built 1725; Kingsbury Furnace, Baltimore 
County, built 1744 ; Lancashire Furnace, Baltimore 
County, 1751. 

In 1780, Maryland passed an act to seize and confis- 
cate all British property within the State. The Wash- 
ingtons having sold out their interest in the company, 
and taken the Accokeek Furnace for their interest, 
the Principio property belonged to Englishmen, and 
was confiscated and sold under the law of Maryland. 
The following returns of sales made by the intendent 
of the revenue will serve to fix the value of property 
in Baltimore County at that time : 

1781. 

Aug. 15. Lots on Whetstciiie Point, 75 acres £2,788 

Sept. 12. Lancashire Furnace, IG85 acres 9,12.'i 

" " " " 60 negroes 7,276 

" " " *' cattle and horses 35-t 

•' 25. Lots on Whetstone Point, 120 acres 4,891 

Dec. ,'">. TrattculloJ " Harbour," 900 acres..... 1,710 

8. 10 negroen and other property (Kingsbury) 2,328 

" lli. Tractor land, 231 acres 1,062 

April 22. Nortli East Forge to Thomas Russell 6,,560 

.Inly 30. Tract of land, 40 acres 3,111 

Aug. 20. 25 negroes 878 

Oct. 7. 11,633 acres of land 44,650 

1786. 

Aug. 23. 11.13 acres of land 6,320 

Total £90,050 

Thomas Russell had become a citizen of Maryland, 
and his purcliasc was paid for in shares of the com- 



pany : the forge and other property at North East sold 
as follows : 

The forge and other property called Vulcan's Delight, 

150 acres, on which the buildings stand £1500 

The tract called Geeofarison, containing 574:5 acres, in 

general rerif poor 2153 

■500 acres of leased land 250 

32 negroes, teams, and farming implements 1356 

Making in the aggregate £6350 

Thomas Russell died in 1786, leaving a son Thomas ; 
the widow married Daniel Sheredine, who, with 
Thomas Russell, revived the iron business at North 
East in 1802. At the death of Thomas Russell, Jr., 
in 1806, the property, being heavily embarrassed, was 
abandoned as an iron-furnace and the land divided 
among the heirs. In 1829 the North East Forge was 
leased by James and George P. Whitaker from Mrs. 
Frances Sewall, one of the Russell heirs, and after 
many other changes and transfers eventually became 
the property of " The McCullough Iron Company." 
The Principio Furnace was purchased at the confisca- 
tion sale in 1786 by Samuel Hughes, Edwin Cole, 
Richard Potts, and others, who erected there a blast- 
furnace and boring-mill, a grist-mill and tenement- 
houses. It was engaged in making cannon, cannon- 
balls, and hollow-ware. Guns as large as 32-pounders 
were cast there and forwarded to the government at 
different points, and some were drawn by horses to 
Pittsburgh. This fact, during the war of 1812, 
brought barges from Cockburn's fleet up to Principio, 
where the cannon were either burst or spiked, and 
many rendered unfit for service, and the property 
burned. The property was partially repaired by Col. 
Hughes after the war, but being almost financially 
wrecked, he carried it on only two or three years and 
then abandoned it. Messrs. Smith & Gilmor, of Bal- 
timore, held a heavy mortgage upon the property, 
under which it was sold in 1836 to George P. Whit- 
taker, Thomas Garrett, Joseph Whittaker, and others, 
who erected a blast-furnace in 1837, which has been 
in constant operation ever since. 

At the mouth of Gwynn's Falls, in or about 1723, 
"The Baltimore Company," Messrs. Carroll, Tasker 
& Co. proprietors, erected a forge on the land belong- 
ing to John Moale, an English merchant and a mem- 
ber of the Provincial Assembly, who carried on an 
extensive business at Fell's Point. One-fifth share in 
these works belonged to the estate of Col. B. Tasker, 
and was sold March 13, 1765, for £5200. 

Col. Sheredine erected a furnace on the Kingsbury 
lands, at the head of Black River, in 1734. 

The Patapsco Iron-Works^ on the south side of the 
Basin, were adverti-sed for gale July 5, 1745. The 
Lancashire Furnace, in Baltimore County, was owned 
in 1764 by Mr. Hicks, and in 1781 by the Principio 
Company. 

In 1766, Dorsey's Furnace, on the main falls of 
Patapsco, was owned by Caleb Dorsey. In 1768, 
Hoxley Forge, at the head of Patapsco, was owned 
bv Robert Croxall. In 1760 the Onion Iron-Works, 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND "MANUFACTURES. 



on the Gunpowder, consisting of two forges, a furnace, 
and grist-mill, were owned by Zaccheus Onion. The 
death of Hepton Onion, an owner, is announced Aug. 
20, 1754. In 1770 the Nottingham Iron-Furnace, 
Baltimore County, was owned by John Ridgely ; this 
is probably the same as Hampton Furnace. Cannon 
were cast here in 1780, and the furnace is said to have 
run " seventy years upon a single deposit of brown 
ore in the neighborhood." There was also another 
furnace, belonging to Charles Ridgely, on the falls of 
the Great Gunpowder, in the same county, which 
produced superior iron from the same kind of ore. 
Small cannon and swivels were ordered at this fur- 
nace in July, 1776. The Bush River Iron-Works 
were sold June 10, 1773. On Aug. 23, 1773, Samuel 
Dorsey, Jr., Charles Ridgely, Michael Poe, William 
Goodwin, and William Buchanan sold the iron-works 
at Curtis' Creek; they were in existence as the Curtis 
Creek Iron- Works in 1781. In 1773 the Lancaster 
Furnace, near Baltimore Town, was owned by George 
Mathews. In 1774 the Hockley Furnace, at Elk- 
ridge Landing, William Hammond manager, was 
conducted by the Baltimore Company. In 1779 the 
Principio and Kingsbury Iron- Works are mentioned. 
In 1780, Andrew Ellicott had a steel-furnace at Upper 
Ellicott's Mills ; in this same year Henry Howard & 
■Co. manufactured cannon and shot at the Northamp- 
ton Furnace, in Baltimore County. James Buchanan, 
in 1782, conducted the Mount Royal Forge, near Bal- 
timore Town. In 1789, Stuart's Nail-Factory was on 
Church Hill, and Adrian Valck imported steel. In 
1793 the Bush Creek Forge and Mill was in opera- 
tion near Frederick Town. Henry Brim had a nail- 
factory near the court-house in 1787. John Dorsey 
conducted in 1790 the Oakley Nail and Anchor 
Manufactory, about one mile from Baltimore Town. 
The Avalon Iron-Works were erected about 1800 by 
the Dorseys. 

Among the houses engaged in the iron trade of 
Baltimore at present is that of William G. and Wil- 
liam G. Wetherall, Jr. William G. Wetherall, Sr., 
was born in Baltimore County on the 23d of Febru- 
ary, 1800. His ancestors on the paternal side were 
of pure English stock, while on the maternal side he 
is of Irish descent. His mother's maiden name was 
May Bedel Presbury. Both his paternal and mater- 
nal ancestors settled in Harford County in the seven- 
teenth century, where they became large landholders. 
His father, William Wetherall, was an officer in the 
Union Bank of Maryland for thirty-seven years, and 
his own business career began at an early age, when 
he entered the counting-room of Hollins & McBlair, 
who were large importers of East India goods. 

In 1821, Mr. Wetherall went to Mexico in one of 
Thomas Tennant's clipper schooners as a clerk in 
the house of D'Arbel & Co., of Tampico, D'Arcy and 
Didier being the principal partners in the firm, and 
in a few years he was admitted into the partnership. 
After closing up the business of the firm in 1830, he 



returned to Baltimore, the other partners having pre- 
ceded him. He again visited Mexico in 1835-36, 
but returned home in impaired health and fortune. 
In 1846 he commenced the business of importer and 




7^^dJ7ri^a/c 



dealer in iron and steel, in connection with his son, 
William G. Wetherall, Jr., in Baltimore, in which 
business he is still engaged. His character for ster- 
ling worth and business enterprise has won the rich 
success which it has so amply merited. 

A census bulletin for 1880 shows the following sta- 
tistics of blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, steel-works, and 
forges in Maryland : 

Number of estabUshnients 23 

Capital invested iu 1880 $4,962,125 

Males empluyed above 19 years 2656 

Hales euiployed below 16 years Iu7 

Total hands employed 3763 

Value of material used iu 1880 S-,884,574 

Value of products made in 1880 84,470,050 

Total amount paid in wages $905,090 

Weight of all products made in 1880 110,934 

" 1S70 95_424 

Iron Bridge Building.— This important industry 
has developed since railroads began to use so exten- 
sively iron rather than stone or wooden bridges. In 
Baltimore the Patapsco Bridge and Iron-Works, the 
Clarke Bridge Company, H. A. Ramsay & Co., and 
the Baltimore Bridge Company are engaged in this 
industry and others connected therewith. 

In the extensive and well-appointed workshop of 
Messrs. Pool & Hunt, at Woodberry, there are unsur- 
passed facilities for the manufacture of machinery 
and castings of the largest and heaviest character, 



426 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ami their work lias ever been found of the best qual- 
ity as regards material and workmanship. Estab- | 
lislied in 1831, they have for more than thirty years 
manufactured portable and stationary steam-engines, 
Babcock & Wilcox patent tubular steam-boilers, tur- 1 
bine water-wheels, circular saws, gang saw-mills, etc. 

Among the iron establishments of Baltimore are ; 
the Stickney Iron Company, Canton, manufacturers 
of charcoal pig iron ; Troxell, Handy & Greer, agents 
for antliracite, charcoal, and coke pig iron, cham- 
bered hammered blooms, etc. ; Keyser Bros. & Co., i 
anthracite, charcoal, and coke pig iron, Scotch pig 
iron, bar, sheet, and boiler-plate iron, cast and spring 
steel, nails, and horse-shoes ; Baltimore Steam-Boiler 
Works manufacture steam-boilers of every descrip- 
tion, tanks, stills, and all kinds of plate-iron work. 

Rivets and Spikes. — In 1865 the establishment 
now owned and conducted by William Gilmor, of 
William, for the manufacture of rivets and .spikes, was 
founded, but not on the present footing. To-day it 
has a capacity equal to any in the country for the 
manufacture of all the smaller articles used in the 
construction of boilers and engines, such as rivets, 
spikes, bolts, nuts, washers, wood screws, etc. Its 
trade has assumed very large proportions, and its 
products are shipped all over the country. 

Messrs. E. Pratt & Brother are also dealers in iron, 
cut nails, spikes, horse and mule-shoes, Taunton 
yellow metal, and Cumberland coal. 

Architectural Iron. — The foundry e.stablished in 
1844 by Hayward, Bartlett & Co. is among the most 
prominent of the manufacturing establishments of 
this city. Originally stove-works, they have been 
extended from time to time until now they are one 
of the most extensive manufacturers of architectural 
iron gas-works, and heating by hot water and steam, 
in the United States. The public and many of the 
private buildings of Baltimore, the treasury building 
at Washington, the custom-houses at Portland, Me., 
in Buflalo, and in New York City are heated by the 
apparatus constructed at these works. In 1863 the 
"Winans Locomotive-Works" passed into the hands 
of this establishment, under the name of the "Bal- 
timore Locomotive- Works," which were continued as 
such to the close of the late civil war. David L. 
Bartlett, the senior of the firm, was born in Hadley, 
Mass., in December, 1816. His father was Daniel 
Bartlett, and his mother's maiden name was Louisa 
Stockbridge, both of Hadley, Mass. His ancestors, 
both paternal and maternal, were New England people 
for many generations, intimately connected with the 
history of that section. 

Mr. Bartlett's rudiniental education was obtained 
at the very excellent common schools of New Eng- 
land, and comjjleted at one of the academies of that 
section, so noted for their thorough course and train- 
ing in all the branches necessary for the pursuits of 
business. 

Mr. Bartlett commenced the business of a manu- 



facturer of iron when a young man in Hartford, 
Conn., where he had a fair mea.sure of success. In 
1844 he removed to Baltimore and established a foun- 
dry on President Street, but removed in a slmrt time 
to Leadenhall Street, and in 1850 established liis 
foundry permanently on the corner of Scott and Pratt 
Streets, where the present firm, Bartlett, Hayward it 
Co., have gradually enlarged the business and have 
been very successful. The firm employs an average 
of five hundred skilled workmen, and fills a vast 
number of orders and contracts. 

Mr. Bartlett has been intrusted with many import- 
ant mea.sures involving the interests of the public. 
He was a member of the committee appointed by the 
mayor of Baltimore to report on the proper means 
of encouraging manufactures ; is one of the trustees 
of the McDonogh School Fund ; has been one of the 
managers of the Maryland Institute ; and is one of 
the directors of the Farmers' and Planters' Bank. 

Mr. Bartlett's general reputation may be well con- 
ceived by the character of the public trusts with 
which he has been connected. To a mature judgment 
and ripe experience he has brought to every under- 
taking, both public and private, a faithfid, consci- 
entious discharge of duty that has secured him the 
entire confidence of the community in which he cast 
his fortunes more than forty years ago. He is at 
present in the full enjoyment of an iron constitution, 
preserved and strengthened by systematic habits, 
and promises yet, according to all human judgment, 
many years of usefulness to his family and to the 
public. 

Mr. Bartlett is commanding in presence, urbane in 
manners, social and genial in all his relations with 
men, and exceedingly popular with all classes ; and 
in all connections, religious, political, and in busi- 
ness, he has been active, consistent, and faithful, se- 
curing thereby the ajjprobation and esteem of all 
good men with whom he has come in contact during 
an active life. He is a communicant in the Episcopal 
Church, and has had no taste or inclination for polit- 
ical office, but during the existence of the Whig party 
he affiliated with it. Upon its dissolution he became 
a member of the Republican party, with which he has 
since acted and voted. 

He has been married twice. By his first wife, 
Sarah Abby, to whom he was married in January, 
1845, he had two children, who are still living. He 
was married the second time in April, 1867, to Julia 
E. Pettibone, of Simsbury, Conn. 

Charles KniUi's Marine-Engine Works are among 
the old-esial.li^li.Ml institutions of Baltimore. The 
father of thf present proprietor removed to Baltimore 
in 1813, and built the first steamboat-engine in the city. 
Distinguished for mechanical skill and fidelity of 
workmanship, he won a wide-spread and enviable 
reputation. Charles Reeder & Sons succeeded to the 
business in 1837, and aided in the construction of sev- 
eral government vessels, among them the " Natchez," 




- ^J^^^-^^l^^ 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



of eight hundred tons, to run between New York and 
Natchez, Miss. The " Isabel," a steamer of twelve '< 
hundred tons, constructed to run between Charleston 
and Havana, attracted great attention because of 
many important improvements introduced by the 
builders that rendered her eminently successful. 
The " Tennessee" and " Louisiana" and many other 
steam-vessels were furnished with machinery at th&se 
works, all of which have received high commendation 
for the excellence of their performance and the su- ' 
perior quality of their machinery. The works are 
now conducted by C. Reeder & Co., 51 Hughes Street. 
Charles Reeder, the head of the firm, was born 
in Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1817, of parents who had re- 
moved from Pennsylvania to this city three years 
previou.sly. His father constructed the first steam- 
boat-engine that was built in Baltimore, and rebuilt 
and improved, so as to cause it to work much faster, , 
the old " Grasshopper" locomotive, which was one of 
the first introduced on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road. This veteran engine was continued in use for 
many years, and is now kept in the company's shops 
at Mount Clare as a bit of railroad bric-a-brac that 
money could not purchase. It was shown at the 
sesqui-centennial celebration of 1880, in the inaug- 
ural parade. In 1832, Charles Reeder entered his 
father's shop, and while learning the machinist's 
trade employed his leisure hours in the study of 
mechanical philosophy and mathematics, having 
for his tutor J. J. Reekers, an accomplished mathe- 
matician. By const.ant attendance upon lectures 
at the University of Maryland, and by steady read- 
ing, he added to the stock of his knowledge of chem- 
istry and the laws of physics relative to the steam- 
engine. Much more ship-building was done then 
than now in Baltimore, and in the three years suc- 
ceeding 1835, Mr. Reeder, who had been admitted 
into the firm of C. Reeder & Sons, and made foreman 
of the machine department, assisted in the construc- 
tion of several steamers which in their day reflected 
much credit upon Baltimore ship-yards. In 1838 the 
works were destroyed by fire, and in attempting to 
rebuild them the company fell into a financial swamp, 
from which it did not free itself for several years. In 
partnership with his elder brother, Mr. Reeder re- 
stored the credit which the establishment had for- 
merly possessed, and after the time when, in 1848, 
the brother withdrew to take the management of a 
steamship line in which he was interested, Charles 
Reeder conducted the business individually. The 
same year he furnished the machinery for the steam- 
ship " Isabel," to run between Charleston and Ha- 
vana, and introduced into it so many valuable im- 
provements of his own design that other builders 
copied them, and vessels already afloat were altered 
to conform to them. They became a general feature 
of side-wheel steamers in the ocean trade. The 
Reeder shops have sent out hundreds of engines for 
ocean, bay, and river steamers, and sustain a very 



high reputation. The firm is now Charles Reeder & 
Sons, the other partners being Oliver and Charles M. 
Reeder. Besides these sons, Mr. Reeder's children are 
Andrew J., Frances, Teresa, Alice, and Leonard. He 
was married in October, 1838, to Frances Ann Sher- 
lock, daughter of Peter and Frances Sherlock. By 
his devotion of more than thirty years to business he 
has acquired a handsome competence, but has never 
relinquished the active superintendency of his works. 
The Abbott Iron Company. — The venerable 
Peter Cooper, now of New York, owned and operated 
in 1828-29 what was then known as the " Cooper" 
or " Canton" Forges. In 1836, Horace Abbott, 
having removed from Massachusetts to Baltimore, 
purchased these works, which were afterwards known 
as the Abbott Iron- Works, for the manufacture of 
wrought-iron shafts, cranks, axles, for steamboats and 
railroad purposes. These works have the credit of 
having made the first very large steamboat shaft 
ever forged in this country. It was made for the Rus- 
sian frigate " Kamtchatka," and was exhibited at the 
New York Exchange, where it attracted very great 
attention. In these mills was also made the armor 
for the original " Monitor," which stood so well the 
hammerings of the " Merrimac" in Hampton Roads. 
The "Roanoke," the " Agamenticus," and "Monad- 
nock" were clothed by these works in their iron 
plates, as well as many other government vessels. In 
1863 these works completed 250,000 pounds of rolled 
iron in forty-eight hours. In 1865, Mr. Abbott dis- 
posed of his works to an association of capitalists, and 
under the name of " The Abbott Iron Company" they 
are now doing a large and profitable business. 

Coleman & Taylor, boiler-makers, manufacture all 
kinds of bath and steam-boilers, water-tanks, oil- 
stills, smoke-stacks, etc. 

Thomas C. Bassher & Co. manufacture boilers, 
engines, and pumps. 

The manufacture of stoves and hollow-ware is a 
large branch of the iron industry of Baltimore. Among 
the prominent representatives of this department are 
the Leibrandt & McDowell Stove Company, A. Weis- 
kittel & Son, and Isaac A. Sheppard & Co. In 1860, 
Mr. Sheppard, in connection with J. C. Horn, William 
B. Walton, J. S. Biddle, and John Sheeler, estab- 
lished the Excelsior Stove- Works of Philadelphia, 
under the firm-name of Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., and 
has pursued the business successfully ; and in 1866 the 
firm purchased the property or plot of ground bounded 
by Eastern Avenue and Chester Street, and Canton 
Avenue and Castle Street, in the city of Baltimore, 
and erected thereon the Excelsior Stove- Works of 
Baltimore. From that time he has had financial con- 
trol and general management of the business in both 
establishments, spending about one-third of his time 
in Baltimore during the first five or six years, and 
giving about two-thirds of his time to the Philadel- 
phia establishment. Mr. Sheeler died in 1878, and 
in accordance with the articles of agreement the co- 



428 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



partnership expired on Feb. 1, 1879. On that day a 
new partnership was formed by the surviving part- 
ners and Franklin L. Sheppard, son of the senior [ 
partner, under the same firm-name, Isaac A. Shep- 
pard & Co., the general management of both estab- 
lishments being, as before, in the hands of Isaac A. 
Sheppard. The firm gives employment to about two 
hundred hands in Philadelphia, and about one hun- 
dred and fifty in Baltimore. At this time the works 
are running full time, and melting about forty tons of 
iron dailv. 1 



sisting his mother in keeping the family together. 
At the age of sixteen years he apprenticed himself to 
learn the business of iron-founding, and commenced 
stove-moulding in January, 1844. During his ap- 
prenticeship two evenings in each week were allowed 
for the .study of writing and arithmetic, and two even- 
ings were given to reading and general improvement. 
Having completed the specified term of apprentice- 
ship, he continued as a journeyman in the same e.s- 
tablishment for thirteen years. 

Mr. Sheppard and the members of his immediate 




.sTO^ cvio 



A\ENUE A> 



Mr. Sheppard was born in Cumberland County, 
N. J., July 11, 1827, and resides in the city of Phila- 
delphia. His father and mother were Ephraim and 
Mary Sheppard. His father was the third son of 
Isaac Sheppard, and was also born in Cumberland 
County, N. J., Aug. 5, 1801. His mother was the 
third daughter of John Westcott, and was born March 
14, 1798. Both his parents and grandparents were 
born in New Jersey, and the parents of the latter 
were among the first white settlers on the Cohansey 
River, which divides in part Salem and Cumberland 
Counties, N. J. He was married Feb. 5, 1850, to Caro- 
line M. Holmes, a native of Philadelphia. Her an- 
eestors were from Devonshire, England. Mr. Shep- 
pard attended the district school, which was held but 
three months in each year, from the age of five until 
l)ast eleven years old, when his parents removed to 
Philadelphia, where he entered a grammar school, 
but remained one term only, being then obliged to 
assist in the support of the family on account of the 
continued illness of his father. He was first em- 
ployed as an errand-boy in a store, afterwards in a 
l)akery , and made other changes as opportunity offered 
and increased compensation could be obtained, as- 



family are members of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, and he has served as a church-warden and 
delegate to the Diocesan Convention of Pennsylvania 
for many years. 

In politics Mr. Sheppard is a Republican. He was 
a member of the House of Representatives of Penn- 
sylvania in 1859, 1860, and 1861. During the ses- 
sion of 1861 he was chairman of the Committee of 
Ways and Means, and was also unanimously elected 
Speaker of the House, and served in that capacity 
more than one-third of the time of that session. In 
1867 he was elected by the Councils of Philadelphia 
to represent the interests of the city in the Northern 
Liberties Gas Company, and he still holds that trust. 
In 1879 he was appointed by the Board of Judges of 
the Court of Common Pleas a member of the Board 
of Public Education of Philadelphia for a term of 
three years. In 1874 he was elected Grand Master of 
the Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd- 
Fellows of Pennsylvania, and in 1877 was elected 
a representative of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania 
to the Sovereign Grand Lodge of the order, and was 
re-elected in 1879 and again in 1881. He is also one 
of the trustees of the Widows and Orphans' Fund of 



■^ 





COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



429 



the I. O. O. F. of Pennsylvania. He is a Past Master 
in the Masonic order, and ex-councilor in the Order 
of United American Mechanics. He is also presi- 
dent of the Sixteenth Ward Association of the Phila- 
delphia Society of Organized Charity. In 1870 he 
assisted in organizing the National Security Bank of 
Philadelphia, and was elected a director therein, and 
in 1872 he was elected vice-president, and has been 
re-elected to that position every year since that time. 
Since 1875 he has been a director of the Warwick 
Iron Company, and in 1881 he was elected a director 
of the Northern Safe Deposit and Trust Company of 
Philadelphia. Mr. Sheppard's only speeches are those 
that appear on the records of the Legislature of Penn- 
sylvania and an address to the committee of the Leg- 
islature of Maryland on the subject of " Convict La- 
bor in the State Prison of Maryland," and a few re- 
ported speeches delivered at conventions called to con- 
sider matters of trade and commfirce. 

Mr. Sheppard's career affords a conspicuous illus- 
tration of the splendid possibilities which lie within 
the grasp of untiring energy and enterprise, and may 
well serve as a shining example to the struggling and 
ambitious youth of the present generation. 

Few business men occupy a higher place in the com- 
mercial world than Charles Williams Bentley, one of 
the most substantial iron manufacturers of Baltimore. 
The son of George Washington and Anna Bentley, 
he was born in North Stonington, New London 
Co., Conn., July 2, 1815, and was reared in that 
severe New England school which considers labor as 
the first duty of man, and which has wrung so many 
triumphs from the sterile soil and bleak hills of that 
inhospitable region. His father was a true descendant 
of the stern soldiers who overturned the British throne, 
and persevering and indomitable in his own purposes, 
imbued his son with the same determined spirit. His 
early years were devoted to agricultural labors on his 
father's farm, and at the age of sixteen, inspired by 
the New England love of adventure, he left home 
and went to sea. On his return from his firSt voyage, 
however, he yielded to his parents' wishes, and was 
bound apprentice to a house-building firm at Norwich, 
where he commenced the study of machinery and 
laid the foundations of much of the practical knowl- 
edge which was subsequently displayed in wider j 
spheres. After the completion of his apprenticeship 
he worked for some time on his own account, and af- 
terwards re-entered the service of his old employers, 
who had taken large contracts from the Canton Com- 
pany of Baltimore. It was in connection with this 
employment that he first came to Baltimore in 1837, 
where he was soon placed in the entire charge of the 
work at Canton. When the contract had been com- 
pleted he formed a partnership with the agent of the 
Canton Company, and commenced business by erect- 
ing the first fully-equipped sash and door factory in 
the State. The enterprise did not prove successful, 
owing to the prejudice against machine-made work, 
28 



and in 1840 Mr. Bentley turned his attention to the 
invention of a fuel-saving steam-boiler for cooking 
and agricultural purposes. The result of his efforts 
was the upright tubular boiler, upon which Mr. Bent- 
ley obtained a patent, and which is still widely known 
and employed. The invention gave an impetus to 
his business, and in 1848 his establishment comprised 
a foundry, machine-shop, and a boiler-shop, employ- 
ing from eighty to one hundred hands, and manu- 
facturing every description of boilers, steam-engines, 
and machinery. His work was noted for its excel- 
lence, and in 18-50 he received for one of his steam- 
engines the first gold medal ever awarded by the 
Maryland Institute. In 1855 disease contracted in 
Georgia and Florida while engaged in the erection of 
mills in those States compelled Mr. Bentley to retire 
from active business, and to relinquish the manu- 
facture of engines and machinery. He, however, es- 
tablished the Baltimore Steam-Boiler Works, which 
is the oldest and largest private boiler-shop in the 
country. In 1858 he purchased the property on the 
Northern Central Railroad, now known as Bentley 
Springs, and erected the station, several houses, and 
the Glenn House, which was a favorite summer resort 
until its destruction in 1868. 

Mr. Bentley has always manifested a strong interest 
in the intellectual as well as the material advancement 
of the community, and was one of the most active of 
the founders of the Maryland Institute for the Pro- 
motion of the Mechanic Arts. He has been a mem- 
ber of its Board of Managers for thirty successive 
years, a member of the committee on exhibitions, 
superintendent and chairman of several of the expo- 
sitions, and vice-president and president of the insti- 
tution. No one in the community has been more 
thoroughly identified with the Maryland Institute in 
its progress and development, and to no one is more 
honor due for the gratifying results that have been 
accomplished by it. Mr. Bentley is a member of the 
Masonic fraternity and of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

His wife was Miss Ann Owens Laty, daughter of 
the late John J. Laty, of Baltimore, by whom he has 
had nine children, — four sons and five daughters. 

Iron Census Statistics, 1880. 
No. of No. of 

Industries. Estabs. Hands. Capital. Wages. Material. Products. 

Blacksmithing, 1880. 132 350 $143,765 $122,721 $113,830 $376,510 

Bridge-building, 1880 3 803 302,000 448,972 329,000 893,000 

Cutlery 11 66 37,900 20,706 13,010 46,726 

Forging chains 2 9 2,600 1,200 3,550 7,550 

Gunsmiths 6 17 10,700 8,675 5,125 19,270 

Hardware 3 IS 7.100 3,460 6,200 12,500 

Instruments 12 71 S3,S(M 30,174 11,670 65,950 

Iron-foundries 64 2,186 1,688,716 798,375 1,422,593 2,665,683 

Stoves 9 480 429,712 158,368 251,376 613,712 

Tinware, copper, and 

sheet-iron 144 1,913 985,510 629,410 2,146,600 3,180,611 

Wire-worl£ 4 52 33,600 24,000 26,000 77,000 

Whiskies. — The rye whiskies of Baltimore have 
for years been appreciated all over the country, and 
many of her brands are so well known as to be pre- 
ferred beyond all others. Her trade in high wines is 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



also very great, and her distilleries rank among the 
largest and best in the country. Over 100,000 barrels 
are annually sold by the trade, the aggregate capital 
of which is over $3,000,000. 

The following shows the yearly production of high 
wines in this collection district for a number of past 
years : 

Pkgs. Proofgalls. 

Total 1880 43,201 1,836,890 

•• 1879 26,637 1,129,639 

" 1878 16,154 710,616 

" 1877 18,677 839,397 

" 1876 19,516 884,847 

" 1875 22,830 1,027,308 

" 1874 26,991 1,169,500 

" 1873 27,073 1,219,366 

" 1872 21,790 980,643 

The internal revenue collected in Baltimore district 
for 1880, as compared with 1879, is as follows : 

Taxes. 1880. 1879. 

On spirits J709,248.94 §700,201.68 

" tobacco l,28i,979.48 1,102,333.62 

" beer 265,126.69 2^8,817.04 

" banks 50,698.61 52,280.45 

other colleetions 36,695.35 7,362.81 

Penalties l,Gb2.48 482.41 

Total $2,346,331.45 82,091,477.91 

Increase for 1880, f254,853.64. 

Plated Ware. — The manufacture of plated ware 
promises in time to become a very profitable industry. 
Although the establishments are neither so large nor 
so numerous as exist in some other cities, the skill 
engaged in the business is equal to that to be found 
anywhere, and the quality of the workmanship and 
the elegance and honesty of the work are fast giving 
the productions of the Baltimore manufacturers in 
this line a reputation of the most enviable character. 
Among the most successful firms in the city is that of 
Charles W. Hamill & Co. Mr. Hamill was born in 
Baltimore, March 2, 1845. 

His father, Robert Hamill, was born in Baltimore 
County in 1821, and his mother, Catharine Conant 
Hamill, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1823, both of 
whom are now living. His father's parents came to 
this country from Ireland. His grandfather, Robert, 
participated as a soldier in the battle of North Point 
in defense of Baltimore. His mother's parents came 
to Baltimore from Boston. She was the daughter of 
Samuel W. Conant, who died a few years since at the 
venerable age of eighty-one years. His grandmother, 
Sallie Winslow Conant, is still living, aged eighty- 
six years. She has a brother, John Winslow, and a 
sister living in Boston, aged respectively seventy-nine 
and seventy-six years. They are descendants of the 
Winslow family, celebrated in the history of New 
England. Charles W. Hamill has been remarkable 
from his youth for tenacity of purpose and,great reso- 
lution of character in every enterprise he ever under- 
took. He secured a primary education in the public 
schools of Baltimore, but when he became thirteen 
years of age he thought it his duty to :i>>ist liis father, 
and with that purpose, althougli lii- |i:iiriil- insisted 
on his continuing at school, he cntni'd a ^iim-slorc as 
an errand-boy. Here he continued faithfully to dis- 



charge his duties for three years, and in 1861, carried 
away by the common enthusiasm in behalf of the 
South shared by the young men of Baltimore, he 
started South to join the Confederate army, but was 
captured, brought back, and paroled. He then found 
employment in an serated bakery, and in accordance 
with his general rule, he soon made himself familiar 
with all the details of the business, and became fore- 
man of the establishment in two years after he en- 
tered it. The business, however, did not succeed, and 
the firm failing in 1863, he entered and remained in a 
book-store for two years. At the expiration of this 
time, his brother having returned from the army, he 
gave up the place to him and addressed himselt 
earnestly to the study of the business of silver- 
plating. His quick conceptions at once convinced 
him that this was the business of his life, and al- 
though he accepted the position for three months 
without pay, he applied his life-rule and learned all 
the details. He went to another establishment, where 
he continued his study of the business, and devoted 
eleven years to its mastery. He had been very care- 
ful of his earnings, and having accumulated sufficient 
funds to buy a house, which he mortgaged for $3000, 
he commenced the business for himself in a small 
way at No. 28 North Holliday Street in 1876. He 
there commenced the manufacture of steel-plated 
ware with ten hands, but steadily increased this num- 
ber in two years to forty hands, and added the ad- 
joining building. No. 28, to his manufactory. At this 
time, disagreeing with his partner, and being unable 
to make a settlement, he filed a bill in court asking 
for the appointment of receivers to wind up the busi- 
ness, and at the receivers' sale he purchased all the 
tools and machinery of the late firm, and having sur- 
rendered all his money and property to the receivers, 
he borrowed $3500, giving a bill of sale on the ma- 
chinery to secure the payment, and on Jan. 1, 1879, 
having associated with him James H. F. Hiser, he 
commenced business again under the same firm-name, 
on the southwest corner of South and German Streets, 
employing fifteen hands. In January, 1881, the firm 
removed to the corner of Calvert and German Streets, 
occupying five floors, and employing twenty-five 
hands. It is the most complete factory of the kind 
south of the New England States. The firm make 
their own designs, metals, moulds, dies, etc. The 
business receives the personal attention of Mr. Hamill, 
whose pluck and energy must make it a great success. 

Mr. Hamill was married April 2, 1873, to Elizabeth 
T. Wellener, daughter of Basil S. Wellener, a well- 
known ship-builder of Baltimore. They have six 
children,— Grace Wellener, Harry Winslow, Frank 
Wesley, George Wade, Carl Webb, and Hattie Wins- 
low. He has never taken an active part in politics, 
but having been educated in the Democratic party 
he votes that ticket. 

Mr. Hamill joined Harmony Lodge, No. 6, I. 0. 
O. F., in Mav, 1867; he has received all the honors of 





^^^ 



COMMEKCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



the lodge, and a medal for services as a Degree Master 
for two years. He is now and has been continu- 
ously elected recording secretary of the lodge for six- 
teen terms, a period of eight years. He also joined 
the St. John's Lodge, No. 34, A. F. and A. M., in 
1870. 

Straw Goods. — The manufacture of straw goods in 
Baltimore is a comparatively new industrj^, but it is a 
thriving interest and is rapidly growing. Its most 
prominent, as well as its earliest, representative in 
Baltimore is the firm of Wilson & Perry, which com- 
menced business in this city in 1866. In the earlier 
period of his life Granville Oscar Wilson was a 
manufacturer of boots and shoes, and subsequently 
became proprietor of a hotel in Foxboro', Mass. 
The failure of his health necessitated the relinquish- 
ment of this business, and in 1866 he came to Balti- 
more, and in conjunction with W. C. Perry, of Reho- 
both, Mass., began on a small scale the manufacture 
of straw goods at 71 Lexington Street. The firm 
commenced with only three hands, but their opera- 
tions were so successful that in less than six weeks 
they were forced to Massachusetts for twenty-five 
more. In 1874 No. 101 Lexington Street was pur- 
chased, in 1880 No. 46 Liberty Street, and in 1881 
No. 50 Liberty Street, and Nos. 4 and 6 Clay Street, 
which are all occupied for the purposes of the busi- 
ness. The establishment has four fronts, contains 
an acre and a half of flooring, and employs some 
three hundred hands. Mr. Perry's connection with 
the house continued until July, 1879, when his inter- 
est was purchased by Mr. Wilson, who has since con- 
ducted the business alone. Mr. Wilson was born in 
Easton, Bristol Co., Mass., of parents who were both 
natives of that place. He is of English descent on 
the paternal and of Scotch descent on the maternal 
side, and has inherited the sterling qualities of both 
races. The earliest representatives of the paternal 
side of his family in this county were three brothers 
who emigrated from England, one of them settling 
in Massachusetts, one in New York, and one in Penn- 
sylvania. His wife's mother was a member of the 
noted family of Talbotts, so well known in the his- 
tory of the county. Mr. Wilson was married on the 
5th of September, 1852, to Miss Ruth Tisdale, daugh- 
ter of Col. Israel Tisdale, of Sharon, Mass., and has 
three children, one son and two daughters. 

Fair in all his dealings, reliable in representation, 
and prompt in the discharge of all his obligations, 
Mr. Wilson ranks high in the mercantile world. To 
these qualities and to the indomitable pluck and en- 
ergy so characteristic of New England blood, his 
great and deserved success is attributable. 

Immigration. — The steamship lines to Baltimore, 
the port arrangements for the reception of immigrants, 
and the facilities offered by the railroads for quick, 
pleasant, and expeditious passage to interior points 
have contributed to make this port very attractive to 
immigrants from Europe. These advantages have 



increased the annual arrivals from 9149 in 1870 to 
15,074 in 1880. 

The extreme poverty of the great mass of people 
from whom the ranks of immigration are recruited 
prevents many from bettering their condition by re- 
moving to this country. A remedy to some extent 
for this is found in remittances from America, and for 
this purpose the steamship lines have effected most 
excellent arrangements. Parties wishing "to prepay a 
passage to this country are furnished a certificate 
(which they send by registered letter to their friend 
abroad) and a receipt for the passage-money. The 
passenger in the old country, on receiving his certifi- . 
cate, notifies the agent at Liverpool or Queenstown 
or in Europe of the fact, and is advised at once when 
and where he is to embark, and all other necessary 
directions are given him. On arrival in Baltimore 
the immigrant lands at the piers of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, where his friends meet him. To this 
pier none are admitted except on tickets of admission, 
and thus the ignorant immigrants are protected from 
the arts and deceptions that at other ports have so 
often robbed and plundered them. Attention to the 
wants and requirements of immigrant passengers 
which the steamship lines to this port have shown 
has given them a very high rank among the lines 
from Europe to America, and has been the means of 
attracting to this port a large number of such passen- 
gers, which number is annually increasing, as shown 
by the returns. 

Miscellaneous Business Notes.— From the adver- 
tising columns of old newspapers and the leaves of old 
pamphlets many facts of interest relating to the past 
are to be gathered ; these miscellaneous notes are not to 
be found in history nor biography, and yet they make 
up the picture of the past more completely than whole 
j pages of description. James Rumsey in 1784 was 
I engaged in the application of steam to the propulsion 
of boats " against wind and tide," and to navigate 
and build boats " calculated to work with greater ease 
and rapidity against rapid rivers." Rumsey made 
his experiment on the Potomac, near Sir John's Run. 
With Fitch he maintained a controversy as to the 
priority of the right, and was sustained by the Legis- 
latures of New York, Maryland, and Virginia, while 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey sustained 
Fitch. Oliver Evans, then an inhabitant of Balti- 
more, made application in 1787 to the Legislature of 
Maryland for the exclusive right of using his im- 
proved mill machinery. James Carey was a ware- 
houseman in Baltimore in 1759, and Daniel Carroll 
in 1760 advertised for sober men to settle in Upper 
Marlborough. Andrew Buchanan in 1762 retired 
from the business of barber and peruke-maker in 
favor of James Reid. In the same year Charles Wilson 
Peale was engaged in saddlery and harness-making. 
Jonathan Plowman and William Lux were variety 
store-keepers in 1764, while John Boyd & Co. were 
druggists, and Robert Mullen and Thomas Martin, at 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the sign of the "Teapot," were gold and silversmiths. 
Robert Pinkney was a fashionable tailor in Baltimore 
in 1765, and advertised his " art as the experience of 
eight years in London." In the same year John Steven- 
son was dealing in European and East Indian goods, 
while David McCulloh was deputy postmaster at Joppa, 
and James Chalmers a goldsmith in Baltimore. John 
Ashburner was a " prominent" merchant of Balti- 
more in 1766, and John Bond was in the lumber trade 
at Fell's Point. Basil Frances and William Whit- 
croft were watch-makers in Baltimore, and Gerrard 
Hopkins, son of Samuel, from Philadelphia, was a 
cabinet and chair-maker in 1767. Thomas Hewitt 
made perukes in 1762, and Buchanan & Hughes im- 
ported European and East Indian goods in the packet 
"Maryland," Capt. Ramsay, from London, and the 
" Betsy," Capt. Anderson, from Bristol. At the sign 
of the "Blue Stocking" Mark Howard was a "hosier" 
in 1768, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton did a gen- 
eral grocery and country produce business in Annap- 
olis in 1769. The schooner "Virginia," Capt. Thomas 
Gerrald, master, sailed from Baltimore for the Missis- 
sippi River, with a number of French neutrals, on 
May 1, 1767. Hudson & Thompson dissolved part- 
nership in 1770, and Ashburner & Place were mer- 
chants ; James Ormsby, a French watch-maker ; Ga- 
briel Lewyn was also making watches ; and the first 
rope-walk erected in Baltimore was by Lux & Smith, 
near Bond Street, in 1771. Mordecai Gist was an 
East India and European merchant on Market Street, 
and Thomas Morgan was a clock-maker, in 1772. 
Robert Pinkney, tailor, was killed by a fall from his 
horse, Nov. 13, 1773, at Annapolis ; and Alexander 
Donaldson & Co. were East India and European mer- 
chants on Gay Street, Baltimore, Christopher Johnson 
retailed dry-goods, Daniel McHenry, Thomas Usher, 
wholesale dry-goods, John Flanagan, wines. Grant & 
Garretson, tailors, Christopher Hughes & Co., jewel- 
ers, Francis Sanderson, copper-smith, and Richard 
Berland, tailor and habit-maker, in 1773. 

In this year a young gentleman designed for holy 
orders is mentioned in the Maryland Journal of 
October 9th as "betting on the races." William 
Stenson was a " rider" between Philadelphia and 
Baltimore in 1774; John Graham was a nail-maker; 
and Andrew Davidson, Daniel McJilton, Rowland 
McQuillon, William McCartie, John Cannon, Edward 
Allen, Elias Barnaby, and Philip Grace advertised in 
the Maryland Journal of Jan. 17, 1776, for a number of 
journeymen shoemakers, some for men's and others for 
women's shoes, and promise " the greatest encourage- 
ment to those who apply to either of us." Elijah Stans- 
bury was a merchant tailor, Charles Williams a silk- 
dyer at "Lux &Bowley's old store," in 1779; R. Caton 
& Co. were dry-goods merchants on Water Street in 
1785; and Andrew Van Bibber was in the grocery trade 
in the same year. In 1787, Alexander Forsyth carried 
on business in Congress Hall ; A. W. Davey was a broker 
and Amos Loney a dealer in coal at Tripolet's Wharf in 



1788 ; John Fisher was a brush-maker on Gay Street 
near Market; May & Payson manufactured duck, 
Russia duck, flax, cotton, and New England rum ; 
William Patterson & Bro. dissolved ; Rice & Co. sold 
books, etc., on Market Street near Calvert; Abraham 
Sitler, on Calvert Street, opposite the " Sign of the 
Sun," dealt in paints, oils, etc. ; James Dryden was 
a hair-dresser on Market Street above South ; Thomas 
McElderry, at the sign of the " Golden Umbrella," 
corner of Market and Gay, sold Irish linen, sheeting, 
and dowlas ; Whiteside & Cator, dissolved ; William 
Buckler imported from London in the brig " Ceres," 
Capt. Chase, cloths, cassimeres, jeans, fustians, royal 
rib and satinets, stuff's and camlets. A meeting of 
tradesmen and manufacturers at Nathan Griffith's 
passed resolutions petitioning Congress in favor of 
American manufactures ; Isaac Van Bibber, Alexan- 
der McKim, Thomas Dickson, and Christopher John- 
son were directors, and James Calhoun treasurer of 
the Baltimore Cotton Manufactory ; Jane Maggs was 
a pastry-cook ; Knox, Usher & McCulloh dissolved; 
Tyson & Anderson were dissolved by the death of 
Joseph Anderson ; Richard Lawson & Co., Bowley's 
Wharf, was in general merchandise ; Robert and 
Alexander McKim, on Tenth Street, were in the 
European merchandise business ; Leonard Harbaugh 
erected a threshing-machine in Hanover Market- 
house, and invited all to examine the same ; John 
Chamberlain, in Old Town, near Moore's bridge, was 
a stocking-maker; Manchester, Birmingham, and 
Sheffield goods were for sale by Abraham Usher & 
Co. at the " Sign of the Spinning-Wheel," opposite 
William Wilson's boot and shoe-factory, on north side 
of Market Street, a few doors below the corner of 
Calvert ; John Evans and Jacob Deiter were bakers 
in South Street; Samuel Stringer Coal announced 
the dissolution of the firm of Weisenthal & Coal by 
the death of Dr. Charles Frederick Weisenthal, the 
accounts to be settled by Dr. Frederick Dalcho; 
Joseph Kennedy was a stucco workman, " regularly 
bred to the trade in Ireland," and whose work could be 
seen at Mount Clare, near town, and at Mr. Collins', 
on Howard's Hill ; John and Joseph Swan sold grind- 
stones, rum, rice, and indigo; Samuel and John Smith 
sold Muscabado sugar ; Yates & Ligget were auction- 
eers ; Henry Halbate was a dyer, and " wanted an ap- 
prentice immediately ;" Jasper and James de Carnaps 
dealt in German linens on Market Street next door 
to the " Indian King" ; Eliza Burke was a mantua- 
maker and milliner on East Street opposite Dr. Boyd ; 
Jacob Hoffman was a tin and coppersmith on Cal- 
vert Street opposite "The Golden Sun"; Henry 
Keerl, at the " Sign of the Golden Swan," on Market 
Street, near Congress Hall, received by ship. " Sam- 
son" from Amsterdam medicines, aqua; fortis, duplex, 
oil of vitriol, and many other medicines; the glass- 
house offered glassware of all kinds for sale; Hodg- 
son & Nicholson were iron-mongers, jewelers, and 
cutlers on Market Street; Ireland & Potts, on Bowley's 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



Wharf, sold spades, shovels, etc. ; Adrian Valck dealt 
in Congo tea and Lisbon wine, per the " Candi- 
das," Capt. A. P. de Haas, from Lisbon; Walter 
Roe, at the " Golden Bee-Hive," New Market-house, 
was in the dry-goods trade ; Nicholas Coleman & Co. 
were bakers; George and John Tillinghast were deal- 
ers in cotton, green coffee, etc. ; Stewart & Plunket, 
on Rowley's Wharf, dealt in salt ; Seth Barton was a 
dry-goods importer ; Robert Gilmor imported green 
coffee by the brig "Fame"; Carey & Tilghman 
were importers of coffee ; Jos. Jaffrey dealt in tar, 
rice, and deer-skins ; John Fribourg was a tailor and 
habit-maker ; David Vance was a hair-sieve maker 
on Calvert Street ; Robert and Alexander Riddell were 
dry -goods merchants; Alexander Coulter, a saddler; 
Heathcote & Doll, in merchandise ; Thos. Hepburn, 
in wine and spirits ; Christopher and Robert John- 
son, dealers in teas ; Ratien & Koneche, in linens ; 
Richard Sydner, in calicoes and chintzes, on Cheap- 
side ; Oliver & Thompson, in salt, on Gay Street ; 
James Buchanan and William Robb, in liquors, on 
Commerce Street; John Proctoi?, a coach-maker, at 
the "Sign of St. Luke," on Market Street; Waters & 
Zacharie, grocers (dissolved partnership) ; L. Master, 
in dry-goods, on Gay Street ; Hugh McCurdy, at the 
sign of the " Golden Fan," Calvert Street, dealt in 
dry-goods in the year 1789; William Loomis, at 
Bowley's Wharf, dealt in Jamaica and Antigua spirits 
in 1791 ; Thomas Sein was an apothecary at Market 
and Patrick Streets, and Thos. Poultney was in hard- 
ware and cutlery on Market Street in 1792. At the 
yearly meeting for 1796 of the Carpenters' Associa- 
tion, Frederick Haefligh, John Dalrymple, Richard 
Bond, Jr., George Wall, and John Machenheimer were 
chosen measurers; the first issue of the Baltimore and 
Fell's Point Directory, by Thompson & Walker, ap- 
peared in 1796, and Walker offered to keep up boards 
with the name of the streets painted thereon at one 
dollar per board, and he solicited subscriptions for that 
purpose. This was among the first indications of the 
approach of the period when Baltimore Town was 
taking on the real habits of a city. Street numbers 
also appear in the year 1796. Yates & Edmonson, at 
106 Market Street, sold dry-goods ; G. & C. Linden- 
berger were opposite the "Indian Queen"; Robert 
Mickle, in dry-goods, at 168 Market Street ; Buchanan 
& Young, at 135 Market Street, were in dry-goods ; 
Anthony Groverman, in dry-goods, on Smith's Wharf; 
Raborg & Doudle, grocers, at 176 Market Street; 
Alexander, Browne & Co., grocers, at No. 2 Bowley's 
Wharf, — they were Henry Alexander, Charles Browne, 
and Alexander Lawson ; George Lettig made hats on 
the Causeway, and also at 141 Market Street ; L. Tier- 
nan, dry-goods, at 1.55 Market Steet ; Wm. Robb, at 7 
South Street ; Mr. Frances, of the new theatre, kept a 
dancing-school, and gave a ball on Oct. 25, 1796, at the 
Assembly Rooms, Bryden's Tavern ; Yates & Canifk- 
bell, Barney & Hollins were auctioneers ; David 
Stewart & Sons were general merchants; John H. 



199 Market Street, was in general mer- 
chandise; Davies & Fulton were at 139 Market 
Street ; Frederick and Henry Koenig were in general 
merchandise ; William Travers Peachey, an iron- 
monger, cutler, and jeweler, was at 138 Market Street ; 
Robert Leslie & Co. were watch-makers, 119 (and 
afterwards at 93) Market Street, between Calvert and 
South Streets, in 1797. 

The duties bonded for the State of Maryland for the 
year 1794 were $1,226,139, and the net duties paid to 
the treasurer were $795,700. In the year 1794 the 
relative statements of the trade of the large towns 
were : For New York, $2,140,453 ; for Philadelphia, 
$2,000,091; Baltimore, $1,198,232; Boston, $1,003,164; 
Charleston, $716,922; Norfolk, $270,000. The Fed- 
eral Gazette gives the following statement of ex- 
ports for 1792 : Philadelphia, $8,000,000; New York, 
$5,500,000; Baltimore, $2,500,000. For 1798, New 
York, $13,000,000 ; Philadelphia, $10,000,000 ; Balti- 
more, $10,000,000. 1799, Baltimore, $16,610,000. Dr. 
Andrew Weisenthal succeeded Dr. Edward Johnson in 
the practice of midwifery in 1797. John McKim, Jr., 
& Co. were at 36 Market Street; Henry Payson at 75 
Bowley's Wharf; Brune, Foulke & Co. at 182 Market 
Street ; Gerrard & Hopkins were next door to Samuel 
Hollingsworth ; James Law at 159 Market Street ; 
Joseph Hoskins at 62 South Street ; Jacob Mayer at 
55 Market, glassware and china ; John F. Legros, 
watch-maker, 137 Market; B. J. Von Kapflf succeeded 
Von Kapff" & Anspach, general merchants ; Neale, 
McKim & Co., 124 Market Street, glassware; John 
and JamesjHughes, Market and Howard ; Charles Ghe- 
quire, dry-goods; John Healy and Mathew Hulse, 
dry-goods, 179 Market, were in the different trades in 
1797. Daniel Larrabee, 60 Market, shoes ; Fred. Schaf- 
fer, ship-broker, 35 South Street; William Finn 
offered a place for warm and cold baths in the city in 
1799. 

A company was formed in 1790 to erect an exten- 
sive gunpowder-factory in the city, and in the next 
year it was built on Gwynn's Falls, and was in opera- 
tion until September, 1812, when it blew up and was 
never rebuilt. George Chandler, of Baltimore, re- 
ceived a patent in 1796 for a machine combining the 
cutting and heading of nails by machinery. Thomas 
Paine, author of the "Age of Reason," arrived in 
Baltimore by the ship " London" from Havre de 
Grace, Oct. 30, 1802. Albert Seekamp, George 
Repold, advertise, Aug. 25, 1803, "on board the 
j ship ' Mercury,' Littleton Waters master, just ar- 
rived from Bremen, a large number of young, healthy 
men, women, and children ; for terms apply to the 
captain on board." William B. Dyer, of Baltimore, 
Feb. 27, 1808, received a patent for a cordage spin- 
ning-wheel. The Baltimore bleach-fields were in 
1801 in Saratoga Street, near Gray's Gardens, on the 
I land of L. Tiernan, with James Andrews head- 
bleacher. The British cartel-sloop "The Jane and 
Martha" brought to New York, Dec. 13, 1814, Messrs. 



434 



HTSTOKY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Buchanan, Dorsey, and Gittings, citizens of Baltimore, 
captured during the attacl< on the city. Ebenezer 
Ford, of Baltimore, was granted a patent April 14, 
1814, for a torpedo. George Ellicott, Baltimore, re- 
ceived a patent Sept. 20, 1816, for rolling bar iron 
edgeways. Peter L. Lannay, Baltimore, received a 
patent Dec. 4, 181G, for elastic water-proof leather. 
Francis Guy, Baltimore, awarded, Feb. 23, 1819, a 
patent for paper carpet, which was really the first 
step in the making of oil-cloth. Thomas J. Bond, 
Baltimore, awarded a patent for iron boats Dec. 21. 
1820. At the exhibition of domestic manufactures 
held in Washington City in February, 1825, Catharine 
Gattie, of Baltimore, exhibited coach-bindings ; Mr. 
Hamlin's improved hats, made of Eussia cotton duck 
and varnished, which were much approved by the 
Kavy Department ; stair-carpets by Mr. Wilson, 
shovels and spades by Mr. Harvie, and machine-cards 
by Mr. McCoy, and axe-heads by Mr. Kinsey. Mr. 
Gideon B. Smith, of Baltimore, made known in 1829 
the qualities of Morus mullicmdis, or mulberry of the 
Philippine Islands. Isaac Tyson, Baltimore, received 
a patent Feb. 15, 1827, for making copperas. The 
first American patent for a locomotive was taken out 
by William Howard, of Baltimore, Dec. 10, 1828. 
Handsome silk ribbons in great variety were man- 
ufactured in Baltimore in 1829 from American silk. 
Patents for making soap by steam were issued to B. 
Toll and J. Doyle, Baltimore, July 19th, and to John 
Kennedy, Oct. 1, 1830. James Simpson, Baltimore, 
received a patent Aug. 23, 1831, for wheels for rail- 
road carriages. Jesse Marden, Baltimore, patent, 
Sept. 9, 1835, for balance platform-scale for weighing, 
a useful invention still in demand. A convention of 
silk-growers was held in Baltimore Dec. 11, 1838, at 
which about two hundred delegates assembled, who 
elected Judge Comstock, of Connecticut, president. 
Resolutions were adopted to form a National Silk 
Society (which was organized the next day), and to 
issue an address to the people of the United States on 
the culture of silk. About this time an establishment 
employing twenty Jacquard looms in making silk 
and worsted vestings, velvets, dress and other silks 
was set up in Baltimore. J. H. B. Latrobe patented 
a stove for heating rooms in 1846, and B. H. Latrobe 
patented in 1848 a compound break-joint railroad 
rail. Beatty's powder-mill exploded March 1, 1849, 
being the third time in a few years. 'The brig " Wind- 
ward," Capt. Charles Brown, loaded with flour at Lo- 
cust Point, February, 1853, was the first vessel that 
loaded tlicn' with such freight. 

Manufacturing Industries of Baltimore.— The 
following table from the Census Bureau of the in- 
dustrial statistics of Baltimore may be regarded as 
complete, the only actual figures not yet returned 
being those of breweries, cotton goods, coke, distil- 
leries, the fisheries, gas, glass, iron and steel manufiie- 
tures, mixed textile fabrics, oyster-canning and pack- 
ing, petroleum, mining and refining, print-works, rail- 



road repairing, salt, ship-building, silk goods, woolen 
goods, and the mining industries, these branches 
having been assigned to special experts, without re- 
gard to locality, whose reports will be hereafter pub- 
lished in detail. There are means, however, in accord- 
ance with well-known census laws, of approximating 
these lacking returns very accurately and combining 
them with the other figures, so as to get a very good 
general average. In the tables received the aggre- 
gates for 1880 show the number of industrial establish- 
ments to be 3547 ; the capital employed, §32,449,772; 
the number of hands employed, 62,983 ; the aggre- 
gate annual wages, $13,576,493 ; the cost of material, 
$44,054,383; and the value of products, $71,744,770. 
These figures are eminently satisfactory. They reveal 
a rapid industrial development in our city in spite of 
the period of extreme depression between 1873 and 
1879. 

By comparison of the variations and constants of 
one or two of the special reports of experts which 
have come in, with data already given, according to 
well-known census laws, we find that the returns yet 
to be made will increase those already given above in 
the sum of at least 18 per cent. ; so that the indus- 
tries of Baltimore in 1880, as compared with those of 
Baltimore City and Baltimore County in 1870, will 
stand thus : 

City in 1880. City and County in 1870. 

EstaWishments 4,185 2,759 

Capital $37,290,732 826,049,040 

Hands 74,340 33,182 

Wages $16,919,861 $10,352,078 

Materials $51,984,171 $.)6,144,425 

Products $84,668,828 $59,219,933 

For Baltimore City alone in 1870 the hands num- 
bered 28,178, and the annual products were valued at 
$51,006,278. The women employed then in both city 
and county were only 7107. The increase in the 
number of hands is most remarkable. In 1870 Balti- 
more employed in manufacturing industries only 1 in 
8.1 of its population, while Philadelphia employed 1 
in 5.04. Its manufacturing capital was $97 per head, 
while that of Philadelphia was $252 ; its product per 
capita was $219, that of Philadelphia being $464. 
Baltimore now employs one in 5.3 of its population, 
having nearly caught up with Philadelphia. Its cap- 
ital has grown in proportion to population, but not in 
proportion to the increase of labor, and its products 
have increased slightly in value per capita. The 
wage fund has not grown as rapidly as the labor ; but 
when we take the average of hands employed, count- 
ing the number of children also, the result will not be 
pauper wages by any means, the yearly average being 
$444, a daily wage of $1.46 for each man, woman, and 
child. The increase in the number of hands is 124 
per cent., and of women employed 150 per cent. The 
increase in the products is nearly 40 per cent. 

Ill 1^70, ai;aiii, for the whole State of Maryland the 
estiilili-liiiii iiN wire 5812; the number of hands em- 
jiloycil w:i> 1 l.-^iii' ; the capital, .$36,438,729; the wages, 
$12,6S2,S17; the materials, $46,897,032, and the pro- 



COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. 



ducts, «!76,.593,613. It will thus be seen that in point 
of industrial growth the Baltimore of the sesqui-cen- 
tennial year does not need to confine itself to com- 
parison with the Baltimore City and County of 1870. 
It flings down its gauntlet to the State, and the whole i 
State cannot afford to take it up. There are 1627 
fewer establishments in the city in 1880 than there j 
were in the State in 1870; but, en revanche, the estab- 
lishments of the city in 1880 exceed those of the city 
and county in 1870 by 1426. The city's capital in ] 
manufactures in 1880 exceeds that of city and county j 
in 1870 more than $11,000,000, and that of the State 
in 1870 nearly $1,000,000. But the labor and wages 
account is still more remarkable. In spite, as we 
have said, of the universal collapse of industries and 
trade from 1873 to 1879, the increase in the number of 
hands employed in Baltimore industries in 1880 was 
41,178, or 124 per cent, over those employed in both 
city and county in 1870, and the excess in. 1880 of 
hands employed in the city above those employed in j 
1870 in the State, inclusive of the city, was 29,480, or : 
65 per cent. The wages paid in the city in 1880 show 
an increase over those paid in 1870 in city and county | 
both of a little over 50 per cent., and $894,676 above j 
those paid in the entire State in 1870. It must be re- | 
membered that in 1870 both prices and wages were 
inflated to the extent of at least 40 per cent, in con- 
sequence of a spurious, make-believe, irredeemable 
currency. We are now, after a great commercial | 
panic and industrial depression, operating upon an 
exclusively hard-money basis. Yet, in the face of all j 
these figures, all this growth and expansion, some of j 
the little statesmen of the hour have been heard to 
say that Baltimore is not a manufacturing city.' As j 
they turned their backs to the sesqui-centennial cele- 
bration, so they will shut their eyes to the census. 
However, a city which grows so rapidly is in a fair , 
way to outgrow them too. 

The greatest and most noticeable increase in the 
manufactures of Baltimore has been in the line of ' 



those special industries for which our city has the 
most unquestioned facilities. The boot and shoe 
manufacturers employ about 3031 hands, and their 
products are valued at $3,453,011. Our production 
of canned fruits and vegetables has increased from 
$1,587,230 for the whole State in 1870 to $5,262,568 
for the city only in 1880. In 1870 the product of 
the State in tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware was 
$1,634,000 ; in 1880 the product of the city alone in 
these wares was $3,260,331. In 1870, in the tables for 
manufactures, is given a table of " selected manufac- 
tures" for Baltimore County (including the city), in 
which those industries which seem to be most favored 
by both nature and art in this locality are indicated 
and dwelt upon. This table, after having been further 
reduced so as to include only those industries the an- 
nual product of which in 1870 exceeded $1,000,000, 
yielded a total of $35,400,000 in round numbers. 
From this table, in making a comparison with 1880, 
it is necessary further to exclude the sugar refining 
business, yielding $7,000,000 in 1870, but only $840,000 
in 1880, and the iron manufacture, which in 1880 in 
none of its classifications came up to a million, while 
in 1870 its product was $4,000,000. We must also ex- 
clude the copper manufacture, destroyed that very 
census year by act of Congress. In spite of all this, 
the aggregates for 1880 of these specialized industries 
rose in 1880 to $46,000,000, and this does not include 
the oyster trade, worth to the city nearly $8,000,000. 
The boot and shoe trade has increased 50 per cent. ; 
the clothing trade 60 per cent. ; the business of can- 
ning fruits and vegetables from $1,400,000 to $5,200,- 
000, and so on. 

But it is needless to pursue these special industries 
further. We simply wish to illustrate that subject in 
which all of our fellow-citizens are more deeply in- 
terested, — the growth of Baltimore. The fact of the 
rapidity of growth, in a period for the most part of 
complete commercial stagnation and industrial dis- 
tress, is established by the figures. 



Awnings and tent, 1880.. 

1870.. 

Bakeries, 1S80 



Bask 1. 1 
Black ^ 
Boukl. 



Boxes, paper, 1880 

1870 

Boxes, wooden (packing), In 



BruslieB, 1880.. 



Capital. 


Hands Annual 
Employed. Wages. 


Materials 
Employed. 


Products. 


$5,601 


50 


$9,295 


$10,300 


$47,600 












749,372 


745 


213,265 


1,266,971 


1,873,991 










1,118.361 


31,000 




12,636 






6,160 


18 


4,868 






143,765 


350 


122,721 


113,850 


376,610 


63,056 




















588,600 


1,896 


595,249 


1,237,273 


2,207,848 


444,600 




649,721 


881,949 


1,937,058 


276,787 


i:083 


345,912 


427,619 


1,204.904 






13,450 
















34,020 


226 


32;617 


82,883 


140,625 








10,600 














52,300 


137 


52,576 








4 


1,474 


2,900 


6,300 


58,000 


136 


61,659 


85,676 


256,435 






121,248 






926,550 


1,712 


501,814 






302,000 




448,972 


329,000 




37,616 




35,673 


75,832 


136.766 


70,200 


215 


35,336 


184,704 


276,538 


44,500 










11,500 


31 


8,300 


15,543 




318,000 


1,143 


332,496 


869,743 


1,422,126 


21,373 











HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Carpets (rag) 

Carriages and wagons, 1880 

Clothing (men), 1880 

Clothing (women), 1880 

CofTeo and Bpiccs (ground), 1880 

Chemicals (miscellaneous), 1880 

Cutlery and edge-tools, 1880 

Coffins, 1880 

Confectionery, 1880 

Cooperage 

Coppersmitliing, 1880 



Corsets, 1880 

Dentistry (mechanical), 1880.. 

Dyeing and scouring, 1880 

Engraving, ISSO 



liturc, iucluiling refrigerators, 1880.. 
, dressed, 1880 



Gunsmiths, 1880 

Hiiir-work, 1880 

Hardware, 1880 

Hats and caps, 1880 



Instruments, surgical, 1880.. 

Irou-foundries, 1880 

Leather curried, 1880 



Leather tanned, 1880... 



Marble and stoue-cutting, tombstones, 1870.. 

Mattresses, etc., 1880 

Millinery, 1880 

Musical 



1 sign, 1880.. 



Painting, house a 

Paints, 1880 

Paints not specified, 1870 

Paints, lead, and zinc, 1880 

Paper-hanging, 1880 

Patterns anil models, 1880 

Photographing, 1880 

Plaster-grinding, 1880 

Plumbing and gas-fitting, 1880.. 

Preserves and sauces, 1880 

Pumps, 1880 

1870 

Roofing material, 1880 

1870 

Saddlery and harness, 1880 

1870 

Sails, 1880.. 



Saws, 1880 

Scales and balances 

Sewing-machines, 1880 

Sewing-machines (repaired), 1880... 
Soap and caudles 

Ship-building and repairing, 1880... 

Shirts, 1880 

Show-cases, 1880 

Silverware, 1880 



Capital. 


Hands Annual 
Employed. Wages. 


Materials 
Employed. 


Products. 


$32,62.5 


112 


820,428 


845,078 


893,500 


10;050 


30 


4,900 


16,330 


28,467 












178,860 








475.103 


l,00i,851 


9,074 


1,337,208 






,166,510 


7,o:i3 


1,068,508 


3,646,651 


5,574,342 












40;7UO 


116 




86,025 


121.640 


120,760 


64 


23,003 


220,608 


290,874 


13'J,f«0 


29 


16,123 




360,.535 




191 


95,000 


425,760 


766,840 




6G 


20,706 


13,010 


46,720 


85,876 


84 


31,484 


60,103 


176.923 


8,000 


27 


6,626 


10,090 




143,770 


121 


36,70S 


334,789 


474,750 




246 


C«,0:i8 


457,293 


695,374 






146,282 


324,764 




264,142 


004 


244,520 


263,019 


765,101 


305,000 


297 


112,670 


1,656,441 


1,952,051 








20,701 




18,000 




6,640 




28,000 


12,100 


13 


6,323 






42,786 


61 


21,031 


11,310 


64,862 












19,000 


22 


10,175 


3:360 


22,000 


2,600 


9 








697,102 


1,072 


375,328 












604,489 




30,000 




8,105 






68,600 


36 


8,470 




65,500 


57,000 


98 


35,748 






6,500 


30 


5,600 


20,000 


34,20(1 


3,200 










10,700 


17 


8:675 


5,125 


19,270 


5,150 


18 


7,216 


2,000 




101,760 


154 


62,504 


131,275 


243,098 






3,222 


13,086 


24,392 






3,450 


6,200 










9,636 




48,OIK) 


80 


21,495 


43,000 


89,600 






12,282 






18,<X)0 




2,925 






35.000 


23 


11,800 






32,800 


37 


12,630 


5,420 


30,750 


16,000 


14 


5,744 


1,200 


11,000 


1,688,710 


2,186 




1,422,593 


2,665,580 


69,866 


73 


21,055 






141,270 


107 


42,990 


327,714 




254,929 










152,030 


49 


















109,360 


395 


96,464 


142,678 


364,402 






22,699 


168,200 


204,462 


















46,600 




3,945,0110 




336,450 


3,659,495 


5,419,353 






37,962 


398,344 


476,300 






325,532 


448,414 


965,533 






27,880 






220,800 


251 


122,014 


133,446 


352,648 




13 




25,413 


37,325 




67 


14,414 


69,730 


94,740 








9,S00 




1,119,196 


690 


331,307 




946,488 






249,348 


317,570 


674,600 












2,200 


13 


2,770 




6,600 




41 


20,000 


300,000 








44,500 


465,148 


640,000 




141 


41,685 




165,604 


i;460 




2,050 


1,700 


8,101 


66,160 


70 


24,005 


24,4;iG 


90,228 


63,800 


16 


9,914 


23,313 






279 


84,000 


181,000 


426,923 


21,410 


48 


10,276 




45,199 


2,700 


6 


3,000 






2i:i00 


36 


10,602 


17,641 




198,425 














14,000 


44x237 


80,853 


349,975 


710 


268,096 




1,051,051 




251 


88,003 








108 


46:290 


168,935 












76,827 












80,700 


106 


72,069 










2,321 


2,744 








3,116 


4,092 


12,000 






4,181 






22,000 




3,250 


36,.535 


58,000 


24,000 


62 


16,600 


23,500 








6020 


3,950 








60,495 












295,566 


494,165 


OC',950 


640 


110,666 


140,069 






68 


37,296 


27,342 


ps'ss 












13,500 


34 


12,197 
















135,428 


132 


67,925 


75.392 








96:0U4 


75,337 




99,000 


144 


65,801 







TKADE ORGANIZATIONS. 



Industries. 

Stoves, 1880 

Straw-goods, 1880 

Sugar and molasses, 1880 

Tinware, including copper and sheet iron, 1880... 

Tobacco, including cigars and snuff, 1880 

Tobacco, snuff, and cigars 

Type-foundries, 1880 

1870 

Umbrellas and canes, 1880 

1870 

Upholstering, 1880 

1870 

Vinegar, 1880 

1870 

Watch-repairing, 1880 

Wheelwrighting, 1880 

Wire-work 

Wood-carving 

Wood brackets and moulding, 1870 

Wooden-ware, 1870 

Wood turned and carved, 1870 

Miscellaneous 



985.610 
667,525 
916,877 



10,160 

33,500 

2,360 

169,000 



Annual 

i. Wages. 


Materials 
Employed. 


Products. 


$158,368 


$251,376 


$613,712 


57.391 


264,007 




31,0(10 


756,703 


840,986 




2,146,600 


3,180,611 


280,551 


806,103 


1,396,432 


399,570 


1,482,717 


2.372.069 


82,046 


251,911 


653,760 










12,800 


45,000 


7,500 


1,780 


12,000 


2,080 


8,500 


17,400 




3,600 






64,112 




23,240 


70,045 


136,700 


7,012 


58,112 


87,012 


3,672 


73,810 




24,389 


18:900 


73,675 


13,630 






24,000 


26,000 


77,000 


7,780 


8,545 


24,700 




56,500 




27,500 






34,020 


5,400 





CHAPTER XXVII. 

TRADE ORGAXrZATI0N.S. 

The Exchange— Corn and Flour Exchange— Chamber of Commerce- 
Shoe and Leather Board of Trade — Provision Exchange — Merchants' 
and Manufacturei-s' Association. 

Board of Trade and "Exchange Building."— 

The first attempt to establish a general business asso- ; 
elation in Baltimore appears to have been made in i 
1793, when an effort was made by a number of mer- 
chants to open an " Exchange" for the transaction of 
busine.ss, and buildings at the northwest corner of 
Lombard and Exchange Alley (now known as Com- 
merce Street) were fitted up and used for the purpose, 
but after a time were closed and the Exchange discon- 
tinued. On the 25th of January, 1816, an act was 
passed by the General Assembly to incorporate the 
"Baltimore Exchange Company," of which William 
Patterson was chairman. The incorporators were Wil- 
liam Patterson, Robert Goodloe Harper, Dennis A. j 
Smith, John Oliver, Thomas Tenant, Robert Smith, | 
Henry Payson, Henry Thompson, Thomas Sheppard, 
George P. Stevenson, Isaac McKim, and John Hollins. 
This company was incorporated " to erect, for the pur- 
poses of commercial utility, a public building in the 
city of Baltimore, called the Baltimore Exchange," 
with the proviso that its whole capital stock should not 
exceed fivehundred thousand dollars, and that itshould 
not hold real estate " exceeding the value of one hun- 
dred thousand dollars, first cost, exclusive of the im- 
provements to be made thereupon by the said com- '• 
pany." Previous to the incorporation of the company, \ 
at an election held by the stockholders, on the 16th of : 
May, 1815, at the Fountain Inn, the following gentle- 
men were duly elected trustees : Isaac McKim, Henry 
Thompson, D. A. Smith, R. G. Harper, Thomas Ten- 
ant, William Patterson, Henry Payson, John Hollins, 
George P. Stevenson, Thomas Sheppard, John Oliver, 
and Robert Smith. At an election for president and 



directors of the Exchange Company, held April 1, 
1816, the following gentlemen were chosen : Wil- 
liam Patterson, president; John Hollins, Robert G. 
Harper, Henry Thompson, George P. Stevenson, Isaac 
McKim, Robert Smith, Dennis A. Smith, Thomas 
Sheppard, John Donnell, James Mo.sher, R. L. Colt, 
and John S. Smith, directors. 

Under the auspices of this company the Exchange 
Building was commenced, although not entirely com- 
pleted for many years. At the time of its completion, 
in size and magnificence as a commercial building it 
had "no rival in America." The original plan of the 
immense structure included two wings, one on Gay 
Street, which still remains as originally designed, and 
the other west of the main building, and constructed 
in the same general style as that on the east. These 
two wings were joined together in the centre by the 
great saloon or " 'change," which consisted of a hall 
fifty-three feet square, thus giving the building the 
form of the letter H. The structure was four stories 
high, including a vaulted basement. It was bounded 
by Gay Street on the east, Water (now Lombard) 
Street on the south, Second Street on the north, and 
Exchange Alley on the west. The east and west 
fronts were two hundred and fifty-six feet in length 
and those on the north and south one hundred and 
forty feet. The southeast wing was occupied as the 
custom-house, and the northeast by the old Branch 
Bank of the United States, and now by the Merchants' 
National Bank of Baltimore. The west wing was for 
many years famous as the Exchange Hotel. Contigu- 
ous to the hall of the Exchange, in the west wing, was 
the reading-room, a handsome apartment, fifty-three 
feet long by thirty wide. The hall of the Exchange had 
three principal entrances, the main one on Gay and 
the other two on Second and Water Streets. The 
main entrance from the east was by a flight of marble 
steps twelve feet wide, which led under a decorated 
vault, terminating at the door of the rotunda in a 



438 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



wide platform. ^Similar entrances from the north and 
south courts and from Exchange Alley also led into 
the Exchange hall. On the east and west of this 
hall are six Ionic columns, of single blocks of Italian 
marble, each fifteen feet nine inches high and one 
foot nine inches in diameter. Beyond the colonnades j 
the hull extended fifteen feet on each side, so that 
the s|);u'(> allotted to the merchants was eighty-three 
feet by fifty-three. Without the colonnades were 
halls leading to four flights of stairs. Over each col- 
onnade is a gallery, above which rises a semicircular 
arch, the whole surmounted by a magnificent dome, 
the internal height of which from the floor of the 
hall is one hundred and fifteen feet. The basement 
story of the building was laid out in twenty oflices 
lor brokers, attorneys, and counting-houses. On each 
side of the north and south entrances were rooms 
twenty-four by eighteen feet, and on the Gay Street 
front four rooms, two of them eighteen by thirty and 
two thirty feet square, — in all nine spacious rooms, 
each of them furnished with fire-proof closets, and 
adapted to the purposes of insurance offices, for which 
they were subsequently used. A part of the building 
on Gay Street was also occupied at one time by the 
officers of the municipal government. 

The Exchange Building was constructed after a de- 
sign of the eminent architect, BenjaminH.Latrobe,Sr., 
the architect of the cathedral, and at one time one of 
the chief architects of the capitol at Washington. 
Col. Jacob Small, of Baltimore, superintended its 
construction. The building when first erected was 
entirely fire-proof, and originally cost about two hun- 
dred and seventy thousand dollars. Both the interior 
and exterior, however, have undergone many changes 
since the erection of the building. The old-fashioned 
winding stairs in the corners which led to the second 
story of the rotunda and other features of former 
days have disappeared, and to the regret of many 
persons the architectural features of the rotunda 
itself have been changed in the last eight years. 
The accommodations of the custom-house, which in 
course of time came to be located in the Exchange 
Building, were at first of a very limited character, be- 
ginning at the door on Lombard Street, and embrac- 
ing only a space of about seventy-two by forty-five 
feet. All the various clerks were ranged around 
this small hall in little pens, like so many domesti- 
cated animals. During the coUectorship of George 
P. Kane extensive changes were made ; the Gay 
Street entrance was blocked up, and the custom-house 
extended north into the rooms formerly occupied by the 
merchants as an exchange and commercial meeting- 
place. It was handsomely fitted up, and thus re- 
mained until 1871, when, the growth of the port re- 
quiring more space, the rotunda was made a part of 
the custom-hou.sc, llais rrinliiiiiL; it at that time prob- 
ably one of the nio^i (■..niiiMiilioii-, in ilic 1 niii'i] States. 
These various cliaii'jr- of a ~iili-tanlial an. I .Irciinitive 
character cost not less than one luHidrcd and fifty 



thousand dollars. The post-office became totally 
separated from the rotunda by the present corridor, 
while new additions north and south were reared on 
the site of the old Exchange Hotel. The beautiful 
east and west recessed arches of the rotunda were 
filled in at this period, and the whole of the u|iper 
fioors, as well as the lower ones, were subjected to 
the most extensive and costly changes. The lodging- 
rooms of the old Exchange Hotel, which occupied the 
west wing of the Exchange, extended entirely around 
the rotunda above the first floor, and included all 
the space above the custom-house and the rooms on 
the Gay and Lombard Street sides in the second and 
third floors, now used for the various offices of the cus- 
toms. After continuing for very many years as a 
hotel it ceased to be profitable, and was given up in 
that capacity. The old west wing was for some years 
turned into offices, but it was finally pulled down al- 
together. 

On June 1, 1820, the Exchange was opened for the 
first time for the transaction of business, and " mer- 
chants, traders, and tradesmen of every description 
mingled in congratulation upon the establishment of 
an institution which promises so many facilities to 
every variety of negotiation." "Notwithstanding 
the pre.sent languid state of commerce, purchases and 
sales to a considerable amount were negotiated" on 
the opening day, and " for the convenience and dis- 
patch of business" the principal merchants of the 
city entered into an agreement to meet on 'change 
every day between twelve and one o'clock, and some 
of the most extensive traders bound themselves " to 
make no engagements for the purchase and sale of 
produce except at this general place of resort." 
Among those who entered into this agreement were 
Eobert Gilmor& Sons, Wm. Patterson & Sons, Robert 
& John Oliver, Wm. Wilson & Sons, John Donnell, 
Isaac McKim, John McKim, Luke Tiernan & Sons, 
Alex. Brown & Sons, Wm. Lorman & Son, Thomas 
Tenant, Campbell, Ritchie & Co., R. H. & W. Douglass, 
Hez. Clagett &Son, Archibald Kerr, H. & R. H. Os- 
good, Thompson Bathurst, Henry Thompson, Charles 
Wirgman, Isaac Tyson, Jesse Tyson & Sons, Fred. C. 
Graff", John Hollins, Macdonald & Ridgely, Justus 
Hoppe, C. W. Karthaus & Co., John Strieker, Henry 
Schroder & Son, Samuel Hollingsworth & Sons, Sol- 
omon Etting, Baptist Mezick, Elias Ellicott, Henry 
Brice, Isaac Phillips, Thomas Sheppard, Hammond 
& Newman, Joseph King, Jr., Wm. Bosley, George 
& Wm. Read, Robinson & Clap, C. Deshon, Von 
Kapflf & Brune, Elisha Tyson, Jr., Wm. Dawson & 
Co., James Corner, J. W. & E. Patterson, David Kizer 
& Co., Isaiah Mankin, Sanuiol Kttin^-, Roswell L. 
Colt, F. & L. Hauxthall. U-Im it Lrniinmi ^t Co., Van 
Wyck& Morgan, Harrison ^ Si>r.tt. l>aac (i. Roberts, 
Ridgely & Edgar, M. P. Mitchell, Thomas Little, W. 
L. Schmidt, C. C. Jamison & Co., George Douglass, 
S. & J. E. Carey, Charles Gwinn, Keller & Forman, 
W. P. Lcmnum, Hall ^^c Marcan, Joel Vickcrs, Wm. 



TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. 



Child, Brundige, Vose & Co., Wm. McDonald & 
Son, N. F. Williams, John Diffenderffer, Perkins & 
Saltonstall, Mayer & Brantz, John Mackay, J. & J. 
Stoufter, Wm. Baartscheer, Bradford & Cooch, L. & 
J. Barney, Thomas Wilson, John Nicholson, S. & H. 
White, Creighton & Woodville, Wm. Howell & Son, 
John Travers, Jr., J. J. Hoogerwerfl', Isaac Edmond- 
son, H. D. Wichelhausen & Co., R. A. Denny, D'Arcy 
& Didier, Ely Balderston, Wm. Cole, M. McBlair, 
Levi Hollingsworth, A. & J. E. Lewis, Benjamin M. 
Hodges, Samuel Harden, Kelso & Ferguson, Jacob 
Tyson & Son, J. P. Pleasants & Son, Hayne & Crox- 
all, Josiah Turner & Co., Wilmer & Palmer, McHenry 
& Shaw, James Barroll, Fridge & Morris, Barthe & 
Lafitte, Wilson, Mullikin & Co., W. R. Swift, O. H. 
Neilson, P. A. Guestier, Mayhew & Hobby, J. P. 
Kraft't, H. W. Evans, J. H. Heidelbach, Wm. Murdoch 
& Co., Wm. Norris, George F. Warfield, Charles Mal- 
loy, Wm. Wierman, John C. Delpratt, Sweeting &Ster- 
ett, M. & P. Tiernan & Co., Henry Payson & Co., C. 
S. Koenig, George & John Hoflman, Leonard Kimball, 
J. C. White & Sons, Lyde Goodwin, T. C. Proebsting, 
Jacob Adams, James Ramsay, Samuel Byrnes, Thos. 
G. Reyburn, John N. Snow & Co., J. I. Cohen, Jr., 
John McClure, McFaden & Harris, Wm. Baker & 
Son, Thomas J. Bond, Brune & Dannemann, John 
Bolte, Wm. Stewart .^- Co., J. J. Reekers, Hollings- 
worth & Worthington, John Oyston, N. Pearce, and 
F. Lucas, Jr. 

On the 13th of September, 1820, a meeting of the 
merchants of the city was held at the Exchange for 
the purpose of organizing a Chamber of Commerce. 
A committee was appointed to draft a constitution, 
and at an adjourned meeting held at the same place, 
on September 23d, at which Robert Gilmor was chair- 
man, and Christian Mayer, secretary, the plan of a con- 
stitution was submitted and adopted in an amended 
form. A copy was ordered to be deposited in the 
reading-room of the Exchange, for the signatures of 
those who were entitled to become members accord- 
ing to the first article of the constitution, which was 
as follows : 



" No person can become a iiifuiber of tlii 
citizen of the United States and a trading merchant of the city of Bal- 
timore, either aa a shipowner, importer, or exporter, a president of an 
insurance office, or a marine insurance broker; and every such person 
desirous of becoming a member shall sign this constitution before the 
Ist of November next, or nnist thereafter be nominated by a member, at 
a stated meeting of the society, at least one month before he can be 
chosen; he shall then be balloted for, and three negatives shall exclude 
any applicant; nor can such person be again proposed before twelve 
months after such rejection." 

The constitution having been signed by all the 
prominent merchants of the city, the Chamber of 
Commerce was organized by the election of Robert 
Gilmor, president ; William Patterson and William 
Lorman, vice-presidents ; Christian Mayer, treasurer ; 
and William Cooke, secretary. The same ofiicers were 
re-elected on Jan. 8, 1822, with the exception of 
William Patterson, who was succeeded by Thomas 



Tenant as vice-president. Robert Gilmor died Jan. 
14, 1822, and Mr. Patterson was elected May 6th in 
his place, but he declined to serve, and William Lor- 
man was elected. He served until 1830, when the 
Chamber of Commerce suspended operations. In 
the mean time the Exchange company became em- 
barrassed, and at a general meeting on the 1st of No- 
vember, 1825, "unanimously adopted a resolution 
authorizing the president and directors to dispose of 
all the company's property at private sale, . . . reserv- 
ing only the use of the hall and reading-room for 
commercial purposes, agreeable to the original inten- 
tions of the company, the hall to be subject to no 
charge, the rent arising from the reading-room to be 
received by the purchaser." The president, David 
Winchester, and William Patterson, Henry Payson, 
John Donnell, F. W. Brune, Alexander Brown, Henry 
Thomjjson, Solomon Etting, William Lorman, and 
Stewart Brown, the directors, in pursuance of the 
authority vested in them by the stockholders, first 
offered the property on Jan. 7, 1826, to the city for 
municipal purposes for the sum of ninety thousand 
dollars, being one-third of its original cost, payable 
in city stock bearing interest at five per cent. The 
matter was held under consideration by the City 
Council for several years, until finally, in May, 1851, 
a small company of gentlemen, including the late 
George P. Kane, J. Hall Pleasants, and several 
others, bought the entire property excepting the 
Merchants' National Bank building and the custom- 
house, on very advantageous terms ($90,000), it having 
turned out commercially a very disastrous enterprise. 

On the 25th of February, 1836, a meeting was held 
at the Exchange reading-room to organize a Board 
of Trade. Henry Thompson was called to the chair, 
and William S. Harrison and James C. Sellman were 
appointed secretaries. On motion of B. I. Cohen, a* 
committee of .five, consisting of Messrs. Isaac Tyson, 
O. C. Tiffany, George W. Peterkin, Hugh Jenkins, 
and C. C. Jamison, were appointed to nominate offi- 
cers of the a.ssociation. They made the following nom- 
inations, which were unanimously adopted : Pr&sident, 
Henry Thompson; Vice-Presidents, James Wilson, 
Jacob Albert, Samuel Hoffman, James Howard ; 
Treasurer, Benjamin I. Cohen; Directors, Joseph 
Todhunter,Hugh Birckhead, W.G. Harrison, Thomas 
Finley, Nathan Tyson, Jacob G. Davies, G. H. New- 
man, Chris. Keener, James George, James I. Corner, 
S. Jones, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, George Brown, John 
Gibson, Thomas Wilson, C. W. Karthaus, Daniel 
Cobb, J. P. Erskine, R. A. Taylor, John B. Howell, 
Joseph Gushing, William Cooke, John H. Hodges, 
W. C. Shaw, William Crawford, Jr., John H. Orn- 
dorff. 

The president lived but little more than one year 
after his election, and was succeeded by James Wil- 
son, who served until 1843, when the board again 
disbanded. For a portion of this time the board had 
no rooms of its own, and met at the office of its pres- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ident, Mr. Wilson. On tlie 5th of October, 1849, a 
meeting of merchants was held in the E.xchange, pur- 
suant to a previous adjournment, for the purpose of 
reorganizing the Board of Trade. William McKim 
presided, and Wilmot Johnson acted as secretary. 
The committee appointed at a i)revious meeting to 
draft resolutions, etc., reported through their chair- 
man, E. B. Dallam, and their report, with an unim- 
portant amendment, Wius adopted. On motion of E. 
P. Cohen, it was resolved to hold another meeting on 
the 10th for the purpose of electing officers, which 
was accordingly done, and the following gentlemen 
were elected: President, John C. Brune ; Vice-Presi- 
dents, William McKim, Herman H. Perry, Henry 
Tiffany, Nathan Rogers ; Treasurer, E. B. Dallam ; 
Secretary, George U. Porter;' Directors, T. C. Jen- 
kins, William P. Lemmon, Joseph C. Wilson, Pat- 
rick H. Sullivan, James George, Enoch Pratt, Daniel 
Warfield, Gustav W. Lorman, William G. Harrison, 
William E. Travers, Albert Schumacker, Alexander 
Reiman, David S. Wilson, Josiah Lee, Thomas Wil- 
son, William Bose, Benjamin C. Buck, Henry S. Gar- 
rett, Thomas W. Levering, George B. Hoffman, John 
J. Abrahams, Hugh Jenkins, Enoch S. Courtney, and 
George K. Walter. 

It would seem that even at this early date much 
interest was taken in the choice of officers, and that 
an " opposition" and a " regular" ticket gave spice to 
this first election. "Considerable interest," we are 
told, " was manifested in the result, and the occasion 
was marked by the excitement of a jealous but ami- 
cable contest." On the 10th of May, 1852, the Board 
of Trade was incorporated by the Legislature.- In 
January, 1856, the United States government pur- 
chased the remainder of the E.xchange Building for 
two hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars, one 
liundred and ten thousand dollars having previously 
been paid for the wing occupied by the custom-house. 
This sale necessitated the erection of a new Exchange 
Building, and accordingly, on the 9th of March, 1858, 
an act was passed by the Legislature incorporating 
the " Baltimore Exchange Building Company." The 
following gentlemen were appointed by the act com- 
missioners to receive subscriptions to the capital stock 
of the company : Hugh Jenkins, Wm. Crichton, John 
C. Brune, Israel M. Parr, Horatio L. Whitridge, James 
Hooper, Jr., George P. Kane, John S. Williams, 
Henry M. Warfield, Wm. Chestnut, George H. Kyle, 
Thomas W. Levering, James I. Fisher, Gustav W. 
Lorman, Frank Sullivan, Addison K. Ford, Samuel 
Harris, Jr., E. G. Perine, Benj. F. Harrison, Wm. W. 
Woodward, James H. Shone, John W. Garrett, Johns 
Hopkins, Robert Leslie, J. J. Skinner, Robert A. 



1 The present most efllcient secretary of the Baltimore Board of Trade, 
C.eorge U. Porter, has held that position ever since the organization of 
tlio board in 1849. 

• The incorporators were the officers of the board, with the exception 
of Henry S. Garrett, who declined. Chauucey Brooks was substituted 



' Dobbin, James E. Tyson, W. S. Walters, Allan A. 
Chapman, Benj. F. Newcomer, James George, Gallo- 
way Cheston, Wm. E. Mahew, and Archibald Stirling. 
By its terms the act was to continue in force until Jan. 
1, 1890, and until the end of the next session of the 
General Assembly thereafter. The site selected for 
the new Exchange was the lot adjoining the post- 
office, with a front of sixty feet, and a depth of one 
hundred and ninety feet, running through from Sec- 

I ond Street to Exchange Place. On this location the 
present Exchange Building was erected, being com- 
pleted in August, 1859. By the act of 1878, ch. 383, 
the Board of Trade was authorized 

) "to create and organize within itself a Court of Arbitration fur the ad- 
judication and settlement, according to the principles, of law, equity, 
and commercial usage, or of either applicable thereto, of any and all 
controversies concerning or growing out of contracts of sale, manufac- 
turing, or letting in rent; of the making or negotiating or transfer of 
bills of exchange, promissory notes, bills of lading, railroad, warehouse, 
or other similar receipts, and other such commercial paper ; of guaran- 
j tees, of agency, of bailment, of partnership, of insurance, of affreight- 
I ment, or of any other transactions of whatever specific class, pertaining 
to trade, commerce, navigation, manufactures, or mechanic arts, or buai- 
I ness connected with any of them ; or contracts for personal work, labor, 
I and service done or rendered, or to be done or rendered in and about the 
pursuit and transactions of trade, commerce, navigation, manufactures, 
or mechanic arts, where one or more of the parties to which controversies 
j is or are members of the said corporation, in all cases wherein said con- 
troversy is, by the consent of all the parties thereto signified by a sub- 
mission in writing, referred for adjudication and settlement to said court." 

In pursuance of this authority, the court was or- 
ganized on the 22d of June, 1878, with Hon. John 
j A. Inglis as judge, and George U. Porter as clerk. 

• Upon the death of Judge Inglis, Isaac D. Jones was 
1 selected to succeed him. 

The rooms of the board are (at present) in the Ex- 
change Building, immediately west of the post-office 
and fronting on Exchange Place, but it will occupy 
rooms in the new Chamber of Commerce Building, 
on the northwest corner of Post-office Avenue and 
Second Street, when it is completed. The presidents 
of the Board of Trade since its organization to the 
j present time have been Robert Gilmor, 1821-22; Wil- 

• liam Lorman, 1822-30 ; from 1830 to 1835 the board 
j was in a state of suspension ; Henry Thompson, 1836- 

37 ; James Wilson, 1837-43 ; from 18i3 to 1849 in a 

! state of suspension ; John C. Brune, 1849-62 ; Thomas 

I C. Jenkins, 1862-65; Albert Schumacker, 1865-71; 

: Horatio L. Whitridge, 1871-73; J. Hall Pleasants, 

1873-77; Decatur H. Miller, 1877-79; Robert A. 

Fisher, 1879-81. Upon the death of Mr. Fisher, 

Israel M. Parr was elected to succeed him, and was 

I re-elected for 1881-82. 

The objects and purposes of the Board of Trade 
are, briefly, to secure and utilize the advantages 
which the position of the city offers to commerce 
and manufacturers; "to consider all subjects of inter- 
nal improvement agitated in the community which 
may be brought under their notice by members of the 
j same, and take such effectual mea-sures in relation 
thereto as the importance of the subject shall call 
for; to settle and adjust all matters relating to the 



TKADE ORGANIZATIONS. 



trade of the city ; to establish its customs and ordi- 
nances, and to maintain unity of action for public 
good." The Board of Trade has a membership of 
upwards of five hundred firms of the city, and by its 
influence and vigilance in all matters pertaining to 
trade and commerce has largely contributed to the 
prosperity and growth of Baltimore. It was through 
the persistent efforts of the board that the river chan- 
nel was deepened from eighteen to twenty-five feet, 
without which there could have been no enlargement 
of the commerce of the port. Thirty years ago ves- 
sels of about eighteen hundred tons were the largest 
that could conveniently enter our harbor; now 
steamers of four thousand five hundred tons are seen 
daily in our port. The present oflicers of the board 
are Israel M. Parr, president ; W. W. Spence, Henry 
C. Smith, George P. Frick, S. P. Thompson, vice- 
presidents ; John R. SeemuUer, treasurer; George U. 
Porter, secretary ; Directors, Samuel P. Thompson, 
James Carey Coale, Joseph H. Rieman, David L. 
Bartlett, Robinson W. Cator, Eugene Levering, G. 
A. Von Lingen, Thomas Poultney, Jr., W. Graham 
Bowdoin, Stephen Bonsai, Samuel E. Hoogewerff, 
John E. Hurst, Samuel Eccles, Jr., W. Hy. Bald- 
win, Jr., J. Wilcox Brown, German H. Hunt, George 
J. Appold, James A. Gary, J. P. Elliott, D. T. Buzby, 
T. J. Myer, W. A. Symington, F. X. Jenkins, Wm. 
H. Perot, E. D. Bigelow. 

The Corn and Flour Exchange. — The Corn and 
Flour Exchange was organized in 1851. The mem- 
bership was at first limited, and the operations of the 
association conducted in a somewhat informal man- 
ner, but in 1853 the organization had attained to such 
proportions that it was found necessary to inaugurate 
more regular methods, and to provide more commo- 
dious accommodations. A warehouse. No. 76 Bow- 
ley's Wharf, was accordingly rented and fitted up for its 
use under the supervision of a committee consisting 
of Messrs. Crichton, Fenly, and Parr, where on Wed- 
nesday, May 11, 1853, the Exchange commenced the 
transaction of business. The membership continued 
to increase so rapidly that in 1855 additional room 
was needed, and the house adjoining was leased and 
a part of it brought into requisition. During the 
same year application was made to the Legislature 
for an act of incorporation, but the application was 
unsuccessful, " owing to erroneous reports circulated 
among the farmers of the State regarding the purpose 
of the institution." The association was thus forced 
to obtain its charter under the general incorporation 
act of 1852, which it did on the 22d of May, 1855, 
shortly after the refusal of the General Assembly to 
allow it the privileges of an incorporated body. After 
the purchase of the old Exchange property, on Gay 
and Second Streets, by the Federal government, it 
was suggested that the Board of Trade, Corn and 
Flour Exchange, and the various commercial organi- 
zations of the city should combine in the erection of 
a building suitable to their several wants. A lot next 



to the post-oflice and running from Exchange Place 
to Second Street was offered by Col. George P. Kane, 
on behalf of the Exchange Company, and on the'^th of 
March, 1858, the Corn and Flour Exchange decided 
to accept it; but on the 10th of March, 1859, the Ex- 
change authorized the purchase of a lot on South and 
Wood Streets, owned by Messrs. Pratt, Schaeffer, and 
McDonald, and during the same year commenced the 
erection of the building now occupying that site,' 
which was completed in the early part of 1860, and 
formally opened on the 1st of May in that year. The 
desks in the Exchange were sold on the 5th of the 
same month at premiums ranging from fifteen to 
seventy dollars each, the latter sum being the bid of 
Messrs. Patterson & Wolford. In January, 1862, the 
Union members retired from the Exchange and formed 
a new organization, which was chartered on the 30th 
of that month as the Maryland Corn and Flour Ex- 
change, with William Chestnut, Peter Sauerwein, 
George F. Needham, Samuel Hazlehurst, James A. 
Hooper, William E. Woodyear, B. B. Perkins, Rob- 
ert Tyson, Samuel Duer, Matthias Roberts, Robert 
Fowler, Michael Dorsey, James B. Kawfielt, James 
D. Mason, and James R. Clark as incorporators. 
Rooms were fitted up in the Hooper Building, south- 
east corner of Pratt and South Streets, for the new 
Exchange, which continued its separate organization 
only a few months, when its members reunited with 
the old association. 

On the 23d of March, 1865, the Exchange was rein- 
corporated, with William Chestnut, Thomas Whit- 
ridge, Joseph 0. Ford, Francis White, Robert Tyson, 
George Small, James A. Hooper, B. F. Phillips, Lu- 
ther J. Cox, Jr., P. H. Magill, Samuel Duer, J. B. 
Clark, M. Roberts, John G. Hewes, and C. W. Slagle 
as incorporators. In March, 1870, the act of 1865 
was repealed by the Legislature and the Exchange 
provided with a new charter, with William S. Young, 
James R. Herbert, Thomas R. Matthews, Jr., S. Sprigg 
Belt, H. F. Turner, Thomas D. Loney, John B. Wil- 
liams, Joseph H. Meixsel, W. W. Frush, R. M. Wylie, 
William R. Howard, George T. Kenly, William T. 
Pitt, Harry McCoy, and John H. Fowler as incorpo- 
rators. By this act, which forms the present charter 
of the Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange, it is pro- 
vided that the property, affairs, business, and concerns 
of the corporation shall be managed by a Board of 
Directors, consisting of fifteen members of the asso- 
ciation, to be elected annually, the board to elect a 
president, two vice-presidents, and a treasurer from 
their own body, and to appoint a secretary. The pur- 



1 The building waa erected by the Corn Exchange Buildings Company, 
which was originally chartered under the general incorporation laws of 
the State as the Exchange Buildings Company. Doubt having been ex- 
pressed as to the legality of the organization under the general laws, the 
company was incorporated on the 8th of February, 1860, as the Corn 
Exchange Buildings Company, with Horatio S. Whitridge, William 
, Crichton, Charles D. Hinks, George P. Kane, Samuel S. Levering, Henry 
M. Warfleld, Thomas K. Matthews, Jr., Beujamin G. Harris, and Frank- 
lin F. Pope as incorporators. 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



poses of the corporation, as defined by its charter, are 
" to provide and regulate a suitable room or rooms for 
a produce exchange in the city of Baltimore; to in- 
culcate just and equitable principles in trade ; to 
establish and maintain uniformity in commercial 
usage; to acquire, preserve, and disseminate valu- 
able business information ; and to adjust contro- 
versies and misunderstandings between its members 
and themselves, or between them and other persons 
thereto consenting, which may arise in the course of 
business." To this end the board of directors are 
required to elect annually by ballot iive members of 
the association who are not members of the board 
as a committee, to be known as the Arbitration Com- 
mittee of the Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange. 

"The duty of said Aibitration Commiltee shall le to hear anil decide 
any controvereies which may arise in business between the membera of 
said organization, or said members and other persons, as may be volnn- 
tarily submitted to said Committee of Arbitration ; and such members 
and persons may, by an instrument in writing signed by them and at- 
tested by a subscribing witness, agree to submit to the decision of said 
committee any such controversy so arising as might be the subject of an 
action at law or in equity, except claims of title to real estate." 

Rule second of the by-laws of the Exchange pro- 
vides that 

" any person twenty-one yeare of age or over, approved by the Board of 
Directors, may become a member of this association until the 1st day 
of May, 1881, upon the payment of an initiation fee of two hundred and 
fifty dollare, after which the initiation fee shall be five hundred dollars ; 
or on the presentation of an unimpaired or unforfeited certificate of 
membership, duly transferred, and by signing an agreement to be gov- 
erned by the rules, resolutions, and by-laws, and by all the amendments 
and additions that may be made thereio; provided that no person shall ■ 
be approved by the directors as a member of the association who is not 
a resident of the State of Maryland, or permanently doing business in 
the city of Baltimore. All applications for merabersbip shall be accom- 
panied by the cash for the amount of the initiation fee in force at the 
time and the current annual assessment for the year, or an unimpaired 
certificate of membership duly indorsed." 

The Corn and Flour Exchange now numbers seven 
hundred and fifty members. It still occupies the 
structure at the corner of South and Wood Streets, 
but upon the completion of the new Chamber of 
Commerce Building, now in course of erection, will 
occupy the elegant and commodious quarters therein 
specially prepared and arranged for its accommoda- 
tion. While the Chamber of Commerce Company is 
a distinct corporation, the Corn and Flour Exchange 
is largely represented in its membership and manage- | 
inent, and holds one hundred thousand dollars of its | 
stock, and fifty thousand dollars of its bonds. The 
Corn and Flour Exchange have leased for twenty 
years the third floor of the Chamber of Commerce 
Building, at a rental of $12,000 per year. The suc- 
cessive presidents of the Corn and Flour Exchange 
have been Nathan Tyson, Wm. Crichton, John S. 
Williams, Henry M. Warfield, Wm. Chestnut, Israel 
M. Parr, P. P. Pendleton, Wm. S. Young, S. Sprigg 
Belt, Charles D. Fisher, W. B. McAtee, J. T. Middle- 
ton, and William S. Young. 

The ofliccrs for 1881 are : 

President, William S. Young ; First Vice-President, William G. Atldnsnn ; 
Second Vice-I'residont, U. A. Parr; Treasurer, George T. lienly; Sec 



retary, William F. Wheatley; Assistant Secretary, Henry A. Wroth. 
Executive Committee, William P. Barndollar, chairman; Loui» 
Mullcr, William M. Cooper. Finance Committee, George T. Kenly, 
William G. Atkinson, Charles D. Fislier. Membersbi|j Committee, 
William P. Barndollar, chairman ; Louis Mnil. r. w ill,,,rjj \l Cooper, 
F. T.Smith, E. Thomas Rinchart. B..H1.1 1 |ii...t .1 , \lilliam S. 
Young, William G. Atkinson, H. A. Parr, C...!. T K,,,l,, William 
P. Barndollar, Louis Muller, William M. i.~i,.i, 11 ,1. I(,„wn, 
Charles Rous, E. B. Owens, William J. Doyle, Jas. Kii.ix, cliurlos D. 
Fisher, John G. Harryman, B. C. Hays. Standing Committees: Ar- 
bitration, J. I. Middleton, P. H. Macgill, F. T. Smith, II. F. Zollick- 
ofTer, E. D. Bigelow; Harbor and River Improvement, E. D. Bige- 
low, John S. Dickinson, N. S. Hill, A. L. Huggins, C. W. Slagle; 
Wheat, D. M. Tate, chairman, Herman Williams, R. F. Etzler, 
Chas. D. Fisher, Geo. T. Gambrill, J. B. Hall, John C. Legg, E. M. 
Schryver, J. K. B. Emory, Wm. E. Woodyear; Flour, R. M. Wylie, 
chairman, Jiis. J. Corner, E. Thos. Rinehart, J. Olney Norris, James 
Pearson, John Gill, E. J. Snow; Corn, Chas. W. Baer, chairman, 



S. R. Col 



W. Fohter, 



Knox.l.r,, II M.,i,,,,,l 1; ll,,,,|,.,,„ 1, w Tn.il, H.D.Williar; 

Southern '■ ! I I II , .I..I1U B. Phillips, 

L. J. Cux.' • I I , ,1 II. Forney, N. 

J. Appl,:;;;,iii,, I:..,-, mil i. < i . ., 1. , , , I . w - I,, ^1,-, Jas. E. Tyson ; 
Barley, IS. BI;iUi-, .Kilin IJuy.l, G. Fr.ii.k Gil.ney; .Special Committee 
on the Propiised Canal to Connect the Chesapeake and Delaware 
Bays, J. I. Middleton, P. H. Macgill, Robert Tyson, D. M. Tate, S. 
P. Thompson ; Grain Inspection Department (office. .'J7 South Street), 
Edward Roelkey, chief inspector. 

William S. Young, the president of the Corn and 
Flour Exchange, was first elected to that position in 
1870, and served through that and the two succeeding 
years, when he declined the nomination for the fourth 
term. During his administration the want of greater 
powers and privileges for the Exchange was felt to be 
a serious drawback to its progress. It was hampered 
by the restrictions of its charter, which was prepared 
when the immense grain trade of Baltimore was in its 
infancy, and hence was not adapted to the conduct 
of the vast and growing business of the Exchange. 
Mr. Young, from his stand-point as president, resolved 
that the proper remedy should be applied, and under 
his direction a new act of incorporation was drawn up, 
and its passage by the General Assembly of Maryland 
was procured. After securing this act of incorpora- 
tion it became necessary to adopt a code of by-laws, 
rules, regulations, etc., which he diligently set him- 
self to work to devise and collate, and which soon 
caused everything to work smoothly and harmo- 
niously under the new life which was given to the 
Exchange. 

Under this new charter, of which Mr. Young may 
be said to have been the parent, the Exchange had 
the amplest room to expand, and its provisions have 
been found to be such as to stimulate and protect the 
business interests of the community. In 1881 there 
was such a demand upon him to again become the 
president of the Exchange that his consent was reluc- 
tantly given to become a candidate for the [)re-sideiicy 
once more, and he is now discharging the duties of 
the post with a sagacity and energy that guarantees 
the continued welfare of the institution. In the in- 
terim he was for a number of years chairman of the 
Arbitration Committee, a position secondary only to 
that of the presidency. This committee frequently 
decides niisuuderstandings and controversies between 



TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. 



443 



merchants involving thousands of dollars, and they 
have the same legal force as a judgment obtained in 
a court of law. There is no position that has a closer 
connection with the commercial progress of Baltimore, 
and it can only be properly filled by a merchant of 
broad views, liberal tendencies, devotion to local in- 
terests, and fullest comprehension of the great battle- 
field of business rivalry. Such a man is Mr. Young. 
When he first entered on the presidency in 1870 the 
Exchange was in debt, but one result of his adminis- 
tration and the workings of the new charter was the 
speedy accumulation of a large surplus fund, which 
has since been maintained. The Exchange has re- 
cently found itself able to buy fifty thousand dollars 
worth of the bonds of the new Chamber of Commerce 
Building Company, after subscribing and paying for 
one hundred thousand dollars of its stock, payment for 
which was made out of the initiation fees of new mem- 
bers. Its financial aflFairs were never before in so grat- 
ifying a condition, and it may confidently be antici- 
pated that they will ever continue to improve while 
Mr. Young's sound policy and executive force lead the 
management or his system is followed. He has had 
a long business career, that has been crowned with the 
rewards of integrity and earnest labor. He was born 
in Hanover, York Co., Pa., Dec. 25, 1825, coming of an 
old and honorable family among the solid burghers of 
that busy and wealthy town. His father was George 
Young, and his mother Susan Sholl, both born in Han- 
over, one in 1797 and the other in 1803. His pater- 
nal grandfather was William Young, and his mater- 
nal grandfather John Sholl, both leading capitalists 
and citizens of Hanover, and active in all the public 
enterprises of their day. His father brought up all 
his sons to habits of industry and to know their value. 
He was largely engaged in farming and the manufac- 
ture of tobacco, and the boys were all furnished with 
employment during their school vacations, and even 
between the morning and afternoon sessions of school. 
, William S. Young was one of the first pupils under 
the public school system after its introduction into 
Hanover, and was afterwards entered at Dickinson 
College, Carlisle, Pa., where he graduated in July, 
] 843, before reaching the age of eighteen years. John 
P. Durbin, Robert Emory, John McClintock, and Wil- 
liam H. Allen were then the principal instructors at 
Dickinson. After finishing his education Mr. Young 
went West with an uncle residing in Middletown, 
Butler Co., Ohio, and taught in the public schools 
there for two years and a half. 

He then engaged in the hardware and iron and 
grain business, and pursued it until 1858. Finding 
that the extension of the railroad system in the 
vicinity of Hanover had opened a new field for busi- 
ness enterprise, he came to Baltimore in that year 
and established himself in the grain trade on North 
Street, subsequently purchasing two large warehouses, 
one of which is still occupied by his firm. Their 
transactions aggregate annually a very large sum. 



Mr. Young has been a member of an extensive grain- 
purchasing firm in Hanover for twenty-three years, and 
for ten years has had an interest in the manufacture of 
dye-woods, bark, liquors, and extracts, in his native 
county. In politics he is a Republican of decided 
convictions, but never obtrudes them. Although 
very averse to accepting public oflice, he was elected 
on the Reform ticket in 1875 to the First Branch of 
the City Council of Baltimore as representative of 
the Twentieth Ward. His strongest motive in be- 
coming a councilman was to help in abolishing the 
City Yard, a municipal institution that had been con- 
verted into an engine of political fraud and public 
extravagance. He led the movement to wipe out 
this costly and objectionable attachment to the city 
government, and the effort was completely successful. 
He considered it his duty to labor for the interests of 
the people rather than to provide places for office- 
seekers, and his official record was in consonance 
with his sound business principles. While in Ohio 
he was married to Mary A. Hilt, of Middletown, who 
died in 1864. In June, 1870, he was married to 
Amelia Forney, daughter of Jacob Forney, of Han- 
over. Her father was one of the most prominent citi- 
zens of Hanover. He was foremost in urging the 
construction of the railroads centering there, and is 
even now still pressing forward a further extension 
of the system. Her father was the founder and for a 
long time president of the First National Bank of 
Hanover, and is now, in his eighty-fifth year, com- 
fortably retired from active business. The ancestors 
of Jacob Forney were the original white settlers of 
the tract of land north of Mason and Dixon's line so 
long in dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania, 
which was at one time outside of all legal jurisdic- 
tion and the reftige of criminals from both provinces. 
He now owns and occupies property the deed for 
which was obtained from Wm. Penn, and the prop- 
erty has never had an owner outside of the family. 

Mr. Young, as a public speaker, is frequently called 
upon to respond to after-dinner toasts, and has very 
frequently declined delivering addresses before so- 
cieties and associations; and in the canvass of 1875 
he delivered a number of forcible political addresses. 
He is a fluent speaker, and his speeches are charac- 
terized by a full presentation of cognate facts and by 
incisive logic. He possesses the esteem and confi- 
dence of his fellow-citizens, and his mercantile record 
has never been tarnished. Seven children have been 
born to him, those living being George, Elizabeth 
Forney, and Jacob Forney. 

Chamber of Commerce.— The Chamber of Com- 
merce Building Company was incorporated at the 
January session of the General Assembly in 1880 for 
the purpose of constructing the Chamber of Commerce 
Building now in course of erection.' 



1 The company was originally incorporated as the Corn E.\change Build- 
g Company, but its title was changed to the present designation by the 
t of 18S0. 



444 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



By this act Charles D. Fisher, Walter B. McAtee, 
George Small, Israel M. Parr, William E. Woodyear, 
David M. Tate, Robert Tyson, George H. Baer, and 
J. Olney Norris were appointed commissioners to re- 
ceive subscriptions to the capital stock of the cor- 
poration. The authorized stock of the company was 
fixed at $200,000, in shares of $100 each, and it was 
fu rther empowered to borrow money to such an amount 
as might be necessary, not exceeding three hundred 
thousand dollars, and to issue its bonds for the same. 
The Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange were also 
empowered to subscribe to the stock, and the commis- 
sioners were authorized to accept such subscription to 
the extent of one hundred and twenty-five thousand 
dollars. As soon as the two hundred thousand dol- 
lars of stock should be subscribed, the subscribers, 
the act provided, should immediately become a body 
corporate by the name of the " Chamber of Commerce 
Building Company." The object of the company, as 
defined by the act of incorporation, is to erect and 
maintain a proper edifice suitable for the use of the 
Corn and Flour Exchange, the transaction of its busi- 
ness, and the accommodation of its members for so 
long as it may desire, and also to provide and let suit- 
able and convenient offices and places of business in 
said building for the use of members of both the said 
corporations. The act further directed that the com- 
pany should be governed by nine directors, of whom 
four should be named by the Corn and Flour Ex- 
change, and the remaining five to be elected by the 
stockholders. 

Directors were elected on the 2.5th of March, 1880, 
and the company was formally organized on the 29th 
of the same month by the election of Walter B. Mc- 
Atee president, and J. Olney Norris secretary. 

A lot of ground bounded by Holliday, Second Street, 
and Post-office Avenue, eighty-four feet front by one 
hundred and eighty-six deep, was purchased from 
William W. McClellan for two hundred and twenty- 
five thousand dollars, and work on the new building 
was commenced on the 1st of July, 1880, and the cor- 
ner-stone was laid on the 15th of October following. 
The committee gathered in the basement at the 
northeast corner of the new building, and proceeded 
each to lay a brick which would afterwards be capped 
by the corner-stone. The bricks had inscribed on 
them the names of the board, the maker of the 
bricks to be used in the construction, the architect 
and builder, and the names of the daily and weekly 
newspapers of the city. The bricks were laid in 
the following order, John E. Marshall, superintend- 
ent of the building, spreading the mortar: First, 
"Chamber of Commerce, W. B. McAtee, President," 
laid by Mr. McAtee; second, "Erected by Chamber 
of Commerce Building Company, a.d. 1880," laid by 
Mr. iMcAtee; third, "Corn and Flour Exchange," 
laid by Mr. McAtee ; fourth, " Walter B. McAtee, 
President;" fifth, "B. F. Newcomer;" sixth, "J.I. 
Middleton;" seventh, "I. M. Parr," laid by Mr. 



McAtee; eighth, "Charles D. Fisher ;" ninth, "J. 
Olney Norris, Treasurer;" tenth, "Robert Tyson;" 
eleventh, "D. M. Tate," laid by Mr. McAtee; twelfth, 
"W.W. McClellan;" thirteenth, "The Sun Shines for 
All," with a blazing sun in the centre, laid by Messrs. 

' Edwin F. and George W. Abell ; fourteenth, "Amer- 
ican;" fifteenth, "Gazette;" sixteenth, "Journal of 
Commerce;" seventeenth, German Correspondent;" 
eighteenth, " Evening News ;" nineteenth, " BaUi- 

j morean;" twentieth, "Telegram;" laid by Mr. Mc- 

I Atee ; twenty-first, "A. H. Russell, Bricks," laid by 
Mr. McAtee ; twenty-second, " John E. Niernsee, 

I Architect;" twenty-third, "John E. Marshall, Su- 
perintendent ;" twenty-fourth, " William S. Osborn, 
Secretary." 

' The building is designed in the free classic style, 
and will be four stories high, with a height of ninety 

i feet from the pavement to the top of the cornice. The 
base and first story of the building is faced entirely 
with the beautiful granite of the Westham Granite 
Company of Richmond, Va., Col. R. Snowden An- 
drews, contractor. Theupperstoriesareof fine pressed 
brick, with granite facings around the windows, band 
courses, lintels, caps, and cornices. The main entrance, 
at the southern front, on Second Street, is embellished 
by a massive granite portico, three stories in height, 
composed of ornate base, dado, and piers, on which rest 
the four polished granite columns, with granite capi- 
tals emblematic of the corn and wheat growths, sup- 

I porting the three-story central window arch, with the 
inscription "Chamber of Commerce" in polished let- 
ters on the granite arch-stones. The entire building 
is to be fire-proof, with rolled iron beams and lines of 
teil arches for the floors, iron-framed roof, and iron 

I staircases, of which latter there are to be two in the 

1 building. The grand main stairway, leading up to 
the Exchange Hall, situated in a stair-hall of twenty 

! feet in width at the northern end of the central cor- 
ridor, will be a double flight for each story, leading 
up by a central flight of eight feet in width, and re- 
turning by a double flight, each five feet in width. For 
the use of the office-rooms in the three stories below 
the Exchange there will be a central iron stairway of 
six feet in width, besides a hydraulic elevator located 
in the well-hole of the stairway. The general plan 

' of the building consists of a central corridor of four- 
teen feet in width running from the entrance portico, 
on Second Street, through the entire depth of the 
building from south to north, and a cross corridor of 
thirteen feet in width running across the width of the 
building. At the rear of this cross corridor, and to 
the right and left of the central corridor, are situated 
seventeen large, well-lighted office-rooms of the aver- 
age size of sixteen by thirty feet, among them the 
two corner offices on the south, each thirty feet 
square, with fire-proof vaults. In all there will be 
fifty-eight offices, inclusive of those connected di- 
rectly with the Exchange Hall. Adjacent to the 
main stairs to the hall there will be two large by- 



P o 
5 g 




TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. 



draulic elevators of the most approved " Hall" pat- 
ent, each capable of holding twenty-five persons, and 
ascending alternately at one minute's time to the 
level of the Exchange floor. 

The great Exchange Hall, on the fourth floor of the 
building, will be seventy-six and a half feet in width, 
and one hundred and forty-six and a half feet long, 
containing eleven thousand one hundred and eight 
square feet, and forty feet in height. In the rear of 
this hall, and connected therewith, will be situated the 
reading, secretary, and clerks' rooms, writing and 
waiting-room, wardrobe, lavatory, etc. The tele- 
graph oflices are situated within the hall itself, which 
is to be provided with a corn and wheat pit, and a 
rostrum for the president and clerks at the southern 
end, and a gallery, accessible from the stairway at the 
northern end, for spectators or visitors. All the 
apartments within the building will be heated by low- 
pressure steam-heaters, situated below the window- 
sills of the rooms, and all the oflice-rooms, as well as 
the Exchange Hall, will be effectually ventilated 
through flues from each room, connected with the 
two large aspirating shafts, each four by nine feet in 
size, and one hundred and twenty-five feet in height, 
located near the northern end of the building. These 
shafts will be supplied with steam coils, which, with 
the heat from the iron .smoke-pipes of the boiler, will 
supply the necessary ventilating power within those 
shafts. In the cellars of the building will be located 
two large horizontal steam-boilers for the heating and 
winter ventilation of the building, besides a vertical 
steam-boiler for the working of the pumps to supply 
the elevator tanks and summer ventilation of the 
rooms. The remainder of the cellar will contain 
extensive coal-vaults, the hydraulic machinery for the 
elevators, engines, and janitor's rooms, etc. The es- 
timated cost of the building is two hundred and twenty 
thousand dollars. The architect is John R. Niernsee. 
John E. Marshall, who has charge of the entire work, 
and is constructing it in the most skillful and work- 
manlike manner, also constructed the Safe Deposit 
Building, and is at present the general superintendent 
of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The building com- 
mittee consists of William B. McAtee, chairman ; 
Charles D. Fisher, and W. W. McClellan. The 
board of directors of the Chamber of Commerce 
Company is composed of W. B. McAtee, president; 
B. F. Newcomer, Charles D. Fisher, John T. Middle- 
ton, D. M. Tate, J. Olney Norris, Robert Tyson, 
William S. Young, and W. W, McClellan. 

Grain Shippers' Association.— The grain shippers 
of Baltimore in this year (1881) have formed a " Grain 
Shippers' Association," with John Gill, of Gill & 
Fisher, president, and Randolph Mordecai, secretary. 
The association is for the mutual protection of grain 
shippers against foreign trade bodies and the fre- 
quently occurring amendments in foreign contracts 
without consultation as to American interests, and 
more especially against the arbitrary amendments to 
29 



the destination clause of American grain contracts 
made by the London Corn Trade Association. Here- 
tofore American shippers could use any vessel that 
would fit the contract at the shipper's risk ; and if the 
vessel did not suit, the shipper had the privilege of 
substituting another to suit without consultation with 
buyers in London. Now the buyers dictate that be- 
fore the shipper loads any vessel he must let them 
know the name, and if they do not want it they have 
three days to decide, and may, perhaps, run it be- 
yond the limit of the contract, and throw it up. 

Produce and Fish Exchange.— A new feature in 
the trade and trafiic of this city is the organization of 
the " Produce and Fish Exchange Company," with a 
capital stock of $250,000, for the purpose of establish- 
ing a central depot for the reception and sale of the 
vast quantities of oysters, fish, game, dairy and gar- 
den produce, orchard produce, and foreign fruits 
that find in Baltimore their first distribution. The 
trade in these various articles employs millions of dol- 
lars, furnishes employment to many thousand peo- 
ple, and forms one of the largest and most important 
interests of the trade and commerce of this city. 
Growing yearly in volume and value, these different 
trades need a central point of concentration in order 
to better effect their profitable distribution. They 
need a depot where they can be received, stored, 
handled, and shipped with all the facilities and econo- 
mies of modern trade and commerce, and where deal- 
ers can find at. small expense those aids to business 
now denied them in the dispersed and scattered con- 
dition of the trade in these various articles. The 
loss of time and money involved in the distribution 
of produce, fish, oysters, and other perishable com- 
modities from isolated warehouses, the long water 
frontage of the city, and the termini of five railroads, 
requires and demands some means of greater economy. 
The antiquated and improvident system of the past 
it is the design of this Exchange to revolutionize and 
modernize, to substitute savings for wastefulness, to 
handle produce rapidly and economically, and to 
bring growers, fishermen, and merchants together 
under more favorable circumstances for negotiations. 
For these purposes. Hooper's Wharf, Wolfe Street, 
Fell's Point, has been purchased ; the old buildings 
are being torn down, and the work of construction is 
well under way. The site is excellent, and the loca- 
tion all that can be desired, offering both water and 
rail communication and ample space. The Exchange 
will afford to all merchants engaged in these traffics 
a convenient place of resort, with tracks connecting 
with all railroads entering the city, and extending to 
long and substantial piers, by the side of which the 
ocean steamers, the fishing, oystering, and truck- 
boats of the Chesapeake will find excellent wharfage. 
The Exchange will be supplied with refrigerating 
rooms, as well as with warm-air rooms, where neither 
decay in summer nor freezing in winter will injure 
commodities. To this end the latest principles of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



modern science will be employed to secure perfect 
ventilation and to prevent injury from change of tem- 
perature. A new feature of ripening tropical fruits 
by artificial means will be introduced, whereby the 
unripe oranges, bananas, and pines may be brought 
to the perfection of their native climes, and which is 
unknown to the American consumer of green-picked 
fruits, ripened in the hold of sailing-vessels through 
tropical waters. 

The perishable products, like butter, eggs, cheese, 
potatoes, and fruits, will be stored under conditions 
not attainable by individual enterprise, and where 
the disasters incident to weather, exposure, and ignor- 
ant handling cannot occur to them. 

Fresh fish preserved alive in tanks will also be a 
feature in the Exchange. 

The incorporators of the Exchange were William 
Edward Hooper, William John Hooper, Theodore 
Hooper, Alcarus Hooper, Van Vert Klinefelter, Henry 
Mactier Warfield, Millard Scott Black, James Edward 
Hooper, and Edward Lewis Feigner, who are also the 
board of directors, with Henry M. Warfield, presi- 
dent, and William J. Hooper, secretary and treas- 
urer. 

The Baltimore Crockery and Glassware Asso- 
ciation is designed for the protection and consolida- 
tion of the trade in glass and queensware by mutual 
agreement " to sell only such trade as deal exclu- 
sively in glass and queensware," and that the mem- 
bers of the association will " buy only from such 
manufacturers as will confine themselves to selling 
to those exclusively engaged in the glass and queens- 
ware business." The sale to tea, grocery, tin, wood, 
and willow-ware stores and country merchants and 
auction houses by some manufacturers of glass and 
queensware was doing injury to the trade, and to 
prevent this the association was organized. Those 
represented were Newbold & Sons, Chandlee, Quarles 
& Co., D. E. Haynes & Co., Leopold & Co., John A. 
Dobson & Co., J. Wilson Brown, R. P. Bayley & Co., 
Finley Pawley, Meaniey & Gray, L. Kaufmann, 
Joseph Scherer, John Bowers, Peter J. Burkard, John 
Hoos, Louis Eeese, John F. Batzler, Joseph P. Mar- 
tin, C. Shapperle, and Schlutter & Bro. 

Baltimore Stock-Yard Company.— The Baltimore 
Stock-Yard Company of Baltimore County was organ- 
ized April 5, 1880, under the general incorporation 
laws of the State, with the following incorporators : 
William Keyser, Robert Garrett, Jacob EUinger, 
William J. Kirk, Abraham Lehman, James Clark, 
and John K. Cowen, and with a capital stock of 
$800,000, in 8000 shares of $100 each. William 
Keyser, Robert Garrett, Josiah L. Keck, Briggs S. 
Cunningham, John King, Jr., Jacob EUinger, and 
James Clark were chosen as directors for one year. 

The Clareniount estate, on the Mount Clare branch 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in the suburbs 
of the city, and comprising about sixty acres, was 
purchased by the company and fitted up as stock- 



yards, with all the modern improvements and facili- 
ties for the transaction of the cattle business. At an 
election of officers May 26, 1880, Josiah L. Keck, of 
Cincinnati, was chosen president; Jacob EUinger, 
treasurer; John K. Cowen, counsel and secretary; 
and the board of directors given above was retained. 
' The stock-yards of this company were opened for 
business Sept. 15, 1881. As completed they have 
forty pens, each capable of holding a car-load of 
cattle, a wooden structure with capacity for six thou- 
sand hogs, and a sheep-house which will hold ten 
thousand sheep, besides other accessories for feeding 
and storing stock which are not surpassed in the 
United States. 

Calverton Stock- Yards.— The Calverton Stock- 
Yards, under the management of the Calverton 
Stock- Yard Company, were thoroughly renovated 
and enlarged, and opened for business April 18, 1881. 
The property consists of twenty-eight acres of land, 
lying on both sides of the Baltimore and Potomac 
Railroad, east of the Calverton road, and, with the 
improvements recently made, has a capacity for five 
thousand head of cattle, ten thousand sheep, and five 
thousand hogs. 

Joseph J. Martin, of Philadelphia, is president, 
and Thomas B. Shriver, of the same city, is treasurer 
of the company. The capital stock is $200,000, held 
mostly in Philadelphia and Chicago. With such ex- 
cellent facilities as are extended by the stock-yards 
of Baltimore, there can be no reason why the city 
should not become the great central distributing-point 
for stock along the Atlantic sea-board. 

The Industrial Exposition and Musical Festival 
Association <>( iJaUiniore City, ilfsij,'iii'il ti. cstalilish 
permanently in this city an institution that will em- 
brace within its scope everything appertaining to art, 
music, and industrial pursuits, has been chartered in 
this year with the following incorporators : Mayor F. 
C. Latrobe, A. S. Abell, Robert Garrett, Henry C. 
Smith, Robert T. Baldwin, Germon H.Hunt, Wm. J. 
Hooper, David L. Bartlett, R. W. L. Rasin, John W. 
McCoy, Samuel W. Regester, and Otto Sutro. 

It is proposed to erect a handsome building upon a 
suitable site, with a hall capable of holding a great 
number of persons, and to be arranged for industrial 
displays, musical festivals, and large public gather- 
ings of a kindred nature. 

The ofiicers elected June 13, 1881, are : President, 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe ; Vice-President, Henry Clay 
Smith ; Treasurer, Robert T. Baldwin ; Secretary, 
Walter S. Wilkinson; with the following committees, 
in accordance with the provisions of the by-laws : On 
Finance, Robert T. Baldwin, A. S. Abell, and Robert 
Garrett; on Building, D. L. Bartlett, R. W. L. Rasin, 
and William J. Hooper ; on Site, Henry C. Smith, 
John W. McCoy, and Samuel W. Regester ; on Exhi- 
bitions, Samuel W. Regester, William J. Hooper, and 
Germou H. Hunt; on Musical Festivals, Otto Sutro, 
Robert Garrett, and D. L. Bartlett ; Executive Com- 



TRADE ORGANIZATIONS. 



mittee, Hon. F. C. Latrobe, Robert T. Baldwin, D. 
L. Bartlett, S. W. Regester, and Otto Sutro. 

The Shoe and Leather Board of Trade.— A num- 
ber of merchants engaged in the jobbing trade of boots 
and shoes met together March 11, 1870, and organized 
an association, which has since been known as the Shoe 
and Leather Board of Trade. The following gentle- , 
men were selected as officers for the first year: Presi- i 
dent, Henry C.Smith ; Vice-President, James Carey ; 
Secretary, John H. Bash ; Treasurer, Wm. T. Dixon ; j 
Board of Directors, T. J. Magruder, J. P. Neer, Isaac 
S. George, John W. Jenkins, C. S. Shriver, John C. 
Balderston, and R. H. Manko. 

The rapid growth of the trade in Baltimore, and 
the numberless questions arising out of its expansion 
and the development of freight-lines, suggested united 
action for their intelligent disposition. The wisdom 
of these merchants was soon manifest, and after some 
months the hide and leather men were joined with 
them. From the date of organization the body has 
been a stirring and healthy force in the community, 
and many other branches of industry have felt the 
efiects of its earnest work. Matters likely to influ- 
ence injuriously the trade have been, as far as pos- 
sible, eliminated, while improvements which were 
merely suggestions prior to 1870 have budded into 
realities. The minutes of the first meeting state the 
objects to be the " future development and permanent 
success," both of which have thus far been accom- 
plished as far as it was in human power to achieve 
them. 

Henry C. Smith, the first president, has been elected 
annually since 1870, and to his activity and intelli- 
gence is due in no small degree the success of the 
board. At the last annual meeting for the election 
of officers for 1881, the following were chosen: 
President, Henry C. Smith ; Vice-Presidents, James 
Carey, T. J. Magruder, Thomas Deford, Henry Clark ; 
Corresponding Secretary, H. W. Marston ; Recording 
Secretary, E. S. Alnutt ; Treasurer, John Q. Adams ; 
Directors, Thomas N. Patterson, Thomas K. Carey, 
Wm. T. Dixon, Robert Evitt, Charles Adler, L. 
Berney, George Jenkins, Charles Heiser. The rooms 
of the board are at 284 West Baltimore Street. 

Merchants and Manufacturers' Association. — 
A meetipg of merchants and manufacturers was held 
in Baltimore Sept. 12, 1880, for purposes of mutual 
protection and advancement, and on the 8th of the 
following month an organization was effected by the 
adoption of a constitution and election of officers and 
committees under the title of " The Merchants and 
Manufacturers' Association of Baltimore." This was 
without doubt the most important move yet made for 
the promotion of the commercial interests of the city. 
It had been rendered absolutely necessary by the 
formation of associations of a similar character in 
other cities, and the consequent unfavorable discrimi- 
nations against the trade of Baltimore, which their 
united efforts had secured. It was found that the 



trade of many parts of the South was being steadily 
diverted from Baltimore, its natural outlet, to points 
farther north, through the instrumentality of special 
rates, and individual action was powerless to effect a 
change. 

The community was ripe for the undertaking, and 
in a few weeks a large majority of the leading com- 
mercial and manufacturing industries were repre- 
sented in the association. The eflbrts of the new 
organization were at once directed to a reformation 
of the unjust passenger and freight rates which had 
been establi.shed on many of the lines of travel, and 
the operations of a few months demonstrated the 
wonderful power and influence which results from 
combination. Already have the natural advantages 
of Baltimore in location and proximity been made to 
assume their proper relations towards other commu- 
nities. Highly favorable terms have been secured in 
many instances over the railroads, and in others in- 
justice has been reduced to a minimum. But the 
aims of this association are as broad as its name 
implies. All vexatious problems likely to be encoun- 
tered in the various branches of trade are subject to 
its cognizance, and its committees are actively engaged 
in considering and suggesting methods for the ad- 
vancement of the general commerce of the city. The 
Merchants and Manufacturers' Association has given 
special attention to the project of a ship-canal con- 
necting the waters of the Chesapeake and Delaware 
Bays, an undertaking now generally conceded to be 
of the first importance to the trade of Baltimore. 
Through their efforts mainly a charter for the pro- 
posed improvement has been secured from the State 
of Delaware, and the granting of a similar franchise 
will be urged upon the Legislature of Jlaryland at 
its approaching session. 

The officers and committees of the association are 
also engaged in disseminating information in respect 
to the commercial and manufacturing facilities of 
Baltimore, and in bringing local sentiment to bear 
on the subject. It is not alone enough that the city 
possesses exceptional advantages in its inexhaustible 
supplies of iron, in the superior quality of its bitu- 
minous coal, and the moderate prices for which it can 
be procured, and in the unexampled water facilities 
which can be obtained here ; these must be made 
known to the outside world, to the people who are 
willing and anxious to make use of them, and it is 
this publicity which the association is endeavoring to 
extend by all legitimate means. 

The main-stay of a city is its manufactures, to 
which commerce is supplementary. The union of 
these assures the largest prosperity to a community. 
The aim of the Merchants and Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation is to combine these important interests in a 
mutual struggle for the advancement of the city. 
The rooms of the association are in the White Build- 
ing, southwest corner of Baltimore and Howard 
Streets. 



448 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The following is a list of the officers elected for the 
first year: President, Henry C. Smith; Vice-Presi- 
dents, John E. Hurst, D. J. Foley, P. T. George, 
Germon H. Hunt ; Treasurer, William T. Dixon ; 
Directors, R. W. Cator, D. L. Bartlett, G. W. Gail, 
Thomas W. Johnson, Philip Darby, Thomas Def'ord, 
T. J. Magruder, Eugene Levering, Christian Devries, 
R. R. Smith, W. H. Baldwin, Solomon Frank, W. H. 
Crawford, Henry Sonneborn, J. L. Sickel, J. Frank 
Supplee, Oliver F. Zell, N. G. Penniman, P. H. Ma- 
gill, Charles Goldsborough, Wesley A. Tucker, Fran- 
cis Burns, David Anibach, J. P. Meanley, D. D. 
Mallory ; Secretary, John R. Bland. 

The leading spirit in the organization of this asso- 
ciation, and to whose efforts and energy its usefulness 
may be largely attributed, was Henry Clay Smith. 
Mr. Smith was born on the 2d of February, 1827, at 
Georgetown, D. C, and he accompanied his parents 
upon their removal to Baltimore in 1835, and has 
since resided in this city. 

Mr. Smith received the best common-school educa- 
tion obtainable at that day, which he has since utilized 
in a practical and successful manner in building up 
his own fortunes, as well as aiding in many public en- 
terprises looking to the enlargement and development 
of the commercial, industrial, and other material in- 
terests of the city of Baltimore. He has also been 
closely identified with many benevolent and philan- 
thropic associations, in which he has taken a leading 
part, and through them accomplished much good in 
the amelioration of the condition of the needy and 
destitute of our city. 

He was one of the projectors of the beautiful Mount 
Vernon Place ]\Iethodist Episcopal Church, which 
has added so much to the adornment of the locality 
in which it is located, and also to the church archi- 
tecture of the city; he was also a member of the 
building committee, and, together with the late John 
Hurst and Edward Roberts, the three largest financial 
contributors to its erection. 

In politics Mr. Smith was a stanch Whig, and an 
earnest admirer of him who was the embodiment of 
that party and after whom he was named, the illustri- 
ous statesman, patriot, and orator, Henry Clay, of 
Kentucky. After the dissolution of the Whig party 
he became a Democrat, and has since acted with that 
liarty. During the late war his sympathies were with 
the South, but upon the termination of hostilities by 
the surrender of Gen. Lee he promptly accepted the 
situation, and busied himself as far as was in his power 
to bring about reconciliation and good-will among | 
tliose with whom he had influence and who had be- 
come estranged by the bitter feelings growing out of 
the war. 

Mr. Smith has been for many years identified with 
and has taken much interest in the successful devel- 
opment of Baltimore's great public work, the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad, both as a stockholder and a 
director; he is also a director of the Merchants and 



Miners' Transportation Company, who are operating 
at this time eleven steamers, covering the ports of 
Baltimore, New York, Boston, Providence, Savannah, 
Norfolk, and West Point; he is also a director in the 
following-named business and philanthropic corpora- 
tions: Merchants' Mutual Marine Insurance Com- 
pany, National Exchange Bank of Baltimore, Central 
Savings-Bank of Baltimore, Baltimore General Dis- 
pensary, Baltimore Female House of Reftige, and 
a vice-president of the Board of Trade. 

Mr. Smith was elected and served as president of 
the Mercantile Library Association for the years 
1876 and 1877. 

In 1870 the Shoe and Leather Board of Trade was 
organized ; it was composed of all the wholesale 
dealers in the sale and manufacture of boots, shoes, 
and leather, and Henry C. Smith was elected its first 
president, and has been unanimously re-elected to the 
same position every succeeding year. 

Mr. Smith has shown marked ability and force in 
developing this great interest until it has reached 
large results, and through its instrumentality Balti- 
more is now known as the largest shoe and leather 
distributing-market south of Boston, — in fact, it has 
become the Boston of the South. 

The Merchants and Manufacturers' Association 
was formed in the fall of 1880, and Mr. Smith wa3 
unanimously elected its president. The formation of 
this association had become a public necessity to the 
trade of this city; unjust discriminations had been 
employed against the trade, both in passenger and, 
freight rates, and to such an extent by the transporta- 
tion companies, acting in the interests of rival cities, 
that the merchants and manufacturers of Baltimore 
found that these abuses were so gigantic that they 
could be corrected only by combined action. They 
therefore met together and formed an association for 
the purpose of co-operating in all matters looking to 
the interests of the trade and industries of the city. 
Nearly all the merchants and manufacturers re- 
sponded to the call, and have heartily joined in 
making the association the most cflective and useful 
ever organized in our midst. 

To Mr. Smith much credit is due for the earnest 
and faithful devotion to the prosperity of the mercan- 
tile and manufacturing interests of Baltimore as man- 
ifested by him in promoting the usefulness of this 
■effective organization, and also in his successful eflbrfs 
to have exempted from taxation the plant of the 
manufacturer, thereby largely increasing the number 
of manufactories in Baltimore, this result having been 
attained through the efforts of a commission appointed 
by the mayor and City Councils of Baltimore for the 
purpose of considering the question of taxation on 
manufactures, and which resulted in producing an 
elaborate and exhaustive report, and finally by the 
State Legislature and the Councils of Baltimore 
enacting the required legislation. Mr. Smith was a 
member of this commission. 





^ 



^^- 



BANKS AND BANKEKS. 



Mr. Smith was a leading member of the executive 
committee of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebration, and 
to his energy and taste much of that great success 
was due. He was also president of the Baltimore 
Oriole Celebration, which was likewise a grand suc- 
cess. As a public speaker at business meetings and 
festive occasions he is forcible, logical, and instructing. 
Fully informed upon all matters relating to business, 
trade, and commerce, his utterances command atten- 
tion and bis statements are always reliable. A suc- 
cessful merchant, he is also a useful citizen, enjoying 
the respect and confidence of the community in the 
highest degree. 

The Merchants' Club.— The Merchants' Club of 
Baltimore City was incorporated June 7, 1881, by the 
following gentlemen : Charles D. Fisher, John I. 
Middleton, Patrick H. MacGill, Richard D. Fisher, 
Richard M. Venable, Edward G. McDowell, J. Wil- 
cox Brown, William Winchester, Edward Fitzgerald, 
J. Olney Norris, James Hodges, William J. H. Wal- 
ters, Alfred B. Faulkner, John B. Dixon, Littleton 

B. Purnell, William S. Powell, of whom the first 
twelve were chosen a board of directors. The objects 
of the club are social and the maintenance of confi- 
dential relations between those engaged in similar or 
parallel pur.suits, and also the promotion of those 
traits of hospitality and culture for which Baltimore 
has been so justly famous in the past. The club lias 
purchased a lot fronting fifty feet on German Street 
near South, with a depth of eighty-six feet, upon 
which it intends to erect a magnificent club-house. 
John R. Nirnsee is the architect. 

The Drug Exchange, organized in 1881 for the pur- 
pose of protecting those engaged in buying, selling, 
and manufacturing drugs, has for officers: President, 

C. V. Emich; Vice-President, M. R. Culbreth; Secre- 
tary, George Healy ; Treasurer, George L. Horn, with 
a board of seven directors. 

The Grocers' Exchange, for the improvement and 
advancement of its members, and to obtain and dis- 
seminate information about the business of buying 
and selling groceries, and for the general advantage 
of those engaged in that occupation, has been char- 
tered in this year with the following incorporators : 
Jordan Stabler, Thomas M. Green, Edwin Blackburn, 
Richard T. H. Lawson, Wm. Crook, George K. Mc- 
Gaw, and David F. Orr. Messrs. Lawson and McGaw 
are of Baltimore County. The directors are John 
G. Medinger, Samuel R. King, Thomas L. Reese, 
John G. Cowman, George K. McGaw, Wm. Crook, 
Alfred Ijams, Thomas A. Agnew, Patrick T. Tully, 
and Henry Hamilton. 

The Lumber Exchange was established in 1875, 
for the promotion of the lumber trade of the city. 
Since its estalilishment, having grown in the confi- 
dence and esteem of those engaged in the lumber 
business, it has become a leading and most influential 
commercial organization. The Exchange holds its 
meetings in their beautiful building, at the corner of 



Eastern and East Falls Avenues. The officers are 
Martin Hawley, president ; Vice-President, Wm. D. 
Gill ; Treasurer, Thomas J. Shryock ; Secretary, F. E. 
Waters. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

BANKS AND BANKERS. 

Early Bankers — "Shinplasters" — The Stamp Act Suspensions — Bank 
Statements — Alexander Brown & Co. — Bank of Maryland — United 
States Bank— Savings-Banks— Stock Board— Sale Deposit Company. 

Banking in Baltimore may be said to have taken 
as its initial point that effijrt of her " patriotic and 
virtuous citizens" who in 1783 "subscribed and 
pledged their property and credit for the establish- 
ment of a bank, for the express and sole purpose of 
procuring provisions and other necessary supplies for 
the army." The State pledged " faith and honor to 
the subscribers to the bank to pay them any sum of 
money by them subscribed and advanced, in specie, 
with interest, and to pay the charges attending the 
transacting the business of the bank, and the pur- 
chase of provisions and other necessaries for the 
army." Destitute of all proper circulatory medium, 
and in want of the means for carrying on the war of 
the Revolution, this effort at a bank without capital 
and a fiscal agent based upon promise and pledge 
was a patriotic effort that did not have financial suc- 
cess ; nor was the issue of two hundred thousand 
pounds in bills of credit, redeemable within four 
years, payable out of confiscated British property, any 
greater success, notwithstanding there was a general 
association of the people, at which men pledged their 
sacred honor to receive them as specie. They fluc- 
tuated at two for one, and three for two, but finally 
in 1783 were at a value but 10 per cent, below specie. 

The establishment of the Bank of Maryland in 
1784, and of the United States Bank at Philadelphia 
in 1791, with its Baltimore Branch in 1792, more par- 
ticularly fix the date of the rise of the financial in- 
stitutions of the city. 

Before that time the money-changers of the peo- 
ple were not many ; we find mention in 1781 that 
" Thomas Brereton, Esq., original and ancient broker, 
etc., was married to Miss Sally Marshall, daughter 
of Thomas John Marshall, late of Northampton 
County, Va.," and that Zachariah Allen continued 
the notarial business in 1784 in the wing of Col. 
Nicholas Rogers' house in Market Street. Adrian 
Valck in 1789 sold bills of exchange on London, 
Amsterdam, and Paris, as well as bought all kinds of 
public securities. In 1813, when the subject of re- 
newing the charters of the banks was under discus- 
sion, the following list of banks and their capital and 
their losses, in consequence of taxes for roads and 
schools, was published : 



450 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



T*nion Bank of Maryland. 

Hank of BalUmore 

Mechanics' Bank 

Commercial and Farmers' 
Bank 

City Bank .-.. 

Franklin Hank 

Marino Bank 

Fanners' and Mechanics'.. 

Bank of Maryland.....'..... 

Hagers Town Bank 

Farmers' Bank of Mary- 
land 

Elkton Bank 

Farmers' of Worcester and 
Somerset 

Cumberland Bank 



fl 



$37,037.04 353,310.66 $00,353.70 
H,S14.42 24,32R.66 30,141.48 

l._i,l.r. i:"-' 17,772.22 30,117.00 



60<),UUii 
500,0()il 
300,000, 



72 K4 



.7.J.22 30,117.90 

I ',ii.,,!.:B 18,070.73 

I..,i,ij3.;i3 18,070.73 

s,8S6.11 15,058.95 



3,70:).70 3,703.70 

3,085.12, 4,433.05 7,529.47 

21,326.66 21,326.66 

■ 5,031.66, 5,331.66 

I 3,554.44 3,564.44 

I 3,654.44 3,554.44 



$11,360,000 $116,666.66 $196,383.00 $313,019.66 

The war with Great Britain having caused the re- 
moval of the specie of the bank.s into the interior, 
the want of change in the ordinary transactions of 
daily intercourse, caused a meeting on Sept. 1, 1814, 
of the presidents and cashiers of the respective banks 
in the city of Baltimore, at which it was resolved that : 

" WlteretiH^ Tile banks of this city have deemed it prudent at the present 
juucture to remove their specie into the interior, from which circum- 
stance some inconveniences have been experienced; and it is believed 
that small notes might at this period be advantageously substituted for 
specie ; and whereas the Bank of Maryland only is authorized by its charter 
to issue notes of a smaller denomination than five dollars; 

" 27iere/ore it is resolved. That the Bank of Maryland issue notes of one, 
two, and three dollars, payable at the respective banks of this city, and 
that each bank at which the same shall be made payable doth hereby 
pledge itself to redeem the said notes when tranquility shall be restored 
to the city. 

" Wm. Cooke, rri:iideiU of t/ie Bank of Maryland. 
" Wm. Wilson, Presidenl of the Bank of BalUmore. 
" Heshy Fayson, President of the Union Bank of 

Maryland. 
"James Mosher, President of the Mecltanies^ Bank. 
" Joseph H. Nicholson, President of the Cmnmereiul 

ami Farmers^ Bank. 
" Wm. Grahame, Fremdenl of the farmers and Mer- 
chants' Bank. 
" Hez. H. Waters, President of the Marine Bank. 
" Philip Moore, President of the franklin Bank. 
"John Donneh, President of the City Banlc." 

These small notes continued to be issued and re- 
issued until 1820, when, on September 7th, the banks 
resolved that they will not " either issue or reissue any 
notes le.ss than five dollars, and will not receive in pay- 
ment or on deposit such notes other than their own." 

To avoid in some measure the pressure upon com- 
merce and trade caused by the suspension of specie 
payments by the banks in 1837, the commissioners 
appointed by the mayor and City Council under the 
ordinance of the 16th May, 1837, issued the following 
small corporation notes : 

Of 5 cent notes, 7,440 $372,00 

" 10 " " l,9.i(] 195.00 

" 25 " " 4:V"3 10,848.26 

" 60 " " 43,453 21,726,.50 

" $1 notes, 17,985 17,085.00 

" S2 " 6,930 13,878.00 

" $1 new omission, 11,064 11,064.00 

" $2 " " 11,664 23,328.00 

Total amount of issue 599,990.75 



These small notes, amounting to nearly one hun- 
dred thousand dollars, were paid out by the authori- 
ties for labor supplies and other purchases and pay- 
ments. That these notes were in their "day and 
generation" of very great convenience no one can 
doubt, and redeemed as they were without discount 
or drawback, their issue was productive of no evil 
whatever. This was the era and heyday of "shin- 
plasters," and had these small notes been confined to 
responsible bodies like the city, the evil of their issue 
would have been greatly decreased. The suspension 
of specie payments dragged its slow length along, in- 
flicting its evils and prolonging the distresses of the 
people for several years. The efforts of the State to 
protect her credit are well known, but when, in 1844, 
the State passed the "Stamp Act," by which a tax 
was imposed upon bonds, notes, bills of exchange, 
and other evidences of indebtedness, the strongest 
opposition developed in several parts of the State, 
and in the City Council of Baltimore opposition went 
so far as to threaten to make the collection of the 
State taxes dependent upon the repeal of the " Stamp 
Act." 

There has been so much special as well as general 
legislation in relation to the banks in Maryland, 
filling the statute-books with a multitude of acts, 
original and supplementary, that it is almost im- 
passible to obtain a full and complete understanding 
of the varied chartered powers, legal responsibilities, 
and actual condition at one time of the different 
banks in Baltimore prior to the passage of the na- 
tional banking act. Prior to 1840 their suspensions 
of specie payments had been so frequent and many 
that the " Report of the Committee on Currency," 
embodied in the letter of the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, the Hon. Levi Woodbury, to Congress, there is 
mentioned the Merchants' Bank, the Western Bank, 
the Farmers and Planters' Bank, Chesapeake Bank, 
and Hamilton Bank, all of Baltimore, as having for- 
feited their charters for failing to pay specie for their 
notes. And these suspensions were always followed 
by the is.sue of " shinplasters." In 1842 the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad issued its " promises to pay" 
as currency, and circulated them by payment to its 
employes and for its purchases. These small notes 
entered into circulation to such an extent that it soon 
became necessary for the dry -goods merchants, grocers, 
etc., to make arrangements for their reception only 
at current value, but they very soon (Jfarch, 1842) 
would not pass at any discount. At this time city 
sixes had gone down to fifty cents. The banks re- 
sumed specie payments May, 1842. 

The following is a list of the Baltimore banks 
which applied for a renewal of their charters under 
the act of 1853, and their condition at that time: 

The Bank of Baltimore. Charter expired Dec. 31, 
1858, under act of 1834, ch. 274 ; authorized capital 
stock, $2,000,000; capital jiaid in Jan. 1, 1855, 
11,200,000. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



Union Bank of Maryland. Charter expired Dec. April 1, 1860, and end of next General Assembly 
.31, 1859, under act of 1834, ch. 274; authorized cap- thereafter (March 10, 1861), under act of 1844, ch. 



ital stock, 12,000,000; capital paid in, $1,103,475. 

Mechanics' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1857, 
under act of 1844, ch. 294 ; authorized capital stock, 
$1,000,000; capital paid in, $600,000. 

Marine Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, un- 



12 ; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid 

1, $105,937. 

The panic of 1857, which had been gradually 
gathering from many points, and for which many 
causes of both Legislature and business are justly 



der act of 1844, ch. 289 ; authorized capital stock, responsible, broke upon the city of Baltimore on the 
$1,000,000 ; capital paid in, .$336,340. 26th of September, 1857. The banks of Philadelphia 

Farmers and Merchants' Bank. Charter expired | also suspended that day, and one after another, like 



Dec. 31, 1856, under act of 1854, ch. 274; authorized 
capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $393,560. 

Chesapeake Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, 
and end of next General Assembly thereafter, which 
is March 10, 1858, under act of 1835, ch. 313 ; au- 
thorized capital stock, $1,000,000; capital paid in, 
$364,163. 

Citizens' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1856, 
and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 
10, 1858), under act of 1835, ch. 314; authorized 
capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $341,860. 

Commercial and Farmers' Bank. Charter expired 
Dec. 31, 1858, and end of next General Assembly 
thereafter (March 10, 1860), under act of 1845, ch. 
260; authorized capital stock, $1,000,000; capital 
paid in, $512,560. 

Farmers and Planters' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 
31, 1856, and end of next General Assembly there- 
after (March 10, 1858), under act of 1835, ch. 315 ; 
authorized capital stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, 
$776,262. 

Merchants' Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 1855, 
and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 
10, 1856), under act of 1834, ch. 210 ; authorized capi- 
tal stock, $2,000,000 ; capital paid in, $1,500,000. 

Western Bank. Charter expired Dec. 31, 18.56, 
and end of next General Assembly thereafter (March 
10, 18.58), under act of 1835, ch. 287; authorized capi- 



bricks in a row, the banks began to shut up their 
specie-drawers. At an early hour of the 26th of Sep- 
tember the principal officers of the banks assembled 
in consultation, and after adjournment published the 
following report : 

" Baltimore, Sept. 26, 1857. 

" At a meeting of the presidents of all the banks of the city of Balti- 
more held this day, on motion of Mr. Johns Hopkins, the following re - 
olution was adopted : 

'" Resolved, That as the banks of Philadelphia have suspended specie 
payments, it is necessary for the protection of the interests of the city 
of Baltimore and of our State that our banks suspend also.*" 

As Philadelphia banks led Baltimore banks into 
suspension of specie payment, so on Feb. 6, 1858, she 
set the example of resumption, which Baltimore 
banks immediately followed. 

On Nov. 23, 1860, all the banks in Baltimore sus- 
pended specie payments, an action deemed advisable 
on account of the disturbances of the times and the 
threatening aspect of public affairs. The condition 
of political affairs in 1860 was uncertain enough to 
shake the confidence of the public in all financial 
concerns ; the storm that was then rising was not of a 
character to blow over very soon. The passage of 
the national banking act put a termination to the 
destructive features of city or State banking systems, 
and brought all to the same measure of stature and 
solvency. 

The official statements of the banks of Baltimore 
on July 1, 1881, as compared with the statements re- 



tal stock, $1,000,000 ; capital paid in, $586,840. 

Fell's Point Savings Institution. Charter expired ! ported July 1, 1880, were as follows : 

JULY 1, 1880. 
Name. Surplus and 

Capital. Undivided Deposits. 
Profits. 
8451,000 fl,3£ 



JULY 1, 1881. 
Surplus 
and Undivided Deposits. 
Profits. 



National Bank of Baltinio 
Citizens' National Bank... 

Commercial and i^;n ( - 

Farmers and Met- !, ,i 
National Farnior^ u : 
National Mecbiuii. - I;. 
Merchants' Natinii:il l;iii 

First National Bank 

Second National Bank 

Third National Bank 

National Exchange Bank. 
Traders' National BiuiU... 

Western NatioUiil i;,n,'. 
Druvei-sand Mwiiii.i \ 
National Marin.- Km 

Chesapeake Bank - 

Bank of Commerce 

Franklin Bank 

German-American Bank... 
Peoples' Bank 



81,210,700 
600,000 
612,560 



1,000,000 
1,500,0(X) 
1,110,000 
800,000 



1100,000 
500,000 
155,298 
377,070 



300,000 
111,7*0 
200,000 
150,000 



120,000 
163,000 
387,000 
89,000 
640,000 
291,000 , 
279,000 ' 



142,000 

235,000 

8,000 

28,000 

Bl 
21,000 
40,000 
46,000 
27,000 
20,000 



1,980,000 
2,200,000 
1,300,000 
1,300,000 



260,000 
400,000 
302,000 
119,000 
378,000 
291,000 



3484,000 
368,000 
121,000 
173,000 
378,000 
131,000 
659,000 
344,000 
316,000 

60.000 
123,000 

22,000 
141,000 



63,000 
61,000 
21,000 
30,000 
17,000 



2,400,000 
1,100,000 
1,500,000 
989,000 
469,000 
812,000 
387,000 
926,000 
1,500,000 



1 The capital of the Drovers and Mechanics' National Bank has been increased from $155,298 in 1880 to $220,000 in 1881. 

° The Chesapeake Bank on July 14th distributed twenty-five dollars per share to the stockholders. It is thought that the stock will eventually 
pay fifty dollars per share. Par value, twenty-five dollars. 



452 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Bank of Maryland.— The establisliment of a bank 
in Baltimore appears to have been contemplated as 
early as 1784, and during the early part of that year 
a meeting with this object in view was called tor the 
26th of February at the New Assembly Rooms. 
This meeting was followed by the announcement in 
tlie MarylMiid Jnnniu/ af March 2d, from the "presi- 
dent, dircriui-, :iih1 .-..iiipany of the Bank of Mary- 
land," that •• >ul.s,Tipti.in,s would be taken by William 
Smith, Daniel Bowley, Isaac Vanbibber, Samuel 
Smith, John Sterctt, William Patterson, Richard 
Ridgely, Thomas Yates, Jesse Hollingsworth, Engel- 
hard Yeiser, George Styer, James Calhoun, Abraham 
Vanbibber, and Thomas Usher." Nothing definite, 
however, would seem to have resulted from this an- 
nouncement, for on the 8th of November following 
"such of the inhabitants as are desirous of promoting 
the establishment of a bank in the town of Baltimore 
were requested to meet in the room over the market- 
house on Wednesday, 10th of November, 1784, at six 
o'clock," and the public was informed that the " rea- 
sons would be given why it was not established last 
winter." Shortly after this second meeting it was an- 
nounced that "the number of necessary shares to en- 
title the subscribers thereof to proceed to the election 
of twelve directors for the proposed bank having been 
completed, an election for the purpose aforesaid would 
be held at the rooms over the market-house on Satur- 
day evening, the 4th of December, 1784, at five o'clock, 
at which time and place all concerned were requested 
to appear, either in person or by proxy. Those who 
in the mean time incline to become subscribers" were 
informed that " they would find the subscription- 
papers with Tench Tilghraan, Samuel Smith, Wil- 
liam Patterson, Robert Gilmor, and Daniel Bowley." 
At the November session of the Legislature in 1790 
the bank was formally incorporated, and Messrs. 
Samuel Smith, William Patterson, Jeremiah Yellott, 
Englehard Yeiser, Robert Gilmor, Thorogood Smith, 
Charles Gartz, Thomas Hollingsworth, James Ed- 
wards, James Carey, Otho H. Williams, and Nicholas 
Sluby were authorized to receive subscriptions. In 
fourteen days two hundred thousand dollars were 
.subscribed in shares of one hundred dollai-s each, 
being two-thirds of the capital, which was paid in 
during the ensuing year, and the institution went 
into operation upon a portion of the capital, William 
Patterson being elected president, and Ebenezer 
Mackie cashier. The entire capital of three hundred 
thousand dollars was afterwards paid in. The State j 
granted peculiar privileges to the institution, which 
was to be perpetual, and reserved no part of the .stock ' 
or direction. 

On the 7th of March, 1791, Jeremiah Yellott, James j 
Clarke, Richard Caton, Henry Nichols, Robert Oliver, 1 
Nicholas Sluby, and Archibald ( 'a.ii|.l.rll were rlfcted 
directors, and on the 1st (jf .Inly l.illnwin- nuiircwas 
given by the cashier, EbeiHzcr Maikir, lliat llir liank ; 
would oi]en that day at " nine o'clock and shut at one. 



and would open again at three in the afternoon and 
shut at five." The directors for 1792 were James 
Carey, Archibald Moncrieff, Samuel Smith, Jeremiah 
Yellott, Robert Oliver, Robert Gilmor, Charles Gartz, 
Alex. McKim, Richard Caton, John Hollins, John 
O'Donnell, and James Clarke. In 1808, William 
Cooke was president of the bank, and Robert Wilson 
cashier, and in 1817, Mr. Cooke was succeeded by 
James Carey. On tlie 24th of March, 1834, the di- 
rectors of the bank announced its formal suspension. 
A meeting of the oificcrs of the several banks of 
the city was held at the Union Bank to take into 
consideration the state of affairs arising from the sus- 
pension of the Bank of Maryland, at which William 
Lorman was called to the chair, and Nicholas Brice, 
of the Farmers and Merchants' Bank, acted as secre- 
tary. The president of the Union Bank informed the 
meeting that the Bank of Maryland had made a deed 
of trust, which they were prepared to deliver, convey- 
ing all the property to him in trust for the general and 
equal benefit of creditors. It was unanimously re- 
solved that it was advisable that Mr. EUicott should 
accept the trust. On the 28th of March a large meet- 
ing of creditors was held at the Exchange, over which 
the venerable William Patterson presided, with Nich- 
olas Brice as secretary. The following committee of 
fifteen was appointed to advance the interests of cred- 
itors and to bring the affairs of the bank to a just and 
speedy settlement : Alex. Fridge, Jacob Rogers, Wil- 
liam Stuart, George McCubbin, Thomas Kelso, R. W. 
Gill, William A. Tucker, Charles C. Harper, Philip 
Dawson, Charles Nichols, Alex. Brown, Levin Gale, 
Jonathan Meredith, Jeremiah Nicols. Messrs. George 
McCubbin and Jeremiah Nicols having declined to 
serve on the committee, the committee filled up the 
vacancies by the appointment of Messrs. John John- 
son (of Annapolis) and George W. Thomas (of Kent). 
As is shown elsewhere, the efforts to clear up the 
affairs of the bank and to effect a just and speedy 
settlement were unsuccessftil, and were followed in 
the succeeding year by the Bank of Maryland mob, 
of which a full account is given under the head of 
" Mobs and Riots." The bank building was situated 
in South Street, between Walnut Street and Lovely 
Lane (now German Street). 

Bank of the United States.— At a meeting of the 
president and directors of the Bank of the United 
States at Philadelphia on the 8th of November, 1791, 
it was resolved to establish offices of discount and 
deposit in the several cities of Charleston and New 
York, and towns of Baltimore and Boston. On the 
6th of February, 1792, they proceeded to the estab- 
lishment of the office at Baltimore by the election 
of David Harris as cashier, and a board of thirteen 
directors, consisting of James West, James Carey, 
Nicholas Sluby, Thorogood Smith, Stephen Wilson, 
Adrian Valck, David Stewart, Archibald Campbell, 
George Gale, James Dall, John Swan, John Holmes, 
and Christopher Johnston. The salary of the cashier 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



453 



was fixed at fourteen hundred dollars per annum, 
"with the use of the house," and a resolution was 
adopted "that out of the present specie capital there 
be appointed to the Office of Discount and Deposit 
at Baltimore one hundred thousand dollars." At a 
meeting of the directors of the Bank of the United 
States in Philadelphia on the 1st of June, 1792, it 
was resolved that the cashier be authorized to trans- 
mit the capital of the Office of Discount and Deposit 
in Baltimore with all convenient dispatch, and that 
the president and directors of the office be authorized 
to organize it and begin their discounts when they 
shall deem it expedient. At a meeting on the 8th 
of June the directors of the Bank of the United States 
resolved that one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, 
in department notes, should be transmitted to the 
office at Baltimore, and on the 3d of July they re- 
solved that out of the third specie payment there 
should be apportioned to the Baltimore office fifty 
thousand dollars.' 

On the 2d of April, 1792, the directors of the office 
of Discount and Deposit of Baltimore met and elected 
George Gale president. On motion it was resolved 
that on Wednesday, the 11th, the board would pro- 
ceed to appoint one teller, one book-keeper, one dis- 
count clerk, one runner, and one porter, and that 
they should be allowed the following annual salaries : 
the teller $900, the book-keeper $800, the discount 
clerk $600, the runner $400, and the porter $150. It 
was further resolved that the above officers, clerks, 
and porter should each be required to give bond with 
two sureties conditioned for good behavior in the fol- 
lowing sums : teller .$5000, the book-keeper $4000, the 
discount clerk and runner $3000, and the porter $500. 
The persons elected to these positions were Alex. Mc- 
Donald, teller ; John Weatherburn, book-keeper ; 
Owen Dempsey, discount clerk ; Alex. Donaldson, run- 
ner; and John Williams, porter. On the 19th of May, 
1792, a special meeting of the directors was held, at 
which the following report was made by the commit- 
tee appointed to frame by-laws for the government of 
the office : First, that the president, cashier, and other 
officers now appointed, or who may hereafter be ap- 
pointed to any department in the institution, shall, 
previous to their entering upon their respective duties, 
take the following oath, to wit : " I, A. B., do swear 
that I will truly and faithfully discharge the duty of 
in the Office of Discount and Deposit at Bal- 
timore." Second, that the duty of the president shall 
be to attend at all appointed meetings of the directors, 
and may call a meeting whenever he thinks it neces- 
sary, and shall, when required by any two of the di- 
rectors or by the cashier, call a special meeting of the 



1 It may be interesting to note the terms of the bank for bills upon 
Amsterdam. The price was forty cents seven mills per guilder; credit, 
half sixty days, and half one hundred and twenty days, interest to be 
paid from day of sale ; security notes with two unexceptionable names 
or firms, or one firm or name, with a deposit of funded debt as a col- 
lateral security; quantity not more than 810,000 to any two names or 



board. Third, that in the absence of the president 
the cashier, at the request of any three of the direc- 
tors, shall call a meeting of the board, and when so 
convened a number not less than a majority of the 
whole be competent to proceed to transact business. 
Fourth,, that the cashier shall weekly lay before the 
directors at their stated meetings a distinct abstract 
of the state of the funds, and shalllikewise trans- 
mit a similar abstract once in every week to the di- 
rectors of the Bank of the United States. Fifth, 
that the hours of business in said bank shall be from 
nine o'clock A.M. until one o'clock p.m., and from 
three o'clock p.m. until five o'clock in the afternoon. 
That the directors meet every Monday precisely at 
noon to transact the business of discount, etc., and that 
previous to entering upon that business the state of 
the funds shall be examined into, and a determination 
made of the sum to be discontinued at that meeting. 
Sixth, that on all notes and bills offered for discount 
there shall be at least two responsible names, resi- 
dents of the town of Baltimore, and that no paper 
offered for discount be received after eleven o'clock 
on the day of discount. Seventh, that no person 
shall appear as a debtor upon the books of the bank 
for a sum exceeding twelve thousand dollars at any 
one time. It is considered by the board that the 
objection of one member to any paper offered for 
discount shall not be sufficient to reject it unless 
the objector's motion is seconded ; but it is ex- 
pected that in the event of one member only mak- 
ing the objection, relying upon the honor and se- 
crecy of the board, if he has any reasons not gen- 
erally known, will communicate them." At this 
meeting Thorogood Smith administered the oath of 
office to the president and cashier. 

On the 8th of June the cashier was ordered to pro- 
ceed to Philadelphia for the capital of the office ; and 
on the 21st of June it was resolved that the office 
should be opened on the following day for deposit, 
and on the 25th for discount for a term not exceeding 
thirty days for the present, and that three days of 
grace should be allowed on bills or notes payable to 
the bank, and that the discount should be taken for 
the same. It was further resolved that Messrs. Arch. 
Campbell, Adrian Valck, and Nicolas Sluby should 
confer with the directors of the Bank of Maryland to 
agree upon the mode of conducting the business 
between the two books. On the 2.Mi of June the 
following report of the committee appointed to revise 
the by-laws was adopted : " That this office of dis- 
count and deposit shall be opened on every day (Sun- 
day, Christmas Day, the 4th of July, and all day of 
public festivity and thanksgiving excepted), at nine 
o'clock A.M., until one o'clock p.m., and from three to 
five o'clock in the afternoon. That the resolution re- 
quiring two responsible names, residents of the town 
of Baltimore, on all notes and bills offered for dis- 
count be rescinded, and that to entitle a note or bill to 
be discounted, the drawer, acceptor, or at least one 



454 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. % 



responsible iiidorser must reside in Baltimore Town. 
That all payments shall be made at the office, and on 
failure of payment before the shutting of the office on 
the last day of grace, the note or bill shall be forth- 
with protested. That notes or bills deposited for 
collection at any time before the commencement of 
the days of grace, shall as to notice, demand, and pro- 
test be proceeded with as notes or bills discounted, 
unless the person depositing the same shall direct 
otherwise in writing. That payment shall be re- 
ceived, if offered at the office, on notes and bills 
dejjosited at a later period, but the office shall not in 
such cases be expected to give notice, make demand, 
nor cause protest to be made ; but the note or bill, or 
tlic money received for it, as the case may be, shall 
remain subject to the order of the depositor. That 
payments made at the office shall be examined at the 
time, and no error suggested afterwards corrected. 
That the office shall receive and pay all specie coins 
according to the rates and value that have been or 
shall hereafter be established by Congress. That in 
fiiture notes or bills offered for discount will be re- 
ceived during the hours of business on Saturdays, and 
on Mondays until half-past nine o'clock." At a 
meeting of the board on the 16th of July, 1792, it 
was resolved that " it be recommended to all those 
who intend any negotiations with this office to have 
their bills and notes drawn in dollars and cents in- 
stead of pounds, shillings, and pence." It was further 
resolved that the president or cashier, as they deem i 
it expedient, may either refuse or receive the notes 
of the Bank of the United States. 

On the 25th of May, 1795, Archibald Campbell was 
elected president of the office in place of George 
Gale, resigned, and on the 1st of June, Nicholas j 
Ridgley having resigned his place as second book- 
keeper, Abraham Thomas was promoted to that po- 
sition, and Ralph Higginbotham to that of discount 
clerk. On the 6th of April in the same year the 
board ordered a book to be prepared " to be called 
an Accommodation Barometer, to show the sum each 
person gets weekly on discount;" and on the 13th of 
July the cashier was directed to " class the different 
depositors into four classes, and to enable him to do 
it agreeably to the wishes of the hoard, he be gov- 
erned in classing them according to the rates of their 
deposits." On the 17th of January, 1797, after read- 
ing the letter and resolutions of the stockholders and 
directors of the Bank of the United States, directing 
the purchase of Mr. Carter's house in Gay Street for 
the accommodation of the office, the board instructed 
the cashier to complete the bargain for the house, 
and to pay Mr. Carter the sum of twenty thousand 
dollars, being the amount of the purchase-money. 
Archibald Campbell, Wm. Van Wyck, and David 
Harris were appointed a committee " to contract for 
the building of a kitchen and house-keeper's room, 
and for furnishing the present house and fitting it for 
the uses of a bank and tlie residence of the ciwhier." 



On the 9th of December in the same year, in conse- 
quence of notice from the president and directors of 
the Bank of Maryland to the Office of Discount and 
Deposit, and to the Bank of Baltimore, a meeting of 
representatives of these institutions was held at Bry- 
den's Inn for the' purpose of framing regulations for 
the convenience and protection of the several banks 
of the city. 

Archibald Campbell and John Swan represented 
the Office of Discount and Deposit, George Salmon 
and David Stewart the Bank of Baltimore, and Rob- 
ert Gilmor and Wm. Patterson the Bank of Maryland, 
and agreed upon the following regulations as useful 
and necessary in the future business of the banks : 

First, that no accommodation notes shall be dis- 
counted at any of the banks after the last day of the 
present year, and that all discounts will be paid to 
the last indorser only. 

Second, that after the present year no checks will 
be received at any one bank on either of the other 
banks. 

Third, that the circulation of all notes of the banks 
under five dollars be discouraged as much as possible. 

Fourth, that each bank appoint a confidential com- 
mittee of three persons by ballot from their respective 
boards, for the purpose of communicating with each 
other on all matters relating to the interest of their 
different institutions. 

On the 3d of March, 1800, John Swan was chosen 
to succeed Mr. Campbell as president. At a meeting 
of the president and directors on the 8th of Sep- 
tember following it was resolved that Messrs. Mark 
Pringle, Samuel Hollingsworth, James Dall, and 
David Harris " be a committee to meet similar ones 
from the banks of Maryland and Baltimore, to take 
into view the situation of the city, owing to a malig- 
nant fever which at present it is in some degree 
afflicted with, and in case of its making further pro- 
gress, they are hereby authorized to remove this office 
into the country, or enter into any other regulation 
they may deem proper and beneficial." On the 29th 
of the same month it was further resolved that John 
Swan, George Grundy, and Christopher Johnston " be 
a committee to meet similar committees from the other 
banks of this city, with full power and authority to 
purchase a piece of ground and erect suitable build- 
ings thereon for the accommodation of the three 
banks in the vicinity of the city, in case of any future 
affliction of an infectious nature happening to our 
present unfortunate city." On the 7th of January, 
1811, in consequence of the apprehension that the 
charter would not be renewed, a meeting of the presi- 
dent and directors of the Bank of the United States 
was held, at which it was resolved that the different 
branches of the bank should be directed not to dis- 
count bills or notes, nor to make loans of any kind 
after the 3d day of March following, and on the 7th 
of March, John Swan, Hugh Thompson, Mark Pringle, 
John E. Howard, Samuel Hollingsworth, John Oliver, 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



James Hindman, Henry Nichols, Solomon Betts, 
George Grundy, Christopher Johnston, James Car- 
roll, G. Richard, and H. Heath were appointed agents 
for the management and liquidation of the affairs of 
the Baltimore department of the late Bank of the 
United States. A majority of the agents were de- 
clared to be sufficient to constitute a board for the 
transaction of business, and they were authorized to 
elect one of their number president, and to appoint 
" their respective tellers, clerks, and servants." They 
were further invested with authority " to pay the 
debts due by the late Bank of the United States which 
were made payable at their particular department, 
and to demand and receive payment of all debts due 
at the same department." At a meeting of the trus- 
tees of the late Bank of the United States on the 5th 
of November, 1811, the cashier was directed to draw 
from the office at Baltimore the sum of one hundred 
thousand dollars in gold, " to be conveyed by the land 
stages in the charge of two confidential persons." 
On the 7th of October, 1812, the trustees of the Bank 
of the United States directed that on or after the 1st 
of January, 1813, the office at Baltimore should not 
pay any note of the late Bank of the United States 
which was made payable at that office, or otherwise, 
nor any sums remaining on that day to the credit 
of individuals upon the books of the said office. 
But all persons who, on or after that, present such 
notes for payment, or demand any sum which may 
remain to their credit, should be referred to the main 
office. On the 18th of January, 1813, the agents of 
the office at Batimore recommended the sale of the 
banking-house and premises and all the bank prop- 
erty in this city to the commissioners of the City Bank 
of Baltimore for the sum of twenty-five thousand dol- 
lars, with the reservation of .sufficient accommodations 
for the liquidation of the affairs of the office. When 
the Bank of the United States was rechartered in 
1816 the stock was taken in such a way "that a Bal- 
timore clique, taking advantage of the rule about 
voting, got votes enough to control the organization. 
By subscribing as attorneys they got 22,187 votes out 
of 80,000, and they subscribed only $4,000,000 out of 
$28,000,000." 

The National Bank of Baltimore.— This bank is 
at the present time the (ildcst in Baltimore, and was 
originally tluirtered for twenty years, under the name ; 
of the Bank of Baltimore, on the 24th of December, 
1795, with an authorized capital stock of $1,200,000. 
The charter provided that the subscriptions towards 
con.stituting the said stock should be opened on the 
first Monday of the following June, at Baltimore 
Town, for twelve hundred and forty shares, under 
the superintendence of Messrs. David Stewart, Wil- 
liam Winchester, Thorogood Smith, William Wilson, 
Archibald Stewart, George Salmon, James West, 
Thomas Usher, Jr., Henry Payson, Thomas Hol- 
lingsworth, Nicholas Eogers, Elias Ellicott, Joseph 
Swann, Andrew Buchanan, Solomon Ettinar, Charles 



Ghequiere, Hugh McCurdy, and Christopher John- 
ston. Subscriptions for stock were also received in 
other parts of the State. On the 25th of June, 1796, 
it was announced that " the subscriptions lately taken 
for the Bank of Baltimore having exceeded the num- 
ber of shares allotted to Baltimore Town and County, 
it became necessary to reduce them in the manner 
prescribed by act of Assembly, and the following 
twelve hundred and forty persons (and no others) are 
entitled to one share each in the bank aforesaid." On 
the 14th of October, 1796, the following gentlemen 
were chosen directors of the bank : David Stewart, 
William Wilson, William Winchester, George Sal- 
mon, James West, William Lorman, Elias Ellicott, 
John Stump, John Strieker, Charles Ghequiere, 
Christopher Johnston, Solomon Etting, Lewis Pas- 
cault, Charles Ridgely, and Thorogood Smith. The 
following gentlemen were directed to receive pro- 
posals for a house, or a lot whereon to erect a build- 
ing for the purposes of the bank : George Salmon, 
Thorogood Smith, Thomas Hollingsworth, William 
Winchester, and Solomon Etting. The directors in 
1803 were George Salmon, William Wilson, Elias 
Ellicott, John Strieker, William Winchester, Alex- 
ander McDonald, Henry Payson, John Carruthere, 
Joseph Sterett, James West, Luke Tiernan, Ebenezer 
Finley, Peter Frick, William Lorman, William 
Mathews. Those for 1804 were George Salmon, Wil- 
liam Lorman, Elias Ellicott, William Wilson, Wil- 
liam Winchester, William Mathews, Joseph Sterett, 
Alexander McDonald, John Strieker, James West, 
Benjamin Williams, Emanuel Kent, Henry Alex- 
ander, Thomas Tennant, and Thomas Poultuey. By 
the acts of 1813, ch. 122, and 1815, ch. 167, the charter 
of the bank was continued and extended to the 1st 
of January, 1835, and by the act of 1834, ch. 274, it 
was extended until 1858. Under the act of 1853, ch. 
441, the bank applied for an extension of its charter, 
which was accordingly extended to Jan. 1, 1880. Its 
first president was George Salmon, elected in 1796 ; 
he was followed by William Wilson in 1807, and he 
was succeeded by Gen. John Strieker in 1824. Gen. 
Strieker died June 23, 1825, and William Lorman 
was elected in his place. Mr. Lorman was succeeded 
by Joseph H. McCulloh in 1841, who was followed 
in December, 1853, by C. C. Jamison, who died Sept. 
9, 1863. Oct. 1, 1863, Gen. Henry A. Thompson was 
elected president, and served until his death, March 
12, 1880. He was succeeded by Christian Devries, 
the present president. The bank has had but four 
cashiers, — James Cox, who served from 1796 to 1841 ; 
C. C. Jamison, from 1841 to 1853 ; Patrick Gibson, 
from 18.53 to 1868 ; and J. Thomas Smith, from 1868 
to the present time. The bank has had but one lo- 
cation from its organization until the present time, 
but the jjresent building was not erected until 1856, 
being completed in July, 1857. 

The institution was organized as the National 
Bank of Baltimore in July, 1865. It has continued 



456 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in successful operation eighty-five years, and has 
never missed the payment of a single dividend, uor 
made any reduction in its capital. On the 9th of 
November, 1864, the bank, in company with several 
others in the city, suffered from the operations of a 
gang of forgers, and in December of the same year 
a defalcation by one of its clerks of about $23,000 
was discovered, but it sustained no loss, as the 
amount was made good. Tuesday afternoon, Sept. 
17, 1878, $27,850 in bonds and $35,000 in cash were 
stolen from the vault of the bank in broad daylight. 
The capital stock of the bank, Dec. 31, 1880, was 
$1,210,700, and its surplus fund $365,000. 

The present officers are Christian Devries, presi- 
dent; J.Thomas Smith, cashier; Directors, George 
P. Thomas, D. S. Wilson, O. A. Parker, C. M. Stew- 
art, Christian Devries, Richard Cromwell, James B. 
Dixon. 

National Union Bank of Maryland. — This bank 
was organized en tin- ICtli (if April, 1.S{|4, by the elec- 
tion of the followini,- directors: Ebenezer Finley, An- 
drew EUicott, Jr., David Winchester, Henry Payson, 
Walter Dorsey, Solomon Etting, Luke Tiernan, James 
A. Buchanan, Charles Ridgely, of H., Hezekiah Clag- 
gett, Thomas McElderry, John Hollins, Solomon 
Birckhead, Isaac Tyson, Henry Schroeder, and Stew- 
art Brown. The election was held in Bryden's long 
room (Fountain Inn), commencing at eight a.m. and 
closing at six p.m., and upwards of eighteen thousand 
votes were cast. On April 17th the directors met and 
chose William Winchester president, and Ralph Hig- 
ginbotham cashier. Jan. 12, 1805, the bank was 
incorporated with an authorized capital stock of 
$3,000,000, divided into shares of $100 each. By the 
supplemental act of 1821 the shares were reduced to 
the value of $75, and the capital stock to $2,250,000. 

The first location of the bank was on the south side 
of Baltimore Street, between Charles and Light. In 
1807 it was moved to the southeast corner of Charles 
and Fayette Streets. The building was two stories 
in height, forming nearly a square of about sixty- 
eight feet each way, reached by a short flight of steps 
leading to a portico ornamented with four Ionic col- 
umns. At a later ])eriod an iron railing was placed 
in front of the building, with a watchman's box on 
the north corner. In 1868 the property was sold and 
the bank removed to Baltimore Street, and from 
thence, in 1869, to the new building on Fayette 
Street, east of Charles, at present occupied by it. 
Feb. 14, 1845, a forged check for $1755.55, in the 
name of Mr. Doyle, lottery-dealer and exchange 
broker, was successfully passed upon the bank; in 
the latter part of March in the same year a loss of 
about $8000 was sustained through the defalcation of 
one of its officers; in December, 1855, a forged check 
for $2500, in the name of William Gilmor Hoffman, 
was presented and paid at the bank; and in No- 
vember, 1864, the bank was victimized to the extent 
of $4400 by a " gentlemanly stranger," who also suc- 



ceeded in obtaining $1300 from the Western, $2400 
from the Chesapeake Bank, and $1000 from the Me- 
chanics' Bank, all of which was accomplished in the 
course of a single morning. Under the act of Con- 
gress the bank was incorporated July 26, 1805, as the 
National Union Bank of Maryland at Baltimore. Its 
present capital stock is $900,000. Its presidents liave 
been Wm. Winchester; Henry Payson, July 2, 1815; 
Thomas Ellicott, July 6, 1825 ; Hugh W. Evans, July 
7, 1835; John M. Gordon, July 8, 1845; and Wm. W. 
Taylor, who has held the office from the 6th of July, 
1865, to the present time. The charter of the bank 
was twice extended, — in 1834 and in 1853. Ralph 
Higginbotham was succeeded as cashier by Thomas 
Ellicott, elected June 28, 1819, and he was followed 
by Jonathan Pinkney, Jr., elected Nov. 11, 1819. 
Robert Mickle was elected Oct. 7, 1830, and Wm. H. 
Wells was elected assistant cashier May, 1878. The 
present officers are Wm. W. Taylor, president; R. 
Mickle, cashier; W. H.Wells, assistant; Directors, 
Wm. Woodward, James E. Tate, James Carey, James 
Hodges, S. H. Adams, Lewis N. Hopkins, John 
Stillman, Wm. A. Williar, and Wm. L. Elliott. 

National Mechanics' Bank. — The Mechanics' 
Bank, southeast corner of Calvert and Fayette Streets, 
was organized in June, 1806, and William Jessop, 
William Price, Christopher Raborg, George Warner, 
Adam Welsh, James Mosher, Adam Fonerden, Wil- 
liam Krebs, Robert Carey Long, Jacob Hoffman, 
Robert Stewart, William Gwynn, Owen Dorsey, and 
George Decker were appointed commissioners to re- 
ceive subscriptions to the stock. Books for this pur- 
pose were opened on the 23d of June, and 22,500 
shares were subscribed on the first day. The first 
board of directors consisted of James Mosher, George 
Warner, William McDonald, Thomas Sheppard, Wil- 
liam Jackson, Robert Stewart, Jacob Hoffman, Wil- 
liam Je,ssop, William Gwynn, Christian Mayer, Rob- 
ert Carey Long, Adam Welsh, Adam Fonerden, Owen 
Dorsey, and Peter Little. On the 16th of July they 
met at Bryden's inn, and after taking and subscribing 
the oath of office, elected John Weatherburn presi- 
dent, at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars for the first 
year, and at a meeting on the 18th, Dennis A. Smith 
cashier, at a salary of two thousand dollars per annum. 
At a subsequent meeting James Dawes was elected 
teller ; John Baxley, book-keeper ; Owen Allen, as- 
sistant book-keeper; Nathan Shaw, discount clerk; 
Thomas Woodyear, runner; and Thoniiis Foxhall, 
porter. On the 25th of July a committee, consisting 
of John Weatherburn, James Mosher, Robert C. Long, 
George Warner, Adam Welsh, and Robert Stewart, 
was appointed to select a suitable building for a bank- 
ing-house, and finally reported in favor of renting, at 
one thousand dollars per annum, the house of Zebu- 
Ion Hollingsworth, on Calvert Street. The report 
was adopted, and a committee was directed " to con- 
tract with Mr. Hollingsworth on the terms proposed, 
and to put in order the .said house for the purposes of 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



457 



the bank with all possible dispatch." The institution 
was chartered on the 31st of December, 1806, as the 
Mechanics' Bank of Baltimore, with an authorized 
capital of 11,000,000, and the officers and directors as 
incorporators. The second article of the constitution 
required that nine of the directors should be practical 
mechanics or manufacturers, and this requirement 
was embodied in the seventh section of the act of in- 
corporation. In order to insure something more than 
theoretical compliance with this provision, the by- 
laws directed that "no person- should be considered as 
coming within the description of a practical mechanic 
or manufacturer unless he hath learned and actually 
wrought at some mechanical or manufacturing trade 
for the term of three years at least, and for twelve 
months next preceding his election hath been carry- 
ing on some mechanical or manufacturing branch of 
business, either in his own person, or by workmen, or 
by apprentices by him hired and employed." The 
members of the first board of directors, elected in 
compliance with this requirement, were James Mosher, 
George Warner, Thomas Sheppard, William Jackson, 
Jacob Hoffman, Robert Carey Long, Adam Welsh, 
Adam Fonerden, and Peter Little. It was provided 
in the by-laws that 

" no discounts shall be made upon personal security, unless with at least 
■two responsible names (the firm and all the partners in a house being 
considered as one name only), aud for a time not exceeding sixty days, 
-exclusive of tliree days of grace, which shall be allowed on all bills and 
notes payable at the bauk, and discount taken for the same ; but similar 
paper given for real ti-ansactions may be discounted for a time not ex- 
-ceeding one hundred and twenty days, whether a running account is 
kept by the person offering the same or not-" 



It' 



further provided that 



'"to entitle a bill or note to be discounted at this bank the acceptor or 
payer thereof must usually reside in the city of Baltimore or precincts ; 
-if the payer resides at a distance, two responsible names will be required 
[of persons] who reside in the city of Baltimore or in the precincts thereof. 
That on failure of payment of any note or bill discounted at this bank be- 
fore the shutting of the bauk on the last day of grace, the note or bill 
shall be forthwith protested, and it shall be the duty of the notary to 
give proper notice thereof on tlie same day, or at farthest the next morn- 
ing, to the indorser or indorsers. The books and accounts of the bank 
shall be kept in dollars and cents, and shall be regularly balanced twice 
■in every year, viz., when the half-yearly dividend shall be declared." 

On the 19th of May, 1807, the board declared a 
■dividend of six per cent., payable on the 2d day of 
the following June. On the 1st of June, 1807, the 
old board of directors was re-elected, with the excep- 
tion of Peter Little, who was succeeded by William 
Greetham. The same directors were elected in 1808, 
with two exceptions, and Thomas Boyle and P. E. 
Thomas were chosen in the places of the retiring 
members. John Weatherburn was annually re-elected 
to the presidency until his death, on the 21st of April, 
1811, when James Mosher was chosen to succeed him. 
The board of directors elected on the 3d of June in 
the same year consisted of Robert Carey Long, Alex- 
ander Brown, Thomas Sheppard, Philip Littig, Wil- 
liam Jackson, William Jessop, James Mosher, Wil- 
liam Gwynn, William McDonald, Christian Mayer, 
P. E. Thomas, William Stewart, and George Warner. 



On the 17th of May, 1811, the board resolved to pur- 
chase a lot for the purpose of erecting a bank, and 
authorized the cashier to pay to Philip Rogers and 
John Fisher the sum of ten thousand five hundred 
dollars for their lot, situated at the corner of Calvert 
and East (Fayette) Streets. 

At a meeting on the 17th of the following Septem- 
ber it was reported that " the old building on the lot 
purchased for a banking-house, was much out of re- 
pair." William Jessop, Tobias E. Stansbury, and 
Alexander Brown were appointed a committee to ex- 
amine the old building, and to report whether it would 
be most advisable to repair it or prepare materials 
and erect a new banking-house. The committee re- 
ported that they had " viewed and examined the sev- 
eral old houses, etc., on said lot, and in their opinion, 
from the shattered and decayed state of the wood 
(which they are chiefly composed of), that it would 
in repairing those several old buildings be attended 
with a heavy expense, and which could not be remu- 
nerated in any reasonable time which we could ex- 
pect to let them stand, provided that the preparation 
on (of) a banking-house is contemplated, to be in 
readiness when the time of the present house expires. 
And whereas if a reasonable time is taken to collect 
materials and have them well prepared the building 
will be much more lasting, therefore, if it should not 
be deemed deviating from the duty of your committee, 
we would strongly recommend to the board of direc- 
tors to let the present buildings on said lot remain as 
they are, without further repair, until such materials 
can be collected and prepared, and commence build- 
ing as soon as possible." The report of the committee 
was approved, the plan of a house submitted by them 
adopted, and William Jessop, Alexander Brown, D. 
E. Stansbury, and D. A. Smith appointed a building 
committee to superintend the erection of the bank. 
Various delays, however, ensued, and the banking- 
house on the southeast corner of Fayette and Calvert 
Streets was not completed until 18.35. When Mr. 
Mosher was elected president, it was stipulated by the 
board, with his approbation, that half of his salary of 
twelve hundred dollars should be paid for the term of 

I five years to the orphan daughters of the late John 
Weatherburn, the former president, in consideration 

I of his important services in the organization of the 
bank. On the 7th of June, 1814, the attention of the 
board was called to the subject, and it was resolved 
that Mr. Mosher's salary should be increased to six- 
teen hundred dollars per annum, commencing from 

I the date of his election in 1811. On the 26th of April, 
1817, the cashier, Dennis A. Smith, tendered his resig- 

j nation, and on the 14th of May following John Brice 
was appointed his suc^ssor. The board of directors 
in 1820 con.sisted of William McDonald, Christian 

! Mayer, Philip E. Thomas, George Brown, James 

I Carnighan, James Ellicott, William Gwynn, of John, 

i William Jessop, William Jackson, Felix Jenkins, 
Philip Littig, Robert C. Long, and Jonathan Mere- 



458 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



dith. In 1821, Col. James Mosher, who had been 
president of the bank since 1811, resigned, and P. E. 
Thomas was cliosen to succeed him, and entered upon 
his duties on the 6th of June. He declined a re-elec- 
tion in 1822, and was followed by Richard Carroll, 
who resigned in September, 1823, " in consequence of 
a long and protracted illness," which incapacitated 
him from duty. During his sickness William D. 
McKim had acted as temporary president, and after 
the resignation of Mr. Carroll, Philip E. Thomas was 
chosen in his place. On the 25th of March, 1823, 
John Brice, the cashier, resigned, and on the 2d of 
April Stephen Honeywell was elected to the vacant 
position by the board, llr. Honeywell resigned on 
account of ill health Nov. 29, 1826, and was succeeded 
by William H. Murray. In September of the follow- 
ing year Mr. Thomas, who had been annually re- 
elected president since 1823, resigned, and George 
Brown was elected to the office, which he held until 
April, 1834, when, upon the death of his father, he 
tendered his resignation, and was succeeded by John 
B. Morris, who was elected on the 21st of April. 

Mr. Murray was succeeded by James W. Alnutt as 
cashier, and Mr. Morris by Michael Warner as presi- 
dent, in 1858. In 1865 the institution was converted 
into a national bank, under the name of the National 
Mechanics' Bank of Baltimore. In March, 1867, 
Mr. Warner resigned the presidency, and George S. 
Brown was elected to fill the vacancy. On the 13th 
of November in the same year Mr. Brown, who had 
only accepted the position temporarily, tendered his 
resignation, and Robert Turner Baldwin was elected 
president, and has been annually re-elected since. 
The present officers of the bank are Robert Turner 
Baldwin, president; C. R. Coleman, cashier; Di- 
rectors, R. T. Baldwin, T. C. Jenkins, Alexander 
Brown, W. F. Lucas, G. W. Ward, S. H. Caughy, 
Thomas Deford, Robert Lehr, and Robert Garrett. 
The capital is $1,000,000. Mr. Coleman has been 
cashier of the bank since 1855. Mr. Baldwin, the 
president of the bank, is a native of Campbell County, 
Va., where he was born, June 14, 1819, and is the son 
of Philemon P. and Elizabeth Jane Baldwin. His 
mother was a Miss Turner, and it was at the sugges- 
tion and through the influence of his cousin, Zeph- 
aniah Turner, of Rappahannock County, Va., that he 
came to Baltimore in September, 1835. His business 
career began in the counting-house of Hough, Tur- 
ner & Co., composed of Messrs. Samuel and Robert 
Hough and Zephaniah Turner, Jr., and it was here 
that he laid the foundation of a business knowledge 
and experience which have widened and grown with 
every succeeding year. From that period until the 
present Mr. Baldwin has been constantly engaged in 
active business pursuits, for a part of the time as a 
partner in the firm of Baldwin & Myer, and since the 
dissolution of that house in 1866 as president of the 
National Mechanics' Bank, and in a variety of capaci- 
ties requiring the possession of special ability and high 



integrity. In 1869 he was elected one of the commis- 
sioners of finance for the city of Baltimore, and, with 
the exception of a brief period of voluntary retirement, 
has been a member of that responsible commission 
ever since, and still continues to act in that capacity. 
His services as commissioner of finance have been ac- 
corded many marks of public approbation, and the 
City Council has three times expressed its sense of 
their value by formal resolutions of a highly com- 
plimentary character, the following, adopted on the 
25th of April, 1877, when his resignation had been 
laid before that body, indicating the estimation in 
which they are held : 

" n'/ierea«. It has been autlioritatively announced tliat the perHnnal con- 
eideratiuns which led to the resignation by Mr. Baldwin of the i)<)sitiou 
of finance commiBsioner are so seriously entertained by him as to render 
the general expression of a desire that he might be induced to with- 
draw that resignation entirely unavailing, 

" Anil wkemit, It is eminently due to the long, faithful, and disinter- 
ested services which that able and distinguished citizen has rendered the 
municipal government of Baltimore that a proper memorial of them 
should be placed among the oiticial records of the city, therefore 

" Be it resoU-etl, By both branches of the City Council of Baltimore, 
that in the dittcliargeof the duties of finance commissioner Mr. Robert 
T. Baldwin has di&played signal ability, integrity, and decision of char- 
acter, the combination of wliich Justly entitles him to be ranked among 
the leading financial and biisiuess men of our county. 

*' A7td he it furlher renotved, That in the careful guardianship of the 
public credit and constant apprehension of the real interest of Baltimore, 
Mr. Baldwin has during the past seven years of his olBcial life done as 
much to command the respect and entitle him to the lasting gratitude of 
his fellow-citizens as any man among them, and that it is the subject of 
deep and universal regret that his connection with the city government 
is now about to be severed. 

" Besoh-ed, Tliat these resolutions be placed upon the journal of each 
Branch, and that the clerk of this Branch (Second) be directed to have a 
copy neatly engrossed and present the same to Mr. Baldwin." 

Mr. Baldwin was also prominently connected with 
the recent reorganization of the Virginia Midland 
Railroad, being associated with Messrs. J. Wilcox 
Brown and Robert Garrett in the purchase of that 
road for the creditors, and, with those gentlemen, 
was " cordially tendered the thanks of the stock- 
holders" for " the exceedingly able and efficient man- 
ner" in which he had discharged " the onerous duties 
which devolved" upon him. As director, trustee, and 
executor, Mr. Baldwin has been called to various po- 
sitions of trust and responsibility, and has held con- 
fidential relations towards important corporations 
and interests, which he has served with unvarying 
ability and integrity. His life has been one of con- 
stant business activity and unceasing labor, but its 
record is higher than that of mere business drudgery, 
and is filled with practical results as useful to the 
community a-s they are honorable to himself. 

Farmers and Merchants' National Bank,— This 
bank was organized in March, 1810, in wliich month 
books for subscriptions were opened at the Globe Inn 
by the following commissioners: Conrad Reinicker, 
Jesse Tyson, Samuel Stump, Job Smith, George F. 
Warfield, Peter Levering, Moses Sheppard, Jonathan 
Manro, Henry Messonnier, Nicholas Brice, Samuel 
McKim, and George Repold. At a meeting of tlie 
stockholders on the 9th of April the above gentlemen 




3 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



459 



were elected directors for the ensuing year, and on 
the 10th the directors elected William Grahame 
president, and John Duer cashier. On the 24th of 
December, 1810, the president and directors were in- 
corporated as the Farmers and Merchants' Bank of 
Baltimore, with an authorized capital stock of five 
hundred thousand dollars. Judge Nicholas Brice 
succeeded Mr. Grahame as president in 1819 ; he was 
succeeded by Dr. J. Hanson Thomas in 1841, and 
Dr. Thomas by James Sloan, Jr., in 1879. The { 
banking-house was first located on the corner of Bank 
Lane and Calvert Streets, but in 1849 the European 
House, northwest corner South and Lombard Streets, 
was purchased, and some time afterwards the present 
bank building erected. In 1865 it was converted into 
the Farmers and Merchants' National Bank. The 
amount of capital stock paid in Dec. 31, 1880, was six 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The present otfi- 
cers are James Sloan, Jr., president; E. S. Beall, 
cashier; Directors, James Sloan, Jr., J. Hanson 
Thomas, Otho H. Williams, T. Robert Jenkins, 
Jos. B. Brinkley, John J. Thompson, Edward Higgins. 
Franklin Bank, No. 15 South Street, was organized 
in March, 1810. David Burke, C. Dugan, Joseph 
Jamieson, Lemuel Taylor, M. McLoughlin, Wm. 
Flanagan, Wm. Price, Ludwick Herring, Hezekiah 
Price, Jacob Miller, Adam Fonerden, Daniel Conn, 
E. H. Jones, John Trimble, Wm. Camp, and George 
Dobbin were appointed commissioners to receive sub- 
scriptions. Books were opened on the 2d of April, 
1810, and five hundred and seventy-three, then the 
requisite number of shares, were subscribed on the 
first day. On the Itlth of April following an election 
was held for directors, and Wm. Flanagan, Hezekiah 
Price, Jacob Miller, Geo. Dobbin, Ludwig Herring, 
Wni. Camp, Joseph Jamieson, John Trimble, Rich- 
ard H. Jones, Wm. Price, Daniel Conn, David Burke, 
Matthew McLoughlin, Adam Fornerden, Cumber- 
land Dugan, and John Okely were chosen directors. 
A meeting of the directors was held on the following 
day, when, after taking the usual oath of office, they 
proceeded to fix the salary of the president, and 
adopted a resolution establishing it at one thousand 
dollars per annum. On the 19th the directors met at 
the house of Wm. Flanagan and elected Thomas 
Dickson president, and James Dawes cashier. The 
salary of the latter was fixed at fifteen hundred dol- 
lars "and a house to dwell in." On the 7th of May 
the building committee reported the purchase from 
John Cunningham of a house and lot situated on 
Baltimore Street and North Lane for $15,500, and 
the purchase was approved by the board. On the 
23d of May the board met at the banking-house and 
resolved that it would meet for the purpose of dis- 
counting such paper as might be offered every Monday 
evening at four o'clock. Monday, the 18th of June, 
was fixed as the day for the beginning of the discount 
business, and operations in this line were accordingly 
begun on that date. On the 8th of July Thomas 



Dickson, the president, died, and on the 10th Philip 
Moore was elected as his successor. On the 23d of 
December, 1810, the bank was incorporated, with a 
capital of $600,000, and on the 7th of January, 1811, 
the charter was accepted by the president and directors. 
On the 22d of March, 1859, the bank was removed to 
the building on the west side of South Street which 
had previously been occupied by the Baltimore Life 
Insurance Company. Mr. Moore was followed by 
John J. Donaldson as president, and served until his 
death in 1866, when he was succeeded on the 20th of 
September by Chas. J. Baker, who has held the po- 
sition from that time until the present. Mr. Dawes, 
the first cashier, was succeeded by James L. Haw- 
kins, who was elected on the 20th of March, 1815. 
George Grafflin held the position for a time, and was 
followed by John Buck, who resigned on the 7th of 
April, 1863, to take effect on the 1st of August. He 
was succeeded by Charles Goodwin, who was elected 
on the 6th of July, 1863, and served until his death 
in August, 1874. S. Sprigg Belt was elected cashier 
in September, 1874, and served until June, 1877, and 
was succeeded by Geo. Sanders, who was elected act- 
ing cashier, and still retains the position. The bank 
was one of the institutions of Baltimore which, on the 
22d of April, 1861, loaned five hundred thousand dol- 
lars to the municipal authorities for the defense of 
the city. The present splendid banking-house was 
erected in 1868. In 1840 a series of defalcations, ex- 
tending over a period of ten years, and amounting to 
about one hundred thousand dollars, was discovered. 
By the act of 1880, the bank was authorized to change 
its name to the "Corn Exchange Bank of Baltimore." 
The capital of the bank is $600,000, and par value of 
stock $12.50. The present officers are Charles J. Baker, 
president; Geo. Sanders, acting cashier; Directors, 
Geo. Sanders, C. Webb, Hugh Sisson, Benj. Whitely, 
Charles E. Baker, and Henry McShane. 

Charles J. Baker, the president of the Franklin 
Bank, is descended from an old and distinguished 
Welsh family. His grandfather, Richard, son of 
Thomas and Ann Jones, of Wales, was born in Caer- 
narvon, North Wales, Jan. 3, 1750. They were of the 
same family as the celebrated Welsh architect, Inigo 
Jones, who lived during the reign of Charles I. 
Richard Jones married the daughter of Peter and 
Ann Thompson, who was born in Milthorp, West- 
moreland County, England, Nov. 9, 1749. Richard 
Jones left Liverpool on the ship " Good Hope" on 
Nov. 27, 1783, bound for Baltimore, where he arrived 
on the 24th of March, 1784. 

Jane Jones, the mother of Charles J. Baker, was 
born in Liverpool, England, June 19, 1784, and left 
Liverpool, with her mother and brother Thomas, on 
the 26th of August, 1784, in the ship " Olive Branch," 
bound for Baltimore, where they arrived October 30th 
of the same year. Her parents were Palatines from 
the Rhine. 

The paternal grandfather of Charles J. Baker was 



IILSTOIIY OF 13ALTIM011E CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



born near the Blue llidge, where the present town of 
Reading, Pa., is situated, and when about six years of 
age was, with a sister, the only persons known to have 
been saved from a massacre by the Indians, and was 
taken to Philadelphia, from whence he came to Bal- 
timore when about twelve years of' age. 

Mrs. Dodson, the great-great-grandmother of Chas. 
J. Baker, was born in Pennsylvania, Jan. 24, 1699. 
ITer daughter Ann was married to Joseph Barneston, 
of Frederick County, Md., and their daughter Anna 
was born Oct. 28, 1757, aud married William Baker, 
the grandfather of Charles J. Baker. 

Charles Joseph Baker, the subject of this sketch, 
was born at " Friendsbury," Baltimore City, May 28, 
1821, and resides at present at his beautiful country- 
jjlace, " Athol," in Baltimore County. He was the 
sou of William and Jane Baker (nee Jones). Wil- 
liam Baker was liorn in Baltimore, and Jane, his wife, 
in Liverpool, England. Mr. Baker was married to 
Elizabeth Bosseman, of Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 4, 1842. 
Their children are William, Jr., Charles E., Mary H., 
Bet., Richard J., Jr., Frank M., and Ashly Lee. 

Mr. Baker's preparatory education was obtained at 
the Franklin Academy, Riesterstown, Baltimore Co., 
under the tuition of Prof N. C. Brooks. In 1835 he 
entered the grammar school of Dickinson College, 
Carlisle, Pa., and graduated in the class of 1841, I 
when the Rev. John P. Durbin, D.D., was president. 
Mr. Baker improved every hour of his college life, [ 
laying the basis of the broad plans of business and 
liis many practical schemes in regard to the welfare 
of the church to which he has been so energetically 
devoted. He became united with the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church in 1836, while at Dickinson College, 
and has ever since been an active member. 

After his graduation he entered the counting-room 
of his father's window-glass factory, at the foot of 
Federal Hill, Baltimore, Md. In connection with 
his brother, Henry J. Baker, in 1842, he entered into 
the paint, oil, and glass trade at No. 2 North Liberty 
.■Street. The activity and intelligent enterprise of the 
■firm soon assured success, and they became the proprie- 
tors of the " Baltimore Window-glass, Bottle, and Vial 
Works," operated previously by Shaum & Reitz. The 
business increased so rapidly that they enlarged their 
premises by removing to No. 42 South Charles Street, ! 
under the firm-style of Baker & Bro. Their two 
warehouses at this locality was destroyed by fire in 
1850 with all their contents and seventy-five thousand 
dollars worth of stock. They immediately built their 
present commodious warehouses, and in the same year 
established the 'house of H. J. Baker & Bro. in 
New York. It became one of the most important 
firms in that city, doing a very large trade in paints, 
French plate glass, and chemicals. The late Henry 
J. Baker, who principally conducted the business in 
New York, rose to a high position in the great com- 
mercial centre afforded by that city, and was held in 
high esteem as an exemplary Christian geiitleman. ' 



In 1851, Joseph Rogers, Jr., was admitted as a 
member of the Baltimore firm, and the style was 
changed to Baker Bros. & Co., and continued thus 
until 1865, when Charles J. Baker purchased the 
entire interest of the other partners, and admitted 
his sons, William and Charles E., and -subsequently 
George B., into the firm. Mr. Baker was elected a 
director in the Franklin Bank in 1859, and in 1866 he 
was elected president of that bank, which position he 
has held ever since and continues to hold, giving 
great aid to the bank by his fine financial ability ob- 
tained in broad commercial transactions. In 1860 he 
was made a director in the Canton Company, and in 
1870 was elected its president, which position he re- 
signed in 1877. Mr. Baker is also largely interested 
in the Maryland White Lead Company, the Mary- 
land Fertilizing and Manufacturing Company, the 
Baltimore Car- Wheel Company, the Chemical Com- 
pany of Canton, of which he is president, and his son, 
B. N. Baker, secretary. Mr. Baker's influence, in con- 
nection with William G. Harrison and others, largely 
aided in the construction of the Union Railroad aud 
Tunnel, giving two roads — the Northern Central and 
Western Maryland — a tide- water terminus at Canton, 
increasing immensely the manufacturing and mercan- 
tile interests of Baltimore. Mr. Baker has always 
manifested an interest in the development of every 
branch of trade in the city of Baltimore, and has un- 
selfishly aided and contributed to the development 
and extension of public enterprises, often of a nature 
calculated to rival his private interest, which he has 
never permitted to stand in the way of his public 
spirit. Not content with individual effort to advance 
the general interest of the city of Baltimore, Mr. 
Baker at one time purchased a controlling interest in 
the Gazette, a Baltimore daily paper, hoping through 
the public press to enlarge the sphere of his useful- 
ness; but being so fully engaged otherwise, he could 
not give it his personal attention, and subsequently 
sold his interest in the paper to Mr. Welsh. Mr. 
Baker's mercantile life has been far above the resort 
to misrepresentation or attempts to impose " shoddy" 
on the markets. By the character of the material he 
manufactures he has stamped his goods in every 
market with the imprint of the true metal, and while 
thus establishing his own reputation he has published 
far and near the genuineness of Baltimore articles of 
manufacture, and extended the commercial prosperity 
of that city. 

Mr. Baker's personal character is above reproach. 
Fixing in his youth upon a high standard of excel- 
lence, surrounded at home in his boyhood by the 
best and purest influences and models, with a sen- 
sitive appreciation of duty in all the relations of 
life, he ha-s never permitted passion or prejudice to 
warp his judgment or swerve him from a straight and 
honest course in life ; to this is added and combined 
great force of character, determination of will, and a 
quick, comprehensive intellect. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



461 



Mr. Baker, as a practical Cliristiau, has never been ; 
circumscribed by the equivocating interrogatory, ] 
"Am I my brother's keeper?" but rather decidedly j 
governed in life by the broader spirit of his responsi- 
bility for his brothers' religious enlightenment, until 
it may be truly said, as far as it can be said of men, ! 
he is a living epistle of the beauty of holiness. Mr. 
Baker's religion is not confined to Sunday apparel and 
the church, but has been carried by him to the office, 
factory, work-shop, bank, exchange, — in fact, wherever 
duty calls or whatever occupation demands his atten- 
tion, he infuses into the place and those around in- 
fluences and principles bearing the stamp of the 
Master. His character may be said to have been 
formed on Christian principles, fortified and strength- 
ened by the application of religious truth as revealed 
in the Word of God. 

Mr. Baker had an early connection with associated 
religious work, as a trustee and member of the " Balti- 
more City Station of the Methodist Episcopal Church," 
in rebuilding and extending Eutaw Street Methodist 
church, and in the building of Madison Avenue 
Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Baker was the prin- 
cipal organizer and contributor to Chatsworth Inde- 
pendent Methodist Church, and Bethany Independent 
Methodist Church at Franklin Square. Charles J. 
Baker has contributed largely, both in money and 
individual effort, especially to building up and ex- 
tending the influence and usefulness of the Methodist 
Church, and to the dissemination of religious truth 
to the masses of the people of this city by any and 
all agencies that he considered available for these 
purposes. Mr. Baker is still hale and hearty, with 
all his powers of mind and body in full maturity and 
unimpaired, the result of a systematic and temperate 
life, and promises yet many years of eftbrt in behalf 
of all those enterprises incumbent on the wealthy cit- 
izen and incident to the man of high character in 
the community to which his energies are devoted. 
His charities are large and general, and while his re- 
ligious opinions are very decided, they are unclouded 
by bigotry and uncircurascribed by sect or denomina- 
tion, embracing in philanthropy the whole brother- 
hood of man. 

The Commercial and Farmers' National Bank of 
Baltimore was organized in Jlarch, 1810, and books 
for subscriptions opened March 26th, by the following 
commissioners : Isaac Burneston, Henry Stoufter, 
William W. Taylor, A. T. Schwartze, Charles Bohn, 
George Decker, Isaac Purnell, Edward Harris, Ben- 
jamin Eicaud, Jacob Adams, Andrew Clapper, Talbot 
Jones, William Boss, and James Hutton. At an elec- 
tion held on the 5th of April, 1810, the above gentle- 
men, together with N. F. Williams, were elected di- 
rectors, and on the 6th of April the directors elected 
Hon. Joseph H. Nicholson president, with George 
T. Dunbar cashier. On the 23d of December, 1810, 
the bank was incorporated as the Commercial Far- 
mers' Bank, with an authorized capital stock of 



$1,000,000. In June, 1865, the institution became 
the Commercial and Farmers' National Bank of 
Baltimore, with Jesse Slingluff as president, and 
Joseph H. Rieman as vice-president. Its presidents 
have been Joseph H. Nicholson, Isaac Burneston, 
William W. Taylor, Charles Bohn, Jacob Albert, Eli 
Claggett, Thomas Meredith, and Jesse Slingluff, who 
has been president since 1854. Its capital stock is 
$512,560, and its surplus $115,043. The banking- 
house, at the southwest corner of Howard and Ger- 
man Streets, was built after a design of Maximilian 
Godefroy. 

The City Bank of Baltimore was incorporated 
on the 31st of December, 1812, with an authorized 
capital of $1,500,000, divided into 60,000 shares of 
$25 each. The commissioners appointed to receive 
subscriptions in Baltimore were Robert Patterson, 
Charles Gwynn, John Hoff'man, Henry Didier, Jr., 
Samuel Hollingsworth, William Pinkney, George J. 
Brown, Samuel G. Griffith, Levin Wethered, Robert 
Barry, William H. Dorsey, James Barroll, Richard 
Frisby, John McKim, Jr., Thomas Ellicott, Govert 
Haskins, John Donnell, James Sterett, Peter A. 
Karthaus, and Samuel Chase. Books for subscriptions 
for 34,400 shares were opened in Baltimore on the 1st 
of March, 1813, and the amount was subscribed in 
one hour and a half. On the 7th of June, the same 
year, John Donnell was elected president, J. Sterett 
cashier, and the following gentlemen directors : 
Charles Gwinn, Henry Didier, Jr., Samuel G. Grif- 
fith, George S. Brown, Richard Frisby, John McKim, 
Jr., John Donnell, Samuel Chase, John Hoffman, 
Levin Wethered, James Barroll, Thomas Ellicott, P. 
A. Karthaus, Robert Patterson, Govert Haskins, and 
Robert Barry. In 1819 the bank was obliged to sus- 
pend specie payments, and after struggling on for some 
time longer it was finally forced to suspend alto- 
gether. 

The National Marine Bank was organized in 
March, 1810, and books for subscriptions were opened 
on the 26th of that month. The bank was chartered 
on the 23d of December in the same year, with Heze- 
kiah Waters, Joseph Biays, Frederick Schaeff'er, Job 
Smith, Archibald Kerr, John Lee, Patrick Bennett, 
John Coulter, William Mondel, Luke Keersted, Thorn- 
dick Chase, Joel Vicker.s, Baptist Mezick, and Nicho- 
las Stansbury as incorporators. It was provided that 
the bank should be established within that part of the 
city commonly called "Fell's Point," and that its 
capital should be $600,000. The bank accordingly 
commenced business on Broadway, but removed in 
1822 to its present location, northeast corner of Gay 
and Second Streets. The first president of the bank 
was He«ekiah Waters, and the first cashier James 
Law. Mr. Waters served until 1835, and was suc- 
ceeded by Jacob Bier, upon whose death in March, 
1859, B. A. Vickers was elected. It was converted 
into a national bank in February, 1880. The capital 
is $377,000, and par value of stock $.30. The oflScers 



462 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MAKYLAND. 



are B. A. Vickers, president; J. M. Littig, cashier; 
Directors, George E. Bowdoin, James Bates, Samuel j 
Kirby, A. H. Jenkins, B. A. Vickers, Alexander 
Rieman, V. J. Brown, J. T. Middleton, and W. A. 
Dunningtou. 

Citizens' National Bank.— This institution was 
incorporated on tlie 2d of April, 1836, with an au- 
thorized capital of $500,000, to be divided into 50,000 
shares of SlOeach. Joshua Dryden, David M. Brown, 
William Reynolds, Samuel Kirk, Wesley Cowles, 
George R. Mosher, Allen GriiBth, James Harvey, 
Thomas Sappington, John G. Proud, Charles Chase, 
Mark Grafton, and Isaac Munroe were appointed 
commissioners to receive subscriptions to the stock. 
Books for this purpose were opened on the 24th of ' 
May in the same year, and more than one-fifth of the 
stock subscribed on the first day. In 1844 the bank 
wound up its affairs, but in April, 1850, it resumed 
operations under the presidency of John Clark, who 
retained the office until his death, June 1.3, 1867. 
On the 15th of July, 1865, the institution became a 
national bank, under the name of the "' Citizens' Na- 
tional Bank of Baltimore." The present elegant I 
banking-house, northeast corner of Hanover and 
Pratt Streets, was built in 1869, and occupied in Sep- I 
tember of that year. The officers of the bank are 
Henry James, president ; J. Wesley Guest, cashier. 
The present capital is $500,000, and the par value of 
stock is $10. 

Henry James, president of the Citizens' National 
Bank, was born July 1, 1821, in the town of Truxtun, 
Cortland Co., N. Y., of English descent. His parents 
were Nathaniel and Elizabeth IngersoU James, natives 
of Vermont, who were distinguished for their prudent 
and pious lives. His education in the common schools 
and the academy was supplemented by the counsel 
and example of these wise and loving parents, and as 
he grew up to manhood he had reason to bless the 
home-training which he had received. Much of his 
youth was passed upon a farm, taking part in all its 
labors, thus strengthening his physical constitution 
and making industry a habit which has never forsaken 
him. In 1840, Mr. James left his home, desiring to 
try his fortune in the world. He had no capital but 
his own strong will, his readiness to grapple with work, 
and his confidence in these as his best resources. He 
found employment in New York City, at which he 
assiduously labored for three years, manWing to 
maintain himself and profiting by his Ijusiii^s ex- 
perience and increased knowledge bftlieVorld. In 
1843 he landed in Baltimore. He was an entree 
stranger to the city and its people, but he had looked 
to Baltimore as a place where he might succeed in 
his ambition for enterprise and its reward*, and he 
has found that his intuitions wore correct. The lum- 
ber business proved to be the especial field open to 
his cultivation ; from modest beginnings in it he an- 
nually extended his operations, his name became 
known in all the avenues of commerce and trade, and 



in a few years his adopted city was happy to count 
him among her solid men. The wholesale lumber 
firm of Henry James & Co. is now composed of him- 
self and N. W. James. Among the partners have 
been William E. Dodge and James Stokes, of New 
York, and Daniel James, of Liverpool. It has vast 
tracts of timber-land in Pennsylvania and mills in 
that State and Harford County, Md., and is one of the 
largest establishments of the kind in the United States. 
On the death of the late John Clark, Mr. James was 
elected president of the Citizens' National Bank, and 
has been re-elected year after year up to the present 
time. This bank has been connected with the de- 
velopment of the industry and commerce of Balti- 
more for a long period, and under Mr. James' presi- 
dency its affairs have flourished. Mr. James was one 
of the first projectors of the Baltimore Warehouse 
Company, and is one of its directors. He was mar- 
ried in 1851 to the daughter of Ammon Cate, of this 
city, and has a large family. He is a member of the 
Presbyterian Church, and regular in the performance 
of his religious obligations. 

The present large business of the Citizens' National 
Bank is chiefly due to the intelligent labor and strict 
attention to all the details of its business by Mr. 
James. The strong points of his character are visi- 
ble in his daily business, — energetic, positive, firm, 
yet spirited and liberal. He has doubled the capital 
of the bank since he became its president, and the 
splendid marble banking-house in which the bank is 
conducted was built under his auspices. His whole 
business career has been one of honorable success, 
attained by diligent attention to detail rather than by 
speculation, and he -stands to-day among the solid 
men of the city without a stain on a long business 
life. He is honored in Baltimore, and deserves the 
esteem in which he is held. 

The Western National Bank, on the west side of 
Eutaw Street, near the Eutaw House, originated in 
the Mechanics' Savings Fund Society of Baltimore, 
which was incorporated on the 6th of March, 1882, 
with William Harden, Isaac C. Lee, William Wood- 
ward, Lot Ensey, George Carson, Abraham S. Cole, 
Archibald George, Jr., William Swan, Resin B. Simp- 
son, John Weaver, John Brannon, Christian D. 
Fahnestock, David Martin, Joel Wright, Charles M. 
Keyser, Charles D. Slingluff", William Pennington, 
Thomas E. Hambleton, Timothy Kelly, Henry R. 
Curley, David Bixler, William Bridges, Henry Brice, 
John Berry, and Edward Spedden as incorporators. 
On the 28th of March, 1836, an act was passed incor- 
porating the Western Bank of Baltimore, and pro- 
viding for the merging of the Mechanics' Savings 
Fund Society into this new corporation, which was 
authorized to employ a capital of not less than $500,- 
000, and not more than $1,000,000. 

In July, 1865, the institution was converted into a 
national bank. The .present capital is $500,000, and 
par value of stock $20. Tlie oflScers are Joshua G. 




( 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



Harvey, president ; William H. Norris, cashier ; and 
Walter B. Brooks, Charles F. Mayer, Matthew B. 
Clark, J. G. Harvey, William S. Young, William M. 
Burns, D. Fahnestock, T. H. Garrett, Francis Burns, 
Jr., George F. Sloan, and John Black, directors. 
The old banking-house has been removed, and a new 
building on the site of the old is now (1881) in 
course of construction. 

The Chesapeake Bank of Baltimore.— This insti- 
tution was organized at a meeting held March 15, 1832, 
at which Joshua Turner was chairman, and Samuel 
Barnes secretary, as the " Baltimore Eastern Savings 
Institution." On the 8th of May, 1832, books were 
opened for subscriptions at Mr. Worthington's house, 
on Gay Street, and at Peter Fenby's store, on Market 
Street, Fell's Point, by the following commissioners: 
Wm. Reany, Samuel Barnes, Joshua Mott, John S. 
Gittings, Wm. Loney, Wm. H. Hansouj Samuel Wil- 
liams, Peter Fenby, J. Fitch, Wm. Kusk, Ezekiel 
Dorsey, Robert Wilson, and B. J. Sanders. On the 
29lh of January, 1833, the institution was incorpo- 
rated by the Legislature as the " Baltimore Eastern 
Savings Company," with the following persons as 
incorporators : John S. Gittings, Samuel Williams, 
William Reany, Joshua Turner, Richard W. Adams, 
Townsend Scott, Samuel Rankin, Alexander Kirk- 
land, Wm. Loney, Kensey Johns, Thomas Wilson, 
William G. Harrison, B. J. Sanders, John Amos, 
Jonathan Fitch, David Stewart, Samuel Barnes, Wm. 
H. Hanson, Wm. Rusk, Peter Feuby, Robert Howard, 
and Wm. Hickley. The office of the company was 
at first at No. 27 North Gay Street, but in April, 1833, 
it was removed to the southwest corner of Gay and 
Fayette Streets. On the 29th of March, 1836, an act 
was passed authorizing the conversion of the Balti- 
more Eastern Savings Company into the Chesapeake 
Bank, with a capital stock of not less than $500,000, 
nor more than $1,000,000. On the 5th of May, 1836, 
books were opened for subscriptions in Baltimore, 
Frederick, Philadelphia, and New York, by the fol- 
lowing commissioners : John S. Gittings, Robert How- 
ard, Joshua Turner, John Kettlewell, John Amos, 
Robert Purviance, Jr., James C. Gittings, George G. 
Belt, Henry Rieman, J. I. Donaldson, A. Constable, 
James Elmore, Peter Fenby, Alexander Kirkland, 
Townsend Scott, Wm. Ridgeway, John H. Ehlen, 
Archibald McRoberts, D. J. Ruddach, Samuel Scrib- 
ner, Jacob Heald, and Garret Brown. In 1835, John S. 
Gittings was elected president of the bank, and held 
that position until his death, Dec. 8, 1879. In 1836, 
Mr. Gittings was appointed commissioner of loans 
for the State of Maryland, which office he filled until 
removed through a change in the State's administra- 
tion. He was reinstated under Democratic rule, but 
again removed under Republican administration. 
When the State of Maryland stopped payment of 
interest, the Chesapeake Bank made such large ad- 
vances to sustain the State's credit that it was forced 
to suspend temporarily. Its charter expired in April, 



1880, and was not renewed. The banking building 
is on the southeast corner of North and Fayette 
Streets. On the 30th of January, 1864, the bank was 
the victim of an adroit swindle by which it lost $3700, 
and on Tuesday, June 26, 1866, two packages of notes 
amounting to $11,000 were stolen in open day from 
the desk of the receiving teller. 

Second National Bank. — This institution was in- 
corporated on the 0th of March, 1833, as the Fell's 
Point Savings Institution of Baltimore. The incor- 
porators were James Corner, William H. Conklin, 
James Curtice, R. D. Millholland, Matthew Kelly, 
Walter Price, George V. Sprecklsen, William David- 
son, William Hubbard, Patrick Cooney, John Glass, 
Ezekiel Dorsey, Joseph Gilbert, William Inloes, 
James Biays, Alexander Cummins, William H. Clen- 
dinen, William Wickersham, Thomas Curtean, John 
Stansbury, Robert Dutton, David R. Wilson, Peter 
Leary, and William Gardner. On the 28th of March, 
1836, an act was passed providing conditionally for 
the conversion of the Fell's Point Savings Institution 
into the Eastern Bank of Baltimore, with a capital of 
not less than $260,000, nor more than $500,000. By 
the supplementary acts of 1836 and 1837 the time 
originally allowed for complying with the conditions 
was extended, but the institution failed to avail itself 
of the authority to change its corporate name and 
character. By authority of an act of Assembly passed 
March 8, 1864, and under the provisions of the na- 
tional banking law, the institution, on the 5th of May, 
1864, commenced business as a national bank, with a 
capital of $350,000, and with John J. Abrahams, E. 
U. Robinson, Jacob W. Hugg, Samuel Butler, John 
S, Oilman, R. K. Hawley, and J. H. Hugg as di- 
rectors. Mr. Abrahams was the first president of the 
institution after it became a national bank, and John 
W. Randolph cashier. The location of the bank was 
formerly at 173 South Broadway, but on the 11th of 
October, 1865, it was removed to its present location, 
147 South Broadway, corner of Eastern Avenue. Its 
present capital is $500,000, and par value of stock 
$100. The officers are John S. Gilman, president ; J. 
H. Bawden, cashier ; Directors, Edward W. Robin- 
son, John S. Gilman, Horace Abbott, Alexander 
Jones, E. K. Hawley, C. C. Homer, and J. J. Robin- 

The Merchants' National Bank was incorporated 
on the 11th of March, 1835, with an authorized capi- 
tal of $2,000,000, in shares of $100 each. Samuel Hoff- 
man, John B. Howell, Thomas Harrison, Wm. Craw- 
ford, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, Osmand C. Tiffany, Jo- 
seph Todhunter, Samuel Jones, Jr., Alexander Mur- 
dock, Evan P. Thomas, James Barroll, and John 
Gibson were appointed commissioners to receive sub- 
scriptions, and books were opened for this purpose on 
the 4th of May of the same year in Baltimore and in 
the counties throughout the State. During the ten 
days on which the books were open the subscrip- 
tions amounted to more than thirty-six millions of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



dollars in Baltimore alone, the charter limiting the 
(.■:i])ital to two millions. In July following George 
Brown was ck'ctcd president, and J. B. Howell, 
Joscpli Todliuntcr, Osmond C. Tiffany, Samuel 
.Jones, Jr., Thomas W. Hall, James Barroll, Evan 
I'. Thomas, Win. Crawford, Jr., Thomas Harrison, 
Samuel Hoffman, John Gibson, and Alexander Mur- 
(lock were elected directors. Mr. Brown was suc- 
ceeded by John McKim, Jr., and Mr. McKim by 
James Swann, in June, 1837. In June, 1865, the in- 
stitution became a national bank, under the name of 
the Merchants' National Bank. Daniel Sprigg was 
cashier of the bank from its establishment until his 
death, on the 21st of January, 1871. The present 
capital of the bank is $1,500,000, and par value of 
stock $100. The surplus capital is $455,000. The 
banking-house is situated at the southwest corner of 
Gay and Second Streets. The officers are Alexander H. 
Stump, president ; Douglass H. Stump, cashier ; Alex- 
ander H. Stump, Wm. H. Graham, Joseph P. Elliott, 
George P. Frick, Richard D. Fisher, Wm. H. Bald- 
win, Jr., L. W. Gunther, and Robinson W. Cator. 

The National Farmers and Planters' Bank of 
Baltimore was iiic<,ri"iruted April 4, 1836, with an 
authorized capital of 82,000,000, the following gentle- 
men being appointed commissioners to receive sub- 
scriptions: Joseph W. Patterson, Hugh Boyle, James 
Hooper, William Cooke, Luther J. Cox, John Brad- 
ford, Robert D. Burns, Thomas R. Mathews, David { 
Keener, William Thompson, Galloway Cheston, Wil- 
liam E. Mayhew, William Hughlett, John C. Henry, 
Charles S. W. Dorsey, and William Ferguson. On 
the 6th of April notice was given by the commission- 
ers that books for subscriptions to the capital stock 
would be opened at the Baltimore House on the 9th 
of May, and at a meeting of the Board of Directors 
at the same place on the 10th of June, James Ches- 
ton was unanimously elected president. The bank 
commenced business Oct. 4, 1836. Mr. Cheston died 
May 31, 1843, and was succeeded July 5th by Wil- 
liam E. Mayhew, who died April 10, 1860, and on the 
same date was succeeded by Enoch Pratt, who still 
holds that position. The bank has had but two 
cashiers,— Thomas B. Rutter, elected June 27, 1836, 
died Nov. 4, 1867, and the present cashier, Richard 
Cornelius, elected Nov. 7, 1867. The bank com- 
menced business at No. 17 South Street. On September 
28, 1867, it was moved to its present location, corner of 
South and German Streets. On May 15, 1865, it was 
organized as a national bank. The amount of capi- 
tal stock paid in Dec. 31, 1880, was $800,000. The 
l)resent officers are Enoch Pratt, president ; Richard 
Cornelius, cashier; Directors, Enoch Pratt, Thomas 
Whitridge, William Hopkins, Lawrence Thomson, 
David L. Bartlett, Francis White, J. Alexander Shri- 
vcr, Philip T. George, Charles T. Boehm, and Henry 
Walters. 

Enoch Pratt, president of the National Farmers 
and Planters' Bank, was born in North Middle- 



borough, Plymouth Co., Mass., Sept. 10, 1808, and is 
the son of Isaac Pratt and Naomi Keith. His an- 
cestor, Phineas Pratt, who arrived at Plymouth, 
Mass., in the ship " Ann" in 1623, and died at 
Charleston April 9, 1680, at the age of eighty-seven 
years, was cotemporary with the Pilgrim fathers, and 
was one of those who fled from persecution in the 
Old World to enjoy political and religious liberty in 
the new laud. On the maternal side he is descended 
from Rev. James Keith, who came to Massachusetts 
from Scotland in the year 1662 and settled at Bridge- 
water. Enoch Pratt left school at the age of fifteen, 
and served an apprenticeship of six years as a clerk 
in a Boston store, where his business faculties were 
early developed, and he exhibited those qualities of 
clear judgment and tireless application that have 
since made him a leading financier and capitalist in 
his adopted city. In 1831, Mr. Pratt removed to 
Baltimore and engaged in business as a commission 
merchant. He founded the very successful whole- 
sale iron house of E. Pratt & Bro., which now con- 
sists of himself and Henry Janes, and has given 
much of his time and ability to important financial 
and industrial enterprises. He is president of the 
Farmers and Planters' National Bank, vice-presi- 
dent of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroad Company, and a director of the Savings- 
Bank of Baltimore. In the early days of the Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, Mr. 
Pratt had no hesitation in taking a large block of its 
stock, by which action he identified himself with a 
line of railway which in its accommodations to the 
public is not surpassed anywhere, and in whose admin- 
istration he has ever since exercised an influence as 
valuable as powerful. He has filled many offices in 
connection with reformatory and charitable institu- 
tions, and is now president of the House of Reforma- 
tion and Instruction for Colored Children, at Chelten- 
ham, Prince George's Co., Md., and a member of the 
Board of Managers of the Maryland House of Correc- 
tion. The Cheltenham institution would hardly have 
been established but for Mr. Pratt's liberality and 
perseverance. He saw with grief that there was 
actually no refuge for the homeless and friendless 
multitude of colored children swarming in the streets 
of Baltimore and left to grow up in idleness and vice, 
and he projected, with the aid of a few kindred spirits, 
the House of Reformation, where these waifs are now- 
kindly cared for and taught to become good and in- 
dustrious men, freely donating his own farm property 
for its site. The Priihoily Institute has for many 
years been benefited 1>\ ilir iiilluriice of Mr. Pratt in 
its administration, and as its treasurer his experience 
in financial affiiirs has been given to the management 
of the millions bequeathed to Baltimore by the late 
eminent banker. He has also taken much interest 
in the Nursery and Child's Hospital, one of the 
noblest of local charities, and in the Maryland Insti- 
tute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. The 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



465 



costly clock in the tower of the Institute Building is 
his gift. In 1877 he was unanimously elected by the 
City Council one of the finance commissioners of Bal- 
timore, a post of honor and great responsibility. This 
was all the more a compliment to him personally for 
the reason that he was politically opposed to the 
dominant party, and was the only Republican ever 
invited by a Democratic City Council to accept the 
position. As a commissioner his ripe wisdom and 
thorough knowledge were invaluable in shaping the 
financial policy of the municipality, but the pressure 
of private business compelled his withdrawal from the 
board. In 1880, Mr. Pratt was solicited to become 
the Republican candidate for Congress from the 
Fourth District of Maryland, but he was unable to 
sacrifice his business interests to the call of party, 
and was compelled to decline the nomination that 
had been tendered him by the convention. For a j 
short time he was president of the Baltimore City I 
Passenger Railway Company, and until recently was 
a very heavy stockholder in that corporation. He is 
in the fall possession of mental and physical vigor, and 
enjoying the rewards of an unspotted career embracing 
more than half a century of active business life. Un- 
assuming in manner and never courting public no- 
toriety, Mr. Pratt is still an exceedingly acute ob- 
server of men and events, and takes a most intelligent 
interest in politics and legislation when they afiect I 
the general welfare, and his influence has frequently 
been felt in the City Councils and the legislative 
halls at Annapolis in procuring action upon import- 
ant measures. He quickly sees through a mask that 
is intended to hide a mischievous project, and has 
exposed many whose success would have been a public 
calamity. On Aug. 1, 1839, Mr. ,Pratt was married 
to Maria Louisa Hydz, whose paternal ancestors ! 
were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts, j 
while on the mother's side she is descended from a 
German family who located in Baltimore more than 
a hundred and fifty years ago. They are childless. 

The Howard Bank, northwest corner of Howard 
and Fayette Streets, was incorporated on the 5th of 
February, 1848, as the Howard Street Savings-Bank, 
with Joseph Simms, Elias Shaw, George C. Addison, 
Anthony Bonm, George R. Cinnamond, Benjamin C. 
Barroll, Nathan C. Brooks, Samuel Guest, Moses G. 
Hinds, William Robinson, Daniel C. H. Emory, John 
G. Hewes, James L. Collins, William H. Emory, S. 
M. Cochrane, William Gunnison, Charles S. Willit, 
David Whitson, John Showacre, George R. Quail, 
William Gibson, Jr., John Higham, William E. 
Whetson, John B. Emory, William Reese, Amos B. 
Shaw, John Ahern, James M. Lester, George M. 
Smith, William S. Browning, John A. Thompson, 
John C. Smith, Lawson P. Keach, Charles W. Keach, 
Wells Chase, Allen T. Lewis, Solomon' H. Phillips, 
James Matthews, and James Macpherson as incorpo- 
rators. By the act of March 9, 1850, the bank was 
empowered to issue notes of the nature and in the 



usual form of bank-notes, and by the act of March 
10, 1854, the name of the institution was changed to 
the Howard Bank, and its powers further enlarged. 
Its capital is $200,000, and par value of stock $10. 
Samuel Edwards is president, Thomas G. Ridgeway 
cashier; Directors, James S. Wilson, R. Lawson, 
Caleb Kelly, John R. Cox, Henry Wirt, David Har- 
lan, D. C. Weaver, Samuel Edmonds, G. N. Hollo- 
way, Jr., John Ferry, Joseph Fink, John G. Me- 
Cullough. 

The People's Bank. — This bank was incorporated 
on the 18th of May, 185.3, as the Fremont Savings 
Institution, with Joseph Harvey, William G. Thomas, 
Jesse Hay, William Wilkins, Thomas J. Townsend, 
James W. Bowers, Joseph H. Curley, William M. 
Woods, Peter Deible, Isaac Mules, Joshua H. Hynes, 
Jr., E. Morrison, James C. Kirkle, Philip J. Thomas, 
H. C. Forman, J. H. Hynes, Simon S. Bowis, and 
James Mitchell as incorporators. By the act of 
March 6, 1856, the bank was empowered, with the 
consent of the depositors, to convert the deposits into 
capital stock to the extent of two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. It was further authorized to re- 
ceive additional subscriptions to the stock created as 
above, and it was provided that as soon as seventy-five 
thousand dollars should be paid as part of the capital 
stock the corporation might assume and adopt the 
name of the "People's Bank of Baltimore," and 
under that name should be entitled to all the rights 
of other banking institutions of the State, together 
with its former privilege of receiving money on de- 
posit as a saving institution. The first banking-house 
was situated on the south side of West Baltimore 
Street, between Schroeder and Oregon Streets ; at 
present it is at the northwest corner of Baltimore and 
Paca Streets. The first president of the People's 
Bank was Miles White. He was succeeded by David 
Carson, who served in that position for twelve years. 
At his death he was succeeded by Jacob J. Taylor, 
who was followed by E. A. Clabaugh. On the night 
of the 15th of August, 1868, about ten thousand dol- 
lars was stolen from the bank by burglars, who ef- 
fected an entrance through the west wall of an ad- 
joining warehouse. The capital is $111,740, and par 
value of stock $20. The present officers are E. A. 
Clabaugh, president ; Theodore G. Austin, cashier ; 
and H. H. Chase, E. A. Clabaugh, W. H. Brown, 
William H. Abrahams, and J. H. Judick, board of 
directors. 

The Bank of Commerce, No. 26 South Street, 
was chartered on the 10th of March, 1854, with 
Moore N. Falls, Frederick Schumaker, Lewis Au- 
doun, John Wilson, and Charles R. Taylor as incor- 
porators, with an authorized capital of $.300,000. In 
1855 it was found necessary to reorganize the manage- 
ment, and Jas. W. Alnutt was elected president, and 
Geo. C. Miller cashier. Its present capital is $202,- 
500. Its 'officers are Eugene Levering, president; 
James R. Edmunds, cashier ; Directors, Eugene Lev- 



466 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ering, Geo. O. Manning, Charles Reeder, Thomas H. 
Hanson, James S. Forbes, James R. Clark, and John 
C. King. 

The Old Town Bank, southeast corner of Gay and 
E.\eter Streets, was incorporated on the 2d of March, 
1858, as tlie Old Town Savings Institution of Balti- 
more. It provided in the charter that the institution 
should always be located east of Jones' Falls and 
north of Baltimore Street. The incorporators were 
Wni. Whitelock, H. F. Stickney, Caleb W. Burgess, 
James Musgrove, Charles B. Green, James "Webb, 
Samuel McCubbin, Joseph C. Boyd, James McNiel, 
Jr., George J. Kennard, Charles H. Mercer, James 
Lucas, James D. Mason, William J. King, Edmund 
Wolf, Thomas J. Welby, James R. Flemming, Wm. 
P. Leightner, Wm. Rogers, and Winston Barnes. 
The first officers were Wm. Whitelock, jiresident; C. 
W. Burgess, treasurer ; Joseph C. Boyd, H. F. Stick- 
ney, James Musgrove, Thomas J. Welby, James 
Webb, James D. Mason, Richard Fonder, Charles W. 
Ely, George J. Kennard, and Anion Green, directors. 
James Webb succeeded Mr. Whitelock as president 
on the 9th of April, 1861, and E. G. Hipsley succeeded 
Mr. Webb on the 5th of January, 1875. By the act 
of 1872, ch. 6, the name of the institution was changed 
to the " Old Town Bank of Baltimore," and the origi- 
nal charter amended in various particulars. By this 
act it was provided that the capital of the bank should 
be $500,000, divided into shares of the par value of 
$10 each, and that as soon as one hundred thousand 
dollars should be paid up the corporation should be 
entitled to all the rights, powers, and privileges of 
other State banking institutions. The present capital 
is $150,000. The officers are E. G. Hipsley, president; 
Theodore F. Wilcox, cashier; Directors, Wm. H. B. 
Fusselbaugh, James Musgrove, Lewis Seldner, Chas. 
W. Hatter, Beruhard Clark, Daniel Donnelly, Chas. 
Tyler, and N. Rufus Gill. 

The First National Bank was incorporated under 
the national currency act of February, 1863, and 
was organized November 16th of the same year. 
Dec. 2, 1863, a meeting of the stockholders was held 
in the president and directors' room of the Citizens' 
Bank, corner of Pratt and Hanover Streets, and on 
motion of Johns Hopkins, Gen. Columbus O'Don- 
nell took the chair, and J. W. Guest, cashier of the 
Citizens' Bank, was appointed secretary of the meet- 
ing. The articles of association were read and 
signed, and it was shown that one million ten thou- 
sand dollars had already been subscribed. On mo- 
tion of Thomas Wilson, Messrs. Wm. Kennedy, Wm. 
Fisher, and Archibald Sterling, Sr., were appointed 
a committee to nominate nine directors, and reported 
the names of the following gentlemen, who were 
elected : Thomas Swann, Columbus O'Donnell, John 
Clark, Benjamin Deford, Wm. J. Albert, Horace 
Abbott, Thomas Kelso, Wm. E. Hooper, and Johns 
Hopkins. Immediately after their election, the di- 
rectors elcctc<l Hon. Thomas Swann president of the 



bank. The first stockholders or subscribers were 
Thomas Swann, A. M. White, John Clark, Wm. J. 
Albert, Columbus O'Donnell, Geo. S. Ai)pokl, Ben- 
jamin Deford, Johns Hopkins, Wm. Kennedy, George 
Bartlett, Wm. E. Hooper, H. S. Shryock, Thomas 
Kelso, Samuel Phillip, S. R. Hardesty, Thomas Ken- 
sett, Thomas Pierce, Thomas Wilson, Samuel Kirby, 
Thos. Whitridge, Galloway Cheston, Isaac Tyson, Wm. 
Heald, S. M. Shoemaker, T. F. Troxwell, Archibald 
Sterling, Sr., A. Lorman, Nathan Pusey, John Coate.s, 
Wm. H. Shryock, G. K. Taylor, Wm. Fisher, Horace 
Abbott, George Small, J. G. Cockey, Geo. R. Dodge, 
George F. Webb, J. I. Fisher, Wm. S. Rayner, and 
James Hooper. None of these subscribers, it is said, 
took less than ten thousand dollars' worth of stock. 
Mr. Swann served until Dec. 18, 1866, and was suc- 
ceeded by Columbus O'Donnell, elected Dec. 18, 
1866, who served until his death, May 25, 1873. 
June 3, IS?.".. .1. Sauiin Xorris was elected president, 
and has liehl llini |".-iti..M ever since. The banking- 
house is loiatcMl at No. s South Gay Street, and occu- 
pies the old Oliver or Patterson mansion, which was 
purchased and fitted up for the purposes of the insti- 
tution. It commenced business about the 1st of 
March, 1864. The amount of capital stock paid in 
Dec. 31, 1880, was $1,110,000. Its present officers are 
J. Saurin Norris, president ; Horace Abbott, vice- 
president; E. J. Penniman, cashier; Directors, Horace 
Abbott, William E. Hooper, Samuel M. Shoemaker, 
George Small, John G. Cockey, J. Saurin Norris, 
Gilmor Meredith, Thomas Pierce, and John W. Hall. 

The National Exchange Bank was chartered in 
1865, with a capital of $300,000, and opened its doors 
for business on the 29th of May in that year. Daniel 
Miller was the first president, and H. R. Riddle the 
first cashier. In 1867, Mr. Miller was succeeded by 
John Hurst, who remained president until his death, 
April 12, 1880. The present capital is $600,000. The 
officers are William T. Dixon, president ; J. P. New, 
cashier ; Directors, B. F. Parlett, John E. Hurst, Wil- 
liam T. Dixon, H. C. Smith, David T. Buzby, R. 
Walter, Francis T. King, Summerficld Baldwin, 
Daniel Miller. 

The Third National Bank of Baltimore was or- 
ganized Dec. 15, 1864, with William Whitelock as 
president, and was chartered Feb. 17, 1865, with a 
capital of $600,000. The first board of directors con- 
sisted of WilliamWhitelock, Thomas Y. Canby, Ger- 
ard T. Hopkins, Gerard H. Reese, Jeremiah Wheel- 
wright, P. S. Chappell, William H. Crawford, J. 
Franklin Dix, James Carey Coale, and E. L. Parker. 
The bank opened for business May 23, 1865. Mr. 
Whitelock was succeeded as president, Aug. 10, 1869, 
by Thomas Y. Canby, and Mr. Canby by Philip S. 
Chappell, Jan. 12, 1870. Mr. Chappell died May 21, 
1875, and Mr. Canby was elected vice-president June 
2d of that year, and president March 6, 1878, and still 
holds that position. The bank is situated at No. 31 
South Street. Sci)t. 26, 1877, with the consent of the 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



467 



stockholders, it was determined to reduce the capital 
from $600,000 to $500,000, which was accordingly 
done. In March, 1870, the bank was victimized to 
the amount of .$6500 by a forged certified check upon 
a New York bank. Sunday, Aug. 18, 1872, burglars 
entered the bank by cutting through the vault from 
the building on the north side, and carried off about 
$65,000 in cash and over $100,000 in bonds of various 
kinds. On the Ist of February, 1881, the bank had 
been in operation fifteen years and eight months, had 
paid twenty-seven dividends, and passed four on ac- 
count of losses. Thirteen of the dividends paid were 
five per cent, each ; one was four and a half per cent. ; 
three, four per cent. ; and ten were three per cent. 
The present board of directors consists of Thomas Y. 
Canby, William H. Crawford, Samuel E. Hoogewerf, 
Henry S. Shryock, James S. Hagerty, Jacob Tome, J. 
Franklin Dix, John Curlett, John E. H. Boston, and 
Henry Shriver. The bank's capital Feb. 1, 1881, was 
$500,000 ; surplus, $42,600. 

The Traders' National Bank was organized in 
1865 as the First National Bank of Annapolis, and 
opened for business in that city June 5, 1865, with 
Wm. H. Tuck as president. By act of Congress of 
June, 1872, the bank was moved to Baltimore, and its 
name changed to the Traders' National Bank of Bal- 
timore. As such it opened its doors for business, with 
"Wm. H. Tuck as president, on the 1st of June, 1874, 
at its present location, northwest corner of Light and 
German Streets. A few months afterwards Mr. Tuck 
resigned, and Isaac S. George was elected president, 
and still holds that position. Its capital is $230,000, 
and its other officers are Clayton Cannon, cashier; 
Isaac S. George, H. T. Vickery, John H. Fowler, 
Wm. T. Markland, T. C. Basshor, Alexander Shaw, 
and B. Buck Porter. 

Isaac S. George, president of the Traders' National 
Bank, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 18, 1818. 
He is the son of James B. George, who was born near 
Govanstown, in Baltimore County, in 1794. When a 
boy James B. George was apprenticed to John 
Schroeder to learn the trade of a shoemaker. At the 
termination of his apprenticeship he worked as a 
journeyman for John Kierl, for whom he subsequently 
became foreman, until 1823. He then commenced 
the shoe business on his own account in Centre Mar- 
ket Space, and continued in it until 1857, when he 
retired. In the war of 1812 he was stationed with 
his regiment at Fort McHenry during its bombard- 
ment, and was a member of the Old Defenders' Asso- 
ciation until his death, Feb. 1, 1869. James B. George 
was elected a delegate to the Legislature of Maryland 
in 1852. He was a member of the City Council in 
1861. His ancestors were French Huguenots, and 
emigrated to this country in 1730, and were promi- 
nent in the battle of Brandywine. The paternal 
grandmother of Isaac S. George, Elizabeth A. George, 
was one of the original members of Light Street 
Methodist Episcopal Church. Her connection with 



it covered a period of seventy years, lasting until her 
death at the age of ninety-six years. His paternal 
grandfather, Frederick, was a carpenter at Govans- 
town, Baltimore County. 

His maternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish, born in 
the county of Derry, Ireland, and emigrated to 
America in 1801. His maternal grandfather was 
John Stewart^ whose wife's maiden name was Nancy 
Glasgo. They were originally Calvinistic Presby- 
terians, and belonged to the Second Presbyterian 
Churcli, corner of Baltimore and Lloyd Streets, 
under the pastorate of the Rev. John Glendy. Mr. 
George's mother was born in Ireland in 1800, and 
came with the family to this country in 1801. Her 
maiden name was Mary Ellen Stewart. His father 
and mother were married Aug. 3, 1817, and had ten 
children, of whom Isaac was the eldest. Mr. George 
was married by the Rev. James Shrigley, of the First 
Univcrsalist Church, Feb. 3, 1843, to Elizabeth A. 
Mann, who was born in Halifax, August, 1818, during 
the temporary residence of her parents there while 
era route for the United States. They were members 
of the Rev. John M. Duncan's church on Fayette 
Street, but subsequently aided in the establishment 
of a Univcrsalist Church in Baltimore. Eleven chil- 
dren were the result of this marriage, five of whom 
are now living, — Mary Ellen (wife of David L. 
Maulsby), Sarah Mann (wife of Marcus W. Wolf), 
Katie B., Lillie A., and G. W. Russell George. The 
eldest son of Mr. George, J. Brown George, an ex- 
emplary man of high business qualifications, in the 
full tide of success in the commission boot and shoe 
business, was killed suddenly by falling from a win- 
dow of the warehouse on the corner of Sharp and 
Lombard Streets, on the 9th of July, 1880. Mr. 
George's education was limited to the ordinary Eng- 
lish branches taught by Dr. Shrigley, Mr. Reese, 
Dr. Francis Waters, and S. A. Rossell in this city. 
At thirteen years of age he left school to assist his 
father in business, with whom he continued until he 
established an independent business in Centre Market 
Space, where he continued for many years, until he 
was compelled to change his business on account of 
bad health. 

In 1864, in connection with his .son, J. Brown 
George, he established the house of Isaac L. George 
& Son, at No. 252 West Baltimore Street, where he 
remained until he built the warehouse northeast cor- 
ner of Baltimore and Liberty Streets, into which the 
firm moved. The iirm met with ordinary success. 
In 1875, Mr. George retired from the firm, but the 
business was continued by J. Brown George until his 
death, after which he again entered into business 
with his youngest son, carrying on the boot and 
shoe business under the firm-style of "G. W. Russell 
George & Co." 

Mr. George has held the following business posi- 
tions : In 1869 was made president of the Atlantic 
and George's Creek Coal Company. On the reorgan- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ization of the company Mr. George vacated the presi- 
dency. In 1868 was elected president of the Atlantic 
Fire and Marine Insurance Company, which he held 
for some years, until, according to his advice, the com- 
pany closed the business, discharging all obligations 
in full. Mr. George is not a member of any church, 
nor demonstrative in his religious sentiments, which 
are nevertheless firmly fixed, believing that men should 
rather live religion than profess it. Not the least big- 
oted in his opinions, but tolerant of all creeds, he be- 
lieves that finally, through the great mercy of God, 
all men will attain happiness in the next world. 

Since the dissolution of the old Whig party Mr. 
George has affiliated with the Democratic party. 
Loyal to the government, discarding secession as a 
fatal heresy, he was an opponent of the "Know- 
Nothing" party because of its intolerance. He was 
a candidate of the Reform party in 1858 for the Legis- 
lature, and, with his defeated colleagues, contested 
the right to their seats unsuccessfully. Mr. George 
supported John C. Breckenridge for the Presidency of 
the United States. In 1860, Mayor Brown appointed 
him a member of the Water Board. In 1864 he was 
nominated on the Democratic ticket for the State 
Senate. In 1867 he was a member of the Constitu- 
tional Convention of Maryland, and subsequently 
served, in 1867 and 1868, in the City Council as 
chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. 

Mr. George was for many years an active director 
of the Maryland Institute, serving in the capacity of 
president of the board for two years. In 1872 he was 
appointed by Mayor Vansant one of the board of vis- 
itors to the city jail, in which position he served for 
six years, the last two as president of the board. He 
has been for many years a director in the Associated 
Fireman's Insurance Company. He has taken great 
interest in the growth of Odd-Fellowship, as well as 
being closely wedded to the Masonic rites. He was 
one of the founders of the Murray Institute, of a social, 
literary character. In 1879 he was elected president 
of the Consolidated Real Estate and Fire Insurance i 
Company, for the purpose of winding up its business, 
in which he is now engaged. His whole life has been 
devoted to business enterprises, and to public measures 
calculated to advance the material growth of Balti- 
more, in which he has always felt an earnest pride. 
As a citizen, Mr. George has enjoyed the full confi- 
dence of the public, and whatever trust has been re- 
posed in him, his highest and only eflFort has been to 
study the right and pursue its dictates fearless of con- 
sequences. As a merchant he has been moderately 
successful, and whilst not demonstrative in liberality, 
his ambition has been a desire to be gauged by a cor- 
rect standard of ])ublic justice. 

The German-American Bank, No. 173 South 
Broadway, was organized in May, 1871, and was in- 
corporated by act of 1872, ch. 222, with a capital of 
$200,000, and the privilege of increasing it to $500,- 
000. The incorporators were William Scliwarz, 



Charles Cronhardt, Alexander Y. Dolfield, Conrad 
Gunther, Henry Smith, Simon Stern, John Hertel, 
John G. Mann, F. F. Holthons, John B. Wentz, Levi 
Straus, and Lewis Ehrman. The capital is §;?00,000, 
and par value of stock $100. The ofiicers are William 
Schwarz, president* A. Y. Dolfield, cashier ; Direc- 
tors, William Schwarz, A. Y. Dolfield, C. Gunther, 
Henry Smith, John Hertel, John G. Mann, Lewis 
Ehrman, Nicholas M. Smith, and J. Q. A. HoUoway. 

The German Bank of Baltimore was chartered 
July 1, ISOX, as the German Savings-Bank, with a 
capital of 8520,000. In 1874 it was converted by act 
of Assembly into a commercial bank, and its name 
changed to the German Bank of Baltimore. The in- 
corporators under this act were Charles Weber, Henry 
Straus, Anton Weiskittle, Frederick Wehr, William 
S. Atkinson, A. H. Schultz, J. G. Koppelmann, M. 
Willinger, Peter Volz, H. R. Hoenemann, Anton 
Bosse, and Christopher Gissel. Its authorized capital 
stock is $600,000, which may be reduced, if desired, 
to $400,000. It was first located on the northwest 
corner of South and Lombard Streets, but in 1869 
was moved to its present location on the northeast 
corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets. Charles 
Weber has been president of the bank since its or- 
ganization. Capital, Dec. 31, 1880, $429,800. 

The United German Bank, formerly at the south- 
east corner of Baltimore Street and Post-Office Avenue, 
was incorporated by act of 1870, ch. 121, as the " Uni- 
ted German Real Estate and Fire Insurance Company 
of Baltimore." The incorporators were Michael Al- 
bert, Robert Rennert, Joseph Kreuzer, John Beil, 
Clemens Ostendorf, Francis Heine, Bernard Leifield, 
John A. Hamman, Francis Meyd, John W. Gerkin, 
Christopher Kreuzer, John Smith, Andrew Hofmann, 
and Ouu-les Wcstrich. 

Central National Bank. — The Central National 
Bank was orijanized under the national banking 
laws in 1871, and commenced business at No. 5 South 
Street on the 1st of March in that year, with James 
O'Conner, of Pittsburgh, as president. Among the 
stockholders were Messrs. Johns Hopkins, John W. 
Garrett, Wm. T. Walters, F. W. Bennett, John JI. 
Orem, and others. The operations of the bank were, 
however, discontinued after a brief period. 

The Drovers' and Mechanics' National Bank of 
Baltimore, northwest corner of Eutaw and Fayette 
Streets, was incorporated at the legislative session 
of 1874, with Mason L. Weems, Thomas W. Johnson, 
William D. Miller, Edwin Higgins, Lewis Meyers, 
John Turnbull, Jr., Henry Williams, William P. 
Hamilton, Henry W. Webb, Dr. Charles II. Jones, 
James Bayliss, Luke H. Miller, and J. J. H. Sellman 
as incorporators. The capital authorized by the act 
was $50,000, with the privilege of increasing it to 
$250,000. Books were opened for subscriptions in 
April, 1874, and in May John Turnbull, Jr., Jacob 
Ellenger, Jesse Hay, Carey McClelland, Lewis Myers, 
Felix McCurlev, .L L. BaVliss, Wm. Eden, Dr. Chius. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



H. Jones, and Wm. D. Miller were elected directors. 
On the 4th of January, 1875, the bank opened its 
doors for business at the northwest corner of Balti- 
more and Carey Streets, with Jacob Ellenger as presi- 
dent, and J. D. Wheeler, Jr., cashier. The present 
location is at the northwest corner of Fayette and 
Eutaw Streets. Capital, $220,000 ; par value of stock, 
$100. The present officers are Jacob Ellenger, presi- 
dent ; J. D. Wheeler, Jr., cashier ; and Jacob Ellen- 
ger, Wm. Eden, Wm. D. Miller, Wm. Carson, Lewis 
Ripple, James Carroll, David Logan, Robert Mitchell, 
Alonzo L. Wolf, and Michael Carling, directors. It 
was converted into a national bank in 1881. 

The German Central Bank was incorporated in 
1874. It is located at 11 North Street. Its capital 
is $200,000, and par value of stock $25. The present 
officers are August Hellweg, president ; C. Wilstorf, 
cashier; Directors, Henry Vees, A. Hellweg, W. A. 
Dreyer, Charles Friese, J. H. Vonderhorst, Frederick 
A. Kerchner, F. Fuchs, George Franke, John A. Grif- 
fith, Jr., M. Friedman, A. Gottschalk, and A. E. 
Groneberg. 



19th of May, 1854, Francis T. King was elected presi- 
dent, and has been annually re-elected ever since. 
On the 8th of February, 1866, the name of the insti- 
tution was changed to that of the Central Savings- 
Bank of Baltimore. The following table shows the 
of the bank : 



Feb. 1, 1855, amount due depositors.. 



Jan. 1, 1881, 



89,069.72; a.coui 


tsopen.. 1500 






205,52M06; 


.. 4302 


648,.396,30: 


.. .6638 


,329,601.63; 


.. 8137 



The bank was first located on North Calvert Street, 
next to the National Mechanics' Bank ; it afterwards 
removed to No. 53 Lexington Street, and from thence 
to the southeast corner of Charles and Lexington 
Streets. The present officers are Francis T. King, 
president; John Curlett, treasurer; A. G. Brown, 
attorney; Directors, George W. Corner, William B. 
Canfield, Daniel J. Foley, J. B. Seidenstricker, Wil- 
liam Bridges, Thomas J. Wilson, George Sanders, 
Germon H. Hunt, Christian Ax, Henry C. Smith, 
Charles J. Baker, Dr. J. F. Monmonier, D. L. 
Bartlett, Robert Turner, Hamilton Easter, AVilliam 



TAX ASSESSMENTS (FROM THE OFFICE OF STATE TAX COMMISSIONER) FOE 1881. 



BAI.T..MOEE CiTV Ban 


KS. 


Number 

of Shares 

of Stock. 

13,500 


Par Value 
of each 

Share. 

S15.0O 
25.00 
26.00 
10.00 

100.00 
33.3314 
20.00 
10.00 

100.00 

100.00 
40.00 
8.00 

100.00 
12.50 

100.00 
10.00 

100.00 
30.00 
10.00 
25.00 
75.00 

100.00 

100.00 
10.00 
20.00 

100 00 

100.00 

100.00 
20.00 


Assessed 
Value 
of each 
Share. 
$15.00 

35.00 

36'.40 

14.00 
106.00 

35.3314 

21.20 

15.00 

91.00 
125.00 

45.00 
7.00 

01.00 

11.00 

75.00 

9.50 

126.00 

31.00 

11.00 

37.50 

80.00 
128.00 
110.00 

10.00 

20.00 
148.00 
103.00 
100.00 

29.00 


Shares. 

?202,5(X).OO 
500,430.00 
1,506.20 
2,324.00 
498,094.00 
17,384.00 
27,835 60 
7,60,000.00 
213,400.00 

1,387,600.00 
731,2.60.00 
277,112.60 
276,841.00 
17,974.00 
300,000.00 
190,000.00 

1,890,000.00 
389,639.00 

1,100,000.00 

1,200,000.00 
952,080.00 

1,549,696.00 
660,000.00 
150,000.00 
111.740.00 
740,000.00 
615,000.00 
230,000.00 
725,000.00 


Value of 

Real 
Propel ty. 
8117,542.00 

65.084.00 
16,167.00 

90,421.00 
27,925.00 
50,000,00 
35,625.00 

10;387.'00 

245,732.00 
20,524.00 
50,000.00 
49,213.00 
78,050.00 

141.2.60.00 
89,919.00 

114,751.00 

.33,812.00 
31,201.00 
28,139.00 
47,561.00 
12,674.00 
24,803.00 


lowed for 
Investments 
Paying Taxes. 






43 


$99,802.82 


1 '■ 1 I'ii'uk 


of Baltimore 


4 699 










' 1 ■ 1 • r 
















Franklin 1;,... l: , 


fBaUimore.'.""' 


2,200 

11,100 

16,250 

39.587Vi; 


103,193.00 


Gennaii-.\i . : r I; . ;;■ 

German Ci'iiii .. 1; i ; •■ r ,' ,i. .i 





...::.:. I^IV^ 

















20,000 




'' •.! '" l: ' ''" ■' 




15,000 

12,569 
... 100,000 

32:000 

11,901 




-: 1 . ,: ■ ^ \i .■ '■ „ ,: 


lui^lre'l :.. 


134,849.00 







6,600 




i«ilnir\atio„..l' n-ml"'.f'Baltimore ■ ' 


■■ 


5,587 
















........ o,wo 




Western National Bank of Baltimore 





25,000 





Central Savings-Bank of Baltimore.— Tiiis in- 
stitution was incorporated as the " Dime Saving- 
Bank" of Baltimore on the 10th of March, 1854, and 
the first meeting of the incorporators was held in the 
afternoon of the 27th, at the office of the " Poor As- 
sociation." The incorporators were Isaac P. Cook, 
Francis T. King, William B. Canfield, John F. Mc- 
Jilton, John B. Seidenstricker, Dr. Richard H. 
Thomas, Robert Turner, William Bridges, Samuel 
Burnett, Charles J. Baker, George W. Corner, Stir- 
ling Thomas, George W. Tinges, Louis Audoun, 
Thomas C. Hoffman, Robert G. Armstrong, James S. 
Suter, Phillip Hiss, John S. Brown, William Crane, 
George Sanders, George R. Dodge, John W. Ball, 
William H. Keighler, and John M. Orem. On the 



Numsen, William Woodward, James Carey, Jesse 
Tyson, Samuel Appold, and Edward Roberts. 

Savings-Bank of Baltimore. — The first steps to- 
wards the organization of the Savings-Bank of Balti- 
more were taken at a meeting held on the 1st of 
January, 1818, at Gadsly's Hotel, at which the Rt. 
Rev. Bishop Kemp presided, with Isaac Burneston as 
secretary. After examining the plans of several sim- 
ilar institutions in other cities, it was resolved that it 
was expedient to establish a Savings or Provident 
Bank in Baltimore. David Winchester, Henry Brice, 
and Charles G. Appleton were accordingly appointed 
a committee to draft a constitution, which was re- 
ported and adopted at an adjourned meeting held on 
the 15th, when the same committee, with the addi- 



470 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tioii of Messrs. Abiier Neal and Isaac McPherson, 
were authorized to call upon the citizens of Balti- 
more to become members of the association. At an 
election held on the 2d of February, 1818, at Gadsby's 
Hotel, the following gentlemen were elected directors 
of the Savings-Bank of Baltimore for the ensuing 
twelve months : Daniel Rowland, Samuel J. Donald- 
son, Fred. W. Brune, John Hoffman, W. R. Swift, 
Roswell L. Colt, John Sinclair, Alexander Irvine, 
I'hiirlis Warfield, Isaac Tyson, William Krebs, John 
M r K , an, Thomas W. Griffith, William Childs, Joseph 
(iHliiiii;-, Henry Brice, Henry Lorman, Evan T. Elli- 
tott, William Hopkins, William Stewart, Thomas 
Sheppard, George S. Baker, and John C. Richards. 
Daniel Howland was elected president, and on the 
16th of March, 1818, the bank opened for the recep- 
tion of deposits at No. 100 Market (now Baltimore) 
Street. The first report, made on the 15th of Jan- 
uary, 1819, was as follows: 

" The committee appoi iitetl by the president and directors of the Savings- 
Banlt of Baltimore to audit their accomite beg leave to submit the fol- 
lowing extract of the accounts : 
".\mount received from l.iS depositora from tlie 16th of 

March last to the 11th of January $15,i)57.n(; 

Amount withdrawn by 41 deiiositors .S,:l08.44 

Leaving to the credit of depositors 812,648 02 

Interest that has accrued 342.37 

Sr2,990.99 
From which the following disbursements have 
been made. viz. : 

Interest paid depositors S89.82 

Amount paid for stationery 74.92 

Amouut paid secretary, salary one year 150.00 

$314.74 

Interest in U. S. fi per cents, at par 6,000.1K) 

Placed in an incorporated bank in this city, bear- 
ing interest at 6 per cent 6,676.25 

$12,900.99" 

On the 30th of January, 1819, the bank was char- 
tered, the following being the incorporators: Isaac 
.Phillips, James Dall, John C. Keerl, George S. Baker, 
Elisha N. Browne, John C. Richards, Robert Neilson, 
Evan Thomas, Jr., Robert Miller, C. H. Appleton, 
William Noi:ris, John Gibson, Amos Brown, John 
Ready, Oliver H. Neilson, Samuel J. Donaldson, Na- 
thaniel Williams, Richard Carroll, William Child, 
Marcus McCausland, Thomas L. Emory, Jr., John 
Gadsby, George Hoffman, John Hoffman, James 
Campbell, Luke Tiernan, Robert McKim, William 
Lorman, Fielding Lucas, Jr., James Mosher, John 
Brice, Henry Payson, Solomon Birckhead, John Sin- 
clair, William Gwynn, William McMechen, John 
Mott, William Wilson, James Wilson, Thomas W. 
Griffith, John Merryman, Joseph Cox, Henry Schroe- 
der, Daniel Chambers, Joseph K. Stapleton, O. H. 
Thomas, John H. Rodgers, John Thomas, Jr., Abner 
Neal, Peter Hoffman, B. H. MuUikin, Isaac Burnes- 
ton, Isaac McPherson, A. Macdonald, Joseph Gush- 
ing, David Harris, Talbot Jones, Alexander Irvine, 
George Decker, William Browne, Ashton Alexander, 
Solomon Etting, George A. Dunkel, Maxwell Mc- 
Dowell, William W. Taylor, John Howes, B. N. 
Sand.s, William Krebs, John McKim, Robert Miller, 
Thomas Ellicott, Edward Gray, James Hiudman, John 



Og.ston, Isaiah Sittle, Jesse Hunt, Elias Ellicott, 
Andrew Ellicott, James Cheston, Robert Gilmor, Ros- 
well L. Colt, John Oliver, James A. Buchanan, Solo- 
mon Betts, Peter Levering, Charles Worthiiigton, 
William Hopkins, Evan T. Ellicott, Isaac Tyson, 
Moses Sheppard, William R. Gwynn, N. Brice, Wil- 
liam Patterson, James Barroll, John Strieker, James 
Carey, William Cooke, Gerard P. Hopkins, George 
Roberts, William Tyson, Robert Smith, Henry Brice, 
James Carroll, Jr., David Winchester, A. J.Schwartze, 
William S. Moore, William R. Swift, William Mc- 
Donald, C. C. Jamison, Christian Mayer, Jacob Small, 
John Gill, .Tohn Purviance, Henry Thompson, Alex- 
ander Brown, Thoma.s Tenant, Isaac McKim, James 
H. IMcCulloh, Jacob Rogers, William Stewart, Von 
Kapir \ I'.niiif, n.iriirl Hi.w land, William Jenkins, 
Tln.nia- Shi^ppanl, !,. .M al I In ws, John A. Morton, Jr., 
ILiiiy r. .^iiiiirnr, ('. Dc^lion, Levi Hollingsworth, 
Alexander Lorman, Joseph Todhunter, William Gil- 
mor, John Berry. On the 4th of March, 1819, the 
total amount of deposits was $19,371, and the list of 
depositors was as follows: nine widows, nine spinsters, 
seven married women, sixteen female servants, two 
clergymen, five schoolmasters, two merchants, two 
farmers, five charitable societies, nine minors, four 
clerks, forty mechanics, five tavern-keepers, five dray- 
men, six laborers, ten tailors, three barbers, three boot- 
blacks, two sailors, and thirteen male servants, making 
a total of one hundred and fifty-seven depositors. In 
1834 the bank was situated in the basement story of 
the Exchange, with entrance on Gay Street. In 1846 
the dwelling of Col. Thomas Tenant, northwest cor- 
ner of Gay and Second Streets, was purchased for ten 
thousand dollars, and the bank removed to that loca- 
tion in September of that year. At one time the bank 
was opened only once a week, and its business con- 
ducted by the directors in person, who were divided 
into committees and performed a large part of the 
clerical labor. A comparison of the following state- 
ment of the bank's operations during 1880 with the 
statement of its o'perations for the first year of its ex- 
istence presents an interesting illustration of the vast 
growth of its business : 

Amount of funds, 31st December, 1879 $13,667,002.91 

Received from depositors during 1880 2,047,222.03 

Add interest on loans and dividends on stocks, 

etc., same year $796,695.43 

Less premiums paid on stocks purchased, etc.. 176,771.50 

619,923.93 

$10,934,148,87 
From which deduct as follows : 
Amount paid depositors during 1880, in- 
cluding principal and interest $2,1S.'>,96.'>.04 

Amount paid, expenses 30,894.50 

Amouut paid, taxes 20,730.88 

2,2,37,691.02 

Leaving amount of funds, 31st December, 1880 $14,696,567.85 

The ofiicers are Archibald Stirling, president, who 
succeeded Joseph Gushing, Sr., in 1849 ; David Bald- 
win, treasurer ; S. McLee Richardson, assistant treas- 
urer ; Directors, A. Stirling, Edward Kurtz, Thomas 
C. Jenkins, N. Popplein, Samuel Kirby, George S. 
Brown, Thomas Whitridge, Solomon Corner, Austin 




^r(r(/% 



^^l^7~l'l</ 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



Jenkins, Lawrence Thomsen, Enoch Pratt, Henry 
Jones, George B. Cole, B. F. Newcomer, A. H. Stump, 
Claas Vocke, Theodore Hooper, Richard D. Fisher, 
Herman Von Kapft", Charles T. Boehm, Charles 
Markell, Hollins McKim, Joseph M. Cashing, and 
James A. Gary. 

The Eutaw Savings-Bank was incorporated by 
the General Assembly on the 26th of March, 1847, 
with Edward Gray, Robert Garrett, John Dushane, 
Chauncey Brooks, William Heald, Fielding Lucas, 
Jr., Elisha P. Barrows, Thomas Meredith, George 
Bartlett, John Q. Hewlett, William McKim, Charles 
Howard, W. Reynolds, Lewyn Wethered, W. E. 
Mayhew, Thomas Harrison, W. F. Murdoch, Joseph 
Taylor, Henry Rieman, John Gushing, Fielder Israel. 
O. C. Tiflany, Thomas C. Jenkins, Leonard Jarvis, 
Philip E. Thomas, Alexander Kirkland, B. C. Ward, 
William Wyman, Wesley Starr, Jesse Hunt, John 
Landstreet, Hugh Jenkins, W. H. Keighler, Josiah 
Small, Francis Burns, Frederick Cray, William 
Hooper, Andrew Gregg, John Bigham, Michael F. 
Keyser, Alexander D. Kelley, John Rouse, Johii 
Sharkey, George A. Davis, Henry Beamer, James 
Williams, Henry Henderson, W. F. Dalrymple, 
Thomas Whitridge, C. D. SlinglufF, John King, Solo- 
mon Hillen, Jr., Thomas Sewell, Edward Williams, 
and James Harvey as incorporators. The institution 
was formally organized on the 16th of April, 1847, at 
a meeting in the Eutaw House, which was attended 
by Robert Garrett, William Reynolds, Joseph Taylor, 
John Dushane, Henry Beamer, William F. Dalrym- 
ple, Leonard Jarvis, John Q. Hewlett, George A. 
Davis, Chauncey Brooks, Edward Williams, George 
Bartlett, Philip E. Thomas, James Harvey, Fred. 
Cray, Alexander Kirkland, Elisha P. Barrows, Wil- 
liam Hooper, Jesse Hunt. Mr. Garrett presided, and 
BIr. Hunt acted as secretary. After the formal ac- 
ceptance of the charter, Jesse Hunt was elected presi- 
dent of the bank, with a board of directors consisting 
of Robert Garrett, Leonard Jarvis, Fielder Israel, 
James Harvey, Thomas Sewell, Jesse Hunt, Henry 
Beamer, M. F. Keiser, Alexander Kirkland, John 
Dushane, William Heald, Joseph Taylor, John Cash- 
ing, William Reynolds, William Hooper, Edward 
Williams, George Bartlett, Fielder Lucas, Jr., Elisha 
P. Barrows, Philip E. Thomas, Francis Burns, Fred. 
Cray, George A. Davis, John Q. Hewlett, Andrew 
Gregg. 

The first secretary was Thomas P. Harvey, who was 
elected in July, 1850; but the office of secretary was 
abolished, and Edward T. Owens appointed treasurer, 
on the 26th of February, 1858. Mr. Owens died sud- 
denly Sept. 20, 1872, in the sixty-third year of his 
age, and was succeeded on the 26th of the same month 
by Wm. H. Dorsey. He, however, served but a short 
time, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, 
Robt. D. Brown, on the 8th of January, 1873. 

Jesse Hunt, the first president, died in December, 
1872, and was succeeded, on the 17th of the same 



month, by William Findley Burns, who still holds 
this position. During the first year of the institu- 
tion's existence the president served without pay, but 
at the annual meeting on the 21st of June, 1848, his 
salary was fixed at five hundred dollars, and the third 
year was raised to one thousand dollars. And the 
whole expenses of the bank from April 26, 1847, to 
Jan. 1, 1850, aggregated two thousand three hundred 
and twenty-five dollars. 

The first location of the bank was at the northwest 
corner of Eutaw and Baltimore Streets, under the 
Eutaw House, in a room the use of which was given 
without charge during the first year by Mr. Garrett, 
the owner of the property. • 

The construction of the present banking-house at 
the southeast corner of Fayette and Eutaw Streets 
was commenced in June, 1857, and was completed in 
December of the same year, the institution being re- 
moved to its new quarters on the 31st of December, 
1857. 

The total amount of deposits during the first year 
was $44,675.16. At present it numbers over 21,000 
depositora, and has between six and seven million 
dollars on deposit. The following statement from the 
annual report of Jan. 3, 1881, exhibits in a striking 
way the present financial condition of the institu- 
tion : 

Amount of funds, Dec. 31, 1879 $6,860,27.X37 

Kecpived from depositors during 1880 1,667,559.58 

Received from interest un loans and dividends on stock, 

etc., during 1880 : 308,006.98 



" for expenses 

imount charged off for premiums paid i 
U. S. and othler securities 



Leaving net funds, Dec. 31, 1880 $6,374,909.56 

Accounts open Dec. 31, 1879 16,828 

during 1880 4,392 

Accounts closed in 1880 2,326 

lining open Dec. 31,1880 18,894 



By its charter the Eutaw Savings-Bank i.s forbidden 
to issue any form of notes or bills for circulation, and 
its by-laws provide that its investments shall be con- 
fined to the purchase of public securities, or to loans 
upon real estate, and such collaterals as may be ap- 
proved by the board of investment. The bank has 
adhered strictly to these regulations, and its invest- 
ments are made only in securities which it would re- 
quire a State or national revolution to shake. Deposits 
are received in sums of not less than one dollar, and 
draw four per cent, interest, with a dividend every 
third year of the surplus, which has often increased 
the earnings of depositors to an average of from six 
and one-half to seven per cent, per annum. 

While the management of the bank has been care- 
ful and conservative from the beginning of its history, 
its present prosperity is largely due to the financial 
and executive ability which have characterized its 
administration. Mr. Burns is a native of this city, and 
was born on the 13th of January, 1820. His father. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Francis Burns, married Elizabeth Highlands, of Phila- 
delphia, Jan. 12, IHIJ), and died on Dec. 28, 1879, in 
the eighty-eighth year of his age. He was of Scotch- 
Irish parentage, and came from Philadelphia to Balti- 
more in his youth, and as early as 1818 laid the 
foundations of a business which not only brought to 
him considerable wealth, but also gained for him and 
for Baltimore a national reputation for the manufac- 
ture of bricks used in the finest and most substantial 
class of buildings. He was for more than thirty years 
a director of the Western, now the Western National 
Bank, and for many years previous to his death was 
one of the most efficient and active directors of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, besides filling various 
other positions of trust in corporations identified w^ith 
the growing interests and progress of Baltimore. 
William F. Burns was educated at Lafayette College, 
Pennsylvania, and in 1836 he returned to Baltimore 
to engage in business with his father. They formed 
a copartnership in 1842, and in 1851 consolidated 
the two firms of Burns & Russell and Francis Burns 
& Son, under the name of Burns, Russell & Co. 
In 1871, Mr. Burns was elected president of the 
Peoples' Gas Company, and so continued until that 
corporation was merged into the Consolidated Gas 
Company in 1880. In 1872 he retired from business, 
and in the same year, as has been said, was elected 
president of the Eutaw Savings-Bank. He was 
elected a director on the part of the stockholders of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 18S0, to fill the 
vacancy occasioned by the death of his ftither, and in 
1881 he was made chairman of the finance committee 
of the board, to take the place of Galloway Cheston, 
who died in that year. He has been for twenty-three 
years a director in the Western, now Western National 
Bank, and is also a director in the Safe Dejjosit and 
Trust Company, the Marietta and Cincinnati Rail- 
road Company, the Consolidation Coal Company, the 
Consolidated Gas Company, and holds other promi- 
nent positions. He married, Jan. 17, 1843, Mary E. 
Ruddach, daughter of Joseph and Rebecca Ruddach, 
and granddaughter of Capt. Daniel S. Stellvvagen, of 
the American navy, who distinguished himself in the 
last war with England in the fighting on Lake 
Champlain. Mr. Burns has but one child, a daughter, 
the wife of Charles Beasten, Jr., of the Baltimore bar. 
Metropolitan Savings-Bank.— The " Beneficial 
Savings Fund Society of Baltimore" was incorporated 
in 1867 ; in August of the same year the bapk was 
opened for business in the basement of the Chesa- 
peake Bank Building, Fayette and North Streets ; its 
incorporators were Francis Neale, George W. Webb, 
Charles M. Dougherty, C. Oliver O'Donnell, Alfred 
Jenkins, Leonard J. Tormey, John Murphy, Luke 
Cassidy, Daniel Donnelly, George V. Hull, John 
Malloy, Wm. F. Dammann, Joseph Judick, John W. 
Jenkins, Daniel J. Foley, Wm. H. V. Smith, Thomas 
J. Myer, Henry Boguc, Joseph Firk, St. John Car- 
roll, IleiHv McCatlhiv, Isaac llartm^in, Tluimas ( '. 



Yearly, Mathias Benzinger, John Piquett, and Pat- 
rick J. Costolay. Francis Neale was elected president, 
and C. C. Shriver treasurer. The bank wa-s removed 
to its present site, northeast corner of Lexington and 
Calvert Streets, after the death of Mr. Neale, and its 
name was changed to the " Metropolitan Savings- 
Bank of Baltimore" in 1876. Mathias Benzinger 
succeeded Mr. Neale in the presidency in 1873, and 
Isaac Hartman succeeded Mr. Benzinger in 1874, and 
is its president at the pre-sent time, with C. C. Shriver 
treasurer, and the following board of managers: John 
W. Jenkins, Luke Cassidy, Daniel Donnelly, E. Aus- 
tin Jenkins, John Malloy, F. Wm. Dammann, Cum- 
berland Dugan, Daniel J. Foley, Thomas J. Myer, 
Henry Bogue, Joseph Firk, Henry Moale, Isaac 
Hartman, Thomas C. Yearly, Henry R. McNally, 
J. J. Turner, John M. Frederick, F. C. Neale, Thos. 
Wlielan, Simon J. Kemp, Michael Jenkins, Alfred 
Reip, John Littig, J. Henry Judick, and J. D. 
Wheeler, Jr. 

The Broadway Savings-Bank was chartered in 
1865, and commenced business on the 12th of June 
in that year. It is situated at 63 South Broadway. 
The officers are Alex. Jones, president ; Thomas H. 
Morris, treasurer ; Philip Allison, secretary ; Directors, 
Wm. H. Cathcart,AVm. B. Jones, Edward W. Robinson, 
E. T. Robb, James Bates, Washington Kelly, John 
Hughes, Wm. C. Orr, V. V. Kleinfelter, and A. F. 
Jones. 

Alexander Jones, president of the Broadway Sav- 
ings-Bank, is the son of Caleb Jones and Mary Ben- 
nett, both of St. Mary's County, where their families 
have resided for more than two hundred years. Mr. 
Jones was born in that county on the 14th of July, 
1809. Losing his parents at the early age of five 
years, he was compelled to seek employment when 
very young. His education was limited to the ordi- 
nary branches of reading, writing, and arithmetic as 
taught in the " old field schools" of the counties. He 
came to Baltimore at the age of fourteen, and ap- 
prenticed himself to a pilot, under whom for seven 
years he followed the business of navigation, and 
perfected himself in all the details of the mastership 
of a sailing-vessel. During his apprenticeship he 
made the voyage to Europe, and several times to the 
West Indies. In 1838 he commanded the brig " Fal- 
con," trading to the West Indies, and remained for 
three years in that trade ; the brig " Ogelthorpe" was 
afterwards under his command in the trade to South- 
ern ports and Cuba; the bark "James Ryder," 
wrecked on the coast of Norway, was at the time of 
the disaster commanded by him ; the " Victoria," as 
well as the " Eleanor," were also commanded by him. 
Having by frugality accumulated some capital, Capt. 
Jones built the brig " Mary A. Jones," so called after 
his first wife. In this ship he made several voyages 
to New Orleans, Liverpool, and the Rio de la Plata, 
and sold the vessel finally in New Orleans. In 1848 
he built the bark "Elizabeth" for the Liverpool 




^'i^-,g>W4 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



trade, in which she was employed for five or six years, 
and then sold in Boston, Mass. In 1853 he built the 
" Isabella C. Jones" for the tobacco trade to Europe. 
In 1858 he built the fine vessel " Gen. Strieker," and 
in 1859, at the solicitation of his family, he withdrew ! 
from tlie quarter-deck to a more retired life at home. I 
He continued to build and run vessels, but not to j 
sail and command them. In 1862 he built the " Su- I 
sie M. Jones," which he afterwards sold in Bremen. 
The " Isabella C. Jones" was lost at sea with all her 
officers and men, except Capt. Wm. Caleb Jones, the 
son of Capt. Alex. Jones. He owned the " Crest of 
the Waves," lost off Hog Island in 1870, and in which 
disaster his son, Capt. Wm. Caleb Jones, perished. 
In addition to the vessels above named, Capt. Jones 
built the " Gamaliel," the " Ellen Stewart," the " Isa- 
bella," the " Alexander Jones," the " Kate Jones," as 
well as several boats of very great power and beauty 
of form and construction, especially the "Mary Shaw" 
and the " Anna Bell." In 1862, profiting by his per- 
sonal experience of the benefits which savings-banks 
confer, he established the Broadway Savings-Bank, 
of which he has been continuously president, and 
serving without pay or emolument. The bank, like 
its founder, has always been safe, reliable, useftil to 
the community, and content to grow slow while it 
grows safe. The first thousand dollars which Capt. 
Jones ever collected together was the deposit in the 
savings-bank, and the accumulation was so quick 
and without any inconvenience to himself that the 
experience gained of the benefit to be derived from 
savings determined him to devote his time and ex- 
perience to building up such an institution. 

Capt. Jones more than fifty years ago connected 
himself with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and 
has always worshiped in the Broadway Church of 
that denomination. The Seamen's Bethel Union, of 
which he has been a director for many years, has al- 
ways benefited by his knowledge of the habits, cus- 
toms, idiosyncrasies, and prejudices of sailors ; of the 
Charitable Marine Society he has also been a man- 
ager for many years. In 1833 he married Ann Shaw. 
The children of this marriage were Elizabeth Ellen, 
married to Capt. Benjamin Franklin Henderson, of 
New Jersey; Susannah, who married John H. Hugg, 
of Baltimore; William Caleb, lost at sea. After the 
death of his wife Capt. Jones married her sister, Isa- 
bella C. Shaw, on the 7th of March, 1850. The children 



of this marriage were Mary Ann, deceased ; Alex- 
ander Franklin; Thomas Bennett, deceased; Isabella 
C, married to William S. Ireland, of New Jersey ; 
Benetta Eugenia, deceased ; and Emma Virginia, now 
about fourteen years of age. 

In person Capt. Jones is of medium height, heavily 
and muscularly built, with a full and friendly coun- 
tenance. His life has been that of a Christian gentle- 
man, earnest and philanthropic, unostentatious and 
unobtrusive, quiet, positive, and faithful towards God 
and man. In politics a firm Democrat, avoiding office, 
except such as those whose duties came within the 
line of his professional life as a member of the Har- 
bor Board. Such a man is an ornament to his 
church and the community in which he lives. 

Maryland Savings-Bank of Baltimore.— This 
institution was incorporated March 25, 1881, and 
began business with the following board of directors: 
William H. Baldwin, Jr., Calvin S. Shriver, Thomas 
Deford, Patrick H. McGill, Jacob G. Stoneburner, 
Edgar G. Miller, Aubry Pearson, J. Franklin Dix, 
John H. Bash, George O. Manning, Thomas C. Bass- 
hor, and Hazeltine G. Vickery. 

Miscellaneous Savings Institutions.— Among 
former banking institutions of Baltimore which passed 
away after an ephemeral existence were the " Com- 
mercial Savings Institution," incorporated in 1832; 
the " Mechanics' Savings In.stitution," which sus- 
pended in May, 1842; the "Minors' Savings Associa- 
tion of East Baltimore," which closed in 1862; the 
" Commercial Bank of Baltimore," which was char- 
tered in 1835; the "Patapsco Savings Fund," which, 
to use the language of that day, " exploded" in Sep- 
tember, 1840; the "American Bank," which was in- 
corporated in 1856, and closed June 19, 1858 ; and the 
" Maryland Savings Institution," which, after an ex- 
istence of about seven years, suspended May 6, 1834. 

In 1840 the following banking institutions sus- 
pended operations; "Real Estate Savings Institu- 
tion," " Foreign and Domestic E.xchange Institution," 
"Patapsco," "Savings," "Mechanics'," "Baltimore 
Savings," " Central Savings," and " City Trust." 
"Orders" of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- 
pany were also issued for large amounts, and coming 
into the hands of speculators at a very low rate, were 
redeemed by the city at their face value for city stock, 
which was then selling for about forty-five cents on 
the dollar. 



TAX ASSESSMENTS (FKOM THE OFFICE OF STATE TAX COMMISSIONER) FOR 
Savings-banks in Baltimore Citv. 



Accounts under Amount lit 
T„,a, Deposits. ^-"''"fnl -le ,„ Tax 



Broadway Savings-Bank of Baltimore $236,2.S5.69 

Central Savings-Banli of Baltimore 1,367,502.00 

Eutaw Savings-Bank of Baltimore 6,225,190.37 

Eastern Mechanics' Savings Institution of Baltimore... 10,372.00 

German Savings-Bank of Baltimore 324,553.83 

Metropolitan Savings-Bank of Baltimore 555,754.90 

Peabody Savings Institution of Baltimore City 12,676.71 

Savings-Bank of Baltimore 14,035,136.00 



823,628.66 $9,482.13 

203,625.00 171,482.00 

461,200.110 2,606,542.37 

10,372.00 

50,117.00 8,460.00 

!!!"!!!!"!!! i'fi'e.i'i 

730,320.00 3,481,386.00 



Value of 
Real Prop- 

$12,960.00 
72,145.00 
67,738.00 



94,683.00 
239,865!oO 



$19,525.00 
164,760.00 
692,ii90.00 



474 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Alexander Brown & Sons.— In addition to the 
incorporated banks of tliis city, tliere are numerous 
strong and substantial individual and partnership 
bankers, through whom large amounts of the floating 
capital of wealthy citizens find investment. The 
oldest of these private banking-liouses is that of 
Alexander Brown & Sons, established in 1811. The 
parent-house of Brown Brothers & Co., in New York, 
John A. Brown & Co., in Philadelphia, and though 
one year younger than that of Brown, Shipley & 
Co., in Liverpool and London, was yet always re- 
garded as the head of the great banking-houses of 
the Browns. Alexander Brown died in 1834, leaving 
a memory fragrant with deeds of substantial business 
kindness and charities. His remark on the occasion 
of a financial panic that " no merchant in Baltimore 
should be allowed to fail who can show he is solvent" 
illustrates both the kindness of heart and the wisdom 
of head that made him the greatest of American 
bankers. His son George continued the firm-name 
of Alexander Brown & Sons, and he too was one of 
the most valuable citizens Baltimore ever had. Fore- 
most in all great and good enterprises, comprehensive 
in his views of business, and expansive in enterprise, 
he was one of the moving spirits that inaugurated the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He died in 18.^9. 
The firm after his death consisted of George S. 
Brown, W. H. Graham, and W. G. Bowdoin, and still 
maintains the high standing imparted to it by Alex- 
ander Brown, the father, and George Brown, his son. 
In 1853, B. IJ. Campbell, a well-known and highly- 
esteemed citizen, cashier of the Patapsco Bank of 
Ellicott City, became connected with the house, and 
the same year Wm. Graham, then of Gittings, Don- 
aldson & Graham, became connected also with the 
firm. Col. Campbell died in 1855. The banking- 
house of Alexander Brown & Sons was formed by the 
late Alexander Brown, who was born in the north of 
Ireland in 1764, and came of that robust and vigorous 
stock which has sent great and grand men all over 
the world, and has notably promoted the prosperity 
of the American republic. Mr. Brown was married 
at Ballymena, Ireland, where all his children were 
born, and where he was engaged in business. In the 
year 1800, leaving his younger children — George, 
John A., and James — to be educated in England, he 
came with his wife and his eldest son, William, to 
Baltimore. He was induced to take this step by his 
brother, Stewart Brown, who had previously estab- 
lished himself in business in Baltimore, and by his 
friend and brother-in-law. Dr. George Brown, who 
had married a sister of his wife, and who, without 
being related to him by blood, bore the same surname, 
and had settled in Baltimore in the year 1783. Al- 
exander Brown brought with him sufiicient capital to 
permit him to undertake the importation and sale of 
Irish linens. Previous to the days of cotton manu- 
facturing on a large scale, these linens were an im- 



portant article of commerce, and I 



;h his de 



ings 



in them Mr. Brown was gradually drawn into a gen- 
eral shipping business, and then into acting as a 
banker for firms and individuals in foreign trade, and 
for persons coming from abroad to this country. 

In 1810, William Brown went to Liverpool, where 
he and his brother James established the house of 
William & James Brown & Co., which subsequently 
became Brown, Shipley & Co., with a branch in Lon- 
don. William Brown for many years represented 
the county of Lancashire in the British Parliament, 
and in 1862 was created a baronet by Queen Victoria 
in consideration of his eminent commercial position, 
and his gift to the city of Liverpool of a munificent 
endowment of a free public library, and the erection 
of a noble building for its accommodation. He died 
in 1864, leaving an immense fortune. In 1811 the 
firm of Alexander Brown & Sons was formed in Bal- 
timore; and in 1818, John A. Brown established a 
branch of the house in Philadelphia; and in 1825, 
James Brown settled in New York and established 
the firm of Brown Brothers & Co. John A. Brown 
retired in 1839, and the title of the New York and 
Philadelphia houses is now the same. Alexander 
Brown and his son George remained in Baltimore, 
and conducted the aft'airs of the parent-house in 
America. So long as the former lived Baltimore was 
the headquarters of all the houses, and several times 
each year, and on all occasions of importance, the 
brothers met here to consult with their father and 
with each other. Thus the widely-ramified business 
was like the parts of agreatmachine working smoothly 
in unison. While all the family were conspicuously 
sagacious financiers, Alexander Brown's was the 
guiding and controlling mind that decided all ques- 
tions of doubt or difficulty. He had had but little 
education in schools and books, but his genius for 
business was of the very first order, and his unassail- 
able integrity made the name of his house respected 
in all the financial centres of Christendom. The 
commercial bills of the Browns have been for years 
as well known and as highly appreciated in the marts 
of the world as those of the Rothschilds. 

Alexander and his son George predicated the future 
of railroads. They saw the vast benefits which would 
result from the construction of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, and in its inception they aided it lib- 
erally with their means, besides devoting much per- 
sonal care and attention to its business, and the ex- 
periments in what was then the novel science of 
railroading. The first meeting of the pioneers in this 
enterprise was held in the parlor of George Brown. 
Alexander Brown died in 1834 of pneumonia, which 
he contracted while presiding over a meeting of mer- 
chants at the Exchange on a very cold winter's day. 
The meeting had been called on the occasion of a 
financial panic resulting from the failure of the Bank 
of Maryland, and Mr. Brown then declared most em- 
phatically that no merchant who could show that he 
was solvent should be permitted to foil. After his 




AaJSS^Sa-TDHIHJ. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



death, George Brown, who was born at Ballymena, 
Ireland, in 1787, became the head of the Baltimore 
house. With perhaps less enterprise than his father, 
he was equally prudent and prescient, and was equally 
indefatigable in his application to business. When 
in 1827 the Mechanics' Bank was carried to the verge 
of insolvency by bad management, he consented to be- 
come its president, and in a short time placed it in a 
more prosperous condition than it had ever known 
before. Curiously enough, years afterwards his son, 
George Stewart Brown, successfully presided over 
the same institution, having been called to the rescue 
of it after it had sustained a serious disaster. George 
Brown was the founder and for some time the pre- 
sident of the Merchants' Bank, and the first presi- 
dent of the Society for the Improvement of the Con- 
dition of the Poor. The House of Refuge was an 
object of his special care. He was one of the origi- 
nal trustees of the Peabody Institute. At the age 
of forty-nine, when he was a merchant and banker 
of the highest standing, he faithfully served in a 
volunteer cavalry company which was raised by the 
citizens after the sanguinary riot of 1835 to pre- 
serve the peace. He died in 1859, possessed of the 
largest fortune ever held up to that time by a citizen 
of Maryland. His wife, Mrs. Isabella Brown, is still 
living at an advanced age. Although her husband 
made no provision for charity in his will, she has car- 
ried out what were known to be his wishes, and many 
thousands of dollars have been expended by her in 
pursuance of them. She built the beautiful Brown 
Memorial Church on Park Avenue. The banking- 
firm now consists of her son, George Stewart Brown, 
William H. Graham, and W. G. Bowdoin. Mr. 
Brown is paymaster-general of the State of Mary- 
land, and has held many positions of trust and honor 
in commercial, benevolent, and religious enterprises. 
He was president of the Baltimore and Havana Steam- 
ship Company, and is a director in the National 
Mechanics' Bank, and a member of the Board of Park 
Commissioners. He has been a manager of the 
House of Refuge since 1859, and for several years of 
the Asylum for the Blind, and also of the Maryland 
Bible Society. He is one of the trustees of the Pea- 
body Institute, and has been connected with the 
Canton Company for twenty-three years, either as 
vice-president or director. He is identified with the 
Young Men's Christian Association, and is the most 
liberal contributor to its support. He has twice 
served the city as a member of the Board of Harbor 
Commissioners and the Commission on Manufactures. 
Mr. Brown is very retiring in his disposition, but 
he is nevertheless a thoroughly public-spirited citi- 
zen, considering that no question relative to the po- 
litical or commercial affairs of the city is unworthy 
the attention of men who have its best interests at 
heart. Without making any display, he accomplishes 
a great deal of good work, and his house is one of the 
financial bulwarks of the city. He inherits the busi- 



ness acumen of his father and grandfather, and sus- 
tains the reputation of the firm which they established. 
He married, in 1857, Miss Harriet Eaton, of New York 
City. They have one son, Alexander, named after 
his great-grandfather. 

Nicholson & Sons.— In 1828 the four sons of Chris- 
topher Nicholson — viz., John J., Isaac L., Gustavus, 
and Columbus — established on the corner of Howard 
and Baltimore Streets, and also on Harrison Street, 
the banking-houses of J. J. Nicholson & Sons, and 
of Isaac L. Nicholson & Co. These firms, like that 
of Alexander Brown & Sons, have never changed 
their names, never encountered financial disaster, 
and from father to son the name and character has 
descended unimpaired, and to-day enjoy solid stand- 
ing and confidence in the community. The elder 
Nicholson never left the legitimate sphere of his busi- 
ness to engage in speculations, never indorsed a note, 
and never had a lawsuit. In 1843, John S. Nichol- 
son was assaulted on the corner of Baltimore and Paca 
Streets, when going home, and robbed of $12,000, 
which, in a tin box, he was carrying home. The gang 
of robbers consisted of five loafers who belonged to 
a volunteer fire company in the neighborhood. The 
robbers were afterwards apprehended on the testimony 
of one of their confederates, and convicted and sent 
to the penitentiary for long terms ; two of them died 
in prison, and the others were pardoned upon the in- 
tercession of Mr. Nicholson. John S. Nicholson died 
Aug. 18, 1879, at the age of seventy-five years. 

Robert Garrett & Sons.— The house of Robert 
Garrett & Sous was founded by Robert Garrett, the 
father of John W. Garrett, president of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad. The senior member of this great 
banking-house was born in the north of Ireland, and 
died from an attack of paralysis on Feb. 4, 1857. His 
parents emigrated to this country when he was about 
eight years of age and settled in Cumberland County, 
Pa., where he resided with them until 1804, when he 
came to Baltimore. He commenced his commercial 
career in this city as a clerk in the store of Patrick 
Dinsmore, in which capacity he remained some four 
years, when he- became a partner in the firm known 
as Wallace & Garrett, which continued up to the year 
1812, when the partnership was dissolved. Mr. Gar- 
rett then removed to Middletown, Washington Co., 
Pa., and entered into business there, but returned to 
Baltimore about 1820, and became actively engaged 
in commercial pursuits. About the year 1836 the firm 
so extensively and favorably known as Robert Gar- 
rett & Sons was formed, and has continued to this 
time, being justly regarded as one of the most opu- 
lent and enterprising financial and exchange houses 
in our midst, having been of late years engaged in 
large and important operations and negotiations for 
corporate companies and individuals. The original 
location was at the warehouse No. 34 North Howard 
Street, and for its own convenience the banking oper- 
ations were connected with the business of the house 



476 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



which in the course of time became the active corre- 
spondents and representatives of George Peabody & 
Co., of London, and of other well-known European 
firms, as well as of many prominent mercantile firms 
in the Westerti States, and held a leading position in 
the commerce of the city. Kobert Garrett, the founder 
of the house, thoroughly appreciated the unlimited re- 
sources and growing importance of the West, as well 
as the geographical advantages of Baltimore, and 
spared no pains in developing commercial relations 
with that section. Robert Garrett was by nature affa- 
ble and courteous in his intercourse with all, either as 
a man of business or socially ; his life, which was one 
of usefulness, was so passed as to command the good 
will of all who knew him. As a benevolent citizen, 
there were few of our charitable institutions at the 
time of his death but were the recipients of his bounty. 
At the time of his death he was a director of the West- 
ern Bank, the Eutaw Savings-Bank, and the Baltimore 
Gas Company. 

His sons, Henry S. Garrett, the eldest, and John W. 
Garrett, were no less alive to the importance of Balti- 
more's trade connections with the Western States, and 
when they became members of the firm threw them- 
selves with great spirit into their father's plans, and by 
their energy and enterprise soon greatly advanced the 
commercial interests of the city, while at the same time 
enlarging the scope of thhir own business. The mem- 
bers of the firm were among the earliest and most 
zealous supporters of all practical measures looking 
to the opening of communications by canal and rail- 
way with all sections of the country, and were among 
the first to grasp the true significance and scope of 
the great railway project which was to link Baltimore 
with the West. The house was subsequently removed 
to its present location on South Street, and became 
exclusively a banking establishment, operating not 
only in stocks, but doing a large foreign business as 
well, the great house of Morgan & Co., of London, 
being among its correspondents. The firm is at pres- 
ent composed of John W. Garrett and his two sons, 
Robert and T. Harrison Garrett. Henry S. Garrett, 
brother of John W. Garrett, for many years a member 
of the firm, died on Oct. 10, 1867, aged fifty years, 
deeply lamented both in business and social circles. 
He was a gentleman of fine business ability, of great 
practical benevolence, and a zealous and liberal sup- 
])<)rter not only of his particular church, but of relig- 
ious work in all its branches. The management of 
the house is chiefly in the hands of T. Harrison Gar- 
rett, who is a member of the Baltimore Stock Board, 
and who is noted not only for his knowledge and 
ability in all matters of business and finance, but for 
his public spirit and cultivated tastes. His library is 
the largest private collection in the State, embracing 
works of the rarest and most unique character, and 
the mo.st complete bibliography of the Baltimore and 
(Jhio Railroad Company to be found in the country. 
His collection^of autograph letters is one of the lar- 



gest and most interesting in the United States, con- 
taining letters of nearly all the prominent historical 
personages of America from the time of Wa-shington 
to the present. Mr. Garret also possesses one of the 
best numismatic collections in the State, and is con- 
stantly adding to his acquisitions in this line. 

Wilson, Colston & Co. — The banking-house of 
Wilson, Colston & Co., 1.34 West Baltimore Street, 
was established in 1867, and is composed of James 
G. Wilson, Frederick M. Colston, and William B. 
Wilson. The members of the firm are both bankers 
and brokers, but the house pays especial attention to 
inveitment securities as distinguished from speculation. 
It does a large business in Southern securities, espe- 
cially in those of the State of Virginia, and is one of 
the leading firms in this branch of business. It has 
also had large experience in handling and introduc- 
ing city and other similar securities of high grade, 
and has won an enviable reputation for the care with 
which all its dealings are conducted. The house is 
thoroughly conservative, carefully avoiding specula- 
tion, and, as a consequence, has a large number of 
depositors and patrons. 

McKim & Co. — The banking-house of McKim & 
Co. was established in 185-5 by William McKim. 
Mr. McKim was the eldest son of William D. Mc- 
Kim. The name of McKim has long been identified 
with Baltimore business. John McKim, the progen- 
itor of the Maryland family, was born in Ireland in 
1670. His son Thomas, the father of John, Alexander, 
and Robert, was born in Londonderry in 1710, and 
came to this country in 1734, and settled in Philadel- 
phia. His eldest son, John, was born in 1742, and 
came to Baltimore a very young man, and established 
a mercantile business on Baltimore Street near Gay. 
He married Margaret Duncan, of Philadelphia. He 
had two sons, Isaac and William D., the former of 
whom became a partner with the father in 1796, under 
the firm-name of John McKim & Co. In 1807 the 
father retired from business with an ample fortune, 
and died in 1819, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. 
Isaac McKim was born July 21, 1775. He took great 
pride in the clipper-ships, of which the " Ann McKim" 
was one of the fastest and most celebrated. He was 
in the war of 1812 aide to Gen. Samuel Smith, and 
advanced fifty thousand dollars to the city to aid in 
its defense. He was a promoter of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, and one of its first Board of Directors. 
He was a State senator, and twice elected to Congress. 
He was a prominent and influential Democrat. He 
died in 1838, at the age of sixty-three. 

William D. McKim, the son of John McKim, was 
born in 1779 in Philadelphia, and came to Baltimore 
with his father in 1785. In 1806 he married Miss Has- 
lett, of Caroline County. He was one of the origi- 
nators of the Baltimore Gas Company. He died at the 
age of thirty-five in 1834. William McKim, his eldest 
son, and the founder of the house of McKim & Co., 
was born Dec. 21, 1808. He was educated in the 




^/?//. /^^y 



5=>x 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



477 



schools of the city and St. Mary's College, and studied 
law with Judge Purviance, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1830. In 1831 he was taken into partnership 
with his father, who retired in the autumn of that j 
year, and Hastell, the brother, was taken into the 
house, and established the Philadelphia branch. On 
.Tan. 1, 1855, he established the house of McKim & 
Co., in which he was engaged at the time of his death. 
He served as a director of the Franklin Bank and 
the Bank of Baltimore, president of the Baltimore 
Marine Insurance Company and of the Northwestern 
Virginia Railroad Company. He was always deeply 
interested in politics, though steadfastly refusing all 
nominations or appointments. He was a member of 
the Whig party during the whole of its existence. 
He was a Unionist during the civil war, but at all 
times endeavored to secure mild measures for the 
Southern people. He died Sept. 11, 1879. 

John A. Hambleton & Co.— The founder of this 
banking-house, Thomas E. Hambleton, was born at 
Abingdon, Harford Co., Md., May 15, 1798, and died 
Aug. 18, 1876. He married, Dec. 2, 1824, Sarah A. 
Slinglufl', daughter of Jesse Slingluff, and sister of 
Jesse Slingluff, president of the Commercial and 
Farmers' National Bank. He was one of the origi- 
nators of the new Board of Water Commissioners of 
Baltimore in 1858, and a member of it until 1861. 
He organized and was the first president of the Mary- 
laud Fire Insurance Company, an institution whose 
financial foundation is as solid as a rock, and one 
that commands the confidence of the community. Its 
administrations have numbered some of the strong- 
est and soundest business men in the city, and its 
stability has never been shaken. Mr. Hambleton 
was an Old-Line Whig up to the commencement of 
the civil war, when his sympathies turned in the direc- 
tion of the Democratic party. He took an active part 
in the establishment of the cotton-factories at Elys- 
ville, Md., and was largely interested in other cotton- 
manufacturing enterprises in the city and its vicinity. 
He established in Baltimore a dry-goods jobbing- 
house, and was widely known as an honorable and 
successful merchant. He was a member of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Church, and a director in the West- 
ern Bank. The ancestry of the Hambletons came 
from the " Hambleton Hills," England, and were 
farmers. In 1659 they were granted a patent for a 
tract of land called Martingham and Williton, in 
Talbot County, Md., which is still held in the family. 
William Hambleton received a commission April 9, 
1778, as captain, and served in the Revolutionary 
army. Samuel Hambleton and John N. Hambleton 
were pursers in the navy, 'the former having been 
commissioned by President Jefferson in 1806. Thomas 
E. Hambleton had seven children, — Jesse S., John 
A., T. Edward, William Sherwood, Francis H., James 
Douglass, and Clara. Jesse Slingluff Hambleton 
went with Walker to Nicaragua and died there, and 
William Sherwood Hambleton died while on his way 



to Japan with Commodore Perry. John A. Hamble- 
ton acquired a good education, and went into the dry- 
goods business with his father, the firm becoming 
Hambleton & Son. T. Edward Hambleton graduated 
at St. Mary's College in 1849, and after engaging 
temporarily in manufacturing and in the provision 
trade, he too was admitted into the dry-goods firm as 
a partner. These two brothers were born at New 
Windsor, Carroll Co., Md., John A. on March 28, 
1827, and T. Edward on May 17, 1829. The dry-goods 
business was successfully prosecuted until the open- 
ing of the war, when the latter's adventurous spirit 
and sympathy for the South carried him to Rich- 
mond. He made several trips to Europe through the 
line of Federal blockaders, and built the steamer 
" Dare," of which he took command. On Jan. 8, 
1862, he was hotly pursued by five men-of-war, who 
forced him to beach his ship on the coast near Debe- 
due, S. C. He set her on fire and made prisoners of 
the boarding-party sent to take her. In 1864 he and 
John A. formed the banking-house of John A. Ham- 
bleton & Co., and for seventeen years it has stood as 
one of the great financial establishments of the city. 
It is noted for its large transactions, and for the energy 
with which it takes hold of important enterprises and 
presents them to the attention of investors. The 
brothers are thoroughly versed in all matters relating 
to commercial and financial interests, and their judg- 
ment upon the condition of the money-markets of 
the world, the actual and prospective value of securi- 
ties, and the opportunities for good investments of 
capital is invariably a safe guide. The reputation of 
their firm is of the very highest nature, and its enter- 
prise reaches out into distant fields and makes them 
tributary to it. They have valuable interests in In- 
dianapolis, Ind., in Colorado, and elsewhere through- 
out the West. Their weekly financial circular is a 
careful and reliable review of operations in the mar- 
kets, and an expression of sound opinion as to the 
future. It is indispensable to financiers, capitalists, 
bankers and brokers, and investors, and has become 
a standard necessity in this community. They have 
negotiated a number of large loans, and confine them- 
selves to a strictly legitimate business. John E. 
Hambleton, in 1855, married Mary E. Woolen, of 
Baltimore, who died in 1872, leaving three children, 
Grace, Bessie, and Bell. In 1874 he married Kate, 
daughter of Gustavus Oljer, of Baltimore. In 1852 
T. Edward Hambleton married Arabella, daughter of 
Maj. Dixon Stansbury, of the United States army, 
who was taken prisoner in Canada in the war of 1812, 
and wounded in the Indian wars in Florida. They 
have had three children, Sallie S., Frank S., and 
Thomas S., of whom only Frank S. is living. 

Francis H. Hamilton is a native of Baltimore City, 
and is a constructing and consulting engineer. He 
was apprenticed in early life in the locomotive-works 
of Ross Winans, and was engaged with the Messrs. 
Winans in the building of their cigar steamships in 



478 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



this country and in Europe, and in tlieir railroad 
work in Russia. In 1870 he returned to the United 
States, and hsis acted in the construction of many 
works whicli have required the highest degree of en- 
gineering skill. He has been elected an associate 
member of the London Institute of Civil Engineers, 
and a member of the American Institute of Civil 
Engineers. He is in the front rank of his profession, 
and is engineer of the Consolidated Gas Company of 
Baltimore. 

J. Douglass Hambleton, who died a few years ago, 
was a lawyer and orator who enjoyed a very large 
practice, and was one of the brightest lights of the 
Maryland bar. In court he was a powerful advocate ; 
his eloquence was pure and free, and he was ever 
ready to champion a righteous cause. It falls to the 
lot of few men in private station to be so sincerely 
and widely mourned as he was. 
. The Safe Deposit and Trust Company of Bal- 
timore was chartered M.arch 10, 18tj4, with Thomas 
Kflso, Jacob Bramdt, J. Alexander Shriver, and Ro- 
bert Lehr as incorporators. It was organized .July .5, 
1867, by the election of Enoch Pratt as its first pres- 
ident. Its first location was in the basement of the 
National Farmers and Planters' Bank, northwest 
corner of German and South Streets. In April, 1874, 
the site of the present building, No. 9 South Street, 
was purchased, and on the 30th of November, 187fi, 
it was occupied for the first time. This company was 
incorporated only two years after the first company in 
New York of the same character. The original name 
under which it was incorporated was the "Safe De- 
posit Company of Baltimore," but by the supplemen- 
tal act of 1876 the name of the corporation was 
changed to the " Safe Deposit and Trust Company of 
Baltimore," and its powers considerably enlarged. 

Its original capital was $200,000; the present cash 
capital of the company, paid up in full, is $500,000. 
Its first president was Enoch Pratt, who served from 
July 5, 1867, to July 10, 1868. He was succeeded by 
Benjamin F. Newcomer, who is still the president of 
the company. 

By its charter the company has power to receive 
and hold in deposit and in trust, and as security, estate 
real, personal, and mixed, including notes, bonds, and 
obligations of States, companies, corporations, and 
individuals, and the same to foreclose, collect, adjust, 
settle, sell, and dispose of, and upon such terms as 
may be agreed upon between them and the parties 
contracting with them. The company is also author- 
ized to accept and execute trusts of any kind which 
may be committed to it, to act as receiver, trustee, 
administrator, executor, assignee, guardian, or com- 
mittee, and to perform all the functions of a /rust as 
well as of a deposit company. 

The Safe Deposit building is the most complete 
structure of its character in the country, and is un- 
surpassed by any similar building anywhere either in 
security or finish. It fronts forty-seven feet on South 



Street, with a depth of one hundred and one feet, to 
an alley ten feet wide in the rear. The south side is 
also bounded by an alley ten feet wide, and a space of 
three feet in width has been left open down to the 
foundation between it and the property on the north, 
thus completely isolating it from all neighboring 
buildings. It is strictly fire-proof, not a particle of 
wood entering into its construction. The foundations 
are of cement concrete four feet thick, laid below 
water level, thus effectually preventing any attack by 
undermining, and -the whole basement floor is formed 
of concrete eighteen inches thick, finished with a ce- 
ment pavement two inches thick. The side walls are 
two and a half feet thick, and the front wall five feet 
thick at ground level. The main floor is constructed 
with heavy rolled-iron beams filled in with brick 
arches, and overlaid with marble tiles two by three 
and a half feet, and two inches in thickness ; the roof 
is constructed of elliptical wrought-iron trusses, with 
wrought-iron rafters, filled in between the spaces with 
fire-proof hollow blocks, over which is a coating of 
French cement, forming a bed for the outer covering 
of slate, which is secured with copper nails. Heavy 
iron bars extend between the upper part of the build- 
ing and the Franklin Bank building, which is a few 
feet higher, to prevent the walls of the latter from 
falling towards the former should fire occur in the 
bank. 

The great burglar and fire-proof vault is the main 
and striking feature of the building, and is a master- 
piece of strength and beauty. It occupies the whole 
width of the room (allowing a passage on each side 
and in the rear), and has a depth of about thirty-six 
feet. The front is of iron, painted in almost perfect 
imitation of bronze. The massive doors are elab- 
orately ornamented with plated and polished bolt- 
work, are three in number, and five feet wide. The 
outer doors are fire-proof, being one foot thick, filled 
in with fine cement concrete, and the two inner doors 
are burglar-proof, consisting of eight layers of welded 
and hardened steel and iron measuring four inches 
thick, secured with two-inch steel bolts on all sides. 
The vault consists of inner walls of steel and iron 
three inches thick on all sides, top and bottom, 
bolted and riveted together with conical twisted steel 
and iron bolts, with square ends riveted flush on the 
inside, and all thoroughly drill-proof. This is en- 
i cased by a solid brick wall two feet thick on all 
I sides, top and bottom, with a space between of one 
foot, filled in with fire-proof concrete made of pure 
cement. 

The present ofliccrs of the company are B. F. New- 
comer, president; Francis T. King, vice-president; 
W. A. Wisong, secretary and treasurer; B. F. New- 
comer, Francis T. King, William F. Burns, W. F. 
j Walter, Henry S. Shyrock, S. M. Shoemaker, and 
I Hollins McKim, directors; Counsel, Edward Otis 
Hinkley. 

Benjamin Franklin Newcomer, president of the 




^^c^< 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



Safe Deposit and Trust Company, was born in Wash- 
ington County, Md., April 28, 1827, and is the son of 
John and Catharine Newcomer, his fatlier having 
descended from a Swiss family that came to Phila- 
delphia in the first quarter of the last century. Some 
of the Newcomers settled in Lancaster County, Pa., 
and from there Christian, Peter, and Henry New- 
comer removed to the vicinity of Hagerstowu, Wash- 
ington Co., Md., where they became the owners of 
large estates. Benjamin F., who is a great-grandson 
of Henry, was born on the old homestead, which is 
still in the possession of the family, and is the resi- 
dence of his mother, who was a Newcomer before her 
marriage. His strongly mathematical turn of mind 
indicated civil engineering as his future profession, 
and for that calling he was educated at the Hagers- 
towu Academy ; but in 1842 his father, in conjunction 
with Samuel Stonebraker, established in Baltimore 
the wholesale flour and grain house of Newcomer & 
Stonebreaker, and sent his son, then but sixteen years 
of age, to take charge of his interest in the business. 
The young man speedily won his spurs as an acute 
and driving merchant, and the house prospered so 
rapidly that for many years its sales aggregated one- 
tenth of all the flour sold in Baltimore. Feeling that 
his early entry into commercial pursuits had pre- 
vented him from obtaining the quality and quantity 
of education which his bright mind craved, he joined 
the Mercantile Library, and became one of its di- 
rectors, spending his evenings in reading, study, and 
attending lectures, including several courses in chem- 
istry, astronomy, and philosophy. When eighteen 
years of age he purchased his father's interest in the 
house, in which he had at that time sole charge of 
its financial and corresponding department. In 1862 
the firm of Newcomer & Co. succeeded to that of 
Newcomer & Stonebraker. With B. F. Newcomer at 
its head it continues to the present day, preserving all 
its old-time prestige, doing a very extensive business, 
and holding fast its honorable reputation. His con- 
siderable surplus capital above and beyond the re- 
quirements of the house has been diverted into rail- 
road and banking enterprises. In 1854 he was elected 
a director in the Union Bank of Maryland, now the 
National Union Bank, and during his whole connec- 
tion with it he was the youngest member of the board. 
When the Corn and Flour Exchange was organized, 
in the year 1853, he earnestly exerted himself to es- 
tablish it on an enduring basis. 

In 1861 he was chosen a director in the Northern 
Central Railway Company, and was soon afterwards 
made chairman of the finance committee, holding that 
position until his resignation in 1875. His services 
were so' highly appreciated that at the annual meet- 
ing of the stockholders in February, 1878, he was 
requested to again become a member of the board. 
Yielding to this imperative solicitation, he was again 
elected chairman of the finance committee, and was 
also made a member of everv committee of which the 



board is composed. From 1867 to 1869 he was one 
of the finance commissioners of the city of Baltimore, 
and in that capacity his business knowledge and 
experience inured to the good of the community. 
Since 1868 he has been president of the'Safe Deposit 
and Trust Company. Mr. Newcomer's qualifica- 
tions as a financier, and his intimate acquaintance 
with testamentary and other laws governing busi- 
ness transactions, render him peculiarly fit for this 
important position. He has been a director in the 
National Exchange Bank, and is now a director in 
the Third National Bank, and the Savings-Bank of 
Baltimore. After the close of the war he acquired 
large interests in various railroads in North and 
South Carolina, and assisted with capital and energy 
in the establishment of the railway system which has 
opened up a new era of prosperity in the South. He 
is vice-president of the Wilmington and Weldon 
Railroad, and a director in the various roads consti- 
tuting the Coa.st Line, the control of which is held by 
himself and his associates. Nearly thirty years ago 
his warmest sympathies were enlisted in behalf of the 
blind, and in 1852 he became one of the corporators of 
the Maryland Institution for Instruction of the Blind, 
the others being Judge John Glenn, Jacob I. Cohen, 
William George Baker, J. Smith Hollins, J. N. McJil- 
ton, and David Langherty. At that time philanthropic 
and scientific effort were busily devising improved 
methods for the education of the sightless unfortu- 
nates, and there was no really good principle or practice 
suggested that was not availed of at the Maryland 
Institution. Its system is now unsurpassed any- 
where, and it has brought happiness, knowledge, and 
ability to work to hundreds of the helpless blind. 
Mr. Newcomer is now its president, and no similar 
institution is more successful in caring for and 
training those deprived of the gift of vision. He 
was married in 1848 to Amelia, a daughter of John 
H. Ehlen, one of the earliest stockholders and di- 
rectors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and con- 
nected with banks and insurance companies. In 1870 ' 
he and Mrs. Newcomer and their eldest daughter, 
who was being educated in Paris, made the tour of 
Great Britain and Southern Europe. In 1877, with 
their three daughters, they made a much more exten- 
sive journey through England and Scotland, and on 
the Continent. Mr. Newcomer is a member of the 
Christian Church. 

He has no aspirations for political life, and is liberal 
in his opinions. His taste in art is excellent, and 
he owns a choice collection of fine paintings. 

Baltimore Stock Board.— Several attempts appear 
to have been made to establish a stock board in Bal- 
timore before the organization of the present board. 
Such an effort seems to have been made in November, 
1830, for on the 26th of that month the Federal Gazette 
published " a new stock-list, furnished by the board 
of stock brokers," and announced that " the list 
heretofore furnished by Messrs. Cohen & Brothers 



480 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



will, at their request, give place to that which will be 
corrected by the board weekly. The formation of a 
Stock Board in this city," the Gazelle continues, "will 
supply a heretofore wanted medium to our capitalists 
of investing superabundant funds. Both the buyer 
and seller will find advantage in the facility afforded 
by a well-regulated market." This first board, how- 
ever, would seem to have come into the financial 
world on call, and to have been called for at a very 
early period of its existence, for this is the first and 
only reference to it to be found. In 1838 an effort 
was made to re-establish the Stock Board, and on the 
26th of February of that year a meeting was held for 
the purpose at the office of William Woodville, at 
which the following gentlemen were present : C. C. 
Jamison, John Barnes, Benjamin I. Cohen, Townsend 
Scott, Jesse T. Peters, Richard Emory, and William 
Woodville. The board was organized by the adoption 
of a system of rules and regulations, and by the elec- 
tion of C. C. Jamison, president ; John Barney, vice- 
president; and William Woodville, secretary and 
treasurer. The record of sales was opened on the 8th 
of March, 1838, and appears to have been stopped on 
the 17th of December of the same year. In the list 
of stocks, among others, we find " Frenchtown and 
New Castle Railroad stock," " Maryland, Baltinaore, 
Neptune, and American Marine Insurance stocks," 
"American Life and Trust Company," "Merchants' 
Fire Insurance," "Screw-Dock Company," "Balti- 
more and Phrenix Shot-Tower Companies," " Water 
Stock," "Maryland and Virginia Steam Navigation 
Company," " Baltimore and Potomac Navigation 
Company," " Alexandria and Georgetown Navigation 
Company," " Rappahannock Navigation Company," 
"Steamboat ' Maryland,' " " Treasury Notes." 

There appears to be no further record of the pro- 
ceedings of this board, which for want of members, or 
from the small business then doing, languished and 
soon ceased to exist.' On Monday evening, Jan. 29, 
1844, a meeting was held at the office of Jesse T. Pe- 
ters, " for the purpose of establishing a Stock Board in 
Baltimore." There were present at this meeting Sam- \ 
uel Winchester, Townsend Scott, David I. Cohen, Is- j 
rael Cohen, Thomas C. Harris, William Woodville, ' 
and Jesse T. Peters. Mr. Scott presided, and a system 
of rules and regulations was submitted by Messrs. 
Woodville and Harris, which was referred to a com- 
mittee, consisting of Messrs. Woodville, D. I. Cohen, 
and Peters, to be revised, and presented at an adjourned j 
meeting to be held at the same place on February 5th. j 
The second meeting was held at the appointed time, i 
with Mr. Scott in the chair, and Messrs. Samuel 
Winchester, William Woodville, D. I. Cohen, Israel 
Cohen, Thomas C. Harris, Josiah Lee, P. H. Coakley, | 
and Jesse T. Peters present. The rules and regula- : 
tions were adopted and signed, and entrance fee for 



new members fixed at twenty dollars. The first offi- 
cers of the board, elected at this meeting, were Wil- 
liam Woodville, president, and Townsend Scott, vice- 
president, who were chosen to serve for a term of three 
months, and to be ineligible for re-election for the suc- 
ceeding term, and Jesse T. Peters, secretary and treas- 
urer for the period of twelve months. On the 29th of 
February the first standing committee of the board 
was elected; it consisted of Samuel Winchester and 
Thomas C. Harris, and the president as chairman 
ex officio, and its members were chosen for twelve 
months from the 5th of February, 1844. At this 
meeting Thomas C. Harris proposed John S. Gittings 
as a member of the board, and on March 1st he was 
duly elected. The admission fee appears at this date 
to have been increased to fifty dollars. On the 23d 
of October of the same year the board rented and oc- 
cupied rooms in the Patapsco Building, on the south- 
west corner of North and Fayette Streets. On the 
12th of August, 1845, the entrance fee was raised to 
one hundred dollars for individual members, and to 
one hundred and fifty dollars for firms of two or more 
persons; and on the 11th of September rooms for the 
use of the board were taken in the Franklin Building 
for two years, at a rent of one hundred and fifty dol- 
lars per annum. On the 8th of January, 1846, the 
admission fee was raised to three hundred dollars for 
a firm of two or more members, and two hundred dol- 
lars for every individual member. 

The economical principles on which the board was 
conducted in those days is illustrated by the follow- 
ing incident. On the 16th of February, 1848, Mr. 
Woodville moved that five dollars should be appro- 
priated for the purchase of a new clock in place of 
the old one, which was worn out. Samuel Win- 
chester opposed the appropriation as an unnecessary 
expense, and said that it would be a very easy matter 
for the secretary to set the clock every day at eleven, 
for he was satisfied that it would keep time until five 
minutes past eleven o'clock, when the roll was called. 
Mr. Woodville's motion was lost without a count. The 
board was, however, fully as "playful" as at present, 
as is indicated by the fact that on March 25, 1848, it 
was resolved " that any member rolling a spittoon 
across the room should be fined fifty cents ;" and on 
the nth of January, 1849, it was ordered that a fine 
of fifty cents should be imposed on any member 
throwing any article across the room. On the 9th of 
August, 1849, elections for president and vice-presi- 
dent were abolished, and members required to serve 
in alphabetical order. Messrs. Coakley and Cohen 
were the first president and vice-president under this 
system. On the 14th of February, 1850, the entrance 
fee for new members was fixed at five hundred dol- 
lars for an individual, six hundred dollars for a firm 
of two, and one hundred dollars for each additional 
member, and on December 23d of the same year the 
board determined to hold two daily sessions. By the 
act of 1841 , ch. 282, it was provided that "if any pereon 



BANKS AND BANKEKS. 



481 



or persons whosoever shall make or enter into any 
contract or agreement, written or oral, for the j)ur- 
chase, receipt, sale, delivery, or transfer of any public 
loan or stock, or the stock of any corporation or in- 
stitution, or other security in the nature thereof, or 
any bill, notes, or other obligations of any corpora- 
tion, institution, or company created or authorized, 
or that may hereafter be created or authorized as 
aforesaid, in which contract and agreement it may be 
stipulated or understood between the parties there- 
unto, his, her, or their agent or agents, that the 
same may be executed or performed at any future pe- 
riod exceeding five judicial days next ensuing the date 
of such contract or agreement, then and in every 
such case such contract or agreement shall be null 
and void," and the person or persons so offending 
" shall upon conviction thereof forfeit and pay not 
less than three hundred nor more than one thousand 
dollars." It was not until this restriction was re- 
pealed by the act of 1853, ch. 353, that the operations 
of the Stock Board assumed any extent or importance. 
On the 18th of May, 1853, a room in the Merchants' 
Exchange (over the post-offlce) was leased for the 
use of the board for five years, at three hundred 
dollars per annum, and on the 13th of February, 
1854, the new quarters were occupied. June 2d of 
the same year it was determined to appoint a perma- 
nent president, and on the 20th of February, 1855, 
the admission fee was raised to one thousand dollars. 
On the 29th of July, 1856, the board voted unani- 
mously to elect on the 1st of August a permanent 
president, at a salary of one thousand dollars, and 
accordingly on that date Samuel Harris, Jr., known 
to the members of the Stock Board as " Judge" 
Harris, was chosen for that position. The following 
were the members of the board June 8, 1857 : Israel 
Cohen, James H. Carter, William Fisher & Sons, 
John S. Gittings & Co., E. M. Greenway, Jr., Thomas 
W. Hall, B. F. Harrison, W. Gilmor Hoflman, John 
Wells Hanson, Samuel Harris & Sons, Samuel 
Harris, Jr., William Key Howard, George C. Irwin 
& Co., Johnston Bros. & Co., Lawrason & Smith, 
Josiah Lee & Co., McKim & Co., McGuan & Bouldin, 
Edward Pittman & Son, Purvis & Co., J. & H. Pen- 
nington, P. H. Sullivan, Joseph A. Sprigg, T. Scott 
& Son, Stokes & Lowndes, J. Marshall Winchester, 
William Woodville & Son, Joseph Wilkins, William 
Woodville, Jr., J. W. Zimmerman, and E. Glenn Fer- 
ine. Under the act of 1842, ch. 257, stock brokers paid 
an annual license of seventy-five dollars, exchange 
brokers one hundred dollars, bill brokers fifty dollars, 
and brokers whose operations required it paid all three 
licenses. The room occupied by the board in the 
Merchants' Exchange was large, with a lofty ceiling, 
and was handsomely fitted up. The desks occupied 
by the members were arranged in two curved rows on 
each side of the raised seats for the president and 
secretary. On the 7th of July, 1857, a committee, 
consisting of Messrs. Cohen, Scott, and Wilkins, was 



appointed to select a suitable building or site for the 
use of the board, and on May 27, 1858, the committee 
was authorized to rent the rooms formerly occupied 
by the Baltimore Club, on the north side of Fayette 
Street, between Calvert and North, for one year, with 
the privilege of five. On the 1st of February, 1860, 
the board numbered thirty-one members. On July 2, 

1861, the president, Mr. Harris, who had been an- 
nually re-elected since August, 1856, gave notice that 
he would resign at the expiration of his term, and on 
the 12th of July the standing committee recommended 
" that the office of permanent president be suspended 
for the present, and that the members serve alter- 
nately each week," and on the 24th this recommenda- 
tion was unanimously adopted. On the 14th of April, 

1862, Messrs. William Fisher, Hoff"man, and Johns- 
ton, appointed to visit Annapolis to make arrange- 
ments for the more speedy transfer of State stocks, 
offered the following report : 

" The committee beg leave to report that, in compliance with the reso- 
lution of the board, they proceeded to Annapolis on Saturday, sacrificing 
themselres to starting at the early hour of seven in the morning, and 
arriving at their destination after a pleasant sail of two and a half hours. 
They proceeded at once to the well-reputed house of Mrs. Green, where, 
having ordered dinner at three, and two ' Sillery Mosseau Heidsicks' to 
be put in cool, they proceeded to the office of the comptroller, where, 
after an interview of some two hours, during which sundry laws, etc., 
were overhauled, they obtained the necessary forms with the assurance 
that every facility would be afforded, etc. Your committee were well 
satisfied by their interview with that officer that he was all right. The 
treasurer was absent from the capital, which your committee learned 
was frequently the case, but the treasurer's clerk was there, and with his 
assistance, together with that of the Governor of the State and the 
three brokers present, the preliminary arrangements for the transfer of 
a. smaifamount of stock were made. Your committee were not much 
impressed^with the way of doing things at the treasury department; the 
fault, we think, rests with the treasurer. Your committee having thus 
by the meridian hour executed the arduous duties confided to them by 
your body, and finding time to hang heavily in the* Ancient City,' de- 
vised sundry measures for killing the remaining three anti-prandial 
hours ; finally the elder member went off with the fogies, the younger 
ones taking a boat and visiting the English corvette ' Racer,' lying in 
the Roads. Of the distinguished reception and hospitable treatment there 
received your committee will not go into detail; suffice it to say it was 
jolhj, as also was the remaining time up to :iJ4 p.m., when, on returning 
to the hospitable liouse of Mrs. Green, we found our elder brother anx- 
iously on the watch for us and eager for the dinner fray. Your commit- 
tee did eat too much dinner, and did drink the two bottles of * Heidsick,' 
and did sleep in the cars on the way home, and did arrive safe, and did 
take a carriage, and did drive to their respective houses, considering it 
not safe to perambulate so great a distance after so great a dinner. At- 
tached your committee submit a statement of the cost of the expedition, 
which amounted to $13. Your committee diffidently would hint an ex- 
pectation of being comfUmented upon the very moderate expendUnre, and 
would beg its comparison with that of a similar committee sent down by 
the City Council, whose expenses, it has been said, amounted to $120." 

The report was unanimously adopted, and the 
treasurer ordered to pay expenses. On the 14th of 
November, 1863, telegraph wire was introduced into 
the board-room and the following message sent to the 
president of the New York Stock Board : 

" We greet thee, Wall Street, through the wire's flash, 
.\nd trust good tidings it will e'er convey : 
WTiether our business be for time or cash. 
Through your assistance let us hope 'twill pay." 

March 31, 1864, the entrance fee was raised to two 
thousand dollars for full membership, and one thou- 



482 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



sand dollars for an alternate. On May 23d of the same 
year the standing committee reported that the prop- 
erty occupied by the board (45 Fayette Street) could 
be bought, and the purchase was directed to be made. 
On the 1st of August the committee reported that 
they had purcliased tlie building, and on the 24th the 
board determined to establish a sinking fund for the 
redemption of the ground-rent and improvement of 
the property. Jan. 11, 1865, the standing committee | 
recommended the appointment of a permanent presi- 
dent at a salary of one thousand dollars, which was 
adopted, and Jos. A. Sprigg was unanimously elected 
to serve until February 6th, when he was re-elected 
for the ensuing year. On the 1st of March, 1865, the 
building committee submitted a plan for a new room , 
for the use of the board, and on June 22d the board 
assembled in its new quarters, in the rear of No. 45 
West Fayette Street, and celebrated the occasion with 
a dinner given by the building committee to the mem- 
bers. At that date the names of but three of those 
who united in the organization of the board appeared 
upon its roll. From the location on Fayette Street 
the board removed to rooms over the Farmers and 
Planters' Bank, South and German Streets, where it i 
remained until the completion of the present Stock 1 
Exchange, on German Street, between South and i 
Calvert Streets, which was formally occupied June 25, ! 
1881, when the old Baltimore Stock Board became the 
Baltimore Stock Exchange. The building was tem- | 
porarily occupied by the Stock Board on June 18th, for i 
the purpose of testing the acoustic properties of the 
main hall, and dealings were made to quite a large 
extent. Previous to the occupation of the new build- ! 
ing a new constitution was adopted, and on the 6th 
of June, 1881, the following officers were elected for 
the ensuing year: President, Hollins McKim; Treas- 
urer and Secretary, Wm. B. Oliver ; Chairman, Geoi-ge 
Gildersleve; Governing Committee, First Class, Jos. 
A. Sprigg, J. Harmanus Fisher, John A. Whitridge; 
Second Class, J. A. Hambleton, Wm. B. Wilson, J. 
Wilcox Brown; Third Class, D. Fahnestock, Alex- 
ander Frank, J. Henry Ferguson, Jr. The president 
and treasurer and secretary are also members of the 
governing committee, which elects a vice-president 
and clerk. The chairman is a salaried officer, and not 
interested in any stock transactions; his duty is to 
call the stocks at the board. The new building was 
erected by the Stock Exchange Improvement Com- 
pany, and was leased to the Stock Exchange, with the 
privilege of investing its surplus in the stock of the 
Improvement Company. 



( ' II A V T !•: 11 
MARINE, KIRK, AND I 



XXIX. 

IFE IN.SURANCE. 



The business of insurance of property and life in 
Maryland is conducted both by home and foreign 
companies. Until the act passed by the General As- 



sembly of Maryland, in 1787, authorizing the incor- 
poration of " a company for the insurance of dwel- 
ling-houses and other buildings from loss of damage 
by fire," to be known as the Baltimore Insurance 
Company, marine and fire insurance was effected in 
Baltimore tlirough insurance agents, who were in- 
dorsed by the merchants of the place as underwriters. 
The following advertisement in the Maryland Gazette 
will convey an idea of the manner in which the busi- 
ness was transacted at that time : 

" Insurance Office, July 29, 1771. 
*' I take thiB method to acquaint alt gentlemen merchautfi, masters of 
aliips or vessels, traders, and others, that I have lately opened an office 
for insuring ships, vessels, and cargoes, on any fair risque at the cus- 
tomary premium, aud supported by a number of gentlemen of probity 
and property as underwriters. Any orders accompanied with the pre- 
mium or credit shall be punctually executed 

"By their very humble servant, 

"Thomas Brereton." 

Similar insurances were effected in policies prepared 
by Hercules Courtney, Capt. Keeports, Thomas Bur- 
bing, and William Knox. Alexander Dorsey also 
advertises in 1782 that he will " keep accurate marine 
lists of arrivals, captures, etc., at his insurance office 
on Market Street, for the benefit of the public;" he 
therefore " requests the assistance of merchants, cap- 
tains, and others, to furnish him with articles, well 
authenticated, of marine intelligence." 

In 1787 the following advertisement appeared in the 
Maryland Gazette: 

" The Baltimore Ensurance Company have obtained from the General 
Assembly of this State a charter by virtue of which they will ensure 
dwelling-houses and other buildings from losses by fire, on certain con- 
ditions. Business commenced on 1st day of September, 1787. 

" Nathan Levy, Itegutey" 

This was the first regular fire insurance company 
chartered by the Legislature of Maryland. On August 
20th of the following year, Mr. Levy, the register of 
the company, gave notice of a reduction of the rates 
of insurance as follows: "The first class on risques 
at the low rate of 12 shillings 6 pence per annum ; 
the second class on risque {o) 17s. 6d. per annum." 
In this year the office of the company was removed 
to the front room of Thomas Hollingsworth's house, 
in Calvert Street, on the site of the present National 
Mechanics' Bank. In 1789 persons desiring to insure 
were requested by advertisement to apply to the act- 
ing directors, James Calhoun, Samuel Owens, and 
Nicholas Rogers. On the 8th of February, 1796, tlie 
first payment due on the shares of the Baltimore In- 
surance Company was completed, amounting to $100,- 
000, notes at six and twelve months being given for 
the remaining $200,000. Shares were extremely high, 
ten to fifteen per cent, advance being offered for any 
number that could be procured. The officers of the 
company in 1796 were James Carey, president ; .Archi- 
bald MOncreif, secretary. The directors were Adrian 
Valk, James Barry, James Carey, William Wilson, 
Stephen Casenorc, William JlcCreery, John Carrere, 
John P. Plciusants, Richard Ciirea, Jr., Aquila Brown, 
Alexander McKim, David Thoniburg. and Nicholas 



MAKINE, FIKE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 



Slubey. The trustee? were James Barry, Richard 
Carson, Jr., William Wilson, John P. Pleasants, A. 
Brown, Jr., William McCreery, and Stephen Case- 
nore. A supplement to the original act was passed 
by the Legislature in 1796, by which the company 
was authorized to insure freights on ships or vessels, 
and goods or merchandise on board of ships or vessels, 
in addition to the articles allowed to be insured by [ 
the original act. 

In the mean time another insurance company had 
been chartered, called 

The Baltimore Equitable Society, incorporated 
by an act of the Legislature passed the 26th of 
December, 1794. Its charter, which was a very 
peculiar one, embodied the constitution or deed of 
settlement of the society, which authorized it to be 
managed by twelve directors of the subscribers to the 
deed. The seventeenth article of the constitution de- 
clared "that the directors for the time being shall, 
with all convenient speed, on all alarms of fire, repair 
to, and if possible convene together at, some conve- 
nient place near where the fire shall be, to consult 
and determine upon such methods of proceeding as 
may in such case most conduce to the safety of the 
society and the public." At a general meeting of this 
society for organization, Feb. 17, 1794, the following 
persons were elected directors for the ensuing year : 
Thomas Lsher, Jr., Joseph Thornburg, Jesse Hollins- 
worth, AVilliam Wilson, Thomas McElderry, Thomas 
Poultney, Philip Rogers, George Prestman, Alexan- 
der McKim, Nicholas Slubey, John Brown, Samuel 
Hollingsworth : Treasurer, Joseph Townsend. In 1796 
the following officers were elected : Treasurer and Sec- 
retary, Joseph Townsend ; Directors, Michael Diffen- 
derffer, Solomon Etting, John Steele, John Brown, 
Richard Lawson, Thomas McElderry, John Hillen, 
William Cole, John McFadon, Joseph Biays, Jesse 
Tyson, and Peter Hofi'man. The oflBce of the company 
was first situated at the house of Joseph Townsend, 
No. 18 West Baltimore Street, near the Centre Market. 
In 1842 it was removed to No. 19 North Street, to a 
building erected by the company. The present office 
is at No. 19 South Street. 

The first policy of the Equitable Society was issued 
April 10, 1794, on a house on the south side of Balti- 
more Street, west of South Street, the property of 
Humphrey Pierce. It is entered in a small book 
made by Joseph Townsend, the first treasurer of the 
society, in the following words : 



To Humphrey Pierce upon his three-story brick present 
dwelling-house, fronting on Baltimore Street, between 
South and CaWert Streets, twenty-seven feet, and nin- 
ning back eighty feet, including the brick kitchen ad- 
joining." 



Joseph Townsend, the first treasurer, also acted as 
secretary. William R. Jones was the next secretary, 
and served until his death in 1857. He entered the 
ofiice in 1811, and the only time during his life that 
he was absent from the ofiice and failed to discharge 



his duties in it, from any and all causes, was during 
the bombardment of Fort McHenry, when he acted 
as signal-master on Commodore Barney's flotilla. 
When he died, Hugh B. Jones, his son, was elected 
secretary in 'his stead. He had been employed in a 
minor capacity from May, 1839, and is still secretary 
of the society. 

When the first treasurer, Mr. Townsend, was blown 
up and killed on the steamer "Medora," Andrew 
F. Henderson was elected. After his death Joseph 
King, Jr., became treasurer, and he was succeeded by 
Frances J. Dallam, who was followed by the present 
treasurer, Francis A. Crook, in 18.')6. John H. Hill 
has been the clerk in this ofiice for fourteen years. 

The Baltimore Fire Insurance Company was 
organized and chartered in 1807, and went into opera- 
tion in 1808. The first president was David William- 
son, and the first secretary Theophilus F. Dougherty, 
both elected in 1808. In the same year Mr. William- 
son resigned, and Charles Ghequire was elected presi- 
dent. David Williamson was re-elected in 1817, and 
was succeeded by William A. Tucker in 1831. Henry 
W. Webster became secretary in 1827, and was suc- 
ceeded in 1832 by Augustus L. Jenkins. In 1839, O. 
P. Wirgman was made secretary, and in 1841, Fred- 
erick Woodworth. In 1850, Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., was 
elected president, and in 1869 he was succeeded by 
Dr. Joshua I. Cohen. In 1870, William G. Harrison 
became and is still president of the company, and in 
1877, Marion K. Burch was elected secretary. The 
company commenced business in an ofiice on South, 
between Water and Baltimore Streets, from which 
they removed to their own building on the southwest 
corner of South and Water Streets. The building 
was completed in 1850, and cost about forty-eight 
thousand dollars. 

The first board of directors, in 1808, were Henry 
Payson, Andrew Ellicott, Isaac Tyson, William Lor- 
man, Peter Hoffman, Jr., James Armstrong, William 
Jenkins, Henry Schroeder, David Williamson, Levy 
Hollingsworth, Robert Carey Long, and William 
Norris. 

The present board are David S. Wilson, Francis T. 
King, William H. Brune, Herman Von Kapfl', T. 
Robert Jenkins, C. Morton Stewart, B. F. Newcomer, 
Orville Horwitz, William W. Taylor, George L. Har- 
rison, William C. Pennington, B. Albert Vickers, 
Mendez Cohen, Samuel K. George, Jr., Samuel S. 
Carroll. 

The Firemen's Insurance Company was origi- 
nally an organization of active and honorary members 
of the Volunteer Fire Department. The stock could 
j only be held by the fire companies forming the insur- 
ance company or the individual members of these 
companies. The company was chartered at the De- 
cember session of the Legislature, 1825, with the 
following incorporators: William Jessop and Isaac 
Hayward, of the Liberty ; George Baxley and George 
Pouder, of the New Market ; William E. George and 



484 



HISTOllY OP BALTIMOKB CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Samuel T. Matlack, of the First Baltimore; Thomas 
Tenant and Elisha Tyson, of the Union ; Erasmus 
Uhler and F. Scylcr, of the United ; Jesse Hunt and 
David U. Brown, of the Washington ; Thomas S. Shep- 
pard and Hezekiah Niles, of the Mechanical ; J. I. 
Cohen, Jr., and Peter Neff, of the Patapsco ; Samuel 
McKim and Richard Reynell, of the Friendship ; 
Rossiter Scott and James Clark, of the Independent; 
William Stuart and William McDonald, of the Vigi- 
lant; James B. Stansbury and Isaac Atkinson, of the 
Columbian ; John Wilson and David R. Wilson, of 
the Deptford ; and James Biays, of the Franklin Fire 
Companies. 

The'company was organized and went into business 
the same year that it was chartered. Its first presi- 
dent was John Hewes ; second, John Reese ; third, 
Henry P. Duhurst; fourth and present president, Gen. 
James M. Anderson, who was elected in 1877. Its 
first secretary was M. N. Forney ; second, Thomas G. 
Rutter; third, Henry P. Duhurst; fourth, Francis J. 
McGinniss; fifth, Marshall Winchester; sixth and 
present secretary, R. Emory Warfleld, who was elected 
in 1879. Its first office was on the north side of Sec- 
ond Street, adjoining the savings-bank. From thence 
it was removed in 1832 to the northeast corner of South 
and Second Streets, where it is at present located. 
The ground upon which the building of this company 
stands is a part of lot No. 58 of the original plat of 
Baltimore Town, and was purchased originally from 
Nicholas Jones for £5. The company issued its first 
policy, for $20,000, to Jacob Albert on the 2d of Au- 
gust, 1826, on a stock of hardware, and the policy is 
still in force, covering personal property of the grand- 
son of the first holder. The first loss sustained by it 
was on the 31st of March, 1827, by the destruction of 
a lumber-yard of Cook & Randall's, on the block 
bounded by Saratoga, Mulberry, Eutaw, and Paca 
Streets. 

Its present officers are James M. Anderson, presi- 
dent; Board of Directors, T. W. Levering, Caleb 
Parks, John G. Reaney, J. M. Anderson, Frederick 
Achey, J. Alex. Shriver, Jos. Jas. Taylor, George 
Franck, James Myer, Thos. J. Wilson, Wm. H. 
Brown, Gustavus Nicholson, Gustavus A. Dorgan, D. 
E. Woodburn, James Bates, Hugh W. Bolton, Wm. 
H. Vickery, Edwin F. Abell, Wm. H. Ford, Wm. 
Whitelock, A. Jos. Myers, Edwin L. Jones, Fr. E. S. 
Wolfe, Wm. A. Boyd, George A. Blake, James R. 
Clark, James Shuter, Thomas P. Stran, George R. 
Berry ; R. Emory Warfield, secretary. 

The Merchants' Mutual Insurance Company- 
was organized and incorporated Feb. 14, 1846, with 
the following incorporators : Wm. E. Mayhew, Johns 
Hopkins, John Dushane, Wm. H. Beatty, George W. 
Richardson, Solomon Corner, Thos. P. Williams, Na- 
than Rogers, and Marcus Denison, the charter to run 
for thirty years. The charter was several times 
amended, and in 187r) it was reissued. The first pres- 
ident was Capt. Wm. D. Graham, who served to April, 



1863. The second president, Richard Fisher, was 
elected in 1863, and served one year. The third pres- 
ident, Allen A. Chapman, was elected in 1864, who 
was succeeded by George B. Cole, April, 1870, wlio 
had been the secretary of the company from its ori- 
gin, and is still the president. The handsome pressed- 
brick and Ohio stone building, No. 42 Second Street, 
Baltimore, was erected by the company at a cost of 
fifty thousand dollars. It was finished and occupied 
by the company April 1, 1876. 

The assets of the company are estimated at $340,- 
000. Its business is confined to coastwise risks and 
marine insurance. 

The present board of directors is composed of 
George J. Appold, C. L. Gill, S. M. Hoogewerff, John 
T. Brown, George B. Coale, Daniel J. Foley, P. T. 
George, Joseph W. Jenkins, P. H. Macgill, D. H. 
Miller, John W. McCoy, John W. Num.sen, Faris C. 
Pitt, Wm. H. Perot, Joseph Rogers, Jr., J. Henry 
Stickney, C. Morton Stewart, Samuel M. Shoemaker, 
Henry C. Smith, James W. Tyson, George A. Von Lin- 
gen, Thos. Whitridge, Hiram , Woods, Wm. Wood- 
ward, Wm. Whitelock. George B. Coale, president ; 
Wm. E. Morris, secretary. 

The Associated Firemen's Insurance Company 
was chartered by the Legislature in March, 1847, and 
went into operation in October of the same year. The 
officers first elected were: President, John R. Moore; 
Secretary, John Dukehart ; and William A. Hack, 
Robert Starr, George Harman, Daniel Super, Wil- 
liam H. Stran, Allen Payne, John B. Seidenstricker, 
Richard Mason, James Wheden, .lohn Q. Hewlett, 
James Young, George C. Addison, G. W. Flack, 
John Bingham, H. E. Barton, and John A. Diffen- 
derffer, directors. In January, 1865, William E. 
Hiick was elected president. He was succeeded by 
Thomas J. Flack, who in turn was followed by the 
present president, John Cushing, in 1872. John C. 
Boyd, the present secretary, succeeded Mr. Dukehart 
in 1872. The company's first place of business was at 
No. 12 South Street. It subsequently erected the 
handsome building No. 4 South Street, to which it 
removed in 1854, and which it still occupies. The 
present board of directors are Jacob Trust, A. Rie- 
man, John Cushing, Edward Connolly, S. H. Caughy, 
James Whiting, Capt. Alexander Jones, William 
H. Perot, G. H. Williams, Joseph Grinsfelder, Wil- 
liam Baker, Jr., Clinton P. Paine. I. S. George, 
E. K. Shaeffer, James W. Flack, Benjamin F. Ben- 
nett, Frank Frick, William J. Hooper, Michael Jen- 
kins, L. W. Gunther. This company's stock was 
originally held only by active and honorary members 
of the Volunteer Fire Department, but since the es- 
tablishment of a Paid Fire Department this restric- 
tion hiis been removed. 

The National Fire Insurance Company was or- 
ganized in 1849, and chartered by an act of the Leg- 
islature passed Feb. 13, 1850, with the following in- 
corporators : John Pickell, Nicholas L. Wood, James 



MARINE, FIRE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 



485 



Frazier, Joseph J. Speed, Job Smith, Z. Collins Lee, 
George E. Sangston, Samuel K. George, Henry A. 
Thompson, John W. Ross, Coleman Yellott, G. A. B. 
Spreckelson, and William H. Conkling. The first 
president was Col. John P. Pickell ; William Schroe- 
der, secretary. In 18.53, John B. Seidenstricker was 
elected president, and Henry C. Landis secretary in 
1859, with William C. Jennep clerk. The first direc- 
tors of the company were William H. Conkling, Al- 
len A. Chapman, Adam Denmead, Samuel Fenby, 
Samuel K. George, Zed. Collins Lee, John W. Ross, 
George E. Sangston, George A. B. Spreckelson, Jo- 
seph J. Speed, Job Smith, and Nicholas L. Wood. 
The first building occupied by the company was on 
South Street, where the Safe Deposit Building now 
stands, from which it removed to South opposite 
Second Street. In 1869 the ofiice was removed to its 
present location on the northwest corner of Holliday 
and Second Streets, where the company had erected 
a handsome building at a cost, for ground and build- 
ing, of sixty thousand dollars. The company com- 
menced business with a cash capital of $70,000, which 
was increased by dividends and profits to $100,000, 
and -subsequently $100,000 was added by subscription, 
making its present assets $310,395. The dividends 
when the cash capital was $100,000 were twenty per 
cent, per annum, and when .f 200,000 ten per cent, per 
annum. The total amount paid in losses by fire 
since the organization of the company has been 
11,023,065.68. The dividends declared amount to 
$381,352.65, and the premiums received to $1,822,872.- 
60. The present officers are John B. Seidenstricker, 
president ; Board of Directors, Henry M. Bash, Wil- 
liam Woodward, R. J. Church, George Small, Hugh 
Sisson, Robert Lawson, Oliver A. Parker, Robert 
Lelir, George C. Jenkins, George Sanders, John H. 
Heald, Frank P. Clark ; H. C. Landis, secretary. 

The president of the company, John Barnhart 
Seidenstricker, was born in Baltimore on the 12th of 
December, 1809. His father, Daniel F. Seidenstricker, 
emigrated to this country in 1765 from the Palatinate 
of the Rhine, and was married Jan. 14, 1795, to Eliz- 
abeth Barnhart, whose mother, Anna (Delterer) Barn- 
hart, was born Dec. 21, 1756, and died in 1836, aged 
eighty years. 

Jlr. Seideinstricker's great-grandfather on the ma- 
ternal side, George Philip Delterer, died Aug. 23, 
1770. Daniel F. Seidenstricker, the father of John 
Barnhart, died in 1810, while the latter was an infant, 
leaving a widow with five children, — Frederick, Mary, 
Ann, Sophia, and John B. Seiden.stricker. Mr. Sei- 
denstricker's grandmother escaped from Wyoming at 
the time of the slaughter of its inhabitants by the 
Indians, for whom she entertained great hostility 
during her life. 

At his father's death Mr. Seidenstricker was left to 
the care of his uncle, John Barnhart, who discharged 
the trust in such a manner as to excite the lasting 
gratitude of the object. 



John B. Seidenstricker has been married twice, first 
to Miss Sarah Reisinger, at Carlisle, Pa., in 1831, who 
died in 1850, aged forty-one years, leaving four chil 
dren, — Albert B., who is married and resides in Bal 
timore ; Emily, who married W. A. Leitch, also re 
siding in Baltimore ; Henry, who is married and re 
sides in Buffalo, N. Y. ; and Charles, still single, 
Mr. Seidenstricker married the second time, in 1851. 
Miss Mary H. Cragg, by whom he has had four chil- 
dren, — Lizzie, married to Edward Hartman ; Annie 
L., married to the Rev. M. F. B. Rice, of the Metho- 
dist Church; and Mary H. and John B. Seiden- 
stricker, Jr. John Barnhart educated John B. Sei- 
denstricker at private schools in Baltimore, and when 
about thirteen years of age took his ward under his 
special care and taught him his own craft, that of 
painting, ornamental, sign, etc. He remained with 
his uncle until he was nineteen years of age, when 
the teacher installed the pupil in his business and re- 
tired. John Barnhart was a fine artist, and after 
turning over his' business to his nephew and ward, he 
amused and occupied the remainder of his life in 
various mechanical pursuits, among which was the 
manufacture of church and parlor organs. 

j Mr. Seidenstricker pursued the vocation of a painter 

I until shortly after his marriage, when he purchased a 
stock of drugs and conducted a drug and paint-store, 
which he continued until 1841, when he was appointed 
collector of taxes for the city of Baltimore and the 
State of Maryland. He held this position until 1844, 
when he commenced the hardware business, and con- 
tinued in that occupation until 1853. In that year he 
was elected president of the National Fire Insurance 
Company of Baltimore, which position he still holds. 
In his youth Mr. Seidenstricker's habits were stu- 
dious. His leisure was employed in reading history, 
and he claims to have derived great advantage from 
a debating society to which he was attached, fitting 
him for the many public positions he has since held. 
In 1828 he was a decided supporter of Gen. Jackson, 
although not old enough to vote, and organized a 
company of youths of his own age, uniformed in 
white, known as the "Jackson Association," all of 
whom marched in a body in the great mechanical 
procession to lay the corner-stone of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad. Of that association but eight 
are now living. The banner of this association, a 
very handsome one, was sent to France to Gen. La- 
fayette. His first vote was cast for Gen. Jackson for 
the Presidency of the United States in the second 
race, and he sustained him with all his ability in 
every public act of his administration. Mr. Seiden- 
stricker voted for every Democratic candidate for the 
Presidency thereafter, including John C. Brecken- 

i ridge, up to the time of the civil war. He says, " I 
always admired and held closely to the domination 

I of the people, and hence the motto then printed at 
the head of one of the party papers met my cordial 
approbation, — 



486 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and hence when I found the Confederates of the 
South were intent on dissolving the Union, that their 
success involved the utter destruction of life-long 
opinions, I adhered to the men who would hazard 
everything to maintain the Union sentiment, and who 
finally succeeded in saving our Constitution from be- 
ing destroyed. I am a Democrat of the Jackson 
school, and so I wish it distinctly understood, and 
exerted every power and influence I possessed to save 
our country." 

Mr. Seidenstrieker was a member of the First Branch 
of the City Council in the years 1835, 1836, 1837, and 
1838. During his service the bank riots occurred. 
Jesse Hunt, the mayor of the city, convened a number 
of the councilmen and influential citizens, among 
them Mr. Seidenstrieker, to consult as to the best plan 
to subdue the mob. Mr. Seidenstrieker, in speaking 
of this event, says, " I remember well the general 
alarm which pervaded the entire community. At 
this convention William George Eeid, Esq., urged 
that the convention should proceed, each with a mace, 
and upon its exhibition to the rioters they would so 
respect it as to quietly disperse. Other suggestions 
were also made, among them by Dr. Thomas Bond, 
sustained by J. P. Heath, Esq., that to meet the mob 
with muskets would more likely subdue it. The mace- 
party idea wa-s adopted. The rioters and their sym- 
pathizers, of which there were many, simply laughed 
at the idea of being put down with ' rolling-pins.' 
Mr. Hunt, fearing the mob, resigned the ofiice of 
mayor, wlien Gen. Samuel Smith, at the Exchange 
Rotunda, called upon the people to ' follow me,' and 
immediately the mob vanished." In the First Branch 
of the Council, Mr. Seidenstrieker was chairman of the 
Committee on Ways and Means, Committee of Inter- 
nal Improvements, and many other committees, and 
finally president of the Branch. He oft'ered the cel- 
ebrated ordinance authorizing the subscription by the 
city of Baltimore of three million dollars to the 
capital stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
He was appointed by the mayor and City Council, 
together with F. Lucas, Jr., Col. Samuel Moore, 
David Stewart, A. G. Cole, and R. J. Cross, to issue 
three hundred thousand dollars in small currency to 
supply the people with change during the suspen- 
sion of the banks, and prevent the circulation of spu- 
rious individual notes. This currency, of the denom- 
ination of six and one-quarter, twelve and one-half, 
twenty-five, fifty, seventy-five cents, and one and two 
dollars, was a great relief to tirade at the time. It was 
receivable for taxes, and for awhile the banks received 
and circulated it. It has all been redeemed, except 
such as is held as mementoes. 

Mr. Seidenstrieker was also the author of the reso- 
lution which resulted in the establishment of the 
High School. He always took groat interest in every 
public iini)rovement, and niilcd inatcrially in obtain- 



ing a loan of six hundred thousand dollars for the 
Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Company. In 
1853 and 1854, and again in 1857 and 1858, he wa.s 
elected to lln- Sec. hi. 1 r,raiicli ..f tin- f'ity Council, and 
during th..-.' -, — i..ii~ »a~ Ih. pr.-i-lmt tlierccf. 

In tli..>,- >.ar, !„■ ,,n-|.a,v.l au.l |.n sriiled the ordi- 
nance authorizing the loan by the city of five million 
dollars to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, less ten 
per cent, reserved as a sinking fund, in lieu of an 
ordinance that had previously been pas.sed which 
provided for the indorsement by the city of the bonds 
of the company, which for certain reasons the com- 
pany did not accept. 

The Paid Fire Department of Baltimore was the 
result of a resolution prepared by Mr. Seidenstrieker, 
but presented to the Council by a fellow-member, it 
being his habit to originate and prepare ordinances 
and have them presented by a member, as he was 
generally the president of the branch. 

He was elected a member of the General Assembly 
of Maryland in the fall of 1839 and 1840, and served 
two years in that capacity. 

During the time Mr. Seidenstrieker was collector of 
State taxes, in 1841, 1842, and 1843, there was a dis- 
position in several counties to repudiate the State 
debt, especially in Harford and Carroll Counties. 
When the State tax bills were ready for distribution 
a gentleman with whom he was well acquainted came 
to the office and paid his city bills, and then remarked 
that he would not pay his State tax bill- because it 
was unconstitutional for the State to levy and collect 
a tax to pay for internal improvements. Mr. Seiden- 
strieker asked him if he had the means to pay the 
State tax with him. He replied, " Yes, but I will 
not do it for the reasons I have stated." Mr. Seiden- 
strieker immediately in his presence ordered a bailifl" 
to go to his residence and levy on his furniture for 
the bill and remove the goods. The gentleman 
looked surprised, and said, "Are you in earnest?" 
Mr. Seidenstriker replied, "As you are a personal 
friend, I will levy on you first, and before you get 
home this officer will be there." " Oh, well," said 
I the gentleman, " I guess I will pay it rather than 
have any trouble." " And this," Mr. Seidenstrieker 
adds, in narrating the incident, " was the end of re- 
pudiation in Baltimore." 

Mr. Seidenstrieker has served as a judge of the 
Appeal Tax Court, assessor of property several times, 
and visitor to the jail of Baltimore City and County. 
He was one of the first subscribers and directors to 
the House of Refuge for Boys and Girls. He is a 
director in the Central Savings-Bank, and has been 
since its commencement. 

He was one of the first commissioners of the city 
of Baltimore to execute the draft for the Federal 
army during the late war. He acted by appointment 
of Governor Swann as pension agent for Baltimore of 
the widows of the soldiers of 1812, and performed 
this service gratuitously. 



MAKINE, FIRE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 



487 



Mr. Seidenstricker has been for many years a mem- 
ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is at- 
tached to the Madison Square Church of that denomi- 
nation. He has devoted much of his time and at- 
tention to the Sunday-schools, in which he has been 
for years a teacher. Since his election to the presi- 
dency of the National Fire InsuranceCompany of Bal- 
timore, he has devoted his energies solely to the welfare 
of that company. He has lived through a long and 
eventful period in the history of Baltimore, and has 
figured conspicuously in the most important epochs 
of that history, always trusted on account of his 
sound judgment and disinterested action. He has 
been all his life a close reader of history, literature, 
and the current topics and news of the day. With a 
pleasing address, a thorough command of chaste Eng- 
lish, large experience, and genial manners, he is one 
of the most agreeable conversationalists in the State. 
Thoroughly versed in men and affairs, of liberal, 
comprehensive sentiments and opinions, it is not a 
matter of wonder that his fellow-citizens have so often 
pushed him to the front in matters of moment. 
Deeply attached to his friends, his church, city. State, 
and government, in easy circumstances, at peace 
with man and God, he can look back on a useful life, 
and is spending a green and hearty old age with a 
happiness allotted to a very few. He is still in the 
full powers of mind and body, and attends to all 
his duties with the regularity that has characterized 
him through life. 

The Howard Fire Insurance Company was char- 
tered in February, 1856, and organized under the 
charter in June of the same year. The following 
gentlemen composed the incorporators: Andrew 
Eeese, Benjamin Price, William W. Foss, James M. 
Ponder, George Sauerwein, C. Howard Rogers, Henry 
C. Spilman, J. F. Dix, Henry J. Werdebaugh, Charles 
W. George, Stephen Tracy, William Shaeffer, Philip 
B. Rau, John Lawton, John L. Reese, Jr., George T. 
Hadtler. 

Andrew Reese was the first, and has been the only, 
president of the company. The original directors 
were Mathias Benzinger, Aaron Fenton, William Ort- 
wine, Charles W. George, James M. Pouder, Samuel 
R. Smith, Augustus Schriver, Henry J. Werdebaugh, 
George P. Thomas, C. Howard Rogers, Otho W. Eich- 
elberger, and Charles Hoffman. Its first place of 
business was at the corner of Howard and Clay Streets. 
The company moved from there to its own building 
at the northwest corner of South and Water Streets 
in 1859. In 1856, G. Harlan Williams was elected 
secretary, at a salary of five hundred dollars per an- 
num, and the same year the salary of the president 
was fixed at one thousand dollars. The present board 
of directors are Andrew Reese, president; James 
M. Pouder, H. J. Werdebaugh, Dr. E. H. Perkins, 
Samuel Appold, Samuel T. Hatch, William Ortwine, 
Dr. C. O'Donovan, John L. Lawton, John S. Morris, 
John Ferry, Walter B. Brooks, Henrv Smith, and J. 



H. Katzenberger, secretary. The company com- 
menced business with a cash capital of $13,500, which 
was increased in 1864 to $100,000, and in 1866 to 
$200,000. The company has passed but one dividend, 
that of 1861. With this exception, it has declared a 
dividend of twelve per cent, every year since its for- 
mation. 

The American Fire Insurance Company was or- 
ganized and chartered in February, 1858, with the 
following gentlemen as incorporators: James S. Arm- 
strong, William Welsh, David Ball, Augustus P. 
Webb, William J. Hiss, Robert C. Armstrong, Nich- 
olas L. Wood, William H. Welsh, Eli Ross Horner, 
Richard D. Shields, Edward C. Thomas, John E. 
Hobson, Otho W. Eichelberger, John W. Welsh, and 
John T. Ford. 

The first president, elected in 1858, was James L. 
Armstrong, with Victor Clunet secretary. In 1880, 
A. R. Cathcartwas elected president, and the present 
secretary, D. C. Chapman, in 1879. The first office 
was on Second Street, and the second No. 6 South 
Street. The company is at present temporarily occu- 
pying an office at No. 19 South Street, but is erecting 
a building at No. 6 South Street, which it will occupy 
when completed. The present board of directors 
are A. Roszel Cathcart, president ; J. J. Turner, Wil- 
liam J. Rieman, William Buckler, Charles W. Slagle, 
Edmond Wolf, Ernest Knabe, Frank Burns, Jr., Jo- 
seph Edmondson, William S. Young, William Schloss, 
E. Levering, W. H. Baldwin, Jr., L. Sinsheimer, Jo- 
seph Fink, Bernhard Clark, James A. Gary, George 
W. Hildebrand, Christian Devries, John Q. A. Hol- 
loway, E. D. Bigelovv, John J. Rogers, John D. 
Kelley, Jr., W. Abrahams, D. D. Mallory. 

The Maryland Fire Insurance Company was 
formed in 1859, and chartered by the Legislature the 
same year, with James S. Gill, Charles L. Oudisluys, 
Frederick Fickey, Jr., J. J. Turner, Howard Heald, 
Samuel S. Addison, J. J. Abraham, Jehel Fisher, 
George F. Sloan, Otis Spear, James Lownds, and 
Joseph Matthews as incorporators. The first presi- 
dent was Thomas E. Hambleton, who was succeeded 
in 1871 by John Stellmau, who was followed in the 
same year by Joseph K. Milnor. William R. Barry 
was elected president in 1879, and still holds that 
office. The first secretary was Otis Spear; the second, 
Joseph K. Milnor, elected in 1864 ; third, George R. 
Musselman, elected in 1871 ; fourth, John M. Beck, 
present secretary, who was elected in 1874. The first 
directors were Enoch Pratt, John J. Abrahams, Ross 
Campbell, William Hopkins, John A. Hambleton, 
Frederick Fickey, Jr., George L. Sloan, James 
Hooper, Jr., John Stellman, Jeremiah Fisher, F. W. 
Bennett, E. W. Robinson. The first office was on the 
northwest corner of Second Street and Tripolett's Alley, 
from whence it was removed to its present location at 
the northeast corner of Second Street and Post-Office 
Avenue. The present ofiicers are William R. Barry, 
president ; Board of Directors, Richard J. Baker, 



488 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Enoch Pratt, Solomon King, William H. Milliken, 
E. W. Robinson, Washington Booth, C. H. Koons, 
William M. Buscy, J. B. Brinkley, Samuel Snowden, 
Henry Wilocix, .I;uncs K. Tyson. 

The Peabody Fire Insurance Company was or- 
ganized in 1802, and chartered at the January session 
of the Legislature in the same year, with the following 
incorporators: Galloway Clieston, Enoch Pratt, Henry 
D. Harvey, John H. B. Latrobe, Thomas Whitridge, 
William Kennedy, Austin Dall, James Carey, Jesse 
Tyson, and Peter Mowell. Its first president was 
George Carey ; secretary, James McEvoy ; second 
president, Galloway Che^ton ; third, Thomas J. 
Carey ; second and present secretary, Richard B. 
Post. The office of the company is situated at No. 
55 Second Street. Its present board of directors are 
Enoch Pratt, Thomas Whitridge, Jesse Tyson, James 
Carey, John H. B. Latrobe, Henry D. Harvey, Francis 
T. King, Francis Wliite, Richard Cromwell, and 
James Bates. 

The Potomac Fire Insurance Company was 
chartered by the Legislature on the 20th of March, 
1867, and organized in May following with the fol- 
lowing incorporators: Samuel Townshend, Thomas 
Whelan, Jr., John Ahern, Thomas Ellis, Samuel 
Black, Benjamin F. Swayne, Samuel H. Gover, 
James Whiteford, Michael Roche, Isaac W. Jewett, 
Benjamin G. Tubman, William Turner, Edward 
Feinour, John B. N. Berry, Charles Goldsborough, 
John Jewett, Jr., William McCann, Joseph W. Dun- 
can, and James A. Doyle. 

The officers elected in 1867 were: President, Isaac 
W. Jewett ; Vice-President, James Whiteford ; Secre- 
tary, R. Lewis Whiteford. Mr. Jewett is still presi- 
dent, with James M. Girvin vice-president, and Ed- 
ward A. Schobban secretary. The company first 
occupied an office on South Gay Street, but subse- 
quently moved to its own building, No. 15 Post-Office 
Avenue, where it is still located. The present board 
of directors are E. G. Hipsley, John Moore, Thomas 
Whelan, Luke Tiernan, Joseph C. Townshend, Isaac 
Albertson, H. Page Dyer, John Jewett, C. Lewis 
Dunlap, John Boyd, and Henry Page. 

The Home Fire Insurance Company was organ- 
ized in January, 1807, and chartered by the Legisla- 
ture March 1st of the same year, with the following 
incorporators : Hiram Woods, Jr., Hamilton Easter, 
A. Fenton, Geo. P. Thomas, R. R. Kirkland, John 
Cugle, James Boyce, O. DiifenderfTer, and G. H. 
Williams. Its first president was G. Harlan Wil- 
liams, who still retains that position ; first secretary, 
James Owens, deceased, who was succeeded by the 
present secretary, Wm. R. Fluharty. The first board 
of directors was composed of Hiram Woods, Jr., Ham- 
ilton Easter, R. R. Kirkland, James Boyce, O. Difien- 
derffer, Geo. P. Thomas, John Cugle, G. Harlan Wil- 
liams, W. H. Perkins, M. Wcisenfeld, John Cas- 
sard, Lewis Turner, James Webb, Ferdinand Meyer, 
and James L. Barbour. The present board of direc- 



tors is cMiipo-iil of the same gentlemen, with the ex- 
i(|'ii"ii of Ilaiiiilton Easter, R. R. Kirkland, John 
C'uijlr, .M. W risenfeld, and James Webb, who have 
retired, and have been succeeded by John Cassard, 
Jackson C. Gott, Chas. Markel, Geo. H. Pagels, Thos. 
Shields, and Joseph Friedenwald. The office of the 
Home Company is located at No. 10 South Street. 

The German-American Fire Insurance Com- 
pany was organized on the 10th of June, 188(1, under 
the general incorporation laws of the State, by Ernest 
Hoen, John Rose, John F. Nelker, Peter F. Peters, 
Andrew F. Schroeder, Clemens Ostendorf, Philip 
Sinsz, and Geo. N. Flack. The present officers of 
the company are : President, Ernest Hoen ; Vice-Presi- 
dent, Martin Kesmodel ; Secretary, Henry Vees. The 
company occupies an office in the handsome building 
on the southeast corner of Baltimore Street and Post- 
Office Avenue. 

The Mutual Fire Insurance Company, in Balti- 
more County, was organized and chartered in 1850. 
James L. Ridgely w;is the first president. Dr. Walter 
T. Allender the second ; when again James L. Ridgely 
was made president, and still serves in that capacity. 
George W. Niss was the first secretary, who was suc- 
ceeded by Francis Shriver, the present secretary, 
treasurer, and agent. The office of the company is 
located in the Knaff Building, No. 29 Holliday Street, 
Baltimore. 

Policies in force March 1, 1881 4100 

Itisks in force Maicll I, 1881 $10,766,138.00 

Piemium notes in force March 1, 1881 624,189.54 

Disbursements during the year 11,345.45 

Losses by Are 15,161.75 

To cash balance on hand March 1, 1881 2,019.08 

820,426.28 

Casli and invested funds of the company $38,493.77 

Deduct for liabilities of the company 4,100.00 

Net a^sests $34,393.77 

Add premium nolo capital $624,189.54 

Whole amount applicable to meet losses by fire $658,583.31 

Directors for 1881, James L. Ridgely, Pleasant Hun- 
ter, John L. Turner, Thomas A. Matthews, Edward 
S. W. Choate, John E. Bull, Henry L. Fringer, Dr. 
Isaac N. Dickson, F. H. Orndorfl', Joshua Yingling, 
John H. Chew, Dr. Thomas J. Franklin, Joshua 
Biggs. Executive Committee for 1881 : Thomas H. 
Matthews, Joshua Biggs, Edward S. W. Choate, 
Joshua Yingling. 

Washington Fire Insurance Company of Balti- 
more was organized and chartered in 1865, with the 
following incorporators : Thomas Y. Canby, James 
Carey Coale, William Whitelock, Oliver A. Parker, 
William A. Crawford, Philip S. Chappell, Gerard H. 
Reese, James D. Mason, Jacob Tome, Evans Rogers, 
John T. Beacham, Benjamin F. Cator, Isaac Coale, 
Jr., Benjamin F. Dix, William Davison, Saml. Town- 
send, Columbus S. Crook, Gerard T. Hopkins, John 
Leary, Geo. I. Kennard, Samuel S. Woolston, Allen 
A. Perry, Jeremiah Wheelright, Henry C. Smith, 
Dudlev T. Morton, and Charles Humrichouse. 




t/^A,£^-ec_ 



MARINE, FIEE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 



The first president was Thos. Y. Canby ; the second 
was Isaac Hartman, who is still serving. The first 
secretary was Henry A. Didier ; the second, Francis 
J. McGinnis ; the third and present secretary, B. M. 
Greene. The first board of directors were Wm. White- 
lock, 0. A. Parker, Wm. C. Crawford, Philip S. Chap- 
pell, G. H. Reese, John S. Beacham, J. Franklin Dix, 
J. Leary, A. A. Perry, Henry C. Smith, Robt. M. 
Spiller, Edward Kiniberly, Isaac Hartman, Samuel 
P. Townsend, B. F. Parlett, James S. Forbes, Wm. T. 
Dixon, Jacob Tome, Thos. Y. Canby, Chas. W. Hum- 
richouse. 

The present board of directors is composed of Isaac 
Hartman, Wm. Whitelock, Wm. H. Crawford, Fred- 
erick Henkelman, J. Franklin Dix, Saml. T. Beacham, 
Samuel P. Townsend, Benjamin F. Parlett, Wm. T. 
Dixon, Wm. E. Woodyear, Wm. H. Jones, G. A. Ban- 
semer, J. Potts Neer, Goldsborough S. Griflith, Ger- 
man H. Hunt, John W. Numsen, Daniel Donnelly, 
David T. Buzby, James D. Mason, and B. F. Smith. 
The company was organized as a fire insurance com- 
pany, but in 1870 retired from the fire insurance busi- 
ness and reinsured its outstanding risks in the Queen's 
Insurance Company of England, since which time it 
has been doing an exclusively loan business on mort- 
gages on real estate. The capital issued in stock is 
$273,800. The company is buying up all the stock 
now offered in order to reduce the capital. The total 
assets amount to $284,082.01. There are no liabilities 
outside of the capital stock. Its office was first located 
over the Third National Bank, on South Street. At 
present the office is at the northwest corner of HoUi- 
day and Second Streets. 

The National Protective Union, a co-operative 
life insurance company, was organized and incor- 
porated in 1880, with the following officers : Isaac 
Hartman, president ; George McKendre Teal, vice- 
president; George W. Burton, secretary and general 
manager ; Andrew Jamison, treasurer ; Dr. E. W. 
Free, medical director ; and the following directors : 
Isaac Hartman, J. Wesley Guest, David H. Carroll, 
Andrew Jamison, George McKendre Teal, Dr. E. W. 
Free, George W. Burton ; Executive Committee, Isaac 
Hartman, Andrew Jamison, and George McK. Teal. 
The board of directors were increased in March, 1881, 
and in September of that year the following officers 
were elected: George McKendre Teal, president; An- 
drew Jamison, vice-president; William H. Hoffman, 
treasurer ; George W. Burton, secretary ; Dr. E. W. 
Free, medical director ; and John F. Williams, David 
H. Carroll, and E. E. Wenk, all of whom comprise 
the present board of directors. The office of the 
company is located on the first floor of the Johnson 
Building, opposite the Battle Monument. 

The German Fire Insurance Company was or- 
ganized on the 17th of March, 1865, and chartered by 
the Legislature of Maryland the same year. The 
building in which it is now operating was purchased 
by the company in 1869, and is located on the north- 



east corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets. Its 
first and only president is Charles Weber ; Frederick 
Wehr, vice-president; and Charles Weber, Jr., sec- 
retary. The statement of the company, Jan. 1, 1880, 
shows : 

Cash capital 8500,000.00 

Keservo for reinsuraoce 110,265.39 

Reserve for losses under adjustment '. 19,400.00 

Unpaid dividends 41.50 

Net surplus 222,935.05 

$8.52,641.94 

The Maryland Life Insurance Company was or- 
ganized in July, 1865, under a charter granted in 1864. 
George P. Thomas was its first president, and still 
holds that position, having been annually re-elected 
for sixteen successive years. The company has assets 
amounting in value to $1,100,000 and a surplus of a 
quarter of a million, and has never disputed a single 
death loss. Its office is at No. 10 South Street. 

The present board of directors of the Maryland 
Life Insurance Company are Hamilton Easter, George 
P. Thomas, Hugh Sisson, George H. Miller, Douglas 
H. Thomas, Thomas Cassard, Christian Devries, Wil- 
liam H. Perkins, and C. Morton Stewart. 

The fifteenth annual statement, issued Jan. 1, 
1881, shows the entire assets of the company, 
in bonds, stock, cash, etc., to be the sum of... $1,133,594.49 

Liabilities 820,767,29 

Surplus, as regards policy-holders $312,827.20 

Paid up guarautee capital pledged to secure the 
policy-holders 100,000.00 

Net surplus over capital, according to the legal 
standard of valuation $212,827.20 

William H. Blackford is the manager of agencies, 
A. K. Foard secretary, and Clayton C. Hall actuary. 

Foreign Insurance Companies. — Besides the home 
insurance companies, I5altimore has the benefit of the 
leading fire, marine, and life insurance companies of 
the world. Most of these have agents in Baltimore, 
and do a very large and profitable business. The 
most prominent of the life companies is the Mutual 
Life Insurance Company of New York, which is rep- 
resented in Baltimore by Oscar F. Bresee. That com- 
pany was organized in New York in 1843, and has 
attained the foremost rank of life insurance compa- 
nies. Its accumulations amount to about $90,000,000, 
with a surplus fund, New York standard, of more 
than $12,000,000. The average amount of new insur- 
ance for five years exceeds $35,000,000, and the total 
sum Sissured under its one hundred thousand policies 
is over $300,000,000. When Mr. Bresee undertook the 
agency in Baltimore its business in Maryland was 
quite limited. From a renewal-list of only a few 
thousand dollars a year he has in the brief period 
which has intervened swelled the amount of premium- 
lists to over a million dollars annually, and has made 
his general agency, in point of new business, one of the 
most profitable general agencies of the Mutual Life. 
The extent of the general business may be appreciated 
by the figures given. Mr. Bresee is not a believer in 
luck or blind chance. He thinks there is but one way 
to success in the insurance or anv other business, and 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



that is by hard, constant, uninterrupted work, which 
he argues will always be crowned with success. His 
success is attributable to three prominent things : his 
natural adaptation to the business, tireless energy, 
and the judicious selection of agents and colaborers. 
His administrative ability is manifested not only in 
the successful direction of the energies of his subordi- 
nates in a large territory, but in the smallest detail of 
the business. 

Mr. Bresce was born March 26, 1825, in the District . 
of Montreal, Canada. His parents, John and Ase- I 
neth Bresee, were both of French Huguenot descent. 
His mother's maiden name was Barber. He was edu- 
cated at his native place iu the ordinary English 
branches. He is, however, a self-educated man, 
catching more from association in the active business 
of life and in the social circle than many men ever 
learn from books. The death of his father threw 
him on his own resources, which rapidly developed. 
He at once removed from Canada to Hartford, Conn., 
and quite naturally entered into its main business, 
as it is almost as well known for its insurance charters 
as it is for its Charter Oak. He commenced soliciting 
for a mutual insurance company which took only 
country risks. In this business he canvassed closely 
the State of Rhode Island ; but not content with that 
"pent-up Utica," and desiring to expand his terri- 
tory, he went to Harrisburg, Pa., to act as the general 
agent of the State Mutual Fire Insurance Company. 
This company profited by his association, and soon 
floated on the full tide of prosperity. Mr. Bresee's 
reputation as a successful insurance agent meanwhile 
expanded, and he was invited to Richmond, Va., where 
he a*umed the general agency of the Insurance Com- 
pany of the Valley of Virginia of Winchester. He 
soon gave new life to this institution, and enlarged 
the field of its operations — marine as well as fire — until 
the business extended from New York to New Orleans, 
and the premiums, all of which passed through his 
hands, amounted to half a million dollars annually. 
Mr. Bresee discharged these laborious and responsible 
duties until 1858. His remarkable knowledge of men 
and keen judgment of character is attested by the 
agents that he selected and trained during this period. 
Hundreds of them now stand high in insurance circles 
all over the country, while among the departed whose 
memories are cherished were such men as William D. 
Sherrerd, of Philadelphia, and Thomas Jones, the 
founder of the Imurance Monitnr. Mr. Bresee organ- 
ized the Insurance Company of the State of Virginia, 
for which he acted as secretary and treasurer. His 
tact, judgment, and energy were rewarded with suc- 
cess, and he accumulated a large fortune, which de- 
parted like so many others during the late unfortunate 
civil war, and he had to take a new start after its con- 
clusion. He resumed the general agency of the 
Mutual Life in Richmond and that of the Security 
Fire, of New York, which ])ositions he held until he : 
removed to Baltimore in IXiUi. In Baltimore he has ' 



devoted his entire time, energies, and large experi- 
ence to the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New 
York. In the course of his insurance career he has 
been surpassed by none and equaled by only a few 
in the country. He takes natural pride in asserting 
that not a policy-holder in any company for which 
he has been agent has suffered loss by the failure of 
the company while the policy was in force, nor has 
he ever represented a company for which he did not 
make money. 

Mr. Bresee has been a trustee of the Brown Memo- 
rial Presbyterian Church since its organization, and 
was its first treasurer. He has been a Mason for more 
than twenty years. He is fond of agricultural pur- 
suits and country life, and purchased some years ago 
the " Rose Hill" stock-farm, upon the Rapidan River, 
in Orange County, Va. It contains a tliousand acres 
of gently undulating, rich land, finely set in blue 
grass, and in a neighborhood rarely equaled for re- 
finement. In this delightful retreat Mr. Bresee passes 
his summer vacation with his family. 

Mr. Bresee married Miss Louisa Kleckner, of New 
Berlin, Pa., daughter of Joseph Kleckner, a merchant 
miller of that town. They have six children, — Alfred 
A., Edward L., May, Winston, Oscar F., Jr., and 
Stuart. The two eldest sons are associated with their 
father iu business, and have already given evidence 
of ability. Alfred married Miss Mary E. Passano, 
daughter of Louis Passano, and Edward married 
Miss Emma Patterson, daughter of S. N. Patterson, 
both of Baltimore. 

Insurance Department. — For the better protection 
of the people of Maryland there was organized in 1871 
an Insurance Department for the examination and 
supervision of all companies doing the business of in- 
surance in the State. The Hon. Charles A. Wailes, who 
as chief clerk had charge of the taxation of insurance 
companies in the comptroller's department of the State 
government, was appointed insurance commissioner. 
The duties of the office are to preserve in a perma- 
nent form a full record of his proceedings and a con- 
cise statement of the condition of each company or 
agency visited or examined, and report annually to 
the Governor his oflicial acts, the fees received and 
expenses of his department for the year then to end, 
the condition of all companies doing business in this 
State, and such other information as will exhibit the 
afl'airs of his department. The law establishes a 
standard of solvency for each department of the in- 
surance business, and authorizes oflicial examination 
of companies doing business in Maryland. The 
standard fixed by the law in Maryland for regulating 
the reserve of life insurance companies is the same as 
that of New York and many other States. While not 
so high as that of Massachusetts, it corresponds with 
that of a much larger number of States. That stand- 
ard requires the computation of interest on the reserve 
of life companies to be made at an arbitrary statutory 
rate of four and a half per cent. j)er annum. 



POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 



491 



The working of the insurance department of Mary- 
land has always been most satisfactory, and never 
attended with any of those charges and insinuations 
that have been made against similar departments in 
other States. 

Mr. Wailes' health failing, in 1875 he visited the 
West Indies, and died there in 1876. The Hon. John 
M. Miller was appointed in 1876, and was succeeded 
in 1878 by the present commissioner, the Hon. Jesse 
K. Hines. Under his energetic and efficient admin- 
istration the character of the department has reached 
a most enviable standard, and the practical results 
have been of a highly satisfactory nature, both to the 
public and to all sound and honest insurance organ- 



izations. The duties of the office contemplate the 
protection of the public from speculative and fraudu- 
lent insurance companies, and the defense of the 
companies against improper attempts on the part of 
interested parties to break them down. In both re- 
spects Mr. Hines has ably and faithfully carried out 
the intention of the law, and with judicial impartial- 
ity has interposed against the violation of its spirit 
in any manner or from any quarter. 

The following extract from the annual statement of 
the Fire and Marine Insurance Companies of Mary- 
land, furnished by the Insurance Department of the 
State, Jesse K. Hines, commissioner, January, 1881, 
indicates their condition at that date : 



Baltimore Companies. 



Howard 

Maryland 

Merchants' Mutual.., 

National 

Peabody 

Potomac 



200,000 
127,500 
100,125 



824,344.4:! 
2.J2,725.1:i 
177,391.16 
303,387.07 
132,497.30 
329,933.86 
296,965.37 
376,059.72 
142,010.94 



116,801.02 
227,187.50 
271,799.48 
156,508.92 
108,515.25 



58,827.84 
79,573.36 
16,696 28 

102,746.36 
34,359.48 

216,560.80 
36,064.63 



105,694.94 
71,770.64 

211,827.68 

244,193.87 
9,921.46 
29,958.52 
48,571.42 
26,317.81 
64,217.80 

a25,109.58' 
52,287.01 
20,775.07 



1,468.71 
9,648.08 
1,911.12 



6,691.84 
6,768.70 
16,834.03 



Total8,Jan.l,1881. 82,692,380 $5,973,629.09 $3,852,892.76 $2,155,978.11 $1,086,164.41 $1,025,658.96 $434,740, 
Totals, Jan. 1,1880. $2,710,255 $5,699,90S,.38 $.1,746,477.06 $1,992,779.00 $988,666.62 $9 



23,616,030.00 
8,204,958.00 
18,991,268.00 
23,804,176.00 
1,231,860.33 
8,016,873.00 
7,516,041 00 
3,134,019.00 

4J.79,127!o6 
8,049,928.00 
2,523,656.00 



1,61 $117,180,137.33 



$435,786.35 $165,940.79 



TAX ASSESSMENTS (FEOM THE OFFICE OF STATE TAX COMMISSIONER OF MARYLAND) FOR 1881. 



Insurance Comp 



Associuteii Firemen's Insurance Conjiany df Baltimore City 

Baltine'ii, I , 

Gerniaii I i i ■ ,: , 

Maryl;u.,l I , , li,- ' h • ■ •' ' I:, ■, ■ '■ i:- . . " 

Marylar, 11,-, I ■■.: ■ , i ■ , i ■ i , i ,:v 

Mercllajn, ^l•,:,,„! !.,■ . i: :,., ; ,.■ . ll^ . . 

Mutunl l.il' li,-i"..n,, I ,„Mi,,, V , t \U< .,,„.■„_, ; 

National Fire Insurance Comiiany of Baltimore City 

Potomac Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore City 

Peabody Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore City 

■ * "■ ' ? Company of Baltimore City... 



No. of Par Val. of Assessed Val. Aggregate Val. 

Shares of each Share of each Share of Shares 

Stock. of Stock, of Stock. of Stock. 

. 40,11011 $5.00 $6.60 $264,000.00 

',J-I 5.00 5.00 181,405.00 

10.00 23.00 460,000.00 

' 18.00 26.00 546,000.00 



German-American Fire '. 



20,025 
5,100 
8,214 



20.00 
5.00 
60.00 

io.oi) 



30.00 
65J)0 

iiiso 



260,000.00 
15,933.00 

230,000.00 
80,100.00 

163,200.00 



Assessed Val. 
of Real 
Property. 

830,037.00 
40,188.00 
41,501.00 
61,876.00 
76,662.00 
16,(168.00 
14,419.00 



Amount of 
Credits al- 
lowed for In- 
vestments 
PayingTaxes. 
$55,986.24 
22,357.48 
194,194.50 
200,722.13 

'61,70aOU 
24,875.00 
56,(»0.00 
2,706.00 
95,123.00 

M.Voaoo 



CHAPTEK XXX. 

POST-OFFICE, CU.STOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 

The first protection to public and private letters 
in Maryland was given by an act of Assembly passed ! 
at the session of 1707, by which the opening of letters 
by unauthorized persons was made a penal offense. 

Letters at that time were generally, in the absence . 
of post-roads and post-offices, deposited in public- 
houses, to be sent by the first conveyance of which 
the landlord could avail. There was very little cor- 
respondence at the time between the towns along the 



coast, as most of the trade was direct with England 
from each port. Letters on business, sometimes con- 
taining bills of exchange on Liverpool and London 
merchants, were left at the public-houses, and for- 
warded by the hands of the captains of vessels sailing 
from the particular port to England, but were accessi- 
ble, as well as the answers, to any designing person 
about the inn. In this way protests to bills of ex- 
change were frequently intercepted, and it became 
necessary to protect such communications by law. 
This act was repealed and re enacted at the session 
of the Assembly in 1713 ; the protecting clauses and 



492 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



penalties for breaking open letters by unauthorized 
persons were re-enacteil, and additional clauses en- 
acted making it the duty of the sheriff of each county 
to convey all public letters to their destination within 
his county, but if beyond, to the sheriff of the next 
county on the route. The slieriff of each county was 
allowed for this service so many pounds of tobacco 
annually, the sheriff of Baltimore County to be com- 
pensated with six hundred pounds of tobacco. 

The first regular post-office established in the colo- 
nies was by an act of the Parliament of England 
passed in 1710. By its provisions a general post- 
office was established in North America and the West 
Indies, and in 1717 a settled post was established 
from Virginia to Maryland. 

It was not until 1753 that the practice of delivering 
letters by the penny-post or letter-carrier and of ad- 
vertising letters on hand commenced. Newspapers 
were carried by mail free of charge until 1758, when, 
by reason of their great increase, they were charged 
with postage at the rate of ninepence each year for 
fifty. miles, and one shilling and sixpence for one 
hundred miles. 

At this time the postal routes were few and far 
between, and did not afford sufficient facilities for 
the convenience of the public. Gentlemen of a town 
or a neighborhood were in the habit of making up a 
purse to supply a regular mail-rider, generally going 
to the single post-office of the province, as in Mary- 
land to Annapolis, and depositing all letters they 
■were intrusted with, and on their return bringing 
letters and papers to remote correspondents and sub- 
scribers. Stage-shallops were sometimes used between 
important places to carry passengers. The stage- 
shallop resembled a dug-out rigged upon wheels, at 
that time a very essential combination, as it often 
became necessary on these routes to cross streams 
that were not fordable and without a ferry. 

In 1789 a line of mail stage-coaches was established 
in Maryland, to connect with the Virginia stages at 
Oeorgetown. Three trips a week were run each way 
by this line, from Baltimore to Georgetown, thence 
connecting' with the Virginia stage line, by way of 
Dumfries and Bowling Green, to Richmond. In 1799 
this became a daily mail and passenger coach line, 
leaving Baltimore every day, Sunday excepted, from 
the 1st of April to the 1st of November, at 4 o'clock 
A.M., and arriving at Alexandria the same day at 
6 1>.M. ; returning leaving Alexandria daily at the 
same hour, arriving in Baltimore at 6 p.m. From 
November 1st to April 1st the stages left at both ends 
of the route at 4 a.m., but did not arrive at their 
destination until 8 A.M. the next morning. Coaches 
also left Baltimore daily, except Sunday, at 4 A.M. 
for Philadeli)hia, and arrived there at 10 A.M. the 
next day, making the same time from Philadelphia 
to Baltimore. At this time, in addition to the regular 
line, a semi-weekly line ran from Baltimore to Alex- 
andria. In 1800, and for some years afterwards, the 



Eastern mail closed every day, Saturday excepted, at 
6 P.M., the mail arriving every day, Monday excepted, 
at 3 P.M. ; the Southern mail closed every day, except 
Monday, at G.30 p.m., and arrived every day, Monday 
excepted, at 4 p.m. 

In 1811 the United States mail-coaches were ad- 
vertised to leave the Fountain Inn daily at 3 p.m., 
for the Shakespeare Hotel, Philadelphia, arriving 
there at 1 p.m. the following day. In 1814 the mail- 
coaches left Gadsby's Inn, in Baltimore, for York, 
Columbia, Lancaster, and Philadelphia daily at 3 
A.M., the passengers lodging that night at Lancaster, 
and arriving at Philadelphia at 2 p.m. the next day. 
Branch lines ran generally tri-weekly from points 
along the main or national route. A stage left York 
three times a week for Harrisburg, thence out to Mif- 
flin, Lewistown, Sunbury, and Wilkesbarre; another 
tri-weekly for Pittsburgh via Chambersburg, and from 
Lancaster once a week to New York. Gadsby was the 
Baltimore agent of this line. 

In 1819 an attempt to rob the mail was made 
between the office in Baltimore and Elkridge; the 
postmaster, Mr. Skinner, offered a reward of five 
hundred dollars for the apprehension of the person 
or persons concerned in the attempt, to be paid on 
conviction in any court of law. In 1820 an express 
was run between this city and Washington by Messrs. 
Stockton & Stokes, and the express-rider for that firm 
in November brought copies of the President's mes- 
sage from Washington for all the Baltimore papers in 
two hours and forty-five minutes. In 1826, Gen. 
Barnard made a survey of the three different mail- 
routes from Baltimore to Philadelphia. In 1835 the 
old stage-coaches gave place to the locomotive in 
carrying the mails between Baltimore and Washing- 
ton, but for many years afterwards the stage-coach 
was familiar to interior towns not connected by rail 
with the great routes. 

The removal of Franklin in 1774 from the office of 
deputy postmaster-general, and the transfer of the 
postal department to English agents, was regarded as 
an act of oppression, and created great dissatisfaction 
in the colonies. 

In this condition of affairs Wm. Goddard, proprie- 
tor of the Maryland Journal, who shared the general 
sentiment and had experienced the extortions of the 
postal system under English management, proposed 
the establishment of an American or constitutional 
post-office, in contradistinction to an unconstitutional 
or British ministerial post-office. The suggestion was 
generally adopted, and Mr. Goddard appointed per- 
sons to serve and deliver letters at thirty different 
points, two in Maryland, — one in Baltimore, at Mr. 
Goddard's office, and one at Annapolis. Mr. God- 
dard, when his routes were superseded by the Conti- 
nental Congress, was made surveyor of post-roads, 
but Congress in the ensuing year restored his office 
to Dr. Franklin. Mr. Goddard was disappointed and 
went into retirement, makini; his sister the ostensible 



POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 



493 



editor of his paper. The paper was printed at the 
southeast corner of Baltimore and South Streets, 
where the post-office, tlie first in Baltimore, was lo- 
cated. The post-otfice was continued at the same 
place after the Post-office Department was established 
in 1775, with Miss Mary K. Goddard as postmistress, 
which position she held for fifteen years, until the 
adoption of the Constitution in 1789. 

Miss Goddard was succeeded by John White, who 
was appointed under protest of the citizens, and re- 
tained the office only a short time. He was succeeded 
by Alexander Furnwal. He in turn was succeeded 
by Charles Burrell, who had for many years been en- 
gaged as a clerk in the general Post-office Department. 
He was appointed by Gen. Washington. Mr. Bur- 
rell was a fine-looking gentleman of the old school, 
and, as was the custom in those days, wore his hair 
powdered. He was an active Federalist, and after 
the mobbing of the Federal Gazette office, became very 
unpoi^ular. Mr. Burrell was removed by Mr. Madison, 
and John S. Skinner was appointed in his place. Mr. 
Skinner took an active part in the war of 1812, and 
was on board the British ship as a prisoner with Mr. 
Key when he wrote the " Star Spangled Ban"ner." He 
also during his term of office originated the American 
Farmer and the " American Turf Register." Mr. 
Skinner remained in oflice until 1839, when the Hon. 
Joshua Vansant was appointed. Mr. Vansant was 
removed by President Harrison, and Thomas Finley 
succeeded him. Mr. Finley was a merchant, and 
previous to his appointment had been marshal of the 
district of Maryland. President Polk superseded 
Mr. Finleyby the appointment of James M. Buchanan 
in 1845. Mr. Buchanan was a leading member of the 
Baltimore bar, and an active politician. He was af- 
terwards judge of the Baltimore County Court, and 
minister to Denmark. On the 1st of July, 1849, Gen. 
Talyor appointed Charles T. Maddox to succeed Mr. 
Buchanan. Mr. Maddox had been acting as princi- 
pal assistant in the office for fifteen years, and was 
strongly recommended for the position by the press, 
merchants, and citizens. He was removed by Gen. 
Peirce, and Col. Jacob G. Davies, a prominent mer- 
chant and citizen, who had been twice mayor of Bal- 
timore, was appointed in his stead. In 1857, Dr. John 
G. Morris received the appointment of postmaster, and 
succeeded Col. Davies. During his term of office the 
riot of the 19th of April, 1861, occurred, which ne- 
cessitated the transportation of mails by wagons for 
nearly three weeks. This was done under the man- 
agement of Charles H. Mercer, who was for many 
years connected with the Post-office Department. Dr. 
Morris was succeeded in 1861 by Col. Wm. H. Purnell. 
Col. Purnell was followed in 1868 by Gen. Edward 
Shriver, who in turn gave place to Gen. Andrew 
Denison, who was appointed by Gen. Grant, and had 
filled the office nearly eight years at the time of his 
death. President Hayes appointed as his successor 
Gen. E. B. Tyler, who retained the position until 1881, 
32 



when he resigned, and was succeeded by Col. Harri- 
son Adreon, the present incumbent. Mr. Burrell 
performed the duties of the ofiice with one assistant. 
It is stated that when the office was threatened in 
1812 he was in the custom of carrying a brace of 
pistols for the protection of the mails. 

The post-office under Miss Goddard, as has already 
been stated, was in the office of the Maryland Jour- 
nal, which occupied the present site of the Sun iron 
building. Afterwards, under Postmaster White, it 
was moved to the north side of Baltimore Street, five 
doors west of Gay. Under Mr. Burrell it was situated 
on Baltimore Street near Light, and under Mr. Skin- 
ner the office was removed to the corner of Lexington 
and St. Paul Streets, from whence it was removed, 
about 1830, to rooms in Barnum's Hotel. A few 
years later a building on the northeast corner of North 
and Fayette Streets was fitted up for the purpose, 
and here the oflBce remained until 1851, when the 
large increase in the business of the department de- 
manded better accommodations, and the buildings 
now occupied were rented from the Exchange Com- 
pany. 

In 1850, Messrs. Stinger & Morton established in 
Baltimore a penny-post system, through which letters 
were delivered to their patrons in any part of the city 
They also had boxes at convenient stations, where 
letters were deposited, and from which they were col- 
lected during the day and mailed. 

This penny- postal arrangement was superseded by 
what was denominated a sub-postal system in 1851. 
This arrangement simply consisted in the adoption of 
the system inaugurated by Messrs. Stinger & Morton, 
with a charge of two cents instead of one for the de- 
livery of letters. The city was divided into fourteen 
districts, with a carrier for each, and stations — gener- 
ally drug-stores — where letters were deposited and 
collected. Local letters were delivered for one cent, 
and for this purpose carrier-stamps were used. 

On the 30th of May, 1857, the government pur- 
chased the Exchange Building for a post-ofl[ice, and 
on the 15th of May, 1858, the letter department was 
removed to the adjoining building to make room for 
the necessary alteration and repairs, where it remained 
until January, 1854. The city-desjiatch system, which 
was organized by Dr. Morris, went into effect simul- 
taneously with the occupancy of the new office. The 
post-office was kept open at night until nine o'clock 
P.M. for the first time March 13, 1862. 
j In August, 1865, the general government, at the 
instance of Col. Purnell, postmaster of Baltimore, 
provided one hundred letter-post boxes, which were 
I located at convenient points throughout the difierent 
wards and precincts of the city for the reception of 
letters to be forwarded by the United States mail. 

The necessity for more ample accommodations for 
the rapidly-increasing business of the Baltimore post- 
office forced itself upon the attention of the postmas- 
ter and the citizens of Baltimore. 



494 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



At the session of the United States Congress of 
1874-75, the Hon. Thomas Swann introduced a bill 
providing for the purchase of a site and the erection 
upon it of a new post-office building in the city of 
Baltimore. The only action taken upon the subject 
at this time was the appointment of a commission, 
consisting of Postmaster-General Jewell, Secretary 
Bristow, and Supervising Architect Potter, to visit 
Baltimore, inspect the old post-office building, and in- 
vestigate the necessity for new accommodations, and 
also to examine the different sites offered, and report 
the result of their visit of investigation to Congress. 

In accordance with this resolution, Messrs. Jewell, 
Bristow, and Potter visited Baltimore on the 19th of 
May, 1875, had an interview with the mayor, the presi- 
dents of the two branches of the City Councils, and 
a number of business men of Baltimore at the City 
Hall, and obtained the general views on the subject. 
Eight different sites were offered the commissioners: 
No. 1. Bounded by Fayette, Calvert, and Lexington 
Streets and the United States court-house; estimated 
value, $402,978. No. 2. Bounded by Fayette, Holli- 
day, and Gay Streets and Orange Alley ; estimated 
value, 1302,807.88. No. 3. Bounded by Fayette, Hol- 
liday, Baltimore, and North Streets ; estimated value, 
$329,000. No. 4. Situated at the corner of Monument 
Square and Fayette Streets ; price, $500,000. No. 6. 
Bounded by Baltimore, HoUiday, and Second Streets 
and Post-Office Avenue; estimated value, $750,000. 
No. 7. Bounded by Charles, Lexington, and St. Paul 
Streets and an alley ; price, $495,000. No. 8. Balti- 
more Female College ; price, $45,000. 

Supervising Architect Potter was directed to visit 
Baltimore and examine all the sites offered, which he 
did on the 11th of August. After careful examina- 
tion he reported in favor of site No. 1, bounded by 
Calvert, Fayette, and Lexington Streets and the 
United States court-house. 

Earnest efforts were at once made by the mayor and 
City Councils, by the Board of Trade and prominent 
citizens, to obtain from Congress an immediate appro- 
priation for the purchase of a site and the erection of 
the post-office building. At the meeting of the Board 
of Trade on the 19th of October, 1875, a committee 
consisting of Joseph H. Rieman, Henry C. Smith, 
Israel M. Parr, D. H. Miller, and Christian Ax were 
appointed to consider the subject of a proper site for 
the new post-office. 

At a subsequent meeting on the 2d of November, 
a resolution was adopted by which the board declined 
to interfere in the selection of the site. 

The board at this meeting also appointed a com- 
mittee, consisting of J. H. Pleasants, president of the 
board ; Henry C. Smith, president of the Shoe and 
Leather Exchange ; Charles D. Fisher, president of 
the Corn and Flour Exchange ; Hon. W. C. Albert, 
Enoch Pratt, Joseph H. Rieman, D. H. Miller, Israel 
M. Parr, and the Hon. J. A. J. Cresswell, to collect 
statistics and present before the commissioners a 



statement of facts showing the necessity for improved 
postal facilities in Baltimore worthy of the govern- 
ment and in harmony with the dignity of a great 
commercial city. 

The City Council of Baltimore, on the 15th of No- 
vember, 1875, adopted resolutions favoring as the site 
for the new post-office the block bounded by Balti- 
more, Fayette, Holliday, and North Streets. A com- 
mittee was also appointed, consisting of Messrs. Hogg, 
Donovan, and Hooper, of the First Branch, and Messrs. 
Bond, Higgins, and Sellman, of the Second Branch, 
with Mayor F. C. Latrobe as chairman, to visit 
Washington and urge the subject on the attention of 
the commissioners. 

On the 15th of December, 1875, Hon. Thomas 
Swann offered a resolution in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, which was adopted without a division, call- 
ing on the Secretary of the Treasury, the Post- 
master-General, and the Supervising Architect, the 
commissioners on the Baltimore post-office, to report 
on the public improvements required by the com- 
mercial position and growing trade of the city of Bal- 
timore. The commissioners made an unfavorable 
report, but this did not seem to dampen the zeal of 
the friends of the measure, who kept it before the 
government by frequent memorials and committees. 

On the 10th of December, 1877, a conference of 
various committees was held at the City Hall to de- 
vise the best means of united action. The commit- 
tees represented at this meeting were the City Council 
Committee, Mayor Kane, Thom, Ramsburg, Lewis, 
Logan, Robertson, Stevens, Schroeder, Bullock, 
Young, and Hogg ; the Citizens' Committee, consisting 
of Samuel H. Taggert, F. C. Latrobe, Collector John 
L. Thomas, Postmaster E. B. Tyler, Enoch Pratt, 
George Appold, Henry James, H. Clay Dallam, Wil- 
liam Keyser, and Samuel M. Shoemaker; Board of 
Trade, Decatur H. Miller, Stephen Bonsai, I. M. 

, Parr, W. W. Spence, and S. P. Thompson ; Corn and 
Flour Exchange, R. B. Bayard, D. M. Tate, William 
S. Young, and Robert Tyson ; Merchants' Exchange, 

I Jame^ Carey Coale, Charles Morton Stewart, Charles 

D. Fisher, and Gilmor Meredith. A sub-committee 
was appointed, consisting of R. B. Bayard, represent- 

! ing the Board of Trade, Merchants' Exchange, and 
j Corn and Flour Exchange ; Prof Tonry, represent- 
I ing the Committee of Citizens, and Dr. Charles W. 
Chancellor, representing the mayor and City Coun- 
cil, assisted by Collector John L. Thomas and Gen. 

E. B. Tyler, postmaster. The sub-committee met 
the congressional committees and presented the facts, 

' but received no particular encouragement that any 
\ action would be taken on the subject at that session. 
i The committees again met Feb. 22, 1878, and ap- 
i pointed a sub-committee of five, consisting of John 
S. Bullock, on the part of the City Council ; S. P. 
Thompson, of the Board of Trade; Chas. D. Fisher, 
j of the Corn and Flour Exchange; Gen. F. C. La- 
trobe, of the Citizens' Committee ; James Carey Coale, 




tMa^tM^6s^ u d^^^^^o 



POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 



of the Merchants' Exchange ; and, by special invita- j 
tion, John L. Thomas, collector of the port, and Gen. 
E. B. Tyler, postmaster, to visit Washington. The 
committee repaired to the capital and p-esented sta- j 
tistics in regard to the mail matter received at the 
Baltimore post-office, the commercial importance of 
the city, as illustrated by her foreign and internal | 
trade, and such other facts as it was hoped would in- I 
fluence speedy action. 

The revenue of the Baltimore post-office in 1776 . 
was 1415.161 ; in 1841 it was .185,296.92 ; in 1878 the j 
total income of the office was $344,044.68. In 1868, j 
49 clerks and 53 carriers were employed at the post- 
office, and in 1881, 77 clerks and 85 carriers. In 1868 
the whole number of letters dispatched was 5,810,090, 
and in 1879, 12,828,828. The number of letters re- 
ceived in 1868 was 5,408,229, and in 1879, 10,149,600. 
The number of registered letters received in 1868 was 
17,676, and in 1878, 60,576 ; the number dispatched 
in 1868 was 10,169, and in 1878, 28,202. The money 
order system was adopted in 1864. In 1865, $13,600 
was transmitted through this channel; in 1868, 1161,- 
978.59, and in 1878, $401,371.20. Amount of money 
orders paid during 1878, $1,409,558.47. The total 
number of letters dispatched to foreign countries in 
1877 was 182,755 ; and in 1878, 241,053. 

At the next session of Congress (1878-8i)) the sub- 
ject was kept before the Committee of Congress on 
Public Buildings and Grounds by frequent interviews 
of Baltimore committees representing the municipal- 
ity, the various trade boards, the merchants and citi- 
zens, and by frequent intercession and appeals from 
private citizens. The committees, of course, by the 
election to the Council in some instances of other rep- 
resentatives, were frequently changed. In February, 
1879, the committee in charge of the matter, which 
had frequent interviews with the congressional com- 
mittee, was composed of F. C. Latrobe, mayor and 
chairman ; Otis Keilholtz, president of the First 
Branch of the City Council, with members of that 
Branch,— Messrs. A. H. Greenfield, G. Harlan AVil- 
liams, James H. Ives, and James Logan, Jr. ; Dr. C. 
W. Chancellor, president of the Second Branch, with 
members of that Branch, — F. P. Stevens, Wm. P. 
Tonry, M. W. Donovan, and Andrew F. Schroeder, to- 
gether with Postmaster Tyler, Collector Thomas, J. I. 
Middleton, president of the Corn and Flour Exchange, 
and James Cary Coale, president of the Merchants' 
Exchange, and Decatur H. Miller, president of the 
Board of Trade. Messrs. John T. Ford and Henry 
McShane were added to the committee. The ques- 
tion of a site still continued to be discussed, until, at 
a meeting of this committee, it was considered ex- 
pedient, and a resolution was passed to that effect, 
that the question of site was to be considered as closed 
by the recommendations of Secretary Sherman. 

In June, 1880, Congress made an appropriation of 
five hundred thousand dollars for the purchase of the 
site bounded by Fayette and Lexington Streets and 



Monument Square and the United States court-house. 
This sum not being sufficient for the purpose, an ad- 
ditional sum of fifty thousand dollars was appropri- 
ated to enable the government to occupy three lots 
fronting on North Street at the corner of Lexington. 
The owners of the property were J. Howard Mc- 
Henry, Robert Rennert, John C. White, August 
Hoen, Ernest Hoen, Simon J. Martinet, estate of 
Christopher Kreutzer, Henry Taylor, and the city of 
Baltimore. The buildings occupying the site have 
nearly all been removed, and Supervising Architect 
Hill is now engaged in building a magnificent struc- 
ture which will be a great ornament to the city. It 
is estimated to cost one million five hundred thousand 
dollars. 

Officers for 1881 : Postmaster, Col. Harrison Adreon ; 
Assistant Postmaster, Gen. W. E. W. Ross; Chief 
Clerk, R. E. Boyd ; Cashier, John P. Haas ; Superin- 
tendent Money Order Department, J. J. C. Dougherty; 
Superintendent Registry Division, Geo. B. Jean ; Su- 
perintendent City Delivery, W. H. H. Sultzer ; Super- 
intendent of Carriers, M. S. Showacre. 

Col. Harrison Adreon, the postmaster of Baltimore, 
was born in this city, Jan. 12, 1841. He is the son 
of the late William Adreon, of Baltimore, and the 
grandson of Capt. Christian Adreon, who com- 
manded the Union Volunteers, a company in the 
Fifth Maryland Infantry, during the war of 1812-14. 
The memorable charge of that regiment upon the 
British troops at the battle of North Point is pre- 
served in a bas-relief on the " Battle Monument." Col. 
Adreon is a fair exponent of the excellence of the 
public school system in Baltimore. His early mental 
training was received at these schools, and his educa- 
tion was completed with a course of instruction in 
the City College. At the close of his school-days the 
atmosphere was filled with the discordant sounds of 
civil strife, the sections were rapidly arraying them- 
selves for a suicidal struggle, and his impetuous 
nature forbade that he should remain silent "amid 
war's rude alarms." The heroism of his ancestor 
must have been ever present to him, as also the cause 
in which it was displayed, and his feelings were nat- 
urally enlisted on the side which bore in its ranks 
the standard of the Union. He had entered himself 
as a student of law, " but amidst arms laws are silent," 
and probably nothing could have been more repug- 
nant to his feelings than the precise polished periods 
of Blackstone when the drums were beating up recruits 
in the highways and the paving-stones echoed the 
tread of plumed battalions. Mr. Adreon entered the 
Fourth Maryland Infantry as a lieutenant in Com- 
pany A, and with his regiment was at once brigaded 
in the Second Division of the Fifth Army Corps, the 
left wing of the Army of the Potomac. The history 
of this corps is a succession of desperate encounters 
and fiercely-contested battles. Such names as the 
Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Bethesda Church, Poplar 
Spring Grove, Cold Harbor, North Anna, Petersburg, 



496 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Weldon Kailroad, Hatcher's Run, White Oak Road, 
Five Forks, and the deadly charge at the " Angle" 
are inscribed on its battle-flags. Adreon, no longer a 
lieutenant, but familiarly known to his comrades as 
"the fighting major," was present in every engage- 
ment, and this portion of his life fairly written would 
epitomize the history of the Army of the Potomac 
from the Rapidan to the close of the war. For his 
gallantry at Hatcher's Run he was bre vetted. But 
Col. Adreon must have possessed other qualities be- 
sides gallantry to have become so general a favorite 
with his associates. Pleasant in manner and unselfish 
in nature, he won the hearts of the men with whom 
he bivouacked, and by his cheerfulness under diffi- 
culties cemented ties which have since then borne 
abundant fruit. He was not only a brave man, but 
an intelligent soldier, as is evidenced by the fact that 
he was summoned during the summer of 1881 before 
the court of inquiry over which Gen. Hancock pre- 
sided, to testify in reference to the engagement at 
Five Forks, the last great battle of the war. 

At the end of the war Col. Adreon returned to bis 
native city and completed his legal studies. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1866, and evinced a lively 
interest in the political struggle inaugurated during 
that year for the control of the State. In 1867, when 
the new constitution went into effect, the Republican 
party chose him as their candidate for clerk of the 
City Court. He w^as secretary of the Republican 
State Central Committee during the campaign in 
which Gen. Grant was elected President, and upon 
the accession of the latter to office, Col. Adreon was 
appointed United States pension agent for Maryland. 
This position he held during the two administrations 
of Gen. Grant and the earlier part of the administra- 
tion of President Hayes, until June 30, 1877, when it 
was consolidated with the agencies of New Jersey 
and Delaware, and the office established at Washing- 
ton. Col. Adreon's discharge of the arduous duties ; 
of the pension-ofiice deserves all praise. The com- ! 
plicated accounts and incessant attempts at fraud I 
require for their solution the utmost exercise of cool- i 
ness, judgment, and good temper, and Col. Adreon ] 
displayed these in an eminent degree during his in- 
cumbency of the office, and when he rendered bis | 
final account to the department he was highly com- 
plimented for his efliciency, a fact which doubtless 
contributed not a little to his subsequent appointment i 
as postmaster of this city. 

In 1879, Col. Adreon was again called upon by bis | 
party to lead them in the contest for State officers, 
and though the Republicans were greatly in the mi- j 
nority, the flattering vote he received for the clerkship 
of the Superior Court disclosed the high esteem enter- | 
tained for him by his fellow-citizens. ; 

Col. Adreon has always exhibited a deep interest in j 
his fellow-soldiers, and was one of the founders of the j 
Grand Army of the Republic in Maryland. In 1869 ' 
he was made inspector-general of the order in the 



United States, under the command of Gen. John A. 
Logan. 

He took a leading part in the recent Presidential 
campaign, having been called by acclamation to the 
command of the " Boys in Blue" of Maryland, and 
was one of the chief organizers of the great mass- 
meeting held at Concordia Opera-House, Oct. 7, 1880, 
the most successful political gathering in behalf of 
Garfield and Arthur that took place in Maryland 
during the campaign. 

One of the first acts of the late President Garfield 
after his inauguration was the appointment of Col. 
Adreon to the postmastersbip of this city. He could 
scarcely have made a better selection, or one more 
suitable to the wishes and business interests of the 
citizens of Baltimore. Since he took charge of the 
j post-office he has introduced numerous desirable im- 
provements in the workings of the department, and 
has brought it to a degree of perfection never before 
attained. He is a man of thorough business habits, 
free from unworthy prejudices, keenly alive to the 
interests of his native city, and possessed of personal 
traits which cause him to be esteemed by all who 
know him. 

Tie Baltimore Custom-House.— In another chap- 
ter of this history it has been stated that the earliest 
knowledge of the old Baltimore Town upon the Bush 
River is derived from the fact that in the year 1682 
it was made a port of entry by act of the General 
Assembly, and it seems that duties upon imports were 
collected there and at Joppa, and also at Baltimore 
Town when the latter arrived at the dignity of being 
a depot and entrepot of foreign commerce. It is known 
that previous to the Revolutionary war there existed 
in Baltimore a small office for the collection of reve- 
nue, but the custom-house proper of those days was 
at Annapolis, which was then a much more important 
town. Among the archives of the Baltimore custom- 
house the earliest book of record is dated in the year 
1769, and relates to the storage of flour. The next in 
point of date is that of 1780, which records the en- 
trance and clearance of vessels for that year at the 
port of Baltimore. Some two hundred and fifty ves- 
sels of all kinds, engaged in the foreign and coastwise 
trade, were then entered and cleared. The aggregate 
tonnage was only thirteen thousand tons, and the ex- 
ports to foreign ports consisted almost entirely of to- 
bacco. After the declaration of peace and the adop- 
tion of the Federal Constitution the commerce of 
the port of Baltimore increased so greatly that it was 
found necessary to establish a regular custom-house 
for the collection of commercial revenue. This was 
done by act of Congress in the year 1786, which cre- 
ated the office of collector of customs, and prescribed 
the duties of the incumbent. Prior to the Revolution 
the imposts were collected by the naval officer, an of- 
ficial appointed by the crown, who visited on board 
of a war-ship the ports of the province on stated oc- 
casions, and gathered the revenues according to legal 



POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 



497 




. OTHO H. WILLIAS 



formula. The official title survives to this day, as 
designating one of the chiefs of departments in the cus- 
tom-house, but its old- 
time significance has of 
course departed. The 
first collector of customs 
after the adoption of the 
Federal Constitution was 
Gen. Otho H. Williams, 
the valiant soldier of 
the Eevolution, who was 
appointed to this office 
by President Washing- 
ton. The custom-house 
of those days was in an 
edifice which stood on 
the site of the present 
Commercial Buildings, at the northeast corner of Gay 
and Lombard Streets, and it was continued there 
until the Merchants' Exchange was built, which, with 
some additions, is now the custom-house and post- 
office. The Merchants' Exchange Company was es- 
tablished in 1815, and after it had erected its build- 
ings the United States government rented the first 
floor of the wing on the Gay Street side, and located 
the custom-house therein. It remains there to the 
present time, and will occupy all the buildings after 
the removal of the post-office to the new edifice now 
being erected on Monument Square. 

Gen. Williams served as collector of customs from 
1786 until 1794, when ill health forced him to resign 
the office, and he died the next year. His successor 
was Robert Purviance, who came of a family that 
were among the first citizens of Baltimore Town, and 
had taken a very active part in the war of indepen- 
dence. Mr. Purviance continued as collector until 
1806, when he gave way to Gabriel Christie, who was 
followed by James H. McCulloch in 1808. Mr. Mc- 
CuUoch held the office for twenty-eight years, and 
was preceded in 1836 by William Frick, subsequently 
judge of the Superior Court. Mr. Prick's immediate 
successors were Nathaniel H. Williams and Gen. 
AVilliam H. Marriott, each of whom held the office 
for four year.s. In 1841, Col. George P. Kane was 
appointed, and he was followed in 1853 by Philip 
Frank Thomas, who is the oldest of the ex-collectors 
now living. In 1857, John Thompson Mason suc- 
ceeded Mr. Thomas, and after him came Henry W. 
Hoffinan, who was appointed by President Lincoln 
in 1861. He remained four years, and in 1865 Ed- 
win H. Webster took his place. John L. Thomas, 
Jr., was appointed by President Grant in 1869, and 
was succeeded by Washington Booth in 1873. Mr. 
Booth was a merchant in the South American trade, 
and had amassed a large fortune. Ill health com- 
pelled his resignation before the expiration of his 
term of office, when Col. Edward Wilkens was ap- 
pointed. The latter was removed in November, 1877, 
by President Hayes, who reappointed Mr. Thomas. 



During Mr. Thomas' administration of the custom- 
house he organized the official system which has been 
described by a special agent of the Treasury Depart- 
ment as a model for all the other custom-houses of 
the country. A comparative statement shows that 
whereas there were employed in the Baltimore cus- 
tom-house on July 1, 1877, two hundred and twelve 
officials, the number on March 1, 1881, was one hun- 
dred and ninety -eight, and this reduction of the force 
had been efiected without impairing the efficiency of 
the service. With the exception of three incumbents, 
the clerical force of the custom-house remains to 
this day precisely as it was constituted by Mr. 
Thomas in 1869. 

Subsequent to the Eevolution, and previous to 1799, 
there were surveyors and naval officers at th-e port of 
Baltimore, but the act of Congress of March 2, 1799, 
established their departments, and their duties were 
further defined by the acts of March 1, 1823, and June 
26, 1848. It appears, however, that as far back as 
1794 there was an assistant to the collector, who was 
known as the naval officer. In that year Nathaniel 
Ramsay was the incumbent, and he was succeeded by 
William H. Barney in 1817. A blank occurs between 
the latter date and 1841, and when the authorities at 
the Treasury Department in Washington were ap- 
plied to for the names, they responded that they could 
not complete the list, as some of the early records had 
been destroyed by fire. In 1841, Dabney S. Carr, who 
had been minister to Constantinople, was appointed. 
His tenure of office was very short, and he was fol- 
lowed by Joshua Vansant, afterwards a member of 
Congress, mayor of Baltimore, and city comptroller. 
After Mr. Vansant came Samuel J. K. Handy in 1844, 
James Polk in 1845, Thomas King Carroll in 1849, 
John Kettlewell in 1853, Levi K. Brown in 1857, 
Francis S. Corkran in 1861, William S. Reese in 1866, 
John Lee Chapman in 1869, Adam E. King in 1873, 
and William Corkran in 1877. Mr. Chapman had 
been mayor of the city during the civil war, and was 
one of the most prominent Union men in Maryland. 
He died in March, 1881. Gen. Adam E. King was 
an officer of high rank in the Union army, and had 
been so badly wounded at the battle of Monocacy, on 
July 9, 1864, that for a long while his life was de- 
spaired of. William Corkran had been deputy naval 
officer for fifteen years previous to his appointment as 
chief of the department. 

The first surveyor was Daniel Delozier, who was 
appointed in 1793. He was followed by William 
Lowry, in 1813, and between the latter date and 1844 
the officials were James Mozier, William Pinkney, 
and probably others, of whose incumbency there is 
no record preserved. In 1844, Thomas Lloyd was ap- 
pointed, and after him came William II. Cole, Jr., 
1845 ; Elias T. Griffin, 1849 ; John 0. Wharton, 1853 ; 
Washington Finley, 1857 ; John N. McJilton, 1861 ; 
Edington Fulton, 1865; William Wailes, 1866; Robert 
Cathcart, deputy and acting surveyor, 1866 ; Augustus 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



W. Bradford, 1867 ; Edington Fulton, 1869 ; Charles 
Gilpin, 1873 ; and George W. F. Vernon, 1878. Mr. 
McJilton was proprietor and editor of the Baltimore 
Patriot. Mr. Fulton was managing editor of the Bal- 
timore American, and among the memoranda made 
by President Lincoln on the day preceding the even- 
ing of his assa.ssination was a card on which he had 
noted down that Mr. Fulton should be appointed to 
the position. The actual appointment, however, was 
made by President .Johnson, who removed Mr. Fulton 
in 18G6 because of his refusal to indorse the policy of 
the administration. The nominations of Mr. Wales 
and Mr. Cathcart were rejected by the Senate, but 
that of Governor Bradford was confirmed. Col. Gil- 
pin commanded a home-guard regiment during the 
war, and Col. Vernon, the present incumbent, was a 
cavalry-officer, rising to much distinction and being 
severely wounded. 

The office of local appraisers of merchandise was 
created by the act of Congress of March 1, 1823, which 
provided that there should be two such officials at 
the port of Baltimore. The first appointees were Wil- 
liam Haslett and William Dickinson, whose commis- 
sions bore the dale of 1828. Mr. Dickinson was re- 
appointed in 1832, and his colleague was Lyde Good- 
win. They held their offices until 1851, when thej 
were supplanted by William M. McBlair and Hugh 
W. Evans. The line of succession afterwards was 
Lemuel W. Gosnell and Philip Poultney, 1853; 
Beale H. Richardson and David C. Springer, 1858 ; 
William I. Nichols and James F. Wagner, 1861; 
Hooper C. Hicks and E. F. Anderson, in 1865. Col. 
Anderson had been so terribly wounded in the war 
that his recovery is still considered by the surgeons a 
marvel. Besides having three bullets in his body, he 
carried two in his legs, and the fingers of his left hand 
were broken by a sabre-cut. He was displaced in 
1869, and was succeeded by Adam E. King, who 
served until 1873, when Col. Anderson was reap- 
pointed. The present appraisers are John Lewis Lin- 
thicum and Henry Holliday Goldsborough. Capt. 
Linthicum was appointed on Dec. 31, 1874, and 
Judge Goldsborough on Jan. 19, 1875. 

An act of Congress in the year 1855 created the 
office of general appraiser of merchandise. The dis- 
trict over which the general appraiser presides is sub- 
ject to change, and it now extends as far south as 
Charleston, S. C, and as far west as San Francisco. 
The first general appraiser was William P. Ponder. 
He was .succeeded by Lewis Sutton in 1859, by John 
W. Baughman in 1861, and by John F. Meredith a 
few months later. Mr. Meredith is still the general 
appraiser, and it is acknowledged that he is one of the 
leading experts of the United States in the calcula- 
tion of dutiable values upon goods. 

In 1780 the receipts at this port were a few cases 
of foreign goods. The business for 1880, the first 
full recorded centennial of the custom-house, was as 
follows : 



Duties collected $3,101,855.53 

MiscellaDeous ctlBtomti receipts 212.872.52 

Total $3,314,728 05 

The number of entries of vessels engaged in foreign 
trade was 1620, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,418,519 
tons. The clearances were 1631 ve.ssels, with an ag- 
gregate tonnage of 1,429,415 tons. Coastwise entries 
comprised 1416 vessels and 1,627,842 tons, and coast- 
wise clearances 2189 ves-sels and 1,555,644 tons. The 
total for 1880 was 6856 vessels, and a tonnage of 
5,431,420 tons. The following list of collectors, naval 
officers, and surveyors of customs for the district of 
Baltimore since the formation of the United States 
government was furnished by H. A. Lockwood, act- 
ing commissioner of customs, who says, " The list of 
naval officers and surveyors is imperfect, but the best 
I can furnish, owing to the destruction of some of the 
early records of the department by fire. They are 
as follow.s, with date of commission : 

" Collectors, Otlio HoUaud Williams, ; Robert Purviance, Aug. 15, 

1794; Gabriel Christie, Oct. 25, 1806 ; James H.McCullocli, April 15,1808; 
William Frick, Nov. 24, 1836; Nathaniel H. Williams, March 25,1841; 
William H. Marriott, Not. 21, 1844 ; George P. Kane, May 12, 1849; P. 
r. Thomas, April 4, 1853; J. T. Mason, March 28, 1857; H. W. HofTman, 
April 15, 1861; E. H. Webster, July 18, 1865; John L. Thomas, Jr., Feb. 
19, 1860; Washington Booth, March 24, 1873; Edward Wilkilis, Aug. 11, 
1876; John \j. Thomas, Jr., July 2, 1877. Surveyors, Daniel Delojier, 
July, 1793; William Lowry, Nov. 8, 1813; James Mosher, Mar»;h 24, 1829; 
William Pinkney, March 16, 1841; Thomas Lloyd, July 2, 1844- Wil- 
liam H. Cole, Jr., March 22, 1845 ; Elias T. Griffln, May 12, 1849 ; John 
0. Wharton, April 5, 1863 ; Washington Finley, March 28, 1857 ; John S. 
McJilton, May 3, 1861 ; Edington Fulton, July 18, 1865 ; William Wales, 
Oct. 29, 1866; R. Cathcart, deputy and acting; Aug. W. Bradford, April 
16,1867; Edington Fulton, April 13,1869; Charles Gilpin, April 9, 1873; 
George W. F. Vernon, Feb. 13, 1S78. Naval Olficere, Nathaniel Bamsay, 
September, 1704; William B. Barney, Dec. 1, 1817; Dabncy S. Carr, Jan. 

1, 1841 ; Joshua Vansant, . ; Samuel J. K. Handy, July 1, 1844 ; James 

Polk, April 8, 1845 ; Thomas K. Carroll, May 12, 1-49; John Kettlewell, 
April 5, 1853 ; Levi K. Bowen, March 28, 1867 ; Francis S. Corkran, April 
16,1861; William Smith Reese, July 20, 1866 ; John L. Chapman, April 
13, 1869; Adam E. King, March 24, 1873; William Corkran, .lune 22, 
1877." 

Hon. John L. Thomas, Jr., the present collector of 
the port of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, May 20, 
1835, and when he was quite young his parents re- 
moved to Cumberland, Md., where his boyhood days 
were spent. His father was a native of Lebanon, 
Pa., and on that side the family is of German extrac- 
tion ; on his mother's side it is French. Her maiden 
name was Matilda L. Seeley ; she was a native of Ver- 
gennes, Vt., and a granddaughter of Col. John Wol- 
throp, of the Revolutionary army. Mr. Thomas was 
educated in an academy at Cumberland, and studied 
law in the office of Gen. Thomas I. McKaig, a leader 
at the Western Maryland bar. After his admission in 
1856 to practice he was chosen counselor of the town, 
but removed in a few months to Baltimore and crossed 
the threshold of professional success. Embarking 
in politics as a sturdy friend of the Whig cause, he 
took the stump for the late lion. Thomas Holliday 
Hicks in the gubernatorial campaign of 1856, and was 
brought into intimate relations with Henry Winter 
Davis, Anthony Kennedy, John P. Kennedy, and 
other leading Native Americans and Whigs of that 



POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 



499 



period. At the bar his forensic ability and legal acu- 
men were noticed and commended by such high au- 
tliorities as John V. L. McMahon, T. Yates Walsh, 
Coleman Yellot, and John Nelson, all of whom have 
since passed away. He quickly obtained a large 
criminal practice and won his laurels by assisting in 
the prosecution of Joseph Claggett for the killing of 
Jerome White, when the accused was convicted of 
murder in the second degree, notwithstanding that he 
was defended by Severn Teackle Wallis and Henry 
Winter Davis. Mr. Thomas was subsequently coun- 
sel for the defense in the Federal Hill riots of 1858, 
and in the murder case of William G. Ford, when he 
was associated with John Nelson. In 1859 he man- 
aged for Henry Winter Davis the contest of that gen- 
tleman against William G. Harrison for a seat in Con- 
gress, and the House of Representatives voted the sesit 
to Mr. Davis. He was an unflinching Unionist from 
the first indication of the civil troubles; and on the 
night of April 18, 18G1, he, at the peril of his life, 
spoke for the Union from the front of the old Foun- 
tain Hotel to the angry throng that filled the street, 
and was preparing for the next day's assault upon the 
Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. Intense bitterness of 
feeling prevailed among the Southern party, particu- 
larly against Governor Hicks, who was at the hotel 
in conference with other leading Unionists, and it 
was believed that the mob had gathered with the in- 
tention of doing kim personal injury. While Mr. 
Thomas was engaging the attention of the multitude 
the Governor was conveyed away to a place of safety, 
and when the incensed crowd discovered that they had 
been thus cleverly checkmated they turned upon Mr. 
Tliomas, but he was protected from their fury by Capt. 
Boyd at the head of a detail of police. 

On the next day he saw the fighting on Pratt Street, 
and helped to carry to an adjacent drug-store the 
mortally-wounded body of Needham, one of the Mas- 
sachusetts soldiers. Before Gen. Butler's entry, he was 
several times warned by the Volunteer Association, 
an organization of secessionists, to leave town, but he 
stood firm and defied their threats. The City Council 
passed an act forbidding the raising of an American 
flag within the municipal limits, and a number of 
young men who had hoisted the national colors on 
Federal Hill were arrested for a violation of the law. 
Mr. Thomas volunteered as their counsel, procured 
their release under writs of habeas corpus, and that 
same night delivered, at a meeting at the corner of 
Broadway and Bank Streets, the first Union speech 
heard in Baltimore succeeding the eventful 19th of 
April. In June, 1861, Mayor Chapman appointed him 
city counselor, and in 1863 he was elected State's 
attorney by a highly complimentary majority. In 
both positions he had to defend the public interests in 
many important cases, contending before courts and 
juries with such intellectual giants as Reverdy John- 
son, William Schley, and J. H. B. Latrobe. In 1864, 
while State's attorney, he was elected to the Free 



State Constitutional Convention, and framed the ju- 
diciary system that was embodied in the new consti- 
tution. He was a radical advocate of the immediate 
emancipation of the slaves and no compensation to 
slaveholders, and also of liberal principles in general. 
He had the satisfaction of witnessing the adoption of 
his theories. In 1865 he was elected by the Union 
Republican party to Congress from the Second District 
of Maryland, embracing Harford County, part of 
Baltimore County, and the seven lower wards of the 
city. In the House of Representatives, which was 
dealing with the momentous problem of reuniting a 
nation torn asunder in the throes of civil war, Mr. 
Thomas made a record fit to compare with that of any 
of the great statesmen of that stormy epoch. The 
reconstruction and reconciliation policy of the Re- 
publican party had no more loyal supporter, and his 
votes will be found recorded in favor of the Civil 
Rights Bill, the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, and a score 
of other measures bearing upon the rehabilitation of 
the Union. As a member of the Committee on Com- 
merce, he secured the passage of a large appropria- 
tion for the improvement of the ship channel of 
Baltimore. 

He was nominated for Congress in 1867, but the 
Democratic party had by that time gained the ascend- 
ancy in Maryland, and he was not re-elected. In the 
same year Mayor Chapman reappointed him city 
counselor, but upon the election of Mayor Banks he 
resigned the office. In 1864 he wa-s appointed by 
Governor Bradford to enroll the militia in the first 
four wards of Baltimore. In 1866 he was chairman 
of the Maryland delegation to the Southern Loyalist 
Convention, which met at Philadelphia. In 1868 he 
was a delegate to the National Republican Conven- 
tion at Chicago, and supported Gen. Grant for the 
Presidential and Benj. F. Wade for the Vice-Presi- 
dential nomination. When President Grant was in- 
augurated, the appointment of Mr. Thomas as collec- 

I tor of the port of Baltimore was suggested to him by 

j powerful political and mercantile influence, em- 
bracing a long list of Republican chieftains who had 

I served with him in the Thirty-ninth Congress. Mr. 

I Hayes, afterwards President, wrote to President 
Grant, under date of Feb. 3, 1869, in favor of the 

1 appointment of Mr. Thoma.s, saying that as a mem- 
ber he " was throughout a firm and able supporter of 

I the Republican measures of that Congress in oppo- 
sition to the policy of Andrew Johnson." For four 
years Mr. Thomas filled the coUectorship with ac- 
ceptability to the public and honor- to himself, and 
falling seriously ill towards the end of his term, the 
President failed to recommission him. In 1876, Mr. 
Thomas was chairman of the Maryland delegation 
to the Republican National Convention at Cincinnati, 
and in the long succession of ballots held the six- 
teen votes of the State for Mr. Blaine for the Presi- 
dential nomination. In the campaign of that year he 
officiated as chairman of the Republican State Cen- 



500 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tral Committee, and organized a vigorous canvass. 
President Hayes was of the opinion that great injus- 
tice had been done Mr. Thomas in his removal by 
President Grant, and, in accordance witli tliis convic- 
tion, reinstated him as collector in November, 1877. 
He is now an applicant for continuance in office, and 
the esteem in which he is held by his fellow-citizens 
received a signal illu.stration very recently when a 
memorial asking his retention, and signed by a ma- 
jority of the great merchants, bankers, and manufac- 
turers of the city, was presented to the late President 
Garfield by a delegation of these gentlemen. They 
represented many millions of dollars and all the 
largest commercial interests, and they gave the col- 
lector the warmest possible indorsement, although 
most of them were his political opponents. Indeed, 
in his first term of office Mr. Thomas remodeled the 
discipline of the custom-house, bringing it up to such 
a standard of efficiency, and selecting subordinates 
from such excellent material, that no considerable 
changes were made by his successors. The late 
Special Agent Lobdell spoke of it in an official re- 
port as " the model custom-house of the country." 
The credit of procuring the establishment of a 
United States sub-treasury at Baltimore, thus placing 
the city on the same footing as New York, to the 
vast accommodation of our merchants, is wholly due 
to Mr. Thomas' exertions through his influence at 
the Treasury Department and with members of Con- 
gress. He has always understood and fostered the 
welfare of his native city, and claims legions of sincere 
friends among all classes of her people. He is a forci- 
ble orator, and is gifted with a vein of humor that 
enlivens his public speeches and brightens his social 
circle. Mr. Thomas married Miss Azalia Hussey, an 
accomplished and lovely lady, granddaughter of John 
Strobel, one of the defenders of Baltimore in 1814. 
They have three children living. 

The Gas-light Company of Baltimore.— The 
subject of lighting the streets of Baltimore Town 
was agitated as early as 1773, when a correspondent 
of the Maryland Journal suggested the i)ropriety of 
lighting the streets by lamps to be erected by the 
householders, a lamp to be placed in front of every 
sixth house. The cost to each householder was esti- 
mated at tenpence per month. The first public lamp 
that was ever placed in position in Baltimore was 
suspended in the centre of the street at the intersec- 
tion of Baltimore and Howard Streets. It could be 
seen from four directions, and was meant to guide 
early market-men to the market-house. Shortly after 
this, however, the suggestions of the correspondent 
referred to were adopted, and until 1817 the streets 
were lighted by oil-lamps. In the mean time several 
efforts were made by scientific men to introduce an 
improved light. In 1802 much attention was attracted 
to what was termed " a philosophical exhibition" by 
Benjamin Henfrey, who proposed to the mayor and 
Citv Council of Baltimore "to substitute for the 



street-lamps one or more Light Houses, to be lighted 
by means of a certain inflammable gas, with reflectors 
for increasing and extending the rays of light," but 
the practicability of the scheme was not demonstrated 
satisfactorily, and it failed to receive the encourage- 
ment and support of the municipal authorities. Mr. 
Henfrey then attempted to secure its adoption by 
private citizens, and gave exhibitions of its capacity 
both for lighting and warming rooms, and proposed 
for the modest sum of five dollars to give the right 
to any person to use his discovery for lighting and 
warming rooms for seven years, but failed in this 
effort also. In 1802, Mr. Henfrey succeeded in light- 
ing Richmond, Va., with gas, before it had ever been 
successfully used elsewhere.' 

In 1816, Rembrandt Peale, the proprietor of the 
Baltimore Museum (old City Hall), gave exhibitions 
in his saloon of paintings, of the manner of lighting 
houses by means of " carburetted hydrogen gas," as 
discovered by Dr. Benjamin Kugler, of Philadelphia. 
Mr. Peale charged a small sum for admission to see 
the new light, and it suggested to him and others 
the availability of gas for general use, and especially 
as a substitute for oil in the street-lamps. The use 
and combination of gases had been understood by 
science during the seventeenth century, but, with the 
single exception of Richmond, Va., gas had never 
been availed of as a light for cities, except to a lim- 
ited extent in London. A company was accordingly 
formed, entitled " The Gas-light Company of Balti- 
more," composed of Rembrandt Peale, Wm. Lorman, 
James Mosher, Robert Carey Long, Wm. Gwynn, 
and others, by whom a proposition was made to the 
mayor and City Council to light the streets of Balti- 
more with gas. This proposition was submitted June 
13, 1816, at an extra session called by the mayor for 
the purpose. A committee of three members from 
each Branch was appointed to examine the appar- 
atus erected by Mr. Peale for the manufacture of the 
gas, and to make all necessary inquiries as to the 
manner in which it was intended to light the streets. 
The joint committee reported favorably, and on the 
17th of June an ordinance was passed authorizing 
"The Gas-light Company of Baltimore" to lay or 
cause to be laid along and under the streets, squares, 
lanes, and alleys of the city, paved or unpaved, such 
and so many pipes as may be necessary to convey the 
gas from their manufactory or manufactories, which 
they were also by the ordinance authorized to estab- 
lish and carry on within the city. 

" The Gas-light Company of Baltimore" was char- 
tered by the Legislature of the State by an act passed 
Feb. 5, 1817, with the original members of the com- 

1 The followiug advertisement appeared in the Federal Oaxelie July 1, 
1817: 

" Tlie sulwcriberB inform the public that they have made a machine 
for making gas from stove coal, and make it pure of the very disagree- 
able smell said to arise from the coal. 

"John Bowie, 
"Macok W. Joii.>-8ox." 



POST-OFFICE, CUSTOM-HOUSE, GAS COMPANIES. 



pany as incorporators. The act of incorporation, de- 
claring tlie manner in wliicli the capital stock of the 
company should be distributed, set apart one hundred 
shares to be assigned to Rembrandt Peale over and 
above his proportion as a member of the company, as 
a compensation in full for transferring to the Gas-light 
Company of Baltimore the patent right assigned to 
him by Dr. Benjamin Kugler, of Philadelphia. The 
contract was made with the city, and the gas-works 
were located at the corner of North and Saratoga 
Streets. The company got fairly under way in 1820, 
its first president being William Lorman. The first 
public building lighted by gas was the old "Mud" or 
Belvidere Theatre, at the northwest corner of North 
and Saratoga Streets. The first private building in 
Baltimore lighted by gas was that of the late Jacob | 
I. Cohen, on North Charles Street; the second that 
of the late Hugh Birckhead, on the same street. To 
the city of Baltimore belongs the honor of first adopt- 
ing gas for street and general use, and the Baltimore 
company was the first anywhere organized for its 
manufacture. The first gas-lamp erected and lighted 
on the streets of Baltimore was on the corner of 
Market and Lemon Streets. This lamp wiis lighted 
for the first time Feb. 7, 1817, and it is stated by the 
newspapers of those days " that the effect produced 
was highly gratifying to those who had an opportunity 
of witnessing it, among whom were several members 
of the Legislature of the State." Feb. 16, 1818, only 
twenty-eight lamps were lighted with gas. From 
that time the consumption of gas steadily increased, 
until, instead of three original takers in 1820, there 
were, in 1870, 15,301 consumers of gas in Baltimore. 
When Gen. Columbus O'Donnell was elected presi- 
dent and took charge of its afiiurs in 1831, the whole 
amount of capital paid in amounted to $250,000, and 
there was a floating debt of $195,000. Two years 
later .$300,000 were added to the capital, making the 
entire amount paid in $550,000. The original capital 
was nearly all exhausted in experiments and by tlie use 
of unsuitable pipes, etc. It became necessary to pro- 
cure additional funds to sustain and carry on the I 
work, and to canvass the city for new subscribers, ' 
many of the old stockholders refusing to subscribe for 
additional stock. The directors were also forced to 
resort to loans based on their individual credit. The 
scale of charges was originally regulated by the num- 
ber of burners used, but in 1830 the present system 
of measuring the gas was introduced. 

In 1846 the company had only four gasometers, 
capable of holding one hundred and forty thousand 
cubic feet of gas, and in that year they erected a new 
one at the corner of Franklin and Little Davis Street. 
It was not until 1847 that gas was employed in the 
city markets. In that year gas-fixtures were put into 
the new Belair Market-house, and then in Centre 
or Marsh Market, and soon afterwards in nearly all [ 
the other markets of the city, except the Lexington 1 
Market, where gas was not introduced until 1851. 



In 1865 the Baltimore Gas-light Company pur- 
chased from the Canton Company the large tract of 
land between the old Kendall race-course and the 
harbor, north of the old candle-factory, with a front 
of over four hundred feet, and nearly as much in 
depth, for the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars, 
and erected upon it a large gasometer, for the purpose 
of supplying the eastern section of the city. 

On the 31st of November, 1870, the franchise-s and 
property of the Baltimore Gas-light Company were 
sold to capitalists of Brooklyn, N. Y., for three 
million dollars. The real estate acquired by the 
purchase on the part of the Brooklyn capitalists con- 
sisted of between sixty-five and seventy acres of land 
in South Baltimore, near Spring Gardens, valued, 
with the improvements thereon, at seven hundred 
thousand dollars. The improvements consisted of all 
the necessary apparatus for the manufacture of gas, 
a number of small dwellings occupied by the em- 
ployes of the company, the building occupied for 
office purposes, fronting twenty-four feet on South 
Street, with a depth of two hundred feet to Holliday 
Street, valued at seventy thousand dollars, about five 
acres of land at Canton, with a water-front of four 
hundred feet, twelve brick dwellings, and a large gas- 
ometer, and the extensive property on North Holli- 
day Street. The works at Spring Gardens, South Bal- 
timore, are said to be the most complete in the United 
States. The formal transfer and the last payment 
were made on the 26th of January, 1871. Gen. 
Columbus O'Donnell served as the president of the 
company for nearly forty years. After the sale and 
transfer of the franchises and property of the company 
to the Brooklyn capitalists the company was reorgan- 
ized, with S. L. Husted as president, and C. Oliver 
O'Donnell as vice-president. 

"The Gas-light Company of Baltimore," "The 
People's," and "The Consumers' Mutual Gas-light 
Company" on July 1, 1880, consolidated. The capi- 
tal stock was made six millions of dollars, divided 
into sixty thousand shares of the par value of one 
hundred dollars each. Provision was made for the 
execution to trustees of a mortgage to secure the 
payment of three million six hundred thousand dol- 
lars of the bonds of the company or such parts thereof 
in excess of two million six hundred thousand dol- 
lars as it may be deemed advisable to issue. The first 
board of directors of the new company was as follows : 
William Sinclair, Lyman L. Husted, Arthur W. Ben- 
son, Austin Jenkins, William F. Burns, William H. 
Graham, Walter B. Brooks, William W. Spence, John 
W. Hall, .lames A. Gary, Henry James, and Bernard 
Carter. The presidents at this time were William 
Sinclair, of the Gas-light Company; William F. 
Burns, of the People's ; and John W. Hall, of the 
Consumers' Company. The new company, under the 
name of the " Consolidated Gas Company of Balti- 
more City," began business on the same day at the 
office of the old company on South Street. 



502 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The Equitable Gas Company began to lay down 
pipes in tlie streets of Hiiltiniore in 1881, and expect 
to furnish gas to tlie publie by the 1st of November 
of this year. It lias secured an office in the magnifi- 
cent Hoen Building, on the nortliwcst corner of Lex- 
ington and Holliday Streets. 

The City Gas Company of Baltimore was incor- 
porated under the general incorporation laws of the 
State on May 2, 1881, wilh the following incorpora- 
tors: George P. Frick, William (i. Atkinson, J. Izard 
Middleton, John Gill, and Henry J. Davidson. 

The Brush Electric Light Company of Balti- 
more was incorporated under the general incorpora- 
tion laws of the State on April 16, 1881, with the fol- 
lowing incorporators: Summerfield Baldwin, Edgar 
G. Miller, Oliver C. Zell, Isaac Brooks, Jr., William 
T. Levering, Edmund D. Bigelow, Dr. William Whit- 
ridge, Jacob B. Waidner, George H. Baer, and Charles 
D. Fisher. The capital stock is two hundred thousand 
dollars, divided into two thousand shares of one hun- 
dred dollars each par value. The directors are twelve 
in number, and comprise the incorporators named, 
with William S. Rayner and Henry C. Rinehart. The 
company organized by the election of Summerfield 
Baldwin, president; R. W. L. Rasin, vice-president; 
Isaac Brooks, Jr., secretary ; Oliver C. Zell, treasurer ; 
and J. Frank Morrison, general manager. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

THE TELEGRAPH. 



Tbo First Experimente— Morse Line— First Alphabet i 
District Companies— Telephoue. 

The first electro-magnetic recording telegraph line 
in the United Slates was established by the govern- 
ment between Washington and Baltimore in 1844. 
In 1837, Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse petitioned Con- 
gress for assistance to enable him to demonstrate the 
value of his invention by constructing a telegraph line 
between the two cities, hut our incredulous legislators 
ridiculed his invention as a mere chimera, and the 
bill was never called up. At the session of 1842, 
Prof. Morse renewed his application with success. 
Mainly through the efforts of Hon. John P. Ken- 
nedy, of Baltimore, chairman of the House committee 
to which the bill had been referred, Congress on the 
3d of March, on the last day of the session, passed an 
act appropriating thirty thousand dollars " to test the 
practicability of establishing a system of electro- 
magnetic telegraph in the United States." The 
money was placed under the direction of the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; and Prof. Morse, anxious to 
prosecute the work, about the 10th of March recom- 
mended to the Secretary the following gentlemen as 
his assistants, who were appointed : Profs. Leonard 
D. Gale and Jas. C. Fisher,' at a salary of fifteen 



hundred dollars each per annum, and Alfred Vail at 
a salary of one thousand dollars. It was the original 
intention of Prof. Morse to lay the wires along the 
sleepers of the Washington branch of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, encased in leaden pipes and under 
ground. This mode was adopted in consequence of 
its economy, but, as will be seen hereafter, it proved 
a failure, and an impediment in the tran.smission of 
j electricity. 

I On the 30th of March, 1843, Prof. Morse advertised 
1 in the Baltimore Sun for sealed proposals for furnish- 
j ing 141,500 pounds of lead pipe and 26,500 pounds of 
I Nos. 15, 16, and 18 copper wire. The contract was 
awarded to parties in New York, where the material 
I was made under the direction of Prof L. D. Gale, and 
i shipped to Baltimore about October, 1843. The pipe 
j was about an inch in diameter, with an internal diam- 
eter of half an inch. The wire used as the conductor 
was covered spirally by machinery with cotton- 
thread-like bonnet wire; was saturated with a solu- 
tion of shellac, and then drawn through a hot com- 
position of asphaltum, beeswax, rosin, and linseed 
oil, for the purpose of insulating it, and to keep it 
j from coming in contact with the lead tubing through 
which it had to be drawn preparatory to laying it 
under ground. At that time gutta-percha insulation 
was unknown. 

Permission having been obtained from the presi- 
dent and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road to lay the wires alongside its track, a "signal- 
office" was established at Mount Clare Depot, in Me- 
Henry near Poppleton Street, and in November the 
work of laying the wires was begun from this point. 
The lead pipe, with four insulated copper wires in- 
closed, was buried some ten or twelve inches under 
ground for a distance of about ten miles along the 
line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, between 
! Baltimore and the Relay House, when the work of 
! testing the insulation commenced. The tests proved 
that not a single mile of the wire was sufficiently 
insulated, and the underground mode of construc- 
I tion had to be abandoned after the expenditure of 
I over fifteen thousand dollars of the appropriation. 
This was a great disappointment to Prof. Morse, and 
j his failure was kept as quiet as possible for fear that 
1 the public would consider his invention unsuccessful, 
and that the Secretary would withhold the remainder 
of the appropriation, which was sufficient to continue 
the experiments. The work was immediately stopped, 
and Prof. Morse, on December 28th, announced in a 
card that "the lateness of the season embarrasses fur- 
ther operations until spring." In the mean time con- 
sultations were held, the apparatus and materials were 
taken to Washington, and by permission of Hon. H. 
L. Ellsworth, then commissioner of patents, stored 
in the basement of the Patent Office. Soon afler- 

appuinted mechanical assistant at a salaiy of one thonsand dollars per 
year. Siibsequeiitly V. C, Avery was placed in charge of the laboratory, 
' and U. W. Cleveland as line-repairer. 



THE TELEGRAPH. 



503 



wards a portion of one hundred and sixty miles of 
insulated wire remaining on hand was applied to tlie 
construction of a line on poles between Baltimore and 
Washington, under the supervision of Ezra Cornell 
as inspector. The poles, which were of chestnut, were 
not barked, and each had a cross-arm, about four 
feet long, bolted or nailed near the top, and notched 
so as to sustain four wires ; only two, however, were 
put up, and were known as the east and west wires. 
They were laid on a piece of prepared canvas satu- 
rated with a composition, a wooden wedge similarly 
saturated was driven in the notch horizontally to se- 
cure the wire, the canvas was then drawn over the 
wedge, so as to form an insulation at the cross-arm, 
and a strip of inch board properly prepared was nailed 
over the top of the cross-arm as a finish. This mode 
01 insulating the wire was very defective, and in fact 
the whole line was indifferently built, as Prof. Morse 
and his assistants had neither experience nor precedent 
to follow in their experiments. To establish the elec- 
tric current, a wire connecting with the pole of the 
battery was soldered in Baltimore to a sheet of copper 
five feet long and two and a half feet wide, and placed 
in the dock at the corner of Light and Pratt Streets ; 
in Washington the copper sheet was buried under the 
pavement in the dry dust of the cellar of the capitol. 
This was the arrangement of the circuit until the ad- 
journment of Congress in 1844, wlien the plan was 
changed. 

The construction of the new line was begun from 
the Washington end, and when six miles of it had 
been completed. Prof. Morse made the first experi- 
ment, with the following result, as stated in the Na- 
tional Intelligencer of the 10th of April, 1844 : " The 
line of conductors is constructed as far on from 
Washington as to a point on the line of the railroad 
opposite to the residence of Charles B. Calvert, Esq. 
(six miles), and the work is making progress at about 
the rate of a mile a day. A trial of it was made yes- 
terday (April 9th) as the cars passed Mr. Calvert's by 
communicating the fact of their passage to this point, 
at which the line begins, in Washington, and an 
answer acknowledging the receipt of the intelligence 
was received back in two or three seconds." On the 
10th of April, 1844, Prof. Morse, in a letter to Henry 
J. Rogers, afterwards his assistant superintendent, 
gives the following account of this first experiment: 
" This morning's Intelligencer and this evening's 
Madiaonian have each a notice of the experiment 
made six miles upon the telegraph, which has proved 
successful. ... I consider the experiment already 
tried demonstrates the practicability of the plan." 
The work was pushed forward rapidly in April and 
May, and on the 19th of April it was tested as far as 
Beltsville, twelve miles from Washington. On the 
7th of May the Baltimore Sun informed its readers 
that " Prof. Morse's electro-magnetic telegraph, in 
course of construction between Washington and Bal- 
timore, is now in full operation a distance of twenty- 



two miles. When the cars from this city on their 
way to Washington on Wednesday were within 
twenty miles of the latter city, information of the 
Whig's nominations for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent' was communicated by means of the telegraph. 
The fluid traversed the whole twenty-two miles and 
back again, making forty-four miles, in no perceptible 
part of a second of time." On Friday, May 24, 1844, 
the line was completed, and magnets and recording 
instruments were attached to the ends of the wires at 
the depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in 
Pratt Street near Light, Baltimore, and at the Su- 
preme Court chamber in the capitol at Washington. 
Everything being ready for communication, Prof. 
Morse sent a messenger to Miss Annie Ellsworth, the 
daughter of the commissioner of patents, to inform 
her that the telegraph awaited her message. He had 
promised her that she should send the first formal 
message the telegraph conveyed, as a reward for 
having given him the earliest intelligence of the un- 
expected passage of the bill by Congress appropri- 
ating thirty thousand dollars to test his experiment. 
In response to his announcement she sent for trans- 
mission the following message, which was the first 
formal dispatch ever sent by telegraph : " What 
HATH God WRotTGHT!" The practicability and 
utility of the invention were now clearly and finally 
established, and on Saturday, May 25th, messages 
were exchanged between Washington and Baltimore. 
The first " press message" was sent to the Baltimore 
Patriot at one p.m. of the same day, and was pub- 
lished as follows : " One o'clock. — There has just 
been made a motion in the House to go into com- 
mittee of the whole on the Oregon question. Re- 
jected,— ayes 79, nays 86." 

The use of the telegraph gradually grew into pub- 
lic favor, and, as will be seen in the sketch of the Stcn, 
the first President's message ever transmitted over 
the wires was exclusively sent to that paper on May 
11, 1846, and published in its next issue on the 12th. 

The Democratic National Convention and the Ty- 
ler National Convention met in Baltimore on the 27th 
of May, 1844, and during their sessions the proceed- 
ings were regularly telegraphed to Washington. The 
National Intelligencer of the 29th, in referring to the 
operations of the telegraph on the day before, said, 
" During the whole day a crowd of persons, including 
a number of members of Congress, were in attendance 
at the capitol to .receive the reports by the telegraph 
of the news from Baltimore, which were made at suc- 
cessive intervals with striking dispatch and accuracy, 
and were received by the auditors, as the responses of 
the ancient oracle may be supposed to have been, 
with emotions corresponding to the various and op- 
posite sentiments of those composing the assembly. 
Whatever variety of impression the news made upon 
the auditory, however, there was but one sentiment 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COLTNTY, MARYLAND. 



concerning the telegraph itself, which was that of 
mingled delight and wonder." The Washington 
Standard stated that the north front of the capitol 
was crowded by an anxious multitude, to whom the 
proceedings of the convention were announced from 
the telegraph-office at short intervals during the day. 
After the announcement of the nominations, which 
were communicated in less than ten minutes after 
they occurred, tlie persons present were organized into 
a meeting, and the following resolution adopted : 

" Bwolred, That the thanks of this meeting be and they are hereby 
tendered to Prof. Morse, for the promptitude with wliich he has reported, 
via his electro-magnetic tclcgrapli, the proceedings of tlie several Bal- 
timore convenlions, and that we consider his invention as worthy of 
countenance and support of the government." ^ 

In June, 1844, Prof Morse submitted to the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury a detailed report of his opera- 
tions in bringing his experiment to a successful issue, 
and stated that although it was estimated that the 
cost of the conducting wire in pipes would be five 
hundred and eighty-three dollars per mile, and on 
posts three hundred and fifty dollars, the actual cost 
was considerably less, and that of the thirty thousand 
dollars appropriated by Congress three thousand five 
hundred dollars remained unexpended, and would 
probably suffice for current expenses until Congress 
saw fit to extend the experiment. About July 10th 
Prof. Morse, with the concurrence of the Secretary of 
the Treasury, appointed Henry J. Rogers, of Balti- 
more, "the inventor of the American telegraph," and 
one of his practical advisers, " assistant superintend- 
ent of the line of electro-magnetic telegraph between 
Washington and Baltimore," and he took charge of the 
office in the latter city. Mr. Rogers made many im- 
provements in the telegraphic system, and was the in- 
ventor and owner of Rogers' commercial code of 
signals, which has been adopted by the United States 
and British governments. He was the inventor of 
several telegraphic instruments and improvements, 
and was the first superintendent of the Bain line of 
telegraph from Boston to Baltimore; also superin- 
tendent of the North America, now Western Union 
line, and the Bankers and Brokers' line, which was 
subsequently consolidated with the latter company. 



1 Uon. Hendrick B. Wriglit, of Pennsylvania, president of the Demo- 
cratic National Convention which nominated James K. Polk for Presi- 
dent, in a letter to the author on this subject, says, "In connection 
with this fact I wish to state to you an anecdote concerning the telegraph. 
At this date, May 29, 1844, the only telegraph iu the United States was be- 
tween Baltinioi-e and Washington. I was the president of the convention. 
We nominated Silas Wright for Vice-President of the United States, and 
the convention directed me to notify him of his nomination and learn 
if he would accept it. I sent a dispatch, and he answered immediately 
that he declined the nomination, Tiie convention, however, refusetl to 
consider the information as authentic. They could not be made to un- 
derstand this way of communication, aud.adjourned the convention over 
to the next day to enable a committee to go to Washington by rail, 
where Mr. Wright was, and get at the truth of the fact. So we aiyourned 
over, and on the next day the committee came back with the same an- 
«wer we had received by the wire. And so incredulous were the great 
mojority of the body that after the final adjournment most of us went 
to the telegraphH^fllce to see the wonderful invention, and oven when the 
wires were put in motion at our suggestion many of the delegates shook 
their heads and could not but think the whole tbiiig a deception." 



His last connection was with the Southern and At- 
lantic line, as general superintendent. He died in 
Baltimore, Aug. 20, 1879. During October, 1844, the 
line of telegraph was thrown open to the public free 
of charge for the transmission of the election returns, 
and the following order was issued by Prof. Morse on 
October 11th to his assistants, Mr. Vail, in Washing- 
ton, and Mr. Rogers, in Baltimore, in relation to the 
subject : 

" As there is great interest taken hy the citizens generally of both 
political parties in the results of the various elections occurring at this 
season, you will be wpecui//^ careful not to give a parlimn cAarocter to 
any informatiou you may transmit. If you give a result, note the source 
from which you obtain it. If sent by any one, let it be vouched by a 
respectable name, and preserve a record of the name. Send no mere 
rumors, and as far as practicable give only official results, or such as both 
parties agree in. Let no one announce from the rooms any intelligence 
<M «ent by tele/jraph, except such an one as you shall duly authorize." 

Upon the arrival of the Eastern and Western mails 
at Baltimore and the Great Southern mail at Wash- 
ington during the election excitement the telegraph- 
offices in those cities were besieged by crowds of per- 
sons day and night awaiting the returns, and the gain 
of two or three hours by the use of the telegraph 
fully demonstrated to the public its great superiority 
over all other modes of transmitting intelligence. 
Indeed, the desire to obtain information at Washing- 
ton was so great that members of the cabinet and 
other prominent men frequently remained at the tele- 
graph-office late at night awaiting the arrival of the 
telegraph reports brought to Baltimore by the mails 
from the East and the West. The first election 
news was received from Baltimore on Oct. 2, 1844, as 
follows: "2 P.M. — Mr. Vail: Everything goes on 
quietly except at the Ninth Ward, where the high 
constable was assaulted in his effort to arrest dis- 
orderly persons interfering with the voters." " Mr. 
Rogers: The Postmaster-General wishes Mr. Moor 
N. Falls to send by the telegraph as soon as known 
the vote of Baltimore City for Governor." Mr. Rogers 
having made arrangements to receive the returns, 
sent them in detail, by wards, and these were the 
first election returns sent by telegraph. The candi- 
dates for Governor in Slaryland were James Carroll, 
Democrat, and Thomas G. Pratt, Whig. The Demo- 
crats carried the city by 1222 majoritj', but the Whigs 
elected their Governor in the State by a majority of 
548. Upon receipt of these election returns, Mr. 
Vail sent Mr. Rogers the following message: "Prof. 
Morse says in sending returns hereafter don't use 
partisan words, such as 'swept,' 'carried,' nor send 
another's opinion in regard to any result of an elec- 
tion." As the returns from the various States were 
, received by the mails they were sent by telegraph to 
Washington and Baltimore, and free bulletins were 
posted at the telegraph-offices, which contributed 
largely towards keeping up the excitement during 
the campaign.'- 

2 About this time Lewis Zantzinger eutered as a pupil at tlie Washing- 
ton office, and at a later i)eriod William Wood, who subsequently tilled 



THE TELEGRAPH. 



505 



Previous to the meeting of Congress in 18 11 1 5, 
Alfred Vail, the indefatigable Washington superin- 
tendent of the telegraph, prepared a dictionary of 
abbreviated words and phrases to be used in trans- 
mitting the proceedings of Congress to Baltimore. 
Mr. Vail discovered, when forwarding the election 
returns of October, that the receiving magnet co'dd 
not be worked so as to transmit over twenty words 
per minute, and to meet the demands of the Balti- 
more afternoon press he was compelled to use the 
dictionary described. A copy of it was placed in the 
hands of Mr. Rogers to enable him to decipher the 
messages for the reporters of the Baltimore news- 
papers, which he did as fast as they were received 
over the wire. Each phrase was indicated by a word 
taken from an ordinary dictionary, and the words 
were arranged alphabetically and placed opposite to 
the phrase to be transmitted. The phrases were also 
arranged in alphabetical order and grouped together 
under appropriate headings. The names of the officers 
and members of the two Houses were numbered, and 
by this means a large amount of congressional busi- 
ness was transmitted in a brief space of time. This 
method enabled the Baltimore afternoon journals to 
publish the news and mail the papers before the de- 
parture of the Eastern and Western trains, saving at 
least twelve hours of time and largely increasing their 
circulation. John Wills, of the Patriot, and Mr. 
Peregoy, of the Argu-^, were the reporters who re- 
ceived the proceedings of Congress for the afternoon 
papers as Mr. Rogers read them from the instrument, 
and C. C. Fulton, now proprietor of the Baltimore 
American, received the news for the Sun. Shortly 
after the return of Prof. Morse from Europe, in the 
winter of 18 11 15 . with his new receiving magnet, he 
was enabled to dispense with the dictionary.' 

an importaut pogitiun in the !nm>dnction of tlie telegraph in Canada. 
At Baltimore, Louis M. Chateau, John H. Witman, J. Hollius BowIt, 
John Heald, and James Lindser entered the office as pupils, and were 
the earliest ol«ratore. All of these gentlemen snteeqnentlv filled im- 
portant posjiions in the telegraphic service. J. D. Reid and C. T. Smith 
■were also among the earliest operators, and upon the completion of the 
line hnilt by the Magnetic Telegraph Company betveen Sew York and 
Washington, the former was appointed snperiutendent of that company. 
1 The first congressional report of any length was transmitted by 
telegraph on Dec. 17, l&tL The first death reported by telegraph was 
that of Benj. Fowler, who lived at Annapolis, bnt died at Washington, 
Jan. 2, IS4o. The first mnnier reported by telegraph was on Jan. 11, 
ISlo, being that of Paul Kons, who was murdered by Henry McCurij 
in Baltimore. An original poem, " On the Changes of the World," which 
was delivered by B. B. French, clerk of the House of Bepresentatives, 
at the C Street church, in Washington, on Jan. 23, 1S45, was the first 
poem sent over the wires. The first robbery telegraphed was tiiat of 
Arnold A Co.s dry-goods store, on Pennsylvania Aveune, 'Washington, 
in Febraaiy, 18«. The first duel reported by telegraph was that be- 
tween Jno- H. Pleasants and Thomas Ritchie, Jr.. of Richmoud, Va. 
The first game of draughts played by telegraph was between John Wills, 
of Baltimore, and Alfred Vail, the assistant telegraph superintendent in 
Washington, on Nov. 16, IS44. Mr. Wills was the victor. Washington 
having challenged Baltimore to the first game of chess played by tele- 
graph, the game was commenced on :Nov. 23, and finished Nov. 25, 1&44, 
between Mr. Greene, of the • Western Express,' on the part of Baltimore, 
and Dr. Jones, of Washington. Baltimore was again victorious. As 
great anxiety was expressed on the part of the public to witness the 
operations of the telegraph, the office in the building of the Baltimore 



Prof. Morse was exceedingly anxious that the in- 
augural proceedings should be reported in the pres- 
ence of President Polk from the portico of the capitol 
at the time of the ceremonies, and to enable him to 
do this an abbreviated alphabet was sent to Baltimore 
the day previous, and he simply used the key on the 
portico, while his receiving magnet remained in one 
of the committee rooms, under the charge of Mr. Vail, 
at least fifty yards off. This enterprising feat was 
entirely successful. The President's message, how- 
ever, was sent by mail to Baltimore and distributed 
at the post-office, but the composition of the new 
cabinet was telegraphed. In consequence of the ex- 
haustion of the appropriation, it was anonunced on 
Jan. 30, 1S45, that the operations of the line would 
be discontinued on February 1st, but fortunately ar- 
rangements weri- iiiaile for its continuance.- During 
the session of Cnugre.-v« an appropriation of eight 
thousand dollars was made to continue the operations 
of the line under the direction of the Postmaster- 
General, and this was thefirst postal telegraph service. 
The officers appointed by him were Pr<jf. Morse, su- 
perintendent: and Alfred Vail and Henry J. Rogers, 
assistant superintendents : Henry W. Cleveland, bat- 
tery-tender and line-repairer. The following is the 
official statement of the receipts of the line between 
Washington and Baltimore from March 31st to Dec. 
31, 1845, the rates charged being one cent for two 
words, the address and signature costing the same as 
the body of the message : 

Washington Baltimore 
Months. Terminus. Terminus. 
April _ - S21J23 S24.« 



October.. 
December.. 



25.67 47J1 

3t.au 40.70 

28.28 30.70 

28.78 30.40 

50.72 51.00 

50.97 4«.95 

61.60 47.69 

51.ai 53.5S 



''The above a^^^gate has been raised by me in different payments from 
Prof. Morse, Mr. Tail, and Mr- Rogers, and deposited to my credit, as dis- 
bursing agent, in the Bank of Washington, 



Certifl. 


cate 

J.: 

1S4« 


dated 


Deposits in Bank. 
July S, 1845 $152.86 


„ 




' 


Sept 2; " __. 30.40 

Oct. 3, " _ 51.00 

" 3, " _ _.. 10(7.78 


"ToH 
" 5th Feb., 


Feb. 2, » 46.95 

" 3, " 50.4S 

S725.4S 
" Joss Mahsok, Agail. 



and Ohio Bailroad, in Pratt near Ligbt Street, was thrown open to the 
public on the morning of Dec. 7, 1844, from nine to twelve o'clock, and 
in the afternoon from four to five o'clock. 

- The following menage was transmitted through the telegraph on 
Friday. February 14th, from Washington by Prof. Morse to his agent, 
Mr. Bogers, in Baltimore : " Please express my regrets to the editors of 
the papers for whom the telegraph has reported, that the appropriatioQ 
being expended, I am compelled to stop operations. We shall all be 
without pay after the loth insC 



506 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



From this statement it appears that the receipts of 
the experimental line averaged over eighty dollars 
per month, and its success was so encouraging that pri- 
vate enterprise soon entered this nevf field. Through 
the efforts of Amos Kendall, F. 0. J. Smith, Henry 
O'Reilly, H. J. Rogers, and others, companies were 
organized and telegraph lines constructed in all parts 
of the United States.' 

Other cities were eager to share the benefits of the 
new invention, and on March 15, 1845, the first tele- 
graph company was organized, under the name of 
"The Magnetic Telegraph Company." It was incor- 
porated on Feb. 4, 1847, with the following incorpo- 
rators : S. F. B. Morse, B. B. French, George C. Pen- 
niman, Henry J. Rogers, John S. McKim, I. R.Trim- 
ble, William M. Swain, John O. Stevens, and A. Sid- 
ney Doane. The object of the company was to build 
a line from Washington to New York, and application 
was made to the New Jersey Railroad for permission 
to locate the line along their road between New York 
and Philadelphia ; but permission was refused on the 
ground that the telegraph would interfere with travel 



by enabling persons to tran.sact busir 



i by its means | 
instead of using the railroad. The line, however, was j 
built over the old stage-road via New Hope and Som- 
erville, N. J., and it was opened for business between 
Philadelphia and Newark, N. J., Jan. 27, 1846. The ! 
first subscribers to this company were Corcoran and 
Riggs, -flOOO; B. B. French, $1000 ; Eliphalet Case, 
$1000; Charles Munroe, $1000; Peter G.Washington, 
$200; John F. Haley, $1500; John E. Kendall, $300; 
James E. McLoughlin, $350 ; Amos Kendall, $500 ; 
Daniel Gold, $1000; Simon Brown, $500 ; A.J.Glass- 
brenner, $500; E. Cornell, $500; Charles G. Page, 
$500; George Templeman, $200; Henry J. Rogers, 
$100; J. W. Murphy, $100; A. W. Paine, $.500; 
Francis F. J. Smith, $700 ; Furman Block, $200 ; T. 
L. & A. Thomas Smith, $200 ; Keller & Grenough, 
$500; J. C. Broadhead, $500 ; A. Thomas Smith, $100; 
and John W. Norton, $1000. As the line between 
Baltimore and Philadelphia was unfinished, Mr. Ken- 
dall, the pre.sident of the company, made application 
to the leading journalists of New York and Philadel- 
phia for aid in placing about five thousand dollars of 
the capital stock on the market at fifty cents on the 
dollar as an inducement to new subscribers. The 
scheme failed, and application was then made by Mr. 
Rogers to a few friends in Baltimore for assistance, 
when Moor N. Falls, John S. McKim, A. S. Abell, 
Dr. James Hall, and George C. Penniman came for- 
ward and generously supplied a large part of the 
money to build the section between Baltimore and 
Philadelphia; Messrs. William M.Swain and Sim- 
monds, of the Philadelphia Ledger, in which Mr. A. 
S. Abell, of the Baltimore Sun, was a partner, George 



1 lly reference to the receipts for the first quarter of 1846, wo find that 
the revenue from tlio government Hue iucreased fifty per cent, over the 
lost quarter of 184.'), amounting in the aggregate to three hundred and 
sixty dollars, or one liundred and twenty dollars per month. 



M. Hart, and other prominent Philadelphians also 
subscribing liberally to further the enterprise. The 
line was opened between Philadelphia and Wilming- 
ton on April 13, 184(5, and between the latter point 
and Baltimore on April 21st of the same year. 

On June 6th the whole line was successfully opene<l 
from Washington to New York, though it was not of- 
ficially opened to the public until some days after- 
wards.'- During the winter frequent embarrassments 
occurred by the breaking of the wires by sleet and 
high winds, thereby adding to the expense of keeping 
the line in repair. Prof. Morse was convinced finally 
that he must have stronger conductors than copper 
wires, and, as an experiment, the first iron wire was 
stretched during the summer of 1846 from Philadel- 
phia to Baltimore, and was found to answer all pur- 
poses as well as (topper. About this time onr relations 
with Mexico assumed a warlike aspect, and the news- 
paper proprietors of Baltimore and the country gener- 
ally began to make arrangements for the prompt 
transmission of news. The telegraph-office was the 
place of resort in Baltimore every evening to learn 
the news from New Orleans by the Great Southern 
Mail'in regard to Texas and Mexico. The excitement 
at times was intense, and as it began to grow Prof. 
Morse issued the following order: 

" TELEGRAPHIC ARK.\SGEMENTS. 

" Washinotos, 1846. 
'* Sir, — For the purpose of preventing any misunderBtanding or jeal- 
ousies in the transmission of news by telegraph, I wish you to roalce 
it known that at six o'clock p.m. each day, or as soon as the Southern 
mail shall arrive, the government telegraph will send to Baltimore any 
public intelligence which shall come by such mail. Each person at 
Baltimore wishing the same shall be allowed to come into the oRice, and 
by paying the charges, two w.irds for one cent, can take a copy. But 
when news is receiving you are to shut your doors ; let people in but not 
out till all is completed. If news arrives here before the mail, it must 
of couree have precedence. 

"S. F. B. MOKSE, 
" Superintendent Electro- Magnetic Telegraphs." 

As soon as the war began the Baltimore Su?i, to 
gain time, commenced to run a pony-express from the 
landing of the Southern mail-boat to the telegraph- 
oflBce over the city post-office, on Seventh Street 
near F Street, Washington. Their dispatches were 
prepared on board the boat as she steamed up the 
Potomac, and upon arrival at the wharf they were 
placed in charge of the express-rider for delivery at 
the telegraph-office, to be transmitted over t he wires 

- The Baltimore and Wilmington wires passed over the tops of the 
houses from the eastern extremity of the city, by way of Pratt Street, to 
the top of the shot-tower at the southeast corner of Fayette and Front 
Streets, and thence to the telegraphK)IHce in the third story of the post- 
office building, then situated at the corner of North and Fayette Streets. 
While telegraph lines were thus extending to the North, the people of 
the South were not unmindful ot the advantages of the new moflo of 
communication, and as early as April 8, 1845, the first Southern contract 
was signed by Amos Kendall, the agent of Prof. Morse, with H. H. 
O'Callaghan, of the New Orleans Cre»cenl Oily, for the extension of the 
line from Washington to New Orleans. The energy and enterprise of 
Mr. O'Callaghan was fully demonstrated during the winter of 1844-.45 
in the estaldishment of an exclusive jirivate express on a portion of the 
Southern route, whereby he was enabled to beat the United States mail 
twenty-four hours in its arrival at New Orleans. 



THE TELEGRAPH. 



507 



to Baltimore with as little delay as possible. By 
adopting this course the Sun was generally ahead of 
its competitors. Frequently the boat failed to con- 
nect at Washington with the cars leaving for Balti- 
more, and in that case the " war news," as received 
at the Sun office by telegraph, was ready for trans- 
mission to the Eastern papers when the Washington 
train arrived in Baltimore, and was mailed as the 
train passed through the city on its way East. By 
this method news was frequently received in Balti- 
more and the North and East from twelve to twenty- 
four hours in advance of the delayed Southern 
mails. John Wills, of the Baltimore Patriot, and C. 
C. Fulton, then of the Baltimore Sun, but now pro- 
prietor of the American, were the leading reporters of 
war and commercial news at the time in the United 
States, and frequently made up their letters for the 
Eastern and Northern papers in the Baltimore tele- 
graph-office. Mr. Wills was the first to prepare a 
" cipher-book" of commercial phrases adapted to his 
business. It was alphabetically arranged for the con- 
venience of newspaper editors and correspondents. 
Messrs. Wills and Fulton always availed themselves 
of the use of the telegraph for " press news," and it 
was mainly through their foresight and efforts that a 
general system of telegraphic reporting was first in- 
troduced in this country. In the mean time new tel- 
egraphic lines were stretching out in all sections. In 
July, 1847, Mr. Rogers, the efficient superintendent 
of the Baltimore telegraph-office, who had been con- 
nected with Prof. Morse from the inception of his 
invention, resigned his position, and John H. Whit- 
man took his place. Through the untiring enterprise 
and perseverance of Mr. Rogers a new company was 
formed in Baltimore called " The American Telegraph 
Company." It was incorporated on Jan. 12, 1848, 
with the following incorporatore : H. McKim, Zenus 
Barnum, Moor N. Falls, AVilliam McKim, D. Paine, 
Josiah Lee, Henry J. Rogers, and George C. Penni- 
man.' The manager of this new company was Mr. 
O'Reilly, and the office was in the depot of the Balti- 
more and Susquehanna Railroad. Shortly afterwards 
the office was removed to Carroll Hall, and on Jan. 1, 
1852, to the Sun iron building. The line was open to 
Mount Vernon Factory, at Woodberry, Baltimore Co., 
on Jan. 11, 1848, when the first experiment was made. 
It was completed to York, Pa., on May 9th, and on the 
20tb of October the telegraphic apparatus of ilr. Bain 
was put in operation on the line. 

The Western Telegraph Company, on Nov. 11, 1848, 
was permanently organized by the election of the fol- 
lowing officers : John F. Pickell, president ; Thomas 
J, McKaig, treasurer; and Howard Kennedy, secre- 
tary and superintendent. The lines of thLs company 
extended from Washington to Frederick, Md., and 
from thence to Wheeling, Va., Pittsburgh, Pa., Louis- 
ville, Ky., Cleveland, Ohio, and thence to the South 



and Southwest, and were opened to Cumberland on 
Aug. 25, 1848. The first telegraphic de-patch received 
in Baltimore from the West was from Cincinnati, on 
Aug. 20, 1847, by way of Philadelphia. The Morse 
telegraphic line opened communication from Rich- 
mond to Washington and Baltimore for the first 
time on July 24, 1847 ; to Petersburg, Va., Sept. 4th ; 
to Charleston, S. C, Feb. 16, 1848; to New Orleans, 
Aug. 10, 1848 ; to Norfolk, Va., Oct. 11, 1849 ; to Dan- 
ville, March 29, 1850; to Ellicott's Mills, Md., July 
15, 1850; and to Westminster, Carroll Co., Md., May 
26, 1864. On April 1, 1847, the Magnetic Telegraph 
Company lor the Morse line) removed from the post- 
office building to Carroll Hall, at the southeast corner 
of Calvert and Baltimore Streets. On April 1, 1848, 
it removed to the Exchange Building, and on .July 
12, 1851, it removed to a fine office in the second 
story of the Sun iron building, on the South Street 
side. The New Orleans Morse line and the Western 
Morse line also had offices on the same floor, in im- 
mediate connection with the Magnetic Company. 
During the Presidential campaign of 1848 all the 
telegraph-offices were opened, after November 5th, 
for the first time night and day, for the purpose of 
transmitting the returns. When the election was 
over, however, they were only kept open during the 
day. This continued to be the case until April 23, 
1857, when the oflSces were opened at all hours, day 
and night, for the transaction of business, and this 
rule has been continued ever since. From the first 
establishment of Morse's telegraph some of the first 
scientific minds of the country had endeavored to 
invent a plan by which the telegraphic wire could be 
carried under water without interfering with the pas- 
sage of the electric current, and various costly ex- 
periments were made without success ; and the idea 
was finally almost abandoned as impracticable. The 
first experiments in this direction were made on Dec. 
28, 1844, at Washington, by Mr. Colt, an inventor of 
a submarine battery. He exploded several of his 
" combustible substances" at a considerable distance 
under water ; and proposed to the government to per- 
manently fortify any harbor by this means at a cost 
not exceeding that of a steamship of war.* 

Gutta-percha first became an article of commerce 
about 1845, but its insulating properties were not 
then known. In that year Prof. Morse attempted 
to insulate a wire with a composition of beeswax, 
asphaltum, and cotton yarn, and failed. In 1848, 
Ezra Cornell and Prof. Morse endeavored to lay a 
cable across the Hudson River to Fort Lee by the 
use of a mixture of asphalt and hemp, and after- 
wards strung the wire with glass beads and inclosed 
it in a lead pipe, but without success in either case. 
Finding that he could not invent a submarine cable 

- The line, as originally conftrncted l<etween Baltimore and Fbiladel- 
phia, on reaching Havre de Grace vas carried up the banks of the 
Susquehanna KiTer to the Port Deposit bridge, and then down the 
Cecil County ^de to PerrymansTille. 



508 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



capable of conducting electricity, the wires were run 
by Prof. Morse to Jersey City, and the messages con- 
veyed across the Hudson to New York on a steam- 
boat. Afterwards the wires were run up and across 
the Hudson to the city, and on Jan. 20, 1849, the 
through line from Baltimore to New York was opened 
direct to the latter city.' 

Prof Faraday was the first to make public the insu- 
lating properties of gutta-percha, in an article pub- 
lished in England in March, 18-lS. Before this, how- 
ever, Geo. B. Simpson had filed an application for a 
patent in the United States Patent Office for the insu- 
lation of telegraph with gutta-percha. This applica- 
tion, which was dated the 22d of November, 1847, was 
sworn to and filed in January, 1848, more than a month 
before Faraday's announcement. The inventor at that 
time was too poor to pay the fee of the Patent Office, 
and remained in the greatest poverty all his life. He 
filed a second or amended application for a patent in 
February, 1848, and a third in April, 1849, at which 
time he succeeded in paying the Patent Office fee of 
thirty dollars by the assistance of the late Horace 
H. Day, who lent him the money on condition that if 
the application for a patent was rejected he should 
return it. In November, 1848, he e.xhibited his sub- 
marine telegraph invention at the Washington Hall 
Fair in Baltimore, where it was tested and found suc- 
cessful, and he received the unanimous commendation 
of the press of the city.-' 

He also as early as December, 1847, exhibited his 
invention to the late Amos Kendall and F. O. J. 
Smith, in Cincinnati. In 1850 his application was re- 
jected by the Patent Office, which referred him to the 
officers of the Magnetic Telegraph Company, which 
claimed priority in the invention.^ 

Their know^ledge on the subject appears, however, 
to have been entirely derived from him. The Patent 
Office repulsed his repeated applications, and he was 
compelled to withdraw his fee by his agreement with 
Day. He then worked his way out to the Pacific 



1 In tlie spriug of 1848 a man named Downing built an aerial line 
from Philadelphia to New York, the wires of which were covered with 
India-rubber, but it too proved a failure. 

2"SUBHAEINE Teleoraph.— Mr. George B. Simpson, who ia now iii 
attendance at the Fair at Washington Hall, haa shown us a plan for a 
submarine telegraph of which he ia the inventor, and for which an ap- 
plication for a patent has been made. The design is to form some mode 
by which electricity may be conveyed under the water or in the earth 
without the current being broken. The inventor proposes to effect the 
object by insulating the metallic wire by covering it with a j-Ia^.-^ bead 
chain socketed and cIm-i1\ iim-l l-j. il,.i Tin- ^],[^- .li;uii is ty be 

covered with an iiiM'ln I :• i .i' , ,. m ,; .:,:,,■ ni:, jninteil, 

banded, and cementi-ii I i ■ i i m i i (,,.i ,.i i.jnf elec- 
tricity. TIm' IiloJecl 1j:i- Hi. 1 \\ nil -iml. ,1 l,i\-i:il.K - 1 . !-■ i .itioii from 

1 ■i.\; ' I I I I i-il'ility. If successful, and we see but tittle objec- 
III 1 I II I I I I tnoet important invention, the result of which in 
k.ihi.iiiil: i n t ■ 1 1 1 i ihl- cau scarcely bo estimated."— BaWmore Sun, Nov. 



3 H. W. Cleveland, an assistant of Prof. Morse in the Baltimore oflice, 
ia April, 1847, invented a subnnirine telegraph, which he tested across 
the bed of the stream at Gtiupowdor River draw-bridge between Balti- 
more and Havre de Grace, and it was eminently 



coast between 1852 and 1857, in the hopes of obtain- 
ing money to renew and prosecute his application. 
He returned in 1858 to find his invention largely in 
u.se. He had accumulated a little money, and promptly 
renewed his application for the jiatent. It was again 
rejected by the Patent Office, the commissioner con- 
tVssiiiL' tlial the ])revious decision had been erroneous, 
l>iii :illc jjirii; that it was now too late to obtaiua patent. 
.Mr. Siiiiiis.iii persevered from 1858 to 1866, filing re- 
peated applications with all the different Commission- 
ers of Patents who were in office during that time. 
In 1862 he presented an application to Congress for 
relief, and received a most favorable report upon the 
originality and novelty of his invention. Finally, in 
1867, after twenty years' litigation in the Patent Office, 
his efforts were crowned with success, and a patent was 
issued to him as the originator of the first practical 
method of constructing an ocean telegraph. Simpson, 
however, died within a few months after the grant of 
the patent, being then a paymaster in the United 
States army. His death was caused by yellow fever, 
in New Orleans, in October, 1867. The patent passed 
into the hands of Clinton G. Colgate, the a.ssignee of 
the late Arthur M. Eastman, who began suit against 
the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1872, pray- 
ing for an account of profits and damages. 

Prof Morse, the founder of telegraph lines in Amer- 
ica, died in New York on April 2, 1872, and, agree- 
ably to the call of the Morse Memorial Committee of 
Washington, memorial meetings were held on April 
16th in all the principal cities of the United States. 
In Baltimore the meeting was held in the " Morse 
Building," on Fayette Street near North, which had 
been loaned for the purpose by the owner, A. S. Abell, 
the friend and early associate of Prof. Morse. The 
telegraph lines were run into the building, and the 
meeting placed in communication with all the prin- 
cipal cities of the world. It was presided over by 
Mayor J. Vansant, with the following vice-presidents : 
Hon. Reverdy Johnson, C. J. M. Gwinn, A. S. Abell, 
C. C. Fulton, William H. Carpenter, F. Raine, E. M. 
Yerger, William Schnautfer, John Wills, William R. 
Cole, J. E. Anderson, C. J. Fox, Kennedy Duff", Jr., 
Roger B. Pearson, and A. AVilson, Jr. ; Messrs. R. J. 
Kerr and Archibald W^ilson were appointed secretaries. 
An appropriate message was submitted by John T. 
Crow, and ordered by tlie lucetiiig to be transmitted 
to Washington to the M..i-( Mi iiiorial Association. A 
series of resolutiou^ i.llnc.l hy Keverdy Johnson were 
adopted, and messages were sent and received from sev- 
eral imi)ortant cities. 

The American Union Telegraph Company was 
incorporated under the general incorporation laws 
of the State in Baltimore July 11, 1879, with the 
following incorporators : Robert T. Baldwin, Fer- 
dinand C. Latrobe, William F. Frick, Charles A. 
Tinker, Upshur Johnson, Robert Garrett, and John 
Gill. It was begun as an auxiliary to the Baltimore 
an<l Ohi.) Railroad, but earlv in 1881 it was absorbed 



THE TELEGRAPH. 



509 



by the Western Union Telegraph Company. The In- 
sulated Lines Telegraph Company was opened for 
business between Boston, Providence, New York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington on Jan. 9, 
1866. The office was at No. 125 West Baltimore 
Street, with Joseph W. Wightman as president; S. F. 
Van Choate, general agent and superintendent; Ed- 
ward Hamilton, secretary and treasurer. It was 
also absorbed by the Western Union, together with 
the Franklin, the Independent, the Atlantic and Pa- 
cific, the Bankers' and Brokers', the Continental, and 
other companies which once existed in Baltimore. 

American District Telegraph Company.— This 
company was chartered July 24, 1874, and was organ- 
ized July 29th of the same year. It has offices at the 
Western Union office, southwest corner Baltimore 
and Calvert Streets, at 9J^ Eutaw Street, 53 Rich- 
mond Street, 105 South Broadway, Gay and Lombard 
Streets, 32 South Street, and at Edmondson Avenue 
and Carey Street. It furnishes uniformed messen- 
gers for any service called through the medium of 
automatic telegraph-boxes, placed in residences and 
business houses. It also has connection with the 
City Fire Alarm, Salvage Corps, and Police Depart- 
ments, any of which can be instantly commanded 
through the automatic signals by turning the crank 
of the box. 

On Oct. 1, 1881, this company and the Union Dis- 
trict Telegraph Company, and the Domestic Tele- 
graph Company (a local telegraph organization which 
was owned and operated by the Western Union Tele- 
graph Company), consolidated under the name of 
" The American District Telegraph Company." The 
capital stock of the new corporation was fixed at 
$500,000, in 100,000 shares of the par value of $5.00 
each. The officers of the new company are Harry 
Fisher, president ; Herman F. Meyer, secretary ; 
James Scott, Jr., treasurer; and J. B. Teakle, general 
manager. Directors : Decatur H. Miller, Samuel H. 
Adams, Harry Fisher (who had been president of the 



American Telegraph Company from its organization), 
Robert Garrett, Thomas T. Eckert, James Sloan, Jr., 
RobertT. Baldwin, David A. Bates, Charles A. Tinker, 
F. C. Latrobe, John King, Jr., Wm. T. Frick, and 
Edward Higgins. 

The Union District Telegraph Company was or- 
ganized in May, 1880, and chartered in October of the 
same year. It did a general telegraph business, in- 
cluding messenger service, and employed sixty-five 
messenger-boys, and twenty adults in the capacity of 
operators, clerks, etc. C. F. McCulloh was superin- 
tendent; C. A. Tinker, general manager; and Robert 
Garrett, president. 

The Maryland Telephone Company was organ- 
ized in 1878, and chartered August 30th of the same 
year, for the construction, owning, and operating of 
telephone and telegraph lines in the State of Maryland, 
including Baltimore City, with a capital of $50,000, 
and with Augustus G. Davis, John H. C. Watts, 
Alan P. Smith, Frederick L. Moale, of Baltimore 
City, and George R. Blanchard, of New York, as in- 
corporators and directors. The present exchange sys- 
tem was organized in 1879. The executive officers 
and the Exchange are located in the American build- 
ing ; the former on the basement floor. No. 121 West 
Baltimore Street, the latter occupying a portion of 
the third, the whole of the fourth story, and the entire 
roof. Branch exchanges are located in the principal 
towns in Maryland and contiguous towns of West 
Virginia. Private lines abound throughout the city 
and State, some connected, others not connected, with 
the Exchanges. Under the same management thereare 
Exchanges in Copenhagen, Denmark ; in St. Peters- 
burg, Russia ; in Madrid, Spain ; and at Demerara, 
South America. The capacity of the Baltimore Ex- 
change is for one thousand wires; it has more than 
nine hundred subscribers, employs nearly one hun- 
dred persons, and is in constant operation night and 
day. A. G. Davis is president; A. Wilson, Jr., super- 
intendent ; F. L. Moale, secretary and treasurer. 



Tax Returns of Miscellaneous Corporations in Baltimore City. 

(FROM THE OFFICE OF THE STATE TAX COMMISSIONER OF MARYLAND FOR 1881.) 



No. of 
Shaies. 

American District Telegraph Company 6,000 

Allstou Company I,'.i00 

Abbott Iron Uoujpany 5,000 

Atlantic and Geoifri-'- Crr-U r .„..,M,l:it...l rv,;il fnnipniiv 100,000 

American MKiiUlurl li,, , 2,600 

American Gas C.i;iM . 125,000 

Atlantic Building A- i i 

Astor Mutual Bui him- \-- . i.. i 

Asbiiry Building A6.-,o*.i.iUv'ii, .N._., .; 



Each Sliare. 
S15.00 
28.121^ 



:t;i,750.00 
200,000.00 
100,000.00 
60,000.00 
62,500.00 
4,860.00 
32,924.02 
9,700.00 
7,730.76 
14,678.18 
16,200.00 
8,075.51 
2,803.75 
18,050.00 
22,600.00 
10,000.00 
36.172.00 
400,000.00 
59,710.00 
1,480,000.00 



' Amount of credits allowed for investments paying taxes, ^000. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



NaMK or COKTOBATIOS. 

Baltimore and Philailelpliia Steamboat Company 

Baltimore Warehouso Company 

Baltimore Coal Tar and Manufaoturing Company 

Baltimore, Chesnpeake, and Rlclinioud Steamboat Company. 

Baltimore and Harford Turnpike Company 

Baltimore and Havre de Grace Turnpike Company 

Baltiniore City Fertilizing Manufacturing Company 

Beaver Dam Marble Company ■■ 

Baltimore Butobers' Hide and TmII » \,»,, : ,ii ,i, N.i. 1 

Baltimore Gazette Publishing ( . rni i 

Broadway and Locust Point .Sti mm i I . i > i mi ,i i 

Baltimore Kkvotor Conipanv 

Baltimore K.|uil,iM- Sn, iety. A- i~ 

Baltimon^ Kill, l..!;;-! M tin;; ('.„,. |.;.iiy 



2,500 
2,000 
1,327 



100.00 

"siio 

60.00 
lOO.OO 



Border state Perpetual BuiWir 
Balimore and Liberty Turnpik 
Baltimore Savings, Loan, and 
Baltimorn I'.MiiuuR'iit ISuil.lin. 

BallimiH'. .mt ''>-!' '' '" '• '•' 

Ballinvnr !■■■ ! ' ' 

Baltinj.ii. 11 i . 
Baltini.M. I 

Border M.ii. I > ■ : '■■ 

Bochemi. w ■ i i 

Baltim.Mv -, ,, , i . 

Bttltini.ii.. !■. , , II I . ■ ' 

Belviden 1,1 

Ballinioi' ■" ■ >■ i 

Baltinini. . II ' I 

Baltimni. 1 I I- 

Bee-Hiv. i 

ButcbiT»' I 

Baltimi.i- I' i' ' " ' > 

Baltim.'ir I 

Baltim.M. - 1 I II 



100.00 

"i'oo.'ob 



S61,647.( 
"';i3,94'7.C 



4,500.00 
49,426.00 
7,:>44.0O 



75,217.00 
155,155.00 
194,291.00 



188,986.00 

56,694.00 303,099.60 

2,050.00 

37,779.00 

157,491.26 



18,438.00 

"46,206.06 '."'."."".v.... 
"iLSM.oo "'.".""■.■.'.'.'.'. 



Citizens' 1: 

CariiaK'' " ' 
Carrolltn,, >,.>m.. 
Corner Hill and ; 
Central Union 1'. 
Caroline Street I' 

Chester Biver Steamboat CoTiiii. II, 

Commercial Mutual Building Ai-i i.ni- n 

Clark Combination Lock Conipitnj 

City of Baltimore Building Assocwtion, No. 2 

Corn Exchange Buildings Company 

Citizens' Security and Land Company 

Columbia Building Association, No. .i 

Consolidated Real Estate and Fire Insurance Company 

Chew Street Bocliemic Building Association, No. 1 

Centennial Building Association, No. 1 

Citizens' Permanent Building, Savings, and Loan Company.. 

Central Mutual Building Association 

Canton Ciiii|ii.iiy ..f r.i.Uimnre 

Cedar Ui'll 1 ..n.i.i- ■,„„,, any 

Cotton-1' - I iii|,ih.» 



Druid Hill Building Association, No. 3.. 
David Reus Permanent Loan and Savings Company.. 
Druid Hill Avnimo Pernimienl niiildinu AbsoluiIiou. 
Druid Hill \>,iinr' Vnti,,n:il V.niMin-- \---."-lHtlo„ ... 



1,000.00 
20.00 
100.00 



100.00 
i',o66!66 



2,738 00 

1,657,408.00 

81,016.00 



6,433.41 

"'mw.oo 

'l3,766!66 



17,334.00 
10,800.00 
15,974.76 



8,643 20 
■18,842.66 



Eager Strtet Building Aasu 
Exchange Mutual Perman< 
Kxcliango Permanent Savii 
Eagle Loui, and HuiIdi,,K.s 



Fire-Pii. 
Fountain 



Fourth German Anieiican J-iii! ■' n 

FIftli Geiniail American Hiiililiii: \., iinn 

Fort Avenue Permanent Biiildiu,. -V....... i.uiuo 

Federal Hill Perpetual Building AK»m;iHtion 

Friinklln Square Building and Loan Associatioli. 



14,389,00 
19,600.00 
S4 06.S.45 
40,679.06 
1,175.50 
1,176.60 



THE TELEGRAPH. 



Name of Cobpobatiox. 

FuUoD Street Permauent Building Association 

Firet Monumental Co-operative Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Co.. 

Fayette Association of Baltimore City 

George's Creek Coal and Iron Company , 

GuniwwderCi'pper Wuiks , 

George Scliwerin Building Association, No. 2 

German Building and Savings Association, No. i 

Greenmount Mutual Building Association 

George Washington Buildiifg Association, E 



German Homestead Ass<.>ciatioD 

Gerniania Savings Association, No. 2 

Gemiania Good Will Building Association 

German Building and Savings Association, No. 5.. 

Gray MHUufacturiug Company 

Grant Building Association..." 

German Central Building Association. No. 2 

Great Eastern Building Association, No. 6 , 

Granite Roofing Company 

Germania Building Association, No. 15 

No. 16 

No. 17 - 

Gough Street Building Association, No. 6 

Gustar Adolpfa Building and Loan Association 

Germania Club-House Association 

Harlem Stage Company 

Harmony Perpetual Loan and Savings Company.. 

Hanover Loan and Savings Company 

Hampshire and Baltimore Coal Company 

Howard Land Company of the City of Baltimore 

Howard Relief Building Association, No. 3 

Harlem Permanent Building As 
Home Building Association, No. 



No.i 



Harrison Permanent Building 

Harrison Building Association, No. 9 

Hampstead Building Association, No. 11 

No. 12 

Harmony Building Association, No. 14 

No. 15 

Hollins Land, Homestead, and Loan Company 

Homestead Association 

Hyde Turbine Soap Company., 

Imperial Land and LoauC'.iii[ i . 

Independent Building AssvH. I r: ■ \ 

Industrial Permanent BuJl'imu ^i-- ■ lo [,, \ . :; 

Jennings Filter Manufacturiug * ._.u.i..iii> 

Kenrick Building Associatiuu, No. -1 '. 

Light Street Building Association.".....V..."""".V.V.V.V."V 

Liberal Building Association 

Lexington Monumental Building Association 

Lloyd Street 3Iutual Building Association 

Log Cabin Permanent Building Association. 

No. 2. 

Loyola Perpetual Building Association 

Loyola Permanent Building Association. No. 5 

Monumental Fire Insurance Company 

Maryland White Lead Company 

Merchants' Shot-Tuwer Comp-tiiy 

Merchants" and Miners' TransptiVtation Company 

Maryland Floating Elevator Company 

Marviand Steamboat Company 

Maryland Fertilizing and Manufacturing Company 

Maryland Telephone Company 

Merchants* and Mechanics* Permanent Buildingand Loan Company. 

Maryland Permanent Land and Building Society 

Mount Clare Permanent Loan and Building Association 

Mechanics* Lexington Permanent Building and Loan Aeso'n, No. 6.. 

Maryland Mutual Permanent Building and Loan Company 

Monumental Perpetual Building and Savings Society, No. 5 

Maryland Beneficial Association 

Maryland Institute Building Association, No. 3 

Sladison Square Building Association, No. 1 

Mount Vernon Building Association, No. 3 

Mechanics' Hall Perpetual Loan and Savings Society 

Madison Avenue Land and Building Association 

Mount Vernon Company of Baltimore 

Maryland Academy of Music 

Monumental Gasoline Street Lamp Manufacturing Company 

Mount Carroll Land C..w[m.y 



Marvla,,: 1 ^ : 

New Vnrl, , 1., • :: n LineCoDlpanT 

Natatoiiuu. ...... 1 ,,>,.. ... , ...i^,^ A,»iMatiou 

Ninth M est Ci>liinil'iii Building .\K30Ciation 

Newington Laud and Loan Company 

New Michaels Building Association 

North Howard Building Association, No. 3 .............!!!!.. 



North Bond Street ; 



lilding Association, I 



No. of 


Par Val. 


As-d Val. of 


Agg. Val. of 


AsM Val. of 


Mortgages, 


Shares. 


of Each. 


Each Share. 


Shares. 


Keal Prop. 










812,331.00 


?l,621.00 


eiO,710.0(» 


600 


S12.00 


"si'i.'ix) 


7,200.00 






240 


100.00 


76.82M 


18,438.00 


"■i8,43«;«i 


...."..!!!...: 


10,972 


lOO.IKI 


95.00 


1,042,340.00 


684,078.00 




1,900 


20.00 


17.00 


32,300.00 






e50 


i&ioo 


128.07 Jl 


83,2i0.00 


""s'lSooiwi 


!"!!!!!"!!!! 


301 


50.25 


15,125.25 




6,979.7& 








25,704.00 




26,704.00' 










70,028.00 


5,478.00 


eiisscoa 








7,671.00 












29,292.55 


""6,4.V6:m 


^imss 








20,794.35 


3,891.00 


16,90:5.35 










17,539.80 


4,610.00 


12,929.80 








3,210.00 




3,210.00 








28,600.00 




28,600.00 








8,327.25 




8,327.25 








8,59200 




8,592.00 


"iVsw 


UJO.OO 


tii.oo 


84,500.00 
25,700.00 


7i,'266166 


"25^66:66 








8,680.00 




8,680.00 








7,571.75 






""soo 


5.00 


5.00 


4,000.00 
10,285.00 
10,388.00 

2,953.00 
12;611.25 

6,376.85 


::::•::;:::::: 


zEE 









29,420.00 


"29,426!66 


........'.....'. 


500 


""40.06 


""45.06 


22,500.00 


10,929.00 










13,894.75 




13,894!75 


:;;;;:;■• 


::;:;::;:;: 


:;:;;;;;; 


27,31505 
48,60i.00 


1,744'.66 
48 6W.00 


25,571.05 








93.611.00 


931611,00 




......... 


!!..!!!!!.! 




24,373.00 


24;J73.00 


!!!!!!!!!!!! 








26,017.00 




v"m>.M 


60 


100.00 


60.62 


3,637.50 






1,437 




92.50 


132,922.50 
4695.00 


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 


i32,922'i6 


'iVeVi 




""75.M 


125,:i25.00 




i25','325.66 








29,400.00 


!.!...!! 


29,400.00 








15,049.73 


1,044.00 


14,005.73 








25,472.90 




25,472.90 








14,283.00 




14,283.00 











16,664 00 


."'.. 










51,287.50 




"siiSfso 








12,500.00 




12,500.00 


""iao 


■■io6:s 


100.00 


15,000.00. 


4,100.00 


10,900.00 








7,200.00 




7,200.00 








3,000 00 


............... 










38.176.00 


10,539.00 


"22',577.6i 


"•■:: 


":;;-;;;; 


■;;;;""" 


10,800.00 
2,840.00 




10,800.00 


"sso 


"loo'.oo 


l(j6 


580.00 












61,037.00 


!!....!!!!!!.." 


_ 








26,003.2.0 














3,56:105 





"'3,563'.(B 








43,100.00 












31,049(10 




31,049.00 








10,420.75 












26,47388 


10,187.(X) 


"l6,286ji8 








9,004 30 




9,004.30 


628 


:;;;;;;;;;; 


""16.56 


10,362.00 
14,602.00 


:;z::::::::. 


10,112.00 


i,'287 


"moo 


■"96:66 


115,830.00 


"■44,885.'S 


"56,'659'ii 


299^ 


1,000.00 


600.00 


179,700.00 


74,437.00 




1,697 


25.00 


35.00 


59;i95.00 


28,342.00 




6,000 


100 00 


65.00 


390,000.00 




.............. 


50 


100.00 


50.00 


2.50O.OO 






1.697 


100.00 


50.00 


84,850.00 


"i',ooo.h6 




1.050 


100.00 


116.00 


120.750.00 


20,173.00 


.............. 


2,000 


loo.uo 


17.00 


34,t00.00 






885 


250.00 


210.00 


185,850.00 
90,977.00 


"19,427:66 
90,977.00 


108','ll5.13 


:::::::: 


::::::::::. 


:;::::::::: 


ll^9.S 
330.13 


::;;::::::;: 


"h'sssm 

18,769.60 
330.13 








14,900.00 




14,900.00 








360.00 






........ 


........... 


........... 


3,172.50 


............... 


"iVssHJ'.w 


293 




72.50 


21,242.50 




10,65750 






::;;;;;;;;: 


5,871.00 
27,854.94 




3,444.25 




....... 


........... 


76,483.011 


"'76|483!66 


.............. 


'l,99'6 


50.00 


23000 


459.080.00 


291.024.00 










134,500.00 


134,500.00 




is 




moo 


3,690.00 












36.000.00 






........ 




.........." 


3,000.00 


................ 


.......".... 








6,578.00 






........ 




...'. 


35,658.00 


".".'.'. 


.............. 


00,000 


LOO 




3,000.00 






14,625 


20.00 


15.00 


219,375.00 


49,563.00 




300 


100.00 


114.97V4 


34,492 00 


34,492.00 










33,o8(f.56 


20,243.00 


"l3^7.56 








35,600.00 


10,442.00 










7,410.00 








.........'. 


"!!!!!!!!! 


5,000.00 


1,766;66 


.............. 


""353 


"ino.oo 


61.00 


2i.5a3.OO 






442 


100.00 


22.75 


10,055.50 












17,483.45 


""2,466.'66 


"i5;6a:45 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOBJ; CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Name Of Cobporation. 

North Bond Street Building Associatiou, No. 8 

Nortl, ll,u;,.hv„y BuiMinK A>«..c.alion No.4......... 

\Miil. I'lMn li ■^^:rMl' f vm A^iocltttion, No.i.. 
i^-' ,,l li/r, ,,, .,, r,--, I, I l;;iiUvay Company 

,,'i' ': ' I , > ' '■•'^ Company 



I'alHiw,.. 
FoloJlliU: 

Patapsci) 
feabody 



7,760 
"2,000 



Par Val. As'd Val. of Agg. Val. of 

of Eath. Each Share. Shares. 

$9,315.00 

"" 11,350.00 

5,6il2.00 



122.00 
3.00 
39.00 



4.00 

"iso.oo 



12,200.00 
450,000.00 

10,257.00 
388,070.00 

33,000.00 



56,000.00 
72,000.00 
1,302.25 



85,238.00 84,077.00 
3,600.00 



248^73.00 
"ufiiiiM 



1,302.25 
8,745.67 
16,302.69 
18,066.00 
6,640.00 



Railroad' Permanent Building Association 

Ridgely Buildi'ng Association.... .............. 

Koli^rt Emmett Perpetual Building Asaocmti" 

Relief Building Association 

Safe Depcisit an.l Trust Company^ 



Sycamnn 
Sixth Gp 

South Sli 








■i 7118 119 










3,847.76 


2,226.00 










4,974.00 


6(26 00 







'2:"o3:w 




2oO3 0O 






12,280.00 


38,875.00 








2 5j1 ij 
























'Imom 





















li;.54s.0ll 
19 7(1111111 










■■ 









184 000 
















9,18.5.110 










90,720.00 






100.00 


100.00 


500,000.00 


239,250.00 




1 00.00 


100.00 










12.50 


5,000,00 







10.00 


10.00 


110,000.00 


■■■51,805.06 






40.00 
8.00 




100.00 


2,0110.00 










14,418.0(1 






100.00 


2.00 


24..i.-7.0il 










24,587.00 



















lll-i,ll!>.00 


12,410.00 


89 70O00 
















8,1.-A7.5 




















.5,317.75 












1,496.00 








92;8'mG8 




9' 884 68 


;;; 





79,U79 04 







' No. 5 ""• 

Thistle Manufacturing Company • 

Third fienimii Anieii.aii Building Association -^- 

Tv:,nMi-Kn:..VMir:'"v . -... ::z:::::z oiimo- 

' ''' " 1'-'";' '■■'■'-<'' ■"!'■"' 107 

' ■ ' ■ ' J;"^ *^ ^ ' 2,103 

William Tull Uuildiiii; As^ii. iiilioii 

Washington Fire Insurance ajiniiaiiy - ■•■ ■ 

Winana I'erniaiient Land and Loan Company ■■;■■ 

West End.Savings Association 

1 Amount of credits allowed for investnients paying taxes, S400. 
3 Ibid., $36,000. 



100.00 75.00 

100.00 100.00 

100.00 110.00 



3,874.(10 

6',747!oo !!!!!!;"" 

100,00000 71,350.00 

129,878.57 6,214.00 123,664.57 

137,500.00 30,385.00 .".... 

9,000.00 

12,525.00 5,763.00 

210,300.00 

06,000.00 •■■•■•■■■•" 

10(K)00 ijOOO.W 

4',aoo;(io •'•S29-29 

288380.66 . 123,646.00 164,734.65 

64,197.86 1,918.00 52,279.86 

3,916.00 

! Ibid., S550. 



INNS, TAVERNS, AND HOTELS. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

INNS, TAVERNS, AND HOTELS. 

B.\LTIM0RE iuns and taverns, old and new, have 
always been famous. Their cuisine has, as a rule, 
never been excelled, and some exceptional qualities 
in it have made the hotels always talked about very 
widely. The old-fashioned vast blue, white-canvased 
Conestoga wagons, their grand Pennsylvania horses, 
the stage-coaches, and the taverns or inns, with their 
conspicuous, swinging signs, their substantial fare, 
wide yards, and liberal stables, and the frocked wag- 
oners and teamsters who drove or tended their stalwart 
beasts for burthen or for market, are fast passing away. 
These taverns and their signs were frequent reminders 
to Englishmen of the country inns found in every Bri- 
tish town and hamlet. These were the times of horse- 
back and saddle-bag traveling. Most of our citizens 
who have not passed far beyond middle life will 
still remember the " Golden Horse" which swung so 
gaudily at the northwestern corner of Franklin and 
Howard Streets, and the " White Swan," which still 
floats, like a dim ghost of its former self, on the sign 
a square beyond, at the southeastern corner of Frank- 
lin and Eutaw Streets; while the "Golden Lamb" 
reclined in its rich yellow fleece until a few years 
ago at the northwestern corner of Paca and Franklin 
Streets, until it was supplanted by a confectionery ; 
or the " Black Bear" and some other couotry inns 
beyond the turn of Franklin Street into Pennsylvania 
Avenue. Then there was the "Hand Tavern" and 
yard, still surviving, on Paca near Lexington Street, 
giving refuge to the market-people and their wagons 
and cattle ; and the chained " Black Bear" Inn, 
designed for the same purpose, next to the corner 
of Howard, on Saratoga Street, where the Bevans 
now cut and carve their marble mantels and tombs. 
The more aristocratic " General Wayne Inn," Gugle 
& Frost's stylish hostelry, for Western travelers, 
horse-dealers, and cattle-drovers, was at the corner of 
Paca aind Baltimore Streets, where the Revolutionary 
hero still faintly survives on the weather-beaten sign 
which was raised to its present place near fifty years 
ago. The " May-Pole" was still farther south of this, 
on Paca and German Streets, and the " Three Tuns 
Tavern" yet beyond, at the corner of Paca and Pratt 
Streets. These were the main houses of entertain- 
ment, cattle-yards, and stables for horse-dealers, 
wagoners, and cattle-men west of the Falls, while 
Old Town had its famous " Bull's Head," on Front 
Street, the " Rising Sun," on High Street, and the 
well-known " Habbersett's," whose hospitable doors 
anjj excellent stables are always open to dealers and 
farmers of Harford County especially. 

The old " Fountain Inn," with its limpid, gushing 
sign, was always the pet of the Eastern Shoremen (so 
accessible as they came up Light Street from the 
Basin), long after it ceased to be the pet of the Presi- 
dents, after Jefferson's day, and the rise of the " In- 



dian Queen" under Gadsby's auspices, and long sub- 
sequently to " Barnum's," in Monument Square, and 
to the " Eutaw House," which were the two first 

I that wholly discarded the old-fashioned index of a 
sign. There was also the " Globe Inn," on Balti- 

{ more and Howard Streets. At most of these, in the 
days of turnpikes, the daily, tri-weekly, or weekly 
stilge-cpach called regularly, with sounding horn, to 
take up the passengers "booked" at the oflice. The 
western taverns were filled with stanch, rough team- 
sters and drovers, and the tavern-yards generally oc- 
cupied by fat cattle for the shambles, and splendid 
horses for sale, trade, or swap ; while westwardly from 
Howard Street, along Franklin to its junction with 
Pennsylvania Avenue, and out the avenue to George 
Street, and often beyond it, in the busy season one- 
half of this great highway was nightly blocked up by 
the ponderous Conestoga wagons, and their superb 
teams feeding or munching in a trough fastened to 
the wagon-poles. Next day they delivered their flour, 
whisky, and provisions along Howard and other 
streets, and quickly reloaded with groceries, dry and 
fancy goods for the West, and speedily set forth with 
their four or six-in-hand teams, each animal tinkling 
his jolly crest of a dozen bells along the narrow de- 
files of the Alleghanies, the drivers cracking their 
huge, savage whips, giving notice of each other's ap- 

i proach in the many passes of tlie mountains or 
valleys. 

The early directories of Baltimore throw a great 
deal of light upon these early inns and taverns of the 
town. In the first directory of Baltimore, published 

I in 1796, which contains only 3240 names, there are, 
including two coff'ee-houses and one cook-shop, the 
names and sites of ninety-eight taverns and inns. 
These taverns were mostly small ones, what would 
now be called sailors' boarding-houses and country 
taverns. Of the entire number fifty-nine were in 

! Old Town and Fell's Point, eight in Thames Street, 
and twelve in Bond Street, or more than half as many 

I in these two streets as in the whole of the city west 

I of the Falls. The number and locality of these tav- 
erns show what sort of travel chiefly came to Balti- 

! more at that time. It was a sea-faring population, 

! clustering about deep water, come after produce, and 
the drivers and attendants of country teams, frequent- 
ing the wagon taverns on the great public roads, come 
to bring flour, hides, bark, provisions, tobacco, ashes, 
etc., for barter and shipment. Thebigup-town hotels 
got their patronage from transient travel, from West- 
ern Shore planters and Eastern Shore farmers, but it 
was the taverns about the wharves and on the roads 
which did the largest business. These taverns on the 
wharves, however, were nearly all of them small, and 
probably Gadsby's (Evans' it was then) "Indian 
Queen" or Beltzhoover's (Bryden's it was then) 
" Fountain Inn" contained each of them a larger 
number of rooms and beds than all the taverns on 
Bond Street put together. 



5U 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Our Baltimore tavern-keepers began to get their 
training early. There are already two inns set down 
in John Moale's rude sketch of the town in 1752, one 
Rogers', northeast corner of Calvert and Baltimore 
Streets; the other Payne's, corner of Calvert and 
Mercer Streets {which latter street was known as Bank 
Street in 1796 and 1804). 

In 1757, Jacob Myers, from Pennsylvania, estab- 
lished an inn on the southeast corner of Baltimore 
and Gay Streets, one having been built on the south- 
west corner in 1753 by Valentine Larsh. In 1761 two 
inns were built, one by Amos Fogg on the corner of 
Market (now Baltimore) and Hanover Streets {out of 
which grew the "Indian Queen"); the other, called 
the " White Horse," corner of Front and Low Streets. 
In 1773 we note the existence of a coffee-house on 
Fell's Point, and in 1778, Stenson, who had kept a 
sort of restaurant before on the corner of East {Fay- 
ette) and HoUiday Streets, opened a modern coffee- 
house on the southwest corner of South and Baltimore 
Streets. Fogg's tavern was probably called " Indian 
Queen" very soon after he took it. The directory of 
1796 shows us that in that year the " Golden Horse," 
kept by W. Forsyth, was in existence, and also the 
"Wheatfield Inn," kept by Nathaniel Hussey. At 
this time Nowland kept the tavern southwest corner 
of Baltimore and Liberty Streets, opposite Congress 
Hall, which was originally founded by George Rein- 
icker. 

The "Indian ftueen" Hotel.— The old "Indian 
Queen" Hotel was situated at the southeast corner of 
Hanover and Baltimore Streets. The date of its erec- 
tion is uncertain, but it was probably among the very 
earliest public-houses in Baltimore Town. In 1782 it 
was kept by Daniel Grant, who in December of that 
year removed " to his large, new, and elegant house 
in Light Lane, between Market Street and Ellicott's 
Wharf, where the ' Fountain Inn' is opened." Grant's 
immediate successor at the " Indian Queen" is not 
known, but in 1794 the hotel was kept by Jacob Starck, 
who died on the 3d of April, 1803. In 1796 it passed 
into the possession of William Evans, to whom Balti- 
more was "indebted for her first regular line of com- 
munication with her sister-cities North and South. 
Evans died on the 28th of June, 1807, and in October, 
1808, John Gadsby, the founder of " Gadsby's Hotel," 
in Washington, took charge of the " Indian Queen." 

In 1819, David Barnum, who subsequently built 
"Barnum's City Hotel," was landlord of the famous 
old hostelry, and was followed by King, and in 1826 
by William Beltzhoover, who introduced many changes 
in the management. In 1832, Mr. Beltzhoover, who 
had removed to the "Fountain Inn," was succeeded 
by Capt. Reuben Newcombe, who was the lessee at 
the time it was closed preparatory to its demolition. 
The title to the property came into the possession of 
James Piper after the death of William Evans, and 
is still retained in his family. The premises extended 
from Baltimore to German Street, and the building 



itself was a place of great celebrity in its day, and 
many of the mo.st distinguished men of the past were 
entertained within its walls. 

The "Fountain Inn."— The "Fountain Inn," on 
the northeast corner of Light Street and Lovely Lane 
(now German Street), was for many years one of the 
historic landmarks of the city. It was probably 




erected during the Revolutiuu, as the first mention 
made of it is in September, 1781, when Gen. Wa.sh- 
ington, accompanied by Adjt.-Gen. Hand and other 
officers of distinction, arrived in Baltimore on their 
way to Virginia, and found accommodations at its 
refreshing and friendly sign. In December, 1782, 
Daniel Grant removed from the " Indian Queen" 
tavern into " his large, new, and elegant house in 
Light Lane, between Market Street and Ellicott's 
Wharf, where the 'Fountain Inn' is opened for the 
reception and entertainment of such gentlemen and 
ladies, travelers or others, as shall be pleased to honor 
his house with their company." James Bryden suc- 
ceeded Grant in the management, and from his ad- 
vertisements in the journals of the day we learn that 
the inn " cost ten thousand dollars, and had attached 
to it a ball-room, hair-dresser's room, stables for 
eighty horses, and various outhouses." In the great 
fire of Dec. 4, 1796, the inn, which stood opposite the 
Methodist meeting-house, was with difiiculty saved 
from the flames, and owed its preservation to the 
exertions of a traveler, Mr. Francis Charlton, of 
Yorktown, Va. In 1808, John H. Barney succeeded 
Bryden at the " Fountain Inn," and continued to be 
its manager for a number of years. In 1832 the old 
building was thoroughly renovated and repaired, and 
made equal to the demands of the times. It passed 
into the hands of a succession of landlords, and was 
closed for. a time previous to 1843, but on the 24th 
of June in that year was reopened by Messrs. Dix 
and Fogg. At length, after nearly a century of faith- 
ful service, the old building was forced to give way 



INNS, TAVERNS, AND HOTELS. 



before the rivalry of the hotels of to-day, and the site 
upon which it once stood is now occupied by a mag- 
nificent successor in the " Carrollton Hotel." The 
historic associations connected with the locality, how- 
ever, still survive, and in spite of the many changes 
which modern progress have wrought, recall them- 
selves to the minds of those familiar with the history 
of the city. It was the favorite stopping-place of 
Gen. Washington, and was honored with the presence 
of Lafayette during his visit to Baltimore in 1824, as 
well as on several previous occasions. 

In 1871 a number of enterprising citizens deter- 
mined to form a stock company for the purpose of 
building a new hotel upon the site of the " Fountain 
Inn." The old hotel was torn down, and the present 
magnificent " Carrollton Hotel" was erected on its site 
in 1872. It is six stories high, with a Mansard roof 
and tower, fronting on Light, Baltimore, and German 
Streets. It was named after the distinguished Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton, the last survivor of the signers 
of the Declaration of Independence. The building 
contains three hundred and fifty spacious and elegant 
apartments, fitted up as family rooms, special guest 
and bridal chambers, with all the modern conve- 
niences. Each floor is provided with bath-rooms, 
water-closets, hose, fire-extinguishers, fire-escapes, 
electric call-bells, and a large elevator constantly 
runs from office-floor to the top of the building. 
Telegraphs and telephones connect the hotel with 
the outside world. The hotel-office is the finest in 
the city. Col. R. B. Coleman was selected as the 
first manager of the " Carrollton," and was succeeded 
in 1879 by his sou, Maj. F. W. Coleman, who has 
had considerable experience with his father in hotel 
management, his father having formerly kept the 
"Eutaw House" of Baltimore, the " Astor" and "St. 
Nicholas" of New York, and the " International" 
of Niagara Falls. S. H. & J. F. Adams were the 
builders of the Carrollton Hotel. 

The "General Wayne Inn." — The "General 
Wayne Inn," at the corner of Baltimore and Paca 
Streets, was built shortly after the close of the Revo- 
lutionary war by Col. John Eager Howard, and is 
the only one of the old inns left standing, the weather- 
beaten sign still swinging before the house with a 
painting of Gen. Wayne standing near his charger 
and apparently surveying a field of battle. This inn 
in the olden time was kept by Mr. Cugle, and during 
the first quarter of the century was the popular resort 
of the citizens of Maryland visiting Baltimore, and 
especially the place where politicians were wont to 
meet and arrange the political slates. In 1789 it was 
kept by Peter Mitchell. On the 17th of October, 
1863, the heirs of John E. Howard sold at private 
sale to Messrs. Thomas G. Scharf, Edward Wheat, 
and George Scott the "General Wayne Inn" and 
stables for thirty thousand dollars cash. In 1864, 
Mr. Scharf purchased the interest of the other gen- 
tlemen at an advance of three thousand dollars. 



The "Howard House." — The " Howard House," 
which was originally known as the " Wheatfield Inn," 
was built in 1784 by Melchior Keener. In 1841 it 
was rebuilt by Samuel Jones, and on May 3, 1842, it 
was opened to the public by John Cockey. On Tues- 
day, April 2, 18.50, the " Howard House" was sold by 
Messrs. Gibson & Co., auctioneers, and was purchased 
by Robert Garrett & Sons for twenty-five thousand 
dollars. On March 11, 1863, after being closed for 
two years, the house was opened by Col. A. C. Reamer 
& Co. Mr. Reamer had been for several years previ- 
ously at the "Railway Dining Hotel," at Martinsburg, 
Va. In 186.5, John Mcintosh, who had conducted 
the hotel for fifteen years, and had retired in 1862, 
returned to the management, succeeding Mr. Reamer, 
who retired at that time from the business. In the 
latter part of 1866 or the beginning of 1867, Messrs. 
Bull & Sewell, proprietors of the " Grant House," on 
North Calvert Street, became the lessees. On Jan. 
22, 1878, Messrs. C. P. Barnard and Solon Fisher, late 
of the " Belmont," Philadelphia, took charge of the 
place, and in 1881 Solon Fisher became sole pro- 
prietor. 

The "Globe Inn."— The " Globe Inn" was a large 
three-story brick building, situated on the corner of 
Baltimore and Howard Streets, fronting on Baltimore 
Street fifty-four feet and three inches, and extending 
back to German Street one hundred and seventy-one 
feet. In 1826 it was kept by J. R. Thomas, who was 
succeeded in the proprietorship in 1832 by J. W. 
Owings. In 1843 it was thoroughly repaired and re- 
furnished, and kept by Jacob Bohn. In 18.51 it passed 
into the hands of B. J. Bartholomew, and in 1856 G. 
A. Newman became proprietor. In 1854 this prop- 
erty was sold at auction to John White for thirty- 
three thousand dollars. It had been a famous tavern 
in the day of stage, carriage, and horseback travel, 
and was only succeeded in its pretensions by the finer 
buildings made necessary by railroads. 

The " Exchange Hotel."— The " Exchange Hotel," 
extending from Exchange Place through to Second 
Street, and near Gay Street, the property of the Com- 
mercial Exchange Company, was for many years one 
of the most popular hotels in Baltimore. It occupied 
a part of the present custom-house building. In 1835 
Mr. Page was the landlord, but in 1843 Erastus Cole- 
man, the former proprietor of the " Pavilion Hotel" 
in Boston, leased the hotel building. Shortly after- 
wards Henry F. Jackson, from the " Astor House," 
New York, became a partner of Mr. Coleman. In 
December, 1844, the hotel passed into the hands of 
John West, formerly of " Barnum's Hotel." The 
" Exchange" ranked for many years as one of the 
leading hotels of the country. 

"Barnum's City Hotel."— The foundation of 
" Barnum's City Hotel," on the southwest corner of 
Fayette and Calvert Streets, was laid in 1825 by 
Messrs. D. Barnum, W. Shipley, and J. Philips, Jr. 
In the Federal Gazette for Sept. 11, 1826, it is an- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



nouuced "that Mr. Barnum will accommodate the 
Philadelphia volunteer company of Washington 
Blues at his hotel, .although it is not quite finished." 
On the 27th of September, 1826, Mr. Barnum was in 
complete possession, and was enabled to render his 
guests so comfortable that several were induced to 
extend their stay in the city for days and weeks in- 
stead of passing rapidly through it. The basement 
is of granite from the Susquehanna, near Port De- 
posit, and the front appointments of this story were 
originally used as a post-office. On Friday, May 10, 

1844, David Barnum died, in the seventy-fourth year 
of his age ; the funeral took place from the hotel on 
the Monday following. In the spring of 1848 an im- 
portant addition was made, extending from the orig- 
inal termination of the hotel on Fayette Street one 
hundred and thirty-five feet westwardly. In 1855, 
by the withdrawal of Zenus Barnum from the firm, 
Andrew McLaughlin became sole proprietor, and so 
remained until his death, on the 29th of January, 
1863. Mr. Zenus Barnum then for a short time re- 
sumed control of the house as administrator, but in 
1865 was succeeded in the management by Daniel and 
Joseph Dorsey. On the 15th of December, 1870, the 
property was sold at auction by Messrs. F. A. Bennett 
& Co., for three hundred thousand dollars, to Robert 
E. Fowler and others. It had at that time been for 
about ten years the subject of litigation, and conse- 
quently somewhat neglected, though apparently with- 
out any injury to its reputation as a house of enter- 
tainment. The present proprietors are Barnum & Co. 

The "Eutaw House."— The "Eutaw House," 
situated at the northwest corner of Baltimore and 
Eutaw Streets, was opened for the reception of guests 
by the proprietor, William Hussey, in July, 1835. It 
is built of brick, and covers an area of more than 
nineteen thousand square feet. It has a front on 
Eutaw Street of one hundred and twenty-five feet, 
and on Baltimore Street of one hundred and ten feet. 
It was begun in 1832, and completed in 1835, Samuel 
Harris, Esq., being the architect, and Messrs. John 
and Valentine Dushane the builders, the brick-work 
being done by Jacob Wolff. Mr. Hussey, to whom 
Baltimore is indebted for the establishment of this 
hotel, retired from the proprietorship of the house 
Feb. 28, 1846. Mr. Jackson, of New York, succeeded 
him in the management. On Thursday, Oct. 16, 

1845, the " Eutaw House" was sold at auction for 
fifty-eight thousand five hundred dollars, exclusive of 
the furniture, to Messrs. Robert Garrett & Sons. On 
Thursday, Dec. 1, 1859, R. B. Coleman, of the firm of 
Coleman & Stetson, of the " Astor House" of New 
York, succeeded the Messrs. Carroll in the manage- 
ment. Mr. Coleman having managed the house dur- 
ing the war period, was succeeded by James D. Gil- 
mour & Sons, who on the 20th of February, 1874, 
relinquished possession to assume control of a house 
in Cincinnati. On June 1, 1874, William W. Leland, 
of New York, leased tlie house for ten years from 



Robert Garrett & Sons. On May 1, 1876, Messrs. A. 
J. Ford & Sons, proprietors of " Ford's Hotel," Rich- 
mond, Va., took charge of the house, with the option 
to purchase at a price not exceeding three hundred 
and forty thousand dollars, Maj. Leland, the previous 
manager, going to the " Belmont" of Philadelphia. 
In 1878, Capt. William J. Walsh, who had been asso- 
ciated with Messrs. Ford, purchased their interest in 
the hotel, which since its foundation in 18.35 by Asha- 
bel Hussey, formerly proprietor of the " Hussey 
House," near the same spot, has-been one of the most 
popular houses in the United States. It was one of 
the first hotels to discard the sign with which custom 
had adorned the old inns. In 1880, C. S. Wood 
assumed the management for Messrs. Robert Garrett 
& Sons. 

"Guy's Hotel."— The "Gilmor House," known 
afterwards as the " St. Clair," and now known as 
" Guy's," on the west side of Monument Square, was 
opened to the public by J. M. Smith, formerly of the 
" American Hotel," Richmond, Va., who had leased 
it from the owner. Judge Gilmor, about the last of Sep- 
tember, 1855. The building is six stories high, in ad- 
dition to the story below the main floor, and contains 
about one hundred and fifty rooms. The front is an 
imitation of brownstone, with a cast-iron portico ex- 
tending as high as the third story, and containing 
three separate floors capable of accommodating two 
or three hundred persons. 

In 1865, the house having been closed for some 
time, was leased to the Messrs. Kirkland & Co. and 
reopened. In 1870 it was leased to Mr. Samuel Shoe- 
maker, to be used as an office for the Adams Express 
Company. 

In 1871 the hotel was leased to the Messrs. Gilmour 
& Sons, and reopened as the "St. Clair Hotel." For 
several years previous to 1881 the " St. Clair Hotel" 
remained untenanted. In that year " Guy's Hotel," 
on the northeast corner of Fayette Street and Monu- 
ment Square, having been torn down to make room 
for the new post-office, Thomas Boylan, the pro- 
prietor, leased the "St. Clair Hotel," had it thor- 
oughly repaired and refurnished, and opened it as 
" Guy's Monument House." 

The "Maltby House."— The "Maltby House," 
on Pratt near Light Street, was established in 1854 
by a consolidation of Smith's " American House" 
and Guy's " United States Hotel," which houses in 
that year were purchased by C. S. Maltby. The 
" Maltby House" was first conducted by Henry M. 
Smith. On the first day it wa-s opened to the public, 
Sept. 30, 1854, seventy guests were registered. In 
1865, Mr. A. R. Miller was the proprietor. It was 
afterwards corKhutcd by C. R. Stewart and J. H. 
Jones. 

The " Mount Vernon Hotel."— Tlie " Mount Ver- 
non Hotel" is situated on the south side of Monu- 
ment west of Cathedral Street. The building was 
formerly the mansion of Wm. J. Albert. It is of 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



bV, 



brownstone, sixty feet front and four stories high, 
and in 1867, when it was converted into a hotel, sev- 
eral large additions were made, rendering it capable 
of accommodating seventy-five guests. In addition 
to the elegant furniture, splendid oil paintings, bronze 
statuettes, and articles of vertii adorn the lower hall 
and many of the chambers. The massive stairways, 
oiled wood paneling, velvet carpeting, and wall tap- 
estries present a rich and luxurious appearance. The 
design of the undertaking was to blend the best fea- 
tures of the French caf6 with the comforts and con- 
veniences of the leading hotels of this country. 

The " Continental Hotel," onHolliday Street next 
door to the Holliday Street Theatre, was completed 
in 1801 for Wni. EUinger, and was originally called 
the " Continental Hotel." It fronted forty-eight feet, 
with a depth of one hundred and seventeen feet, and 
was four stories high. Its general arrangements dif- 
fered from other hotels in Baltimore, and were modeled 
after hotels in German cities. The first floor had in 
front the saloon, two parlors, and a broad hall, with 
a concert-room in the rear capable of seating four hun- 
dred persons. Ill the centre of the audience-room a 
fountain played, which was lighted at night by a curi- 
ously wrought, large chandelier. On the east end of 
the room the walls were painted with scenery repre- 
senting national subjects. Near the proscenium were 
two private boxes, and on the south side of the room 
was a confectionery department. The rooms in the 
stories above were furnished as lodging-rooms. Its 
name was afterwards changed to the " St. Nicholas 
Hotel." The building was seriously injured by the 
fire which destroyed the Holliday Street Theatre in 
September, 1873. 

The "American Hotel" is located on the north- 
west corner of Franklin and Calvert Streets, opposite 
the depot of the Northern Central Railroad Company. 
It is four stories high, with a considerable front on 
Franklin Street. It was leased by N. P. Sewell, and 
opened for the reception of guests about the 1st of 
November, 1865, as the " Grant House." In 1871, Mrs. 
Fairchilds became the proprietress, refitted and fur- 
nished it, and changed the name to that of the 
"Americari Hotel." 

The "Rennert House," formerly situated on Fay- 
ette Street, adjoining the United States court-house 
on the west, was built by Robert Rennert in 1871, 
and kept on the European style. The first floor 
contained a side hall on the right front. There was 
another entrance immediately from the street into the 
bar and eating-counter room, which extended about 
one-third the length of the building back. In the 
rear of this the clerk's ofiice and clerks' desks were 
located, behind which were suites of dining-rooms. 
A wide stairway running up from the hall just in the 
rear of the clerk's office communicated with the first 
floor, upon which in front were the handsome parlors 
of the hotel, with bed-rooms in the rear. The upper 
stories were also used for the accommodation of guests. 



The kitchens were in the rear basement. This was one 
of the most popular eating-houses in Baltimore. In 
1880, Mr. Rennert sold the property, among others on 
the block, to the United States, and iii 1881 the build- 
iilg was torn down to make room for the new post- 
office site. 

• " Mount Clare Hotel.'"— In 1842 the " Mount Clare 
Hotel" was situated a short distance from Mount 
Clare Depot, now the Western Scheutzen Park, and 
was one of the most pleasant resorts about Balti- 
more. From it a full view could be obtained of the 
city, the surrounding country, the Patapsco River, 
and a portion of the Chesapeake Bay. It had around 
it a spacious flower-garden and orchard, and a con- 
servatory in which the proprietor of the hotel, Mr. 
McPherson, cultivated oranges and lemons. 

"Mann's Hotel," originally erected by John R. 
Giles, on Baltimore near North Street, was kept for 
some years by J. F. Reeside, son of Commodore Ree- 
side, and before the days of railroads was known as 
one of the largest stage-owners in the United States. 
In 1864 the hotel passed into the hands of James D. 
Gilmour. 

The " Calverton Hotel" was situated on the Cal- 
verton road, near its junction with Lexington Street. 
It had a commodious front, was four .stories in height, 
and extended back about one hundred and ten feet. 
The building, which was not entirely completed, 
caught fire on the 4th of May, 1853, and was entirely 
consumed, leaving the walls so much damaged that 
they had to be taken down. It was afterwards re- 
built. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 

St. Paul's Parish. — This parish originally ex- 
tended from the Patapsco River and Falls on the 
south to the Pennsylvania line on the north, and 
from the Patapsco Falls and the then county line on 
the west to the Chesapeake Bay on the east, and to 
Middle River, the Big Gunpowder Falls, the Western 
Run, Piney Run, etc., on the northeast, by which it 
was divided from St. John's parish. Under the act 
of 1692, the several parishes having been determined 
or defined, the freeholders of each parish were di- 
rected to meet by the appointment of the county 
justices and make choice of six vestrymen. Such 
an appointment having been made, the freeholders 
of Patapsco Hundred, as it was then called, after- 
wards known as St. Paul's parish, accordingly met 
and elected a vestry, but of that meeting we have 
no record. That they, however, did so meet and elect 
vestrymen is shown by the following extract from the 



518 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



records of tlie Baltimore County Court for 1693 : " We, 
the vestrymen for Patapsco Hundred, met together at 
the house of Maj. John Thomas," where it was de- 
termined " that at Pettetes' old field was the most 
convenient place to erect a church, and also appointed 
John Gay to be clerk of the vestry, Mr. Walkings 
being absent. And at another meeting at Master 
Demondidies', did confirm the above-mentioned pro- 
ceedings, Mr. Watkings also absent. George Ashman, 
Nicholas Corban, John Terry, Richard Sampson, 
Francis Watkings, Richard Cromwell." St. Paul's 
parish, according to the returns for 1694 to the County 
Court, contained two hundred and thirty-one taxable 
Inhabitants, paying for church rates 8240 pounds of 
tobacco, equal to about $226, less than one dollar 
church tax to each inhabitant. 

In 1702, St. Paul's was made a missionary parish, 
mainly under the ministry of Rev. William Tibbs, 
who does not appear to have been a faithful rector. 
He was from Westmoreland, England, and was pre- 
sented to this parish, where he remained until his 
death in 1732. During 1721-24 he was also rector of 
Copley or St. John's parish. He was a single man, 
and was accused of intemperance. Where the first 
church was situated is unknown, but it was probably 
only a temporary structure of logs, built after the rude 
fashion of the times. After several unsuccessful at- 
tempts to build a permanent church edifice, one was 
finally erected in 1702, and according to the testi- 
mony of Gen. Tobias Stansbury, stood about thirty 
or forty rods west of where the SoUers' Point road 
leaves the North Point road, on the left side as you go 
east. It was built of brick, but in 1765 was in ruins, 
and the bones of the dead buried there were removed 
to Baltimore Town. 

On the 2d of January, 1728, Thomas Sheredine and 
Richard Gist, who had been appointed a committee 
by the vestry to purchase a site for a new church, 
bought two acres of land of Moses Edwards, on the 
Old York road, near what was afterwards known as 
Walsh's tan-yard. The vestry subsequently, on the 
8th of July, 1729, decided to build "at Edward 
Fell's," who, as we have seen, lived east of Jones' 
Falls. On the 16th of June, 1730,' an act was passed 
by the General Assembly " for the building a church 
in Baltimore County, and in a town called Baltimore 
Town, in St. Paul's parish." Bacon says, — 

"The act of 1727 having empowered the vestrymen and church-war- 
dons to purchase one or more acres of land, and thereon to build a parish 
church, in pursuance whereof land was purchased, hut not built on, 
and the same being inconvenient, the present act empowers the vestry- 
men and church-wardens to purchase a lot in Baltimore Town, and to 
cause a church to be built thereon, which shall be the parish church of 
the said parish, and be called St. Paul's Church, and directs that the to- 
bacco to be raised by the aforerecited act lie apidied to the building a 
church in the town as aforesaid." 

Under the provisions of this act, on the 1st of July, 
1730, the vestry having abandoned the site near Mr. 
Fell's, as they had previously done that on the old 
York road, purchased lot No. 19 on the town plat. 



This lot was the most elevated point on the plat, 
and it is on the northwest corner of that lot that the 
present St. Paul's now stands. The original lot ex- 
tended south below Lexington Street, and eastward 
to St. Paul Street. On the 28th of July, 1730, the 
vestry again met, and agreed with Thomas Hart- 
well to build the walls of the new church, which were 
to be fifty feet by twenty-three feet in the clear, and 
eighteen feet high from the floor to the ceiling, for 
£40 ; the vestry to haul the bricks, lime, and sand. 
They also agreed with Charles Wells to make one 
hundred thousand bricks, to be delivered at or upon 
the last days of October and May following, for £90 
currency. On the 3d of November the vestry agreed 
with John Moale and William Hammond to procure 
the rafters, six window-frames, two for each side and 
one for each end, and two door-frames, one for the 
southeast side and the other for the end, for £59.5«. 
currency, or tobacco at 105 per hundred at the same 
amount. On the 2d of February, 1731, the vestry 
agreed with William Hammond to build a vestry- 
house in Baltimore Town sixteen feet by twelve feet 
and seven and a half feet in height, for which they 
were to pay £6. They also agreed with Charles 
Ridgely to draw the brick for £10, and Jonas Robin- 
son to furnish fifteen hundred bushels of lime at the 
place where the church was to be built for 6rf. cur- 
rency per bushel. On the 9th of April Hartwell 
failed in his contract, and the vestry agreed with John 
Babcock to build the walls of the church for £50 cur- 
rency. 

On the 11th of October, 1732, Rev. William Tibbs, 
the pastor, died, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph 
Hooper. Owing to the failures in fulfilling contracts 
and other delays, the church was not completed until 
1739, or eight years after it was commenced. Mr. 
Hooper died July 12, 1739, and was buried in the 
church. He was succeeded by the Rev. Benedict 
Bourdillon, July 29, 1739. 

In May, 1741, Mr. Bourdillon proposed to the vestry 
of St. Paul's the building, by free subscription, of a 
chapel of ease for the accommodation of the forest 
inhabitants, and the proposition was adopted.' The 
rector and vestry accordingly drew up a memorial 
to the Governor and General Assembly, stating that 
the parish church then in Baltimore Town was found 
to be very inconvenient to a great part of the par- 
ishioners, especially the forest inhabitants, and ask- 
ing that an act might be passed for their assistance. 
The reason of this application is found in the fact 
that in the charter by which the territory and gov- 



I then called, aa 



1 The forest inhabitants were the residents of what v 
it ever since has been, the Garrlnon Forfnt. It was so called because of a 
fort and garrison of soldiers, under the charge of Capt. John Risteau, 
sheriff of the county, sUitioued there for the defense of these frontier 
inhabitants against the Indians. The garrison was not far north of the 
site formerly occupied by the United States areenal at Pikesville, and 
was on Capt. Risteau's plantation. This forest was afterwards errone- 
ously called Garrctson's through ignorance of the circumstance from 
wliiih it hud derived its iiiime. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



519 



ernment of the province of Maryland were given 
to Lord Baltimore in 1632, " the license and places 
of worship, in suitable and convenient places within 
the province," was granted to the proprietary. The 
memorial of the rector and vestry of St. Paul's hav- 
ing been duly presented in October, 1742, an act 
was passed by the General Assembly, by which Wil- 
liam Hamilton, Christopher Gist, Samuel Ovvings, 
Christopher Kandall, and Nicholas Haile were em- 
powered to receive voluntary subscriptions for the 
purchase of two acres of land where most convenient, 
and to build a chapel thereon as desired. And in case 
such contributions should not prove sufficient, an as- 
sessment on the parish was granted, not to exceed 
£133 6s. Sd., or about $354.70, in any one year, or be 
continued for more than three years. The private 
and voluntary subscribers to the chapel of ease were 
Benedict Bourdillon, Joseph Cromwell, Edward Fot- 
terall, Christopher Randall, Charles Ridgely, Thomas 
Harrison, John Hamilton, Francis Dorsey, John 
Bailey, Stephen Wilkinson, William Murphy, Dorsey 
Petticoart, William Petticoart, William Hammond, 
Peter Gosnell, Thomas Gist, Samuel Owings, Na- 
thaniel Gist, Mayherry Helm, Thomas Wells, George 
Ashman, Darby Lux, John Baker, John Risteau, 
George Ogg, Joshua Sewall, Richard Treadway, Ed- 
ward Choate, John Thomas, A nthony Bradford, Henry 
Seater, Peter Maigers, Hector Truley, John Stiuch- 
comb, William Lewis, Peter Bond, John Shippard, 
Stephen Hart Owings, William Brown, John Der- 
ample, Nathaniel Stinchcomb, Benjamin Bond, Joseph 
Murray, Jr., John Hawkins, Joshua Owings, John 
Bowen, Christopher Sewall, Thomas Bond, Joseph 
Cornelius, Edward Howard, Jonathan Tipton, Wil- 
liam Newell, George Bailey Gar, Stephen Gill, Wil- 
liam Tipton, John Bell, John Frasher, Robert Chap- 
man, Sr., Nicholas Haile, Penelope Deye, Neale 
Haile, Thomas Coale, Jr., John Wood, Jonathan 
Plowman, William Cockey, Richard Wilmott, and 
Capt. Samuel Gray. The subscriptions amounted to 
£64 10s. currency and 4400 pounds of tobacco. These 
subscriptions, it should be remembered, were over and 
above what the members of the parish were required 
by the act of Assembly to pay annually for three suc- 
cessive years. The amount subscribed by the rector 
was double that of any other subscriber. In the act 
which provided for the building of the chapel it was 
enacted that at the death of the Rev. Mr. Bourdillon, 
Soldiers' Delight and Back River Upper Hundreds 
(being all of St. Paul's parish north of the old court 
road leading from the Patapsco Falls to Joppa), were 
to be forever separated from St. Paul's parish and 
erected into a new parish to be called St. Thomas'. 
The chapel was then to be the parish church of the 
new parish thus created. Mr. Bourdillon's death oc- 
curring on Jan. 5, 1745, the contingency was satisfied, 
and the territory embraced within the limits described 
was erected into the parish of St. Thomas. 

On the nth of February, 1745, Rev. Thomas Chase 



was appointed rector of St. Paul's parish by Governor 
Bladen. At a meeting of the vestry on the 30th of 
June, 1753, they ordered that the middle portion of 
the front gallery should be taken down to make room 
for the first organ of the church (and perhaps the first 
in the county), which had been purchased from Adam 
Lynn. At this period the church also had a bell. 
On the 1st of June the vestry ordered a brick wall to 
be built around the church. After an eventful and 
useful ministry of thirty-four years. Rev. Thomas 
Chase, father of Samuel Chase, one of the signers of 
the Declaration of Independence, died on the 4th of 
April, 1779, and was succeeded by Rev. William 
West, D.D., who became rector June 7, 1779. On 
the 1st of November, 1779, the vestry resolved to 
build a new church, and on the 25th of April, 1780, 
the corner-stone was laid with religious services by 
the rector. This church was erected with the assist- 
ance of money raised by a lottery, which realized 
$33,443 currency. It was originally intended to raise 
1160,000 by this lottery; there were 12,000 tickets at 
$40 each ; the first prize was $20,000, and the man- 
agers were the vestry of St. Paul's parish, — Messrs. 
Hercules Courtney, William Russell, Daniel Hughes, 
William Buchanan, Lloyd Goodwin, Walter Roe, 
Thomas Hollingsworth, Nicholas Buxton Moore, 
Brittingham Dickinson, and Capt. John Winning. 
The new church was finished May 10, 1784, the pews, 
eighty-three in number, being distributed " by ballot," 
and was opened May 30th, at Whitsuntide, Mr. West 
preaching from the text : " I was glad when they 
said unto me, Let us go into the house of the Lord." 
This new edifice stood a little to the south of the 
centre of the square, and just in front of the old one. 
In appearance it closely resembled old St. Peters', 
which formerly stood on the southeast corner of 
Sharp and German Streets, except that it was not 
quite so large. At the east end there was an immense 
window of common glass, which during the morning 
service would have poured an intolerable light into 
the church but for the protection of a green baize 
curtain. It had three large doors, more imposing than 
any belonging to the structure to which it has been 
compared. One was at the west end, and was seldom 
entirely opened, access to the church from that quar- 
ter being afforded by a sort of wicket cut in one side. 
The other two doors were on the south side; one of 
them was closed and plastered on the inside, but on 
the outside it appeared as a door. This was the east- 
ern one of the two; the western was the principal 
entrance. The church stood on very high ground, 
surrounded on three sides by the graveyard. On the 
south side was a terrace, paved with brick and shaded 
by sycamore -trees. The terrace was reached by 
flights of rough stone steps, three or four steps each, 
and the ground descended to New Church Street 
(now Lexington) by three or four of what gardeners 
call falls. At Lexington Street was a fence, with a 
gate about the centre of the street. The interior ap- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



pearance of tlie church was very heavy. The gal- 
leries were solid wainscoting, supported by large, 
solid pillars, and were reached by two very massive 
flights of stairs. The pews were the old-fashioned 
square boxes, very high. In the original plan of the 
church there were five aisles. There was no vestry- 
room; the minister put on his robe behind a .stiff red 
curtain suspended from an iron rod. The bell re- 
mained in the tower built in the time of the former 
church. The organ was placed in the west gallery, 
in front of which was a deslc, from which the cleric 
made the responses. There was no choir, and the 
organ was generally so much out of repair as to be 
useless. 

In April, 1785, as appears by the records of this 
date, the communion furniture consisted of one silver 
plate, two napkins, one table-cloth, one pewter basin, 
and one green cloth cover for the communion-table. 
In the same year the old church was used for a school- 
house by the Rev. Wm. Nixon. In November, 1786, 
the old church, excepting the bell-tower, was ordered 
to be torn down, and the brick to be used in a wall 
to be placed around the church lot. On April 19, 
1788, it was announced by advertisement that a lot- 
tery would be held for the purpose of building a par- 
sonage for the minister of the Protestant Episcopal 
congregation in Baltimore Town. Three thousand 
tickets were to be distributed at $2 each, and prizes 
to the value of $4000 to be awarded, leaving $2000 
for the parsonage. The managers of the lottery were 
John Moale, John Merryman, Andrew T. Ennals, 
John E. Howard, John Weatherburn, John Ham- 
mond, Geo. Grundy, Dr. Moses Darling, Jas. Cal- 
houn, Englehard Yeiser, George P. Keeports, Wm. 
Gibson, Wm. McCreery, Thomas Hollingsworth, and 
Andrew Buchanan.' 

In 1791 the parsonage was finished on ground 
donated by John Eager Howard at the head of Lib- 
erty Street, on Saratoga, where the rectory is now 
situated. The house, which had been formerly occu- 
pied as a parsonage, and in which Dr. West resided, 
was on the northwest corner of Charles and Lexing- 
ton Streets, nearly opposite the church. It was a 
one-story frame building with a " hip-roof," painted 
red, and had a yard in front ornamented with trees 
and shrubbery. Tliere were no houses then between 
the point occupied by the parsonage and the south 
side of Baltimore Street. On the 22d of June, 1783, 
the first convention of the diocese met and adopted a 
new constitution in consonance with the new state of 
affairs resulting from the independence of the United 
States and the separation of church and State. Dr. 
West died March 30, 1791, and on June 17th Rev. Jo- 



1 Another St. Paul's parish lottery was advertised in April, 1805, for 
the purpose of erecting a parsonage.house. There were 18,000 tickets 
at $5 cacli, and prizes to tlio value of 875,000, leaving $15,000 as the 
sum to be raised. Tlie managers wore John Merryman, Mark Priiiglo, 
Jas. Carroll, Wm. Lorman, Geo. Gruudy, Join 
HolTman, and Govert Gaskins. 



seph J. G. Bend, D.D., was elected rector. This min- 
istry was signalized by a violent controversy with a 
Rev. Mr. Ralph. Rev. John Ireland was made asso- 
ciate rector Dec. 8, 1796, and removed Oct. 17, 1801. 
On the 10th of June, 1797, the church was conse- 
crated by Bishop Claggett. On the 8th of April, 
1802, Rev. Elijah Rattoone was elected associate. 
He was succeeded by Rev. James Whitehead, March 
24, 1806, who died Aug. 24, 1808, and he by the Rev. 
Frederick Beasley, D.D., Aug. 7, 1807. Upon the 
death of Rev. Dr. Bend, Nov. 25. 1812, Rev. Dr. 
James Kemp was elected rector, a man of high lit- 
erary and scientific culture, and an author of much 
repute. He died suddenly from injuries received by 
the upsetting of a stage-coach, Oct. 28, 1827. Revi 
William Wyatt was elected May 3, 1814, associate 




ifl|lU!iL|t 




rector, and afterwards, November, 1828, rector ; and 
after a most useful and distinguished ministry of fifty 
years, died universally lamented, June 24, 1864. 

In 1814 it was determined to erect a new church, 
and on the 4th of May in that year the corner-stone 
of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. 
Rev. Dr. Kemp delivering the address. This church 
was situated where the present one now stands. It 
was a spacious and noble edifice of the Grecian Doric 
order, one hundred and twenty-six feet in length by 
eighty-four feet in breadth. Tire portico was sup^ 
ported by four fluted marble columns, and the steeple 
was considered the handsomest in the United States. 
Tlic church was finished in 1817, R. C. Long, archi- 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



tect, and cost $126,140.' On Saturday morning, April 
29, 1854, shortly after one o'clock, the stately edifice 
was discovered to be in flames. The rain was falling 
heavily, but upon forcing the doors it was perceived 
tliat the flames had gained great headway in a room 
in the back part of the building, immediately over 
the altar, and in a place most certain to insure the 
complete destruction of the building. At this stage 
of the fire. Dr. Colburn, the secretary of the Episco- 
pal Convention, residing directly opposite, assisted 
by others, succeeded, after great exertions and no 
little danger, in removing from the church the iron 
safe containing the records and other valuable papers 
of the Diocese of Maryland. The firemen labored 
hard to arrest the progress of the flames, but this was 
impossible in consequence of the elevated position of 
the building and the scarcity of water. 

The rebuilding of St. Paul's was entered upon with- 
out the indecision of an hour on the part of the vestry 
or the congregation, and was completed in about two 
years, when the new edifice was dedicated, on the 
ioth of January, 1856, by Bishop Whittingham, as- 
sisted by the Eev. Drs. Wyatt, Johns, and Balch, 
and Rev. Messrs. Crane, Rankin, Leakin, Stringfel- 
low, Thomas J. Wyatt, C. C. Adams, McFarland, 
Piggot, Read, Rich, Schroeder, Bausman, Cox, Swope, 
Spoon, Tuttle, Harrison, and Allen. The building is 
Norman Gothic, and was designed by Mr. Upjohn, of 
New York. The walls of the previous structure were 
not destroyed, and were used in the construction of 
the present church. Dr. Wyatt was succeeded in the 
rectorship of St. Paul's by the Rev. Dr. Milo Mahan, 
distinguished for his learning and varied attainnients, 
who died Sept. 4, 1870. He was succeeded by the 
Rev. J. S. B. Hodges, S.T.D., the present very learned 
and eloquent rector. 

Among the vestrymen of St. Paul's parish in the 
«arly history of Baltimore appear the names of many 
who took a brave and honorable part in the stirring 
events of their times. Among these we find Richard 
Gist, 1726; William Hammond, 1730; and George 
Buchanan, 1731, each of whom was one of the com- 
mis.sioners to lay out Baltimore Town; Robert North, 
1735; John Moale, ZachariahMaccubbin, and Andrew 
Buchanan, who were on the Committee of Observa- 
tion about 1774 ; Robert Alexander, delegate to the 
Congress in 1776 ; Charles Carroll, one of the framers 
of the State Constitution in 1776, and the first State 
senator ; John Dorsey, one of the committee to wel- 
come Washington to Baltimore Town in 1781; Rich- 
ard Ridgely, delegate to the first Diocesan Conven- 
tion in 1784, in Congress, 1785, and in 1786 State 
senator, and one of the Presidential electors ; Jere- 

I On Thursday evening, June 20, 1820, an oratorio of sacred music 
was performed in St. Paul's church by the choir, assisted by several mu- 
sical professors and a number of ladies and gentlemen. The church was 
for the firet time brilliantly illuminated, and "this splendid edifice was 
nearly filled with a most respectable assemblage of beauty and fashion. 
3 for the benefit of the Female Charity School, under 
of the Benevolent Society." 



miah Yellott, commander of the "Antelope," and 
navy agent in 1794; Nicholas Rodgers, one of the 
committee to prepare the defense of the town against 
Arnold in 1781 ; John Eager Howard, who received 
from Congress a silver medal for bravery, member of 
Congress in 1787, Governor of Maryland, 1788, 1789, 
and 1790, United States senator in 1791, and again 
in 1797, the donor of the parsonage-ground to the 
parish, and to the city of ground on which the Wash- 
ington Monument now stands ; and Samuel Chase, 
one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
a son of the Rev. Thomas Chase, rector of the parish. 

Among the many honored names on the roll of the 
parish stand those of Moale, Luther Martin, Rogers, 
Merryman, Claggett, Ridgely, Grundy, Buchanan, 
Gibson, Lindenberger, Howard, Hollingsworth, Hoff"- 
man, McKim, Donnell, Lorman, Morris, Cooke, Hugh 
Davey Evans, Glenn, Alexander, Donaldson, Brice, 
Pennington, and Reverdy Johnson. 

The first Bishop of Blaryland was the Right Rev. 
Thomas J. Claggett, D.D., some time rector of St. 
Paul's Church, Prince George's Co., Md., consecrated 
bishop in 1792, in Trinity church. New York ; died 
in 1816. The second Bishop of Maryland was the 
Right Rev. James Kemp, D.D., rector of St. Paul's 
parish, Baltimore, consecrated (suffragan) in 1814; 
died in 1827. The third was the Right Rev. Murray 
Stone, D.D., some time rector of Stepney parish, 
Somerset Co., Md., consecrated in 1830, and died in 
1838. The fourth was the Right Rev. Wm. RoUin- 
son Whittingham, D.D., some time Professor of Eccle- 
siastical History in the General Theological Seminary, 
consecrated in 1840; died Oct. 17, 1879. He was 
succeeded by William Pinkney, D.D., assistant bishop 
of the diocese. 

Christ (P. E.) Church.— The original site of Christ 
church was at the northwest corner of Baltimore and 
Front Streets, and the building in which its congre- 
gation worshiped for many years was purchased in 
1796 from the First German Reformed congregation 
by St. Paul's parish, of which Christ Church formed 
a part until 1829. On the 28th of February, 1829, an 
act was passed by which " the congregation of Christ 
Church, in the city of Baltimore, now forming a part 
of St. Paul's parish of Baltimore County," was in- 
corporated as a separate congregation of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Church of the United States, by the 
name and style of the vestry of Christ Church, in the 
city of Baltimore." The first minister of the new 
congregation was the Rev. John Johns, afterwards 
Bishop of Virginia, who was elected rector in 1828, 
and resigned his charge in 1842, on his election to the 
episcopate. In the year 1805 the steeple was added 
to the church, and the famous chime of six bells were 
placed in it. As indicating the taste of that day, it 
may be mentioned that in 1831 or 1832 the church 
was " painted a bright red, and the steeple a bright 
yellow." In December, 1834, preparations were be- 
gun for the erection of a new church at the corner of 



522 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Gay and Fayette Streets, wliich was completed and 
occupied not long afterwards.' 

Here the congregation worshiped until the erec- 
tion of the present church on the corner of St. Paul 
and Cha.se Streets. The corner-stone of this edifice 
was laid Tuesday, May 24, 1870. The old church 
was purchased through the efforts of the General 
Church Guild of Baltimore, and is now known as the 
Church of the Messiah. Rev. Wilbur F. Watkins 
was succeeded in the rectorship in May, 1881, by Rev. 
Walter W. Williams. 

The (P. E.) Church of the Messiah, comer of 
Fayette and Gay Streets, is the edifice formerly oc- 
cupied by the congregation of Christ Church. After 
the removal of the latter congregation it was pur- 
chased by the Church Guild of Baltimore City, and 
has since been known as the Church of the Messiah. 
Its rector is Rev. Peregrine Wroth. 

St. Peter's (P. E.) Church parish was created by 
the act of 1802, ch. 10.5, by which Jeremiah Yellott, 
John Scott, William Jolly, Hezekiah Waters, Josias 
Pennington, Simon Wilmer, of Edward, and James 
Corrie, of the city of Baltimore, were authorized and 
empowered " to solicit and receive subscriptions and 
donations, not exceeding twenty-five thousand dollars, 
for the purpose of purchasing a lot of land in the city 
of Baltimore, not exceeding one acre, for the building 
thereon a Protestant Episcopal church, to be called 
St. Peter's Church, and a lot of land, either within or 
without the said city, not exceeding two acres, for 
a burial-ground to the said church." These same 
persons were further authorized to receive a convey- 
ance of the lot or lots, to purchase materials, and 
contract for the building of a church, and they were 
directed, after the organization of the church, to con- 
vey the land and improvements to the vestry and 
their successors. Jeremiah Yellott was authorized on 
the 19th of July, 1803, to receive proposals for the 
building of the church, which was accordingly at 
once commenced, and completed in the early part of 
March, 1804. It was consecrated on the 27th of May 
by Bishop Claggett. It was erected on the southeast 
corner of Sharp and German Streets, and was occupied 
by the congregation of St. Peter's until 1868. The 
first rector of the church was the Rev. George Dashiell, 
elected on the 15th of March, 1804, and the second 
was Rev. John P. K. Henshaw, elected on the 21st of 
April, 1817 ; the third rector was Rev. Thomas At- 
kinson, D.D., elected June 6, 1843 ; the fourth was 
Rev. James H. Morrison, elected in May, 1853; the 
fifth. Rev. George D. Cummins, D.D., elected in June, 
1858 ; and the sixth and present rector is the Rev. 
Julius E. Grammer, elected in 1864, Rev. Samuel 
McD. Richardson, assistant. The westward growth 
of the city necessitating the abandonment of the 
original site, the property was sold, and the last ser- 



1 In 1840 the old church wafl t 
highest bidder. 



1 down SDd the materials sold to the 



vices were held in the old church on the 28th of 
June, 1868. A temporary place of worship was pro- 
vided at the New Assembly Rooms (at the corner of 
Hanover and Lombard Streets), and ground was 
broken for the new church, corner of Druid Hill 
Avenue and Lanvale Street, Tuesday, Sept. 15, 1868. 
The corner-stone of the new church was laid April 
29, 1869, and in October, 1870, the opening services 
were held in the completed edifice. The general 
style of the church is that of the Norman period of 
English Gothic, and the building fronts ninety-three 
and a half feet on Druid Hill Avenue, with a depth 
of one hundred and twenty-two feet. St. Peter's has 
given to the church four bishops and more than sixty 
clergymen, and forty-five thousand children have re- 
ceived instruction in its schools. The founders of 
St. Peter's had been members of St. Paul's, and their 
attachment to Rev. George Dashiell and the church 
principles represented by him led to the establish- 
ment of St. Peter's. Upon the election of Bishop 
Kemp as suftragan Bishop of Maryland, Mr. Dashiell, 
with seven or eight other clergymen, resolved to secede 
from the church and establish an " Evangelical Epis- 
copal Church." He afterwards renounced the church 
and was deposed by the bishop, but his vestry con- 
tinuing to support him, the courts were appealed to, 
but unsuccessfully. He left St. Peter's shortly after- 
wards, however, and harmony was restored. 

The (P.E.) Churchofthe Ascension.— The corner- 
stone of the old Church of the Ascension, on Lexing- 
ton Street near Pine, was laid on Monday evening, 
June 15, 1840; the corner-stone of the new church, 
Lafayette and Arlington Avenues, was laid Thurs- 
day afternoon, July 18, 1867, and the opening services 
were held Jan. 12, 1869. May 12, 1873, the new 
church was almost totally destroyed by fire, but was 
rebuilt, and reopened for public service Jan. 4, 1874. 
The old church on Lexington Street was sold, and is 
now used as a Hebrew synagogue. The present 
rector of Ascension is Rev. Campbell Fair. 

Trinity (P. E.) Church had its origin in a Sunday- 
school established by Rev. Geo. A. Leakin in Octo- 
ber, 1843, in Monkur's Institute. Mr. Leakin was 
assisted in his work by Wm. Newman, Thomas Ma- 
gee, Miss Alice Dashiell, Miss Ann Hubbard, Miss 
Ellen Busk, Miss Elizabeth Searly, and Miss Virginia 
Fish. The school numbered about twenty scholars. 
In August, 1845, the bishop laid the corner-stone of 
the first Trinity (now St. Matthew's), on Bank Street, 
west of Broadway, which was opened for service on the 
fifth Sunday in Lent, 1846. There was then no Epis- 
copal church east of Jones' Falls except St. Andrew's. 
This cliurcli wns nicupied for nine years, when it was 
sold to l'>i-lio|. Wliiitiiigham. The corner-stone of 
the prescnl cililicc, llroadway and Pratt, was laid 
Thanksgiving Day, 1854, and the first services were 
held on the sixteenth Sunday after Trinity, 1855. 
Rev. Geo. Armistejid Leakin has been the pastor of 
the chui-ch from its organization until the present 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



523 



time. The first Trinity (Episcopal) church in Balti- 
more was situated between High and Exeter Streets, 
near Wilkes, and was consecrated on the 20th of 
October, 1811. 

St. Stephen's (P. E.) Church was organized on the 
5th of July, 1843. The corner-stone of the original 
church edifice, which was on the south side of Lee 
Street, between Hanover and Sharp Streets, was laid 
on the 26th of July, 1843, and the building was dedi- 
cated on the 25th of December following. It was 
consecrated on the 14th of May, 1846. The present 
church is on the east side of Hanover Street, corner 
of Welcome Alley. The rectors of St. Stephen's 
have been Rev. J. N. McJilton, from 28th of May, 
1843, to the 1st of January, 1853 ; Rev. Enoch Reed, 
from 1854 to 1857 ; Rev. Dr. James D. McCabe, from 
May, 1857, to June, 1861 ; Rev. Nicholas H. Pridham, 
from October, 1861, to October, 1863; Rev. J. Pres- 
ton Fugitt, from October, 1863, to October, 1864; Rev. 
Dr. L. Van Bockelin, from November, 1864, to Decem- 
ber, 1865; and Rev. Dr. E. A. Dalrymple, from De- 
cember, 1865, to the present time. When the Hanover 
Street church was built the old Lee Street edifice was 
sold to the Baptists. 

St. Mark's (P. E.) Church was organized on the 
11th of March, 1847, at the residence of Rev. Mal- 
colm MacFarland, with a vestry composed of Dr. 
Richard Se.xton, Richard Kemp, Daniel Brunner, 
Joseph H. Bean, Charles Goodwin, E. M. Bartholow, 
Dr. J. R. U. Dunbar, and Isaac Krocsen. Prior to 
this, however, a chapel had been built, which was 
opened for service on the 14th of February, 1847. On 
the 2d of August, 1850, the corner-stone of the present 
church, Lombard and Parkin Streets, was laid, and 
on the 17th of July, 1851, the church was consecrated 
by Bishop Whittingham, the first services being held 
in it on the 27th of the same month. Rev. Malcolm 
MacFarland was the first rector, and served from March 
12, 1847, to Dec. 15, 1861, on which day he was seized 
with a fatal illness while closing the services, and 
died in a few hours. To his liberality and zeal the 
existence of St. Mark's is largely due. The cost of 
its construction was borne by him, and he paid nearly 
all the expenses while he lived, receiving no salary 
for his services. Mr. MacFarland was succeeded on 
the first of June, 1862, by Rev. E. H. Harlow, who 
resigned Jan. 25, 1864. He was followed by Rev. 
Horatio H. Hewitt, who assumed pastoral charge in 
May, 1865, and resigned Oct. 6, 1869. His successor 
was Rev. Flemming James, who entered upon his 
duties Jan. 1, 1870, and resigned May 19, 1875, to 
accept the assistant rectorship of Calvary Church, 
Louisville, Ky. Rev. George H. Kinsolving took 
charge of the church June 13, 1875, and resigned 
Nov. 25, 1878, to take eflect Jan. 1, 1879. He now 
has charge of St. John's Church, Cincinnati. The 
present rector. Rev. E. L. Kemp, was called on the 
9th of December, 1878, and assumed pastoral charge 
March 1, 1879. 



Mount Calvary (P. E.) Church.— The corner- 
stone of Mount Calvary Protestant Episcopal church, 
on the northwest corner of Madison and Eutaw 
Streets, was laid on Sept. 10, 1844 ; the church was 
dedicated Thursday morning, Feb. 19, 1846, and was 
consecrated Dec. 15, 1853. Rev. Alfred A. Miller 
was the first rector of the church. The present 
rector is Rev. Robert H. Paine, with Revs. Galbraith 
Perry, Evelyn Bartow, and Herbert B. Smythe, assist- 
ants. 

The guild attached to this church was organized 
May 17, 1880, and has thirty-five members. The 
members of the guild perform various services in the 
church, such as visiting the sick, showing persons to 
seats, organizing social entertainments during the 
winter, etc. The members are all men over twenty- 
one years of age. The officers are : Rev. R. H. Paine, 
warden ; John H. White, guild-master ; Lewis S. 
Chenet, clerk ; and A. G. Snyder, bursar. 

Grace (P. E.) Church was originally organized 
on the loth of February, 1850, and incorporated 
on the 30th of May of the same year under an 
amended charter, Messrs. William Stevenson and 
John Duer, Jr., being church-wardens, and Messrs. 
G. R. Gaither, J. S. Gittings, J. H. Thomas M.D., 
W. Woodward, A. Aldridge, A. B. Gordon, W. W. 
Taylor, and J. M. Campbell the original vestry. On 
Saturday, the 20th of July, 1850, the corner-stone 
of the church, northeast corner of Monument and 
Park Streets, was laid by Rev. Dr. Atkinson, rector 
of St. Peter's Church, under whose auspices the work 
had been undertaken. The church was first opened 
for divine service on Sunday, the 12th of December, 
1852. It was consecrated on the 30th of October, 
1856, by Rt. Rev. Bishop Whittingham, assisted by 
Bishop Atkinson, of North Carolina, and the Bishop 
of Mississippi. The church is built in the decorated 
style of pointed architecture, of brown free-stone 
from the quarries of Portland, Conn. Rev. Dr. 
Thomas Atkinson was the first rector of the church, 
and entered upon his duties on the 12th of December, 
1852. On the 17th of October, 1853, Dr. Atkinson 
was consecrated to the episcopate of North Carolina, 
and was succeeded by Rev. A. Cleveland Coxe, who 
entered upon his duties on the 2d of February, 1854. 
Rev. George Leeds, D.D., is the present pastor, with 
Rev. W. R. Pickman assistant. 

St. Luke's (P. E.) Church.— The comer-stone of 
St. Luke's (P. E.) church, on the east side of Carey 
Street, between Saratoga and Lexington, was laid on 
the 1st of November, 1851, and, though not com- 
pleted, the edifice was opened for public service July 
10, 1853, the present rector, Rev. Charles W. Rankin, 
ofiiciating. Rev. Francis Asbury Baker, the first 
rector of the parish, resigned in April, 1853, and 
connected himself with the Catholic Church. Rev. 
Frederick Gibson is Mr. Rankin's assistant. 

Emmanuel i P. E. ) Church.— In 1851 a large portion 
of the congregation of Christ Church residing in the 



524 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



northwestern section of the city, finding it inconve- 
nient to attend the church on Gay Street, determined , 
to build a new edifice on the corner of Reed and j 
Cathedral Streets. The congregation was accordingly 
incorporated, and the erection of the church begun in ' 
the early part of 1853. The opening services were { 
held in it Sunday, Oct. 15, 1854, Bishop Mcllvaine 
preaching the dedicatory sermon. On Thursday, 
March 8, 1855, the church was consecrated. Rev. John 
Johns, Bishop of Virginia, preaching the sermon. 
The first rector. Rev. H. V. D. Johns, died April 
22, 1859, and was succeeded by the assistant rector, 
Rev. Charles Ridgely Howard, who was followed 
by Rev. Dr. Noah Hunt Schenck, Jan. 8, 1860. Dr. 
Schenck was succeeded by Rev. A. M. Randolph, 
present rector. 

Holy Innocents (P. E.) Church was organized in 
Marion Hall, over the old Independent (now No. 6) 
Ehgine-House, at the corner of Gay and Ensor 
Streets, by the Rev. James Stephenson. After a ser- 
vice of five months he resigned, and was succeeded 
by Rev. James P. Fugett on the 7th of February, 
1854, who leased the lot on the corner of Eden and 
Chase Streets, and pledged himself personally for the 
construction of the first church, which was opened 
Dec. 28, 1855. The church was paid for in about 
nine months, and in a few montlis more the lot was 
purchased in fee. The church wa." incorporated June 
16, 1857. Mr. Fugett was succeeded by Rev. N. C. 
Pridham on the 9th of March, 1864, who was followed 
in September, 1865, by Rev. W. Phillips. Rev. 
George F. Morrison followed Mr. Phillips, July 7, 
1869, and was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Harrison, 
Dec. 2, 1870. On the 28th of January, 1874, the con- 
gregation placed themselves under the care of Christ 
Church, and deeded the property in trust to the vestry 
of Christ Church to secure the payment of a mort- 
gage of seven thousand dollars. On the same date. 
Rev. P. N. Meade, assistant minister of Christ Church, 
was put in charge of the Church of the Holy Inno- 
cents, and was succeeded on the 1st of July, 1877, by 
Rev. Charles J. Holt, the present assistant minister 
of Christ Church. The present edifice, on the site of 
the original chapel, was commenced in 1874, and the 
corner-stone was laid on the 24th of September in 
that year. When the erection of the church was be- 
gun the frame chapel was removed to a lot at the cor- 
ner of Chase Street and Collington Avenue, where it 
was re-erected and used during the construction of 
the new edifice. It was then sold, together with the 
lot on which it stood, and is now used as the mission 
chapel of the Atonement. 

St. John the Baptist (P. E.) Church.— The corner- 
stone of the Church of St. John the Baptist, Barre 
near Eutaw Streets, wa.s laid Sept. 30, 1858. Its pres- 
ent rector is Rev. James Chipchasc. 

Memorial (P. E.) Church.— The corner-stone of 
Memorial P. E. church, Bolton and Town.send Streets, 
was laid Tuesday afternoon, July 3, 18()0, and the first 



public services were held in the church on June 5, 
1864. Memorial church was erected by the ladies of 
Emmanuel, in memory of the Rev. H. V. D. Johns. 
Rev. Charles Ridgely Howard w;w its first pastor. 
The present rector is Rev. William M. Dame. 

Holy Comforter (P. E.) Church.— This church, 
corner Pratt and Chester Streets, was commenced by 
the congregation of Epiphany, and the corner-stone 
was laid by them May 26, 1873, but afterwards the 
property was transferred by the vestry of Epiphany 
to Grace Church, in trust for Miss Hannah B. Gaither, 
who, in memory of her father, erected on the founda- 
tions already laid the Church of the Holy Comforter, 
which was consecrated by that name Dec. 19, 1876. 
The rector of the parish while under the name of 
Epiphany was Rev. Hugh Roy Scott. The first rec- 
tor of the Holy Comforter was Rev. T. Lewis Barris- 
ter; the present pastor is Rev. F. S. Hipkins. The 
congregation wor-^hiped in St. Matthew's chapel, on 
Bank Street, until the completion of the Church of the 
Holy Comforter. St. Matthew's is now used as a col- 
ored mission. 

St. Michael's and All Angels' iP.'E.) Church.— 
The corner-stone of the Church of St. Michael's and 
All Angels', St. Paul and Denmead Streets, was laid 
Sept. 29, 1877. The ground upon which it stands was 
donated by the late Talbott Denmead. It is a fine 
stone structure, and when entirely finished will cost 
between eighty and one hundred thousand dollars. 
The edifice has been occupied for some time. Pre- 
vious to its erection the congregation worshiped in a 
small frame chapel in the rear of the lot on which 
the church now stands. The chapel was originally a 
mission of St. John's Church, Waverly, Baltimore 
Co. The rector of St. Michael's is Rev. William 
Kirkus, D.D., LL.B. 

The (P. E.) Church of the Holy Trinity is sit- 
uated on the corner of Gilmor and Tennant Streets. 
It was built under the auspices of Memorial Church, 
and was dedicated on the 13th of February, 1876. Its 
first pastor was Rev. Otis E. Glazebrook. Its present 
pastor is Rev. Dr. J. J. Sams. 

The (P. E.) Church of Our Saviour.— The corner- 
stone of the Church of Our Saviour, Broadway and 
McElderry Streets, was laid on Thursday afternoon, 
Nov. 18, 1869; the first story of the church was dedi- 
cated Sunday, June 5, 1870, and the church itself 
opened for divine service Oct. 15, 1871. Its present 
rector is Rev. J. S. Stringfellow. 

All Saints' (P. E.) Church, at the corner of Balti- 
more and Gilmor Streets, is a mission of the Church 
of the Ascension, and was originally known as Zion 
Church. The corner-stone of the edifice was laid on 
the 22d of June, 1859, and the first services were held 
on December 4th of the same year. In 1878 it be- 
came a mission of the Church of the Ascension, under 
the name of All Saints', and is under the pastoral 
care of Rev. Frederick F. Reese. Among the pre- 
vious pastors of the cliuroh were Rov. M. L. Forbes, 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



Eev. Dr. McJilton, Rev. George Howell, and Rev. B. 
F. Browne. 

St. Barnabas' (P. E.) Church.— The corner-stone 
of St. Barnabas' church, northeast corner of Biddle 
Street and Argyle Avenue, was laid in October, 1859. 
Previous to the erection of the church the congrega- 
tion had worshiped in a chapel which was destroyed 
by fire on the 26th of November, 1859. The church 
is a fine edifice of pressed brick with freestone trim- ' 
mings, and has a handsome parsonage adjoining it. 
The present pastor is Eev. Augustus P. Strylvcr. 

St. Andrew's (P. E.) Church, South High near 
Lombard Street, was organized Jan. 2, 1837, by Rev. 
H. V. D. Johns, and the present edifice was conse- 
crated Nov. 17, 1839. Its present rector is Eev. J. S. 
Miller. 

Epiphany Mission, Leadenhall Street near Sharp, 
is a branch of the Churcli of St. Mary the Virgin. It 
was organized in 1877, and is under the charge of 
Eev. Galbraitli Perry. 

The (P. E.) Church of the Holy Evangelist.— 
The Church of the Holy Evangelist is situated at the 
corner of Potomac and Dillon Streets, Canton. The 
corner-stone was laid on the 17th of May, 1874. It 
is a mission station, and is in charge of a lay reader. 

St. Matthew's (P. E.) Mission Chapel is situated 
on Bank Street, west of Broadway. It was formerly 
known as the Church of the Epiphany. On the 10th 
of March, 1879, it was formally opened as a colored 
mission church. The pastor is Rev. A. A. Roberts. 

Cummins' Memorial tP- E. Reformed) Church 
was organized on tlie 19th of December, 1875, at the 
hall of the Young Men's Christian Association, on 
Schroeder Street. Its original name was Church of 
the Rock of Ages, which was changed for the present 
title after the death of Bishop Cummins. The con- 
gregation was incorporated on the 26th of September, 
1877, and the corner-stone of the church, corner of 
Carollton Avenue and I^anvale Street, was laid May 
2, 1878. The church was formally opened on the 
10th of the same year. It was built mainly through 
the munificence of Mrs. Thomas H. Powers, of Phila- 
delphia, who also purchased the ground upon which 
it stands. The pastors were Eev. H. H. Washburn, 
and Eight Eev. James A. Latane. 

Emmanuel (P. E. Reformed) Church was organ- 
ized on the 20th of February, 1876, at Cunningham 
Hall, northwest corner of Forest and Monument 
Streets. At the close of the year 1876 the vestry 
leased a lot of ground at the northwest corner of Hoff- 
man and Eden Streets, and began the erection of a 
chapel, which was completed and ready for occupancy 
in April, 1877. The first sermon was preached on the 
8th of April, 1877, by Bishop Wm. E. Nicholson, of 
Philadelphia. Eev. F. H. Eeynolds is the pastor of 
the church. 

Church of the Redeemer (P. E. Reformed).— The 
corner-stone of the Church of the Redeemer, Bolton 
Street, between Lauvale and Townsend Streets, was 
34 



laid on the 21st of October, 1875, by Bishop Cum- 
mins, and the edifice was dedicated on the 12th of 
March, 1876, by the same bishop. The pastor is 
Rev. Wm. M. Postlethwaite. The Church of the Re- 
deemer was the firs,t Reformed Episcopal church 
built in Baltimore. The Sunday-school chapel in the 
rear of the church wa.s dedicated June 20, 1881. 
The building committee were Rev. Wm. M. Postle- 
thwaite, Wm. A. Tottle, and J. S. Johnson. 

The Fourth (P. E. Reformed i Church is situated 
at the coiner of HiiiioviT and ( ':iiii<h-n Streets. 

Mount Calvary Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin 
(Colored). — This church for the colored people (now 
by far the largest colored congregation of the Episco- 
pal Church in Baltimore, if not in the country) was 
established in 1873 by the clergy of Mount Calvary 
Church. The first services were held in the oratory 
of the All Saints' Sisters, at their house on Preston 
Street. Joined by the majority of the congregation 
of a mission known as St. Philip's, St. Mary's was re- 
moved to a small hall on Pennsylvania Avenue, and 
a few months later to the white marble chapel on 
Orchard Street near Madison Avenue, which had been 
purchased by a charitable body of Baltimore from 
the Swedenborgian Society, and given to the Episco- 
pal Church for the benefit of the colored people. 
This chapel has since been enlarged at a cost of 
about ten thousand dollars, and the thirty communi- 
cants of the congregation in 1873 have increased to 
more than three hundred. Rev. Galbraith B. Perry, 
associate rector of Mount Calvary, has had charge of 
the mission from the beginning. In connection with 
the chapel there is a colored sisterhood, under the 
direction of the All Saints' Sisters, who have charge 
of a boarding and day school for colored girls, and 
also an orphanage for colored boys, occupying houses 
on Biddle and Bolton Streets respectively. There is 
also a house on Biddle Street, occupied by a day 
school for colored boys, to which it is proposed to 
add a boarding department under one of its former 
pupils, H. C. Bishop, who will soon complete his 
theological course as the first colored student in the 
General Theological Seminary, New York. 

St. James' Church (Colored).— St. James' First 
African Church, southeast corner of North and Sara- 
toga Streets, was organized on the 8th of June, 1827, 
by the adoption of a constitution, which was acknowl- 
edged before two justices of the peace. The adop- 
tion of a constitution was peculiar to this particular 
congregation, which consisted of free colored persons, 
who could not at that time be organized in accord- 
ance with the laws which governed other Protestant 
Episcopal congregations. The corner-stone of the 
church was laid on the 10th of October, 1826, and 
the church was consecrated on the 31st of March, 
1827. The first vestry, elected about a year after the 
consecration, consisted of Thomas Rose, Philip Myers, 
Wm. Warrick, Henry Davis, Levin Brown, Peter 
Dennis, Henry Dennis, Henry Johnson, and Wm. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Nelson. Rev. Wm. Levingtoii was the first pastor, 
and he was succeeded in tlie order named by Kev. 
Joshua Peterkin, Rev. Thomas Quinan, Rev. John 
N. McJilton, Kev. Robt. Pigott, D.D., Rev. Harrison 
H. Webb, and Rev. John Rose. In 1873 the vestry 
placed the church under the charge of Rev. Dr. 
Hodges, of St. Paul's parish, who appointed Rev. 
Isaac L. Nicholson, one of the assistants at St. 
Paul's, to the pastorate. He was succeeded by Rev. 
Custis P. Jones, who was followed by Rev. Henry N. 
Wayne and Rev. Frank Hallam. Rev. George B. 
John.son is the present pastor. 

The Atonement (P. E.) Chapel.— The Protestant 
Episcopal Mission of the Chapel of the Atonement, on 
Chase Street extended, was organized by Rev. Mr. La- 
trobe in 1873, and since that time services have been 
conducted in a frame building used first by Mount 
Lebanon M. P. Church, and afterwards by the Church 
of the Holy Innocents. Two lay readers, Messrs. W. 
L. Reaney and Hy. T. Martin, have been in charge 
until recently, when Rev. S. W. Crampton was placed 
in charge of the Eastern Boundary Mission, which 
includes the Chapel of the Atonement and the Church 
of the Holy Evangelists at Canton. The communion 
table in the chapel originally belonged to old Christ 
Church, Choptauk Parish, Dorchester County, which 
was built in 1715. The table was obtained through 
the eftbrts of Mr. Milo W. Locke, one of the vestry- 
men of the chapel. In 1881 the vestry had presented 
to them, through John Glenn, a lot of ground belong- 
ing to the Glenn estate. It is situated on the south- 
west corner of John and Chester Streets, with a front 
of sixty feet on John Street and a depth of one hun- 
dred and twenty feet on Chester Street. Work on a 
new chapel was begun in September. The building 
will be of the Gothic style of architecture, of pressed 
brick and stone, with a handsome belfry, and stained 
glass windows of the triune design. The building 
committee consists of Rev. S. W. Crampton, chair- 
man, and Messrs. M. W. Locke, W. L. Reaney, and 
George Lycett. The average attendance at services 
in the chapel is sixty, and a Sunday-school is also 
held, as also cottage meetings on week-nights during 
the year. 

Besides the prominent churches we have mentioned, 
the Protestant Episcopal denomination in Baltimore 
has the Advent Mission Chapel, on Battery Avenue 
near West Street, Rev. Thomas White, pastor ; Church 
Home and Infirmary, Broadway, north of Baltimore 
Street, Rev. John S. Miller, chaplain ; Good Shepherd 
Chapel, on the corner of Mullikin and Spring Streets, 
Rev. S. W. Crampton, pastor; Church of the Holy 
Cross, on Millington Avenue and Ramsay Street ex- 
tended. Rev. Benj. B. Griswold, D.D., rector; Hen- 
shaw Memorial Church, corner Sterett and St. Peter 
Streets, Rev. David Barr, rector; St. Bartholomew's 
Church, on North Avenue near Madison, Rev. John 
Y. Gholson, D.D., rector ; St. George's Mission Chapel, 
on Fremont Street near Pennsylvania Avenue, Rev. 



J. Pinkney Hammond, rector; and St. Luke's Mission 
Chapel, Pratt near Poppleton Streets, Rev. Jas. T. 
Briscoe in charge. 

THE CATHOLIC CHUBCHES. 

After the Protestant revolution of 1689, Catholics 
were forbidden by law to erect houses of public wor- 
ship. By a provision of the act of 1704, however, 
.Catholic priests were permitted to officiate in private 
families of the Roman Catholic communion, and out 
of this privilege grew the custom of providing chapels 
in private families and under the common roof.' At 
a later period stations were established in various 
parts of the State, Baltimore being one of them, 
which received periodical visits from the clergy. The 
vestments, sacred vessels, and in' fact everything per- 
taining to Catholic worship, were carried from station 
to station.'' 

In the view of " Baltimore as it was in 1752," which 
is mentioned elsewhere, a brick house with stone cor- 
ners is represented. Its location, as well as can be 
determined, was at the northwest corner of Calvert 
and Fayette Streets, on or near the lot occupied by 
the Reverdy Johnson mansion. This building was 
not designed for a church, but the proprietor, Mr. 
Edward Fottrell, having returned to Ireland, leaving 
it untenanted, a room in the lower story was appro- 
priated to the purpose of Catholic worship. The 
nearest Catholic jiriest, who at this period was Rev. 
Mr. Ashton, resided at Doughoregan (Carroll's) 
Manor, about fifteen miles from Baltimore, and vis- 
ited the town once a month to celebrate divine ser- 
vice. A temporary altar of the rudest description was 
erected on the occasion of each visit, the congregation 
consisting sometimes of not more tiian twenty, and sel- 

I dom exceeding forty persons. It was composed prin- 
cipally of the "neutral French," or Acadians, who 
had been driven from Nova Scotia in 1755, and some 
few Irish Catholics, among whom were Messrs. Pat- 

1 rick Bennet, Robert Walsh, and William Stenson. 

I Mass was also occasionally celebrated at a house on 
South Charles Street, a section of Baltimore then 



1 As in tiK' old residoiice of Cbalies Carroll of CarroUton, at Annapo- 
lis, and P.iii^I.i -n, ilii I , Howard Conntj-. 

-"Ill IT - 1: I :: i \' ale, a Catholic priest, officiated and said 
masBnt-ai I' ■ l MiN..ieCo. He lived on a farm given to bini 

bv Tlioniii- Mill.; \v I.I I tMur or five negroes. Owing to the great 
tippositioii oi till" I*iott^laiit.s in the neighborhood, and the trouble they 
gave him, be way compelled to leave after a residence of two or three 
jears. Daniel Connelly and Patrick Cavanagb afterwards estalilished a, 
Catholic school near ' My Lady's Manor,' which was quite successful. In 
this connection it may be mentioned that a Catholic school was opened 
in Baltimore in 17.57 by Mary Ann March, which aroused considerable 
opposition, especially among the Protestant clergy. Rev. Thomas Chase, 
of St. Paul's parish, complained to the General Assembly, and in his depo- 
sition, laid before that body, said that the Protestant schoolmaster in 
the town had told liim that * he had lost many of his scholars, which 
were immediately put to the Popish school.' Accordingly, on the liSth of 
April, 1757, all the magistrates in the province were ordered to 'call be- 
fore them all pei-sons keeping public and private schools, and administer 
to them the oaths to the government required by law, which oaths, if any 
refused to take and afterwards kept school, they were to prosecute them 
according to law.' " 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



527 



called Frenchtown, from the fact of its being the resi- 
dence of the Acadian French, 

In 1784 an ecclesiastical superior was given to the 
church in the United States in the person of Rev. 
John Carroll, who was made vicar-general, and on 
Nov. 6, 1789, Baltimore was constituted an Episcopal 
See, with Father Carroll as its first bishop. Bishop 
Carroll's jurisdiction extended over the whole of the 
United States, and the extent of his bishopric com- 
pelled him in 1800 to ask a coadjutor. By the brief of 
April 8, 1808, Baltimore was raised to the dignity of 
an Archiepiscopal See, and Bishop Carroll to metro- 
politan rank, and four suffragan bishopries were 
erected at New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and 
Bardstown (Kentucky). Archbishop Carroll died on 
the 3d of December, ISl^"), in the eightieth year of 
his age, and was succeeded by the Right Rev. Leonard 
Neale, coadjutor Bishop of Baltimore.^ 

Archbishop Neale was in feeble health and almost 
seventy years of age when he entered upon his duties, 
and died on the 15th of June, 1817, at the Convent of 
the Visitation, at Georgetown.^ Some time before his 

1 John Carroll wad boru in 1735 at Upper Marlborough, Md. His 
father, Daniel Carroll, a native of Ireland, had preferred the confisca- 
tion of bis property to the renunciation of his faith. His mother, 
Eleanora Darnall, was the daughter of a rich Maryland planter, who 
had secured her a very careful education in a French convent. She 
availed herself of it to direct iu person the tuition of hereon until it 
was time for hini to go to college. The laws of Maryland stricUy pro- 
hibited the Catholics from having schools, but the Jesuits had eluded 
this prohibition and established a school at Bohemia Manor. Young 
Carroll attended this school for some years, and iu 1748 set out for France 
in order to finish his studies with the fathers of St. Omers. There he 
resolved to enter a society so identified with the existence of Catholicity 
in Maryland, and after long years of novitiate and study at Watten and 
Liege, he was ordained in 1759, and took his last vows in 1771. 

The following year Father Carroll traveled over many parts of Eu- 
rope as tutor of the son of Lord Stourton, and in 1773 repaired to Bruges, 
where the English Jesuits had gathered on the confiscation of St. 
Omers and of Watten by a decree of the parliament of Paris, issued in 
August, 1762. 

In that city the bull reached him which, under the title of "Dominus 
ac Redemptor," suppressed the. Society of Jesus. He then retired to 
England, where he became chaplain to Lord Arundel ; but this life did 
not suit his taste, and in 1774 he returned to Maryland to devote himself 
to the care of his Catholic countrymen. 

Arriving in Baltimore, he discovered that while other denominations 
were favored with churches, the Catholics did not possess one, St. Peter's 
being still unfiiii^lie<I ; lie tln-refuie pimeeiled to a farm belonging to his 
family ill K I. <!■■■.. li- i. m k n .\' M ni _ .mery) Co., and took up 
hisre.-iil' I I' I :i . ! ^ illing and^ afterwards a 

small \\- : :i- ,.1 his ministry. Fre- 

quently III- iinih - I .■.|inir.i iii[ii I.. I i.i.. iliii 1} iuiIl-s to visit the sick, and 
he gradually exienile-l the lieM I'l" his lalx-is l.y visiting a congregation 
in Stafford County, Va., sixty miles from his residence. {Shea's " History 
of the Catholic Church iu the United States.") 

2 Leonard Neale was born in Maryland on the 15th of October, 1746, 
and belonged to a distinguished family, whose ancestors figure among 
the first colonists of Lord Baltimore. His mother, a pious and coumge- 
ous widow, who had already parted with four sons to send them to the 
Jesuit College of St. Omers to be educated, resolved to give little Leonard 
the same advantages, and at the age of twelve he too embarked for 
France. There he followed the example of his brothers, w'ho had all en- 
tered the Society of Jesus, while their sister Annie became a Poor Clare 
at Aire, in Artois. But Father Leaiiinl ha. I . ,,i .i\ ir.i.uunced his 
vows when the dispersion of the society <■..,■ \ , mim ; t -tire to Eng- 
land. In 1779 he resolved to go and r\. _ , ].:,, ii, iu English 

Guiana, and there he preached the fuitli ml iiili\ i ■ ilir luitiveB; but 

the persecutions of the colonists prevented his cuutiniiing his ministry, 



death Archbishop Neale had asked the appointment 
of Father Marechal as his coadjutor, and on the 24th 
of July, 1817, he was appointed with the title of Bishop 
of Stauropolis. He was consecrated on the 14th of 
December of the same year by Bishop Cheverus, of 
Boston. In 1821 the diocese was divided, the two Caro- 
linas and Georgia being erected into a separate diocese 
and Kichmond into another. The diocese of Rich- 
mond, thus created, continued to be administered by 
the Archbishop of Baltimore for twenty years, nor 
did any bishop sit in Richmond until ]841, when the 
Bishop of Wheeling was appointed to the See. Arch- 
bishop Marechal died on the 29th of January, 1828,^ 



even in that deadly climate, and in 1783 Father Neale set out for Mary- 
land. After having been attached to several churches in that State, he 
was sent in 1793 to Philadelphia, where the yellow fever had carried off 
the two Jesuits who directed that mission. Father Neale was unwearied 
in braving the pestilence and rescuing its victims by his charitable care. 
In 1797 and 1798 the same epidemic renewed ita frightful ravages in 
Philadelphia, and found the missionary in the breach, ever ready to bear 
the consolations of his ministry to the sick and dying. In 1799, Bishop 
Carroll called him to preside over Georgetown College, where he suc- 
ceeded Mr. Dubourg, and he was still at that post when the episcopal 
dignity surprised him. 

3 Ambrose Mnr^chal was born at Ingre, near Orleans, France, in 1768. 
"When he had completed his classical course he felt a vocation for the 
ecclesiastical state, but his family opposed his designs so warmly that 
he at first yielded to their desires and began the study of law, intending 
to practice at the bar. The young advocate soon found, however, that 
he was called to a far different life, and after having shown all due 
deference to his family's wishes, at last entered the Sulpitian Seminary 
at Orleans. The persecutions of revolutionary France did not shake his 
resolution, but he resolved to depart from a land that martyred its faith- 
ful clergy, and he eiubarked.at Bordeaux for the United States, with 
the Abbes Matignon, Richard, and Ciquard. It was on the very eve of 
his embarkation that the young Abb6 Mareclial was privately ordained ; 
and such were the horrors of those unhappy times that he was even pre- 
vented from saying mass. He celebrated the Holy Sacrifice fur the first 
time at Baltimore, where he arrived with his companions on the 24th of 
June, 1792. It was Mr. Emery's intention to open at Baltimore an 
academy* for mathematical sciences, and Mr. Marechal was thought of 
as one of the professoi-s; but this project having been abandoned, the 
young priest was successively sent as missionary to St. Mary's County 
and to Bohemia. In 1799 he was called to functions more in harmony 
with his vocation as a Sulpitian, and became Professor of Theology at the 
setuinary in Baltimore. He was soon after sent to teach philosophy in 
tho Jesuit College at Georgetown, and then returned to Baltimore to 
continue his course of theology, in which he displayed uo less science 
than talent. After some years, however, the seminary was deprived of 
the servicesof its eloquent professor. Religious affairs in France having 
assumed a brighter aspect, the superior of St. Sulpice recalled the Abb6 
Marechal to aid him in reorganizing and directing several houses of the 
society. Obedience here was easy, as it wafted him back to his native 
shores. Mr. Marechal accordingly arrived in France in July, 1703, and 
was employed with distinction in several ecclesiastical institutions, es- 
pecially at St. Flour, Lyons, and Aix. Those who studied under him 
always preserved the deepest veneration for him, a proof of which exists 
in the rich present sent him by the priests of Marseilles when they learned 
of his elevation to the episcopacy. It consisted of a superb marble altar, 
which still adorns the cathedral, and which by its inscription recalls the 
gratitude and affection of scholars for their master. Meanwhile his 
American friends wrote constantly, expressing regret for his absence, 
and reminding him of the good he might still be doing in Baltimore. 
When the imperial government, in 1812, took from the Sulpitians the 
direction of the seminaries, the learned professor yielded to the en- 
treaties of his friends and re-embarked for the United States. He at 
once resumed his old functions at St. Mary's Senunary, and was for a 
time president of the college. This life of study, so akin to his taste, 
was not, however, to last, and in 1816 he was informed of his nomina- 
tion by the Sovereign Pontiff to the See of Baltimore. In vain did he 
endeavor to escape these honors: it was only to have far greater im- 
posed upon liim by pontificial authority. He alleged the importance of 



528 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and was succeuded by Dr. James AVhitfield, who was I 
consecrated on the 25tli of May, 1828, by Bishop 
riaget, of Bardstown. Dr. Wliitfield had been ap- 
pointed coadjutor by a brief of the 8th of January, 
1828, but it did not arrive until after the death of 
Archbishop Marfichal. 

On the 14th of September, 1834, Rev. Samuel Eccle- 
ston, president of St. Mary's College, was consecrated 
in the catliedral by Archbishop Wliitfield as Bishop 
of Thermia in partibus and coadjutor, with the right 
of succession, and on the 19th of October of the same 
year Archbishop Whitfield expired, in the sixty-fourth 
year of his age.' 

It was during the administration of Archbishop 
Eccleston, in 1849, that the pope was invited to seek 
an asylum in Baltimore. By the pontifical briefs of 
Aug. 9, 1850, the diocese was again divided, the Arch- 
bishop of Baltimore retaining as his suffragans only 
the Bishops of Philadelphia, Richmond, Wheeling, 
Savannah, Charleston, and Pittsburgh. The Seventh 
Council had asked that the primatial dignity should 
be attached to the See of Baltimore; on account of 
the priority of its origin. The Holy See deemed 

leaving him at his studies, at least till the completiou of a theological 
work adapted to the religious condition of the United States. But the 
church chose to employ his merit in more eminent functions, and Mr. 
MarSchal consented to become Archbishop of Baltimore. 

I James Whitfield was born at Liverpool, England, on the 3d of Novem- 
ber, 1770, and belonged to a very respectable mercantile family, who 
gave him all the advantages of a sound education. At the age of seven- 
teen he lost his father, and became the sole protector of his mother. In 
order to dissipate her melancholy he took her to Italy, and after spend- 
ing some years there in commercial affairs young Whitfield went to 
France, in order to pass over to England. It was just at this moment 
that Napoleon decreed that every Englishman discovered on French 
soil should be retained a prisoner. James Whitfield spent most of the 
period of his exile at Lyons, and there formed an acquaintance with the 
Abl)6 Martchal, the future Archbishop of Baltimore, tl: 
Divinity in the Seminary of St. Irena:us, at Lyons. The young 
piety soon disposed him to embrace tlie ecclesiastical state, 
the seminary under the direction of his learned friend, and was soon 
distinguished for his ardor as a student and for his soUdity of judgment. 
He was ordained at Lyons in ISU'J, and on liis mother's death returned 
to England, where he was for some time appointed to the parish of Crosby. 
Wlien the Abbe Marechal was raised to the dignity of Archbishop of 
Baltimore he wrote to his friend, begging him to come and share the 
cares of a diocese whose wants were so great. Mr. Whitfield yielded to 
the desire of his old tutor, and he landed in the United States on the 8th 
of September, 1817. He was at first stationed at St. Peter's Church, 
Baltimore, and then became one of the vicars-general of the diocese. 
In 1825, by a special indult of the Court of Rome, the archbishop sol- 
emnly conferred on Mr. Whitfield and two otlii 
Baltimore the grade of Doctor of Divinity ; a 
interest for Catholics, was hailed by them with joy as the commencement 
of a faculty of theology in America. 

Of Archbishop Whitfield may be said what can be said of few,— that 
he entered the career of honors in wealth and left it poor. Prudence and 
energy were traits in his character very observable to those who had an 
opportunity of duly aiipreciating it, and many acts of his adnii 
have been censured ln'cuuse, tlmmuh ii spirit ul 

towards 1.1. ,,. 1,1,1- i. In .:>■■< 1 1'-" '^l"-ii.^ to ptiblic view 

grounds 111,; ., ■ ■ 1-1 I I .-,i...f proceeding 

therewiiMi ;• >,, .m , -. ; . i- ,,! .lia not prevent 
fromcb.'n-liinu ■•iiL I" .1 I.- In,, ^, Mil i„,,n.,.iiMi; by frequent 



Professor of 



He entered 



clergyn 



, full of 



nd forbearance 



proper to defer this official favor, but the Archbishop 
of Baltimore nevertheless preserved a sort of honor- 
able primacy, and he was specially invested in 1863 
with the functions of apostolical legate of the First 
National Council of the United States. Archbishop 
Eccleston expired at the Convent of the Visitation, at 
Georgetown, after a brief illness, on the 22d of April, 
1851.'^ 

The See of Baltimore did not remain long vacant, 
and by letters apostolic of Aug. 3, 1851, the Rt. Rev. 
Francis P. Kenrick was transferred from the See of 
Philadelphia to the archbishopric of Baltimore. By 
a brief of the 19th of August of the same year Arch- 
bishop Kenrick was appointed apostolic delegate to 
preside at the National Council of the entire episco- 
pate of the United States. His installation at the 
cathedral occurred on the 12th of October, 1851. By 
the apostolic letter of July 29, 1853, the new diocese 
of Erie, a dismemberment of that of Pittsburgh, was 
founded in the ecclesiastical province of Baltimore. 
By a decree of the Propaganda of July 25, 1858, the 
prerogative of peace was granted to the See of Balti- 
more, so that in councils, assemblies, and meetings of 
every kind precedence was given to the Archbishop 
of Baltimore, and the seat of honor above every other 
archbishop, without regard to the order of promotion 
or consecration. On the morning of the 8th of July, 
1863, Archbishop Kenrick was found dead in his bed. 
His funeral, which took place at the cathedral a few 
days afterwards, was attended by two hundred priests 
and fourteen bishops.^ The appointment of his suc- 



.?e 111.' ll.ll'l 



Fond of 



retirement and indifferent to the opinions of the world, he seemed par- 
ticularly solicitous to merit the favor of Him ' who seeth in secret,' and 
is always prepared to award the crown of justice 



} his faithful servants. 



2 Samuel Eccleston was born on the 27lh of June, 1801, in Kent County, 
on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. His grandfather. Sir John Eccleston, 
had emigrated thither from England some years before the Kevolution- 
ary war. His parents occupied an honorable position in society, and be- 
longed to the Protestant Episcopal Church, in which, too, young Samuel 
was educated. But while still young his mother became a widow, and 
married a Catholic. Theyoung man was placed at St. Mary's College, Bal- 
timore, and distiuguislied himself in all branches of study. He embraced 
the Catholic faith while still at college, and was so deeply impressed at 
the death of one of his venerable professors that he resolved to devote him- 
self to the ecclesiastical state. He entered the seminary attached to the 
college on the 2ad of May, 1810, but was scarcely inclosed in this retreat of 
his choice when he was beset with pressing solicitations from his kindred 
and friends to abandon a career in their eyes contemptible and return 
to the world, of which tliey displayed the attractions. No consideration 
could alter Eccleston's step ; on thecontrary, temptations confirmed him 
in his pious design, and he received the tonsure in the course of the 
year 1820. While pursuing his theological studies he rendered useful 
service in the college as professor. Deacon's orders were conferred on 
him in 1823, and on the 24th of April, 1825, he was raised to 
cal dignity. Five months after his ordination the Kev. Mr 
repaired to France, and spent almost two years in the Sulpitian solitude 
at Issy. Eeturning home in 1827, after visiting Ireland and England, 
ho brought back an immense fund of acquired knowledge and ardent 
zeal for the cause of religion. Appointed vice-president of St. Mary's 
College, then president of that institution, he discharged with remarka- 
ble success these important functions, when the confidence of the Holy 
See selected him for the episcopate. 

» Francis Patrick Kenrick was born in Ireland in 1797, but emigrated 
to this country with his brother, afterwards Archbishop of St. Louie. 
On the 3(lth of June, 18.10, ho was consecrated Bishop of Arath and coad- 
jutor to the Bishop of Philadelphia, and in 1842 became Bishop of Phila- 
delphia. Archbishop Kenrick, at the time of his death, was the oldest 
Catholic bishop in America, having occupied the episcopal chair for 
thirty-three years. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



529 



cesser was delayed for nearly ten months, during 
which period Father Coskery, V.G., acted as admin- 
istrator serfe vacanie. Having examined the claims of : 
three prelates whose names had been sent to Rome, — ^ 
Bishops Spalding, Wheelan, and Lynch, — the pope j 
took action upon the matter May 6, 1864, and trans- 
ferred Kt. Rev. Martin John Spalding, Bishop of 
Louisville, to Baltimore. On the 22d of June, 1864, he 
received the official notification of his appointment; 
July 24th he bade farewell to his flock in Louisville, 
and on Sunday, July 31, 1864, he was installed at the 
cathedral as Archbishop of Baltimore. On the 7th . 
of February, 1872, Archbishop Spalding expired at J 
the archiepiscopal residence after a painful illness.^ | 
Archbishop Spalding was succeeded by Archbishop ; 
J. Roosevelt Bayley, who was installed at the cathe- j 
dral, Oct. 13, 1872. On the 19th of October, 1873, 
the archdiocese of Baltimore was solemnly consecrated 
to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Archbishop Bayley 
died at Newark, N. J., on the 3d of October, 1877.^ 

Archbishop Bayley was succeeded by Most Rev. Dr. 
James Gibbons, who was installed at the cathedral 
on the 10th of February, 1878, as Archbishop of the j 
Metropolitan See of Baltimore and primate of America. [ 
Most Rev. James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore | 
and primate of the church in America, was born in ; 
Baltimore on the 23d of July, 1834. He was of Irish j 
parentage, and while still quite young was taken by i 
his father to Ireland, where he received the substan- I 

■ Martiu John Spalding was Ima near Lebanon, now Marion Co., Ky., 
on the 23d of May, 1810. Hi* father, Richard Spalding, was born near 
Leonardstown, St. Mary's Co., Md.,and his mother, Heniietta Hamilton, 
was a native of Charles County. In his twelfth year young Spalding 
was sent to St. Mary's Seminary, in Marion County, Ky., where he grad- 
uated in 1S26. Having determined to devote himself to the priesthood, 
he entered St. Joseph's Seminary, Bardstown, Ky., where he remained 
four years, studying theology and teaching in the college. In April, 
18.10, he proceeded to Rome, where be entered the famous Urban Col- 
lege of the Propaganda on the 7th of August. Here he remained for 
four years, and left the institution an accomplished scholar, having re- 
ceived at his ordination the degree of Doctorof Divinity, after a brilliant 
defense of two hundred and fifty-six theses, covering the whole ground of 
theology and canon law. He was ordained priest on the 13th of August, 
1834, and after celebrating his fli-st mass in St. Peter's Basilica, returned I 
to America. On his return to Kentucky he was successively appointed j 
pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Bardstown ; president of St. Joseph's Col- 1 
lege, situated at the same place; pastor of the cathedral, Louisville; I 
vicar-geueral of Louisville; Bishop of Louisville, with the right of suc- 
cession ; and on the death of Bishop Flaget, Feb. 11, 1850, he was made 
Bishop of Louisville, and retained this ofBce until transferred to Balti- 

- James Roosevelt Bayley was born in New York in 1814. Hisfamily 
were of the Protestant Episcopal faith, and be was ordained a priest in 
that clmrch. He was rector of a Protestant Episcopal Church at Har- 
lem, N. Y., but his religious opinions having undergone a change, he 
became a member of the Catholic Church. He then went to Paris, where 
he prepared for the Catholic priesthood at St. Sulpice, and was ordained 
on the 2d of March, 1842. He was appointed vice-president of St. John's 
College, Fordham, and afterwards became president of that institution, 
but resigned, and was made secretary of the diocese of New York. On 
the recommendation of Archbishop Hughes, he was made the firet 
Bishop of Newark, N. J., in 1858. He was Bishop ol Newark nineteen 
yeai-s, and was conspicuous for his advocacy of the temperance cause, 
and for his active promotion of parish schools and religious institutions. 
Dr. Bayley was the third Archbishop of Baltimore who was a convert to 
the Catholic Church, Archbishop Whitfield having been the first and 
Archbishop Eccleston the second. 



tial ground-work of a solid education. On his return 
to America he entered St. Charles' College, Maryland, 
where he graduated with distinction in 18.57. He 
then entered St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and after 
the usual course of philosophy and theology was or- 
dained priest on the 30th of June, 1861, by the late Most 
Rev. Archbishop Kenrick. He immediately entered 
upon the duties of his calling, serving first as assistant 
to the late Rev. James Dolan, rector of St. Patrick's, 
and afterwards as pastor of St. Bridget's, at Canton. 
A few years after his transfer to St. Bridget's he was 
selected by Archbishop Spalding as his private secre- 
tary, and on the 16th of August, 1868, was consecrated 
at the cathedral Bishop of Adratmjfhum in. Partibun In- 
fidelimn and vicar-apostolic of North Carolina. Here 
he remained for about four years, and displayed such 
remarkable administrative ability that on the death 
of Right Rev. Bishop McGill he was translated to 
Richmond, Va., where he was installed by Archbishop 
Bayley, Oct. 20, 1872. His administration in Rich- 
mond was marked by an almost immediate revival 
of religious interest, and by practical results of the 
most important character. In the course of five years 
several new churches were erected, and St. Peter's 
Cathedral Male Academy and Parochial School was 
founded. By his energy also St. Joseph's Female 
Orphan Asylum was enlarged, a parochial school for 
boys and girls was established at Petersburg, and one 
at Portsmouth for girls. On the 20th of May, 1877, 
he was appointed coadjutor with the right of succes- 
sion to the Most Rev. James Roosevelt Bayley ,'Arch- 
bishop of Baltimore. The same energy, zeal, and 
great executive ability which characterized his labors 
in other spheres have been displayed in the more 
exalted and responsible office which he fills at pres- 
ent, and the diocese shows in every quarter the stim- 
ulus of his active brain and unerring judgment. The 
monuments which already speak of his zeal and de- 
votion are of the most enduring character, and'bear 
a testimony which all who run may read. New 
churches are rapidly springing up in all parts of the 
diocese, new congregations are being formed, new 
religious and educational enterprises are constantly 
projected, while all the hundred agencies of Catholic 
work have been strengthened and reinforced by his 
firm hand and comprehensive judgment. Among the 
recent contributions to religious literature, his " Faith 
of Our Fathers" deservedly holds a most exalted 
position, and is regarded by eminent scholars and 
divines of every creed as a masterpiece of logic and 
literary excellence. 

Twelve grand councils of bishops have occurred at 
the cathedral, of which ten were " Provincial" and 
two " Plenary." The former are always attended by 
the bishops of a province; the latter by the whole 
United States hierarchy. 

The First Provincial Council met in the cathe- 
dral Oct. 1, 1829, under Archbishop Whitfield's di- 
rection. Bishop England, of Charleston, the peerle-ss 



IIISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MAllYLAND. 



orator, preached the opening sermon. Five prelates 
attended in porsdn, and tlircc others sent procurators. 

The Second Provincial Council was held October, 
18.S3, Arrhbi^hoji WhitfHda i.residing. Ten prelates 
assisted. 

The Third Provincial Council took place in May, 
1837, ArchbisliopEecleston presiding. Twelve bishops 
attended this meeting. 

The Fourth Provincial Council, held in May, 
1840, under Arelibishop Eccleston's management, was 
attended by lifteen l)islio[is. 

The Fifth Provincial Council occurred in May, 
1843, Arclibishoji Ecelest<jn presiding. Fifteen bishops 
participated in the exercises. 

The Sixth Provincial Council was convened in 
May, 1846, by Archbishop Eccleston. Seventeen jirel- 
ates were present. 

The Seventh Provincial Council transpired in 
May, 1849. Twenty-three bishops assisted. 

The First Plenary Council was held in May, 1852, 
by Archbishop Kenrick. It was composed of three 
archbishops and twenty-four bishops. 

The Eighth f rovincial Council met in May, 1855, 
Archbishop Kenrick presiding. Seven prelates at- 
tended the meeting. 

The Ninth Provincial Council assembled in May, 
1858, under Archbishop Kenrick's control. Nine prel- 
ates assisted at the proceedings. 

The Second Plenary Council, held under Arch- 
bishop Sjialiliny's direction, in October, 186(3, is the 
grandest on record. Seven archbishops, forty-seven 
bishops, three mitred abbots, besides leading Jesuits, 
Redemptorists, Dominicans, Benedictines, Capuchins, 
Trappists, Paulists, and representatives of other com- 
munities were present. 

The Tenth Provincial Council was held in May, 
1869. Archbishop Spalding presided for the last 
time. Fourteen bishops attended. 

The Cathedral.— The first Catholic church edi- 
fice in Baltimore was erected about the year 1770. 
A lot for the purpose, fronting on Saratoga and 
Charles Streets, was donated by Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, and on the northwest side of it a very 
plain brick building was erected, of the modest di- 
mensions of about twenty-five by thirty feet, which 
was known as St. Peter's church.' John McNabb 
erected or superintended the building until the walls 
and the roof were completed. It is probable that the 
church was then used for the purpose of worship, al- 
though in an unfinished etate. Before its completion 
the superintendent failed in business, owing a debt, 
on account of the building, of two hundred pounds 
in Maryland currency. The principal creditor, Mr. 

P , locked up the church, and kept possession of the 

key until 1774 or 1775. Grifiith, in his " Annals of 
Baltimore," says, " By a ludicrous suit against Gan- 
ganelli. Pope of Rome, for want of other defendant. 



to recover the advances to Mr. McNabb, who became 
bankrupt, the church was some time closed. This 
was at the commencement of the Revolution, and the 
congregation assembled in a private house in South 
Charles Street until possession was recovered." The 
manner of reopening St. Peter's Was somewhat novel, 
and partook of the spirit of the times. A volunteer 
company, probably in 1775, which was part of a mili- 
tary force organized to repel the apprehended attacks 
or incursions of Lord Dunmore, Governor of Vir- 
ginia, was in Baltimore, under the command of 
Capt. Galbraith. On Sunday morning some of the 
soldiers asked permission of the captain to go to 
church. A majority of them decided on going to the 
Catholic church, and on learning that it was closed 

and the key in possession of Mr. P , they marched 

in a body, with their captain at their head, to the 
residence of this gentleman, and Capt. Galbraith 
demanded the key of the church. It so happened 

that Mr. P had fallen under suspicion of being 

disaffected to the cau.se of American independence, 
and on seeing a body of soldiers halted in front of his 
house, he apprehended that they were about to make 
him prisoner ; but on learning their object he was 
so much relieved that he delivered the key to Capt. 
Galbraith without opposition. The company then 
moved oft", opened the church, and thus put the con- 
gregation in possession of the edifice, which they re- 
tained until the close of the Revolution, when Mr. 

P 's debt was discharged. There was no resident 

pastor at the church before the year 1784. The Rev. 
Father Phelan, an Irish priest, passed rapidly through 
Baltimore, celebrated mass, and preached in French 
for the Acadians, who understood English imperfectly. 
In the year 1782, Count Rochambeau, returning with 
his army from Yorktown, halted in Baltimore, where 
some of his troops remained until the close of the 
war, and mass was frequently celebrated by the chap- 
lains who accompanied the French forces. On one 
occasion a grand mass was celebrated with great mili- 
tary pomp, the celebrant being an Irish priest, chap- 
lain to Count Rochambeau. The French regimental 
bands accompanied the sacred service with solemn 
music, the otficers and soldiers attended in full uni- 
form, a large concourse of citizens were present, so 
that the small church was not only crowded, but the 
spacious yard in front was also filled. St. Peter's re- 
mained in an unfinished state until 1783. 

In the following year the Rev. Charles Sewell came 
to reside in Baltimore, having been appointed pastor 
of St. Peter's, and was the first resident Catholic 
priest. The congregation having increased so much 
as to make a larger church necessary, an addition to 
St. Peter's was built of larger dimensions than the 
original church. The Rev. Mr. Sewell was the only 
pastor for two or three years. In the year 1786 the 
Rev. John Carroll was stationed at St. Peter's, and, 
in conjunction with Mr. Sewell, performed the labori- 
ous duties of the mission for several vears. His first 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



531 



sermon in Baltimore was on tlie parable of the ten 
virgins; the classical purity of his composition, the 
sweetness of his manner, and his earnest piety made 
a deep impression upon his audience, and he soon 
became a general favorite among Protestants as well 
as Catholics. Before the Revolution the Catholics 
of America were subject to the spiritual jurisdiction 
of the bishop (vicar-apostolic) of the London district, 
but after the Revolution there was very little communi- 
cation between the bishop and the Catholics on this 
side of the Atlantic. Shortly after the war the clergy 
of Maryland and Pennsylvania, convinced of the ne- 
cessity of a superior on the spot, requested permission 
of the Holy See to choose a superior from their own 



Rt. Rev. Charles Walmsley, Bishop of Rama, senior 
vicar-apostolic of England. By invitation of Thomas 
Weld, Esq., the consecration of the new bishop was 
performed during a solemn high mass in the elegant 
chapel of Lulworth Castle on Sunday, the 15th of 
August, 1790, and the munificence of that gentleman 
omitted nothing that could possibly add dignity to so 
imposing a ceremony. It was during his short stay 
in England that Bishop Carroll met the Rev. Mr. 
Nagot, who had been sent by the superior-general of 
the Sulpitians from Paris to London to confer with 
him upon the expediency of establishing a theological 
seminary in America. The good bishop encouraged 
the pious design, and on the 10th of July, 1791, Rev. 




body ; and this request having been granted. Rev. 
John Carroll was unanimously chosen, and his nomi- 
nation approved by the Holy See, which invested 
him with the power of administering confirmation. 
In the year 1789 the earliest general meeting of the 
Catholic clergy of the United States of which we find 
any account was held at Baltimore. At that meet- 
ing it was decided that the Sovereign Pontiff should 
be requested to establish an Episcopal See in Balti- 
more, and the Rev. Dr. Carroll was recommended as 
a suitable person for the office of chief pastor. It 
became necessary for Dr. Carroll to go to Europe to 
receive consecration ; he accordingly repaired to Eng- 
land, and presented himself for that purpose to the 



Mr. Nagot, with several priests of the society, arrived 
in Baltimore, and founded the Seminary of St. Mary's. 
It may be interesting to observe that at this time the 
whole thirteen original States were included in Bishop 
Carroll's diocese. There were nineteen priests in 
Maryland, and five in Pennsylvania. In 1791 a dio- 
cesan synod was held by Bishop Carroll in Baltimore, 
at which several decrees of discipline were enacted. 
This synod was attended by twenty priests. 

Ten years after his elevation to the episcopate 
Bishop Carroll's duties had become so onerous that 
he petitioned the pope to grant him a coadjutor-bishop. 
The request was granted, and the Rev. Leonard Neale, 
D.D., was appointed, and was consecrated in St. 



532 



IIISTOllV OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Peter's on Sunday, December, 1800. For many year.s 
St. Peter's wiis the cathedral church of Baltimore, 
but the Catholics became so numerous that, notwith- 
standing the organization of St. Patrick's and St. 
John's congregations, St. Peter'.s was crowded to ex- 
cess on Sundays and liolidays. The erection of a 
larger cluircli became a necessity, and on the 7th of 
July, l.'^l»(^ llishop Carroll laid the corner-stone of 
tlie [ircsciit catliodral.' Attached to the corner-stone 
was a coiiiiri- plate with a Latin inscription, w'hich 
may be thus freely translated : " The first stone of 
the cathedral church to be erected to the honor of 
Almighty God, under the title of Jesus and Mary, 
was placed this 7th day of July, 1806, by the Rt. 
Rev. John (Carroll), Bishop of Baltimore." The 
square of ground occupied by the edifice was obtained 
from Col. Howard on such generous terms as justly 
to entitle him to be considered as a large contributor 
to the work. The construction of the cathedral was 
immediately begun, and was continued until 1812, 
when it was suspended by the war and other causes. 
In 1815 work was resumed, and proceeded without in- 
terruption until the completion of the edifice in 1821. 
The building was constructed of porphyritic granite, 
which was brought from near Ellicott City on wagons 
drawn by oxen. Its outward length, including the por- 
tico, isone hundred and ninety feet; its width, including 
the arms of the cross, is one hundred and seventy-seven 
feet ; and its height, from the floor of the nave to 
the summit of the cross which surmounts the dome, is 
one hundred and twenty-seven feet. Its style and 
decorations are of the Grecian Ionic order. From 
the intersection of the arms with the body of the 
cross, and supported by pillars of corresponding size 
and form, springs a great dome of two hundred and 
seven feet in circumference internally, and two hun- 
dred and thirty-one externally. The cathedral was 
designed by the distinguished architect and civil en- 
gineer, B. H. Latrobe, Sr., and was built under his 
superintendence. It cost two hundred and twenty- \ 
five thousand dollars. The funds were obtained in 
part from the sale of the old cemetery on Charles 
Street, from that of a portion of the ground secured 
for the cathedral itself on Franklin Street, from a 
lottery, and from subscriptions.'^ 

' St. Peter's stood until 1840, wlien it wa8 removed. The first Catliolic 
priest ordained in the United States, Rev. Stephen Theodore Badiii, was 
ordained in St. Peter's ou the 25th of May, 1793. j 

2 In 1803 it wa« proposed to hold a lottery for the purpose of erecting 
a catlieiiral. Twenty-one thousand tii-kets were to be issued at ten 
dollars each, fifteen per r'-nt ■■f rvhi'li w:is the amount to be raised for I 
the benefit of the raili. I 1 n,. , n innicr was to be distributi'd in 
prizes. Themanai;eis !:■ I: . I, In. |. Carroll, Uev. Fiaucis lioes- 

ton, and Messrs. Diivnl w nn mi,-, n, l;,-(.,it Walsh, Charles Ghequiere, 
Patrick Bennet, Arnold i.ivcib, l.nUc Tiernan, and Francis I. Mitchell. 
On the 6ih of May, 1812, it was announced that a lottery would be 
held for the purpose of completing the calhedial; two thousand five 
hundred tickets at ten dollars each were to bo issmd, an.l fliteun per 
cent, of the amount thus raised was to bf nipt ,[ i i ,i, I i ,i i in ,,lij,-ctof 
the lottery, while the renuiinder was to be In i i: <i ixl.ici-s of 

fortunate tickets. The managei-s were Ii.n ii ^^ " huiijeu- 

ne, Luke Tiernau, Basil S. Elder, Philip l.,vi ,, N, . I,,,:,, Cairoll, 



The debt was not entirely discharged, however, 
until many years later. On the 31st of May, 1821, the 
cathedral, although not entirely completed, was sol- 
emnly dedicated by Archbishop Marfichal. Although 
the doors were opened at nine o'clock, great numbers 
of people assembled in the vicinity of the church 
several hours before, and thousands were obliged to 
depart without witnessing the interesting ceremonies. 
At half-past ten the procession moved from the 
archbishop's residence to the church in the following 
order : 

1. The trustees of the church. 

2. The processional cross-bearer, between two aco- 
lytes with candles. 

3. Twenty-four boys in white dresses, two and two. 

4. The ecclesiastical students of Mount St. Mary's, 
Emmitsburg. 

5. The ecclesiastical students of St. Mary's, Balti- 
more. 

6. The purifiers, acolytes, mitre-bearers, and crozier- 
bearers. 

7. Twenty-four clergymen, in surplices and stoles. 

8. Four archdeacons in copes. 

9. The Right Rev. Bishop of Philadelphia, in cope 
and mitre, attended by deacon and subdeacon. 

10. The Right Rev. Dr. Cheverus, Bishop of Bos- 
ton, in cope and mitre, attended by deacon and sub- 
deacon. 

11. The officiating deacon and subdeacon, in their 
tunics and dalmatics. 

12. Lastly the Most Rev. Dr. Marechal, Archbishop 
of the United States, chief officiating prelate, in 
cope, mitre,' pallium, and crozier,* attended by an 
archdeacon, and followed by a full band of music. 
The procession moved down the centre aisle, while 
the Fiftieth Psalm was solemnly chanted by the clergy 
with the band accompaniment. Having arrived at 
the door, the usual prayer was repeated by the arch- 
bishop, after which the procession again moved, the 
archbishop sprinkling the walls with' water blessed 
for the occasion. On entering the church again, the 
Litany of the Saints commenced with organ accom- 
paniment. When finished, the procession in the in- 
terior took place with the usual psalms and prayers 
for the benediction of a church. Upon the conclu- 

Jr,, John Walsh, Abraham White, Jr., John Carrere, Dr. Chatard, Mat- 
thew Bennett, Michael Biddlemoser, and John Hunter. 

On the I2tb of May, 1819, another "grand" lottery for the purpose of 
completing the cathedral watj advertised. Twelve thousand five hun- 
dred tickets were to be issued at forty dollars each. Seveuty-five thou- 
sand dollars of the amount raised was to be reserved for the benefit of 
the cathedral, and four hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars to be 
distributed in prizes. The managers were David Williamson, Luke Tier- 
liiiM, William Jinluns.Basn S.Elder, John Carrere, Philip Lawrenaon, 
.lilin « il !i, Mi.iliuii White, Jr., Dr. Chatard, Michael Riddlomoser, 
.1,,].:. II : I I . , 1 !i,h1i-s Carroll, Jr. 

I 11 Catholic Provincial Council was helH in Balti- 

iiiiii ,,,,i ,,H 111, 1 ,M liny of its session (October 27th) ten of the bishopa 
wore mil I IS, which was the firet time that so large a number had been 
worn at one assembly in the United States. 

* The crozier was that which had been used by Bishop Carroll in lay- 
ing the corner-stone of the cathedral in 1806. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



533 



sion of these ceremonies pontifical high mass was 
sung by the archbishop, and an eloquent sermon de- 
livered by Kev. Roger Baxter, S.J.' The cathedral 
was soon enriched with many valuable engravings, 
and with the two large oil paintings on either side 
of the main entrance, which latter were presented to 
Dr. Marechal by friends in France. The grand high 
altar was also a gift to him, as appears from the in- 
scription upon it. 

Previous to the dedication on the 13th of November, 
1820, the pews of the cathedral were offered at auction, 
and forty thousand dollars were realized from the sale 
of one-half of them. Shortly after his installation in 
1828, Archbishop Whitfield purchased in Marseilles, 
France, the cathedral bell, which for many years was 
regarded as one of the largest, if not the largest, in the 
country. One of the towers was also completed, and 
the church further enriched at his personal expense.'^ 
During the closing years of Dr. Whitfield's adminis- 
tration the archiepiscopal residence at 106 North 
Charles Street was commenced, and was finished 
during the first years of Dr. Eccleston's incumbency. 
Before that time the archiepiscopal residence had been 
at St. Peter's. Dr. Eccleston's episcopate was also 
distinguished by his labors for the completion of the 
cathedral. It is indebted to him for the second tower, 
and the interior and exterior decorations of a portion 
of the pile. During the summer of 1865 the ca- 
thedral was tlioroughly renovated under the special 
superintendence of Archbishop Spalding. The old 
. pulpit was removed from its original position opposite 
the archiepiscopal throne, and eight black marble 
tablets, commemorative of the deceased archbishops, 
were imbedded in the wall. The gallery over the 
main entrance, for years occupied by the Christian 
Brothers and their pupils, was converted into a pew- 
gallery for the congregation. The present portico, 
commenced by Archbishop Kenrick, was completed, 
and a large clock of French manufacture was placed 
in the southern tower in the spring of 1866. On the 
25th of May, 1876, the fifty-fifth anniversary of its 
dedication, the cathedral was formally consecrated. 
The ceremonies occupied six hours and a half, com- 
mencing at 8.30 A.M. None but participants were 
admitted during the preliminary services. The gates 
were closed, and a guard of seventy-five members 
of the Young Catholics' Friends' Society were on 
duty, a.ssisted by a detachment of police. Cathe- 
dral and Mulberry Streets were thronged with an 
orderly assemblage of people, who had an oppor- 
tunity of witnessing the procession as the circuit of 



1 On the 3d of May, 1821, Haydn's grand oratorio of " The Creation" 
was performed in the catliedral to one of the most hrilliant audiences 
ever assembled in Baltimore. 

- The value and richness of the sacred appointments in the cathedral 
would seem about this time to have excited the cnpidity of thieves, for 
on the 18th of April, 1833, an attempt was made to rob it. The thieves, 
however, only succeeded in securing a few candlesticks, crucifixes, etc. 
It was robbed again Feb. 10, 1840, of several candlesticks, crucifixes, two 
gold chalices, and a monstrance of gold and silver. 



the building was made in the ceremony of sprinkling 
and blessing the exterior of the edifice. At half-past 
eight o'clock the procession, composed of semina- 
rians, priests, followed by the archbishop, moved 
from the archiepiscopal residence to the cathedral, 
where twelve candles before the twelve crosses in the 
various parts of the church were lighted. The pro- 
cession then returned to the archiepiscopal residence, 
where in the oratory relics of Sts. Lawrence and Vic- 
tor had been kept during the preceding night under a 
guard of honor. The seven penitential psalms having 
been said before the relics, the archbishop, in full 
canonicals, with mitre and crozier borne before him, 
passed three times around the church, sprinkling 
the walls and pavement, while benedictions were pro- 
nounced and antiphons were sung. The archbishop 
then knocked with his crozier at the main entrance 
of the church, crying, "Lift up your eternal gates, ye 
heavenly princes, and let the King of glory enter !" 
Rev. Father Curtis, from within, responded, "Who is 
the King of glory?" to which came from the clergy 
the chanted answer, "The Lord, mighty and potent." 
The archbishop and his deacons of honor then entered, 
and the Veni Creator and Litany of the Saints were 
chanted. The archbishop, with the point of his staff 
sprinkled with ashes, wrote in Greek and Latin charac- 
ters upon the walls, in lines crossing from right to left 
and from left to right, sentences signifying that the 
Lord is the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and 
the end. Once more returning to the archiepiscopal 
residence, the casket of relics was borne in procession 
to the cathedral, where it was deposited on the main 
altar, which was anointed with chrism by the arch- 
bishop and sealed with cement. After the procession 
had entered with the relics, the gates were opened and 
pew-holders and others admitted. The altar was in- 
censed, and the archbishop anointed the twelve crosses 
and the crosses on the altars, the seminarians and 
priests chanting a psalm. The front of the altar was 
anointed and incensed three times with the sign of the 
cross. The consecration services were concluded with 
the customary prayers. During 1879 extensive changes 
and improvements were made in the interior of the 
cathedral, under the supervision of Archbishop Gib- 
bons, wliich have added greatly to its appearance. 
In 1822 the remains of Archbishop Carroll were re- 
moved to the cathedral from St. Mary's Seminary 
chapel, where they had reposed seven years, and con- 
signed to their present sepulchre beneath the archi- 
episcopal throne. Since that period five successive 
archbishops have been laid beside Archbishop Car- 
roll, each of whom, with the exception of Archbishop 
Spalding, officiated at the obsequies of his immediate 
predecessor. The remains of Archbishop Whitfield 
lie directly under the grand altar, those of Dr. Ec- 
cleston beneath the right sacristy, and those of Drs. 
Kenrick and Spalding beneath the memorial tablets. 
The mausoleums have a depth of ten feet, a breadth 
of four feet, and a height of seven feet. 



534 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Twelve of the most important Councils of the 
church, including two Plenary Councils, have been 
held in the cathedral, and twenty-seven bishops have 
been consecrated at its altars. The first Catholic 
bishop consecrated and the first Catholic priest or- 
dained in the United States received their consecra- 
tion and ordination in tlie cathedral. 

During the great fire of 1873 the cathedral wis in 
imminent danger, but was saved by the brave exer- 
tions of a number of persons, who at great personal 
risk ascended to the dome and protected the roof with 
wet blankets. 

Among the many priests who have ministered at 
the cathedral altars may be mentioned Rev. James 
Whitfield, Rev. Roger Smith, Rev. Charles J. White, 
Rev. Alexius J. Elder, Rev. J. Beeston, Rev. Henry 
B. Coskery, Rev. John Hickey, Rev. Thomas Foley, 
Rev. John McNally, Rev. Thomas A. Becker, and 
Rev. James Gibbons. The clergy connected with the 
cathedral at present are Rev. Edward McColgan, 
vicar -general, and the Reverends Fathers Thomas S. 
Lee, Alfred A. Curtis, and George W. Devine. 

The cathedral choir has been acknowledged for 
many years to be the best in Baltimore, and some of 
the best vocalists of the city are enrolled among its 
members. Joseph Gegan was the superintendent of 
the choir from 1832 until Sept. 1, 1876, and to his train- 
ing it owesmuch of its reputation. Prof. John Lin- 
hard was the organist for twenty-six years, and until 
his death, Nov. 21, 1876. The present organist is 
John Veith, and the leader of the choir is Frank X. 
Hale. The organ is one of the largest in the country, 
and when erected in 1821 it was the most powerful. 
The cathedral has had five sextons, — Alexander Mc- 
Donald, William Myers, Jonathan MuUan, John P. 
Mullan, and James JlcCann. 

Cathedral Cemetery. — The Cathedral Cemetery, 
situated between Winchester and Tenant Streets, at 
a point where these intersect North Carey Street, con- 
tains about eighteen acres, divided into eighteen 
hundred lots. The original tract of twelve acres was 
purchased in 1815, and consecrated by Archbishop 
Carroll. On the 28th of May, 1845, at a large meet- 
ing of Catholic residents, presided over by Rev. H. 
B. Coskery, Dr. E. Chaisty, secretary, a handsome 
amount of money was subscribed for the purpose of 
inclosing the grounds with a high substantial fence 
or wall, and for building near the entrance a porter's 
lodge. On the 2d of November, 1849, an addition 
of six or seven acres on the north was consecrated by 
Archbishop Eccleston, assisted by Rev. Mr. Coskery, 
Rev. Edward McColgan, Rev. Mr. Parsons, Rev. Mr. 
Donelan, Rev. Mr. Foley, Rev. Mr. Griffin, and the 
Very Rev. Father Barnard, provincial of the order of 
Redemptorists, with a number of students from the 
seminary. Father Coskery delivered the address. 
In 1869 this cemetery had become so crowded that 
the trustees of the cathedral purchased the tract on 
the old Frederick road, about three miles from the city. 



known as " Bonnie Brae." It contains between forty 
and fifty acres, and was purchased from Capt. Charles 
McBlair, and is in close proximity to St. Joseph's 
Passionist Monastery. It was consecrated on the 3d 
of July, 1870, by the Very Rev. Henry Benedict 
Coskery, under the direction of Bishop Thomas 
Foley, of Chicago, assisted by Rev. Thomas S. Lee 
and Rev. John Dougherty, chancellor of the diocese, 
who acted as master of ceremonies. Immediately 
after the consecration the grounds were laid out by 
Charles P. Kahler, civil engineer and city surveyor, 
and the mortuary chapel of solid granite, in the Gothic 
style, was begun. Beneath this chapel are buried the 
remains of the venerable Father Coskery, founder of 
the cemetery. In 1872 the remains of forty -seven Car- 
melite nuns were removed hither from their old in- 
stitution. No. 62 Aiscfuith Street, and in 1877 removals 
from the old cemetery were progressing at the rate of 
fifteen a day. Among the remains removed are those 
of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, which were origi- 
nally interred in the family chapel at Doughoregan 
Manor, and afterwards transferred to the old cemetery. 
In December, 1877, the remains of thirty-six Sisters 
of Charity who perished while ministering to the 
suflerers from cholera in 1832 were removed from the 
vault which had been presented to their order by the 
mayor and City Council of Baltimore in recognition 
of their services and transferred to " Bonnie Brae," 
where the vault has been carefully restored. During 
these disinterments thirteen bodies in one lot were 
found petrified; some of these were the bodies of. 
children, and were as perfect as when interred. 

Calvary Cemetery. — Calvary Catholic Cemetery, 
comprising about seven acres, was established shortly 
after the foundation of St. Mary's Theological Semi- 
nary, July 31, 1791, during the administration of the 
Rev. Father Noli, first superior of the Sulpitians in 
the diocese, and was consecrated by the venerable 
Archbishop Carroll. It extends eastward from the 
east wall of the old college building and seminary 
chapel to Paca Street, and northwardly from a point 
eighty feet from Franklin Street to Druid Hill 
Avenue. It contained in 1874 about one hundred and 
thirty graves, embracing those of many well-known 
Catholic clergymen, such as Fathers Noli, Tessier, and 
L'Homme (the first, second, and fourth superiors of 
St. Mary's), Rev. James Neator Joubert (founder of 
the Sisters of Providence), Peter S. Schriver (second 
pastor of St. Vincent's Church), Charles Wheeler, 
Alexius J. Elder, John F. Hickey, and L. L. Rince. 

St. Patrick's. — The congregation of St. Patrick's 
Church was formed in the year 1792 by the Rev. An- 
thony Garnier, a native of France, and at the time 
Professor of Theology in St. Mary's Seminary. The 
first mass was celebrated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Car- 
roll in the third story of the house still standing at 
the northwest corner of Bond Street and Canton 
Avenue, about twenty persons attending. It was not 
a very imposing edifice, and with its unplastered walls 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



must have struck strangely, and perhaps unpleasantly, 
upon the eye accustomed to the rich appointments that 
generally surround the Catholic worship, but it was a 
great convenience to the old and infirm, who were 
unable to reach St. Peter's with the regularity they 
desired. From the small attendance at the opening 
mass the congregation in a single year increased so 
greatly that the little chapel was crowded to its utmost 
capacity at every service, and the landlord finally be- 
coming concerned for the safety of his building, or- 
dered the room to be vacated. In 1793, therefore, 
Father Garnier secured a more commodious room on 
Thames Street, where religious services were held for 
nearly three years. The accommodations, however, 
were still insuflicient, and many persons were com- 
pelled to attend St. Peter's. In 1796, however, the 
parishioners took the matter in hand, and determined 
to build a church of their own. The head of each 
family furnished money or material to the amount of 
sixteen dollars, and leasing a lot sixty by one hundred 
feet, a small edifice was erected on Apple Alley (now 
Bethel Street), between Eastern and Canton Avenues. 
Many members of the congregation assisted personally 
in the construction of the building, which was forty- 
two feet long, thirty-five feet wide, and fourteen feet 
high. Many Protestants contributed liberally towards 
its completion. After the opening of the church on 
June 5, 1797, by Bishop Carroll, who delivered on the 
occasion an impressive sermon. Father Garnier at- 
tended the spiritual wants of the church until he was 
succeeded by Rev. John Floyd. Father Floyd was a 
native of England, a convert to the faith, and one of 
the first students of St. Mary's Seminary, which he 
entered in 1791, and where he was ordained priest in 
1795. While yet a student he rendered great assistance 
to Father Garnier in the formation of the congrega- 
tion, of which he assumed the charge shortly after his 
ordination. The yellow fever having visited the com- 
munity, he found ample scope for the exercise of the 
most sacred offices of charity in the midst of pesti- 
lence and in the face of death. On Sunday, Sept. 8, 
1797, while celebrating mass, he was summoned to 
attend a person dying with the yellow fever. He 
obeyed the call without hesitation, and contracting 
the disease, died on the 8th of the same month at the 
residence of Bishop Carroll. His body reposes in St. 
Patrick's Cemetery, on the Philadelphia road. He 
died at the early age of twenty-nine years. Father 
Garnier, who during Father Floyd's incumbency 
ministered at Carroll Manor, numbering among his 
flock the illustrious Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 
resumed his labors at the Point, and continued his 
visits twice a week until the appointment of Rev. 
Father Michael Cuddy, in May, 1803. A few days 
after the arrival of the new pastor Father Garnier 
sailed for France, and became Professor of Hebrew 
at the seminary of the Sulpitians in Paris, and after- 
wards superior-general of the order. He never forgot 
the field of his former labors, and often sent affec- 



tionate remembrances to his friends of the unpreten- 
tious little church on Apple Alley. Father Cuddy 
was the first resident pastor. His career was short 
but edifying. While visiting the sick he was attacked 
by the yellow fever, and expired Oct. 5, 1804. His 
body was interred within the former church, and on 
the completion of the present edifice was removed to 
a pldce in the vestibule. 

Father Cuddy was a native of Ireland, and com- 
pleted his studies in St. Mary's Seminary, in this city. 
His death left St. Patrick's without a pastor at a most 
important time, — that of the general jubilee, — but for- 
tunately for the parishioners. Rev. J. F. Moranville, 
a pious priest driven from France by the revolution, 
arrived in Baltimore, and offering his services to 
Bishop Carroll, was allowed to conduct the jubilee 
services. He was ably assisted in both pulpit and 
confessional by Rev. Fathers Flaget and David, whose 
zeal and piety were afterwards rewarded with bishop- 
rics. Father Moranville leased and afterwards pur- 
chased in fee simple the lot at the northeast corner of 
Broadway and Bank Street, and in the month of July, 
1806, the corner-stone of the present edifice was laid 
by Bishop Carroll. The building was dedicated to 
divine worship by the same prelate, Nov. 29, 1807. 
Rev. Father Dubourg, afterwards Bishop of New Or- 
leans, and late Archbishop of Besanqon, preached the 
opening sermon. Never was priest more faithful in 
the discharge of his sacred duties than Father Mo- 
ranville, as was shown by his almost superhuman 
labors during the yellow fever scourge of 1819 and 1821. 
He was twice prostrated by the dread disease, from the 
effects of which he never entirely recovered. On the 
1st of October, 1823, he sailed for France for the bene- 
fit of his health. He lingered for several months, 
and expired at Amiens, May 27, 1824. Observing 
with regret the neglect of proper provision for the 
education of poor females. Rev. Mr. Moranville de- 
termined to establish a school to supply the deficiency. 
He organized an association of charitable ladies, under 
the name of St. Patrick's Benevolent Society, who 
by monthly contributions supplied funds for the sup- 
port of the school and for the relief of the suffering 
poor. This society was founded in June, 1815, and 
the school went into operation the same year. At 
this period public schools under the State and city 
authorities had not yet been established, nor had any 
of those admirable schools since conducted by the 
Sisters of Charity, been instituted in Baltimore. St. 
Patrick's Free School admitted poor children without 
distinction of creeds. Mr. Moranville was succeeded 
by Rev. Nicholas Kearney, of Kildare, Ireland, who 
for seventeen years was the friend, the model, and 
the faithful pastor of St. Patrick's congregation. He 
died on the 27th of February, 1841, and was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. James Dolan. Father Dolan was 
born in Cashel, Ireland, July 1, 1814, was ordained 
priest in December, 1840, and was pastor of St. Pat- 
rick's for twenty-nine years. He was a model of 



536 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



sacerdotal virtue, distinguished for simplicity of 
manners, zeal, and purity of life, devoted to the ser- 
vice of the poor, especially the orphan, and esteemed 
and beloved by all classes. He died Jan. 12, 1870. 
During his long pastorate Father Dolan labored un- 
ceasingly for the welfare of those confided to his care. 
He enlarged the church at an expense of fifteen 
thousand dollars, and imported from Ireland a mag- 
nificent altar of green marble, which still stands in 
the spacious sanctuary. His principal work was the 
erection of an orphan asylum to shelter the children 
of some Irish emigrants who died of ship fever in 
Baltimore in 1847. He also built the churches of St. 
Bridget, Canton, and St. Mary's, Govanstown, out of 
liis own private means. The Cemetery of the Holy 
Cross, on the Harford road, adjoining Darley Park, 
was purchased and founded by him in 18G5. Imme- 
diately after the death of Father Dolan, the present 
incumbent, the zealous, pious, and learned Father 
John Gaitley, was intrusted with the care of St. Pat- 
rick's flock, and most nobly has he honored the trust. 
A few years after the commencement of his pastorate 
the church was extensively remodeled, under his per- 
sonal superintendence, at a cost of several thousand 
dollars, and St. Patrick's will now compare favorably 
with any church edifice in the city. The assistant 
priests at St. Patrick's are N. W. Caughey and M. J. 
Brennan. Attached to the church are the following 
valuable institutions: Xaverian Brothers' school, of 
three hundred pupils, conducted in St. Patrick's Hall, 
a handsome building, erected in 1872; the Orphans' 
Home; Dolan Institute, on Gough Street, under 
charge of the Sisters of the Holy Cross ; and the fe- 
male school, under the same management. The female 
school numbers about three hundred pupils, and has 
been under the charge of the Sisters of the Holy Cross 
for more than a quarter of a century. The Xaverian 
Brothers were introduced in the parish by the present 
pastor. The church was consecrated on the 5th of 
May, 1844, by Archbishop Eccleston, assisted by 
Fathers Delouel, S.S., Ryder, S.J., and other eminent 
divines. 

St. Joseph's Church, northeast corner of Barre 
and Howard Streets, is the fourth Catholic Church 
in Baltimore in point of age. Previous to the year 
1839 there was no Catholic Church in South Balti- 
more, and in order to provide for the growing popu- 
lation of that section Rev. Father J. B. L. E. Dam- 
phoux, D.D., undertook the erection of a suitable edi- 
fice. Principally through his active exertions and gen- 
erous pecuniary aid, the undertaking proved successful, 
and on Sunday afternoon, June 16, 1839, the corner- 
stone of St. Joseph's was laid by Archbishop Eccleston. 
In December of the same year the church was sel- 
emnly dedicated by Bishop Chance, and Father Dam- 
phoux took immediate charge of the parish. Father 
Damphoux was born in France in the winter of 1788. 
He was for a time connected with St. Mary's Semi- 
nary and the cathedral, and after a service of ten 



I years at St. Joseph's was obliged to give up his charge 
in consequence of ill health. He died in 1860, and 
his remains were interred in the old Cathedral Ceme- 
tery. After Father Damphoux's resignation in 1849 
the Jesuits, under Rev. William F. Clarke, took charge 
of St. Joseph's, and remained until 1860. During 
their eleven years' connection with the parish many 
improvements were effected, and the revenues of the 
church were largely increased under Father Clarke's 
judicious management. He purchased property in 

[ the immediate vicinity, which subsequently contrib- 
uted considerably to the parochial funds, and enabled 

I him to make various improvements. The present 
pastoral residence, No. 93 Barre Street, adjoining the 
church, was erected through Father Clarke's instru- 
mentality, as were also the male and female acade- 
mies on Barre near Sharp Street. In 1858, Father 
Clarke was transferred from St. Joseph's to Loyola 
College, and was succeeded by the Rev. Bernard 
A. Maguire, S.J., and the Rev. Burchard Villiger, 
S.J. In 1860 the Jesuit clergy relinquished the 

i management of St. Joseph's, and the parish was for- 

I mally transferred to Archbishop Kenrick for the gov- 
ernment of secular priests. Rev. Father Michael 
Slattery, previously pastor of the church in Western- 
port, was appointed to the parish, and assumed charge 

t in June, 1860. The parish prospered greatly under 
Father Slattery, and the church wag twice improved 
during his pastorate, first in 1861, and again in 1864. 
The question of removing the church to the site of 
the male academy and erecting a new edifice on the 
adjacent lot was agitated by the parishioners in 1864. 
Ground contiguous to the school-house was secured, 
and two thousand five hundred dollars raised by the 

I congregation to aid in the enterprise, but after con- 

! siderable discussion it was determined not to prose- 

j cute the undertaking at that time. Father Slattery 
died on the 3d of October, 1866, and his remains were 
interred in the Cemetery of the Holy Cross, on the 
Harford road. Rev. John J. Dougherty, then assist- 
ant pastor of St. Vincent's Church, succeeded Father 
Slattery, and remained in charge of the parish until 
January, 1870, when he was transferred to the cath- 
edral as the successor of Very Rev. Thomas Foley, 
D.D. The seventh pastor of St. Joseph's, Rev. Ed- 
mund Didier, was appointed in January, 1870, and 
served the congregation until Sept. 21, 1871, when 
he was transferred to the assistant pastorship of St. 

1 Vincent's. He was succeeded by the present pas- 
tor, Rev. Father P. L. Chapelle, D.D. Rev. Peter 
Manning is the assistant pastor. Many improve- 
ments have been made under Father Chapelle's direc- 
tion. The male school has been enlarged and re- 
modeled, a hall for society meetings has been erected, 
and the church has been thoroughly renovated at a 
cost of two thousand dollars. The improvements to 
the sacred edifice consist of a new roof, the frescoing 
of the interior by Scattaglia, the building of another 
story over the sacristy, and the supplying of heat by 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



537 



furnace instead of the old-style stoves. A beautiful j 
new altar-piece, painted by Costaggini, adds much to I 
the interior beauty of the church. Attached to St. 
Joseph's are two flourishing schools, male and female, I 
numbering nearly five hundred scholars. The female 
school is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, \ 
and tlie boys' school is taught by efficient lady teachers. ' 
Among the memorable incidents connected with the 
church may be mentioned the fact that the first estab- 
lishment of the Sodality of the Sacred Heart in the 
diocese of Baltimore was at St. Joseph's, in 1840, by a 
special brief from Pope Gregory XVI., and with the 
approbation of Archbishop Eccleston. The congrega- 
tion of St. Joseph's numbers about two thousand five 
hundred persons. The number would be larger but for 
the division of the parish in 1867, when the church of 
St. Mary's Star of the Sea was erected. Prof. Isaac T. 
Stoddard was organist for more than forty years. 
Several societies are connected with the church, 
among which is a temperance organization numbering 
some three hundred active members. 

St. Vincent de Paul.— The church of St. Vincent 
de Paul, 21 North Front Street, stands fifth in point 
of age among the Catholic parishes of Baltimore. 
In the latter part of 1839, Rev. John Baptist Gildea 
conceived the idea of erecting the church in order to 
accommodate the hundreds of Catholics residing in 
the section bounded by Central Avenue, Gay, and 
Pratt Streets. His design having received the warm 
approval of Archbishop Eccleston, an eligible lot of 
ground was secured on the west .side of Front Street, 
between Fayette and Low, and the corner-stone of 
the church laid on the 21st of May, 1840, by Arch- 
bishop Eccleston, assisted by the bishops and clergy 
of the Catholic Church then in the city, Rt. Rev. John 
England, Bishop of Charleston, delivering the ad- 
dress. The construction of the building was pushed 
forward with rapidity, and the church was dedicated 
by the archbishop on Nov. 7, 1841. After a life of 
devoted self-sacrifice, the founder and first pastor of 
the church, Rev. John B. Gildea, died on the 14th of 
February, 1845. In accordance with his dying re- 
quest, his remains were interred beneath the altar of 
St. Vincent's, where they still repose. The male 
orphan asylum, adjoining the church, was erected by 
Father Gildea, and the Catholic Tract Society of 
Baltimore, and several other societies connected with 
the spiritual and temporal interests of the church, 
originated with him. The assistant pastor, Rev. Peter 
Screiber, succeeded Father Gildea, but died on the 
15th of September, 1845. In the same month Rev. 
Charles T. White, D.D., was transferred from the 
cathedral to the pastoral charge, and filled the posi- 
tion during twelve months. His successor, Rev. John 
B. Donelan, was installed in September, 1846, and 
served until 1851. The fifth pastor was Rev. Leonard 
Obermyer, who received his appointment from Arch- 
bishop Kenrick in December, 1851, and retained the 
management of the congregation until Ai)ril, 1860. 



At that date Rev. Henry Myers, then pastor at Pikes- 
ville, Baltimore Co., was transferred to St. Vincent's 
as its sixth incumbent. He assumed the reins of 
authority under extremely favorable circumstances, 
the revenues of the church being in excellent con- 
dition, and the schools, societies, etc., in a state of 
great prosperity. Father Myers ruled the parish with 
remarkable ability until the beginning of 1873, when 
sickness incapacitated him from further active labor. 
His death occurred July 21, 1873. He was succeeded 
by the present able and zealous pastor. Rev. Edmund 
Didier. Revs. John Ahren and James Cunningham 
are the assistant pastors. The church was consecrated 
on the 2.5th of March, 1879, by Archbishop Gib- 
bons. 

Adjoining the church on Front Street stands a male 
orphan asylum, under the management of the Chris- 
tian Brothers, which shelters eighty children. The 
male and female parochial schools, governed respect- 
ively by the Christian Brothers and the Sisters of 
Charity, comprise an aggregate of about five hundred 
and fifty pupils. Several flourishing organizations 
are attached to the church, among them St. Vincent's 
Temperance Society, established by Rev. Father Did- 
ier, which numbers between three and four hundred 
active members. A magnificent new organ was built 
for the church in 1873. The parochial cemetery is on 
the Belair road, a short distance from the city limits. 
St. Peter's Church, northeast comer of Popple- 
ton and Hollins Streets, was founded by Rev. Edward 
McColgan, who has retained the pastoral charge of 
the church to the present time. The corner-stone of 
the church was laid on the 23d of May, 1843, by Rev. 
Bishop Hughes, of New York, assisted by Right Rev. 
Bishop Kenrick, of Philadelphia, and the edifice was 
dedicated on the 22d of September, 1844, by Arch- 
bishop Eccleston, Bishops J. J. Chance, John Hughes, 
and others participating in the ceremonies. 

Since that period the limits of the parish, as well as 
the city boundaries, have been extended. In 1865 
the number of worshipers had become so great that a 
second church (St. Martin's) was commenced for their 
accommodation on the corner of Fulton and Fayette 
Streets, which was dedicated in 1867. St. Peter's has 
been twice enlarged since its first dedication. In the 
summer of 1868 the building underwent a thorough 
renovation, and many improvements were made. 
Fifty-four pews were added, the church was extended 
eastwardly, the sanctuary was rebuilt, the gallery re- 
constructed, windows of stained glass substituted, the 
ceiling frescoed, and the interior otherwise orna- 
mented. On the 4th of April, 1869, it was rededicated 
by Archbishop Spalding. Its dimensions are now one 
hundred and fifty feet in length, and seventy -three feet 
in width. The interior is neatly finished in the Corin- 
thian style of architecture, while the exterior is Doric, 
presenting a range of six columns in front. R. Carey 
Long was the architect. Shortly after assuming con- 
trol of the parish. Father McColgan was instrumental 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in bringing to Baltimore a number of the Sisters of 
Mercy. 

These Sisters have now a liandsome residence at 
No. 12 South Popi^leton Street, adjoining the church, 
where they conduct a female academy. Rev. Father 
JlcColgan is the superior of the order in Maryland. 
In May, 1878, Archbishop Gibbons appointed Father 
McColgan vicar-general of the diocese of Baltimore, 
in place of the late Rev. Dr. Dubreul. On the 1st of 
May, 1879, St. Peter's was consecrated by Archbishop 
Gibbons, assisted by Bishops Thomas A. Becker, of 
Wilmington, Del., and J. J. Kain, of Wheeling, W. 
Va. Among those who have served as assistants at 
St. Peter's are Rev. John Hickey, Rev. William D. 
Parsons, Rev. Mr. O'Tool, Rev. Lawrence McCauley, 
D.D., Rev. John S. Foley, D.D., Rev. P. McCoy, 
Rev. Edmund Didier, Rev. Henry Reardon, and Rev. 
Gerard H. Nyssen. The assistant pastors of the church 
are Revs. Owen Corrigan and G. H. Nyssen. The 
parish (•ciiictery is situated on the Liberty road. 
Through tlie exertions of Father McColgan, the first 
Catholic toiuperance society of Baltimore was estab- 
lished in 184it. The scandalous conduct of some emi- 
grant nieat-packors, located in the western section of 
the city, induced him to call a meeting, which the 
majority of them attended, and at his invitation took 
the pledge to abstain from intoxicating drinks. Thus 
was formed the nucleus of the present St. Peter's 
Society, the largest Catholic temperance association 
in Baltimore. 

St. Ignatius' Church and Loyola College.— Pre- 
vious to 1852 the Jesuits had charge of only one 
parish" in Baltimore, St. Joseph's, corner of Barre and 
Howard Streets, which they governed from 1849 until 
1860, when the .secular clergy assumed its manage- 
ment. On Sept. 25, 1852, Loyola College was opened 
for the reception of students by Rev. John Early, 
S.J., and during the subsequent year. preparations 
were begun for the erection of a church contiguous 
to the college. A lot was secured at a cost of several 
thousand dollars, and the corner-stone of St. Ignatius' 
was laid on Sunday, Sept. 25, 1853, by Archbishop 
Kenrick, exactly twelve months after the establish- 
ment of the college. Work was pushed forward as 
rapidly as possible by Rev. Mr. Early, and the church 
was dedicated by Archbishop Kenrick on the 15th of 
Avigust, 1856. Loyola College was raised to the rank 
of a university on the 13th of April, 1853, it being 
then located upon Holliday Street, a short distance 
from Madison S^trcet. In September, 1855, the col- 
lege was transferred to its present site on North Cal- 
vert Street, adjoining the church, where the institu- 
tion has since been successfully conducted. As the 
Jesuit order, like those of the Redemptorists, Pas- 
sionists, Dominicans, etc., is a religious community, 
not subject to direct episcopal supervision, but gov- 
erned by duly-commissioned provincials, the church 
and college have always received the ministrations of 
members of that order. Rev. John Early, S.J., the 



founder and first rector, ruled the parish until 1859, 
when he was transferred to another extensive field of 
labor. He died suddenly at Georgetown College in 
1873. Rev. William F. Clarke, S.J., pastor of St. 
Joseph's, succeeded him, and filled the office for one 
term, during which the congregation rapidly increased 
and the college became firmly established. Father 
Clarke's successors have been Revs. A. F. Ciampi, 
S.J., Joseph O'Callaghan, S.J., John Early, S.J. (re- 
appointed), Edward Henchy, S.J., and Stephen A. 
Kelly, S.J. The priests in charge of St. Ignatius' 
at the present time are Rev. E. A. McGurk, S.J., 

E. Sourin, S. J., Wm. F. Clarke, S. J., and other priests 
of Loyola College. Many priests widely known for 
learning and eloquence have resided at St. Ignatius' 
during the past quarter of a century, among the num- 
ber Revs. Michael O'Connor, Charles F. King, Edward 
J. Sourin, Samuel Mulledy, P. Forhan, Peter Kroes, 
Sivius Vigilante, Edward B. Boone, John S. Sumner, 
Camillus Vicinanza, John B. Guida, Charles F. Kelly, 
John B. Mullaly, and Peter L. Miller, S.J. The 
first-mentioned divine purchased the church of St. 
Francis Xavier, Calvert and Pleasant Streets, in 
1864, and opened it for the benefit of colored Catho- 
lics, many of whom had formerly worshiped in the 
basement of Loyola. After Father Kelly's installa- 
tion at St. Ignatius' the church was thoroughly reno- 
vated and beautifully embellished. Several prosper- 
ous societies are attached to the parish, comprising a 
very large membership; one of these is the Sodality 
of the Blessed Virgin. 

The course of the studies in the college is that 
pursued in similar institutions of the order. Seven 
years are usually required to complete the course. 

St. John's Church was organized in a small house 
on Valley Street near Eager in November, 1853, by 
Rev. Bernard J. McManus. The first services were 
held on the 27th of November of that year. Rev. John 

F. Hickey officiating, and Rev. John Early, S.J., presi- 
dent of Loyola College, preaching the dedicatory 
sermon. Owing to the r.Apid increase of the congre- 
gation, it was found necessary to provide larger ac- 
commodations, and on the 13th of May, 1855, the 
corner-stone of the present edifice, southeast corner 
of Eager and Valley Streets, was laid. The church 
was dedicated June 15, 1856. The church has had as 
assistant pastors at different periods Revs. Father 
George Flaut, D. E. Lyman, L. S. Malloy, P. Ryan, 
D.D., L. A. Morgan, J. McDevitt, M. Staunton, 
James Cunningham, H. Volz, and E. McKenzie. 
The present assistants ai-e Revs. James McDevitt and 
M. Foley. The original church edifice is now em- 
ployed as a female school, conducted by thirteen Sis- 
ters of Charity ; it has an average attendance of about 
three hundred pupils. The male parochial school, 
which has been in existence about fifteen years, is in 
charge of the Christian Brothers, and numbers about 
two hundred and fifty scholars. Among the societies 
connected with the church are a temperance society, 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



539 



two Catholic benevolent societies (Society of St. 
Vincent de Paul and Poor Society, managed by ladies 
of the parish), Sodality of the Blessed Virgin, num- 
bering five hundred members, Society of the Sacred 
Heart of Jesus, Society of the Sanctuary, Society of 
the Rosary, St. John's Literary Institute for young 
men, and Society of Children of Mary for young girls. 
Several building societies have been formed by the 
pastor and successfully conducted, and closed up 
without loss to any one, and with benefit to many of 
the poorer members of the parish, who have thus 
been enabled to purchase the houses in which they 
live. At the present time there are two building so- 
cieties connected with the church. Twenty-eight 
years ago the membership of the parish was about 
five hundred ; at present it is about five thousand. 
♦St. Ann's Church, St. Andrew's, and St. Bernard's 
were all built within the original boundsof St. John's 
parish, and the members of these parishes were for- 
merly under the care of the pastor of St. John's. 
Rev. Bernard J. McManus has been the pastor of the 
church from its organization. Revs. T. J. Foley and 
James McDevitt are his assistants. 

Immaculate Conception.— The beautiful church 
of the Immaculate Conception, situated on Mosher 
vStreet, between Division Street and Druid Hill 
Avenue, is a monument to the zeal and per.severance 
of Rev. Joseph Giustiniani, CM. During Septem- 
ber, 1850, Rev. Mark Anthony, a Lazarist clergyman, 
came to Baltimore and erected the first Immaculate 
Conception church, on the corner of Ross and Mosher 
Streets, which was dedicated on the 21st of Decem- 
ber, .1851. This building is now used as the female 
school of the parish. The church at the tinie of its 
erection stood three squares from the nearest house, 
and, with the exception of St. Mary's chapel, was the 
only Catholic edifice in Northwest Baltimore. Father 
Anthony was succeeded by Rev. Joseph de Marchi 
and Rev. A. Ro§si. In March, 1854, Father Gius- 
tiniani succeeded Father Rossi. As early as Febru- 
ary, 1853, the necessity of a larger church became 
apparent, and on June 25, 1854, the corner-stone of 
the present edifice was laid by Archbishop Kenrick. 
On the 8th of December, 1857, the church was conse- 
crated by Archbishop Kenrick, assisted by Bishop 
Timon, of Buffalo, and Bishop McGill, of Richmond. 
Many important improvements have been made to 
the church from time to time. Stained-glass windows 
have been added, the sanctuary adorned with some of 
Costagiani's paintings, and a beautiful marble altar- 
rail placed in position. The edifice is one, hundred 
and thirty feet in length, seventy feet wide, and fifty- 
two feet high from floor to ceiling. Rev. Father 
Giustiniani is still the pastor. 

St. Lawrence's Chapel.— In the fall of 1858 a few 
laymen of the Catholic Church residing on Locust 
Point established a Sunday-school in a private house.' 
The school grew so rapidly that it was found neces- 
sary to procure larger accommodations, and the use 



of a room in the unoccupied St. Charles' Hotel was 
given by Joseph J. Turner. This in its turn be- 
came too small, and it was determined to erect a 
regular place of worship. Through the liberality of 
John W. Ross a lot at a very moderate ground-rent 
was procured on the east side of Fort Avenue, be- 
tween Hull and Towson Streets, on which was erected 
a handsome little chapel and school-house. The first 
sermon was preached in the chapel on Sunday, Sept. 
4, 1859, by Rev. J. B. McManus, and the edifice was 
formally dedicated on the following Sunday. St. 
Lawrence's congregation was for several years at- 
tended by the pastors of St. Bridget's. Subsequently 
it was placed under the charge of Rev. Peter McCoy, 
who afterwards became pastor of the Star of the Sea, 
but continued to minister to the congregation of St. 
Lawrence's. 

St. Martin's was formed from the parish of St. 
Peter's, and the erection of the church, southeast 
corner of Fulton and Fayette Streets, was begun in 
1865. On the 9th of July in that year the corner- 
stone of the church was laid with demonstrations of 
the most imposing character. The Most Rev. Arch- 
bishop Spalding conducted the ceremonies, and was 
assisted by Rev. John Foley, D.D., Rev. Edward Mc- 
Colgan, and others. The number of spectators was 
probably over twenty thousand, and a procession 
numbering from six to eight thousand persons, and 
extending nearly two miles, did honor to the occa- 
sion. The church was dedicated on the 10th of No- 
vember, 1867, by Archbishop Spalding, in the pres- 
ence of an immense congregation. Rev. Dr. John 
Foley, D.D., has been the pastor of the church from 
its organization until the present time. Rev. James 
F. Mackin is his assistant.. The large and flourishing 
parochial school is situated in a house adjoining the 
church, recently donated to the parish. 

St. Mary's Star of the Sea.— In 1867, Rev. 
Father McCoy, then pastor of St. Lawrence's, by 
direction of the archbishop, leased a lot of ground on 
the corner of Johnson and Clement Streets, on which 
a chapel was erected, which was dedicated on the 
21st of February, 1869, by Rev. H. B. Coskery, D.D., 
vicar-general, assisted by Rev. John Dougherty and 
Rev. Peter McCoy. On the 9th of May of the same 
year the corner-stone of the present edifice, corner of 
Clement and Johnson Streets, was laid by Archbishop 
Spalding, and on the 26th of March, 1871, the church 
was dedicated by the same archbishop, assisted by 
Bishop O'Hara, of Scranton, Pa., Bishop Gibbons, 
and other ecclesiastical dignitaries. Incidental to 
the dedication was a long and imposing procession, 
composed of the Catholic societies of the city. The 
present jjastor is Rev. Peter McCoy, P.P., assisted by 
Sebastian Rabbia. 

St. Andrew's Church, at the comer of Monu- 
ment and Washington Streets, was dedicated Oct. 6, 
1878, by Archbishop Gibbons. The pastor is Rev. 
Michael Dausch. 



540 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Pins Memorial Church was projected by Arch- 
bishop Si)alding in 1871 in commemoration of the 
twenty-fifth anniversary of the pontificate of Pope 
Tins IX. His death, however, delayed the execution 
of the design. A lot on the northeast corner of Ed- 
mondson Avenue and Schroeder Street was purchased 
by Archbishop Bayley in December, 1873, but was 
afterwards e.xchanged for the present site on the south- 
east corner of tlie streets named. The means of car- 
rying out the designs were furnished by C. Oliver 
O'Donnell's gift of forty thousand dollars to Arch- 
bishop Spalding for that purpose. The corner-stone 
of the church, however, was not laid until the 5th of 
May, 1878. It was dedicated Nov. 2, 1879, by Arch- 
bishop Gibbons, assisted by Bishop Gross, of Savan- 
nah. The church is dedicated to Pope Pius V., and 
in memory of Pius IX. Its pastor is Rev. Lawrence 
Malloy, P.P., assisted by John G. Dougherty. 

St. Bridget's Church was founded by Eev. James 
Dolan, ])ast()r of Si. Patrick's, who named it after 
his deceased mother. Until that period the whole 
vicinity of Canton, then sparsely settled, but rapidly 
increasing in population, formed a part of St. Pat- 
rick's parish. Father Dolan possessed resources, and 
he concluded to divide his large parish, and thus re- 
lieve a portion of its members who resided at a con- 
siderable distance from the church. The erection of 
St. Bridget's, corner of Hudson and Canton Streets, 
was accordingly commenced, and on the 14th of May, 
1854, the corner-stone was laid by Fathers Dolan 
and Early. The church was completed in the follow- 
ing year, and dedicated on the 8th of July, 1855, by 
Archbishop Kenrick. Thomas Agnew was the builder 
of the church. The first pastor of St. Bridget's was 
Rev. John Constance, who ruled the congregation 
worthily for several years. Rev. Michael O'Reilly 
succeeded him, and retained the parochial manage- 
ment till 1862, when he was foUoweil by Rev. John 
S. Foley, D.D. Father Foley's successor was Rev. 
James Gibbons, who assumed charge in 1863, and was 
removed thence to the cathedral in 1865. Rev. John 
T.Oaitley succeeded Father Gibbons, occupying the 
pastorate until 1870, when the rectorship of St. 
Patrick's was confided to him. During his adminis- 
tration of St. Bridget's a serious accident occurred 
to the church. On the 26th of February, 1867, the 
roof gave w ay under a heavy pressure of snow, entailing 
a loss of two thousand dollars. In 1875 the church was 
enlarged and improved, and was rededicated on the 
6th of February, 1876, by Bishop Gibbons. Rev. 
William L. Jordan, the present pastor, took charge of 
the congregation in 1870, being appointed by the late 
Vicar-General Coskery. The parochial schools are in 
a prosperous condition. 

St. Alphonsus' Church.— The site of the present 
St. Alphonsus' church, corner of Saratoga Street and 
Park Avenue, was first occupied by a frame church 
of sixty by forty feet, dedicated to St. John the Evan- 
gelist. This structure was erected in 1800 by the 



German Catholics of Baltimore.' The priests succes- 
sively attached to it were Rev. F. Renter (until 1806), 
Rev."F. Brosiua (1806-20), Rev. J. W. Beschter, S.J. 
(1820-28), Rev. L. Barth (1828-38), Rev. B. Bayer 
(1838^0). In 1840 the church and congregation 
were placed in charge of the Redemptorists, a relig- 
ious order founded in Italy by St. Alphonsus de 
Signori, a Neapolitan nobleman, in 1732. These 

' fathers first came to this country June 21, 1832. 
Previous to their arrival in Baltimore they had 
already labored for several years in the northern part 
of Ohio and in Michigan, and had recently estab- 
lished themselves at Pittsburgh, Pa. Rev. Jos. Prost 
was the first member of that order who came to Bal- 
timore, and subsequently took charge of St. John's 
Church, which soon became too small for the number 
of German Catholics who attended divine service in 
it. Consequently the erection of a more spacious 
edifice was at once contemplated. During the course 
of the year 1841 the old church was taken down, and 
preparations were made for the new building, the 
corner-stone of which was laid May 1, 1842, by Rev. 
Dr. Salzbacher, a distinguished canon of Vienna, 
Austria. The dimensions of the building, which is 
of the Gothic style of architecture, are one hundred 
and fifty-four by sixty-eight feet, with a height of fifty 
feet. The expenses were defrayed partly by voluntary 

I contributions of the members of the parish, but for the 
greater part by large donations from divers mission- 
ary aid societies in Austria, Bavaria, and France.^ On 

I the 14lh of March, 1845, the church was blessed and 

j opened for divine services by the Most Rev. Archbishop 
Eccleston. Its more solemn consecration did not take 
place until Aug. 1, 1869, the Rt. Rev. V. R. Wheelan, 
Bishop of Wheeling, W. Va., officiating.^ The names 
of the successive superiors or rectors of St. Alphonsus' 
Church are as follows: Rev. Jos. Prost (1840), Rev. 
Alexander Czvitkovicz (1841), Rev. Peter Czackert 
(1845), Rev. John N. Neumann (1847), Rev. Gabriel 
Rumpler (1849), Rev. John N. Neumann (1851), re- 

1 The organization of tlie earlfest German Catholic congregation in 
Baltimore appears to have been eSected in 1792. On Friday, the nth 
of February of tliat year, the Maryland Journal contained the an- 
nouncement that "Tlie German Roman Catholics will open next Sun- 
day for the fiiut time Divine Service in their men langutuji' at the hoiue 
of Julin Brown, near the Centre Market. On Wednesdays and Fridays 
in Lent will he sung the Psalm Miserere, accompanied with a sermon in 
the German language, delivered by Eev. John Baptist Clouse, beginning 
at half after five in the afternoon." The congregation thus organized 
probably formed the nucleus of the subsequent church of St. Jolin's. 

St. John's would seem not to have been entirely finished in 1803, for 
on the 2l8t of January in tliat year a lottei-y was advertised for the pur^ 
pose of "completing St. John's church." Eight thousand tickets were 
to be issued at live dollars each j six thousand dollars of the whole 
amount was to be appropriated to the church, and thirty-four thousand 
dollars were to be set apart for prizes. 

s The King of Bavaria is said to liave contributed four thousand dollars 
out of liis own purse towards the erection of the church. 

3 Several months before the completion of the church, while four men 
were engaged in painting the steeple, the scaffolding gave way and pre- 
cipitated them to the earth, a distance of nearly one hundred and fifty 
feet. Three of them were mangled almost beyond recognition, while the 
fourth, though terribly injured and crippled for life, recovered and be- 
came a prominent member of the congregation. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



appointed, who became Bishop of Philadelphia, and 
was consecrated in this church by Archbishop Francis 
P. Kenrick, March 28, 1852;' Rev. George Ruland 
(1852), Kev. Francis X. Seelos (1854), Rev. Maxim 
Lei mgruber (1857), Rev. George Ruland, again ( 1860), 
Rev. Leopold Petsch (1861), Rev. Robert Kleineidam 
(1863), Rev. Michael Miller (1865), Rev. Joseph Wissel 
(1868), Rev. Nicholas Jaeckel (1871), Rev. L. Petsch, 
again (1872), Rev. M. Leimgruber, again (1873), Rev. 
George Roesch (1874), Rev. Andrew Ziegler (1877). 

Contemporaneously with the erection of the new 
church a parochial school was established. For this 
purpose a house was first rented in the neighborhood, 
afterwards, in 1847, a new building was erected oppo- 
site the church, called St. Alphonsus' Hall. This 
building was, however, destroyed by the great con- 
flagration of 1873, which also threatened the destruc- 
tion of the church. Shortly afterwards the present 
edifice was erected on the site of the old hall. The 
school numbered at one time about eight hundred 
children, but at present the number is not more than 
five hundred. The children are taught respectively 
by the Sisters of Notre Dame and the Christian 
Brothers, two religious bodies especially trained for 
this particular vocation. The Brothers belong to the 
community of Calvert Hall. Several religious and 
beneficial societies are connected with the church. 
The former are solely intended for the promotion of 
religious fervor among their members. The principal 
one, however, is that under the name of " The Arch- 
confraternity of the Holy Family." Its members are 
divided into four classes, — two classes of married per- 
sons and young men and young ladies. Each divi- 
sion receives proper instructions once a month. Be- 
sides these, there are several beneficial societies con- 
nected with the parish, one of which was recently 
established. 

The Redemptorists. — The pastoral residence of 
St. Alphonsus' Church being the centre of the order 
of the Redemptorists in the United States, a short 
notice of this society may not be inappropriate in 
this connection. The Redemptorists are a missionary 
society established for home missions. Hence, in 
this country, where, on account of special circum- 
stances, they have charge of parishes, they give also 
many missions in different dioceses, according to the 
demands of bishop or parochial clergy. These mis- 
sions, consisting of a series of thorough, clear, and 
concise instructions and powerful sermons, connected 
with the frequentation of the sacraments, are a great 
means of removing ignorance and vice. The good 
done by such missions is not only perceptible in re- 
ligious circles, but also in the domestic and public 
life in general. These exercises generally last from 
ten to fifteen days, and in large parishes are given to 
the different sexes separately in succession. The 



1 It is said that Kev. Fs 
guages with facility. Ue 
administrative ability, 

3.5 



uld speatc twenty-two lan- 



average number of missions during the year is about 
one hundred. The Redemptorist order numbers at 
present (1881) in this country over one hundred and 
fifty priests, and has twenty establishments in the 
United States and three houses in Canada. They are 
chartered in Maryland, as in other States, under the 
title of " The Redemptorists." The American prov- 
ince was erected in 1850, Very Rev. Bernard Haf ken- 
scheid being appointed first provincial, and his resi- 
dence being St. Alphonsus'. He was succeeded in 
1854 by the Very Rev. George Ruland. In 1859, Very 
Rev. John De Dycker was appointed, and in 1865 
Very Rev. Joseph Helmpraecht, whose administra- 
tion lasted twelve years. Very Rev. Elias F. Schauer, 
the present incumbent, became his successor in 1877. 
The Redemptorists recruit their forces by young men, 
whom they train from their very boyhood up for the 
vocation of the order. Postulants receive their first 
or classical training at the Preparatory College. This 
institution was commenced at Baltimore in 1867, 
transferred to Uchester, Md., in 1872, thence, in 1881, 
to Northeast, Erie Co., Pa. The classical course em- 
braces a period of six years, after which the postu- 
lants enter the Novitiate at Annapolis, where, in 
1853, through the pious liberality of the heirs of 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the order was estab- 
lished. The new church and convent were built in 
1868 and 1859. Here the young men are subject to a 
year's probation. During this time they become ac- 
quainted with the duties incumbent upon them in 
their religious state. If at the end of this period 
they are willing and considered qualified to embrace 
the rule of the order they are admitted to the vows, 
after which they immediately enter upon their course 
of philosophy and theology at Uchester, Howard Co., 
Md. Having completed this higher course in six 
years, they are ordained priests, and after a special 
preparation of six months they enter upon their full 
ministerial duties. 

St. James' Church. — The old St. James' church, 
corner of Eager and Aisquith Streets, was built by 
Archbishop Whitfield, principally at his own expense. 
The corner-stone was laid by Dr. Whitfield, May 1, 

1833, and it was dedicated and consecrated May 1, 

1834. It was used by the English-speaking Catholics 
of that section of the city until the erection of St. 
Alphonsus' church was begun. At that time it had 
become too small for the English congregation, and 
St. Vincent's church, on Front Street, was erected. 
As the Germans needed a place of divine worship 
during the erection of St. Alphonsus' church, Arch- 
bishop Eccleston granted them the use of St. James', 
which from that time remained in their possession. 
The Redemptorist fathers resided at this church from 
1841 until 1847, when the Sisters of Notre Dame 
purchased the property of the fiithers for the pur- 
pose of erecting there a mother-house of their order, 
which afterwards became an academy foryoung ladies. 
The fathers of St. Alphonsus' Church took charge of 



542 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



St. James' until the erection of the present St. Mich- 
ael's church. When St. Michael's was established 
the fathers who resided there attended St. James' 
Church until October, 1867. On account of the rapid 
increase of the congregation a new and larger church 
had become necessary, and the present edifice was 
erected at the corner of Eager and Aisquith Streets. 
It was designed by architect George Frederick, and 
built in the Romanesque style. The corner-stone was 
laid on the 22d of October, 1865, by the Very Rev. 
Vicar-General H. B. Coskery. On the 22d of De- 
cember, 1867, it was blessed by Archbishop Martin J. 
Spalding, and opened for divine service. The dimen- 
sions of the church are one hundred and eighty-four 
by eighty feet, sixty feet high, seating capacity 1800, 
including galleries. 

The church is handsomely decorated in the inte- 
rior with beautiful frescoes, which were executed by 
Brother Hilary Froehlich, a member of the Redemp- 
torist order. Two magnificent marble altars were 
erected during the pastorate of Rev. Thaddeus An- 
wander, the high altar by Hugh Sisson & Sons, the 
other by Bevan & Son, both of this city. On the lat- 
ter altar there is a picture of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 
which is a copy of a celebrated miraculous picture 
at Rome. The richly-gilt frame is the workmanship 
of Mr. Joseph Sadsbury, of Baltimore. At the time 
when this new church was building a house for the 
accommodation of the Fathers was erected. It had, 
however, become necessary for this purpose to repur- 
chase from the Sisters part of the property which they 
had formerly possessed. The superiors of St. James' 
Church were respectively Rev. Lawrence Holzer until 
October, 1868, Rev. Thaddeus Anwander until 1871, 
Rev. John Hespelein until 1877. The present rector 
is Rev. Henry Danenhauer. 

As soon as the Redemptorist fathers had taken 
charge of the old church a parochial school was 
established in the basement of the church. When 
the priests withdrew in 1847 their house was partly 
used as a school. Afterwards a part of the children 
were accommodated in the orphan asylum. Before 
the new church was built a large school building of 
eighty-six by fifty-six feet was erected on Somerset 
Street above Eager, which contains a spacious hall, 
where divine service took place while the new church 
was building. The corner-stone of this edifice was 
laid May 5, 1864, by the Very Rev. H. B. Coskery, 
vicar-general. Another similar building became ne- 
cessary, and was erected in 1878 on Aisquith Street. 
The children arc taught respectively by the Sisters 
of Notre Dame and the Marian Brothers. The latter 
took charge of the school only in 1872, before which 
time lay teachers were employed for the boys. The 
average attendancp is nine hundred. 

Of societies connected with St. James' Church the 
Archconfraternity of the Holy Family is the moist 
important. Its character is explained under St. Al- 
phonsus' Church. Besides, there exist several bene- 



ficial societies. Rev. John Baptist Gildea, D.D., was 
the first pastor of St. James'. 

St. Michael's Church.— In the year 1851 a church 
was built on the northeast corner of Register and 
Pratt Streets for the German Catholic population of 
that section of the city. The corner-stone was laid 
by Archbishop Eccleston on the 30th of October, 
1850. The building having been completed in 1852, 
was blessed by the Very Rev. Bernard Hafkenscheid, 
provincial of the Redemptorists, and dedicated to St. 
Michael the Archangel on the 11th of January in 
that year. The church was attended by the priests 
residing at St. Alphonsus' cliurch. The first pastor 
was Rev. Thaddeus Annander. On account of the 
rapid increase of the German Catholic population, 
which was swelled by the heavy immigration, the 
erection of a more spacious church became necessary. 
For this purpose the old cemetery of St. Patrick's 
congregation, on Wolfe Street between Baltimore and 
Lombard, was purchased, from which the dead were 
removed to Holy Cross Cemetery, on Harford road. 
The corner-stone of the new edifice was laid Aug. 2, 
1857, by the Right Rev. Bishop Neumann, of Phila- 
delphia. It was completed in 1859, and blessed by 
the Very Rev. Father Provincial John De Dycker 
on the 20th of December. The dimensions of the 
church are one hundred and seventy by eighty feet. 
At the same time a pastoral residence was established, 
the Rev. Joseph Clauss being the first superior. He 
was succeeded in 1865 by Rev. William Luehrmann. 
In 1868, Rev. Joseph Wirth was appointed rector. 
His successors were Rev. Max . Leimgruber, in 1871; 
Rev. Peter Zimmer, in 1873; Rev. Joseph Helm- 
praecht, in 1877 ; and Rev. Joseph Clauss, in 1880. 

As early as 1845 a school was established in that 
part of the city through the exertions of Rev. Albert 
Schaeft'er. This school increased from year to year. 
At the time of the erection of the first church it 
numbered three hundred pupils. When the new 
church was built a new school building was also 
erected adjoining the church, on Lombard Street, 
which was enlarged in 1865. The average attendance 
of children is now about thirteen hundred. They 
are instructed respectively by the Marian Brothers 
and Sisters of Notre Dame. The former took charge 
of the school in 1870, previous to which time lay 
teachers were employed. The Sisters have been there 
since 1847. 

Of the religious societies connected with St. Mi- 
chael's Church, the Archconfraternity of the Holy 
Family is the principal one, which is conducted on 
the same plan as that at St. Alphonsus' Church. A 
society for the relief of the poor of the parish, called 
" St. Vincent's Conference," deserves to be mentioned. 
It consists of about fifty active and about three hun- 
dred honorary members. This association is greatly 
appreciated, especially as there are many poor in the 
parish. Besides these associations, there are several 
beneficial societies, the oldest of which is that of St. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



Michael, numbering about two hundred members ; 
St. Henry's Society, numbering two hundred and 
thirty ; St. John's, one luindred and seventy ; St. 
Joseph's, one hundred and forty ; Sts. Peter and Paul's, 
forty members. 

Church of the Holy Cross.— The German Catho- 
lics of South Baltimore needing a place of divine 
worship, the corner-stone of the church of the Holy 
Cross, corner West and Light Streets, was laid on the 
18th of July, 1858, and the edifice was dedicated on 
the 9th of April, 1860. Being finished, the church 
and congregation were attended by the fathers of St. 
Alphonsus' Church until December, 1869, when it was 
placed in charge of Eev. Mr. Vogtmann. His assist- 
ant is Rev. Michael Koenig. A flourishing school is 
attached to the church of about two hundred and 
seventy pupils, who are taught by lay teachers. 

Church of the Fourteen Holy Martyrs.— In the 
year 1869 the rector of St. Alphonsus' Church inter- 
ested himself in the erection of a new German Cath- 
olic church in West Baltimore. A building site was 
selected corner of Mount and Pratt Streets, and with 
the sanction of the ecclesiastical authority a building 
was erected in 1870, the upper part of which ser.ved 
as a church, the lower part being employed for school 
purposes. The corner-stone of the building was laid 
July 10, 1870, and the church was dedicated Jan. 1, 

1871. The congregation was served by the Redemp- 
torist fathers of St. Alphonsus' Church for a short 
time, but in the spring of 1871 a secular priest took 
charge of the church, and on the 1st of April, 1874, 
Rev. Meinard Jeggle, of the Benedictine order, was 
appointed pastor. 

St. Venceslaus' (Bohemian).— On the 23d of Jan- 
uary, 1870, a meeting of the Catholic Bohemians of 
Baltimore was held for the purpose of forming a Bo- 
hemian congregation, and the consent of Archbishop 
Spalding having been obtained, the church was or- 
ganized in the fall of 1871 by Rev. V. Vacula. The 
congregation at fir.st met in St. Michael's German 
Catholic Hall, in Lombard Street. In 1872, Rev. 
Father Vacula purchased from St. Matthew's Evan- 
gelical Lutheran congregation their church building 
on Canal Street, between Baltimore and Fayette 
Streets, which was dedicated on the 26th of May, 

1872, by Rt. Rev. Bishop Gross, of Savannah, in the 
name of the Archbishop of Baltimore. Father Vacula 
was succeeded by Rev. A. Heller, who was followed 
by Eev. A. Koncz. The fourth pastor was Rev. J. 
Hojda, who abandoned the Catholic faith. The fifth 
and present pastor is Rev. John Videnka, who as- 
sumed charge of the jJarish on the 23d of October, 
1880. Among the societies connected with the church 
are St. Venceslaus' Beneficial Society, Knights of St. 
Venceslaus, St. Joseph's Beneficial Society, St. Ann's 
Ladies' Beneficial Society, Ladies' Altar Society, So- 
dality of the Immaculate Conception for young ladies, 
Literary Society for young men, and St. Cyril and 
Method Beneficial Society. The parochial school 



numbers about one hundred pupils. During the pas- 
torate of Father Videnka the church has undergone 
various improvements, a steeple has been added, and 
the pastoral residence refitted and repaired. The 
congregation is in a nourishing condition. 

St. Stanislaus' Church.— The corner-stone of the 
Polish Cliurch of St. Stanislaus Kostka,in South Ann 
Street, between Aliceanna and Lancaster Streets, was 
laid on the 16th of June, 1880, with imposing cere- 
monies, by Vicar-General Edward McColgan. It was 
dedicated by Archbi.shop Gibbons and Vicar-General 
McColgan on June 26, 1881. Much of the credit for 
the erection of the church is due to the Rev. P. Koncz, 
its pastor. Before the completion of the edifice the 
church services of the congregation were conducted 
in a private room on South Bond Street. 

St. Leo's.— The corner-stone of St. Leo's Italian 
Catholic church, at the corner of Stiles and Exeter 
Streets, was laid Sept. 13, 1880, by Archbishop Gib- 
bons. The first mass was celebrated in the new 
church on Jan. 24, 1881, by Rev. J. L. Andries, the 
pastor, and it was dedicated on Sept. 18, 1881. E. F. 
Baldwin was the architect and E. J. Brady the 
builder. 

St. Francis Xavier (Colored).— The building now 
occupied by the congregation of St. Francis Xavier, 
northeast corner Calvert and Pleasant Streets, was 
erected in 1836-37 by the Universalists, and was ded- 
icated on the 24th of September, 1837, as the First 
Universalist church. Rev. L. S. Everette, the first 
pastor of the church, was installed on the day of dedi- 
cation. In 1839 the creditors of the church sold it for 
the unpaid debts incurred in its erection. The build- 
ing was subsequently frequently used as a lecture hall 
and place for public meetings, and was the scene of 
many notable assemblages. On the 1st of May, 1844, 
the Whig National Convention assembled within its 
walls and nominated Henry Clay as the Whig can- 
didate for the Presidency. On the 22d of May, 1848, 
the Democratic National Convention met in the 
church to nominate candidates for President and 
Vice-President. On the 24th, during the proceed- 
ings, a crashing sound was heard in the gallery, 
which was densely crowded with spectators, and a 
scene of great alarm and excitement ensued. Under 
the impression that the gallery was giving way, a 
wild rush was made for the doors, while cries of fire 
added to the panic and confusion. The alarm, how- 
ever, proved to be without foundation. About this 
period Mrs. Myra Clark Gaines and her husband de- 
livered lectures in the church on the subject of their 
property rights in Louisiana, Mrs. Gaines being the 
first woman who ever lectured in Baltimore. In 1861 
the church was sold to the German Lutherans for ten 
thousand dollars, subject to an annuity of two hundred 
and seventy dollars. In 1863 the building was pur- 
chased for the use of the colored Catholics, who had 
previously worshiped in the basement of St. Ignatius'. 
This new undertaking originated with Rev. Michael 



544 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



O'Conner, formerly Bislioji of Pittsburgh, who liiid 
connected himself with the Society of Jesus, and 
was stationed at Loyola College during the greater 
portion of Dr. Spalding's administration. On the 
21st of February, 1864, the church was dedicated by 
Rev. H. B. Coskery, administrator of the diocese, 
assisted by Rev. Fathers McColgan, O'Conner, and 
Miller. Rev. Peter L. Miller, S.J., of Loyola Col- 
lege, governed the congregation until 1871, when four 
English missionaries— Rev. Fathers C. Dowling, J. 
Gore, J. Noonan, and C. Vignerout — came from Lon- 
don, and the church was relinquished to them. In 
1874-75 the church was thoroughly renovated and j 
completely remodeled. The ])resent pastor is Rev. 1 
J. Slattery. 1 

The Catholics of Baltimore also hold church service 
at St. Mary's chapel, on Pennsylvania Avenue, Rev. 
A. Magnien, S.S., pastor; at the Carmelite chapel, j 
attended from St. James' church ; St. Agnes chapel, j 
at the Hospital ; St. Francis' chapel and colored sis- 
ters of Providence, on the corner of Chase and Con- 
stitution Streets, attended from St. Ignatius' church ; 
Chapel of Visitation Convent, corner of Park Avenue 
and Centre Street, attended from St. Alphonsus' ; and 
Mount Hope chapel, on Gibson near Mosher Street, 
Rev. Augustus Aquaroni, pastor. 

THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

The early history (jf tlic Presliyterian Church in 
Baltimore is involved in some oljsciirity. As early as 
1715 it would seem that the Presbyterians of the 
county were gathered into a congregation and minis- 
tered to by the Rev. Hugh Conn, for we find in the 
minutes of the mother Presbytery in this country, un- 
der date of Sept. 21, 1715, a record to this effect: 
"Mr. Jar-.es Gordon having presented a call from the 
people of Baltimore County, in Maryland, to Mr. 
Hugh Conn, the Presbytery called for, considered, 
and approved the said Mr. Conn's credentials, and 
made arrangements for his ordination among the afore- 
said people." It is probable, however, that this first 
congregation was composed of very few families, im- 
perfectly organized, and worshiping, like the primitive 
Christians, in private houses and upper rooms. There 
seems to have been quite early a small band of Pres- 
byterians sparsely scattered over this region, most of 
whom had come from Pennsylvania during the border 
troubles between that colony and Maryland. In 1740, 
Mr. Whitefield preached to Presbyterians in Baltimore 
County, and relates that he found a close opposition 
from the Presbyterians in Baltimore; and in June, 
1751, the Rev. Samuel Davis, in a letter to Dr. Bel- 
lamy, of New England, writes, " In Maryland also 
there has been a considerable revival (shall I call it?) 
or first plantation of religion in Baltimore County, | 
where I am informed that Mr. Whittlesay is likely to 
settle." Dr. William Lyon, and at least some others, \ 
who originally formed this church, had then resided | 
here (in Baltimore) some years. In 1760, Donegal I 



Presbytery appointed John Steele to preach one Sun- 
day in Baltimore. It was not, however, until the 
year 1761 that a regular Presbyterian congregation 
was formed in the town. "In that year," says Dr. 
Allison, the first pastor, "a few Presbyterian families 
that had removed from Pennsylvania, with two or 
three of the same persuasion that had emigrated di- 
rectly from Europe, formed themselves into a regular 
society, and had occasional supplies, assembling in 
private houses, though liable to persecution on this 
account, as the province groaned under a religious es- 
tablishment." Among those said to have come from 
Pennsylvania were Messrs. John Smith and William 
Buchanan, who removed to Baltimore from Carlisle 
in 1760, and were followed the next year by Messrs. 
William Smith and James Sterett, from Lancaster 
County, Pa., and soon after by Messrs. Mark Alexan- 
der, John Brown, Benjamin Griffith, and Robert Pur- 
viance, from Pennsylvania; Drs. John and Henry 
Stevenson, from Ireland ; and Jonathan Plowman, 
from England, who with William Lyon, for some 
years a resident of the town, were the foiinders of the 
church. In 1761, Rev. Hector Allison preached to the 
congregation several Sabbaths, and application was 
made by the Presbyterians of Baltimore Town to the 
Presbytery of New Castle in his behalf; but on send- 
ing a commission to Baltimore in November, 1761, it 
was judged best to refuse the application. In May, 
1763, and again in August following, the congregation 
requested the Presbytery of Philadelphia to send Rev. 
Patrick Allison to preach to them, andalthough invited 
at the same time to become the pastor of what was then 
a much larger church in New Castle, Del., he accepted 
the call to Baltimore, where he remained till his 
death, in 1802. Shortly after his arrival the congre- 
gation leased (Dec. 5, 1763) two lots on Fayette (then 
called East) Street, in the rear of the edifice formerly 
occupied by Christ (P. E.) Church, on the southwest 
corner of Gay and Fayette Streets.' There they 



1 The erection of a church had beeu attempted even earlier tlian this, 
however, as appears from the following notice in the Mur>iand GaztUe 
ofJuly 16,1702: 

" Bai.timoke, July 8, 1762. 

" The managers of the lottery for raising three hundred pieces of eight 
to be applied towards Imyinp a lot of ground in Baltimore Town, and 
building thereon a meeting-house for tiie use of those of the Presbyterian 
persuasion in and near the said town (as advertised several times last 
year, and the present in tlie Maryland and Pennsylvania GitzflUt), take 
this method of informing the public that tliey have not met with the 
success they expected in the disposal of tlieir ticliets, owing principally, 
as they are informed by many who are desirous of adventuring in said 
lottery, and as tlie managers thereof now believe, to the loo great num- 
ber of low prizes in the sclieme formerly advertised j for remedying, 
whereof, aud to prevent the end proposed thereby from being frus- 
trated, the managers beg leave to propose the following scheme, which 
they hope, as the objections are removed, will prove satisfactory to the 

3444 bhmks. 

5(XI0 tickets at $4 each are $20,000. . 

By this scheme there are not quite 2% blanks to a prize. 

" CondUi-mi.— That the lottery shall begin to be drawn in Baltimore 
Town on the Ist day of September next, aud continue until fiuialied, in 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



erected a small log church, which they sold about two 
years afterwards to Mr. Charles Eidgely. In March, 

1765, they purchased from Alexander Lawson eighty 
feet of ground at the northwest corner of Fayette and 
North Streets, adding to it in 1772 another lot leased 
from Andrew Buchanan, and afterwards purchased 
in fee. Here they erected a plain brick church, forty- 
five feet long by thirty-five feet wide, containing thirty- 
six pews. The building was completed in November, 

1766, and all the pews rented except two ; and in 
1771 it was enlarged one-third, so as to contain more 
than fifty pews. In 1781 the following entry is found 
in the records of the committee : 

"The peculiar circumstances af our society at its first forniation, es- 
pecially the small number able and willing to discharge" trusts therein, 
obliged some persons to fill different employments in the capacity of 
both what are called elders and deacons, or committee men. But our 
respectable establishment and happy increase now furnish the means of 
removing this inconvenience. Be it therefore remembered that the fol- 
lowing gentlemen. Dr. William Lyon, Messrs. John Smith, William 
Buchanan, aud James Steret, who originally acted in these two charac- 
ters, being previously chosen by the congregation, agree to servo under 
the former (that of elders) alone."i 

Those elected under this resolution were not or- 
dained. In 1789 the congregation, having resolved 
three or four years before to erect a new church on 
the old site, entered upon the undertaking, and the 
edifice was ready for occupancy in 1791.^ Here they 



the presence of a majority of the managers and such of the adventurers 
SB will please to attend ; that a deduction of fifteen per cent, be made 
from a prizeof one hundred dollcrs, and so in proportion for any greater 
or lesser prize, thereby to raise the sum of three thousand dollars (as 
formerly advertised), and the same gentlemen are continued managers, 
—viz., Messieurs John Smith, William Buchanan, John Stevenson, Jon- 
athan Plowman, William Lyon, and N. K Gay, of Baltimore Towu; 
Mr. David McCuUoch, of Joppa; Mr. George Stevenson, of York; Col. 
John Armstrong, of Carlisle ; Dr. David Boss, of Bladensburg ; Mr. Peter 
Hubliert, of Doi-set; and Mr. Jonas Green, of Annapolis; who have 
given bond and are upon oath faithfully to discharge the trust reposed 
in them." 

1 The minutes of the committee contain these further interesting par- 
ticulars : Mr. Lee was chosen the first precentor, 170.5, at £10 per annum. 
In January, 1706, Mr. Snjith having reported that Mr. Lawson was will- 
ing to dispose of a lot of ground fit for our purpose, eighty feet front, 
and extending from the alley on which it is situated to Jones' Falls, for 
sixty pounds, Pennsylvania currency, Mr. Lawson was invited to meet 
the committee at its next meeting, and the offer was accepted. The 
deed from Alexander Lawson to William Smith and others is dated Oct. 
21, 1765. In March, 1765, Mr. Buchanan acquainted the committee that 
Capt. Charles Bidgely offered for the (log) meeting-honse and lot one 
hundred pounds, and all the ground-rent due on Sidd lot from the date 
of the lease, allowing the congregation the free use of the house till 
May, 1706. The committee accepted this proposal. In May, 1765, the 
committee agreed to purchase from Mr. Lawson forty feet additional 
grouud adjoining the church lot for a parsonage. In 1770 a storm of 
wiud carried away a part of the roof. In 1771 it was agreed to enlarge 
the church and build a parsonage. In February, 1772, forty feet more 
ground was leased from Mr. Andrew Buchanan ; and in March, 1773, the 
committee obtained a release of the reversion. A parsonage was erected 
on what is now the bed of North Street in 1781.— JSJsl. Sketch Presbtj. 
CImrch. 

2 On the 20th of July, 1789, a lottery "for the purpose of building a 
Presbyterian Church" was advertised. Seven thousand five hundred 
tickets were to be issued at four dollars each. Seven thousand two hun- 
dred and twenty dollars were to be distributed in prizes, and two thousand 
seven hundred and eighty dollars to be approprialed for the benefit of the 
church. The managers were Robert Gilmor, David Stewart, Stephen 
Wilson, Samuel Smith, Christopher Johnson, David Plunkett, Samuel 
Sterett, John Swann, William Taylor, John Brown, John Strieker, 
Thomas McElderry, Hercules Courtenay, Andrew Skinner Eunals, Wil- 



continued to worship until October, 1859. The por- 
tico and towers were added some time afterwards,' 
and the building when completed was one of the 
largest and finest churches in the country. Before 
this, however, in the year 1784, it was found necessary 
to secure the ground around the chu"rch with a brick 
wall. The front of the lot was at first sloped and 
graded, and inclosed with a wooden paling, and after- 
wards the brick wall was erected, and steps and paved 
walks were made. After the erection of the new 
church (in 1789-91) this wall was still retained, and, 
surmounted by a neat iron railing, added much to the 
appearance of the grounds. The church stood on an 
elevation, and was reached by two flights of steps, 
the first leading to a piece of terraced ground run- 
ning along the side of the edifice, and the second and 
shorter flight leading from this point up to the large 
portico in front of the building. A portion of the 
church property was used for a number of years as a 
burying-ground, and the parsonage stood in the bed 
of the present North Street until 1805. 

On the 20th of January, 1798, the church com- 
mittee, consisting of Wm. Smith, Robert Purviance, 
James Calhoun, David Stewart, Robt. Gilmor, Sam- 
uel Smith, Wm. Patterson, Christopher Johnston, 
George Brown, John Swann, William Robb, and 
James A. Buchanan, were incorporated by act of the 
Legislature, under the title of the " Committee of the 
Presbyterian Church in the City of Baltimore." From 
a review of the operations of the church in 1792, the 
visible results of the work since 1764 may be thus 
summed up : three church edifices had been erected, 
one had been enlarged, a parsonage had been built, 
the lots for these buildings had been bought, one 
burial-ground had been purchased, two inclosed, the 
annual salaries had been collected with unusual ac- 
curacy, and the inferior expenses defrayed without 
applying to the congregation or the public fund. Dr. 
Allison died Aug. 21, 1802, and was succeeded by 
Rev. James Inglis, of New York,* who continued 

liam MacCreery, William Wilson, William McLoughlin, Charles Ghe- 
quiere, Henry Schroeder, Cyprian Wells, Patrick Bennett, Peter Hoff- 
man, Martin Eichelberger, Baltzer Schueffer, and George Lindenberger. 

3 The towers were ordered to be completed in 1795. 

^ In 1814, Messrs. .Tames Mosher, Thomas Finley, David Boisseau, and 
Dr. Maxwell McDowell were ordained elders. About 1816 meetings for 
I social prayer began to he held for the first time, a weekly lecture was 
established, and Sabbath-schools were commenced. In 1817, Dr. Inglis 
applied to the Presbytery for a dissolution of the pastoral relation, but 
the congregation oppiising the request, it was refused. At the same time 
Dr. McDowell, Messrs. Jlosher, Finley, and Boisseau retired. In the 
same year (1817) the congregation resolved to elect elders annually. 
This, however, was continued only one or two years, the Synod having 
condemned it as a departure from the constitution of the Presbyterian 
Church in the United States. In 1819, Messrs. James jjosher, W. W. 



Taylor, and James P.-la.-..,, 


sons united Willi 11, ,■ .1,,,,. 


elected to the el(l..isl,i|., ii 


Philadelphia. Mr. Taylor r 


Col. Mosher continued to se 


age, he felt constrained by 


active duties of the office. 


Brown, and William L. Gil 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



pastor of the cliurcli until his death, Aug. 15, 1819. 
During the ministry of Dr. Inglis we find tlie follow- 
ing entry in the records of the committee under date 
of 1804: "Be it known that Messrs. Robert Pur- 
viance, David Stewart, Christopher Johnston, and 
(jeorge Salmon having been previously elected to the 
office of thc'cldership in the First Presbyterian con- 
gregation in tlie city of Ballinioie, were, on the first 




Z^SkI^W 



day of April, 1804, solenmlj oidaincd and set apait 
to said office according to the provisions in Chapter 
XII., Form of Government of the Presbyterian 
Church in the United States." At the same time 
Ebeuezer Finley (previously an elder in Pennsyl- 
vania) was also elected. It would seem that this 
was the first regular organization of the church ac- 
cording to the provisions of the " Form of Govern- 
ment." Robert Purviance died on the 9th of October, 



1806, in the seventy-second year of his age, leaving 
"an example ornamental to the religion he professed 
and worthy of general imitation." George Salmon 
died on the 13th of September, 1807, in the sixtieth 
year of his age. " Seldom is it," says his biographer, 
"that society, civil or religious, sustains so heavy a 
loss, or the domestic circle so painful a bereavement, 
as occurred in the decease of this estimable man. The 
church will long have reason to deplore the priva- 
tion of his faithful services, his zealous exertions, 
and his unremitted devotion to its interests." 

The pastorate remained vacant for a year, when 
Rev. Wm. Nevins, of Norwich, Conn., was called 
to the church, and was installed in October, 1820; 
he remained in charge of it until he was removed 
by death, Sept. 14, 1835.' The fourth pastor of the 
church was the Rev. John C. Backus, of Philadel- 
phia, who was unanimously elected April 11, 1836, 
and was duly installed the following September. 
In 1840, Messrs. John Rodgers, David Stewart, and 
John Falconer were elected elders ; Messrs. Henry 
C. Turnbull, John H. Haskell, Moses Hyde, and 
Lancaster Ould, deacons. Colonies went out to the 
Aisquith Street Church in 1843, to the Franklin 
Street Church in 1847, to the Westminster Church 
in 1852, etc. The old church edifice on the corner 
of Fayette and North Streets was remodeled in 
1847. In 1848, Wm. W. Spence and Wm. B. Can- 
field were elected elders. This year witnessed the 
commencement of the new mode of systematic be- 
nevolence, which has been so useful in developing 
the Christian charities of the congregation. 

As early as 1852 the question of removal began 
to be agitated, and in October, 1853, the congrega- 
tion was convened to consider the subject, and a lo- 
cation was agreed upon. In July, 1854, ground was 
k(.n for the present edifice on the north we.st cor- 
lu 1 of Madison and Park Streets ; in June, 1859, the 
old ehurch was sold to the United States govern- 
ment, and subsequently torn down to give place to 
th( present United States court-house. On the last 
\ in September, 1859, farewell services were 
n the old edifice. It having become known 
lis would be the last opportunity to engage in 
1 1 11 red services of that house of God, many who 
! I I )imerly attended there, and some whose ances- 
II h id there worshiped, met on this occasion with 
I 111 u.Milii n\eiiil)orsof the congregation, filling the 
ihiinlito ivcrllowiiig. At the morning service, in 
(imiKaioii with the usual exercises, a discourse, 
giving I biief history of the congregation, was deliv- 
ered At the afternoon service the Lord's Supper was 
administered for the last time in that edifice. The pas- 
tor was assisted by the Rev. Dr. Smith, of the Second 
Presbyterian Churcli ; Rev. Dr. Dickson, of the West- 
minster Church; the Rev. G. D. Purviance, recently 



I 111 \H'i'i the clmrch was thoroughly repaired and the ceiling lowered 
three feet. IB 1837 gaa was introduced. 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



the pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, himself 
born and brought up in this church, and descended 
from ancestors who were among the leading founders 
of the church, and who had, during the whole of its 
past history, afforded in successive generations some of 
its most valuable officers ; and the Rev. Stephen Wil- 
liams, the oldest Presbyterian preacher in Baltimore, 
who could almost look back to the opening of the 
building. Many former members, who had removed 
to form other churches, but desired to worship once 
more amid the solemn and tender associations of the 
past, were present. 

There were also present, with the single excep- 
tion of Henry C. Turnbull, elder in the Govanstown 
Presbyterian Chapel, who was detained by sickness, 
all the surviving elders and deacons who had served 
in this church, viz. : Messrs. John N. Brown and 
John Falconer, elders in the Westminster Church ; 
Messrs. David Courtenay and Lancaster Ould, elders 
in the FrankHn Street Church ; Moses Hyde, elder in 
the Aisquith Street Church ; Dr. David Stewart, elder 
in the Annapolis Presbyterian Church; and John 
H. Haskell, recently an elder in the Franklin Street 
Church. These a.ssisted the present elders of the 
church in distributing the elements. 

The service was opened with singing and prayer by 
Mr. Purviance. Then followed the reading of the 
words of institution, and an address by the pastor. 
The bread was dispensed by Dr. Dickson, and the cup 
by Dr. Smith. The services throughout at this family 
reunion of the oldest Presbyterian Church in Balti- 
more were most tender and solemn. None who were 
present will soon forget them. On the first Sunday 
in October dedicatory services were held in the new 
church. In May, 1875, Dr. Backus, in view of his 
advancing years, requested the Session to permit the 
dissolution of his pastoral relations with the church, 
and Oct. 10, 1875, announced his intention to the con- 
gregation. They yielded to his wishes so far as to 
consent that he should be relieved of all the duties 
and responsibilities of the pastoral office, but insisted 
that he should retain his connection with the church 
as pastor emeritus. The following is a list of the pas- 
tors and officers of the church from 1764 to 1881 : Pas- 
tors, Rev. Patrick Allison, D.D., 1763 to 1802; Rev. 
James Inglis, D.D., 1802-19 ; Rev. Wm. Nevins, D.D., 
1820-35; Rev. John C. Backus, D.D., 1836-75; Rev. 
J. T. Leftwich, D.D., present pastor; with Rev. John 
C. Backus, D.D., as pastor emeritus. 



Name». j 


When 


Ceased 


Names. 


When 


Ceased 


l<>cted. 






to Serve. 










. i-:t-2 




Dr. G. Brown 


1787 


1807 


Al.'v. .Mm, 1,-1 






Stephen Wilson.. 


17S9 


1821 






1838 


.John Swan 


1790 




r,,-M.>. ih!' . 




18.52 


William Robb 


1792 


1S04 


Fi.n. ,- 1 


i ^ ;r, 


1864 














George Salmon.... 


1804 


1807 










18117 








1847 




.1807 


1822 


.bi.ii.h l,i\ 1 .1 


1-41 




























Alexander FriclEe 


. 18U 


lS:i9 


William Harrison 


. 1849 




Alex. McDonald. 


1816 


1836 


John Armstrong 


. 1849 





























Robert Smith 


1821 


1828 








Robert Gilmor, Jr 


1822 


1848 




ls,-.4 


1859 




1822 


18.'>4 


JaiM.-~ 1 Ki-l,..r. 




m<9 














Georce Brown 


182.5 


18.59 


Hamilton Easter 






Roswell L..Colt... 


1828 


1836 


George S. Brown 


. 1869 




John T. Barr 


18.'9 


1835 


Samuel Mactier. 


. 18.i9 










Andrew Reid 


. 1860 




James Armstrong 


. 1832 


1839 
KOLING 


EtnEBS. 






Names. j 


When 


Ceased 


Names. 


When 


Ceased 






Hected. 


to Serve. 


William LvoD 














17.S1 




.I.,n,.~ M..-I,.- 


IMS 


1846 






. . 






1830 














R.)bprt Pnrviance 


. 1804 


1806 








Ge-rse Salmon... 


1804 


1807 






1846 






1817 


]• ~ ' ■ 


1-:14 


1840 


C. Jolin8t,.n 


1804 


1817 








Ebenezer Finley. 


1804 


1817 










1809 


1817 




l-M 








1817 




1-40 


1847 














James Mosher 


1814 


1817 


Wm. W Spence. 


. 1848 




Thomas Finley.... 


1814 


1817 


Wm. B. Caufield. 


.. 1848 









Deacons. 






^-es. ^,^:j. 


Ceased 
to Se.-1-e. 


Names. 


When 
Elected. 


Ceased 
to Serve. 


H.C. Turnbull 

John H.Haskell.. 


1840 
1840 


1847 
1847 








Lancaster Ould... 


.. 1840 


1847 



Committee. 



Names. 


When 
Elected. 


Ceased 
to Serve. 


Names. 


When 

Elected. 


Ceased 
to Serv 


John Stephenson 


.. 1704 


1765 


Samuel Brown... 


.. 1771 


1771 


John Smith 


... 1704 


1780 


James Calhoun.. 


.. 1771 


1820 
























William Smith- 


... 1704 


1814 


Hngh Young 


.. 1779 


1784 


William Spear.. 


... 1764 


1790 






1785 




... 1764 


1782 




















Alex. Stenhouse 


... 1765 


1775 






1783 


John Boyd 


... 1765 


1789 


II 


7-1 


1822 


,. Purviance 

•"ohn Little 


... 1770 


1787 








... 1770 


1773 




1. 17H5 


1811 



Second Presbyterian Church.— Upon the election 
of the Rev. James Inglis in February, 1802, to the 
pastorate of the First Church a large minority of the 
congregation withdrew and formed the Second Church. 
A plain but very ample and substantial church edifice 
was erected in 1804 on Baltimore and Lloyd Streets,' 
and Dr. John Glendy called to the pastorate. The 
church was fully completed, and the installation ser- 
vices on Dr. Glendy's induction were held the last of 
March, 1805. Dr. Glendy was born in Londonderry, 
Ireland, June 24, 1755. In 1826 he was compelled by 
the infirmities of age to ask for an assistant, and Rev. 
John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, was chosen as his 
colleague. After a short time Dr. Glendy gave up the 
charge entirely.- Dr. John Breckenridge, his assist- 
ant, succeeded him, and he in turn was followed, 
Nov. 22, 1832, by his brother, Rev. Dr. Robert J. 



1 On the Ist of January, 1805. a lottery was announced for the purpose 
of building the Second Presbyterian church. Eleven thousand tickets 
were to be issued at five dollars each, prizes to the amount of forty-two 
thousand five hundred dollars were to be distributed, and the remainder 
was to be set apart for the building fiiud of the church. The managers 
were Thomas McElderry, James Biays, James Armstrong, James Sloan, 
Hugh McCurdy, John McKim, Jr., Thomas Dickson, and Kennedy 
Long. 

! After his resignation Dr. Glendy removed to Philadelphia to live 
with a married daughter, and there died after a protracted and painful 
illness, Oct. 4, 1832, at the age of seventy-two. Dr. Glendy was a natural 
orator, and was greatly admired by Mr. Jefferson. It is said that he was 
so popular with the various denominations that whenever he was an- 
nounced to preach in their pulpits the churches were invariably crowded. 



548 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Breckenridge. The latter resigned in 1845, and was 
succeeded by Rev. Dr. Lewis F. Green, who remained 
only one year, and was followed by Rev. Dr. Joseph 
T.Smith. During his ministry, in 1850, the old church 
was torn down and the present structure erected, 
which was dedicated Jan. 11, 1852. Dr. Smith was 
succeeded by Rev. (Jeorge P. Hays, and his successor 
was Rev. Dr. Jonathan Edwards, who was followed 
by Rev. Dr. R. H. Fulton, the present pastor. The 
graveyard of the church, known as the Glendy Grave- 
yard, was situated at the head of Broadway, fronting 
on Gay Street, and consisted of about three acres, 
which were purchased in 1807. Within the last few 
years tliis city of the dead has been forced to give 
way before the city of the living, and the remains of 
those interred there have been removed to other rest- 
ing-places. 

The Third Presbyterian Church was organized 
about 1819, and a church building erected on Eutaw 
Street above Saratoga not long afterwards. In 1851 
a new edifice was erected, which was sold in the early 
part of 1861 to St. Mark's English Lutheran congre- 
gation. 

The Franklin Square Presbyterian Church was 
originally the Fourth Church, which occupied for 
some years the Winans' chapel, on West Baltimore 
Street, between Fremont and Poppleton, and began as 
a Sabbath-school enterprise of the First Presbyterian 
Church in 1833. The first p.-istor was the late Rev. 
James Purviance, who was succeeded in 1856 by the 
Rev. J. A. Lefevre, D.D., the present pastor. In 1862 
the present church edifice on Franklin Square was 
completed, and was dedicated on the 16th of Feb- 
ruary in that year. In this year it was also regularly 
incorporated under the name of the Franklin Square 
Church. 

The Fifth Presbyterian Church was organized in 
1833. The buililing, on Hanover Street near Lom- 
bard, was erected in 1836, and sold to the Hebrews in 
1858. and is now used as a synagogue. Dr. John G. 
Hamner was its first pastor, and he was followed by 
Rev. BIr. Washburne, Rev. R. S. Hitchcock, and 
Rev. J. W. Keer. A large part of the congregation 
formed the Greeu Street Church, and the remainder 
became members of the Central Church. 

Sixth Presbyterian Church.— The Sixth Presby- 
terian Church, which formerly 'stood in Cove Street 
(now Fremont), a few doors north of West Baltimore, 
was dedicated JIarcli 2, 1845. 

The Broadway Presbyterian Church is located 
on the southwest corner of Gough Street and Broad- 
way. In 1843 an association of the Second Presby- 
terian Church of Baltimore, Rev. Robert J. Brecken- 
ridge, D.D., pastor, was formed, called "The Evan- 
gelical Association." Its object was " to raise funds 
for the purpose of building Presbyterian churches in 
the desolate parts of the city and the State." About 
the close of the first year of its operation a committee 
of its members, appointed for the purpose, secured 



a lot on Fell's Point, upon which it was intended to 
build a church. In April, 1844, a committee of gen- 
eral supervisors was appointed, consisting of Messrs. 
Peter Fenby, R. D. Millholland, William Gardner, 
John A. Robb, William H. Conkling, George A. Von 
Spreckelsen, James Slater, and Rev. Robert J. Breck- 
enridge. To this committee the Evangelical Associa- 
tion turned over what had been collected towards 
erecting a church. A building committee was ap- 
I pointed, and the lot that had been bought was sold, 
and a more desirable one secured on the corner of 
Gough Street and Broadway. On this it was resolved 
to build. The corner-stone was laid Aug. 13, 1844. 
The exercises were participated in by Revs. John C. 
Backus, Robert J. Breckenridge, Stephen Williams, 
R. W. Dunlap, and E. Thompson Baird. The church 
was opened for worship on the second Sabbath of Jan- 
uary, 1846. Rev. John C. Backus conducted the ser- 
vice in the morning. Rev. J. D. Matthews in the 
afternoon, and Rev. R. W. Dunlap in the evening. 
The pulpit was supplied from that time until March 
20th following, when a church was regularly or- 
ganized by a committee of the Presbytery of Bal- 
timore. On the evening of the same day Thomas 
E. Peck, a licentiate of the Presbytery of Charleston, 
was elected pastor. Mr. Peck was ordained and in- 
stalled first pastor of the church Tuesday, June 16, 
1846. He continued in that relation until Feb. 9, 
1858, when he became pastor of the Central Presby- 
terian Church of Baltimore. At present he is pro- 
fessor in Hampden-Sydn°y College, Va. Mr. Peck 
was succeeded by Rev. F. W. Braun, who served 
about two years, and was followed by Rev. H. L. 
Singleton, who remained six months. Rev. J. G. 
Hamner, D.D., then supplied the church at inter- 
vals. Through Mr. Hamner's efforts the congrega- 
tion was relieved from the embarrassment of an 
annual ground-rent. Rev. W. H. Cooke was the 
next supply. Jan. 28, 1867, Rev. James J. Coale was 
elected pastor. After a pastorate of about three years 
he resigned, and was succeeded by Rev. John McCoy, 
who served about two years, and was followed by 
Rev. John L. Fulton. Rev. George E. Jones, the 
present pastor, entered on his labors July 1, 1877. 
The congregation numbers about one hundred and 
fifty communicant members. The church edifice is 
commodious and well furnished. There are base- 
ment, lecture, and Sabbath-school rooms. 

The Franklin Street Presbyterian Church was 
incorponiled A]iiil.">, 1844. The church edifice, north- 
west corner of Franklin and Cathedral Streets, was 
dedicated on the 22d of February, 1847, and on the 
25th of the same month a committee of the Presby- 
tery of Baltimore formally organized the new church. 
On the 10th of March, 1847, Rev. Dr. William S. 
Plummer, of Richmond, Va., was called to the pastor- 
ate, which he retained until July, 1854, when he re- 
signed, and was succeeded by Rev. N. C. Burt, D.D., 
of Springfield, Ohio, who was installed July 18, 1855. 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIOiNS. 



549 



During his pastorate the parsonage was erected, and 
was occupied by hiii>in 1859. Dr. Burt resigned Oc- 
tober, 1860, and on the 8th of April, 1861, Rev.' J. J. 
Bullock, D.D., of Kentucky, was unanimously elected 
pastor, and installed in July following. In June, 1869, 
at the unanimous request of the congregation, the 
Session invited Rev. W. U. Murkland, of Virginia, to I 
become assistant pastor, and on the 1st of January, ! 
1870, he entered upon his labors. In March, 1870, 
Dr. Bullock resigned the pastorate, and Mr. Murk- ' 
land was unanimously chosen as his successor, and 
was installed on the 4th of June of the same year. 
In June, 1866, the congregation severed their connec- 
tion with the Presbytery of Baltimore, and became 
attached to the Presbytery of the Patapsco, which 
was subsequently united with the Presbytery of the 
Rappahannock to form the Presbytery of the Chesa- 
peake. Rev. W. U. Murkland, D.D., is still pastor of 
tlie church. 

The First United Presbyterian Church was or- 
ganized in 1826. The original church edifice was 
erected in 1828, and was situated in Courtland Street, 
between Saratoga and Pleasant. The present edifice, 
corner of Madison Avenue and Biddle Street, was ded- 
icated March 3, 1861'. The first pastor, in 1828, was 
Rev. Archibald Whyte, and he was succeeded in 1838 
by Rev. John G. Smart, who served until 1850. The 
pulpit was variously supplied until April, 1855, when 
Rev. William Bruce, D.D., was ordained as pastpr, 
and served until July, 1873. There was then no stated 
supply until the 1st of July, 1875, when Rev. Wil- 
liam A. Edie was elected to the pastorate. The form 
of worship is very similar to that of the " Covenan- 
ters" or " Caledonian" Church. Rev. T. W. Ander- 
son is pastor. 

Aisquith Street Preshyterian Church. — The 
Aisquith Street Church, corner Aisquith and Ed- 
ward Streets, was colonized from the First and Sec- 
ond Churches. Steps were taken for its organization 
in November, 1842, and in 1844 the edifice was com- 
jileted. Among its pastors have been Rev. R. W. 
Dunlap, Rev. James S. Ramsay, and Rev. S. D. 
Noyes. The present pastor is Rev. George D. Bu- 
chanan. 

Westminster Presbyterian Church.— The erec- 
tion of Westminster church, southeast corner of 
Fayette and Green Streets, was first contemplated in 
the autumn of 1850, when the matter was brought 
before the committee of the First Presbyterian Church, 
which had the legal charge of the property, and it 
was agreed that the privilege of erecting such a 
church should be granted. Among those associated 
in the execution of this design were Rev. J. C. 
Backus, D.D., Joseph Taylor, Alexander Murdoch, 
Archibald Stirling,. Daniel Holt, W. W. Spence, 
and W. B. Canfield, of the First Presbyterian Church, 
and Messrs. Mathew Clark, John Falconer, Elijah 
H. Perkins, John Bigham, of the Franklin Street 
Presbyterian Church, with Aaron Fenton. The 



church was regularly organized by a committee of 
the Presbytery of Baltimore on the 16th of July, 
1852, by the reception of sixty-one communicants 
from various churches, and the election of John M. 
Brown and John Falconer as ruling elders, who were 
installed on the 28th of the same month. The church 
edifice was opened for public worship on the first 
Sabbath in July, 1852, and the first pastor. Rev. 
William J. Hage, was elected on the 28th of August 
following. His pastorate continued until July, 1856, 
when he became a professor in the Union Theological 
Seminary of Virginia. His death occurred on the 5th 
of July, 1864. Rev. Cyrus Dickson, of Wheeling, W. 
Va., was elected as Dr. Hage's successor on the 11th 
of August, 1856. He entered on his duties on the 
1st of November, and was installed on the 26th of 
the same month. His pastoral relations continued 
until the 1st of July, 1870. Rev. Dr. Dickson was 
succeeded by Rev. D. C. Marquis, who was installed 
December, 1870. The present pastor is Rev. W. J. 
Gill. 

The graveyard which surrounds the edifice was 
originally the burial-place of the First Presbyterian 
Church, and was purchased by that congregation from 
Col. John Eager Howard in January, 1787, by a com- 
mittee consisting of William Smith, John Boyd, and 
William Patterson. Subequent sales reduced the 
lot to its present diniensidns. 

The Twelfth Presbyterian Church was formed 
principally from the Third Churcli, which was situ- 
ated on Eutaw near Saratoga Street. The corner- 
stone of the church edifice, on Franklin Street near 
Fremont, was laid on the 19th of September, 1853, 
and the building was dedicated on the 2d of April, 
1854. It was organized on the 18th of May of the 
same year, with Prof. D. A. Hollingshead and E. R. 
Horner as elders. Rev. C. B. McKee was the first 
pastor, and served about two years. The pulpit was 
variously supplied until the election of Rev. James 
E. Hughes, Nov. 26, 1855, who resigned in December, 
1858, and was succeeded by Rev. Wm. R. Marshall, 
March 25, 1859. He resigned in January, 1865, and 
was succeeded during the same year by Rev. James 
M. Maxwell, who resigned September, 1874. Rev. 
Alexander M. Jelly was installed on the 5th of Jan- 
uary, 1875. Rev. S. W. Beach is the pastor. 

The Central Presbyterian Church was organized 
on the 13th of April, 1853, with a membership of 
eighty-three, chiefly from the Associate Reformed 
Church on Fayette Street, to which the Rev. John 
M. Duncan so long and so acceptably ministered. 
Dr. Baer and J. McEldowney were chosen as elders, 
and Dr. Stuart Robinson pastor. The Assembly 
Rooms, on Hanover Street, were secured as a tempo- 
rary place of worship, and steps were taken towards 
the erection of a church on the corner of Liberty and 
Saratoga Streets, which was completed in two years 
at a cost of some sixty-three thousand dollars. It 
was opened for service March 25, 1855. The church 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



at tlie time of its erection was the largest, most cen- 
tral, and most commodious in the city, and under the 
popular ministry of Dr. Robinson increased rapidly 
in numbers and influence. 'In 1S.')(>, after a pastorate 
of a little more than three years. Dr. Robinson was 
released to accept a professorship in the Danville 
Theological Seminary. Under his ministry, the num- 
ber of communicants having increased to two hundred 
and fifty-seven, J. Harman Brown, John Doane, J. 
M. Stevenson, Sr., and William Hogg were added to 
the eldership. The trustees were George M. Gill, 
Joshua Hartshorne, Benjamin Deford, William Mil- 
ler, G. Armstrong, E. F. Well, and William Rey- 
nolds, Sr. 

The removal of Dr. Robinson told at once and 
most disastrously on the interests of the congregation. 
After a vacancy of two years the Rev. Dr. Thomas 
E. Peck, then pastor of the Broadway Church, was 
installed. He was dismissed after a service of some 
two years, and in May, 1860, the Rev. Silas G. Dunlap 
was called, and the year following resigned. All this 
time, from numerous causes, the congregation had been 
steadily declining, until it was threatened with speedy 
extinction. In this emergency the present pastor, 
Rev. Joseph T. Smith, then professor in Danville 
Theological Seminary, was called, and entered upon 
his duties on the first Sabbath in January, 1862. The 
congregation at once entered upon a career of great 
prosperity. At the first communion fifty-three were 
added, with large accessions following, until in a few 
years the number of communicants increased from 
one hundred and thirty-eight to four hundred and 
twenty-five ; the pew-rents from one thousand four 
hundred dollars to five thousand two hundred dollars ; 
the contributions to all objects from four thousand 
dollars to twenty thousand dollars in 1869. 

In May the General As.sembly of the Presbyterian 
Church met in the building. In July it was destroyed 
by the great fire which swept over that section of the 
city. Lehmanu's Hall, on North Howard Street, was 
immediately secured for the uses of the congregation, 
and steps were taken to rebuild on Eutaw Place. The 
chapel was completed and opened for worship on the 
20th of December, 1874. The foundations of the 
church were laid, and then the work was arrested, for 
some of the investments on which the trustees de- 
pended were lost and others put in jeopardy by the 
great commercial crisis which fell upon the country. 

In 1877 the work upon the church was resumed, 
and it was opened for worship in March, 1879, with 
services protracted through two weeks, in which the 
pastor was assisted by Dr. McCosh, of Princeton, Dr. 
John Hall, of New York, and several of the city pas- 
tors. The church occupies one of the most beautiful 
and commanding situations in the city. It is an ar- 
chitectural gem, and adds to the attractions of the lo- 
cality. It is perfectly adapted in all its arrangements 
to the purpose for which it is designed, and has al- 
ready served as a model. The architects were Messrs. 



Dixon & Carson ; the builder, William Fergu.son ; the 
building committee, Rev. J. T. Smith, D.D., William 
H. Cole, T. K. Miller, and William Dugdale. The 
present officers of the church are Rev. J.T.Smith, 
D.D., pastor; Elders, William H. Cole, Theodore K. 
Miller, George H. Beatson, William Dugdale, and 
Dr. Joseph T. Smith; Deacons, A. McElmoyle, R. 
H. Milliken, H. Tyson, Lewis Deitch, George Daily; 
Trustees, Theodore K. Miller, president; William H. 
Cole, treasurer; A. McElmoyle, Capt. J. AV. Donn, 
William Galloway, H. G. Tyson, R. H. Milliken, Col. 
A. W. Russell, William McLean, and G. H. Beatson. 
Light Street Presbyterian Church, situated on 
Light Street near Montgomery, was formerly known 
as the South Church. The corner-stone of the church 
edifice was laid on the 23d of November, 1854, and 
the church was dedicated on the 10th of June, 1855. 
Its first pastor was Rev. J. H. Kaufman, D.D. Rev. 
David J. Ik'iile is the present pastor. 

Greene Street Presbyterian Church. — This church 
was an otlsliool frmii the Fifth Presbyterian, and was 
organized in 1854 as the First Constitutional Presby- 
terian Church. The corner-stone was laid May 2, 
1854, and the church was dedicated July 8, 18.55. 
The first pastor was Rev. Halsey Dunning, who was 
succeeded by Rev. S. D. Noyes. In 1870 it took the 
name of the Greene Street Presbyterian Church. In 
January, 1875, the congregation sold the "property 
(corner of Greene and German Streets), and united 
with the Dolphin Street Church, under the name of 
the Lafayette Square Church. The Dolphin Street 
Church had been in the beginning a mission of the 
First Presbyterian, and was organized in 1869. Its 
first pastor was Dr. S. H. Higgins, who was succeeded 
by Rev. Dr. J. M. Wilson. The organization arising 
from the consolidation of the Greene and Dolphin 
Streets Churches was afterwards dissolved by the 
Presbytery of Baltimore ; there is no organic con- 
nection between this and the present Lafayette Square 
Church. 

Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, south- 
west corner Park Avenue and Townsend Streets, was 
erected by Mrs. Isabella Brown, whose name is asso- 
ciated with so many noble charities, as a tribute to the 
memory of her departed husband, George Brown, of 
the firm of Alexander Brown & Sons. It is con- 

i structed of Baltimore County marble, and built' in 
thi> (loihir sivle of architecture, and is one of the 
si ciinii)].!!' :ind elegant church edifices in the city. 

! Its (list uus (iii(> iiundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
It w;is dedicated on Sunday, Dec. 4, 1870, with cere- 
monies of a peculiarly interesting and impressive 
character, the opening services having been arranged 
at Mrs. Brown's particular request by Me.ssrs. Wil- 
liam B. Canfield, J. Franklin Dix, and Alexander M. 
Carter. The Sabbath -school was organized on the 
nth of December, 1870, Ale.xander M. Carter super- 
intendent, with twenty teachers and forty scholars. 
The church was organized Dec. 15, 1870, with Elders 



KELIGIOTJS DENOMINATIONS. 



551 



Alexander M. Carter and J. Franklin Dix and sixty j 
members, by a committee of the Presbytery of Balti- j 
more, consisting of Rev. .John C. Backus, D.D., Rev. ! 
Tryon Edwards, D.D., Rev. S. D. Noyes, and Elders | 
David S. Courtenay and George Schaeffer. On the 
20th of the same month Rev. John S. Jones, D.D., was 
unanimously called to the pastorate of the church, 
which he still retains, and on the 10th of January, 
1871, he was duly ordained as a minister of the gos- 
pel, and installed as pastor of the church by a com- , 
mittee appointed by the Presbytery for that purpose, 
consisting of Rev. John C. Backus, D.D., Rev. Jona- 
than Edwards, D.D., Rev. D. C. Marquis, D.l)., and 
Rev. Joseph T. Smith, D.D. The present member- 
ship of the church is about three hundred, and it has 
alreadv proved itself a strong power for good. 

Reformed Presbyterian, or Church of the Cove- 
nanters.— This ehurch of the Reformed Presby- 
terians is situated at the junction of Aisquith Street 
with Harford Avenue, and was purchased by the con- 
gregation in 1833. The Society of the Covenanters 
of Baltimore was organized in 1818, and incorporated 
in 1821. The members are almost exclusively Scotch 
or north of Ireland people or their descendants. 
They are connected with the Philadelphia Presby- I 
tery. Their mode of worship is simple to severity ; ! 
the church is devoid of steeple, bell, or organ, no in- ■ 
strumental music is tolerated in the services, and ; 
only the psalms of David are sung. The pastor is 
Rev. A. D. Crowe. ] 

Lafayette Square Presbyterian Church, on the | 
west side of Lafayette Square, was built from the j 
contributions of Presbyterians of the city during ' 
1878 and 1879. It was opened for worship on the 1st 
of February, 1880, and a church organization was 
effected on the 23d of the same month, with one 
hundred and thirty-five members. O. F. Day and 
P. B. Small, Jr., were chosen elders, and A. D. Keentr, 
A. S. Kerr, A. A. Hasson, and Ernest Robbins were 
elected deacons. On March 3, 1880, Rev. Samuel 
McLanahan was unanimously selected as pastor, and 
was formally installed on the 4th of May of the same 
year. There is no organic connection between this 
church and that formerly known as Lafayette Square 
Church, the congregation of which worshiped at the 
corner of Dolphin and Etting Streets. That organi- 
zation was dissolved by the Presbytery of Baltimore 
.some time since, and although many of its members 
have connected themselves with the present Lafayette 
Square Church, they form a minority of the present 
membership. 

North Avenue Presbyterian Church.— The cor- 
ner-stone of this beautiful edifice, southeast corner of 
St. Paul Street and Boundary Avenue, was laid on 
the 23d of June, 1879, by Rev. Dr. Backus. The lot 
has a front of eighty feet on Boundary Avenue, and a 
depth of one hundred and seventy-five feet on St. 
Paul Street, and was donated by Mrs. Peyton Har- 
rison. The pastor is Rev. George T. Purves. 



The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church 
was organized in 1797, and was supplied with preach- 
ing by the nearest Presbytery of the Associate Re- 
formed Presbyterian CKurch. In 1803, having in- 
creased in numbers, they determined to build a 
church, aud erected a place of worship at the corner 
of Pitt (East Fayette) and Aisquith Streets, and ap- 
pointed the Rev. R. Annan as their pastor. They 
adopted a constitution, were incorporated under the 
act of 1802, and assumed the name of the " Associate 
Reformed Congregation of Baltimore." Rev. R. An- 
nan's pastorate continued until 1811, when the Pres- 
bytery of Philadelphia (to which the congregation 
was attached), in the exercise of its powers under the 
constitution and laws of the Associate Reformed 
Church, dissolved the connection and declared the 
charge vacant. Rev. John Mason Duncan was elected 
as his successor, and in March, 1812, entered upon 
his duties. The congregation having become too 
large for the small edifice on Pitt Street, a new 
church was erected on Tammany (West Fayette] 
Street, between Charles and Liberty, in 1813-14. 
The congregation continued its connection with the 
"Associate Reformed Church in North America" 
until May, 1822, when a union took place between 
this ehurch and the " Presbyterian Church in the 
United States," the Rev. Mr. Duncan and James 
Marting representing the Associate Reformed con- 
gregation of Baltimore, and voting for the union. In 
182.5 the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, to which 
Mr. Duncan was attached, was dissolved, and he ap- 
plied to the Baltimore Presbytery to be admitted as a 
member, but his application was refu.sed on the ground 
that he disowned and opposed the " Confession of 
Faith" and form of government of the " Presbyterian 
Church in the United States." The Baltimore Pres- 
bytery referred the subject to the General Assembly 
of the Presbyterian Church, and by them it was re- 
mitted to the Synod to be finally disposed of. The 
Synod met on the 27th of October, 1825, in Mr. Dun- 
can's church, when he aud Rev. Charles G. McLean 
both formally withdrew " from all connection with 
the Presbyterian Church in the United States." On 
the 1st of November following the pastoral connec- 
tion was dissolved by the Synod, but the pastor was 
supported by the congregation, which has ever since 
maintained its independent organization. Mr. Dun- 
can died on the 30th of April, 1851, and, after some 
temporary supplies, was succeeded in September, 1852, 
by Rev. Stuart Robinson, who resigned in March, 
1853. From this time until the 1st of October, 1856, 
the congregation was served by Rev. Thomas H. 
Stockton, who was succeeded on the 14th of October 
in that year by Rev. Henry Otis Tiffany, who resigned 
on the 29th of August, 1860. He was followed by the 
Rev. Fielder Israel, of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
(elected March 11, 1861), who retained the pastorate 
until the autumn of 1865. On the 4th of April, 1866, 
Rev. John Leyburn, D.D., present pastor, was called 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



to the charge, a resolution luiving first been unani- 
mously adopieil hy the congregation " that the church 

The First Congregational Church was organized 
at Red Men's Hall, on Paca Street, on the 17th of 
May, 1865. On the 14th of May, 1866, the corner- 
stone of a church was laid on Kutaw Street, between 
Hofiman and Dolphin, and the edifice was dedicated 
on the 30th of December following. The church has 
had four pastors, as follows: Rev. Edwin Johnson, 
Rev. L. W. Bacon, Rev. Cyrus P. Osborne, and Rev. 
Theodore J. Holmes. The latter is the present 
pastor. 

Faith Chapel, on Broadway and Gay Streets, in 
charge of Rev. John P. Campbell. This chapel grew 
out of a Sunday-school established five years ago 
under the auspices of the First Presbyterian Church. 
On the 6th of February, 1876, the school was organ- 
ized with six officers, twelve teachers, and eighty-one 
scholars. At the fifth anniversary the report showed 
sixteen officers, sixty-seven teachers, and thirteen 
hundred and fourteen scholars. In May of 1880 
Faith Chapel Literary Association was organized, 
which now has one hundred members and four hun- 
dred and twenty-five volumes in its library. A 
Mothers' Meeting, in care of ladies of the First 
Presbyterian Church, has a membership of sixty, 
who have made and distributed eight hundred gar- 
ments, and the sewing-school has an average attend- 
ance of two hundred. A Pastor's Aid Society was 
formed during the past year for visitation and acts of 
benevolence ; also a Flower Mission to the sick of the 
school. A systematic plan for raising funds by weekly 
contributions in envelopes is pursued, and last year 
aggregated twelve hundred dollars in the congregation 
and school. During the three years of the existence 
of the chapel there have been received eighty-seven 
members on profession of faith, forty-seven by cer- 
tificates, and eight formerly members of the First 
Presbyterian Church. There were forty-one baptisms, 
including eight adults. One member of the church, 
Rev. David Laughlin, has been ordained a preacher, 
and is now supplying a church in Manalapan, N. J. 
Another member, Alford Kelly, under the direction 
of the Presbytery, is preparing as a candidate for the 
ministry. 

In addition to the above churches, the Presbyterians 
of Baltimore worship in Brown Memorial Mission 
chapel, on Cathedral and John Streets ; Central Church 
Mission, on Ridgely and Hamburg Streets; Associated 
Reformed chapel, on Columbia, near Poppleton Street; 
Grace (Colored) church, formally opened June 19, 
1881, corner Dolphin and Etting Streets, attended by 
Rev. C. Hedges; and Knox (Colored) church, on 
Baltimore and Aisquith Streets, attended by Rev. 
William M. Hargrave. 

Madison Street (Colored) Presbyterian Church. 
—This church, situated on Madison Street, near Park 
Avenue, originated as a mi.ssion-school in 1842; its 



first pastor was Rev. John Watts. The congregation 
met for .several years in the " Warfield church," in the 
rear of City Spring; the present church edifice was 
purchased of the Baptists in 18-50 by the First Presby- 
terian Church for the use of the colored congregation. 
Rev. William H. Weaver is the pastor. 
BAPTIST CHURCHES. 

So far as accessible records show, the first resident 
Baptist in Maryland was Henry Sater (sometimes called 
Sator),' who came from England in 1709 and settled at 
Chestnut Ridge, about ten miles north of the present 
site of the city of Baltimore. Although not a minister, 
he was an active and zealous Baptist Christian, and so 
respected by his neighbors and by the civil authori- 
ties that there is no evidence of any interference on 
account of his belief or worship. He was pious, lib- 
eral, loved, and long remembered. In those days 
most of the Baptist ministers were accustomed to 
travel and preach as invited or permitted, sometimes 
sending appointments in advance, and sometimes 
using providential opportunities on the spot. Such 
ministers Henry Sater was wont to entertain and to 
ask them to preach at his house. Among those so 
invited was George Egglesfield, from Pennsylvania. 
Paul Palmer was another of these. He was a native 
of Maryland, but was baptized by Rev. Owen Thomas 
at Welsh Tract, in Delaware, and ordained in Con- 
necticut, preaching a while in New Jersey, then in 
Maryland, and closing his ministry and life in North 
Carolina, where he founded the first Baptist Church in 
that State at Perquimans, on the Chowan River, in 
1727. Henry Loveall was another of these early 
preachers of Baltimore County. He was born in Cam- 
bridge, England, about 1694, and baptized in New 
England, probably at Newport, R. I., in 1725. He 
was in Newport in 1729, and had then begun to 
preach. About that year he went to Piscataqua, 
N. J., where he preached for two years on trial, and 
was there ordained, but never administered the ordi- 
nances, for soon after his ordination he behaved in so 
disorderly a fashion that he was excommunicated. 
He was accused of shameful immorality, and it was dis- 
covered that his real name was Desolate Baker. After 
causing much trouble in Piscataqua he came to Mary- 
land in 1742 and became the minister of the Chest- 
nut Ridge Church. In 1746 he went to Mill Creek, in 
Berkeley County, at Opeckon, where he organized a 
church of about fifteen members, but becoming licen- 
tious in his life, was soon excluded and the church 
dissolved to form another. He returned to Chestnut 
Ridge, where he was living in 1772 in the seventy- 
eighth year of his age, but not officiating as a minister.' 

From the converts of this preaching the Chestnut 
Ridge Church was organized in 1742. Their covenant 
is dated July 10, 1742, and as presented, according to 

1 Benedict's Hist., 631 ; or Slator, Spragiie's Annuls, xiii. 

2 Benedict's Hist., 631, 643; Spriigue's Annals, 69,70; note, Century 

Ministers of the Pliilndolpliia liaptist Association, 1707-1807, 13. 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



553 



the law of Maryland at the time, to the Governor and 
court of the province in order to receive protection 
from tlie toleration laws then in force, was as follows: 

" We, the humble professors of the Gospel of Christ, baptized upoo a 
declaratiou of faith aud repentance, believing the doctrine of general 
redemption (or tlie free grace of God extended to all mankind), do hereby 
seriously, heartily, and solemnly, in the presence of the searcher of all 
hearts, and before the world, covenant, agree, bind, and settle ourselves 
into a ciuirch, to hold, abide by and contend for the faith once delivered 
to the siiintti, owned by the best reformed churches in England, Scotland, 
and elsewhere, especially as published and maintained in the forms and 
confessions of the Baptist Church in England and Scotland, except in 
infant baptism, modes of chuich government, the doctrine of absolute 
reprobation, and some ceremonies. We do also bind ourselves hereby to 
defend and live up to the Protestant religion, and oppose and abhor the 
pope of Rome, and popery, with all her anti-Christian ways. We do 
also engage with our lives and fortunes to defend the crown and dignity 
of our gracious sovereign. King George, to him and his issue forever; aud 
to obey all his laws, humbly submitting oureelves to all in authority 
under him, and giving * custom to whom custom, honor to whom honor, 
tribute to whom tribute is due.' We do further declare that we are not 
against talking oallis nor using arms in defense of our king and country 
when legally called thereto; and that we do approve and will obey the 
laws of this province. And further, we bind ourselves to follow the pat- 
terns of our brethren in England to maintain order, government, and 
discipline in our church, especially that excellent directory of Rev. 
Francis Stanley, entitled ' The Gospel Honor and Church Ornament,' 
dedicated to the churches in the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, and 
Cambridge. We also engage tiiat all persons, upon joining our society, 
shall yield, consent to, and subsciibe this our solemn league aud cove- 
nant. Subscribed by us whose names are underwritten this tenth day 
of July, 174-2."1 

Henry Sater was a " General Baptist," and such 
was Clicstnut Kidge Church. The church grew with 
.such r:i])idity that in four years it increased to one 
hundred and eighty-one members. Some of these 
lived or removed to Opeckon Creek, Berkeley Co., 
Va., near where Martinsburg now is, and formed a 
br.anch church about 1746, organized under Henry 
Loveall, but reorganized as Mill Creek " Particular 
Baptist Church" in 1751.^ 

Tlie second Baptist Church formed in Maryland 
began in this way : In 1747, or five years after Chestnut 
Ridge Church was constituted, some of its members 
invited " Particular Baptists" to preach among them, 
as their church was pastorless and supplies were only 
occasional. Fourteen of these Chestnut Ridge mem- 
bers became " Particular Baptists." Of these in 1754 
a church was organized at Winter Run, which was 
afterwards called Harford, or Hartford, by Benjamin 
Griffith and Peter Pattersen Vanhorn, ministers from 
the Phihulelphia Baptist Association. This Harford 
Church, "constituted in Baltimore County, Mary- 
land," was received into the Philadelphia Associa- 
tion Oct. 7, 1755, under the name of Baltimore, and 
bears that name in the minutes until 1774.' The 
church grew rapidly, absorbing the Chestnut Ridge 
Church, and was for a long time regarded as one of 
the principal churches of the country. In 1771 it 
had four meeting- places. Besides the main church 
at Winter Run, one branch met in the house at 

1 Benedict's History, 6:il, 632. 

- Ben., 64a ; Semple's Hist. Va. Baptists, 2S8, 289 ; Sprague's Annals, 

3 Centurj- Ministers, 72, 147. 



Chestnut Ridge, belonging to the General Baptists, 
another was at Patapsco, and a third near Winchester. 
The next year a fourth branch began in Baltimore 
Town.* Who was the 'first pastor of Winter Run 
Church is not now known, but two years after its 
organization Rev. John Davis became pastor. He 
was born in Pennypack, Pa., Sept. 10, 1721. He was 
ordained in 1756, at Montgomery, Pa., and in that 
year became the minister of Winter Run, or Harford, 
or Baltimore Church, and remained pastor for fifty- 
three years, or until his death in 1809, in the eighty- 
eighth year of his age. He was a man of great 
usefulness and influence, of untiring energy, great 
piety, enlightened evangelical views, and consistent 
character. He traveled much, preaching in the 
woods, the barn, the school-house, the cabin, the 
parlor as well as in the meeting-house, or to the 
traveler alone. The law, indeed, guaranteed pro- 
tection, but Mr. Davis suffered no little persecu- 
tion for the purpose of intimidation from "certain 
lewd fellows of the baser sort," and it is .stated that 
even the magistrates sometimes lent their influence 
to the attempt to drive him from his field of labor. 
From 1799 to 1803, Rev. Abraham Butler was joint 
pastor with Mr. Davis, and under their combined 
labors there was a continuous revival. Mr. Davis 
was the founder of the First Baltimore, Taney Town, 
Gunpowder, Sater's, and probably of Frederick City 
Churches.'* He was also pastor of Great Valley 
Church, or TredyflTrin, in Chester County, Pa., from 
his ordination in 1756 to 1808. In 1758 the Phila- 
delphia Baptist Association 

"ordered that a testimonial be given aud signed by the Rev. .lenkins 
Jones, minister of the Baptist meeting or congregation in Philadelphia, 
to the Rev. John Davis, late of Bucks County, Pa., but now of Baltimore 
County, in the Province of Maryland, certifying his regular ordination 
according to the rites, ceremonies, and approved forms and usages of the 
Baptist Church, and also his purity of life, manners, and conversation, 
aud recommending him to the favor of all Christian people where he 
now does or may hereafter dwell." 

This document was as follows : 

" To all Christian People to whom these presents may come : I, Jenkins 
Jones, minister of the Baptist meeting or congregation of the city of 
Philadelphia, do send and certify that the bearer hereof, Mr. John Davis, 
late of Bucks County, in the Province of Pennsylvania, but now residing 
and dwelling in Baltimore County, in the Province of Maryland, in the 
month of April, in the year of our Lord 1756, waa regularly admitted, 
ordnined, and received holy orders to preach the gospel of our Lord and 
Saviour Jesus Christ to all people, according to the rites and ceremonies 
and approved forms and usages of the Baptist Church ; and that at all 
times before and since his ordination aforesaid, for anytliiug heard, 
known, or belifved to the contrary, he lived a holy and unblemished life, 
as well in his conversation as in actions, and I do humbly recommend him 
to the notice, esteem, aud regard of all Christians, wherever he does now 
or hereafter may reside, or with whom he may have conversation or deal- 
ing. In testimony and by order of the general meeting or association 
aforesaid, 1 have hereunto set my hand, at the city of Philadelphia, the 
6th day of October, in the year of our Lord 1768. 

"Jenkins Jones." 



* Ben. Hist., 632; Hist. Balto. Bapt. Association, Joseph H. Jones, 32, 33 ; 
Cent. Min. Phila. Association. 

5 Benedict, 632; Jones' Hist., 32; Rev. Rev. G. F. Adams, in Sprague's 
Annals, 69, 77 ; Cent. Minutes, Phila. Association, 16, 77. 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Such was the conimcndiition of the father of Bal- 
timore Ha|itist Churches. 

First Baptist Church.— The first Baptist Church 
iu Baltimore County of which we have any certain 
account is that of Chestnut Ridge (now Sater's), 
called after Henry Sater, who, as we have stated, set- 
tled in this neighborhood in 1709. He organized a 
congregation at his hou.se, of which George Eggles- 
fleld, of Pennsylvania, was pastor. He was suc- 
ceeded by Paul Palmer and Henry Loveall, and in I 
1742 a church was formed with fifty-seven members, \ 
who subscribed a declaration of faith laid before the I 
Governor. The oldest " Particular Baptist Church" 
within the former limits of Baltimore County was 
Winter's Run, afterwards called Harford. It is said 
that 

" about the year 1747 8omo of the members of Chestnut Ridge being in- 
clined to the sentiment of the Particular Baptists, invited their niinistera 
to prench among tliem, who continued their visits until fourteen persons 
had embraced tliuir sentiments, and these were constituted into a cliurch 
in 1754, b.v the assistance of Benjamin Griffith and Peter P. Vanhorn, 
and it was the same year received into the Philadelphia Association. In 
1772, besides the main establishment at Winter's Bun, Harford consisted 
of three other branches, one near Chestnut llidge, which met for wor- 
sliip in the house belonging to tlie General Baptists, the second at Pa- 
tapsoo, the third near Winchester, and in all at tliis time a membership j 
of one hundred and thirty-eight." j 

The precise date at which a Baptist meeting was I 
first held in Baltimore is unknown, but in 1773, i 
Messrs. Griffith, Shields, Lemmon, Prestman, Mc- [ 
Kim, Cox, and others purchased a lot and erected a j 
meeting-house on the corner of Front and Wapping , 
(East Fayette) Streets, in Old Town, on the site of the I 
present shot-tower. The lot was purchased from i 
" Thomas Bailey, executor of the testament and last 
will of William Towson and Ezekiel Towson," and 
was conveyed to Benjamin Griffith, Nathan Griffith, 
David Shields, George Prestman, Richard Lemmon, 
John McKim, James Cox, and Alexander McKim. 
It was described as lying in " Jones' addition to Bal- 
timore Town," and was purchased for " one hundred 
and fifty pounds current money," " for a house of 
public worship, and also for a burying-place for the 
service of the congregation or society that is now or 
may hereafter be established or constituted in Balti- 
more Town, known by the name or appellation of 
Baptists." A parsonage and a school-house were also 
subsequently erected on this lot, and the remainder 
was long used as a burial-ground. The remains of 
many of the dead were afterwards removed to a piece 
of ground in southwest Baltimore, which is at present 
occupied by buildings. Most of the persons thus as- 
sociated together in Baltimore were members of the 
"Harford Church, and received the monthly minis- 
trations of Rev. John Davis. This arrangement con- 
tinued until 1784, when Rev. Lewis Richards came to 
this city, and it wtis determined to erect the Baltimore 
mission into a separate church. The application for 
letters of dismission was made on the 1st of January, 
1785, which were at once granted, and the loth day 
of the month appointed for constituting a regular 



Baptist Church in Baltimore Town." In accordance 
with this appointment, on the 15th of January, 1785, 
Lewis Richards (elected their minister the year pre- 
vious), David Shields, George Prestman, Francis 
Prestman, Jean Shields, Richard Lemmon, Alexan- 
der McKim, Thomas Coale, Rachel Coale, William 
Hobby, and Eleanor Thomas were constituted a reg- 
ular Baptist Church by Rev. John Davis, pastor of 
the Baptist Church in Harford County. The same 
day on which the churcli was thus constituted the 
first baptism took place, and "John Scott was bap- 
tized on profession of his faith and repentance, and 
was received into the church as one of the members." 
Very .soon after its organization, probably the same 
year, the church united with the Philadelphia Asso- 
ciation, as in September, 1787, a letter was sent to 
that body, not applying for admission, but in the tone 
of those already members, expressing regret that they 
could not be " present by messengers." The number 
of members then reported was twenty-eight. Rev. 
Lewis Richards, the first pastor of the church, was 
born in 1752, in Llanbardan-vowr, Cardiganshire, 
South Wales. Becoming acquainted with Lady Hunt- 
ingdon, he studied for a short time at the college en- 
dowed by her, and then came to America to study in 
the famous Orphan House, in Georgia. He was bap- 
tized by Rev. Richard Furman, at the High Hills of 
Santee, in 1777, and ordained the same year in 
Charleston, S. C, by Revs. Oliver Hart and John 
Cook. He traveled in Georgia and South Carolina 
for about a year, and then settled in Northampton 
County, in the Eastern Shore of Virginia, where he 
remained until 1784, when he came to Baltimore. Mr. 
Richards continued pastor of the First Church until 
1818, when he resigned on account of the infirmities 
of age, but remained a member of the congregation 
until his death, Feb. 1, 1832. During the last three 
years of his pastorate 4ie was assisted by Rev. Edward 
J. Reis, a gentleman of French birth. Mr. Richards 
was a man of unaftected piety and untiring devotion, 
and was universally respected and loved. 

While the spiritual growth of the church was satis- 
factory, it would seem that the financial affairs were 
not of so encouraging a character in the earlier years 
of its history. So limited were its resources that in 
August, 1787, the clerk was directed to address a let- 
ter to the pastor, declaring, " with sensible concern, 
that they saw very little prosperity in the church, 
notwithstanding his becoming and approved zeal and 
industry in the service of our gracious Lord," and 
after expressing their interest in him and his family, 
they " fear that their subscription of only one hundred 
and thirty pounds will be insufficient for their necessi- 
ties, especially if any one subscriber should fall from 
us by death or otherwise." They therefore frankly 
suggested whether it would not be better for him to 
leave them and seek another sphere of labor, at the 
same time assuring him that "their conclusion was 
not from any disrespect or want of esteem and love 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



to him." As he was too generous, however, to take 
advantage of their poverty, " they agreed to pay him 
at the rate of one hundred and thirty pounds per 
annum for what time he might continue with them, 
provided the present subscribers reside in this place." 
The year following another communication was sent 
to him, stating that their "subscription for the ensu- 
ing year was one hundred pounds," but that they 
" would allow him one Sunday in each month at his 
own disposal," but advising him at the same time 
that " this subscription cannot be continued longer 
than the ensuing year." The church was regularly 
incorporated, with David Shields, George Prestman, 
Alexander McKim, Wm. Wilson, and Mathias Maris 
as trustees, who with the pastor were constituted a 
body corporate by the name " The Committee of the 
Baptist Church in the City of Baltimore." On the 
24th of February, 1818, Mr. Keis was formally elected 
pastor to succeed the venerable Mr. Eichards, and 
on the 22d of March a new church edifice, on the 
northeast corner of Sharp and Lombard Streets, 
which the congregation had been engaged in erecting 
during the past year, was dedicated and occupied. It 
cost fifty thousand dollars, and was known as the 
Round Top Church. In 1821, Mr. Reis withdrew, 
with quite a number of the congregation, and formed 
the Ebenezer Church, and in May of the same year 
Rev. John Finlay, of Albany, N. Y., was called to 
the pastorate, and entered upon his duties soon after- 
wards. The debt incurred in the erection of the new 
church proved so serious a burden that in 1823 a res- 
olution was passed to close the house and hand the 
keys to the creditor, Wm. Wilson, and but for his 
generous spirit the church would have been lost to 
the denomination. It was not until 1852 that the 
whole debt was paid and the ground-rent greatly re- 
duced. It is unknown when the Sunday-school of 
the church was organized, but it is possible that it 
was established as early as 1814 or 1816. 

The church records, however, make no reference to 
it until January, 1824, when the elders appointed 
Mrs. Lucretia E. Clark superintendent of the female 
department. Mr. Finlay resigned the charge of the 
church April 1, 1834, having been in office about 
thirteen years. After Mr. Finlay's resignation. Rev. 
William F. Broadus, of Virginia, conducted a meet- 
ing which revived the church and added many useful 
members. The form of the church government, which 
had been essentially Presbyterian, was remodeled, and 
an effort was made to secure Dr. Broadus as pastor, 
but the call was declined. In the fall of the same 
year Rev. Stephen P. Hill was elected to the pastor- 
ate, and continued in that office for more than sixteen 
years. In October, 1839, Elder Jacob Knajjp held a 
series of meetings in the church, which resulted in the 
baptism of two hundred and twenty-nine persons, and 
the admission of twenty-seven by letter. The whole 
community was stirred, and much good was accom- 
plished. The church was greatly strengthened, and 



some of the most zealous, generous, and useful mem- 
bers of the denomination in the city joined during 
this revival. The pastorate of Mr. Hill continued 
until Feb. 15, 1850, when he tendered his resignation ; 
and on the 2d of December of the same year. Dr. J. 
W. M. Williams, the present pastor, was called to the 
church, and entered upon his duties in January, 1851. 
As has already been said, the church connected itself 
with the Philadelphia Association in 1786, but joined 
the Baltimore Association Aug. 8, 1795. In 1824 the 
Baltimore Association resolved that, " It having been 
made fully to appear to this Association by authentic 
and respectable testimony of Baptist brethren that 
the First Baptist Church of Baltimore (so called), of 
which Mr. John Finlay at present is pastor, has de- 
parted from the faith and practice on which she was 
received into this Association ; therefore, with sincere 
regrets we are constrained to and do resolve, with the 
exception of one neutral vote, that we have no fellow- 
ship with said church, and consider it no longer a 
regular Baptist church of our order, and consequently 
the union formerly subsisting between this Associ- 
ation and said First Church be and the same is hereby 
dissolved." It seems that this action was caused by 
the organization of a body of elders within the 
church and a Presbyterian form of church govern- 
ment. This was corrected in 1834, and in 1836 the 
church was a constituent member of the then organ- 
ized Maryland Baptist Union Association. In Sep- 
tember, 1875, it was determined, after a long and 
earnest consultation, to erect a new house of worship 
in a more convenient locality, and on the 3d of May, 
1877, ground was broken for the present edifice on 
Townsend Street near Fremont. June 26th of the 
same year the corner-stone was laid, and on the 3d of 
January, 1878, the church was formally opened for 
service. The site of the former meeting-house is now 
occupied by fine warehouses. 

Besides the work accomplished in its own name and 
by its own efforts, the First Church has contributed 
forty ministers to the cause of the gospel, and its in- 
fluence and power for good have been many times mul- 
tiplied in their labors. Among these were William 
Clingham, Daniel Dodge, John Welsh, Thomas Bar- 
ton, James Osbdrn, Spencer H. Cone, Bartholomew 
T. Welsh, John Johnson, G. H. Marcher, William 
Curtis, Samuel Ward, Franklin Wilson, Benjamin 
Griffith, John A.. McKean, Charles Parker, J. F. 
Stidham, A. J. Bond, J. Q. A. Rohrer, J. H. Phillips, 
J. Marsters. 

A missionary society was organized in this church 
as early as 1792, and in 1813 a foreign missionary 
society was formed which was among the first of the 
kind in the Baptist denomination in this country. 
Its first collection amounted to forty-five dollars and 
twenty-five cents. In the same year a Bible society 
and Sunday-school society were formed. The first 
female missionary society of the Baptist denomination 
in America was organized in this church to educate a 



556 



IIISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



young native of IJurmah, who was named Lewis Rich- 
ards, after the first pastor. From the First Church 
have sprung tlie Ebene/.cr Church, the Seventh Bap- 
tist Church, the Lee Street Church, the Hill Street 
Chapel, and a church in Mifflin County, Pa. There have 
been but five pastors, — Rev. Lewis Richards, 1785- 
1818; Rev. Edmund J. Reis, 1818-21; Rev. John Fin- 
lay, 1821-34; Rev. Stephen P. Hill, D.D., 1834-r)0; 
Rev. John W. M. Williams, D.D., 1850 to the present 
time. During the pastorate of Mr. Richards two hun- 
dred and ninety-three were received into the church by 
baptism and one hundred and fifteen by letter; under 
that of Mr. Reis, thirty by baptism and six by letter; 
under Mr. Finlay, one hundred and forty by baptism 
and six by letter; under Dr. Hill, four hundred and 
ten by baptism, and one hundred and fifty-nine by 
letter; and under Dr. Williams, one hundred and 
nine by baptism and two hundred and eighty-eight 
by letter. Among those prominently connected with 
the church in the past were William and James Wil- 
son (to whose forbearance and generosity the congre- 
gation were indebted Uiv llic |mc >i'i\ ation of the old 
Round Top Church), Jaim - ( mi iiijli:iii, Thomas May- 
bury, Mrs. Peter Levcriiiu. .\lr-. TlioirLas M.Locke, 
Mrs. Wilson Clark, and Mrs. James Wilson. 

Rev. J. W. M. Williams, D.D., pastor of the First 
Baptist Church, was born in Portsmouth, Va., April 
7, 1820. He is the sou of Edward and Catharine 
(Owen) Williams. His parents were noted for their 
sterling piety and active interest in all good works. 
The subject of this sketch united with the Baptist 
Church in Portsmouth, under the pastoral care of 
Rev. Thomas Hume, in September, 1837. His early 
studies were pursued in the academy of his native 
town. In 1838 he entered the Richmond Seminary 
(now College) to study for the ministry. He was 
graduated at the Columbian College (now University), 
District of Columbia, in 1843. This institution "in 
1866 conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor 
of Divinity. At both of these institutions, while 
pursuing his studies, he was actively engaged in Sun- 
day-school and missionary work, and his first effort to 
preach was to a colored congregation in Norfolk, Va. 
It was a failure, but the cause of future success, as it 
taught him the valuable lesson never to attempt to 
preach without thorough preparation. During a por- 
tion of his college term he had charge of the prepar- 
atory department, which aided him to defray the 
expenses of his education, as he was dependent upon 
his own resources. After graduating he supplied the 
Cumberland Street Baptist Church, Norfolk, Va., 
about one year, and here he was ordained to the 
gospel ministry. He was now able to gratify his de- 
sire for a more extended course of theological study, 
and went to Newton Theological Seminary, near 
Boston, Mass. Returning to Virgina, he labored as 
a missionary in Jerusalem, Southampton Co., and at 
Smithfield, Isle of Wight Co. While on this field 
he was instrumental in the erection of two eligible 



houses of worship. On Dec. 22, 1846, he was mar- 
ried to Miss Corinthia V. J. Read, of Northampton 
County, Va. She is the daughter of the late Dr. Cal- 
vin H. Read, of that county, who was great-grand- 
son of Col. Edmund Scarburgh, "Surveyor-General 
under the King of England." Dr. Read was repre- 
sentative to the House of Delegates in 1827-28, and 
was elected a delegate to the Convention of Virginia 
in 1829, which assembled in Richmond for the pur- 
pose of revising the constitution, thus mentioned in 
history: "An assembly of men were drawn together 
which has scarcely ever been surpassed in the United 
States. Much of what was venerable for years and 
long service; many of those most respected for tbeir 
wisdom and their eloquence; two of the ex-Presi- 
dents (Madison and Monroe) ; the chief justice of the 
United States ; several of those who had been most 
distinguished in Congress, or the State Legislature, 
on the bench or at the bar, were brought together for 
the momentous purpose of laying anew the funda- 
mental law of the land." His colleagues were 
Thomas R. Joynes, Thomas M. Bayly, and Abel P. 
Upshur. Death prevented his taking his seat in this 
convention. Upon motion of Thomas R. Joynes, 
complimentary resolutions expressing the universal 
high opinion of his character were adopted. He was 
amiable and upright, gentle yet brave, unwavering in 
j)rinciple, active and faithful in fulfilling his convic- 
tions of duty. Although but thirty-six years of age 
when he died, his opinions have long been quoted as 
authority by the most distinguished men of Virginia, 
so far was he in advance of his day, and among his 
papers are found letters from the greatest statesmen 
committing to his discretion and wisdom matters of 
vital importance to the country. The late Governor 
Wise said, " Dr. Read's death was a loss to Virginia's 
highest interests." 

In 1848, Dr. Williams accepted the pastoral care of 
the Baptist Church of Lynchburg, Va., and on Jan. 
1, 1851 (now in early manhood), he entered upon the 
duties of pastor of the First Baptist Church of Balti- 
more, where he has remained till the present time, 
preaching with remarkable success in one pulpit, his 
contemporaries during the entire period being only 
three, the lamented Dr. Richard Fuller, of the Seventh 
Baptist Church, the venerated Dr. J. C. Backus, of the 
Presbyterian Church, and Dr. Morris, of the Lutheran 
Church. Dr. Williams, in conjunction with Dr. Frank- 
lin Wilson, originated the "Baptist Church Extension 
Society," and through its agency many churches have 
been built during the past few years. Dr. Williams 
is eminently a preacher of the gospel, never having 
turned aside to sensational topics or pampered to a 
taste for novelty. Yet that gospel, presented in its 
simplicity, has had power to draw large congregations 
during all of these years, and sometimes for months 
consecutively his church has been crowded to its ut- 
most capacity, and among those converted through 
his ministry have been uuiny over the age usually 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



557 



moved to repentance. Dr. Williams has a full, rich ! 
voice, which is entirely under his control. His style 
is clear and concise, and he always speaks with great 
earnestness and force. After the death of the pious 
and distinguished Dr. Johns, of the Episcopal Church, 
he was elected to succeed him as president of the 
Maryland Tract Society, which honored position he 
has ever since filled with the efficiency that charac- 
terizes his work in every department. He has been a 
great advocate for missions in the broadest sense, in- 
fusing the spirit of the gospel into the hearts of his 
people, leading them to feel not only for the lost at a 
distance but for those near ; and has labored not only 
to enlarge his own church, but to plant churches in j 
every favorable locality. He was superintendent of 
his own Sunday-school for ten years, but he is not an 
advocate of all pastors becoming superintendents, any 
more than he is an advocate of all superintendents 
becoming pastors. Dr. Williams has been vice-presi- , 
dent of the Maryland Sunday-School Union for several 
years, was one of the founders of the Young Men's 
Christian Association of Baltimore, and for many 
years has been prominently identified with the Mary- 
land Baptist Union Association. His excessive labors 
as preacher, pastor, and oiBcer of various societies of 
the city have left him no time for authorship, yet he ' 
has written considerably for the religious press, pub- 
lished several sermons, also valuable articles on the 
Sunday-school work. His only son, E. Calvin Wil- 
liams, Esq., is a promising and very successful mem- 
ber of the Baltimore bar, and for several years the 
efficient clerk of the Maryland Bible Union Associa- 
tion, and clerk of the Southern Baptist Convention. 

Second Baptist Church.— In a letter from the late 
Elder John Healey to the Eev. Ira M. Allen, we find 
the following account of the origin of the Second 
Baptist Church : 

"The origin of our church was as foUows: In the year 1794 three 
families of us, viz., John Healey and wife, Matthew Hulse and wife, 
William Lynes and wife, all niemhers of the Baptist Church in Leicester, 
, England, which was called ' the New Connexion," determined to emi- 
grate to the United States, and reniain together as a religious commu- 
nity. Wo arrived in New Toik Octoher 5th, and remained until Fehru- 
ary following, when we embarked for Baltimore." 

The vessel in which these emigrants set sail was 
the brig " Independence," and the date of their de- 
parture July 4, 1794. Besides the above named there 
were twelve children and a young lady, a sister of 
Mrs. Hulse, belonging to the party, making nineteen 
persons in the " community." Before leaving Eng- 
land they had chosen Jlr. Healey as their pastor, and 
left the selection of their place of abode entirely to 
him. He fixed upon Baltimore, because, as he more 
than once remarked, he had read in Morse's Geogra- 
phy that in religion the people of this city were 
" Nothingarians," doubtless supposing that people of 
no decided religious proclivities would be more apt 
to listen to the doctrines he proposed to advance than 
those whose sentiments were of a stricter character. 
The little party of emigrants reached Baltimore in 



the spring of 1795, and located at once at Fell's 
Point, where they obtained for their religious services 
the use of a sail loft which had been fitted up as a 
place of worship by a small Episcopal congregation 
under Dr. Bend, the rector of St. Paul's parish. Aa 
Dr. Bend held service there but once a month, he 
very generously gave the use of the room to Mr. 
Healy three Sundays in the month free of rent. The 
congregation met with so much encouragement that 
they soon sought a more eligible place of worship, 
and secured the use of a large room that was em- 
ployed as an armory. It was over the " Watch- 
House," then located on the corner of Broadway 
(known at that period as Market Street on the Point) 
and Aliceanna Streets. Prayer-meetings had been 
held in a private house, but now a regular weekly 
prayer-meeting was held in this room. The progress 
of the church was checked, however, by the sickness 
of the pastor, and during this period two of the origi- 
nal members became disaffected, and the congrega- 
tion was much reduced in numbers ; but a loyal 
handful held together, cheered by the occasional min- 
istrations of Rev. Mr. Richards, pastor of the First 
Church. On the 11th of June, 1797, they held a 
meeting for the special purpose of adopting a form of 
constitution, " pledging themselves in the presence of 
God that they would give and take reproof of each 
other, and endeavor through grace to keep the ordi- 
nances of the Lord Jesus Christ as delivered to them 
in His name." At the same meeting " it was con- 
cluded that Brother John Healey do preach the gos- 
pel statedly among us in season and out of season, 
and that he minister the ordinances of God unto us 
regularly as our pastor." In 1797 the congregation 
built their first meeting-house, twenty-seven by forty 
feet, with a vestry-room of ten feet square attached. 
This church was situated at the southeast corner of 
Bank and Eden Streets, and is still standing, though 
not used for religious purposes. The Sunday-school 
connected with the church was also established in 
this year, and was commenced with hired teachers, 
the kind-hearted pastor himself bearing the chief 
part of the expense. Before this church was com- 
pleted the yellow fever visited the portion of the city 
in which it was situated, and about half of the con- 
gregation, including every male member, except the 
pastor, were among the victims. In the letter already 
quoted Mr. Healey says, " Being the only male mem- 
ber left, I went through great tribulation, laboring 
with my hands, preaching and begging to finish the 
house." The following spring the congregation re- 
ceived a number of new male members, among whom 
was the late Daniel Dodge, known familiarly as 
" Father Dodge." He commenced his ministry in 
this church, as we find from the following resolution, 
under date of Jan. 30, 1798: "That Brother Daniel 
Dodge do preach the Word of God." The first candi- 
date received for baptism was Henry Sherwin. The 
ordinance was administered March 25, 1798. The first 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMOEB CITY AND COUNTV, MARYLAND. 



deacon elected was Jolm .Iiulen. Their "Bishop," 
however, was not regularly ordained until several 
months afterwards. Hy the record, Feb. 27, 1798, 
it appears that " the first Lord's Day in May next" 
was fixed upon for the ordination, and " Mr. Rich- 
ards, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Austin were solicited to 
assist." For some reason neither Mr. Kichards nor 
Mr. Davis took part in this service, and the time was 
postponed, and " Brethren Joshua Jones and John 
Austin, to the peace and comfort of the church, at- 
tended to it on the 20th of July, 1798." The following 
is a co])y of the unique certificate of the choice of 
the church and the ordination : 

"We, the Baptized Church of .leaus Christ, meeting ut the uew meet- 
ing-house ut ye Point Biilliulore, liuve tliis day chosen and ordained of 
Elders Davis, Richards, Moore, and I'arliinson Bro. John Heuley as our 
Bishop, Elder, or Pastor, And in testimony of wlilch we, the elders of 
the Baptist Churches of the city of Lincoln and Ucssels Green (Bethel 
Green), near Seven Oaks, Kent, Great Britain, have affixed our sigua- 

" Joshua Jones, 
"Jons Austin. 
" Baltimore, July 20, 1798. 

"True c<>py from ye original, signed in behalf of ye church. 

"John J vbc}1. Deacon." 

In 1811 a second church edifice was erected in Fleet 
Street (now Canton Avenue), which though unfin- 
ished was opened for public worship on the 29th of 
December in- that year. For several years after its 
organization the church remained unassociated, but 
in February, 1799, it was resolved unanimously " that 
a letter be addressed to the Baltimore Baptist Asso- 
ciation, to request them to admit this church into 
their connection." Mr. Healey bore the letter, and 
though he was kindly received and invited to preach, 
there was some opposition to the admission of his 
church, and the reception was postponed, and the 
matter referred to a committee consisting of Elders 
Davis, Richards, Moore, and Parkinson. Whatever 
may have been the action of the committee, the church 
was not received into the Association for some time. 
An angry war of pamphlets ensued, in which many 
har.sh things were said on both sides. At the meeting 
held October, 1807, with Pleasant Valley Church, 
mutual concessions were made, and the congregation 
was cordially received into the Association, and 
continued in that connection until 183G. In conse- 
quence of a resolution passed in that year by the 
Association at Black Rock Church, declaring non- 
fellowship with the churches that labored and con- 
tributed of their means for the spread of the gospel, 
this, with several other churches, withdrew from that 
body. The congregation remained unassociated until 
185- when it was received into the Maryland Union 
in cordial fellowship, where it still remains. The 
church continued under the pastoral care of Mr. 
Healey until a few months belore his death, which 
occurred on the 20th of June, 1848. His pastorate 
extended over a period of nearly fifty-four years.' 

1 Among the many striking anecdotes related of "Father" Healey Is 
the following: llaving on c)no occasion been suinnioned as a witness in 



Father Healey was a silk-dyer, and he not only 
maintained himself, but regularly contributed to the 
support of the church. The first eflbrt to provide 
compensation for their pastor was made in May, 1814, 
when it was resolved that " as soon as the funds of 
the church would admit" a "small annual salary" 
should be paid to the pastor. Father Healey was not 
what is nowadays called a popular preacher. • 

"His sermons were not distinguished either for the logical or the 
imnginulivo,— they were little more than familiar talks,— and yet they 
were always sensible, and always embodied mateiial for useful reflection. 
His manner as well as liis matter was characterized by the utmost sim- 
plicity, and iliiifornily iiiipu-hned you Willi the idea that he was striving 

todoyou^ i III iIm\ W.I- so small that he might almost bo said to 

have renili-i. I I ! i : iimtiuisly, ami the necessity of conuectiDg 

with hiK III I .1.1 i.iits a secuiitr occupation as a means of 

8upportit)(: hi- I iniiK i. ill t j^reatly lessened Iheforco and attractive- 
ness of his pul.lii- niinihtrati'ius. In pei-sonal appearance Father Healey 
was a fine specimen of an Englishman. He was rather inclined to ple- 
thoric habit. He had an intelligent face and keen eye, and while his 
countenance readily took an arch expression, it was always aglow with 
benevolence and good wit. Though nobody regarded him as, in the 
common acceptation of the word, a great preacher or a great man, yet 
everybody esteemed, loved, and honored him, ami his name is still a 
household word in the scenes of Ills former labors,**- 

The location of the church had long been found 
inconvenient and unsuitable, not only on account of 
the removal of many members of the congregation 
from its vicinity, but also because the track of the 
Philadelphia and Wilmington Railroad ran immedi- 
ately in front of the church. The continual passing 
of trains during public worship was a source of much 
annoyance, and greatly disturbed the devotions of the 
congregation, and it was determined to select another 
location and erect a new edifice. The present site, 
Broadway near Pratt, was chosen, and the corner-stone 
of the new church was laid on the 8d of October, 1863. 
The building was finished and ready for occupancy in 
November of the following year. Rev. George F. 
Adams succeeded Mr. Healey, and retained the pas- 
torate until the autumn of i860, when he resigned, 
and was followed on the 7th of April, 1861, by Rev. 
A. G. Thomas, of Pennsylvania. Mr. Thomas re- 
signed Aug. 27, 1862, and was succeeded, Dec. 26, " 
1862, by Rev. A. H. Latham, who was followed in 
December, 1863, by Rev. E. F. Crane, who served 
until August, 1865. In December of the same year 
Rev. John Berg became pastor of the church, and re- 
mained in charge of it until April 22, 1868, when he 
resigned. His pastorate was one of the most success- 
ful which the congregation had known, and his resig- 
nation was due to the fact that he was opposed on 
principle to the provision in the constitution of the 
church which required the formal re-election of pas- 
tors every two years. This provision has since been 
omitted. The church was without a regular pastor 
until Sept. 6, 186!), when Rev. Joseph E. Chambliss 






;e, during a recesaof the court, and 
one of seiious iuiiniiy, " Mr. Healey, what is the gospel?" 
1, judge?" replied the venerable preacher with ready wit, 
is a general jail delivery to all who will accept it." 

Mge F. Adams. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



■was elected, and entered upon his duties in October. 
In .July, 1870, the church was renovated and refitted 
Ijy the liberality of Edward M. Onion, at a cost of 
twelve hundred and nineteen dollars and seventy-four 
cents. After a brief pastorate of little more than a 
year, Mr. Chambliss resigned, and was succeeded on 
the 28th of February, 1871, by Rev. E. N. Harris, 
who resigned April 22, 1874, and was followed on the 
6tli of April, 1875, by Rev. A. J. Hires. The present 
pa.<tor is Rev. George McCullough. 

The Third Baptist Church of Baltimore was con- 
stituted about isi.s, and met in the building pre- 
viously occupied by the First Church, corner of 
Front and Fayette Streets. Rev. James Osbourne 
was the pastor. In 1829 application was made by 
the Third Church for admission to the Baltimore 
Association, and the application was referred to a ' 
committee who reported favorably. The church was 
received, and her messengers. Elders James Osbourne 
and John Welch, invited to seats. In the rooms of 
the Maryland Historical Society there is a large col- 
ored lithograph picture representing a baptism by 
Eev. James Osbourne in Jones' Falls, near the "Hom- 
iny Mill.'" In 18.^ Kev. John P. Peckworth is re- 
ported pastor of the Third Church, corner of Front 1 
and Pitt Streets, Old Town. He lived on " King 
George Street, south side of Exeter, Old Town." 
Pitt Street (East Fayette), on which the Second 
Church stood, is described as running " east from the 
Falls to Hampstead Hill, and the firet north of Great 
York Street." 

Ebenezer Baptist Chiirch was the fourth Baptist 
Church formed in Baltimore. In 1821 twenty-seven 
members of the First Baptist Church requested letters 
of dismission, alleging that Mr. Finlay, the pastor of 
the church, had departed from the faith and practice j 
of the Calvinistic Baptists. Their request was granted, < 
when they immediately formed themselves into a i 
church, and called Rev. Edmund J. Reis to the pa.s- 
torate. Mr. Reis, who was then a member of the 
First Church, removed his fellowship therefrom and 
accepted the call. Mr. Reis had been associate pastor 
of the First Church from 1815 to 1818, and pastor 
from that time until 1821, when Rev. John Finlay 
was elected. In 1822, Ebenezer Church was admitted 
to the Baltimore Association, and that body met with ', 
the church in 1824. In May, 18.32, at a meeting of j 
the Baltimore Association at Warren Church, Balti- 
more County, it was proposed that after adjournment 
the members form themselves into a meeting to con- [ 
suit "upon the present state of the cause of Christ, 
and the best means of advancing the interests of the | 
Baptist cause, etc." At this meeting the pastor of 
Ebenezer Church, Mr. Reis, in a short address " de- i 
nounced missionary, Bible, and tract societies, Sun- 



1 II is mid that 



Ilie house was a small one, Imilt of bricks, and that 
slop'Stiop" or secoiiit-bHiid clutliing.8ti>re, and was very 
• 'piilar, and report&i as Kumelinies whipping his wife, 
lall in numbers, uniiiflueutlil, and did nut last lung. 



day-schools, etc." In 1835 the Association again met 
with Ebenezer Church. It then reported eighty-five 
members, eight less than it had in 1832. It would 
seem that the sessions of this Association were held in 
the Lutheran meeting-house. The Ebenezer Church 
had before this time commenced and completed that 
edifice noted for disasters in the history of Baltimore 
Baptists, called the " Calvert Street house," which 
still stands on the west side of Calvert Street, just 
below Saratoga. But under pressure of indebtedness 
the church had sold this edifice in August, 1834, to 
Messrs. William and James C. Crane. 

The next and last meeting of the Baltimore Asso- 
ciation before division and dissolution was the famous 
session with the Black Rock Church, in Baltimore 
County, in 1836. Here was passed by a vote of sixteen 
to nine that memorable resolution declaring non- 
fellow.ship with the churches "encouraging others to 
unite with worldly societies," meaning thereby mis- 
sionary, Bible, tract, and Sunday-school organiza- 
tions. Six churches, among them the Second and 
Mount Zion of Baltimore, immediately withdrew, and 
the Maryland Baptist Union Association was formed 
in October of the same year. 

The Ebenezer pastor and church cast their lot with 
the anti-mission section, and soon "departed this 
life," all records of either pastor or people ending 
with this period. The church seems never to have 
reached a membership of one hundred, ninety-three 
being the highest number ever reported. 

After their removal from the Calvert Street church 
the congregation occupied a hall over the " Bazaar," 
on Harrison Street. 

Mount Zion was the fifth Baptist Church formed 
in Baltimore, and was organized Feb. 2, 1830, at the 
house of William Cook. The constituent members 
were William Cook, Samuel Scribuer, James Bannis- 
ter, Samuel Sands, and Alexander Butcher, all dis- 
missed from Ebenezer Church, and Edmund L. Iron- 
monger, from the First Baptist Church, Richmond, 
Va. At this meeting they adopted articles of faith 
and rules of decorum, and were regularly constituted 
or recognized Feb. 8, 1830, by Elders John Healey, 
Edward Choat, and William Brinkett, "in the court- 
room at the old Masonic Hall." 

At this meeting Rev. Daniel Davis, of Virginia, 
was called as pastor for one year, at three hundred 
dollars per annum, and it was resolved " that he also 
be furnished his boarding by the brethren of this 
church without charge," and, "allowed to be absent 
for filling his engagement in Virginia, on the fourth 
Sabbaths of February, March, April, and May." The 
court-room was then rented "of Mr. Ephraim Barker 
for one hundred dollars per year, payable quarterly in 
advance," "subject, however, to no interference with 
the court while it is in session." 

April 12, 1830, the church resolved to apply for ad- 
mission into the Baltimore Association. The appli- 
cation was made, but the admission was postponed, 



560 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and the church received in 1831. On April 14, 1830, 
the delegates reported to the church "that this 
church had not heen received into the Association on 
account of the opposition made by the pastor of tlie 
Ebenezer Church." The Mount Zion Church was 
active and enterprising. One of its first movements 
was the adoption of a resolution directing "that a 
committee be appointed to prepare a letter soliciting 
a reconciliation, brotherly love, and union of fellow- 
ship for the Ebenezer, Second, and Third Baptist 
Churches of this city." Again, Dec. 10, 1830, they 
appointed " a committee to provide houses of worship 
in different parts of the town, and to appoint preach- 
ing at such places, provided they can find preachers 
to supply such appointments." 

A custom of the day is brought out in a resolution 
of this latter meeting, " That Brothers Joseph Hughes 
and Aaron Bannister are hereby appointed to give out 
the hymns in times of public worship." May 10, 1830, 
the meeting-place was changed to the Athenaeum, on 
the southwest corner of St. Paul and Lexington 
Streets. Aug. 12, 1831, the church rented the house 
occupied by the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) So- 
ciety, on the corner of Exeter and Baltimore Streets, 
at one hundred dollars per annum, " and resolved to 
rent the pews to the best advantage." September 6th 
the committee reported " that they had rented pews to 
the amount of two hundred and twenty dollars per 
annum." Nov. 13, 1832, they returned to the Athe- 
naeum, at a rent of one hundred and twenty dollars 
per year, but after an interval again removed to Bal- 
timore and Exeter Streets. Feb. 16, 1840, a commit- 
tee was appointed "to rent the Traders' Union Hall," 
and a record of July, 1843, says that they had " been 
heretofore meeting at the corner of Madison and 
Park Streets." March 13, 1843, it was "Resolved, 
That the church form themselves into a committee of 
the whole, for the purpose of collecting money to 
build a meeting-house." In April, 1841, they " Re- 
solved, That we, as a church, assume the name of the 
street on which we are to meet, viz., the Madison 
Street Baptist Church." April 11, 1843, it was "Re- 
solved, That the church will build the meeting-house 
forty-seven by sixty-one feet, covering the ground on 
Madison Street, at the corner of Plover Alley, be- 
tween Park and Cathedral Streets." It was finished, 
and has sad associations. July 1, 1847, the congrega- 
tion, after deliberating upon the pecuniary embarrass- 
ment of the church, and the apparent impossibility 
of procuring the means of relief and sustaining a pro- 
fession of honesty, it was on motion " Resolved unani- 
mously. That the trustees be authorized to offer for sale 
our meeting-house at the corner of Madison Street 
and Plover Alley, trusting that the Lord, in his provi- 
dence, would provide us a place where we may wor- 
ship, his name may be honored, and our souls may be 
fed." Nov. 29, 1847, " a meeting of the male members 
was held," at which it was " Resolved, That as the debt 
for the payment of which tiie meeting-house was pro- 



posed to be sold is due to Brother Alexander Butcher, 
he be authorized to . . . sell the meeting-house, to re- 
imburse to himself for the moneys advanced by him 
for the church." The clerk " was instructed to write 
letters of dismission for the members severally upon 
their application to such churches as they may name," 
and " after prayer by Brother Butcher" adjourned. 
The struggle of nearly eighteen years was ended in dis- 
aster. Energy, zeal, denials, and generosity were 
fruitlessly expended, so far as the planting of another 
Baptist Church in Baltimore was concerned. The 
loss of the house, the crushed hopes of the little flock, 
their abortive enterprise, and their unavailing contri- 
butions all lay in one wreck. The property sold for 
about the amount of their debt, some four thousand 
dollars.' 

The church had severe trials about pastors ; the 
longest pastorate was only two years, and at one time 
it was almost two years without a regular pastor. Its 
first pastor was Rev. Daniel Davis, who lived during 
a part of his term in Fredericksburg, Va., and even 
when in Baltimore preached on the fourth Sundays 
of some months in Virginia. He was pastor for only 
about fifteen months. Then followed an interval of 
correspondence with other ministers for eighteen 
months. They invited Revs. Stevens W. Welford, 
of Washington ; Thomas J. Kitts, of Philadelphia ; 
Levi Tucker, of Beverly, N. J. ; Stevens W. Welford, 
a second time; Daniel Eldridge; Levi Tucker, a 
second time ; D. M. Woodson, Charles Tucker, Enoch 
M. Barker, and Daniel Dodge, and were unsuccessful 
with all. Rev. Frederick Clark was pastor from Feb- 
ruary, 1834, to December, 1835. For four years after 
this the church was served only by supplies, there 
being no regular pastorate. Rev. Daniel Dodge 
declined their invitation, as did also Rev. Joseph 
Walker, then on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. In 
February, 1840, Rev. William Mathews, a native of 
England, became pastor, but remained only until 
November of the same year. This was the second 
English-born minister who had served the church. 
Rev. Thomas Burchell being the other. The next 
pastor, and the one who served the longest and most 
successfully, was Rev. Robert Compton, of Pennsyl- 
vania. He became pastor in April, 1842, and re- 
mained until December, 1844^ adding forty-six to the 
membership, thirteen by baptism and thirty-three 
by letter; the total, the largest ever reported, being 
only seventy-four. In January, 184.5, Rev. Charles 
R. Hendrickson, formerly a Methodist minister, then 
lately baptized, became pastor, but in November fol- 
lowing left to take charge of the Navy- Yard Church, 
Washington, D. C. In October, 1846, Rev. O. W. 
Briggs, a member formerly of the First Baptist 
Church, and ordained there Dec. 20, 1844, became 
pastor, and witnessed the death of this church, as 
has been stated before. 



It was bought by tho Presbyterians, and la I 



■ used by theli colored 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



561 



Sixth Baptist Church. — The remnaut in the Cal- 
vert Street liouse occupied it but a short time. They 
organized as a new church, called the Sixth Baptist 
Church, in November, 1844, with fifty-three members. 
Others, in all sixty-one, joined them, including eleven 
persons from the Fifth or Hollins Street Baptist Cliurch, 
which disbanded in June, 1846. In November, 1844, 
Rev. John A. McKean, then a young man, ordained 
in 1843 .at the First Church, of which he was a mem- 
ber, was elected pastor. The Sixth Church joined the 
Maryland Baptist Union Association Nov. 4, 1846, 
and then reported fifty-seven additions, twenty-four 
of whom were by baptism, and a total membership 
of ninety-three, with a Sunday-school numbering 
forty-nine. Oct. 1, 1847, Mr. McKean resigned, and 
became pastor of theSecond Southwark Baptist Church 
of Pliiladelphia, and the church elected no successor. 
Nov. 4, 184.5, the Seventh Baptist Church was consti- 
tuted, and purchased the Calvert Street house, which 
it sold in 1846 to St. John's Dutch Reformed Church. 
The Sixth Church then selected a new place of wor- 
ship in a hall on Lexington Street. After disbanding 
the members of the Sixth Church were absorbed by 
tlie First and the Seventh Churches, mainly by the 
latter. The sixth Baptist Church, in the order of 
time, formed in Baltimore, but called the Fifth Bap- 
tist Church, was constituted in 184-3 with nine mem- 
bers. For a time some brethren had conducted a 
Sunday-school in a small chapel on the north side of 
Hollins Street, between Oregon and Schroeder Streets. 
In April, 1843, at the request of these brethren, the ex- 
ecutive board of the Maryland Baptist Union Associa- 
tion desired Rev. John A. McKean "to give the greater 
portion of his time to that place." Mr. McKean was 
a missionary of that board, employed to " labor part 
of his time in several eligible places in the vicinity of 
Baltimore." He was a member of the First Church, 
and was ordained in 1843. So much success attended 
his labors in Hollins Street that it was " thought 
judicious to organize an independent church there." 
Oct. 21, 1843, this church was admitted to the Associa- 
tion with ten members. The next year the church 
reported eleven additions, seven of these by baptism, 
and a membership of eighteen, but in November, 
1844, Mr. McKean left them to become pastor of the 
Sixth Baptist Church, constituted at that time in the 
Calvert Street house after the majority had gone out 
to High Street. In 1845, Rev. Elijah S. Durlin, who 
had left college to recruit his health, preached for 
them five months. For some months they were de- 
pendent upon various supplies, but in the latter part 
of the year they again engaged Mr. McKean " to 
preach for them once every Sabbath, and to 'act as 
pastor during the coming year," 1846. In 1845 they 
report eight additions, five of these by baptism, and a 
total of seventeen members. 

The chapel on Hollins Street in which they met 
cost originally thirteen hundred dollars, and was en- 
cumbered with a ground-rent. Some eight hundred 



dollars had been paid on the building, and there was 
still a debt of five hundred dollars, the interest of 
which, together with the ground-rent and the current 
expenses of the house, amounted to about one hun- 
dred dollars per year. Even this small sum was more 
than the few members could pay, and the congrega- 
tion was forced to give up the struggle and abandon 
the effort to maintain an independent organization. 

High Street Baptist Church was first organized 
under the name of Calvert Street Baptist Church, its 
first meeting being held in a building on Calvert 
Street, near Saratoga, called the Ebenezer church, 
which was purchased by Messrs. William and James 
C. Crane as a place of worship for the new congrega- 
tion. These gentlemen, who were brothers, were en- 
gaged in mercantile pursuits in Richmond, Va., and 
having frequent occasion to pass through Baltimore 
in the prosecution of their business, soon became 
familiar with the city in both its material and relig- 
ious aspects. They were surprised to find there were 
but four Baptist churches in Baltimore, and being 
zealous members of that denomination, determined 
to use their influence for its advancement in this city. 
It was in pursuance of this design that William 
Crane came to Baltimore and purchased for four 
thousand dollars the meeting-house in Calvert Street, 
which belonged at that time to Joseph France. Pub- 
lic recognition of the church took place on Sunday, 
Feb. 15, 1835, Rev. James B. Taylor, Rev. John Kerr, 
and Rev. William F. Broaddus, of Virginia, and Rev. 
S. P. Hill, of Baltimore, participating in the exercises 
of the occasion. Rev. J. G. Binney was the next day 
elected pastor of the infant church, but resigned his 
charge in May of the same year. The pulpit was 
supplied by Rev. William Richards and others until 
January, 1836, when Rev. George F. Adams became 
pastor, and remained until the close of 1842.' He 
was succeeded on the 18th of June, 1843, by Rev. 
Jonathan Aldrich, who resigned on the 5th of May, 
1846. In May, 1844, the congregation resolved to 
give up the building on Calvert Street to the Messrs. 
Crane, and accordingly removed temporarily to the 
southwest corner of Baltimore and Exeter Streets, 
where they occupied for a year or more what was 
known as " Hargrove church." Shortly afterwards a 
lot was procured on High Street, between Fayette 
and Low, where the corner-stone was laid on the 10th 
of September, 1844, and the construction of the pres- 
ent edifice commenced, which was dedicated on the 
first Sunday in November, 1845, under the name of 
the High Street Baptist Church. The debt incurred 
in its erection, however, was far beyond the ability of 
the congregation to discharge, and the church was at 
one time upon the point of being sold. While thus 
weighed down with a heavy load of debt, Rev. Frank- 

' In 1839 the church was enlarged and improved, and a baptistry in- 
troduced, which was the first known in Baltimore. About this same 
time the church property was transferred by the Messrs. Crane to a 
board of trustees. 



562 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



lin Wilson was called to the pastorate on the 4th of 
March, 1847, and served until Oct. 5, 1852, being as- 
sisted from April 3, 1851, by Rev. H. .J. Chandler. 
Mr. Wilson's services were given without compensa- 
tion, and by his careful management the debt was re- 
duced in three years from eleven thousand dollars to 
six thousand dollars. A plan for the liquidation of 
the debt suggested by Mr. Chandler resulted in its 
further reduction in two years to about two thousand 
dollars. Mr. Wilson was succeeded by Rev. John 
Berg, who was called June 4, 1853, and resigned Feb. 
22, 1855. Rev. L. W. Seely was called June 2.5, 1855, 
and resigned Sept. 24, 1857. He was followed, Jan. 
1, 1858, by Rev. E. R. Hera, who resigned Nov. 3, 
1859, and was succeeded by Rev. George P. Nice, who 
was called Jan. 12, 1860, and resigned Nov. 30, 1866. 
About this time the church was renovated at a cost 
of over two thousand dollars. Rev. R. B. Kelsay was 
called to the pastorate April 24, 1867, entering upon 
his duties in September of the same year, and resigned 
in December, 1870. He was succeeded in March, 1871, 
,by Rev. M. R. Watkinson, who resigned in Novem- 
ber, 1873, and was followed in August, 1874, by Rev. 
John T. Craig, who served until the 1st of April, 1881. 
During Mr. Craig's pastorate over six thousand dol- 
lars were expended in improvements to the church 
property, and the membership was increased, from 
two hundred and forty to four hundred and fifty-six. 
Shiloh Church is an offshoot by mission work from 
this congregation, which has also a flourishing mis- 
sion-school in its chapel on Eager Street. During 
the forty-five years of its existence the church has 
sent out eighteen ministers, educated and licensed 
during tlieir connection with it. 

The Seventh Baptist Church was organized in 
1845, with ninety-two members. The church edifice, 
corner of Paca and Saratoga Streets, was dedicated on 
the 1st of August, 1847, Rev. Dr. Richard Fuller, its 
first pastor, and one of the most eminent of Baptist 
divines, officiating on the occasion. In the spring of 
1871, Dr. P'uller, with a large number of the members 
of the congregation, withdrew to constitute the present 
Eutaw Place Church, and Rev. William T. Brantly, 
Jr., D.D., succeeded to the pastorate. Rev. Dr. 
Brantly is the son of the distinguished Rev. William 
T. Brantly, D.D., and was born in Beaufort, S. C. 
He removed with his fiither, at the age of nine years, 
to Philadelphia, where, in 1826, the father became 
the pastor of the First Baptist Church. Under a 
careful home culture, supplemented by the training 
of the best schools, young Brantly was prepared to 
enter college at an early age. While thus preparing, 
in 1834, he was baptized into the fellowship of the 
First Church of Philadelphia, the baptism being in 
the Delaware River; and in 1838 he was licensed by 
the same church to preach. Having entered Brown 
University, he graduated with distinction in 1840. 
The same year he was invited to the pastorate of the 
First Baptist Church of Augusta, Ga., which position 



he accepted and held witli marked success for eight 
years, during which time the membership was doubled 
and the house enlarged to accommodate the increasing 
congregation. Dr. Brantly's varied culture and pol- 




ished scholarship attracted to his ministrations an 
unusual number of the more intelligent of the com- 
munity, and soon the authorities of the University 
of Georgia were anxious to secure his services as one 
of its faculty of instruction. Accordingly, in 1848 
he was elected Professor of Belles-Lettres and Evi- 
dences of Christianity and History in that institution, 
a position which he filled with distinguished ability 
until 1856. In 1853 he was elected pastor of the First 
Baptist Church, Philadelphia, but declined the invi- 
tation. 

In 1856 he was invited to the pastorate of the Tab- 
ernacle Church, in the same city, and anxious to be 
engaged again in the active and to him congenial 
duties of pastoral life, he accepted the position. He 
continued to serve the Tabernacle Church for five 
years, during which time he had the pleasure of see- 
ing the membership greatly increase in number and 
efficiency. In 1861, Dr. Brantly was invited to take 
charge of the Second Baptist Church at Atlanta, Ga., 
where he remained, with the exception of an inter- 
ruption arising from the troubles of the war, until 
1871, in which year he became the paiitor of the 
Seventh Baptist Church. Dr. Brantly still remains 
pastor of the Seventh Church, and is eminently success- 
ful in his ministrations. As a preacher, he is earnest, 
graceful, and instructive; as a pastor, genial, loving, 
and companionable, and ever a welcome guest in the 
homes of his people. He is an overseer of the Colum- 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



563 



bian University, and no one is more heartily wel- 
comed to its meetings for business and its commence- 
ment exercises tlian liimself. The University of 
Georgia in 1854 conferred on him the honorary de- 
gree of D.D. 

Franklin Square Baptist Church. — The nucleus 
of this church was the Western Branch Sunday- 
school of the Seventh Baptist Church. The first 
meeting for the formation of this church was held 
Oct. 15, 1854, in a room on West Fayette Street, near 
Carey, attended by members of four churches. A 
constitution, articles of faith, etc., were reported and 
adopted October 26th, and the organization was for- 
mally recognized Nov. 9, 1854, at a meeting with the 
First Baptist Church, northeast corner of Sharp and 
Lombard Streets, with thirty constituent members. 
At that meeting more than one thousand dollars was 
pledged for the support of the church ; and from the 
beginning, besides its own expenses, the body has 
contributed liberally for various religious and chari- 
table purposes. Rev. Franklin Wilson, D.D., a con- 
stituent member, at first supplied the pulpit, and has 
continued to do so most generously and faithfully in 
all intervals between pastorates, his aggregate of such 
intervals exceeding in amount of time any single pas- 
torate. This church originated in no dissension or 
spirit of rivalry, but with the approval and sympathy 
of all the sister-churches in the city. Its house of 
worship on Calhoun Street, north of Lexington, was 
erected under the auspices of the Baltimore Baptist 
Church Extension Society, at a cost of about twenty 
thousand dollars, the ground costing about four thou- 
sand four hundred dollars additional. The lecture- 
room improvements, enlargements, etc., have since 
cost about thirteen thousand dollars, paid by the con- 
gregation. The first pastor was Rev. George B. Tay- 
lor, D.D., now the superintendent of Italian missions 
in Rome, Italy,'of the Southern Baptist Convention. 
His pastorate extended from May, 1856, to Septem- 
ber, 1857, during which time two series of special ser- 
vices were held, in which the pastor was aided by Rev. 
A. E. Dickinson, D.D., of Virginia, and Rev. Jacob 
Knapp. The additions were thirty-one by baptism 
and thirty-two by letter, with a total membership of 
eighty-six. Rev. Francis M. Barker, of Virginia, 
was the next pastor, from Oct. 15, 1858, to Sept. 23, 
1859. A revival occurred during this pastorate, — 
twenty-one were baptized, fourteen joined by letter; 
total, one hundred and seventeen. The church was 
incorporated Dec. 5, 1859. The acoustics of the 
edifice were very bad, but were remedied in 1866 by 
inserting between the walls and ceiling an arc of 
seven feet span. 

Rev. Thomas H. Pritchard, D.D., now president of 
Wake Forest College, N. C, was the third pastor, from 
Oct. 16, 1859, to Sept. 4, 1863. During the convulsion 
of civil war many of the active young men of the 
church entered the armies, and the church suffered 
not a little from the withdrawal of strength and the 



general confusion. Thirteen were added by baptism, 
forty by letter; total, one hundred and fifty. 

Rev. Tiberius G. Jones, D.D., now of Nashville, 
Tenn., was fourth pastor, from March 4, 1864, to Dec. 
1, 1865. The distractions of war were severely felt. 
Baptism, one; letter, five; total, one hundred and fifty- 
three. Rev. Dr. Wilson supplied for sixteen months, 
baptizing twelve. Eight were added by letter. Ex- 
clusions, deaths, and dismissions diminished the total 
to one hundred and eighteen. 

The fifth pastor was Rev. William E. Hatcher, 
D.D., now of Richmond, Va., from April 1, 1867, to 
July 5, 1868. Baptized, twenty-seven ; by letter, 
forty-one; total, one hundred and eighty-one. In 
1866 the church expended about three thousand dol- 
lars in furnishing the interior. This increased the 
interest and zeal of the members, as they assumed ex- 
penses which had hitherto been borne by the Church 
Extension Society. 

Rev. J. B. Hawthorne, D.D., now of Richmond, 
Va., was sixth pastor, from Sept. 14, 1868, to June 3, 
1870. Rev. A. B. Earle visited the city in 1869, and 
this church shared in the awakening that followed. 
During this pastorate seventy-two were baptized, 
twenty-five were added by letter ; total, two hundred 
and forty. January, 1868, a system of weekly contri- 
butions was adopted, which has been successfully con- 
tinued to this time. October, 1868, a parsonage was 
purchased, and paid for in small weekly installments. 
October, 1869, a mission Sunday-school was organized 
near Mount Clare. May, 1870, the lecture-room was 
enlarged at a cost of two thousand five hundred dol- 
lars. W. W. Lawrason, a deacon, Sunday-school su- 
perintendent, treasurer, and leader of the choir, and 
most exemplary member, died during this year. 

Rev. George W. Sunderlin, of North Carolina, was 
seventh pastor, from March 1, 1871, to March, 1876, 
when impaired health compelled him to retire from 
ministerial work. Cheering revivals occurred in 1872, 
1873, and especially in 1876, when Rev. J. E. Hut- 
son, of Virginia, aided. During this pastorate one 
hundred and fifteen were baptized, one hundred and 
forty-six joined by letter; total, three hundred and 
seventy-seven. The present excellent organ was pur- 
chased during this period, at a cost of three thousand 
dollars. May 11, 1868, a pastoral reunion of all the 
pastors of the church (Mr. Barker, deceased, ex- 
cepted) occurred. Each separation of pastor and 
people had been free from any cause in want of har- 
mony or affection, and the season was one of peculiar 
and mutual pleasure. Rev. George F. Adams, D.D., 
and Rev. J. L. Holmes, missionary in China from 
1858 to 1861 (murdered in the Tae Ping insurrec- 
tion), were members of this church. Rev. Dr. Wil- 
son has been one of its most generous benefactors and 
most earnest helpers. 

Rev. C. C. Bitting, D.D., from Richmond, Va., an 
earnest and eloquent divine, is the present and eighth 
pastor, from Sept. 1, 1876. The church building hai 



564 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



been enlarged and improved at a cost of about five 
thousand dollars. The additions during this pastor- 
ate to January, 1880, have been about one hundred 
and seventy-six, — baptized, eighty-two ; by letter, 
eeventy-nine; re.stored, fifteen, — total, five hundred 
and four. Under Dr. IJitting's pastorate the church 
has made great progress in every department, and 
was never so prosperou.s as at the present time. 

Rev. Dr. Bitting was born in Philadelphia, Pa., 
March, 1830 ; was graduated from the Central High 
School in 1850 ; baptized at the age of seventeen by 
the Rev. J. L. Burrows, D.D., and united with the 




Philadelpliia Broad Street Baptist Church. After 
having prosecuted his studies at Lewisburg and Madi- 
son Universities, he was engaged in teaching in the 
Tennessee Baptist Female College, at Nashville, and 
after its removal, at Murfreesboro', Tenn. Having 
been ordained to the work of the ministry while here, 
he was invited to the pastorate of the Mount Olivet 
and Hopeful Baptist Churches, in Hanover County, 
Va., at that time two of the most prominent county 
churches in the State ; he accepted the position, and 
after a period of the most successful labor in this field, 
he was chosen, in 1859, the pastor of the Baptist 
Church in Alexandria, Va. In 18GG, Dr. Bitting was 
urged to accept the secretaryship of the Sunday- 
school Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 
located in Greenville, S. C, which he did ; but on the 
removal of the board to Memphis, Tenn., he became 
pastor of the Baptist Church in Lynchburg, Va., and 
removed there in May, 1868. His labors were emi- 
nently successful. More than three hundred united 
with the church in that place during his pastorate of 
four years, and thus it became one of the strongest 



and most effective societies in the State. In 1872 he 
was chosen district secretary for the Southern States 
of the American Baptist Publication Society, with 
headquarters at Richmond, Va., but in the following 
year he became pastor of the Second Baptist Church 
in that city. While in Richmond Dr. Bitting's labors 
were manifold, for while pressed with the cares of a 
large congregation, he was also acting as statistical 
secretary of the Virginia Baptist General Association 
and chairman of the' Memorial Committee of the 
Virginia Centennial to secure an endowment for 
Richmond College. In September, 1876, he became 
pastor of the Franklin Square Baptist Church, Balti- 
more, Md., where he still labors with marked success. 
Dr. Bitting is one of the most popular preachers in 
Maryland. He is studious in his pulpit preparations, 
and earnest and eloquent in his preaching. He has 
also made valuable additions to the literature of the 
denomination. In 1874, Dr. Bitting visited Europe, 
Palestine, and Egypt. Furman University conferred 
upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. 
Lee Street Baptist Church originated in a mission 
Sunday-school organized on the 26th of March, 1854, 
by members of the First Church, among whom were 
James Wilson, Mrs. Nelson Clark, Miss Eliza M. 
Wilson, Melville Wilson, Joseph B. Thomas, and 
William H. Hamer, the last mentioned becoming 
superintendent of the school. The school was held 
in a building in Hill Street, one door east of Han- 
over, which had previously been used as a stable, 
and on the 30th of April, 1855, the church was organ- 
ized at the same place. The constituent members 
were twenty-eight, — nine males and nineteen females, 
— most of whom came by letter from the First Bap- 
tist Church. The first pastor was Rev. John H. Phil- 
lips, chosen May 14, 1855, who up to the time of his 
election had been a Baptist missionary in the south- 
ern section of the city. About this time the Baptist 
Church Extension Society bought of St. Stephen's 
P. E. Church their house of worship on Lee Street, 
between Hanover and Sharpe, and invited the new 
congregation in Hill Street to occupy it, which they 
did in 1855, not long after their organization. On 
the 18th of September, 1858, Mr. Phillips resigned, 
and was succeeded in May, 1859, by Rev. R. J. Wil- 
son, who was forced by ill Jiealth to resign on the 
28th of March, 1860. He was followed on the 4th 
of April, 1860, by Rev. Isaac Cole, who served until 
the 16th of June, 1865. On the 13th of February, 
1863, a subscription-book was opened for the purpose 
of raising funds for the erection of a new church, 
and among the largest subscribers were Hiram Woods 
and Rev. Franklin Wilson, who each gave two thou- 
sand dollars ; Samuel Bevan, who gave one thousand 
dollars; and Henry Taylor, who gave seven hundred 
dollars. Early in May, 1863, the old church was torn 
down, and the corner-stone of the pre^sent edifice, 
which stands on the site of the old, was laid on the 
26th of the same month by Rev. F. Wilson, D.D., 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



565 



assisted by Hiram Woods, Esq. During the con- 
struction of the new edifice the congregation wor- 
shiped in a hall over No. 2 engine-house, on Barre 
Street. In October, 1863, the lecture-room was fin- 
ished and occupied by the congregation. Nine 
months later, on the 25th of June, 1864, the whole 
building was completed, and on the next day it was 
dedicated. Dr. R. Fuller preaching the sermon in the 
morning, Dr. J. W. M. Williams in the afternoon, 
and Dr. F. Wilson at night. The entire actual cost of 
the edifice was $15,206.46. Dr. Cole was succeeded on 
the 25th of September, 1865, by Rev. James Debois, 
who remained until Sept. 21, i866. Rev. S. C. Bos- 
ton became pastor in May, 1867, serving until July 
23, 1869, and was followed in December of the same 
year by Rev. J. H. Phillips, first pastor of the church, 
who preached to the congregation as a supply till 
June 21, 1870. Rev. John Pollard, D.D., was the 
next pastor, his ministry extending from Oct. 15, 
1870, to June 3, 1880. The present pastor is Rev. 
M. H. Wharton, who was elected in November, 1880, 
and entered u|ion his duties Jan. 1, 1881. 

The Eutaw Place Baptist Church was reared for 
a colony brou<rlit by the kite Dr. Richard Fuller from 
the Seventh Baptist Church, of which he was pastor 
till his death. It is built of white marble, and is one 
of the most beautiful and commodious in Baltimore. 
The Seventh Baptist congregation, which had grown 
so large, determined to make a division and erect a 
new church edifice at the corner of Dolphin Street and 
Eutaw Place. The corner-stone of this new structure 
was laid on the 22d of April, 1869, and it was com- 
pleted early in 1871. It is seventy-five feet front 
and one hundred feet deep, with a tower one hundred 
and ninety feet high. The church and lot, counting 
the cash value of the site, which was donated, cost one 
hundred and twenty-two thousand dollars. Rev. Dr. 
Fuller, up to that time pastor of the Seventh Baptist 
Church, resigned the pastorate of that congregation 
to take charge of the Eutaw Place Church. Rev. 
Richard Fuller, D.D., was born in Beaufort, S. C, 
in April, 1804. His early education was conducted 
by the Rev. Dr. Brantly, father of the Rev. Dr. W. T. 
Brantly, of the Seventh Baptist Church of this city. 
In 1820 he entered Harvard University, Massachu- 
setts, and in his class, consisting of more than eighty, 
stood among the first for proficiency in his studies, 
for general culture, and for skill in debate. In con- 
sequence of ill health he was obliged to leave Harvard 
while still in the junior year. On his return to 
Beaufort he entered upon a course of legal studies, 
and after being admitted to the bar, he became, by 
his talents, diligence, and force of character, one of 
the most accomplished and successful lawyers in the 
State. While thus in the full flush of professional 
distinction, Beaufort was visited by the celebrated 
revivalist, the Rev. Daniel Barker. During the meet- 
ings held at that time, and which were of remarkable 
interest and power, some of the most prominent and 



intellectual individuals of the place were brought to 

a consecration of themselves to the cause of Christ, 

' among whom were Stephen Elliott, afterwards Bishop 

I of Georgia, and Richard Fuller. He had been up to 




REV. KKHAKU FILLER, D.l). 

this time a member of the Episcopal Church. He 
I felt it to be his duty to give himself entirely to the 
work of the Christian ministry, and in connection 
j with the Baptist denomination. He had been previ- 
j ously immersed by the rector of the Episcopal Church, 
but was rebaptized by the Rev. Mr. Wyer, then pas- 
tor of the Baptist Church in Savannah, Ga. He at 
once entered upon the congenial work of preaching 
the gospel. He was soon chosen pastor of the church 
in Beaufort, where he labored for some fifteen years, 
during which time the church was greatly strength- 
ened in membership, character, and influence. 
Through his eflbrts, also, a handsome new church 
edifice was built. While in Beaufort he engaged in 
j a memorable controversy with Bishop England, of 
; Charleston, S. C, on the Scriptural principles and 
I claims of the Catholic hierarchy, and won, from all 
I who read the able and polished arguments, the reputa- 
tion of a thoroughly equipped and skillful controver- 
sialist. Then came that still more memorable dialectic 
contest between himself and the Rev. Dr. Wayland on 
the subject of slavery, in the conduct of which, what- 
ever may be thought of the claims of the friends of 
either to a decided victory in the issue of the argu- 
ment, there was such a uniform display of courtesy, 
kindness, and Christian manliness as is rarely wit- 
nessed in the discussion of such exciting questions. 
In the midst of these labors Dr. Fuller, in consequence 
of ill health, was obliged to suspend his pastoral 
labors, and, guided by the advice of his physician and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



friends, he, in tlie year 1836, made a visit to Europe. 
On his return he gave himself, with increased zeal 
and energy, to the one great work of his life, — 
preaching the gospel. His reputation had now be- 
come national, and many prominent churches in 
different parts of the country were anxious to secure 
his services. 

In 1846 he received and accepted a call to become 
pastor in Baltimore, where the remainder of his life 
was spent in pastoral duties. One of the conditions 
of his rpmoving to Baltimore was that a new church 
edifice should be built, and accordingly a house of 
worship was erected on Paca and Saratoga Streets, 
where thronged congregations listened for so many 
years to his eloquent and impressive preaching, and 
where such large numbers were added to the church. 
After years of eminent success here, and partially in 
consequence of the very large number of members, 
the Eutaw Place church was erected. The same emi- 
nent success characterized his labors in this new field 
that had crowned his efforts in the old, and here he 
closed his useful life. Thorough Baptist as Dr. Fuller 
was in every fibre of his nature, his influence for good 
was felt through the entire Christian community, and 
his labors were abundant in all departments of Chris- 
tian beneficence. No pastor in the denomination 
was more highly esteemed by the representative men 
of other churches than he, and none was more fre- 
quently urged to lend the influence of his name and 
counsel to those larger and more comprehensive be- 
nevolent organizations which embrace within their 
scope great communities and groups of churches. 
Though a slaveholder like Whitefield, he was a de- 
voted master, as he lived among servants for whose 
religious .and physical welfare he made the most 
ample provision, and who were strongly attached to 
him. Dr. Fuller died in Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1876. 

Dr. Fuller as a preacher had but few peers. Gifted 
with a rare, manly, and commanding presence ; free 
in every movement from those restraints fatal to the 
orator which necessarily arise from the use of manu- 
script; with a legal acumen that discriminated be- 
tween the delicate shades of correlated yet of preg- 
nant truths; with an imagination that embodied in 
forms of living beauty the personages, and places, and 
deeds of the far-off times and lands of the Saviour's 
earthly labors; and a voice whose tones could thrill 
the soul with heroic resolutions or melt it into tender 
pity, — he has taken his place among the few great 
pulpit orators whose names are embalmed in the 
memories of men. As a writer, too, Dr. Fuller had 
his excellencies. His style was tinctured by the in- 
fluences of the past rather than by those of the pres- 
ent. The tendency of eminent living clergymen is to 
a scientific instead of a classical style, — scientific in 
form, in phraseology, and in illustration; wherea.s the 
style of Dr. Fuller's writings was saturated with the 
classic spirit, as seen in the well-balanced structure 
of his sentences, as well as in the affluence of his 



illustrations and allusions. The ennobling thoughts 
of the old Greek and Roman poets, hi.storians, and 
orators, rather than the uncongenial dogmas of the 
present guiding lights of the scientific world, pulsate 
through all his sentences ; and he has left us, in some 
of the latest articles he penned, examples of that 
chaste, symmetrical, and statue-like style of which 
Everett and Legare were such masters, but which is 
rapidly fading into an accomplishment peculiar to 
the past. 

Rev. Dr. Fuller was succeeded in the pastorate of 
the Eutaw Place Baptist Church by Rev F. H. Ker- 
foot, D.D., the present pastor, in November, 1877. Dr. 
Kerfoot was born in Clark County, Va., Aug. 29, 1847. 
Until the age of fourteen he was educated at schools 
in Berryville, and was in the Confederate service dur- 
ing the civil war. In 1866 he entered the Columbian 
University, graduating in the college with the degree 
of Bachelor of Philosophy, and in the law-school with 
the degree of Bachelor of Law in 1869. After study- 
ing a year in the Southern Baptist Theological Semi- 
nary, he entered the Crozer Theological Seminary, 
and graduated in 1872. After an extended tour of 
Europe and Asia, he spent a year at the University of 
Leipsic. On his return he became pastor of the Mid- 

1 way and Forks of Elkhorn Church in Kentucky until 
he was elected the successor of Rev. Dr. Fuller. 
While in Kentucky he held for one session the pro- 
fessorship of German in Georgetown College, Ken- 
tucky. He has also contributed a number of articles 
to the religious press. The Columbian College con- 

l ferred upon him in 1872 the honorary degree of A.M. 

j He is an indefatigable worker, and a learned and 
highly-cst.-iMiuMl minister. 

! The German Baptist Church was organized under 
the auspices of the First Baptist Church, on the 17th 
of January, 1859 ; its first pastor was Rev. John Mer- 
vic. April 28, 1867, the present structure, corner of 
Caroline and Hampstead Streets, was consecrated. 
Rev. E. J. Deckman is the pastor. 

Bethany Chapel. — The corner-stone of this chapel, 
on Eager, between Broadway and Ann Streets, was 
laid April 30, 1873. The chapel is a mission of High 
Street Church. 

Primitive Baptists. — This church, near the cor- 
ner of Madison and Calvert Streets, was dedicated 
May 13, 1877 ; the lot was secured in 1873, and the 
edifice commenced in 1875. 

Shiloh Baptist Church.— The corner-stone of this 
church, Aisquith and John Streets, was laid March 
26, 1874. The congregation was an offshoot from 
High Street Church. The present pastor is Rev. 
Charles D. Parker, missionary. 

Fuller Memorial Church, on Patterson Avenue, 
near Calhoun Street, was organized on the 2d of July, 
1880, by Rev. J. F. Rapson, with nineteen members 
from Eutaw Place Church, one from the First, and 
one from Franklin Square. The work was com- 
menced by Mr. Rapson in October, 1879, when his 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



567 



missionary labors in this section began. A new bap- 
tistry has been built and stained-glass windows put 
in the church, at a total cost of over four hundred 
dollars. A flourishing Sunday-school is connected 
with the church. The church was recognized by a 
Council on the 21st of September, 1880. 

Madison Square Church, on Chase, between Eden 
and Caroline Streets, was erected in 1854 by the Bap- 
tist Church Extension Society, mainly through the 





RE\ 1I!\NKIIN WILbON, D I) 

active agency of Rev. Franklin Wilson, D.D. Rev. 
Dr. Wilson was born in this city, Dec. 8, 1822. His 
father, Thomas Wilson, was a member of the eminent 
firm of William Wilson & Sons. In 1854 he was 
largely instrumental, with Rev. Dr. Williams, in 
forming the Baltimore Baptist Church Extension So- 
ciety ; was its first secretary for a number of years, 
and a large contributor to its funds. Under its 
auspices were erected the Lee Street, the Franklin 
Square, the Leadenhall Street, and the Madison 
Square meeting-houses. The last was built entirely 
at the expense of Dr. Wilson, as was also the Rock- 
dale Chapel, near Baltimore. He has also given lib- 
erally to the erection of nearly every other Baptist 
meeting-house in Maryland. 

The Seventh Baptist Church (Colored).— The 
seventh in time in the order of organization of the 
Baptist Churches in Baltimore was the First Colored 
Baptist Church, formed in 1836. The history of this 
beginning and the success of the work among the 
colored Baptists of Baltimore and of the State is full 
of interest. Here and there, scattered among the 
other churches of the Baptist faith, were a few col- 
ored members, whose position was not without its dif- 
ficulties and embarrassments. Most of the pastors of 



the existing churches preached occasionally, and some 
of them frequently, to the colored people. But as a 
race they were without religious instructors or pastoral 
access. Their time was not their own. They were 
ignorant, and, with few exceptions, unable to read, 
and incapable of intelligent understanding of the 
usual discourses. They could not, in the churches of 
the whites, speak to general edification nor profitably 
cultivate the exercise of their gifts. The denomina- 
tion, however, was not indifferent to nor neglectful 
of their welfare. The Baptists of the South espe- 
cially labored to carry to them " the gospel of the 
grace of God," and more of them belonged to Baptist 
churches than to all other denominations combined. 
Some of the most honored ministers of the Baptist 
denomination served them as instructors in the gospel. 
Rev. Robert Ryland, D.D., the first president of 
Richmond College, Richmond, Va., was for many 
years the pastor and preached for the First Colored 
Baptist Church of that city, then as now the largest 
in membership in the country. Rev. Richard Fuller, 
D.D., was also the pastor of the very large colored 
Baptist Church in Beaufort, S. C, and Drs. Manly, 
Brantly, Dagg, and hosts of less renowned ministers 
devoted much time, attention, and labor to this work. 
Still the greatest success could not be attained until 
this race could be reached through their own sepa- 
rate churches by intelligent ministers from their own 
people, and the opportunities of pastoral instruction 
among them. Of the persons most prominent in the 
early history of this work Rev. George F. Adams, 
D.D., has furnished a most interesting record. He 
says :' 

" Wheu Wniiam Crane lemoved from New Jersey to Richmond, Va., 
in October, 1812, he joined the First Baptist Church of the latter city, 
and took a special interest in the large numhor of colored people who 
were members of that church, and labored much for their benefit. Con- 
sulting with Rev. David Roper, of the same church, they concluded to 
open a school for the gratuitous instruction of colored people three even- 
ings in each week. About twenty young men came under their teach- 
ings. This school continued uninterruptedly about three years, much 
of that time under the exclusive care of Mr. Crane, and without any 
known objection from any of the citizens of Richmond. 

•• Among the pupils of this school were Lett Carey, afterwards gov- 
ernor of the colony of Liberia, Africa, and Hillary Teague, father and 
son, the latter a minister and a pastor of a church in Monrovia, Africa, 
editor of the Liberui Herald, secrettry of the Republic, and the author 
of several of its ablest State papers; John Lewis, afterwards pastor of 
the Baptist Church at Treeborn, Sierra Leone, and many others of less 

"In 1813 the Richmond African Baptist Missionary Society was 
formed, with Robert Semple, D.D., one of Virginia's most honored and 
influential Baptist ministers and the Baptist historian of the State, as 
president. Of tliis, Mr. Crane was awhile corresponding secretary, after- 
wards the president, and for Ihree successive years its delegate to the 
Baptist General Convention, to which the socieiy was auxiliary. Lott 
Carey, universally respected, was the recording secretary. 

"In his school it was a custom of Mr. Crane to read to his pupils any 
book or newspnper sketch which he supposed would interest or be use- 
ful to them, and to lend them good books. On one occasion he showed 
them the report of Messrs. Burgess and Mills, who in 1818 had been sent 
to Africa by the American Colonization Society. Carey and Teague then 
expressed a wish to go to Africa. Finding their purpose fixed, Mr. Crane, 
after time and reflection, wrote to Kev. Obadiah B. Brown 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



toil. I>. ('., a ltii|>ti8t iiiiiiigtcr, and one of the Board of Managerv of tlie 
('''!■ lii/ 'II' 1' > ■ !■ ty. When acquainted of the facts through tliese 
rt'.!M I '! rv .it once agreed to receive anil Bend out Carey and I 

'!■ The same Utter, witii information of the action of : 

tli' t -I 1,1/ ,1) i I v,„ i,.ty^ was laid before tlie Board of the Baptist Gen- 
eral Cuiivfiiliijii, nhtch met in Ballimore in 1819, and there these two ex- 
cellent men were appointed Baptist missionaries to the land of their an- 
cestors. Before they sailed for Afiica five other colored Baptists of 
Richmond decided to go along, and in Mr. Crane's house they signed a 
covenant, and wore constituted into a Baptist Church of seven members 
by Rev. David Roper. This was the germ of the First Baptist Churdi in 
Monrovia, Africa, and out of it developed the twenty Baptist Churches 
of Monrovia and Liberia, and the Providence Baptist Association. 

" In 1825, Mr. Crane wrote a biography of Lolt Carey, and often spoke 
of him as 'among the best preaciiers he ever heard.' From the time of 
the sailing of lliese missionaries Mr. Crane never abated his interest in 
them or their race Files of newspapers, carefully preserved by him. 
Bibles, Testaments, spelling-books, dictionaries, grammars, and other 
books were sent out whenever an emigrant ship left for the African 

Mr. Crane removed to Baltimore in October, 1834. 
Tlie first colored Baptist Church was formed in 1830, 
but did not unite with the Association until Oct. 21, 
1841, when Moses Clayton was pastor. The church 
then reported eight baptisms and fifty-two members. 
In 1849 the pastor, Moses Clayton, resigned, after a ser- 
vice of over nine years, having ninety-nine additions, 
sixty-five of which were by baptism, and a member- 
ship which had increased from fifty-two to one hun- 
dred and five. Their debt had been troublesome, but 
had been removed. In 1849, John Carey, formerly of 
Petersburg, was elected pastor. He remained two 
years, during which time the church reported no addi- 
tions and serious difficulties. Their number was re- 
duced to sixty-seven, and Moses C. Clayton was elected 
pastor the second time. April 3, 1861, the pastor | 
died, aged seventy-eight years. He was the founder 
of the First Colored Baptist Church in Maryland, and 
was its pastor for twenty years, and baptized nearly 
one hundred and fifty persons. He was a faithful, 
indu.strious, pious, and useful man. For two years 
the church was without a pastor, and its membership 
was reduced to fifty. In 1863, John Whey became 
pa.stor, but in 1864, James Underdue was elected, and [ 
in 1866 he was succeeded by Lewis Hicks, under j 
whose care their number increased to one hundred 
and twenty-seven. He remained pastor until 1870, 
when he resigned. Meanwhile a new meeting-house 
had been built, costing about four thousapd dollars, i 
and the congregation was nearly out of debt. In May, 
1871, Rev. J. C. Allen, an intelligent, discreet, pious, j 
and active pastor, was elected, and a new era of | 
prosperity opened. 

The First Colored Baptist Church was organized 
about 1850 by Rev. Noah Davis, who had obtained 
his freedom in Fredericksburg, Va., and who soon I 
after began to labor as a missionary among the col- 
ored people in this city. The church was originally 
formed with but five members, but soon increased, 
many white persons assisting the minister in the Sun- 
day-school. In 1855, through the liberality of Wm, 
Crane, Rev. Franklin Wil.«on, and other.^, the congre- 
gation w.is provided with a place of worshi|i in thi 



second story of a building on the northeast corner of 
Saratoga and Calvert Streets, and which was subse- 
quently occupied as the Sixth Regiment armory. 
On the 7th of April, 1867, the corner-stone of a house 
of worship was laid at the corner of Young and Thomp- 
son Streets, the basement of which was occupied and 
dedicated on the 14th of July following. On the 
26th of April, 1880, the corner-stone of the present 
edifice, northeast corner of Caroline and McElderry 
Streets, was laid, and on Feb. 20, 1881, the church 
was dedicated. The pastor is Rev. J. C. Allen. 

Leadenhall Street Church (Colored), on Leaden- 
hall Street, near West, was built by the Baptist Church 
Extension Society of Baltimore, and, with the lot, 
cost about twenty thousand dollars. The corner-stone 
was laid on the 15th of July, 1872, and the edifice 
was dedicated on the 10th of January, 1873. Rev. 
A. Brown is the present pastor. 

The Shiloh (Colored) Church was a missionary 
enterprise, the congregation first worshiping on Ra- 
borg Street. In April, 1881, the pastor. Rev. John 
H. Gaines, purchased the church building formerly 
owned by Cavalry M. E. Church South, on Hill Street, 
between Hanover and Sharp, for six thousand two 
hundred and fifty dollars, and took po.ssession of it 
on April 15th. 

Union Baptist Church (Colored), North Street, 
near Lexington, was dedicated on the 23d of January, 
1876. Rev. Harvey E. Johnson is the pastor. 

LUTHERAN CHURCHES. 

The first congregation of the Lutheran Church in 
Baltimore was organized about IToO. It had in the 
beginning no house of worship exclusively its own, 
for from the early records of the first Lutheran con- 
gregation in this city we learn that " up to the year 
1758 both Lutherans and German Reformed wor- 
shiped together, and great friendship and harmony 
prevailed. In that year they resolved to erect a house 
of worship in common, as each party was too weak to 
build alone ; and it was at the same time determined 
that a pastor should be called by either church as 
might best suit." Before this time they were occa- 
sionally visited by ministers of both churches from 
Pennsylvania and elsewhere. It was usual in the 
beginning (and even now in many cases) for the 
Lutheran and Reformed Churches to worship together 
in the same place, while maintaining at the same 
time separate organizations. In 1773, Messrs. Lin- 
denberger, Weishler, Hartwig, Hoecke, Rock, Gras- 
muck, Levely, Barnetz, Dr. Wiesenthall, and others, 
by the aid of a lottery, erected a new church on the 
site of the original one, which had been built in 1758, 
in Fish (Saratoga) Street, now occupied by the African 
Bethel meeting-house. The pastor of the congrega- 
tion. Rev. Mr. Gerock, died Oct. 25, 1778, and was 
succeeded by Rev. Daniel Kurtz, his former assistant." 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



569 



In 1808 the church on Fish Street was sold, and 
Zion church erected on Gay Street, where it now 
stands. On the 30th of March, 1840, the building 
was nearly destroyed by fire, but it was immediately 
rebuilt as it stands at present, being consecrated Nov. 
8, 1840, and, with its extensive lot and capacious 
school-house, is regarded as one of the most valuable 
church properties in the city. After a pastorate of 
more than fifty years, Mr. Kurtz was succeeded by 
Rev. John Uhlhorn, a brilliant German orator, who 
had been his assistant for some years before his retire- 
ment. Dr. Uhlhorn died during a visit to Bremen, 
Germany, March 22, 18.34, and was succeeded by Rev. 
John Haesbaerdth ; after a time Mr. Haesbaerdth re- 
signed, and established a distinct German congrega- 
tion in a church built by the Baptists, which stood at 
the corner of Saratoga and Holliday Streets, the site 
of which is now occupied by a large machine-factory. 
Mr. Haesbaerdth was succeeded by Mr. Domeier, and 
he was followed by Rev. Henry Scheib, the present 
pastor. 

First English Lutheran Church.— Until 1823, Zion 
Church, on Gay Street, w:is the only Lutheran organi- 
zation in the city. On the 27th of October in that 
year the fir.st meeting of a distinct English Lutheran 
Church was held at the house of David Bixler, on 
Howard Street. The original corporators were John 
Reese, David Bixler, George Stonebraker, Joshua 
Medtart, Frederick Segler, Philip Uhler, and Andrew 
Hack. Aug. 30, 1824, Rev. Mr. Kranch became the 
pastor, and a permanent organization was effected. 
The congregation met in a school-house near the cor- 
ner of Howard and Pratt Streets. Mr. Kranch was 
succeeded by Rev. Jacob Medtart, who left in the fall 
of 1825, and ministers from other churches preached 
to the congregation. Ground for a church building, 
on Lexington Street, between Park and Howard, was 
purchased, and the corner-stone of the First English 
Lutheran church was laid in November, 1825, and the 
church was dedicated May 28, 1826. On the 11th of 
December, 1826, Rev. Dr. .John G. Morris was elected 
pastor, and on the 10th of April, 1827, the church was 
reincorporated. During his ministry the church was 
twice enlarged, two Sunday-school rooms and the par- 
sonage were erected. In 1860, Dr. Morris resigned to 
take charge- of the Peabody Institute, and was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. Dr. J. McCron. Dr. McCron resigned 
in 1872, and was succeeded by Rev. J. H. Barclay, 
D.D., the present pastor. The first communion of the 

raised was $2118, the amount of the prizes to be given was $5882, and 
tlie number of tickets to be issued was four thousand at two dollars each. 
The managers were Charles Garts, Philip Graybell, Bobert Walsh, John 
Hammond, Peter Diffenderffer, Samuel Messersmith. John Schaltz, 
Adam Gantz, Christian Meyer, John Mackenheimer, Nicholas Konecke, 
Henry Schroeder, Christopher Raborg, George Leightner, William Ra- 
borg, James Allen, John Shrim, Jr., David Poe, John Hasselbach, Fred- 
erick Price, John Strieker, William Lorman, Archibald Stewart, Martin 
Eichelberger. Isaac Solomon, Frederick Yeiser, Jacob Brown, Richard 
Burland, George Decker, Daniel Diffenderflfer, George Dowig, Engelhard 
Yeiser, Peter Frick, Erasmus Uhler, James Sloan, Ludwick Hening, 
Frederick Heoflich, Jacob Deiter, Henry Dukehart, and Frederick Eeese. 



church embraced only twenty-eight persons, but it 
grew strong enough to endure the separation of three 
organizations from the mother body, — the Second 
and Third Churches and St. Mark's. The church on 
Lexington Street was destroyed in the great fire of 
July 25, 1873. The corner-stone of the present edifice, 
Lanvale and Fremont Streets, was laid April 6, 1874, 
and the building was dedicated Sept. 19, 1875. The 
total cost of the new church and the adjoining par- 
sonage and church furniture was one hundred and 
two thousand dollars. The church has had but three 
pastors in more than fifty years. 

Second English Lutheran Church.— The corner- 
stone of the Second English Lutheran church, on 
Lombard Street, west of Greene, was laid May 11, 

1841, and the edifice was opened for worship Oct. 8, 

1842. This church is one of the old landmarks in the 
section of the city.in which it is located, there having 
been but few houses in the neighborhood when it was 
built. Rev. Charles P. Kranch was the fir.st pastor of 
the church, and he was succeeded by Rev. Charles 
Ewing, Charles Hersch, I. A. Heiss, J. Schwartz, E. 
I. Wolf, and George Scholl, present pastor. 

The Third English Lutheran Evangelical 
Church. — The mission out of which this church 
grew was organized in 1841, at a private house on 
Hillen Street. Mr. Charles D. Hincks, the two Misses 
Morry, the two Misses Altvaters, Miss Mary Dobler, 
Mrs. Middleton, Miss Jackson, and Mrs. Adams 
formed the head and heart of this new entei'prise. 
Mr. Hincks was succeeded by W. A. Wisong as 
superintendent. The corner-stone of Luther chapel. 
Monument Street, near Gay, was laid May 26, 1842, 
and the chapel was opened for worship October 16th 
of the same year. The corner-stone of the present 
edifice, which occupies the site of the former chapel, 
was laid July 2, 1852, and the church was dedicated 
Sept. 18, 1853. Its pastors have been Revs. W. A. 
Passavant, I. A. Brown, D.D., B. Appleby, P. Ans- 

tadt, A. W. Lilly, J. McCron, D.D., Sprecher, 

H. Bishop, J. G. Morris, D.D., Uriel Graves, and I. 
C. Burke, the present pastor. 

St. Mark's English Lutheran Church was organ- 
ized Oct. 23, 1860, by a body of ninety-six members 
from the First Church. T. Stork was elected pastor, 
and took charge December 1st. The Third Presby- 
terian Church, on Eutaw Street, was at once rented, 
and in February, 1861, purchased for ten thousand five 
hundred dollars. Dr. Stork resigned May 25, 1865, 
and was succeeded by his son, Rev. Charles A. Stork. 
In 1873 the old church building was remodeled at a 
cost of eighteen thousand dollars, and reconsecrated 
March 8, 1874. The total cost of the property be- 
longing to this organization, including the old build- 
ing and ground, the expense of the remodeling and 
the purchase of the parsonage, has been thirty-eight 
thousand five hundred dollars. Rev. Charles A. 
Stork, D.D., who had been pastor for twenty years, 
dissolved his connection with the church to accept 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the presidency of the Gettysburg, Pa., Lutheran Theo- 
logical Seminary. 
St. Paul's English Lutheran Church is tlie fifth 



English Lutheran Church in the city, and is located ' 
on Druid Hill Avenue, at its intersection with Mc- 
Mechiu Street. The corner-stone was laid July 1, 
1871, and the building dedicated Dec. 14, 1873. The 
congregation was organized April 21, 1873, with 
thirty-one members, and during the summer called 
Rev. Jacob A. Clutz, who took charge Nov. 1, 1873. 
The church ha.s made rapid i)rogri>ss. Mr. Clutz is ' 
.still the pastor. 

St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church is a brancli of old Trinity Church, from 
which it separated in 1852. May 5, 1853, the corner- , 
stone of a house of worship, on Canal Street, near 
Fayette, was laid, and the edifice was dedicated April 
2, 1854. On the 12th of May, 1S7», the corner-stone 
of the present church, Favnu- Sinrt; near Central I 
Avenue, was laid, and tin' l.iiil.lin^ ^Icdicated April i 
27, 1873. The bells in the >tc.iilc ..I the church are \ 
cast from cannon captured by tlie Germans from the 
French in the late war, and were presented to the 
congregation upon their application by the emperor 
of Germany. The pastors have been Rev. Charles 
Weyl and Rev. Mr. Lublcert. Rev. L. D. Maier is 
present pastor. 

St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church 
is situated on Biddle Street, near Pennsylvania Ave- 
nue. The late Rev. Father Heier, about the year 
1847, began to preach in a small frame chapel located j 
in the rear of the lot on which St. John's church 
now stands. About nine months after this beginning, j 
Rev. G. H. Brandan was called as the pastor of the j 
congregation. In the year 1853 the present edifice 
was built, and was dedicated December 18th. Mr. 
Brandan remained pastor of St. John's until July 4, 
1869, when he resigned, and Rev. J. Muller became 
his successor. He was succeeded, June 1, 1873, by 
Rev. B. Sickel, who was followed, in September, 1874, 
by Rev. N. Burkhart, present pastor of the congrega- 
tion. 

St. Marcus' German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, situated corner Broadway and Beaumont 
Avenue, was organized Nov. 3, 1867, in Broadway 
Institute, by .about si.xty heads of families. The con- 
gregation first worshiped in Powhatan Hall, on the 
corner of Bond and Pratt Streets. The corner-stone 
of the present edifice was laid Nov. 7, 1869, and the 
church was dedicated Aug. 14, 1870. The first pas- 
tor was W. F. Seeger, who was succeeded by Rev. 
Hermann Veith. The latter resigned Aug. 4, 1873, 
when the present incumbent, John Hoerr, was called, 
and installed Dec. 2, 1872. The congregation was 
connected with the Maryland Synod until Nov. 2, 
1873, when it connected itself with the Joint Synod 
of Oliio ;ui(l adjnccnt States. 

Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church is one of 
the oldest German churches in the city. It is situated 



on Trinity Street, east of High. The congregation is 
quite large, but neither it nor their pastor are in any 
synodical connection, though they still claim to be 
Lutherans. They were formerly connected with the 
old Pennsylvania Synod. The present pastor is Rev. 
J. i'ister. 

St. Paul's German Evangelical Church, corner 
of Fremont and Saratoga Streets, was consecrated 
Dec. 16, 1867. Its membership is large. The con- 
gregations of St. Paul's, Emmanuel, and St. Martin's 
originally formed the Second German Evangelical 
Lutiieran Cliurch, which was organized Nov. 1, 1835, 
and situated at the corner of Holliday and Saratoga 
Streets. The first pastor of the Second German Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Church was J. P. C. Haesbaert; the 
second, from 1851 to 1867, was Rev. G. W. Keyl. The 
old church building was torn down in 1868. It had 
originally been purchased from another Protestant 
denomination, and its congregation had previously 
been connected with the Zion's Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, on Gay Street, and separated from it when 
Mr. Scheib became its pastor. In 1867 the congre- 
gation sold their old church property, divided the 
amount and other moneys collected for that purpose, 
and formed three distinct congregations, all of which 
belong to the Missouri Synod. The present pastor of 
St. Paul's is Rev. H. Hauser. 

Emmanuel German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, South Caroline Street, near Baltimore, was 
organized in 1866, and the church was dedicated May 
6, 1867. The present pastor is Rev. Claus Stuerken. 

St. Martin's German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church is situated on the corner of Sharpe and Hen- 
rietta Streets. It was incorporated May 18, 1867. 
The corner-stone was laid Sept. l5, 1867, and the 
church was dedicated May 10, 1868. Its first and its 
present pastor is Rev. Charles H. F. Frincke. The 
church was organized by former members of the Sec- 
ond German Evangelical Lutheran Church, which in 
1857 was divided into three separate congregations, — 
St. Paul's, Emmanuel, and St. Martin's. The congre- 
gation belongs to the German Evangelical Lutheran 
Synod of Jlissouri, Ohio, and other States. 
j St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church is situated on Bond Street, near Eastern 
Avenue. Its present pastor is Rev. C. A. Schloegle. 
St. Peter's English Evangelical Lutheran 
Church is situated on the corner of Fayette and East 
Streets. The corner-stone was laid March 28, 1875. 
Its present pastor is Rev. E. L. S. Tre-ssel. 

St. Luke's German Evangelical Church was an 
offshoot from St. Stephen's, and was organized in 
1864 by the Rev. L. F. Zimmerman. For two years 
the congregation worshiped in the chapel on Hen- 
rietta Street, near Eutaw. The corner-stone of the 
present edifice, Henrietta and Eutaw Streets, was laid 
May 27, 1866, and the church was dedicated Decem- 
ber 26th of the same year. Rev. John Keller is its 
present pastor. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



571 



Lutheran Chapel, at Canton.— The corner-stone 
of an Evangelical Lutheran church was laid at Can- 
ton, Nov. 8, 1843, and the building was dedicated 
.Sept. 29, 1844. 

The Evangelical Lutheran Church, on Chesa- 
peake Street, Cantim, was dedicated in April, 1860. 

St. Peter's Mission meets at the southwest corner 
of Baltimore and Poppleton Streets. Rev. George T. 
Cooppenider, pastor. 

St. Stephen's German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church was founded by Rev. Mr. Schieth in 1850, 
and shortly afterwards was formally organized by Rev. 
Arthur 0. Brioknian. The congregation worshiped 
for a time on Light Street, between West and Ostend 
Streets. On the 5th of February, 1852, they bought a 
building erected by the " Good Samaritan Congrega- 
tion" (which had been organized but a few weeks 
before St. Stephen's by Rev. Charles Meister) at the 
northwest corner of Hanover and Hamburg Streets 
■during 1850. The Good Samaritan congregation dis- 
-solved its organization, a majority of its members con- 
necting themselves with St. Stephen's. About this 
time the congregation joined the Evangelical Lutheran 
Synod of Maryland, in connection with the General 
Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the 
United States. In September, 1852, Rev. T. H. Men- 
gert became the pastor of St. Stephen's, and served 
until September, 1854, when Rev. C. F. W. Hoppe 
succeeded him. In October, 1861, Mr. Hoppe re- 
signed, and early in 1862, Rev. L. F. Zimmermann 
became the pastor. In October, 1864,' the present 
pastor, Rev. F. Ph. Hennighausen, took charge of the 
church. 

The First Evangelical Lutheran Church, at the 
corner of Greene Street and Cider Alley, is under the 
charge of Rev. John Koehl, and the Second Church, 
at the corner of McElderry and Short Streets, is 
under Rev. Daniel Schnebel. 

GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH. 

The precise date of the origin of the First German 
Heformed congregation in this city is not known. 
There is, however, good reason to believe that it was 
established in or about the year 1750. An old Ger- 
man manuscript, found a few years since among the 
.archives of this church, states, among other things, 
that " in the year 1756 or 1757 the congregation pur- 
chased a lot on which to erect a church of Mr. Crox- 
all for nine pounds, besides making him a present. 
. . . After this the congregation appointed a commit- 
tee to superintend the building of a church, which 
consisted of Andrew Steiger, Frederick Meyer, Jacob 
Kuhbord, John Soller, Valentine Loersh, and Con- 
rad Smith. These men made preparation to build, 
and with the means they had they built the best 
church they could. We then called tiie Rev. John 
Christian Faber to become our pastor, and we are all in 
peace and love." Previous to the year 1756 the con- 
gregation was occasionally visited by several German 



Reformed minister.?, among whom was Rev. Mr. 
Lacliey. In the early records of the first Lutheran 
congregation in this city, on Gay Street, we find "up 
to the year 1758 both Lutherans and German Re- 
form worshiped together, and great friendship and 
harmony prevailed. In that year they resolved to 
erect a house of worship in common, as each party 
was too weak to build alone; and it was at the same 
time determined that a pastor should be called by 
either church, as might best suit." Previous to this 
time they were occasionally visited by ministers of 
both churches. Although the Reformed account 
makes no mention of the two denominations worship- 
ing together up to a certain period, yet there can 
scarcely be a doubt of the fact as stated by the 
Lutheran records. It was usual in the beginning 
{and even now in very many instances) for the Lu- 
theran and Reformed to worship together in the same 
place, but maintaining for the most part separate or- 
ganizations. The first church building owned by the 
German Reformed congregation was built, as it would 
seem, about 1756-58. It was located on North Charles 
Street, nearly opposite to and south of the present 
St. Paul's Episcopal church. A deceased member of 
this congregation for more than forty years, and who, 
when a boy, used to worship with his parents in the 
old church on Charles Street, once wrote to a friend 
as follows : 

" Our first cliurch was located up North Charles Street, and was ap- 
proached witli difficulty, especially by the aged and infirm, on account 
of the steep hill of sand Ihey were obliged to climb every Sabbath in 
order to reach their hunible place of worship. At that time we had no 
cushioned s^-ats, no carpeted aisles, no sweet-toned orpan to aid in the 
musical exercises; no, not even a sto\e to warm the body. The cold 
northwest wind wonld pierce through the tender weather-boarding, and 
almost blow the light fabric off." 

Mr. Faber was pastor of this church about fourteen 
years. Towards the close of his ministry he met with 
great opposition from a portion of his congregation, 
who charged him, it is said, with coldness and lan- 
guor in his ministrations. They wished him to give 
place to a warm-hearted young preacher, a Rev. Mr. 
Swope, who had recently come from Germany. In 
this they did not succeed. Mr. Faber continued in 
his place, and the consequence was a division of the 
congregation in the year 1770. The opposition mem- 
bers withdrew, built a second Reformed church, and 
elected Mr. Swope as their pastor. Mr. Faber was 
succeeded by Rev. George Wallauer, and Mr. Wal- 
lauer by Rev. Charles Boehme, who was followed in 
September, 1783, by Rev. Nicholas Pomp. At this 
period Jacob Coberts, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Meyer, 
and Henry Zorah were the elders of the church, and 
Philip Cousins, Andrew Granget, and Philip Miller 
the deacons. Under the administration of Mr. Pomp 
the congregation resolved to build a new church at 
the northwest corner of Baltimore and Front Streets, 
and after considerable difficulty and opposition the 
corner-stone was laid on the 1st of September, 1785, 



572 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and on the 20th of June, 1787, the first service was 
held in the church.' 

In December, 1788, the church was incorporated. 
Mr. Pomp re-signed in November, 1789, and was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. George Troldenier on the 13th of Oc- 
tober, 1791. In 1796 the church edifice was sold to 
St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and was subsequently- 
known as Old Christ church. The ground selected 
as a site for a new church was situated on the north 
side of Second Street, nearly in the present bed of 
Holliday Street. The corner-stone of this building 
was laid on the 28th of April, 179G, and on the 24th 
of September, 1797, the edifice was dedicated. The 
dimensions of the church were fifty by eighty feet, 
and the architect and builder wiis Lewis Hening. The 
steeple was erected in 1805, and was nearly two hundred 
feet high. Mr. Troldenier died on the 12th of Decem- 
ber, 1800. He was succeeded in 1802 by Rev. John H. 
Dryer, who was followed in July, 1806, by Rev. Dr. 
Christian L. Becker. In February, 1818, a petition 
drawn up by Dr. M. Diffenderft'er, and signed by him 
and thirty-five other members, was presented to the 
Consistory, respectfully soliciting permission to have 
English preaching in the church on every Sabbath 
afternoon. This subject seems to have caused a great 
deal of excitement, and gave the pastor no little trouble 
and uneasiness. On the 12th of July, 1818, Dr. Becker 
suddenly died, and his death for a time put an end to 
further proceedings about English preaching. The 
Synod having granted the petition presented by a 
.committee consisting of Peter Difl'enderfFer and Jacob 
Hoffman, they invited the Rev. Lewis Mayer to pay 
them a visit and preach in German and English. 
On Sabbath morning, Sept. 27, 1818, Dr. Mayer 
preached a discourse in the German language to a 
very large congregation, and in the afternoon he 
preached another in the English language (which 
was the first sermon ever delivered in this church in 
English) to an immense concourse of people. The 
excitement was intense. Some of the members, re- 
garding English preaching as an innovation that 
ought not to be tolerated, threatened violence to the 
minister, and said and did many things that they 
afterwards regretted. On the 10th of February, 1819, 
the Rev. Albert Helft'enstein, Sr., then pastor of the 
German Reformed congregation of Carlisle, Pa., was 
unanimously invited to the psistorate of this church, 
and about the 1st of July in the same year he 



iiringaset 



1 Jan. 6, 1789, a lottei-j' was advertised for the |)iir|) 
of bells for the use of tlie" German Ecfoinj.Ml ri,,,,, i, .i, it,,„ ,,!•» Hill,'" 
opposite St. Paul's cliurch. The iiiaiiagcrB «. I I ; -, i I, William 
Gibson, Alexauder McKim, Wui. M(;I,«ii,l:Ii I i. I u.ls, I'eler 

Flick, James MeCannon, Peter Boose, .l.-lni ^ Iml!,, , r, i, [ llnfiman, 
Martin Eichelborger, and .Incob Meyer. And in tlic same jear $;ifi8(i was 
raised by lottery to complete the "High German Reformed Presbyterian 
church on Jones* Kails near Philpot's bridge." The managers were 
Wm. McLoughliu, Samuel Street, Ileiiry Schroeder, Adam Gantz, George 
Frauciscus.Charles.Sw;.! I. , l.lii, w n, n, i vprlau Wells, Frederick Yeiser, 
JacobKotbrock.ChiiBi 1 i ^h I el DilTenderOer, Jacob Miller, 

Erasmus Ubler, Geui^' I.. i ; l>il1'underffer, Jobu Hasseback, 

Nicholas Tschudy, and J.i.,,1, llu;;m..;.. 



preached his introductory discourse. As years rolled 
away German preaching became less and less fre- 
quent, and in the year 1827 it was abandoned by the 
pastor altogether. Mr. Helffenstein tendered his 
resignation to the Consistory in April, 1835, which 
was accepted, and in September following he preached 
his valedictory discourse, and immediately left with 
his family for Ohio. In November, 1835, Rev. Elias 
Heiner, the last pastor of this church, received a 
unanimous call, and on the first Sabbath in January, 
1836, he delivered his introductory discourse, from 
Genesis Iv. 24, "See that ye fall not out by the way." 
On the 8th of December, 1850, Mr. Heiner delivered 
in the Second Street church a centenary sermon on 
the occasion of the centenary celebration. After a 
pastorate of more than a quarter of a century, Dr. 
Heiner died on the 20th of October, 1863, and was 
succeeded by Rev. E. R. Eschbach. The opening of 
Holliday Street necessitated the removal of the ven- 
erable edifice, and the closing services were held in it 
on the 8th of July, 1866. On the 29th of October, 

1866, the corner-stone of the present edifice, on the 
west side of Calvert Street, south of Read, was laid, 
and the church was dedicated on the 6th of October, 

1867. The present jiastor is Rev. Joel T. Kossiter. 
Aisquith Street German) Reformed Church. — 

When tlie First (iernian Reformed church on Second 
Street was removed to make way for the extension of 
Holliday Street, the congregation determined to build 
two new churches, one in the northeastern and the 
other in the western section of the city. In pursu- 
ance of this determination the congregation divided, 
and while one part proceeded to build the First Re- 
formed church on Calvert near Read Street, the other 
erected a church on Aisquith Street near McElderry. 
The corner-stone of the Aisquith Street church was 
laid Sept. 24, 1876, and the edifice was dedicated Oct. 
13, 1867. Its present pastor is Rev. Gustave Facius. 

The Third Reformed Church, northeast comer of 
Paca and Saratoga Streets, was an offshoot from the 
Second Street Church. The corner-stone was laid on 
the 9th of April, 1844, and the church was dedicated 
on the 2d of February, 1845. Rev. Dr. Wolff" was 
the first pastor. The present pastor is Rev. C. Clever. 

St. Paul's (English) Reformed Church was an 
offshoot from the Third Reformed Church, corner of 
Paca and Saratoga Streets. In August, 1879, St. 
Paul's coiiL'i-egatioii pureliased the Northwest Mission 
chiiirh, on Lexiiiutou Sticc-t near ( 'annllton Avenue. 

St. Johannes' (German) Reformed Church, on 
Calvert Street near Saniloga, was organized in June, 
1845. Tlie pa-stor is Rev. C. Borchers. 

Fifth German Reformed Church.— The first 
church edifice of the Fifth German Reformed con- 
gregation, situated on Canton Avenue, east of Broad- 
way, was dedicated on the 3d of October, 1858. On 
the 8th of November, 1866, the church was seriously 
damaged by fire. The corner-stone of the present 
structure. Canton Avenue east of Broadway, was laid 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



573 



on the 17th of March, 1867, and the building was 
dedicated on the 21st of July in the same year. The 
pastor is Rev. Marcus Bachman. 

The Emmanuel or Sixth German Reformed 
Church was the outgrowth of the old Second Street 
CInirch. The congregation worshiped for some time 
in China Hall, West Baltimore Street, but on the 22d 
of September, 1867, the corner-stone of the edifice, 
northwest corner of Saratoga and Schroeder Streets, 
was laid, and on the 21st of June, 1868, the building 
was dedicated. Kev. John Voegeling was the first 
pastor. The present pastor is Eev. J. Conrad Hauser. 

TJNITED BRETHREN. 

The denomination of the United Brethren in Christ 
had its origin and organization more than a century 
ago under Rev. William Otterbein, a learned and de- 
voted German divine, who had formerly been a minister 
in the Lutheran Church. Mr. Otterbein came to Balti- 
more in 1770, and in 1774 he organized what he called 
an Evangelical Reformed Church, which became the 
centre of a considerable conference of churches under 
the name of United Brethren, of which he and the 
Rev. Martin Boehm were the first superintendents or 
bishops. 

The congregation of this church was composed of 
those who had seceded from the First German Re- 
formed Church a few years before, under the leader- 
ship of Rev. Mr. Swope. In 1775 the lot on Conway 
Street near Sharpe was purchased, and a wooden 
structure erected on the site of the present church. 
In 1784 the present edifice was built, and bells which 
were cast in Bremen were placed in position in the 
belfry. Mr. Otterbein remained pastor of the church 
in Conway Street until his death, which occurred on 
the 17th of November, 1813. He has been succeeded 
in the pastorate of Otterbein Church by Rev. Mr. 
Schaetfer, Rev. Mr. Snyder, Rev. Mr. Neidig, Rev. 
William Brown, Rev. John Krack, Rev. John Miller, 
Rev. John Russel, Rev. Mr. Hermann, Bishop John 
Russel (second term). Bishop Erb, Rev. Henry Schrob, 
Rev. John A. Sand, Rev. Charles Snyder, Rev. Nehe- 
miah Altman, and Rev. Jacob Doerkson. In 1874 
the church was renovated and improved both inter- 
nally and externally. Rev. A. Kraus is the present 
pastor; Rev. J. J. Grosbenner is the bishop. 

Otterbein Chapel, corner of Scott and St. Peter 
Streets, is a branch of Otterbein Church. The cor- 
ner-stone was laid on the 30th of June, 1857, and the 
basement of the edifice was dedicated on the 27th of 
December of the same year. The building was en- 
tirely completed and dedicated on the 27th of March, 
1859. The present pastor is Rev. J. P. Anthony. 

Third Church of the United Brethren.— The 
corner-stone of the Third Church of the United 
Brethren, southwest corner of Lombard and Fulton 
Streets, was laid on the 21st of October, 1866, and the 
edifice was dedicated on the 21st of March, 1869. 
The pastor is Rev. Job Light. 



Fifth Church of the United Brethren.— The Fifth 
Church of the United Brethren, George Street and 
Clinton Avenue, was dedicated on the 7th of July, 
1872. The pastor is Rev. J. P. Smith. 

Salem Mission. — Salem Mission was organized on 
the 22d of February, 1871, with Rev. H. Sclichter as 
pastor. .A temporary chapel was at once erected, 
and July 25, J872, the corner-stone of the present 
brick church, near the corner of Francis and Retreat 
Streets, was laid. The lower part of the building 
was dedicated Jan. 13, 1873, and the upper part June 
21, 1874. Mr. Sclichter was succeeded in 1875 by Rev. 
S. A. Mowers, and he was succeeded in 1879 by Rev. 
J. W. Etter, the present pastor. Salem Mission was 
declared self-sustaining in March, 1880. 

METHODISM.i 

The first Methodist society in Maryland, or indeed 
in America (except that at Savannah, Ga.), was 
formed in 1760, near Sam's or Pipe Creek, in Fred- 
erick County, by Robert Strawbridge, a Wesleyan lay 
preacher from Ire- 
land. In 1769, Mr. 
Wesley, in answer 
to repeated requests, 
sent his first mis- 
sionaries to Amer- 
ica, and among theiu 
John King, who in 
1770 preached the 
first Methodist ser- 
mon ever delivered 

in Baltimore. His first sermon was deliveied from a 
blacksmith's block at the corner of Front and French 
(Bath) Streets, where he met with great success. He 
next took his stand on a table on the corner of Balti- 
more and Calvert Streets. It is related that on one 
occasion, " it being a general training-day of the 
militia, many of whom were intoxicated, — this 
drunken rabble being among the congregation, — took 
it into their heads to annoy the preacher, upset the 
table, and landed the speaker on the ground." The 
captain of the company saved the preacher from 
further insult. He was afterwards invited to preach 
in St. Paul's Episcopal church, where, it is said, " he 
made the dust fly from the old velvet cushion" of 
the pulpit. John King was the man to whom Mr. 
Wesley gave the advice: "Scream no more at the 
peril of your soul. It is said of our Lord, ' He shall 
not cry ;' the word properly means ' He shall not 

1 The sketches of the churches of B;iltiniore would have been more 
complefe had the interest showu by their pastors been greater. Every 
effort was made to cbtaiu full and accurate accounts from official sources, 
but scarcely more than a dozen replies were received to nearly four hun- 
dred communications addressed personally to the ministers in charge. 
The various church histories bad, therefore, to be compiled from sucb 
materials as could be obtained witliout tlie co-operation of those who 
should have been the first to render aid. To this tliere were several ex- 
ceptions, among them notably Rev. Dr. Bitting, to whom the author is 
greatly indebted for important material in connection with the Baptist 
Churches. 




574 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



scream.'" He asked for the use of St. Paul's a 
second time, but being refused, he preached to the 
people from the sidewalk as they came out of the 
church.' It would seem that the first to open his 
house to the new preaclier was " an Irishman called 
Capt. Patton, at Fell's Point," in 1772. When his 
" house was too small to hold the hearers, a sail-loft 
at the corner of Mills and Block Streets, was occupied. 
The same year Mr. William Moore, of Baltimore 
Town, opened his house, at the southeast corner of 
AVater and South Streets, for preaching ; also Mrs. 
Triplett, a member of the German Reformed Church, 
opened her dwelling, at the corner of Baltimore Street 
and Triplett's Alley" (now Post-Office Avenue). Mr. 
Asbury's first visit to Baltimore was about the middle 
of November, 1772. He came in company with John 
King, and stayed all night, but says nothing of 
preaching by either of them. On Saturday, 28th of 
the same month, he says, " I preached at the Point, 
the first time. Lord's day, 30th. I rode to the Point, 
and after preaching to a large congregation, returned 
to town and dined with William Moore. I preached 
in town both at three and six o'clock." About No- 
vember, 1773, Mr. Asbury, assisted by Jesse Holling.s- 
worth, George Wells, Richard Moale, George Robin- 
son, and John Woodward, purchased (at five shil- 
lings) the lot sixty feet on Strawberry Alley (now Dal- 
las Street), and seventy-five feet on Fleet Street, for 
a house of worship, and erected a brick church, Mr. 
Asbury laying the corner-stone. The date of its 
completion is not known, but when finished it was at- 
tended by people from all parts of the town, as far as 
Light Street, and from the country round about. The 
church was in what was then the court section of the 
town, and near there, on Block Street, it is said, the 
nuptials of the young Bonaparte and the beautiful 
Baltimorean, Miss Patterson, were celebrated. The 
people attending the church brought provisions and 
stayed all day, even in winter, though there was then 
no fire in the church to heat it. This edifice was a 
large, low building of brick, with an old-fashioned 
tub pulpit and a "sounding-board" above it. On the 
wall behind the pulpit was a wide half-circle of blue, 
on which, in letters of gold, appeared the words, 
"Thou, God, seest me." In 1802 the church was 
given to a colored congregation, by which it was oc- 
cupied until 1877, the white congregation removing 
to the Wilks Street church, now called the Eastern 
Avenue church. The building is now used as a 
colored society liall, and has been modified within 
and without. 

Lovely Lane Chapel and Light Street Church. 
— The following year William Moore and Philip 
Rogers took up two lots of ground for the erec- 
tion of a church on Lovely Lane, which ran imme- 



I William Walters, born in Baltimore County. Oct 10, 1751, was tho 
first native American who became a regnlar itinerant Methodist 
preacher. Kiclmrd Owings, also of Maryland, wm the flrst local Metho- 
dist ijreaclier of American birth in tliis country. 



diately south of Baltimore Street, near the present 
bed of German Street, extending from Calvert to 
I South Street. The foundations were laid on the 
I 18th of April, 1774, and in October it was so far 
completed that Capt. Webb, the British officer and 
I local preacher, delivered the first sermon in it. On 
the 21st of May, 1776, the fourth Methodist Con- 
ference held in the country, and the first held in Bal- 
timore, met in the Lovely Lane chapel, and it is said 
on good authority was composed of twenty-three 
itinerants.^ On the 27th of December, 1784, the 
thirteenth Conference of the Methodist societies of the 
United States met in the Lovely Lane meeting-house 
and organized the " Methodist Episcopal Church in the 
United States of America;" and here Rev. Thomas 
Coke, LL.D., ordained Rev. Francis Asbury, the first 
bishop of the church in America. It appears that 
the chapel was " refitted up for this important convo- 
cation ; some of the seats, which before were only 
common benches, had backs put to them, a gallery 
was put in, and for the first time it had a stove in it 
to warm it." While this Conference was in ses.sion 
Rev. Dr. John Andrews, rector of St. Thomas' P. E. 
parish, in Baltimore County, and Rev. Dr. William 
West, rector of St. Paul's P. E. parish of Baltimore, 
undertook to effect a reconciliation between the 
Methodist and Episcopal bodies. With this object 
Dr. Coke and Mr. Asbury were invited by Mr. West 
to tea, and they came, bringing with them Mr. Gough. 
"I took occasion," writes Mr. Andrews, "to observe 
that we had seen Mr. Wesley's letter to Dr. Coke and 
Mr. Asbury, as also a book entitled ' The Sunday Ser- 
vice of the Methodists.' " Dr. Andrews then followed 
this remark with statements respecting the hopes en- 
tertained with regard to these gentlemen, — there being 
" no real difference between us," — and the plan of 
church government recently adopted by the Episco- 
pal Convention at Annapolis, and asked "what oc- 
casion there could be for a separation from us on the 
score of church government?" Mr. Asbury replied 
that " the difference between us lay not so much in 
I doctrines and forms of worship, as in experience and 
' practice." But neither of them would accede to the 
suggestions there made. A day or two afterwards Dr. 
' Andrews called on Dr. Coke at his lodgings to urge 
1 on him once more the union of the two churches, 
but found that " the contempt and aversion with 
i which the Methodists had always been treated in 
. England" and in this country was an effectual bar in 
the way of the accomplishment of his purposes. 
Thus ended this effort to effect a reconciliation be- 
I tween the Methodist and Episcopal Churches. The 
I rapid growth of Methodism soon rendered the Lovely 
! Lane chapel too small to accommodate its congrega- 

2 The Annual Conferences of 1773, 1774, aud.1775 were held in Phila- 
delphia, but from that period onward, until the organization of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, the Conferences wore held in Baltimore, 
and it was recognized aa the central point of Methodism. Alter the 
General " OhriBlmas Conference" of 1784 every General Conference mot 
in Baltimore until 1811!. 



KELIGIGUS DENOMINATIONS. 



575 



tion, aud arrangements were made to erect the first 
Light Street church on the northwest corner of Light 
Street and Wine Alley. The building was accord- 
ingly commenced in August, 1785, being forty-six 
feet front by seventy deep. On May 21, 1786, the 
church was dedicated to worship by Bishop Asbury. 
There was a sort of parsonage or preacher's house 
adjoining the church, which Bishop Asbury and 
others frequently occupied. The subject of liberal 
education engaged the attention of Bishops Coke and 
Asbury and their early fellow-laborers, and at the 
close of the Conference in 1785 " a plan for erecting 
a college, intended to advance religion in America, 
to be presented to the principal members and friends 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church," was decided on 
and signed by the two superintendents. A site was 
selected in Abingdon, Harford Co., Md., and the two 
superintendents called the college when finished, 
after their own names, " Cokesbury College." On 
the 8th, 9th, and 10th of December, 1787, the college 
was opened, and Mr. Asbury preached each day. On 
the 4th of December, 1795, the college was destroyed 
by fire. The Methodists of Baltimore rallied to the 
relief of the church, and a large assembly or ball- 
room on the corner opposite the first Light Street 
church was purchased and the college reopened 
under favorable auspices. A sad 'trial, however, 
awaited both the church and college. 

On the 4th of December, 1796, while the pastor, 
Eev. Henry Willis, was conducting the funeral ser- 
vices of Patrick Calvin, a fire, originating in a neigh- 
boring building, spread to the church, which with 
the college on the opposite side of the street was 
totally destroyed. The erection of a new church was 
at once determined upon, aud a lot was obtained 
from Daniel Grant on the southwest corner of Light 
Street and Wine Alley, and on the 29th of October, 
1797, the new Light Street church was dedicated by 
Bishop Asbury. In 1787-88 Methodism greatly in- 
creased in Baltimore, and a plan was adopted of 
preaching in the Lexington Market, on Howard's 
Hill, every Sunday afternoon after the services in the 
churches were over. Kev. Jesse Lee preached at 
these places as well as on the Point frequently at this 
period, and his labors were crowned with marked 
success. According to the " minutes of the Methodist 
Conferences," the preachers stationed in Baltimore 
during the period between 1773 and 1775 were the 
following: 1773, Francis Asbury, Robert Strawbridge, 
Abraham Whitworth, Joseph Yearley ; 1774, George 
Shadford, Edward Drumgole, Richard Webster, 
Robert Lindsay ; 1775, Martin Rodder, Richard 
Owings, John Wade. 

Charles Street M. E. Church.— In 1869 it was found 
necessary to remove Light Street church to make way 
for the extension of German Street, and on the 23d 
■of September a series of closing services were held in 
the old building. Shortly afterwards the congregation 
purchased the Charles Street Methodist Episcopal 



church, northeast corner of Charles and Fayette 
Streets, and the parsonage on Eutaw Street, for the 
sum of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. 
The pastor of the former is Rev. J. B. Stitt. 

The presiding elders of the church in Baltimore 
in 1881 are: Baltimore District, W. S. Edwards; East 
Baltimore District, W. H. Chapman ; and West Bal- 
timore District, Job A. Price. 

Exeter Street M. E. Church was organized in 1789, 
and a place of worship erected on the site of the pres- 
ent edifice in the same year. It was originally known 
as the Green Street church, Exeter Street formerly 
bearing the name of Green Street. In 1850 it was 
determined to replace the old structure with one of a 
more commodious and modern character, and on the 
16th of July of that year the corner-stone of the pres- 
ent edifice, Exeter Street near Gay, was laid. On the 
5th of October, 1851, the building was dedicated, the 
pulpit during the day and evening being occupied by 
Bishop James, Eev. Dr. Durhin, and Rev. Henry 
Slicer. In 1876 the church had a membership of 
three hundred and eleven, and a Sunday-school of 

i two hundred and fifty-six scholars. Rev. A. S. Hank 
is the present pastor. 
East Baltimore M. E. Church, on Eastern Avenue, 

j east of Bond Street, was built in 1802 by the congre- 

! gation of the old Dallas Street church, and was for 
many years known as Wilks Street church. In 1861 
it was remodeled and improved and its name changed 
to the Eastern Aveuue church, under which title it was 
reopened on the 25tli of April of that year. Rev. J. R. 

i Wheeler is the present pastor. 

Madison Square M. E. Church.— The corner-stone 
of Madison Square church, northeast corner of Caro- 
line and Eager Streets, was laid on the 13th of June, 
1866, and the building was dedicated June 9, 1867. 
Rev. Richard Norris is the present pastor. 

Eutaw Street M. E. Church, on Eutaw above Mul- 
berry Street, was commenced in 1807, and the following 
persons were appointed to solicit subscriptions: Owen 
Dorsey, N. Hussey, Walter Simpson, John Baxley, 
William Hawkins, Isaac Burneston, Jesse Hollings- 
worth, Rev. George Roberts, and Rev. Michael Coats. 
The building was completed in 1808, and dedicated 
by Bishop Asbury. The building stood on the present 
site, but in the rear of the lot, with a large yard in 
front. In 1853 the present large front was added to 
the rear building, giving ample space below on the 
ground-floor for class-rooms, and a large lecture-room, 
with a fine Sunday-school room, over these. This im- 
provement made Eutaw Street church at that time 
the most complete ecclesiastical edifice in the city in 
its appointments and arrangements. Beneath its pul- 
pit for years rested the remains of Bishops Asbury 
and Emory, and though they have been removed to 
the preachers' lot in Mount Olivet Cemetery, the 
tablet with its dates and inscriptions still occupies its 
place in the rear of the church. A marble pulpit 
has replaced the original pulpit, which, however, is 



576 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



still retained in tlie possession of the church as a val- 
uable relic, and is a splendid specimen of woodwork 
and upholstery. Up to 1869 the church was part of 
the old city station, but in that year was made a sepa- 
rate charge, with Rev. John S. Inskip as pastor, who 
served until 1871. He was succeeded by Rev. Dr. A. 
H. Ames, who was followed in 1874 by Rev. Dr. W. 
H. HoUiday, who served until 1877. Rev. Dr. J. 
McReiily succeeded Dr. Holliday, and was followed 
in 1879 by the present pastor. Rev. Dr. W. B. Edwards. 
15cfore 1809 the cliurch was served by the pastors of 
the city station. 

Whatcoat M. E. Church.— The congregation of 
this cliurch was organized in 1833, and Whatcoat 
chaiiel, North Fremont Street, near Pennsylvania 
Avenue, was built the same year. April 4, 1870, the 
corner-stone of Whatcoat church, corner Strieker 
and Presstman Streets, was laid. Among other things 
placed in the corner-stone was a piece of Bishop 
Whalcdat's coffin, the fragment having been brought 
frciin Havre de Grace, where he is buried. On the 
14th of May, 1871, the church was dedicated by 
Bishop Ames, assisted by a number of other minis- 
ters. On the 21st of March, 1872, the chapel was 
o|)Pned as a mission of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal 
Church. Rev. A. E. Gibson is the pastor. 

Mount Vernon M. E. Church.— The congregation 
of this church was an offshoot from the old Light 
Street Church, the younger members of which de- 
siring more commodious quarters a separation took 
place, and a new church was organized on the 13th 
of April, 1843. At this meeting the following per- 
sons were chosen trustees : Comfort Tiffany, Joshua 
Dryden, Wm. McConkey, Thomas E. Bond, Joseph 
C. Wilson, Chapin A. Harris, and Joshua Royston. 
A charter was obtained shortly afterwards, and the 
erection of the church, northeast corner of Charles 
and Fayette Streets, was begun, the lot having been 
purchased in 1840. On the Itith of May, 1843, the 
corner-stone was laid by Bishop Waugh, and on the 
2r)th of March, 1844, the church was dedicated by 
Rev. Joshua Soule, senior bishop of the denomination. 
The building committee were Comfort Tiffany, Job 
Smith, Joshua Dryden, James Williams, and John 
Hurst. Jacob Woll was architect and builder. The 
sale of pews took place on March 21, 1844, when the 
first choice was purchased at a premium of one hun- 
dred and fifty dollars by Col. Cowles, who selected 
pew 47. In 1869 the Light Street congregation made 
an offer of one hundred and ten thousand dollars for 
the church and parsonage, and on the 6th of July 
this offer was accepted. Among the pastors were 
Rev. Edwin Dorsey, John M. Jones, W. B. Edwards, 
G. A. Coffin, Thomas B. Sargent, Wm. Hurst, Jr., 
Littleton J. Morgan, B. F. Brooke, R. L. Dashiell, 
John S. Martin, W. T. Ward, Thomas Sewell, An- 
drew Longacre, and Thomas M. Eddy. The Sunday- 
school was commenced May 26, 1844, and formally 
opened Sunday, June 2d, with thirty-nine boys and 



thirty -one girls. Alfred Cookraan was the first teacher 
enrolled, and among the other teachers were Mrs. A. 
Childs, Miss Elizabeth McConkey, Miss Childs, Miss 
Longston, James A. Longston, A. Childs, Edward T. 
Owens, John O. Reid, John Howard, and F. G. Waters. 
The first superintendent of the Sunday-school was 
George Boughman, and he was followed by Joshua 
Royston, C. R. Fite, R. M. Lockwood, John Thomas 
Smith, and B. F. Parlett. After the sale of the edi- 
fice, northeast corner of Charles and Fayette Streets, 
a fine site was purchased on the northeast corner of 
Charles and Monument Streets, and preparations 
commenced for the erection of a new church. On 
the 26th of September, 1870, the corner-stone of the 
present Mount Vernon church was laid, and on the 
21st of November, 1872, the magnificent structure 
was formally dedicated. The building committee 
under whose supervision the church was erected 
were Dr. Eddy, chairman; John Hurst, senior 
member, by whom the delivery to the trustees was 
made at the dedication ; Edward Roberts, Henry C. 
Smith, Jacob H. Taylor, Dr. H. M. Wilson, W. H. 
Heald, J. S. Berry, and B. F. Parlett. The trustees 
of the church at that time were L. L. Parker, W. B. 
Hill, W. G. Goslin, E. W. Roberts, Alexander Rob- 
inson, James Owens, Dr. B. H. Bull, C. P. Stevens, 
and R. Stocket Matthews. The value of the church 
property is about $350,000. Rev. Thomas Guard is 
the present pastor. 

Causeway Mission M. E. Church, on Eastern 
Avenue, was built by the Causeway Mission Society, 
and was dedicated on the 30th of January, 1853. 

Emory M. E. Church. — The corner-stone of Emory 
M. E. Church, Pennsylvania Avenue, north of Hoff- 
man Street, was laid on the 2d of September, 1844. by 
Rev. J. P. Durwin, assisted by Rev. J. A. Collins. 
The ground on which the church stands was donated 
by John Zimmerman. The architect was Jacob Wall, 
and the building committee were Messrs. Comfort 
Tiffany, C. Abell, Aaron Hoffman, R. Brunt, J. Craft, 
A. B. Conine, E. Tucker, John Zimmerman, and 
John Scott. The pastor is Rev. Samuel Shannon. 

Broadway M. E. Church (German) was organ- 
ized in 1844 by Rev. A. Miller. The first location of 
the church edifice was on the corner of Lombard and 
Bond Streets. The corner-stone of that building was 
laid on the 10th of October, 1844, and the edifice 
dedicated by Bishop Waugh on the 26th of January, 
1845. In September, 1849, the board of trustees sold 
the building to Rev. Robert Piggott for the purpose 
of an Episcopal Church, and removed to Ann Street, 
south of Eastern Avenue. On the 5th of June, 1S54, 
the corner-stone of the present church, Broadway, 
near Bank Street, was laid, and the lecture-room was 
dedicated in the latter part of November of the same 
year. The completed edifice was dedicated on the 
22d of April, 1855. 

Fayette Street M. E. Church.— The corner-stone 
of Fayette Street church, on Fayette Street, east of 




11, Everts, PnbliBhor. 



MOUNT VERNON PLACE M. E. CHURCH, 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



EELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



Fremont, was laid Sept. 3, 1833, and the edifice was 
completed and dedicated in October, 1834. Rev. 
John Lanahan is the present pastor. 

Madison Avenue M. E. Church.— The corner- 
stone of Madison Avenue church, southeast corner of 
Madison Avenue and Townsend Streets, was laid on 
the 1st of July, 1857, by Bishop Waugh. The base- 
ment was occupied in December, 1858, and the church 
dedicated by Bishop Simpson on the 22d of May, 
1859. The building committee was composed of 
Messrs. Charles J. Baker, Samuel Harris, David Tay- 
lor, Francis A. Crook, David E. Thomas, John Bran- 
nan, Siilomon Allen, and Philip Hiss. The pastor 
is licv. H. R. Naylor. 

Seamen's Union Bethel.— The first meeting to or- 
ganize a Seamen's Bethel was held in 1823, when the 
following officers were elected : James H. McCuUoh, 
president; Thomas Tenant, captain; Arch. Kerr, 
Alexander Fridge, and Capt. James Gibson, vice- 
jiresidents; James Brundige, treasurer; O. Kellogg, 
secretary ; Capt. William Graham, Talbot Jones, John 
Clark, Isaiah Mankin, James Corner, and others, di- 
rectors. The first chaplain was Rev. Stephen Wil- 
liams, who served from 1823 to 1836. He was fol- 
lowed by Rev. John Smith, Rev. Hezekiah Best, Rev. 
E. E. Allen, Rev. Reuben Sewal, Rev. Gideon Day, 
Rev. Henry Furlong, Rev. Henry Slicer, and Rev. 
Francis Macatney. Rev. C. McElfresh is the present 
chaplain. The first regular meeting, by Rev. Stephen 
Williams, was held in a sail-loft on Pratt Street. 
Afterwards services were held in a room belonging to 
Capt. Frazier, on Fell's Point. The first Bethel 
church was built in 182(5 in Philpot (now Block) 
Street, not far from the bridge. The corner-stone of 
the present church, corner of Aliceanna and Bethel 
Streets, was laid July 22, 1844, Rev. H. Best, chap- 
lain, through whose efforts it was erected. It was 
dedicated Feb. 23, 1845. The old church in Philpot 
Street was torn down, and other edifices erected on 
its site. The first Sunday-school and Bible class were 
organized in 1829, and still form an important part of 
the work. Mr. James Brundige was treasurer for 
thirty-nine years. Its present officers are Capt. Alex- 
ander Jones, president ; C. Morton Stewart, George 
Corner, Charles H. Mercer, vice-presidents ; George 
Sanders, secretary ; Thomas V. Brundige, treasurer. 
Among its directors are Thomas Whitridge, Charles 
J. Baker, Charles H. Mercer, Benjamin F. Parlett, 
Grenville Lord, E. D. Bigelow, C. Morton Stewart, 
Rev. George J. Zimmerman, F. W. Heath, Lewis 
Cassard, Capt. L. P. Baldwin, and William H. Craw- 
ford. 

Connected with the work is a "Society for the Re- 
lief of Widows and Orphans of Seamen," which was 
organized almost as early as the Bethel itself. It 
consists of a board of twenty ladies of the different 
religious denominations, and has on its rolls the 
names of about forty beneficiaries. Mrs. Capt. Cof- 
fin is the president of the society. 



Columbia Street M. E. Church.— The first church 
edifice was erected in 1840. On the 24th of April, 
1843, the corner-stone of the present edifice, on Co- 
lumbia Street, east of Fremont, was laid by Bishop 
Waugh, and on the 11th of February, 1844, the build- 
ing was dedicated by the same bishop. Rev. J. St. C. 
O'Neale is the pastor. 
Harford Avenue M. E. German Chapel is a 
[ mission of the Broadway German Church, and is sit- 
I uated on the corner of Harford Avenue and Federal 
j Street. The corner-stone of the chapel was laid Aug. 
5, 1873, and it was dedicated on the 5th of October of 
' the same year. 

The Sailors' City Bethel had its origin in the Sea- 
men's Floating Bethel, established on the time-hon- 
ored old ship "William Penn" in 1846, which was 
specially fitted up for its new purpose, and dedicated 
on the 11th of October in that year. Rev. D. H. 
Switzer was its first pastor. In 1852 the Floating 
Bethel was abandoned, and a Sailors' Bethel was 
j erected on Lee Street, near Light. This building be- 
coming unavailable, the corner-stone of the present 
Bethel, on Hill Street, between Charles and Light 
Streets, was laid on the 29th of October, 1868, and the 
lecture-room was dedicated on the 18th of April, 1869. 
Franklin Street M. E. Church, on Franklin Street, 
near Fremont, was dedicated on the 14th of November, 
1841. On the 24th of March, 1851, the corner-stone 
of the present edifice, Franklin and Poppleton Streets, 
was laid, the chapel having been sold to the school 
commissioners for a primary school. On the 24th of 
August, 1851, the basement was dedicated, and on the 
18th of June, 1854, the whole building was dedicated 
by Rev. Mr. Tiffany, of Dickinson College. The 
building committee was composed of Messrs. Benja- 
min Darby, James Peregoy, David Carson, Jr., Isaac 
Mules, S. T. W. Daily, Elijah Hughes, and Benjamin 
Bigham. Rev. G. W. Cooper is the pastor. 
Chester Street M. E. Church, corner Chester and 
j Orleans Streets, was organized in May, 1857. A lot 
was donated by William Patterson, and a chapel, 
called Fairmount Chapel, was built and dedicated, 
October, 1857, by Rev. H. Slicer, D.D. This chapel 
was removed in 1871 and a larger one erected, called 
"Patterson Chapel," which was dedicated on the 11th 
of June in that year. In 1877 the chapel was en- 
larged and an addition erected, the corner-stone of 
which was laid in September of that year. The 
church was incorporated April 24, 1878. It has a 
membership of over four hundred. The first pastor 
was Rev. S. L. M. Couser, who was followed by Rev. 
I P. B. Reese, Rev. C. H. Smith, Rev. H. France, and 
j Rev. J. P. Wilson. Rev. Henry Nice is its present 

pastor. 
j Light Street German M. E. Church, on Light 
I Street, above West, was dedicated on the 3d of August, 
I 1873. The congregation was organized in 1868. 

Union Square M. E. Church.— The site of Union 
' Square Methodist Episcopal church, southwest corner 



578 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of Lombard and Calhoun Streets, was donated in 1853 
by the Messrs. Donnell to the Fayette Street station 
for the erection of a church, and on the 26th of Sep- 
tember of that year the corner-stone of the edifice 
was laid by Rev. John A. Gere, assisted by Rev. J. 
McKendree Reilly and Rev. Isaac P. Cook. The 
basement of the churcli was dedicated on the 28th of 
May, 1854, and the completed edifice was dedicated 
on Sunday, March 4, 18.55, Bishop Waugh conducting 1 
prayer, with sermons by Bishop Janes, Rev. John I 
Baer, and Rev. Tliomas B. Sergeant. The stationed 
preachers. Rev. John A. Gere and Rev. Thomas M. 
Reese, also assisted in the exercises. The church was 
built under the auspices of the Fayette Street station. 
The building committee were Messrs. James Peregoy, 
John M. Buck, Matthew Gault, Benjamin F. Darby, 
and Thomas Harvey. Before the erection of the 
church the congregation had worshiped in a small 
school-house in Republican Street. The first pastor 
was Rev. Thomas Sevvell. Under the pastorate of 
Rev. Joseph France the most noted revival ever held 
in Baltimore occurred in the church, through the in- 
strumentality of the celebrated revivalist, Rev. Thomas 
Harrison. The revival continued for more than five 
months, and resulted in the conversion of a thousand 
persons, about five hundred of whom connected tliem- 
selves with the Union Square Church. The edifice 
will seat about nine hundred persons, but is not large 
enough for the present congregation. The present 
pastor is Rev. G. G. Baker. 

Strawbridge M. E. Church.— The corner-stone of 
Strawbridge churcli, northeast corner of Riddle Street 
and Linden Avenue, was laid Sept. 4, 1845. The edi- 
fice was completed and dedicated in November, 1848. 
It was erected under the auspices of the Methodist 
Episcopal society formerly known as the " Howard 
Street Station." Rev. J. F. Goucher is the pastor. 

High Street M. E. Church.— The corner-stone of 
High Street church, corner of High and Stiles Streets, 
was laid June 12, 1843, and the building was dedi- 
cated June 2, 1844. Rev. E. D. Owen is the pastor. 

WiUiam Street M. E. Church.— The first church 
edifice was purchased in 1834. On the 11th of Sep- 
tember, 1850, tlie corner-stone of the present edifice, 
on the site, of the old, southwest corner of William 
and Little Church Streets, was laid, and the building 
was dedicated on the 22d of June, 1851. Rev. R. W. 
Black is the present pastor. 

Pennsylvania Avenue M. E. Church (German). 
— This church, southeast corner of Pennsylvania Ave- 
nue and Mosher Street, was founded in 1847 by the 
Rev. Mr. Brenner, and the erection of the church 
building was begun in 1848. On the 26th of Novem- 
ber, 1848, the basement was dedicated, and on Dec. 
9, 1849, the entire edifice was dedicated. It was 
formerly known as the Western German Mission. In 
1873 the old building was removed, and on August 4th 
of that year the corner-stone of the present structure 
was laid. The edifice was dedicated March 1, 1874. 1 



Eutaw Zion's M. E. Chapel.— The corner stone of 
this chapel, Fremont and Eutaw Streets, was laid on 
the 19th of April, 1874, and the chapel was dedi- 
cated on the 7th of June of the same year. The 
congregation formed a part of the old Zion Church, 
corner of Howard and Hill Streets. 

Greenmount Avenue M. E. Church, on the north- 
west corner of Greenmount Avenue and Eager Street, 
was dedicated on the l!)th of February, 1860. Rev. 
Win. E. Bird is the jiiistor. 

Monument Street M. E. Church, at the corner of 
Monument and Stirling Streets, was built in 1834. 
Tlie pastor is Rev. Wm. T. L. Weech. 

Jefferson Street M. E. Church was originally a 
branch of the Caroline Street station. Jefferson Street 
chapel, on Jefferson Street, a short distance east of 
Caroline, was built in 1844, and dedicated on the 23d 
of June of that year by Rev. Henry Slicer. On the 
31st of August, 1854, the corner-stone of I lie edifice, 
southeast corner of Bond and Jefferson Srru.'ts, was 
laid by Bishop Waugli, and a portion of it dedicated 
in December of the same year by Bishop Simpson. 
Rev. B. G. W. Reid is the present pastor. 

Huntingdon Avenue M. E. Church.- Tlie erec- 
tion of this church, corner of Huntingdon and Mary- 
land Avenues, was begun in 1860, and the lecture- 
room vva.s dedicated on the 14th of April, 1861. The 
church proper was not dedicated until Oct. 7, 1866. 
The ground on which the church stands was donated 
by Messrs. Robert G. Ware and Samuel Sumwalt. 
The building committee was composed of Messrs. 
Henry Bell, Philip Hanson Hiss, Henry Shirk, Samuel 
Bratt, Wm. A. Monroe, and Joseph Merryman. Rev. 
C. W. Baldwin is the present pastor. 

Fort McHenry M. E. Church.— In 18.50 a soldiers' 
chapel was built at Fort McHenry, which was dedi- 
cated on the 17th of November of that year. Within 
the last few years a church has taken the place of 
the chapel. 

Harford Avenue M. E. Church had its origin in 
a Sunday-school room and chapel, the corner-stone 
of which was laid on the 18th of May, 1843. On the 
29th of May, 18.50, the corner-stone of the church, on 
the corner of Harford Avenue and Biddle Streets, 
was laid by Rev. Joshua Wills, then in the eighty- 
sixth year of his age and the sixty-first year of his 
ministry, assisted by the Rev. Henry Smith, then in 
the eighty -second year of his age and the fifty-eighth 
year of his ministry. The building was dedicated on 
the 5th of January, 1851. The building committee 
was composed of Messrs. Sterling Thomas, James F. 
Purvis, Samuel McVey, Abraham Slicer, and E. I. 
Church. In 1874 the building was remodeled and 
the corner-stone taken up and relaid. Rev. J. J. G. 
Webster is the pastor. 

Hanover Street M. E. Church, northwest comer 
of Hanover and Hamburg Streets, was organized in 
1857. The conici-stonc was laid Dec. 31, 1857, and 
the church was dedicated on the 18th of April, 1858. 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



In 1880 the church was remodeled and enlarged by 
the addition of another story. Its first pastor was | 
Rev. Thomas M. Carson, and he was followed sue- I 
cessively by Bevs. Jno. R. Effingen, W. L. Ward, H. 
Macnamar, J. Sargant, R. R. Murphy, S. H. Cum- 1 
mings, B. G. W. Reid, J. Arnold, Geo. W. Hyde, J. ' 
D. Moore, and T. L. Poulson. W. Hirst Reed is the 
present pastor. 

Gilmor Street M. E. Church, a frame structure, 
northeast corner of Gilmor and Mulberry Streets, was 
dedicated on the 19th of December, 1875, by Bishops 
Ames. In 1880 it was sold to a colored congregation, 
and torn down in the early part of 1881. 

Appold M. E. Chapel, corner of Chase and Wash- 
ington Streets, was dedicated Dec. 1, 1872, by Bishops 
Harris and Ames. The ground on which the chapel 
stands was donated by the Messrs. Appold. Present 
pastor is Rev. C. E. Young. 

Caroline Street M. E. Church, Fell's Point, was 
completed in 1819, and was dedicated on the 11th of 
April of that year. On the 20th of September, 1857, 
the corner-stone of the Sunday-school building in 
the rear of the church was laid, and on Sunday, Jan. 
10, 1858, the edifice was formally dedicated. The 
sermon was preached by Rev. O. H. Tiffany. Sunday 
afternoon, April 22, 1860, services were held in com- 
memoration of the recent payment of the church 
debt, which had oppressed the congregation for many 
years. Rev. Joseph France is the present pastor. 

Baltimore City Mission M. E. Church, under the 
supervision of Rev. S. H. Cummings, is designed to 
reach those classes who, from various causes, are sel- 
dom or never brought within the range of the ordi- 
nary methods of church-work. Its object is to gather 
into Sunday-schools and churches those who may be 
willing to attend, and to extend assistance, both tem- 
poral and s|iiiitii:il, to the destitute and distressed. j 

Wesley Chapel was originally part of what was | 
known as " the city station," consisting of several 
churches, of which Light Street was the head. The 
exact state of the organization of the congregation 
is not known. The first church building was on the 
corner of Sharpe and Montgomery Streets. A new 
church was built in 1833 on the corner of Sharpe and 
Barre Streets, and the old building given to a colored 
congregation. The General Conference of 1840 was 
held in the new church, which in 1860 was separated | 
from the city station and made a distinct charge. In { 
1870 Wesley chapel was rebuilt. Since 1860 the j 
church has had as its pastors Rev. S. V. Blake, I. A. 
McCauley, W. H. Chapman, S. A. AVilson, W. Krebs, 
Edward Kinsey, W. F. Ward, and G. W. Cooper. 
Rev. J. F. Ockerman is the pastor. 

Grace M. E. Church was organized at a meeting 
held Saturday evening, Oct. 10, 1868, at the residence 
of James S. Hagerty, at which the following persons 
were present : J. S. Hagerty, William J. Hooper, 
George V. Keene, V. V. Klinefelter, J. Wesley Krebs, 
Edward F. Brooks, T. S. Clark, Theodore Mottu, H. 



P. Chandlee, Rev. Samuel A. Wilson, Henry W. 
Griffin, Thomas J. Fluharty, George H. Matthews, 
Rev. William H. Loney, Rev. Mr. Chaney, Isaac 
Matthews, and Benjamin W. Corkran. After several 
further meetings a lot was purchased on the north- 
west corner of Townsend (Lafayette Avenue) and 
Carrollton Avenues, and the erection of a wooden 
chapel commenced on the 26th of October, which 
was dedicated on the 31st of January, 1869. The 
Sunday-school was organized on Sunday, February 
7th, with James S. Hagerty and V. V. Klinefelter as 
superintendents, assisted by J. Wesley Krebs, with 
thirty teachers and one hundred and fifty scholars. In 
the spring of 1869, Rev. W. F. Ward, by appointment 
of the Conference, took charge of the chapel. Sub- 
sequently another lot was obtained at the southeast 
corner of Lanvale Street and Carrollton Avenue, and 
an exchange made of the old lot as a part of the pur- 
chase consideration. A new stone chapel was com- 
menced about the 1st of August, 1871, and was opened 
for worship on the 16th of June, 1872, under the 
supervision of Rev. E. J. Gray, who had succeeded 
Mr. Ward in the spring of 1872. The church was 
formally dedicated on the following Sunday, Rev. 
William F. Ward preaching the sermon. The build- 
ing committee were William J. Hooper, chairman; 
J. S. Hagerty, Thomas J. Fluharty, Benjamin W. 
Corkran, and V. V. Klinefelter. In the spring of 
1874, Rev. L. B. Carpenter was called to succeed Mr. 
Gray. On October 26th of the same year the sum of 
forty-five thousand dollars was subscribed by the 
congregation for the erection of a church, and on the 
evening of the 16th of November following John A. 
Moss, Baltis H. Kennard, John O. Sheekells, Robert 
Wilson, V. V. Klinefelter, William J. Hooper, Ed- 
ward L. Clark, Thomas J. Fluharty, and Samuel F. 
Sanders were elected trustees. A form of incorpora- 
tion was then adopted, and at a meeting on the 23d of 
November plans for a church edifice were submitted 
and approved, and Mr. Frank E. Davis selected as 
architect, with a building committee composed of 
Messrs. Fluharty, Moss, Allen, Flack, and Kline- 
felter. Ground was broken for the church building 
Wednesday, Dec. 23, 1874, and on Oct. 17, 1875, the 
congregation assembled for worship for the first time 
in the parlor of the new church. On the 20th of 
February, 1876, the church was opened for service for 
the first time, and formally and solemnly dedicated. 
Bishop Ames delivering the dedicatory address. The 
church is one of the handsomest ecclesiastical edifices 
in the city, and cost, with the lot and all the improve- 
ments, about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
Mr. Carpenter served three years, and at his death 
was succeeded by Rev. E. A. Gibson. The present 
pastor is Rev. Lewis C. Muller. Grace is a pew 
church, and was the second church of the denomina- 
tion in Baltimore to adopt the system. 

Monroe M. E. Church had Its organic origin in 
October, 1856, and was an offshoot of Union Square 



580 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Church. The first building was erected on Ramsay 
Street, some distance back from Monroe Street, and 
was dedicated on the 14th of October, 1856, under 
the name of Chenowith chapel. This structure was 
subsequently enlarged, and was dedicated as Parlett 
chapel on the 2r)th of November, 1866. The corner- 
stone of the present edifice, Monroe and Ramsay 
Streets, was laid on the 12th of September, 1877, and 
the building was dedicated by Bishop Ames on the 
13th of October, 1878, under its present name. The 
pastors of the church since it has been a self-support- [ 
ing charge have been Rev. A. A. Reese, D.D., Rev. | 
■\V. Hirst lleed, and Rev. Thomas L. Poulson, D.D., 

The Fort Avenue M. E. Chapel, comer of Fort | 
and P.altery Avenues, was dedicated Sept. 11, 1870. , 
Rev. William M. O.sborn is the pastor. 

Mount Pisgah Mission, in Lombard Street, east 
of Washington, was an oilshoot from Caroline Street 
station, and was organized in 1854. 

St. John's Methodist Church, northwest corner 
of Bank and Wolf Streets, was built in 1869. The 
church was founded in 1816. 

Canton M. E. Church.— Canton chapel was dedi- 
cated on the 20th of September, 1846. A church has 
since been built, the present pastor of which is Rev. 
H. JI. Lenimon. 

Hollins Street M. E. Church was dedicated on the 
16th of September, 1877. It is situated between 
Oregon and Scliroeder Streets. It was built by the 
Sunday-school Society of Fayette Street Church, and 
occupies the site on which the old Hollins Street 
chapel stood. 

Broadway M. E. Church, on Broadway, south of 
Pratt, was dedicated on the 27th of February, 1848, 
Bishop Waugh and other ministers officiating. The 
congregation had previously worshiped on Eastern 
Avenue. The building committee was composed of 
Messrs. F. Littig Schaetter, John W. Randolph, James 
Donohue, Lewis Audoun, and George W. Corner. 
The present pastor is Rev. A. M. Courtenay. 

Cross Street M. E. Church is situated ou the cor- 
ner of Cross and Warner Streets. Rev. E. H. Smith 
is the pastor. 

Jackson Square M. E. Church, southeast corner 
of Register and lliimpstead Streets, originated in a 
Sunday-school started at Jackson Square iu 1866 for 
the exclusive benefit of neglected children. A frame 
structure was erected for the purpose of the work, 
and on the 25th of September, 1866, the corner-stone 
of the present edifice was laid. After a period of 
financial difficulty the church was completed, and 
dedicated on the 3d of October, 1860. Rev. John W. 
Hedges was its first pastor. Rev. Thomas Daugherty 
is its present pastor. 

Centennial M. E. Church.— The congregation of 
Centennial Church formerly worshiped in the old 
Dallas Street church, on Dallas Street l)etween Canton 
Avenue and Aliceanna Street, originally known as 



Strawberry Alley church. The Dallas Street church 
was the oldest Methodist church in Baltimore, having 
been built by Mr. Asbury and others in 1774, and 
was given to the colored congregation as a place of 
worship in 1802, when Wilks Street church was built. 
It was occupied by them continuously from that time 
until the erection of the present edifice, and in 1874 
the centennial of the church was celebrated in the 
old building, the walls of which were still sound and 
strong when it was abandoned. In October, 1876, 
ground was broken for the present edifice at the north- 
west corner of Caroline and Bank Streets, and the 
corner-stone was laid May 6, 1877. The church was 
dedicated Dec. 2, 1877, by Bishop Ames. Rev. J. H. 
Riddick is the pastor. 

Ashury M. E. Church. — The first church edifice, 
southeast corner of East and Douglas Streets, was 
built in 1824. The corner-stone of the present church, 
which is erected upon the site of the old building, 
was laid on the 28th of July, 1867, by the pastor. 
Rev. P. G. Walker. The present pastor is Rev. N. 
M. Ciirroll. 

Sharpe Street M. E. Church, on Sharpe, north of 
Pratt, was built in 1802, and rebuilt iu 1860. Rev. 
John A. Holmes is the pastor. 

John Wesley M. E. Church.— The congregation 
of John Wesley Church at first worshiped in old 
Wesley chapel, on Sharpe, near Montgomery Street, 
which was given them in 1833 by the white congre- 
gation formerly occupying it. The corner-stone of 
the present building, on Sharpe Street, near Montgom- 
ery, was laid on the 13th of October, 1847. Rev. 
Robert Steele is pastor. 

Ames M. E. Church.— The corner-.stone of West- 
ern chapel, on Division Street, near Baker, was laid 
on the 30th of August, 1857. The corner-stone of 
the present edifice, which occupies the site of the old 
one, was laid Aug. 19, 1877, and the building was dedi- 
cated on the 2d of ilarch, 1.S79, under the name of 
Ames Climch. liev. C. \V. Walker is the pastor. 

Union Bethel Methodist Church is situated at 
Canton, near the car stables. The corner-stone was 
laid Aug. 12, 1877. It was organized as a mission of 
Bethel Church. 

Zion Tabernacle, on Scott Street, near Paca, was 
dedicated Jan. 16, 1S70. 

Asbury M. E. ChapeL— The corner-.stoue of As- 
bury chapel, Patterson Park Avenue and McElderry 
Street, was laid Oct. 10, 1875. Rev. William O. 
Cooper is the pastor. 

Western M. E. Chapel, on the south side of Sara- 
toga Street, between Carrollton Avenue and Oregon 
Street, is occupied by the congregation of Baltimore 
Mission, formerly worshiping at the Sarah Ann Street 
Methodist church. The corner-stone of Western 
chapel was laid on the 26th of October, 1873. 

Orchard Street M. E. Church was founded by 
Trueman Pratt (colored), who died Dec. 1, 1877, at 
the advanced age of one hundred and two vears. He 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



was early given to religious exhortation among the 
colored people, and began to hold regular prayer- 
meetings in 1825. Several years afterwards these 
meetings were held in Pratt's house, in Biddle Street, 
near Ross. Tn 1837 a church was erected at the cor- 
ner of Orchard Street and Elder Allej', Pratt sub- 
scribing the first twenty dollars towards its construc- 
tion. He continued to be a class-leader in the church 
until 1868, and was a member of the board of trustees 
until his death. In 1853 the present house of wor- 
ship was erected in Orchard Street, near Koss, which 
' was dedicated on the 4th of December of that year. 
I Jacob Gruber was the first pastor of the church. Rev. 
James Thomas is the pastor. 

' AFRICAN METHODIST CHURCH. 

This organization was formed in Philadelphia in 
April, 1816, by a convention composed of seventeen 
members, of whom Stephen Hill, an intelligent lay- 
man of Baltimore, was one of the most prominent. 
"To the counsels and wisdom of Mr. Hill, more than 
to any other man, the church is indebted for the form 
it took." It was composed of members who withdrew 
from the Methodist Episcopal Church, and differs from 
the latter only in the matter of the presiding elder- 
ship. The bishop is Rev. D. A. Payne. 

COLORED CHURCHES. 

Bethel Methodist Church, on Saratoga Street, west 
of Gay, was built by the German Lutherans in 1773, 
and occupied the site of a previous church of the 
same denomination, built in 1758. It was sold by the 
Lutheran congregation in 1808, apd was rebuilt in 
1816. On the 2d of August, 1847, the corner-stone 
of the present building, which is on the site of the 
original edifice, was laid by Bishop Lee, of the African 
Methodist Church, and it was dedicated on the 9th of 
July, 1848, by the pastor. Rev. D. A. Payne, now 
bishop. The present pastor is Rev. J. W. Becket. 

Ebenezer Methodist Church.— The first church 
edifice, Montgomery Street, east of Hanover, was built 
in 1848, and was dedicated on the 17th of September 
of that year. On the 20th of August, 1865, the corner- 
stone of the present edifice, which occupies the site 
of the former one, was laid by Bishop Weyman, and 
the church was dedicated on the 5th of April, 1868, 
by the same bishop. Rev. Francis Peck is the present, 
pastor. 

Waters' Chapel, on Spring Street, between Jeffer- 
son and McElderry, was built in 1859, and dedicated 
on the 24th of April of that year. In 1872 it was 
rebuilt, and dedicated on the 29th of December. The 
pastor is Rev. John F. Lane. 

Tessier Street Chapel.— The corner-stone of this 
chapel, corner of Orchard and Tessier Streets, was laid 
by Bishop Weyman, on the 31st of October, 1869, and 
the lecture-room was dedicated on the 19th of July, 
1870. Rev. William R. Arnold is the present pastor. 

Mount Zion Methodist Church is situated on Sar- 



atoga, near Republican Street. Rev. Richard Miles 
is the pastor. 

Allen Mission, on Stockton Alley, near Baltimore 
Street, was erected in 1860, and was rebuilt in 1876. 
Rev. John M. Cargill is the pastor. 

METHODIST PROTESTANTS. 

The economy of the parent church (Methodist 
Episcopal), adopted in 1784, having placed the legis- 
lative power exclusively in the hands of the itinerant 
members, there arose from time to time discussion 
and dissatisfaction. This manifested itself first among 
the local ministry, and spread from them to the mem- 
bership. There was also some dissatisfaction occa- 
sionally expressed at the mode of making the appoint- 
ments and the power vested in the episcopacy. The 
subject of an elective presiding eldership had been 
much agitated from the year 1800 until the death of 
Mr. Asbury in 1816, and after that event the discus- 
sion became more serious and exciting. At the Gen- 
eral Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
held in Biltimore in 1820, the question assumed so 
serious an aspect as to induce the belief that a sepa- 
ration would be the inevitable result. The agitation 
for a change in church government was continued dur- 
ing the next four years, and at the meeting of the Gen- 
eral Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
Baltimore, on the 1st of May, 1824, many memorials 
and petitions praying for reform were presented. 
The Conference, however, declared such charges in- 
expedient, and the petitions were rejected by a decided 
majority. 

After the adjournment of the General Conference 
a meeting of reformers was held in Baltimore, on the 
21st of May, 1824, for the purjiose of adopting such 
measures as seemed to be demanded by the situation 
Dr. S. K. Jennings was called to the chair, and Dr. 
Francis Waters appointed secretary. At this meet- 
ing it was resolved to institute a periodical publica- 
tion to be entitled the " Mutual Rights of the Min 
isters and Members of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church," to form societies in all parts of the country, 
to disseminate the principles of a well-balanced 
church government, and to draft a circular to the 
ministers and members of the church throughout the 
United States. Dr. S. K. Jennings, of Baltimore, was 
ajjpointed one of the committee to perform this ser- 
vice. In accordance with these resolutions, an asso- 
ciation entitled the " Union Society of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in the City of Baltimore" was 
formed by those in favor of reform, and the publica- 
tion of their organ, the Mutual Bights, begun. The 
articles published and the formation of societies 
aroused much feeling, and was followed by the ex- 
pulsion of many members from the church, the ap- 
peals taken to the Annual Conferences resulting in 
the confirmations of the various sentences. In the 
Baltimore Conference, Rev. Dennis B. Dorsey was 
arraigned for having recommended the circulation of 



582 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the Mutual Rights, which, it was alleged, contained 
false and injurious statements in reference to certain 
ministers and to the character of the church, while 
the reformers claimed that the only point at issue was 
the right to organize for the purpose of effecting de- 
sired changes. On the ISth of May, 1827, the Balti- 
more Union Society ordered a statement of the facts 
in Mr. Dorsey's case to be publi.shed, and adopted a 
resolution declaring that " the conduct of the late 
Baltimore Annual Conference in the case of Rev. 
Dennis B. Dorsey was oppressive in its character, 
and not warranted by the Scriptures or the discipline 
of thechurch." This action on the partof the society 
resulted in the immediate exclusion by the Revs. 
James M. Hanson and Beverly Waugh, preachers in 
charge of the city and Point stations, of fourteen 
local preachers from all the Methodist pulpits in the 
city. Measures were taken to expel the principal 
members of the Baltimore Union Society, and formal 
charges having been preferred against them, the trials 
were commenced on the 17th of September, 1827, at 
the old Conference room. Rev. J. M. Hanson pre- 
sided, and Revs. Samuel Williams, John W. Harris, 
and Thomas Basford were the committee to try the 
preachers. The committee appointed to try the lay- 
men consisted of Baltzell Schaeffer, Alexander Russell, 
John W. Berry, William McConkey, Thomas Kelso, 
and T. Armstrong. The accused persons, ten of 
whom were preachers and twenty-two laymen, were 
all condemned. The preachers carried up their cases 
to the District Conference, but the Conference was dis- 
solved without hearing their appeal, and they were 
ordered to appear at the Quarterly Conference and 
stand their trials. The reformers protested against 
this action, on the ground that the District Conference 
had been dissolved by a minority of the white mem- 
bers, aided by the votes of nine colored men, who, it 
was charged, were not entitled to vote. 

They accordingly presented to the presiding elder 
of the Baltimore District, Rev. Joseph Frye, a protest 
against his right to bring the charges before the 
Quarterly Meeting Conference, which was signed by 
Samuel K. Jennings, Daniel E. Reese, James R. Wil- 
liams, John C. French, William Kesley, Thomas Mc- 
Cormick, Luther J. Cox, John S. Reese, John Val- 
iant, and Reuben T. Boyd. A memorial was also 
sent up, signed by all who were expelled in Balti- 
more, to the Baltimore Annual Conference, which 
a.ssembled at Carlisle in April, 1828. The Conference 
having declined to interfere in the matter, the ex- 
pelled members united under the following instru- 
ment of association : 



" Wo, tlie undersigned, f<HTUorIy members of the Metliodist Episcopal 
Clnircli in the city of Baltimore, having been excluded from the fellow, 
ship of that body by what wo conceive to be au unjustifiable process, 
based upon insufflciont charges, and those charges not sustained by com- 
petent testimony, have, for the present, agreed to unite together as a 
society of oiigiual Methodists, under the 'General Rules of the United 
Soeietiea' prepared by the Revs. John and Charles Wesley. Our olijert 
is to wnit and see wliether the present a))nses in the administration of 



the government will be corrected. If ihey should, and freedom of in- 
quiry and public discussion be permitted in the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, it will afford us pleasure to return, provided we can do so with- 
out relinquishing the opinions fur w)ii<'li we hiivi-bLH-n excluded, namely, 

an honest, and, as wo believe, '-ijlul.t I . .h\i ii..ii that the preseut 

form of government in the Mct)> 1 1 i I , | n ih, so far as it pre- 

cludes the grand principle of r*-i't - 'i i ' I [iliiii'sall legislative, 

executive, and judicial powers t.- II rHimi miDi-try, is unscriptural 

and anti-Christian, and that reform in tlie government of said church is 
necessary in order to its essential and permanent prosperity. With these 
views, we solemnly unite in the name of the Great Head of the church, 

i onr Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, receiving the Holy Scriptnrcs a^ our 
guide ; and for prudential purposes, adopting as an instrument of anion 

I the -General Rules' of Messrs. John and Charles Wesley, with such 
subsequent regulations as our peculiar circumstances may from time to * 



"JohlH-lliipp.-ll. 


Samuel Jarrett. 


Thomas Jarrctt. 


Ebenezer Stralian. 


John J. Harrod. 


James R. Forman. 


John Oephart, Jr. 


John H. W. Hawkins. 


Wesley Starr. 


George Northerman. 


John P. Howard. 


Thomas Patterson. 


John Kennard. 


Samuel Thompson. 


Levi K. Reese. 


Samuel Krebs. 


William K. Boyle. 


Samuel Guest. 


Lambert Thomas. 


Thomas Parsons. 


Artliur Emerson. 


John P. Paul. 


"Baltimoke. f;w.23,1827. 




"We, the undersigned ciders. 


deacons, and licensed preachers, 


scribe our names respectively to 


the foregoing instrument, appro 






"Samuel K. Jennings. 


John C. French. 


Luther J. Cox. 


William Kesley. 


Daniel E. Reese. 


Reuben T. Boyd. 


John S. Reese. 


Thomas McCormick. 


James R.Williams. 


John Valiant. 


" BALTmonE, Jan., 1828." 





On the 31st of December, 1827, a meeting of the 
female members of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
was 

" convened at the Rev. Dr. Jennings' for the purpose of taking into 
consideratiou the most advisable course to be pursued by the wives and 
friends of those members of said church who have been expelled, and of 
those ministei-s who are suspended by the official niembere of the Bal- 
timore station for the sake of reform." 

Mrs. Rebecca Hall was called to the chair, and 
Mrs. Wesley Woods was appointed secretary. On 
motion, it was resolved to withdraw from the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church, and a committee, consisting 
of Mrs. Mummey, Mrs. Jennings, Mrs. Harrod, Mrs. 
Woods, Mrs. French, Mrs. Kennard, Mrs. Reese, 
Miss L. Martin, and Mrs. Owings, was appointed to 
report such measures as might be deemed advisable. 
On the 7th of January, 1828, the committee made 
a report reciting the circumstances of the case, and 
containing a resolution to dissolve their connection 
with the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was 
adopted, and on the 2Gth of January a formal letter 
of withdrawal was sent to Rev. James M. Ilan.son, 
signed by the following ladies; 



inah L. Harrod, 1-v .1, \ 


1 ni .„, Catherine Mummey, Anna 


Jarrett, Guinil.l.. >l 


i: .>e, Mary Kennard, Rebecca 


R. Reese, Eli/-„1. i 


1 urt Reese. Sarah Krebs, Mary 


Reese, Jane Tl.ntn , M 


r ! ...in, Elizabeth Williams, Mary 


French. Saroh W , - 


r < .1, Elizabeth Taylor, Rebecca 


Jane Roberts, M ^^ 


1 1. y Fore, Frances Williams, 


Mary Jane Tb..i.,„-, ' ..m,, , 


. w ill.uns, Hannah Jennings, Mary 


Owings, El>™l.i.tl, .1,, 


1...... CM-phart, Maria Paul, Elizabeth 


Formau, Pbillippa Starr, J 


.a Jones, Rachel Hawkins, Han- 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



583 



nail Martin, Elizabeth Baxley, Letitia M. Martin, Susan Guest, 
Sarah Emerson, Maria M. Martin, Maria Cox, Mary Mentis, Mary 
Ann Woods, Catliarine Wallace, Elizabeth Brit, Mary Ann Valiant, 
Elizabeth Valiant. 

The expelled laymen associated on the 23d of De- 
cember, 1827 ; the preachers united with them on the 
26tli of January, 1828, and the female members joined 
the association a few days afterwards. The associa- 
tion elected the preachers and ministers to serve in the 
same relations and offices they respectively held pre- 
vious to their expulsion, and the instrument declaring 
this fact was recorded in the clerk's office in Baltimore. 
The society embraced in the beginning about two hun- 
dred members and fourteen preachers. Prior, however, 
to the organization of the society a general convention 
of reformers had assembled in Baltimore, in November, 

1827, and had prepared a memorial setting forth their 
grievances, which was presented to the General Con- 
ference at Pittsburgh, Pa., in May, 1828. The Con- 
ference proposed the restoration of the expelled and 
suspended parties to membership on condition that 
the Mutual Rights should be discontinued, and that 
the union societies within the church should be dis- 
solved. The reformers declined to accept this pro- 
posal, and called a general convention to meet in St. 
John's church, Baltimore, on the 12th of November, 

1828. The convention assembled at the appointed 
time, iMul remained in session ten days, eleven of the 
States and th# District of Columbia being represented. 
Nicholas Snethen presided, and Wm. S. Stockton 
acted as secretary. Articles of association were agreed 
upon, and a provisional church was organized under 
the name of the " Associated Methodist Churches." 
A committee was appointed to draft a constitution 
and discipline, and they adjourned to meet in general 
convention, Nov. 2, 1830, at the same place. "The 
convention met in 1830, in St. John's church, Balti- 
more, and adopted a constitution and provision for 
the regulation and government of the church. After 
full deliberation the title of the church was agreed 
upon as the Methodist Protestant Church, comprising 
the Associated Methodist Churches." In 1858, owing 
to the slavery agitation, the Northern and Western 
Conferences separated from the Methodist Protestant 
Church, and organized as a separate denomination 
under the title of the Methodist Church. In May, 
1877, a reunion of the Methodist and Methodist 
Protestant Churches was effected in Baltimore. The 
Methodist Convention met in the Methodist Protest- 
ant church on Greene Street, with eighty-five dele- 
gates from the North and West in attendance. The 
Methodist Protestant Convention assembled in the 
church on Fayette Street. About seventy-five dele- 
gates were in attendance. L. W. Bates, D.D., was 
elected president, and L. M. Barnet and R. H. Wills 
secretaries. After several days spent in separate dis- 
cussions, a basis of union was agreed upon, and on 
the 16th of May the two conventions met at the cor- 
ner of Lombard and Fremont Streets, and the mem- 



bers marched arm-in-arm to " Starr" church, where 
on the following day they organized as the United 
Protestant Methodist Convention, electing L. W. 
Bates as president, J. J. Smith as vice-president, and 
Rev. G. McElroy and Rev. R. H. Wills as secretaries. 
The distinctive feature of the economy of the Meth- 
odist Protestant Church is its principle of equal rep- 
resentation, dividing equally between the ministers 
and laymen the entire authority to make rules and 
regulations for the government of the whole body. 

Starr M. P. Church.— This church is called after 
Wesley Starr, who being ardently attached to old 
Methodist u.sages, and finding that they were being 
abandoned by most of the Methodist Churches, de- 
termined to perpetuate them as far as he could by the 
erection of a church, the charter of which should re- 
quire their observance. Accordingly, in the spring of 
1863 he commenced the erection of the present edifice, 
at the corner of Poppleton and Lemmon Streets, but 
after having made considerable progress the work was 
suspended. In March, 1864, the property was for- 
mally donated in its unfinished condition to the Mary- 
land Annual Conference of the Methodist Protestant 
Church, with the understanding that the recipients 
should finish and furnish the basement, which was 
completed and dedicated June 12, 1864. Mr. Starr 
completed the audience-room at his own cost, and it 
was dedicated Dec. 11, 1864. The ground on which 
the church and parsonage stand was the gift of Mr. 
Starr, who also left the church an annuity. In 1865 
Starr Church was made a separate charge, and Rev. 
W. H. Hopkins became its pastor. The Union Con- 
vention, composed of representatives from the Meth- 
odist and the Methodist Protestant Churches, met in 
the church in May, 1877, when a union of the two 
denominations was effected. The pastors of the church 
have been Revs. W. M. Strayer, John R. Nichols, M. 
E. Hysore, R. S. Norris, S. B. Southerland, D.D. 
Rev. William S. Hammond is the present pastor. 

Washington Street Station M. P. Church was 
organized in IS.'iS, the congregation at first meeting 
for worship in the rooms of the Columbian Fire Com- 
pany. On the 18th of March, 1858, the corner-stone of 
the church, southwest corner of Lombard and Wash- 
ington Streets, was laid, and on the 20th of June of 
the same year the basement was dedicated. The 
j church was completed and dedicated on the 19th of 
I June, 1859. Rev. William J. Floyd is the present 
pastor. 

Lexington Street M. P. Mission. — The corner- 
stone of this mission was laid Oct. 13, 1863, and the 
building sufficiently completed for occupation March 
6, 1864. The edifice was dedicated on the 26th of 
February, 1865. 

Locust Point Union Mission Chapel.— The cor- 
ner-stone of this chapel, corner of Hull Street and 
Fort Avenue, was laid May 9, 1871, and the chapel 
was dedicated October 8th of the same year. 

East Baltimore M. P. Church.- The first church 



584 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



edifice, at the corner of Fayette and Aisquith Streets, 
was torn down in 1842 to malce way for the present 
structure, whicli was dedicated on the 2d of April, 
1843. 

Broadway M. P. Church, corner of Broadway and 
Monument Street, was erected in 1860, and dedicated 
on the 22d of November, 1863. In April, 1877, the 
church was sold to St. John's English Evangelical 
Lutheran congregation. The pastor is Rev. S. J. 
Smith. 

South Baltimore M. P. Church, Light Street, south 
of West, was organized in ]8.j;{. The church edifice 
was built in 1846 by the members of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, and in 1850 had passed into the 
hands of the Evangelical Lutherans, and came into 
the possession of the South Baltimore congregation 
in 1853. The parsonage adjoining the church was 
built in 1854. ' The first pastor was Rev. J. R. Nich- 
ols, from 1853 to 1855 ; the second, Rev. D. A. Sher- 
mer, from 1855 to 1857 ; the third. Rev. H. J. Day, 
from 1857 to 1858 ; the fourth. Rev. John Roberts, 
from 1858 to 1859 ; the fifth, Rev. B. F. Benson, from 
1859 to 1861 ; the sixth. Rev. D. W. Bates, from 1861 
to 1862; the seventh, Rev. J. M. Elderdice, from 1862 
to 1863; the eighth. Rev. H. J. Day, from 1863 to 
1864; the ninth. Rev. R. S. Rowe, from 1864 to 1866; 
the tenth. Rev. W. M. Poisal, from 1866 to 1867 ; the 
eleventh, Rev. J. M. Holmes, from 1867 to 1869 ; the 
twelfth. Rev. James Thompson, from 1869 to 1870; 
the thirteenth, Rev. J. E. T. Ewell, from 1870 to 
1871 ; the fourteenth. Rev. R. S. Rowe, from 1871 to 
1875 ; the fifteenth, Rev. L. W. Bates, from 1875 to 
1877 ; the sixteenth, Rev. J. W. Charlton, from 1877 
to 1878 ; and the seventeenth. Rev. R. Scott Norris, 
from 1878 to the present time. 

Henry Chapel (Colored) was organized as West 
Street Chapel in May, 1874, by Rev. Thomas Wells, 
and in October of the same year Rev. J. V. D. Henry 
was placed in charge of it. In July, 1875, a lot was 
leased for the erection of a church edifice. On the 
25th of the month the corner-stone was laid, and the 
building was completed and dedicated on the 29th of 
August, 1875. Rev. J. V. D. Henry is the pastor. 

Memorial Chapel, corner of Gilmor Street and 
Lafayette Avenue, was built by the Mission Board of 
the Maryland Annual Conference of the M. P. Church, 
and was dedicated on the 28th of September, 1879. 
Rev. J. D. Kinzer is the pastor. 

St. Thomas' (Colored) Church, on Chestnut, near 
Front Street, was composed of seceding members of 
the African M. E. Church, and was organized on the 
7th of March, 1849, under the name of the Colored 
Methodist Protestant Israel Church. The congrega- 
tion worshiped for a time at the residence of Mrs. 
Rebecca Permylia, on North Street, but afterwards 
rented the basement of Warfield's church, on Court- 
land Street, where they remained for two years. The 
corner-stone of St. Thomas' church was laid in July, 
18.50, and w:w (K'diratcd .March 7, 1852. It was called 



Israel Church until April, 1858, when it was sold. 
Rev. Nathaniel Peck was the first minister of the 
church, and Rev. Thimias Wells is its present pastor. 

First Colored Church.— The corner-stone of the 
First Coloicil ^[c'thodist Protestant church, corner 
of Chew and MiDonogh Streets, was laid on the 19th 
of July, 1874. 

Colored M. P. Church, on Durham Street, between 
Eager and Chase, was dedicated Jan. 9, 1876. 

INDEPENDENT METHODISTS. 

The Independent Methodists are composed of those 
congregations which at diflf'erent ])eriods and in differ- 
ent locations have seceded from the i)arent body and 
assumed an independent attitude. They are without 
connectional union, and are chiefly found in Balti- 
more and its vicinity. About the time of the break- 
ing out of the civil war the Baltimore Conference 
was greatly agitated, and at its session in 1861 the 
majority resolved not to " submit to the authority of 
the General . Conference," and declared themselves 
"independent of it." The Baltimore Conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church met in 1862, but 
those in Baltimore who sympathized with the position 
which had been taken by the Southern element of the 
Conference declined to recognize its authority. Some 
of these congregations afterwards joined the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church South, and others determined 
to maintain an attitude of permanent independence. 
Chatsworth Independent Methodist Church.— 
In March, 1859, the site of Chatsworth church, .south- 
west corner of Pine and Franklin Streets, was pur- 
chased, and the second-story rooms of the " Old 
Frame House" (called at one time the Adreon 
House), that stood upon the corner, were converted 
into a Sunday-school room. Sunday, April 22, 1859, 
the school was organized with twenty-two scholars. 
" Chatsworth" was adopted as an appropriate appel- 
lation for the school in view of its location upon part 
of a large tract of land originally bearing that name, 
j which is still retained by the hill upon which the 
I church is situated. The work prospering, it was de- 
termined to organize a mission church, and the Balti- 
more Annual Conference at its session in 1861 was 
j asked to appoint a minister to Chatsworth as a sepa- 
< rate charge. Rev. John A. Williams was appointed, 
i and entered upon his duties April 7, 1861, with a 
church membership of seventeen persons. In March, 
1862, the congregation, in accordance with the resolu- 
tion of the Staunton Conference of 1861, refused to 
recognize the authority of the M. E. Conference, and 
in October, 1863, it was determined to assume a sepa- 
rate position as a church on the 1st of March, 1864, 
and the Rev. John A. Williams was elected pastor. 
I The corner-stone of the building was laid May 12, 
j 1863. the lecture and Sunday-school rooms were dedi- 
cated November 1st of the same year, and the whole 
church finished and dedicated March 27, 1864. Rev. 
Henry E. Johnson is the pastor. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



585 



William Street Church.— William Street Inde- 
pendent Methodist Church was organized in 1875 by 
Eev. Thomas Lowe, who commenced his work in a 
tent at the corner of William 'and Gittings Streets, 
and four months afterwards began the erection of the 
present church. Oct. 31, 1875, the corner-stone of the 
building on William Street, near Gittings, was laid, 
and on the 6th of February, 1876, the edifice was 
dedicated by Rev. H. E. Johnson. It is a plain brick 
structure, sixty -three feet long by forty-one feet wide, 
and will seat five hundred and forty persons. The 
church was incorporated Aug. 19, 1875 ; its corporate 
title is South Baltimore Free Methodist Society. Rev. 
Tliomas Lowe is the pastor. 

Bethany Church. — The corner-stone of Bethany 
chapel, corner of Lexington and Calhoun Streets, 
was laid April 25, 1867, and the chapel was dedicated 
on the 12th of April, 1868. Ground was broken for 
the church adjoining the chapel on the 10th of June, 
1872, and the corner-stone was laid on the 8th of July 
of the same year. The church was dedicated on the 
4th of May, 1873. It is constructed of iron. The 
building committee was composed of Charles J. Baker, 
D. C. Fulton, R. G. Tompkins, F. F. Horner, and J. 
W. Childs. Upon its organization Bethany Church 
adopted the rules of Chatsworth Church, and in 1872 
adopted a discipline and ritual under the title of the 
" Bethany Independent Methodist Church." Rev. 
William H. McAllister is the present pastor. 

Olive Branch Church. — The corner-stone of Olive 
Branch (I. M.) church, southwest corner of South 
Charles Street and Fort Avenue, was laid on the 21st 
of December, 1879; the church was incorporated in 
April, 1880, and was dedicated on the 29th of Feb- 
ruary of the same year. Rev. Arthur H. Thompson 
is the pastor. 

St. John's Church, on Liberty, north of Fayette 
Street, was originally an Episcopal church, and was 
consecrated in 1818. The pastor is Rev. Dr. A. Webs- 
ter; Rev. T. H. Lewis, assistant. 

St. John's M. E. Chapel, comer of Madison Avenue 
and Wilson Street, was dedicated April 29, 1877. The 
chapel was an offshoot of St. John's Independent 
Methodist Church, and was built by that congrega- 
tion. Rev. C. M. Griffin is the pastor. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH SOUTH. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church South was not 
represented by any congregation in this city before 
the year 1861. According to the "plan of separa- 
tion" adopted by the General Conference of 1844, and 
under which the Methodist Episcopal Church South 
was organized, the Baltimore Annual Conference 
"adhered" to the Methodist Episcopal Church. The 
Baltimore Conference continued in this relation until 
the session of the General Conference held at Buffalo 
May, 1860. This General Conference so changed the 
book of discipline that the Baltimore Conference, at 
the session held in Staunton, Va., March, 1861, deter- 



mined not to submit to the jurisdiction of the General 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The 
action taken by the Baltimore Conference is summa- 
rily expressed in the subjoined resolution, which was 
adopted by a vote as follows : ayes 87, nays 1, de- 
clined to vote 41, reserved their votes 3. 

" Firet. Be it resolued by the Baltimore Annual Conference^ in Conference 
assetnbted. That we hereby declare that the General Conference of the 
Melhociist Episcopal Church, held at Buffalo in May, 1860, by its unconsti- 
tutional action has sundered the ecclesiastioil relatfon which has hitherto 
bound us together as one church, so far as any act of theirs could do so. 
That we will not longer hubmii Co the jnrisdiction of Raid General Conference^ 
but hereby declare ourseluee separate and independent of it, still claiming to 
be, notwUhstanding, an iiitfgral pari of t?ie Methodist Episcopal Church,^* 

The war succeeded almost immediately the adjourn- 
ment of the Conference. During the four years of its 
continuance the Baltimore Annual Conference main- 
tained an independent position. Meanwhile, how- 
ever, several congregations were organized in Balti- 
more, independent of the jurisdiction of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, and which at a later day became 
identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church South. 
Of these particulars are given hereafter. In the 
month of February, 1866, the Baltimore Conference 
met in Alexandria, Va. From the report of the com- 
mittee on the state of the church the following extract 
is made : 

" Wfiereas, Certain brethren, formerly in connection with this body, did 
not answer to the call of their names by the secretary of the Conference ; 
and whereas, information h.is been received tlmt saiil brethren have 
taken appointment under the jurisdiction of tlie General Conference of 
I860, from which the Conference did, by formal vote in 1861, declare itself 
separated; Eesolvd, That the names of ... be omitted from the roll of 
the Baltimore Annual Conference, tliey having withdrawn ; provided, 
nevertheless, that should any of the said brptiiren appear in person or 
communicate with this Conference during its preseut session or here- 
after their names may, at the option of the Conference, be reinstated." 

February 8th the following preamble and resolu- 
tions were adopted by unanimous vote : 

" Whereas, The regular annual sessions (in the strictest sense thereof) 
of this Conference were prevented for several yeare by the existence of 
civil war in the country, so that it was impossible for us earlier to have 
completed the course of action inaugurated by this body at its session 
held in Stannton in 1861; and preferring, as we do, the connectional 
principle of Church Government, including Episcopacy as an element 
thereof, aud believing any further continuance of Conference independ- 
ency would be prejudicial to the efficient working of our itinerant sys- 
tem ; and whereas the animus and practice of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church is such as to make it improper for us to resume our submission 
to the juritdiction of said church, and the organization, doctiine, and 
discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church South fully according 
with our views of what constitutes a Scriptural branch of the Church of 
Christ; therefore, 

'* liesolved. By the Baltimore Annual Conference, in Conference assem- 
bled, tliat, ill pursuance of the action of this body in 1861, we do hereby 
unite with and adhere to the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and do 
now, through the President of this Conference, invite Bishop Early to 
recognize us oliicially, and preside over us at our present session. 

" liesolved, That in taking this action wo adhere to no dead political 
institutions, questions, or issues, being actuated by sentiments of sincere 
loyalty to the government of the United States, and to that of the States 
respectively within which we may be assigned to labor, butare influenced 
by motives of a far higher and holier nature, such as usefulness among 
the people whom we serve, and the best interests of the kingdom of 
Christ, whose headship alone we ackuuwledge in things pertaining to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Cliristiau affection nnd fraturnnl sj^mpathy, and shall do all we can, con- 
Histently, to prevent strife between tlicm and us, and to promote good 
will and brotherly kindness toward them, and do most sincerely cherish 
the hope that the day may speedily come when, nt least, a hearty and 
universal fraternal fellowship sliuil be eKtablished between the two co- 
onllnate branches of the great Methodist Family of this Continent." 

Nerval Wilson, the president, then resigned the 
chair to Bishop Early, who presided over the Confer- 
ence during the remainder of the session. j 

The following appointments were made to Balti- 1 
more City at this the first session of the Conference, 
iu connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South : Central Church, S. S. Roszell, W. J. Perry, | 
John Poisal, supernumerary; Winans Chapel, G. H. 
Zimmerman, T. E. Carson; North Baltimore, D. 
Thomas; East Baltimore, W. H. Wilson, J. N. Span- 
gli'r, --ii|M rniniicrary. The presiding elders of the 
Jlnln.JiM i;piM(ipal Church South in Baltimore at 
)in'.-i ill :irc Kiv . Samuel Rogers and Rev. S. Regester. 

Frederick Avenue M. E. Chapel South.— The 
lecture-room of this chapel was dedicated Nov. 12, 
1871. Rev. J. F. Haggs is the pastor. 

St. Paul's M. E. Church South.— The congrega- 
tion of this church was organized in the latter part of 
1861, and met at first in Scharf's Hall, southeast 
corner of Booth and Carey Streets. They subse- 
quently secured what was known as Winans' Soup 
House, on West Baltimore Street, opposite the Winans 
residence, and christened it Winans' chapel. Hollins 
Hall was afterwards temporarily occupied by the con- 
gregation. In 1868 the site of the present edifice, on 
the south side of Fayette Street, east of Republican, 
was purchased, and the erection of a church com- 
menced, the corner-stone of which was laid Jan. 1, 
1869, and the building dedicated on the 3d of Decem- 
ber, 1871. Its cost was about forty-five thousand dol- i 
lars. The first three pastors of the church were Rev. j 
J. E. Carson, Rev. E. F. Busey, and Rev. G. H. Zim- j 
merman. They have been followed by Rev. L. D. i 
Huston, Rev. W. G. Eggleston, Rev. R.R. S. Hough, 
Rev. S. K. Cox, and Rev. W. Carter. The church 
membership is between four and five hundred, and 
the Sunday-school numbers about four hundred schol- 
ars. The present jiastor is Rev. Isaac W. Canter. 

Central M. E. Church South was organized in 
March, 1862, by a large number of members, under 
the pastoral charge of Rev. E. F. Busey and other 
ministers of the Baltimore Annual Conference, which 
had previously declared itself independent of the 
jurisdiction of the General Conference of the M. E. 
Church. The congregation at first met for worship 
in the New Assembly Rooms, and continued to meet 
there for nearly twelve months, until military inter- j 
ference compelled their removal to a hall on Paca 
Street. Subsequently they met in a room over the 
Eutaw Savings-Bank, which they occupied until 1867. 
In that year they purchased the Church of the Ascen- 
sion, on Lexington Street, near Pine, but sold it in 
1873, and removed temporarily to a hall on North 
Schroeder Street, pending the erection of a new church. 



In 1874 a lot was purchased on the southeast corner 
of Edmondson Avenue and Strieker Street, and on 
the 7th of July of the same year the corner-.stone of 
the present church edifice was laid. The building 
committee were S. M. Wilson, J. M. Buck, P. Sim- 
mont, C, F. Biggs, and F. L. Lawrence. In Decem- 
ber, 1874, the congregation occupied the lower or 
school-room of the new edifice. The upj)er portion, 
or main auditorium, was not completed until Oct. 21, 
1877, on which day the church was formally dedicated 
by the pastor. Rev. John A. Kern. Total cost of 
building, furniture, etc., about twenty-three thousand 
dollars. The present pastor is Rev. J. A. Regester. 

Trinity M. E. Church South, northea.st comer of 
Madison Avenue and Preston Street, wa.s dedicated 
Jan. 29, 1865. The lecture-room was opened for ser- 
vice on the 2d of October, 1864. Rev. Wm. H. D. 
Harper is the present pastor. 

Emmanuel M. E. Church was an offshoot of 
Trinity Cliureh. The corner-stone of the chapel, on 
Moslicr Street, near Myrtle Avenue, was laid in July, 
1869, and the building was dedicated on the 24th of 
October of the same year. Its pastors have been 
Rev. A. W. Wilson, D.D., Rev. I. W. Canter, Rev. J. 
Lester Shipley, Rev. John Hannon, Rev. J. S. Gard- 
ner, and Rev. B. R. Wilburn. A new church for the 
congregation is in contemplation of erection. The 
present pastor is Rev. B. R. Wilburn. 

The North Baltimore M. E. Church South, on 
Holland Street, near Aisquith, was erected in 1866. 
The corner-stone was laid Aug. 16, 1866, and the 
church was dedicated on the 6th of January, 1867, by 
Bishop Daggett. Rev. A, K. Bradenbaugh is the 
present pastor. 

Calvary M. E. Church South.— In the early 
part of the year 1867 the Sunday-school society of 
Central M. E. Church South, then located on Lex- 
ington Street, appointed a committee of three, con- 
sisting of William Williams, F. G. Maxwell, and 
Caldwell C. Calvert, to procure a hall and organize a 
school in South Baltiinore, and Ingraham chapel, a 
small building on Hill Street, near Hanover, wtis rented 
for the purpose. A Sunday-school was formed, and 
religious services held on the Sabbath. In March 
of the same year the Baltimore Annual Conference, 
holding its session at Trinity Church, Baltimore, as- 
signed Rev. Samuel H. Parrish to the pastoral charge 
of the infant society, which he organized into a church. 
Mr. Parrish continued in charge two years, and Wivs 
succeeded by Rev. George G. Brooke. During the 
latter part of Mr. Brooke's pastorate, which continued 
until March, 1871, plans were set on foot for the 
erection of a house of worship. The official boards 
of the several Snuthern Methodist Churches in tlie 
city subscribed liberally to the object, and the ladies 
united in a festival held in Masonic Hall in May, 
1871, which netted two thousand three hundred dol- 
lars, and with the subscriptions procured justified the 
commencement of the building. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



587 



Rev. Win. H. D. Harper was appointed pastor in 
March, 1871. A lot was purcliased on Hill Street, 
near Hanover, and the corner-stone of the new build- 
ing laid Oct. 22, 1871. In February, 1872, the 
church edifice, thirty-ftve by sixty-five feet, with a 
basement, was completed, and dedicated February 
11th by Bishop D. S. Daggett. The entire cost of 
l)uilding and finishing the church was provided for, a 
small balance of indebtedness being raised on the day 
of dedication. The building committee were T. J. 
Magruder and J. Edward Bird, of Trinity ; Young 
O. Wilson, of Central ; Charles Shipley, of St. Paul's; 
Jeremiah Spraight, Charles L. Woods, and Dr. M. 
W. Donovan, of South Baltimore. In March, 1872, 
Itev. J. W. Carter was appointed pastor, and continued 
in that relation until the spring of 1874, and during 
this time the membership increased from about seventy 
to one hundred and fifty. Rev. Dabney Ball was ap- 
pointed to the charge in March, 1874, and during his 
pastorate the congregation purchased of the Presby- 
terians the church building on the soutlieast corner 
of German and Greene Streets. Rev. H. H. Kennedy 
succeeded Dr. Ball in 1875, and continued in charge 
till 1877. The church was largely increased under 
his ministry. Rev. A. W. Wilson, D.D., was ap- 
pointed pastor March, 1877, and continued in charge 
of the church till the summer of 1878, when, on ac- 
count of his election by the General Conference to 
the office of missionary secretary, lie resigned his 
pastorate, and Rev. A. A. P. Neel was appointed in 
his stead. Rev. Mr. Neel continued in charge till 
the following spring. Meantime, the embarrassed 
condition of the church made it necessary to sell the 
property, which was done at the expiration of Mr. 
Keel's term. In March, 1879, Rev. S. K. Cox, D.D., 
was appointed pastor, and is still in charge. Through 
the courtesy of the Second Lutheran congregation, 
Lombard Street, Rev. Mr. Schall pastor, the members 
of Calvary Church worshiped with that congregation, 
the two pastors alternately occupying the pulpit. 
This arrangement continued till June, 1878, when a 
tabei'nacle was built on the corner of Greene and 
King Streets, and occupied by the Calvary congrega- 
tion. In the interval of occupancy they purchased 
of the Methodist Protestants the church building on 
the southeast corner of Greene and Lombard Streets, 
with the parsonage adjoining, which they have since 
occupied, and now hold free of debt. The Sunday- 
school, under the efficient management of F. G. Max- 
well, superintendent, has nearly doubled since the 
last change, and the membership of the church has 
largely increased. The present number is about 
three hundred and twenty. 

East Baltimore M. E. Church South.— Ground 
was broken for East Baltimore M. E. Church South 
on the 17th of June, 1868, on the east side of Bond, 
a short distance north of Baltimore Street. The cor- 
ner-stone was laid Sept. 21, 18C8, and the basement of 
the church was dedicated on the 24th of January, 



1869, by Bishop Daggett. In 1873 the church was 
entirely remodeled, and rededicated on the 2d of 
March of that year. Rev. J. W. Grubb is the pas- 
tor. 

FRIENDS. 
The general meetings of the Society of Friends in 
Maryland were held at West River and Thirdhaven 
alternately from 1672 until the 4th of the sixth month 
of 1785, when, in accordance with a minute of ad- 
journment of the previous Yearly Meeting at Third- 
haven, it was for the first time held in Baltimore 
Town.' In the sixth month of 1789 it was held for 
the third time at Baltimore, and from that period has 
continued to be held here. Mr. John Giles, the first 
of the family of that name, who have since occupied 
a conspicuous place in the history of the State, set- 
tled near the present site of Baltimore about 1700, 
and at his house the Friends of the neighborhood at 
first held their meetings. This meeting was called 
Patapsco Station, and is first mentioned in the old 
manuscripts in 1703. It was situated on the Harford 
turnpike, a short distance beyond the present city 
limits, and the site was given to the society by Joseph 
Taylor. A frame meeting-house was built at Pa- 
tapsco Station about 1730 or 1731, and was used until 
the completion of the meeting-house at Fayette and 
Aisquith Streets. No vestige of Patapsco meeting- 
house now remains ; but the ground on which it was 
located is still used as a cemetery by both sections of 
the society. In 1780, John Cornthwait, Gerard Hop- 
kins, George Mathews, John and David Brown, and 
other members of Patapsco Station were deputed to 
buy a spacious lot between Baltimore and Pitt Streets 
for the purpose of a meeting-house and burial-ground. 
The ground was purchased, and the construction of 
the edifice on the northeast corner of Fayette and 
Aisquith Streets was immediately begun, and was 
pushed forward so rapidly that on the 22d of Febru- 



> The records of the West River Monthly Meeting contain an account 
of what was probably the earliest effort to suppress the liquor traffic to 
be found in the annals of the State. The minutes on the subject are as 
follows: " At a Monthly Man's Meeting at the house of Willium Rich- 
ardson, at West river, y 19th day of the fourth month, 1702, it was 
taken into mighty consideration by this meeting the evil and wicked 
consequences of the resort of divers persons proposed to sell strong 
drink at ye time of our yearly meeting, and inasmuch as the complaints 
to the authorities which Friends have hitherto made have had y« de- 
sired effect, it is y« advice of this meeting that Mordecai Moore, and 
Samuel Chew, Richard Harilson and Samuel Galloway, in behalf of ye 
body of Friends of this province, address the Governor and Council, lay- 
ing before them the evil and dangerous consequences thereof, and re- 
quest y' y" same may for the future be suppressed, that so we may 
enjoy our religious meetings without disturbance." • 

" At a Monthly Meeting held at the house of William Richardson the 
4th day of y» tenth month, 1702, Those Friends appointed to address Ui« 
Governor and Council in behalf of the body of Friends of the province 
for suppressing those wicked and evil practices of divers people selling 
strong driuk at y time of our yearly meetings give account that they 
have accordingly done it ; had obtained an order directed to the sherifls 
of Ann Arundell and Talbot Counties for them to see there be no such 
doings for the future; and this meeting doth appoint Samuel Galloway 
and Mordecai Moore to take a convenient time to deliver the said order 
to the Sheriff of this county, and to put him in mindof his duty in seeing 
the said order duly complied with." 



538 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ary, 1781, the first meeting was held within its walls. 
The building, a plain but comfortable brick struc- 
ture, is surrounded by a high brick wall inclosing 
the burial-ground, in which are the graves of many 
whose names figure prominently in the history of the 
city. Among the prominent members of the Society 
of Friends once connected with the meeting-house 
were Philip E. Thomas, first president of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad, Johns Hopkins, the Gor- 
such family, the Needles family, the Giles family, the 
Brookes, Stablers, Snowdens, Campbells, Dicksons, 
Bartletts, Moores, and many others well known 
through the State. On the 22d of February, 1881, 
the centennial anniversary of the meeting-house was 
celebrated in the venerable building with religious 
and commemorative exercises of a peculiarly interest- 
ing character. The throngs attending the earliest 
Yearly Meetings in Baltimore were so great that a 
large tent was erected for their accommodation on 
the then green lots south of the present site of the 
Second Presbyterian church, at the corner of East 
Baltimore and Lloyd Streets. The meeting-house on 
the south side of Lombard Street, between Howard 
and Eutaw Streets, was erected in 1805, and that at 
the northwest corner of Courtland and Saratoga 
Streets in 1830. There is also a meeting-house of 
Orthodox Friends at the corner of Eutaw and Monu- 
ment Streets. 

The Friends have a meeting-house at the corner of 
Eutaw and Monument Streets ; the eastern district 
meeting-house is at the corner of Aisquith and Fay- 
ette Streets, and the western district on Lombard 
Street, east of Eutaw. 

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. 
The doctrines of the New Jerusalem Church appear 
to have been preached for the first time in Baltimore 
in 1792. On the l.st of April in that year permission 
was given the Rev. Mr. Wilnier to explain the doc- 
trines of his church at the court-house, which he did 
in the presence of a large number of hearers of all 
denominations, Judge Cha,se and other members of 
the bar being present. Shortly afterwards the " Old 
Theatre" was obtained for the purpose of holding 
divine worship, and services were inaugurated on the 
15th of April, 1792. In 1799, Rev. John Hargrove 
and others erected the New Jerusalem temple, at the 
corner of Baltimore and Exeter Streets, and the 
building was dedicated during the ensuing year. In 
this building, which was known as the old " Har- 
grove church," the congregation worshiped for many 
years. In 1865 they began the erection of a new 
church on North Exeter Street, near the bend, the 
corner-stone of which was laid on the 12th of October 
in that year, and the edifice dedicated on the 8th of 
April, 1866. This congregation was known as the 
First Society of the New Jerusalem Church. The 
congregation of the Third New Jerusalem Church 
worshiped for a time in a liall at the corner of Eutaw 



and Madison Streets. On the 24th of August, 1860, 
I the corner-stone of a church was laid on the south 
side of Orchard Street, near Madison Avenue, which 
was dedicated on the 1st of January, 1861. The mem- 
bers of the First and Third Churches having subse- 
quently agreed to unite and form a single congrega- 
I tion, the churches on Orchard and Exeter Streets 
! were disposed of, and the erection of the present edi- 
fice on the west side of Calvert Street, north of Chase, 
was begun. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid 
on the 20th of August, 1874, and the cliurch was dedi- 
cated on the 21st of March, 1876. Its pastor is Rev. 
Thomas A. King. 

First German New Jerusalem Church, situated 
on Lombard Street, near Lloyd Street, was organized 
in 1854. The congregation, under the charge of Rev. 
A. O. Brickman, at first worshiped in the church of 
the English New Jerusalem Society, then situated at 
the corner of Baltimore and Exeter Streets. In a 
few years the congregation became strong enough to 
erect a building of their own, and the corner-stone of 
the church was accordingly laid on the 4th of July, 
1857, and the edifice was dedicated on the 4th of Oc- 
tober of the same year. In 1801, Mr. Brickman re- 
signed, and was succeeded in the pastorate by Rev. 
L. Carriere. Mr. Brickman resumed the charge in 
1864, and after a considerable interregnum was fol- 
lowed by Rev. P. J. Faber, in 1875. He was suc- 
ceeded, in January, 1880, by the present pastor, Rev. 
A. Roeder. 

HEBREW SYNAGOGUES. 
First Synagogue. — This is the oldest Hebrew con- 
gregation in the city. The present place of worship, 
corner of Lloyd and Watson Streets, was begun in 

1844, and was dedicated on the 26th of September, 

1845. This was the first synagogue built in Balti- 
more. In 1871 the synagogue underwent a thorough 
renovation, and was rededicated on the 25th of August 
in that year. Rev. Dr. Kraus is the present rabbi. 

Eden Street Sjmagogue.— The congregation of 
Eden Street synagogue was organized July 8, 1843, 
and at first worshiped at the corner of Bond and 
Fleet Streets. In 1847 the erection of the present 
edifice, on Eden Street, north of Lombard, was begun, 
which was dedicated on the loth of September, 1848. 
In 1865 the synagogue was thoroughly renovated and 
enlarged, and rededicated on the 1st of September of 

! that year. On the 18th of August, 1871, the syna- 
gogue was consecrated with imposing ceremonies. 

! Rev. A. Gunzburg was the rabbi from Oct. 1, 184S, 

I until Oct. 1. 1858, and Rev. H. Hocklieimcr from 

I that period until the present time. 

Third Synagogue. — In 1849 the members of the 
Har Sltiai Verein determined to erect a new temple 
for Hebrew worship, and in June of that year com- 
menced the erection of a synagogue on North High 

! Street, near the bend, adjoining the Baptist church. 
The edifice was completed and dedicated in Septem- 
ber, 1849. In 1856 the synagogue underwent extensive 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



589 



improvements and alterations, and was rededicated in 
October of that year. In the course of time the con- 
gregation became too large for this edifice, and the 
present building, formerly P. E. Church of the As- 
cension, on the north side of Lexington Street, be- 
tween Pearl and Pine, was purchased, and was dedi- 
cated as a synagogue on the 4th of April, 1873. The 
Eev. Dr. Sale is rabbi. 

The synagogue attached to the Hebrew Hospital, on 
Monument Street, was dedicated on the Kith of Sep- 
tember, 1870. The Eighth Synagogue is situated on 
Hill Street, near Hanover, and the Sixth is on Harri- 
son, near Baltimore Street. It has no local pastor. 

Chazik Amuno. — This orthodox congregation was 
organized April 2, 1871, at the suggestion of Jonas 
Friedenwald. The first officers were J. Rosewald, 
president; Jonas Friedenwald, vice-president; T. 
Hartz, treasurer; Simon Altmayer, H. Oppenheimer, 
trustees; H. S. Hartogensis, secretary; Rev. L. Heil- 
ner, cantor and reader. The congregation met at first 
in E.xeter Hall, but subsequently purchased three 
lots, the site of the present synagogue, on Lloyd 
Street, near Lombard. The building was dedicated [ 
Aug. 18, 1876. Since its consecration the Rev. Dr. j 
Henry W. Schneeberger has been preacher and prin- 1 
cipal of the congregational school. The school has 
an average attendance of from seventy-five to eighty 
scholars. The officers of the congregation at present 
are Jonas Friedenwald, president ; H. Nussbaum, 
vice-president ; P. Herzberg, treasurer ; H. Oppen- j 
heimer and J. Weil, trustees ; H. S. Hartogensis, sec- i 
retary ; Dr. H. W. Schneeberger, rabbi and preacher ; 
Rev. H. Glass, cantor and assistant teacher. This I 
congregation was formed by seceding members from 
the Lloyd Street synagogue, who objected to a de- 
parture from the orthodox style of worship.' 

Polish Synagogue.— The congregation of this 
synagogue was organized in 1865, and worshiped for 
a time in a hall on Gay Street, near the bridge. In I 
1868 a school-house on Exeter Street, north of Fayette, ; 
was purchased for the use of the congregation, and ' 
the building was dedicated on the 11th of September 
of that year. In 1878 the construction of the present 
edifice, on North High Street, above Fayette, was 
begun, which was dedicated on the 20th of September 
of the same year. 

Hanover Street Synagogue.— The Fourth, or 
Hanover Street synagogue, on Hanover Street, be- 
tween Lombard and Pratt, was formerly occupied by 
the congregation of the Fifth Presbyterian Church. 
It was purchased by its present congregation in 1858, 
and was dedicated as a synagogue on the 14th of 
August in the same year. Extensive alterations and 
improvements were made in the synagogue in 1870, 
and it was rededicated on the 23d of September. 
Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold is the rabbi. 

Shearith Israel Synagogue. — This congregation 
was incorporated in 1879, and is composed of the re- 
maining members of the former Howard and Eutaw 



Street congregations, the word " Shearith" meaning 
survivors. The place of worship. Green and German 
Streets, was formerly occupied by the congregation 
of Calvary M. E. Church South, and was dedicated 
as a synagogue on the 4th of July, 1879. Eev. Dr. 
M. Lilienthal is the present rabbi. 

The sixth synagogue is situated on Harrison Street, 
near Baltimore. 

UNITARIAN CHURCH. 

The First Independent Unitarian Church, north- 
west corner of Franklin and Charles Streets, was or- 
ganized at the house of Henry Payson on the 10th of 
February, 1817. The present site was soon afterwards 
purchased, and Maximilian Godefroy, a distinguished 
architect of the day, was employed to design and 
build the church.' The corner-stone of the present 
noble edifice was accordingly laid with due ceremony 
on June 5, 1817, and, the building having been suffi- 
ciently advanced for public wor.ship, it was dedicated 
on the 29th of October, 1818. On November 1st of the 
same year the first Sunday services were held in it, the 
Rev. Mr. Colman officiating in the morning, and the 
Rev. Dr. Freeman in the evening. Rev. Jared Sparks, 
of Cambridge, Mass., was engaged to preach for some 
weeks, and on the 31st of January, 1819, he was 
unanimously called to the pastorate of the church. 
He accepted the invitation, and was ordained accord- 
ingly on May 5th. The sermon on this occasion was 
preached by the celebrated Dr. William Ellery Chan- 
ning, of Boston, Mass., the most distinguished cham- 
pion of the Unitarian faith, and it was regarded as 
one of the most powerful efforts of his life. Mr. 
Sparks was a man of much ability as a writer and 
thinker, and greatly beloved for his fine social quali- 
ties. During his ministry he entered into a contro- 
versy with Rev. Dr. William E. Wyatt, of St. Paul's 
Church, who had warmly attacked the principles of 
the Unitarian faith; and Mr. Sparks replied in a 
series of articles defending Unitarianism with signal 
skill. His pastorate lasted until July, 1823, when he 
resigned his charge, partly on account of ill health 
and a desire of change of pursuits. He left the min- 
istry altogether, although he alwa}^ remained a Uni- 
tarian, and henceforth devoted himself to literary 
labors. He became widely known as one of the fore- 
most of American historians by his " Life and Letters 
of George Washington," "Life and Letters of Frank- 
lin," and " Correspondence of the Revolution." He 
was editor of the North American Review, and of 
" Sparks' American Biography" for three years. Pro- 
fessor of History in Harvard University, and became 
also its president. He died, universally respected and 
beloved, on March 14, 1866, in the seventy-seventh 
year of his age. He retained always an affectionate 
interest in the city and people of Baltimore. " The 



1 The trustees of the church in 1820 w( 
WUIiam ChilJ.Koliert H. OsgooJ, Willii 
Nathaniel WillianiB. 



590 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



amount of Mr. Sparks' literary labor and its popular 
estimation may be judged from the fact that more 
than six hundred thousand volumes of his various 
publications have been published and disposed of." ' 

After the retirement of Mr. Sparks the church 
struggled on for .some years without a settled minis- | 
ter, various clergymen supplying the pulpit from time 1 
to time, until April 23, 1828, when the Rev. George 
W. Burnap, who had for nearly a year i)revious been 
l)reaching in the church, was ordained as its pastor. 
Mr. Burnap was a young man when he entered on his 
ministry, and he continued to be the devoted and 
zealous shepherd of his flock for a period of nearly 
thirty-two years. During this period he became 
widely known iis a writer in controversial theology, 
and also published a number of volumes, such as 
" Lectures to Young Men," " Lectures to Young 
Women," etc., which gave him a deserved and hand- i 
some reputation in literature. He was universally 
beloved for his pure and unselfish character, and 
was on terms of cordial friendship with many of the ; 
orthodox clergymen of Baltimore. During the latter ! 
j)art of his ministry some persons seceded from the j 
church and established another congregation under 
charge of Rev. Mr. Bowen, preaching at the old Ma- 
sonic Hall. Mr. Bowen continued the pastor of this 
second society until some time after the outbreak of 
the civil war, when he entered the Federal army as 
chaplain. Dr. Burnap died suddenly on Sept. 8, 1859, 
to the grief of his congregation. i 

The Rev. N. H. Chamberlain, of Canton, Mass., | 
was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of | 
Dr. Burnap, and he was duly installed on March 28, 
18()0. About a year after he was settled the civil war 
broke out, and a number of persons left the church 
on account of politics. Mr. Chamberlain continued 
in charge until Jan. 1, 1863, when he resigned the 
pastorate, chiefly on account of a change in his re- 
ligious views. His resignation was accepted, and he ] 
subsequently united himself to the Episcopal Church, i 
and was ordained to its ministry. During Mr. Cham- 
berlain's ministry the church was injured by fire, 1 
burning a number of pews, etc., caused by a defect 
in the furnace. 

The Rev. John F. W. Ware, of Cambridge, Mass., 
was invited on Jan. 12, 1864, to become the pastor of 
the church, and accepting the call, he, without any 
formal installation, began duty on May 15, 1864. He ' 
wiis a forcible and able pulpit orator, but becoming 
dissatisfied with his situation, he resigned his charge , 
on June 29, 1867. He continued for some time, how- 
ever, to preach elsewhere in the city, and his Sunday 
evening discourses at Ford's Opera-House attracted 
much attention. After Mr. Ware's departure there 
was another interregnum for some time in the affairs 
of the church, various ministers conducting the ser- 
vices, and among them the Rev. Orville Dewey, D.D. 
A choice v/aa at length made of the Rev. Edward C. 
(iuild, of Boston, Mass., who entered upon his duties 



on Sept. 19, 1869. He continued in charge until May 
27, 1872, when, greatly to the regret of his flock, he 
sent in his resignation, remaining, however, as the 
pastor until September 1st. The Rev. Charles R. 
Weld, B.D., who had just graduated at the Divinity 
School of Cambridge, Mass., was invited to become 
the minister in place of Mr. Guild on Oct. 27, 1872. 
He accepted the position thus tendered, and was ac- 
cordingly ordained as the pastor of the church on 
Thursday, Jan. 2, 1873. Mr. Weld is a descendant 
of the celebrated Dr. Jonathan Edwards, of North- 
ampton, Mass., and is still pastor of the church. 

ASSOCIATED EVANGELICAL CHURCHES. 

The First Evangelical Church was originally situ- 
ated on the southeast corner of Eutaw and Camden 
Streets. The corner-stone was laid in June, 1841, 
and it was consecrated on the 12th of December, 1841, 
as the German Evangelical Emmanuel church. On 
the night of the 14th of December, 1851, the church 
was destroyed by fire, but its reconstruction was begun 
in the following spring, and it was under roof when 
the property was purchased by the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad Company, in July, 1852. A lot corner 
of Greene Street and Cider Alley was immediately pro- 
cured and the present church erected, which was dedi- 
cated in the latter \>aTt of 1852. The pastor is Rev. 
John Koehl. 

Second Evangelical Church.— The corner-stone 
of this church, corner of McElderry and Short Streets, 
was laid on the 11th of September, 1848, and the edi- 
fice was completed in February, 1849. After having 
been considerably improved, it was rededicated on the 
5th of September, 1869. Its pastor is Rev. Daniel 
Schnebel. 

The Third Evangelical Church, on Clark Street, 
near Fremont, was dedicated on the 14th of Septem- 
ber, 1873. 

The German United Evangelical Church, be- 
tween 234 and 23(i Eastern Avenue, was dedicated 
April 12, 1874. Its pastor is Kcv. F. A. Conradi. 

Bethlehem Greene (Welsh Independent) Church 
is situated on Toone Street, east of Clinton, Canton. 

TJNIVERSAIIST CHURCH. 

The corner-stone of the Univcrsalist church, on 
Baltimore Street, near Ceutral Avenue, was laid on 
the 19th of June, 1860, and the edifice was dedicated 
on Sunday, March 24, 1861, by Rev. J. R. Johnson, 
pastor, assisted by Rev. B. M. Tillotson, Rev. Moses 
Ballou, and Rev. A. Basserman. The congregation 
had previously worshiped in the old Univcrsalist 
church, at the northeast corner of Calvert and Pleas- 
ant Streets, the history of which is given elsewhere. 
The present pastor is Rev. R. H. Pullman. 

The Third Univcrsalist Church is situated on the 
east side of Nc.rlli tirci'ne Street, near Lexington 
Market. It was dediiatod Dec. 16, 1877. Its pastor 
is Rev. George W. Powell. 



KELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 

Paca Street Christian Church.— This church wa-s 
organized July 26, 1.840, with thirty-seven members. 
The congregation met for a short time in the Traders' 
Union Hall, Gay and Baltimore Streets, afterwards 
in the Assembly Rooms Building, then situated at the 
northeast corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets, 
and in November, 1840, rented and occupied War- 
field's mgeting-house. 

The present hou.se of worship, on the west side of 
South Paca Street, near Lombard, was dedicated May 
26, 1850, President Alexander Camjjbell, of Bethany 
College, officiating at the opening services. The origi- 
nal building was enlarged in 1873 by the addition of 
the present vestibule and gallery. There are now 
upon the church register about six hundred commu- 
nicants. The longest and perhaps most important 
pastorates in the history of the church were those of 
Eev. D. S. Burnet and his immediate successor. Rev. 
A. N. Gilbert. Rev. H. D. Clark is the present pastor. 
The site occupied by the church and the graveyard 
which surrounds the edifice are connected with asso- 
ciations of considerable historic interest. The prop- 
erty a century ago belonged to John Eager Howard, 
who in 1787, in consideration of one hundred pounds 
specie, conveyed it to Abraham Sitler and others and 
their successors, as " trustees for the society of Ger- 
man Baptists, commonly called ' Dunkers,' for the use 
of the society forever." On the 17th day of No- 
vember, 1808, John Eager Howard executed another 
deed of the same lot to trustees, some of whom are 
named as trustees in the deed of 1787, and others are 
different persons. The last deed recites parts of the 
first deed, and states that it vested only a life estate 
in the trustees by reason of the omission of legal 
words of perpetuity, whereas it was the intention of 
Howard that the lot of ground should at all times 
thereafter be used as a burial-ground or place of de- 
posit for the remains of the members of the society of 
German Baptists or " Dunkers," and such other per- 
sons as a majority of the trustees, residing in Balti- 
more City or precincts, might give permission to be 
buried therein, and that any house there erected 
should be used as a place of worship for the society. 
To give full effect to the original grant, he conveyed 
the lot to the trustees and their heirs or assigns as 
tenants in common, — " in trust nevertheless, and to 
and for the uses heretofore mentioned, and for no 
other purpose whatever." In 1849, John Stoufter, 
said to be the only surviving trustee, and heir of the 
others named in the deed of 1808, executed a deed of 
license to the " trustees of the disciples of Jesus 
Christ in the city and precincts of Baltimore" to 
erect a house of public worship on the lot. The 
Christian church was accordingly erected there, as 
has been stated in the first part of the sketch, and a 
dispute arose between the two religious bodies as to 
the exclusive right to worship therein, and a suit was 



instituted and taken to the Court of Appeals, in 
which it was decided that the license was valid and 
binding upon the parties; that Howard's deed of 
1787 was in direct violation of the thirty- fourth article 
of the declaration of rights and therefore void, and 
that his deed of 1808 was the first valid and effective 
grant. 

In November, 1874, a certificate of incorporation 
alleged to be of the Society of Baptists referred to 
in the deed of 1808 was recorded, and on Dec. 3, 
1874, the trustees of the German Baptist brethren 
filed a bill in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City 
alleging that they represented tlie real persons for 
whom the lot was purchased and held in trust, and 
that having become incorporated they were entitled to 
have a conveyance of the legal title to the lot. An- 
swers were filed by some of the heirs of the trustees 
named in the deed of 1808 denying that the German 
Baptist brethren were beneficiaries or entitled to the 
lot. In January, 1875, Charles F. and George T. 
Stouffer, heirs of trustees under that deed, filed their 
bill in the same court, in which they allege that in 
consequence of the growth of the city the lot had 
become unsuitable for burial purposes, and it would 
be for the advantage of all parties that it should be 
sold and the proceeds distributed among them, the 
remains interred being carefully removed. The tru.s- 
tees of the German Baptist brethren answered, in- 
sisting on their right to a conveyance of the lot and 
denying that the others had any beneficial interest. 
Answers were filed by other parties, and evidence was 
taken to prove the identity of the German Baptist 
brothers and the society of German Baptists called 
" Dunkers," and that the lot is not now used as a 
burial-place. On Oct. 23, 1877, an agreement of the 
parties was filed consenting to a sale of the lot, and 
that the proceeds be brought into court for distribu- 
tion, and a decree was passed accordingly, but after- 
wards rescinded by agreement of the parties to the 
cause. An amended bill was filed alleging that the 
trustees were notified by the heirs of John Eager 
Howard that in case the property should be diverted 
from its uses as a burial-ground by a sale thereof they 
would claim the same, and that a cloud had been 
thrown over the title of the property by the Howards' 
claim. The trustees of the church of the German 
Baptist brethren denied the claim of the Howard 
heirs. The Circuit Court decided that the decree for 
the sale of the property had been rightfully passed, 
and that a purchaser under that decree would take 
title. Another- decree ordered the sale, reserving the 
question of the distribution of the proceeds. From 
this decree the Howard heirs appealed, the main 
question presented being whether the property could 
be sold, or whether it must continue to be held as a 
place of burial of deceased members of the society 
of German Baptists, and of others permitted by the 
trustees of that denomination. After fully reviewing 
the case the Court of Appeals said, — 



592 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



" It in manifest tlmt neitlier tlie orifrinal tnislccs iinnied in the deed 
of 1808, nor their heire, nor the lotlioldera have any right to liave tlie 
lut sold and the proceeds of the sale ditttnbuted among them or any of 
them. It must be held and used in strict conformity to the terms of t!ie 
deed by which it was conveyed and for the purposes tliorein specifically 
declared. Should it he diverted from tliose uses tlie terms of the deed 
under wtiicli alone it is now held would be violated, and the lieirs of 
Gen. Howard would immediately become reiuvested with title to tlie lot. 
The only remaining question is whether * the trustees of the church 
of the German Baptist brethren* have a right of conveyance of the lot 
from the heirs of the ti-ustees to whom it was conveyed by the deed of 1808. 
. . . In effecting their incorporation the requirements of the code, article 
40, sections 1.^7 to 1G8, seem to have been satisfactorily complied with, 
and the society has been legally incorporated. The corporation is there- 
fore entitled to a couveyauce of the lot, to be held by it, however, subject 
to the tuea declared by the deed o/ 1808." 

The property must therefore be used for burial 
purposes, and if it is diverted from this use it will 
revert to the heirs of John Eager Howard. 

The Christian Church, corner of Dolphin and 
Ettiiig ^^treets, was dedicated on the 11th of April, 
18G1I. 

SPIRITUALISTS. 

The First Spiritualist Congregation has been 
regularly incorporated since 1865. Their place of 
meeting is the Law Building, southwest corner of 
Lexington and St. Paul Streets. Wash. A. Danskin 
is the president. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS IN- 
STITUTION,S AND ASSOCIATIONS. 

Charitable Marine Society.— This institution was 
incorporated by the Legislature of Maryland in 1796, 
for the relief of the distressed widows and orphans of 
the members. Thomas Elliott was selected as the 
first president, and Levin Hall as the first secretary. 
During its existence relief has been extended to a vast 
number of widows and orphans, the widows receiving 
their dividends during life, and the orphans until ten 
years of age. A number of bequests have been made 
to the institution during its long life, and as the funds 
are carefully .invested, the beneficiaries receive the full 
benefits of the society. The following is a list of the 
original members of the association : 

Tliomas Elliott, David Porter, Thomas Cole, Levin Hall, Daniel How- 
laii'i, .lohri Si)y<lrr, .Tames Stewart, Thnothy Gardner, John Stevens, 
Wi ii.iii l.(\.i.ii, .John Grant, John Towers, Richard Smith, Clau- 
I \\ :ij Montgomery, WiilianiThompson,Jame8Duncan, 

\^ I I hn Murphy, George Stiles. Oboditth Gaiduer, 

*i< : -'■ Kiiiil,.), .l.liii Cunnin^liiuii. Francis Parker, .Iiinics Heed, 

topherLushuer, William Rush.-ll. \ i I , l i, i my, 

William Kurlong, Thomas Mai," ;, M, : i . I w ;:, a.,.Iit- 

Bon, Mildmay Smith, John UmL.L, I.Ii,i... Ui^^,!..,, .~>u,.,ii Uliite, 
James Boyd, Robert F, Story, Leonard Yundt, Matthew Brown, 
Philip Kdwards, John Smith, John Hall, Simon Deagle, Stephen 
Ylckery, Paul Gould, Matthew Rawson, Williiuu C. Smitli, Mons, 
8, Bunbnry,Milyor Miller, James Donaldson, Richard Sisson, Rich- 
ard Lawrence, Richard Todd, Peter Cloppcr, John Smith, Jr., 
Hubert Oliver, John O'Donnol, Walter Bell, Willinm Matthews, 
Samuel H. Gatchell, Amos Fislier, George L. Story, James Beeuiau, 
John McCoy, Jesse Phearson, Louis Toucas, James \V. Latotiche. 



Peter Gould, John Fisk, George F. Trnitt, Philip Gtaybell, William 
Robinson, Thorndick Chase, John E. Howard, William Van Wyck, 
George Grundy, Archibald Robinson, Conrad Eiscleu, William Lip- 
sey, William Dawson, Jacob Reese, William Fields, John Hamilton, 
Thomas Norman, Ephraim Merchant, Samuel Knapp, John Clarke, 
Peter Sharp, William Williamson, Guy Rogers, Christopher Wil- 
liams, George Martin, George Hunter, Joseph Wliite, Jr, John Dil- 
lon, William Patterson, Diivid McMechen, Philip Littig, James A, 
Buchanan, William B. Smith, Jacob Meyers. John McMeyers, 
Abraham Smith, James Simpson, William Peterkin, Christopher 
Deshon, Peter Gesse, James Parker, James Coulthard, John Paunel, 
James Williams. Paul Beiitalou, Jacob F. Levy, William Jacobs, 
William Hughes, James Frazier, Robert Stanley, John HolliDs, 
Caleb Green, Joseph Hubbard, John Fry, James Philips, William T. 
Peachey, James Benson, Levin Dashiell, Joseph Smith. 

St. Peter's School and Orphan Asylum. — St. 

Peter's School was incorporated on the 2.')th of Janu- 
ary, 1806, with Rev. George Dashiell, Edward John- 
son, Thomas Rutter, Josias Pennington, William Jes- 
sop, Hezekiali Waters, and Henry Dorsey Gough as 
trustees. It was provided by the act that when 
parents, guardians, or Orplians' Courts should place 
any poor child or children in the school, they should 
thenceforth be under the control and management of 
the institution until it should be thought proper by 
the trustees to bind them out. The school w^as 
founded by the liberal endowments of Jeremiah Yel- 
lott and James Corry. It has passed through many 
vicissitudes, and was at one period held over a watch- 
house. The corner-stone of the asylum, which is 
situated on Myrtle Avenue, near Lanvale Street, was 
laid July 1, 1872, and the building was formally 
opened on the .30th of January, 1873. 

Soup-houses. — There is no record of the first soup- 
house established in Baltimore, but it would seem 
that charity in this city, as elsewhere, took the form 
of soup at a comparatively early day. During the 
winter of 1804-.5, which was one of extraordinary 
severity, the sufferings of the poor were so great that 
it became necessary to hold a public meeting, and to 
appoint visitors to solicit contributions, and to dis- 
tribute the charities of the citizens. To their alarm 
these contributions were soon almost exhausted, and 
upon the solicitations of the then mayor, Thorogood 
Smitli, the visitors consented to appropriate one hun- 
dred dollars to the establishment of a soup-house, 
and appointed Messrs. Richardson Stewart, James 
Mosher, and George F. Kerforts a committee to put 
the plan into execution. The soup-house was opened 
on the 23d of January, 1805, and was located back of 
No. 27 Harrison Street, near the Centre Market, and 
in time was mainly supplied by donations from the 
market-people. A thousand quarts of soup and the 
same number of loaves of bread were distributed 
from this house. Tickets were given, upon which the 
holders received the quantity to which the size of 
their families entitled them. 

In 1819 the severe winter and the dullne-ss of busi- 
ness made it necessary to resort to the same method 
to relieve the poor ; and a letter was addressed to the 
mayor, Edward Johnson, calling his attention to the 
benefit that had been derived from the soup-house in 



CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 



593 



1805, and suggesting a similar plan. The mayor 
called a public meeting, at which it was determined 
to establish a regular society, to be called the " Bal- 
timore Economical Soup Society;" and at a meeting 
of this society at the mayor's office on the 6th of No- 
vember, 1819, by-laws were adopted, and the follow- 
ing officers were elected: Col. James Mosher, presi- 
dent ; Edward J. Coale, secretary ; Randall H. Moale, 
assistant secretary ; Isaac McPherson, treasurer. Su- 
perintending Committee, Abner Neale, Peter Hoffman, 
Samuel Harden. Provision Committee, John Schunck, 
Arch. Sterling, Charles Diffenderffer, William Stans- 
bury, James Piper, Peter Gait, Alexander Yearly, 
Nathaniel Knight, John Dukehart, John Franciscus, 
Samuel Young, George A. Hughes. Bread Commit- 
tee, George Greer, John Barney, William Tyson, 
Evan T. Ellicott, Randall H. Moale, Edward Palmer. 
Visiting Committee, Richard Carroll, William Jen- 
kins, Robert Watson, George Warner, Frederick 
Getz, Philip Lawrenson, Upton Bruce, James Belt, 
Jr., John Hewes, William Norris, Daniel Hoffman, 
and Lambert Thomas. The superintending commit- 
tee was authorized to establish a soup-house in the 
vicinity of the Centre Market and elsewhere, as Uliey 
might think best. In January, 1820, the managers 
of the society established a pay soup-house in addi- 
tion to the free ones in operation, in a part of an old 
auction-store on the corner of Frederick and Second 
Streets, where those who would not make use of the 
free houses could satisfy their laudable independence 
by procuring soup and bread at a more moderate 
price than elsewhere. During this winter the distress 
of the poor was greatly alleviated in this manner. 

Again in 1861, when provisions rose to a high price, 
it was found necessary to establish soup-houses. For 
several winters previous Mrs. Thomas Winans had 
supplied the poor in the western section of the city 
with soup, but in 1861 she enlarged her charity by 
purchasing the Presbyterian church on Baltimore 
Street, opposite her residence, above Fremont Street, 
and had it arranged expressly for the purpose of a 
soup-house. The cooking apparatus was arranged on 
the outside of the west wall of the building, and con- 
sisted of ten caldrons with a capacity of eight hun- 
dred gallons. The basement and audience-floor of 
the building were fitted up as dining-rooms, where 
those who did not not desire to take the soup home 
were served. The soup and bread were only given 
on the presentation of tickets furnished by persons 
employed to examine into and supply those who were 
worthy to receive them. This generous charity was 
not closed until May, 1862. In that time 1960 fami- 
lies were relieved, and 1,246,000 rations were issued, 
the cost amounting to over $70,000. In the same 
year Mrs. George Brown generously established a 
similar place at her residence, at the southwest corner 
of Cathedral and Madison Streets, where large num- 
bers of the poor were daily supplied with soup. The 
same year private citizens established a soup-house 



on Biddle Street, near Madison, which was reopened 
in December, 1863. In 1873 the Ladies' Relief Asso- 
ciation established and successfully conducted three 
central soup-houses, one at 27 North Calvert Street, 
one at 76 South Bond Street, and another at 172 Lee 
Street. In November a soup-house was also opened 
at 97 Pennsylvania Aveniie, in a room offered by the 
managers of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church 
Home. The managing committee of this enterprise 
were Charles F. Taylor, chairman ; John E. Hurst, 
W. B. Bansemer, Joshua Walker, Henry Snowden, 
Joseph H. England, John S. Mills, and S. E. Hill. 
In 1877 four different soup-houses were in operation 
in different sections of the city, among them a soup- 
house conducted by the German Ladies' Relief Asso- 
ciation at No. 10 North Caroline Street, and the La- 
fayette soup-house, in the northwestern section of the 
city, in the basement of the old Patterson mansion, 
near Lafayette Market, established by Thomas Brid- 
dell, Joel Miller, W. G. Wills, and John W. Lee, and 
sustained by large contributions from John T. Ford 
and others. The latter soup-house supplied daily a 
thousand or twelve hundred people with bread and 
soup. 

The Baltimore Association for the Improvement 
of the Condition of the Poor had its origin in 1819, 
when Mayor Elijali Stansbury recommended that a 
convention of representatives from each ward in the 
city should be held to organize a permanent associa- 
tion for the more efficient relief of the worthy poor. 
This convention was held in the chamber of the First 
Branch of the City Council, Mayor Stansbury acting 
as chairman and Charles L. Lucas as secretary, and 
after several subsequent meetings the association was 
regularly organized. 

The officers of the association consist of a presi- 
dent, ten vice-presidents, a treasurer, corresponding 
secretary, chairman of the special collection com- 
mittee, recording secretary, complimentary managers, 
six managers for each ward in the city, and four 
agents, located in the First, Second, Third, and Fourth 
Districts. The city is divided into fourteen districts, 
with special collectors in each district. The affairs of 
the association are conducted on strict business prin- 
ciples, in order that the worthy poor may secure im- 
mediate relief and the association be protected against 
imposition. 

The permanent organization of the^association was 
not effected until Dec. 17, 1849, although the record 
of its original constitution bears date May 17, 1850. 
John Wilson served as its first president, Jesse Hunt 
as its first treasurer, and Chas. L. Lucas as its first 
recording secretary. After the death of John Wilson, 
in 1851, the late Thos. Wilson was elected president, 
and served until 1853, when he was succeeded by 
Wm. George Baker. At his death the late Geo. 
Brown, whose venerable widow still survives and is 
a munificent contributor to the association, was 
elected its fourth president, and when he died, in 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 



1858, John C. Brune was chosen as his successor, and 
ivniained president until 1862, when Jesse Hunt, who 
had been its treasurer since its organization, was 
elected. He served for ten years, until his death in 
1872, and was succeeded by the present efficient ex- 
ecutive, Edward Otis Hinkley, who is the seventh 
president of the association. During the first five 
years the collections amounted to $52,897 ; during the 
five years from 1875 to 1879 they amounted to S136,- 
439. During 1880, 15,032 persons were relieved by 
the association. In addition to material relief, the 
agents of the association pay particular attention to 
the religious instruction of the poor. 

The central office of the association is situated at 
No. 122 West Fayette Street. The agents also have 
oHicers in each district : First District, I. L. Beran, 
Jr., 32 South Eden Street ; Second District, Nicholas 
Vansant, 318 Aisquith Street; Third District, Richard 
Hunt, «0 Piiic Street; Fourth District, Joseph K. 
Love, 170 South I'aca Street. 

The (inly salariecl officers of the association are the 
secretary and the four district aLaMits, whose aggregate 
compensation amounts to s;]»'X) per annum. 

The Baltimore Orphan Asylum is one of the 
oldest charitable institutions in this city. It was 
first incorporated on the 31st of December, 1801, as 
the Female Humane Association Charity School, but 
it had probably been organized several years before 
it was chartered. On the 20th of January, 1808, a 
second act of incorporation was passed, by which the 
name of the institution Was changed to theOrphaline 
Charity School, and in which the Rt. Rev. John Car- 
roll, Rev. T. Daniel Kurtz, Rev. James Inglis, Charles 
liidgely, of Hampton ; Christian Keener, Peter Hoff- 
man, and other contributors to the charity were 
named as incorporators. It was further provided 
that the school should be under the management of 
nine "discreet female characters," to be annually 
elected by the contributors and subscribers. Accord- 
ing to the statement of the managers published in 
1819, it would seem that up to 1817 one hundred and 
eleven children had been provided with homes, and 
that in the latter year twenty-five children were ed- 
ucated at the school, four of whom were entirely sup- 
ported by the funds of the institution. In 1819 the 
school numbered twenty-eight pupils, twenty-two of 
whom were clothed and boarded gratuitously. At 
the annual election, on the 13tli of April, in this year, 
Mrs. Luke Tiernan was chosen president ; Mrs. Ken- 
nedy Owen, secretary ; and Mrs. John Hollins, Mrs. 
H. Schroeder, Jr., Mrs. John Brice, Mrs. N. Nelms, 
Mrs. T. Luca.s, Miss Bond, and Miss Gill, mana- 
gers. The institution was originally empowered to 
continue its control of the children committed to its 
care only to the age of sixteen, but by the act of Feb. 
5, 1822, the "directresses" of the school were author- 
ized to "bind out female children until they should 
attain the age of eighteen years, or be married." On 
the 25th of January, 1827, the name was changed to 



the " Baltimore Female Orphan Asylum," and on the 
20th of December of the same year a fair was held 
for the benefit of the institution at the Dancing A.s- 
sembly Rooms, in Eiist Fayette Street. The officers 
of the asylum elected April 19, 1831, were Mrs. John 
Hollins, president; Mrs. H. Boyle, treasurer ; Mrs. 
Raymond, secretary ; and Mrs. Lucas, Mrs. McClure, 
Mrs. Taylor, Mrs. Nelms, and Mrs. Nevins, managers. 
The following ladies were elected managers on the 
12th of April, 1836 : Mrs. Boyle, Mrs. Lucas, Mrs. 
Tiernan, Mrs. McClure, Mrs. J. S. Hollins, Mrs. 
McCuUoh, Mrs. Henry Myers, Miss Lemmon, Mrs. 
Raymond, Mrs. Joseph King, Mrs. Edward Williams. 
Mrs. Raymond was elected president of the board; 
Mrs. Boyle, treasurer; and Miss Lemmon, secretary. 
By the act of 1846, ch. 54, the .institution was au- 
thorized to take charge of destitute male as well as 
female children, and in accordance with this enlarge- 
ment of its powers its name was changed, by act of 
the Legislature, on the 28th of January, lS.')(t, to the 
Baltimore Orphan Asylum. The first location ol the 
institution was on North Calvert Street, adjoining the 
City Spring, but in 1823 the trustees erected a sub- 
staiAial building for its use in Mulberry Street, near 
the cathedral. On the 10th of June, 1852, the corner- 
stone of the present asylum, on the east side of 
Strieker Street, between. Le.\ington and Saratoga 
Streets, was laid, and on the 10th of November, 
1853, the building was dedicated. The edifice has a 
front of one hundred and five feet on Strieker Street, 
with a depth of eighty-five feet, is constructed of 
plain pressed brick, and affords accommodations for 
about three hundred inmates. 

The children enter the institution at an early age, 
receive a plain but substantial education, and are 
trained to habits of good order and industry. Mrs. 
Eliza Baynard is president of the asylum. 

' St. Mary's Female Orphan Asylum was organ- 
ized Feb. 5, 1818, and was chartered Jan. 27, 1819, as 
St. Mary's Orphaline' Female School, with the Most 
Rev. Ambrose Marfichal, Archbishop of Baltimore, 
Rev; Enoch Fenwick, Luke Tiernan, David William- 
son, John White, and John Scott, members of the 
Catholic Church of Baltimore, as incorporators. Mrs. 
L. Ann Tiernan, Mrs. P. Ann S. Tiernan, Mrs. Eliza 
M. Scott, Mrs. Jane Chatard, Mrs. Juliana William- 

! son, Mrs. Sarah White, Mrs. Ann Groe, Mrs. Harriett 
Ghequiere, and Mrs. Letitia Bayle were named by the 

j act of incorporation as the first managers of the insti- 
tution. The corner-stone of the edifice. No. 70 Frank- 

i lin Street, wa,s laid on Sept. 11, 1828. On the parch- 

j ment placed in a slab in the corner-stone was the 
following inscription : 

" To tlie glory of Alniiglity God, under tlio auspices of tlie Blessod 
j Virgin, the conior.»toiie of this ediflce, St. Mary's Cuthollc Female Oi^ 
I plialiiie Asylum, estuklistied liy the Most Rcverenil Ambrose MarOchal, 
AD. 1819, mid of which he was ci most lllwrallwliofactor, deeUned fur the 
education of orphans, poor children, and others who may be entrusted 
to its prntoclion, was laiil liy the Most Uevoroud Janus WliillleM, the 
fonrlh Archhishop of Bultilnore, ussistod by the liidy nmimgolK, Mre. I.. 



CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, 



Tiernan, Chatard, Williamson, Elder, White, Meyers, P. Tiernan, E. 
Jenkins, Walter, Brand, ilickley, J. Jenkins, Jason Jenkins, J. Scott, 
Ghequiere, Stewart, Claxton, P. Scott, Campbell, and Miss Spalding; 
the gentlemen protectors, Lnke Tiernan, Edward Jenkins, John White, 
and John Scott ; the Sisters of Charity, to whose care the scliool is now 
coniniitted, Felicita, Marcellina, Mary Rose, Mary Frances, Mary Aloy- 
sia, whose names are liere recorded that posterity nmy admire their zeal * 
and eninlate their example/* 

The institution has also an edifice and grounds ' 
ou the Yorl£ Road, near Waverly, Baltimore Co., in- 
tended especially for the use of the children during 
the summer months, but occupied all the 3'ear by some 
of the Sisters and their wards. Among other gifts 
made to the institution by Archbishop Marechal were 
the two spacious galleries in the cathedral, located 
above the southern transept, which the children of 
St. Mary's Asylum have occupied for more than half 
a century. Since the construction of the edifice on 
Franklin Street it has been found necessary to en- 
large and otherwise improve it from time to time 
to meet the increased demand for admission. The 
present superior is Sister Gertrude ; her predecessors 
were Sisters Mary Stella, Maurice, Matilda, Valen- 
tine, Euphemia, Julia, Aiiacaria, and Louise. 

Aged Men's Home.— As early as 1860 the lady 
managers of the Aged Women's Home contemplated 
the erection of a home for aged men, but it was not 
until May 19, 1863, that the funds in hand were suffi- 
cient to warrant the laying of the corner-stone of the 
building. On the 10th of March, 1864, an act was 
passed by the Legislature enlarging the powers of 
the Humane Impartial Society of Baltimore, and au- 
thorizing it to relieve and provide for indigent men, 
and on the 19th of January, 1865, the home was for- 
mally opened. The building is situated on the north- 
west corner of Lexington and Calhoun Streets, imme- 
diately adjoining the Aged Women's Home. It is 
untler the same management as the latter, is seventy- 
eight feet by sixty square, three stories high, with a 
capacious basement, and is capable of accommodating 
forty-six inmates. 

Aged Women's Home. — This institution was origi- 
nally incorporated Dec. 27, 1811, as the Humane Im- 
partial Society, but the society itself existed as early 
as 1802, on the 7th of January in which year the 
first regular meeting of the " Female Humane Asso- 
ciation" for the relief of indigent women was held at 
the residence of Bishop Carroll.' Its purpose, as ex- 
pressed in the act of incorporation, was the employ- 
ment and relief of widows and the education of 
orphans, and it was provided that each of the religi- 
ous denominations in the city should be represented ! 
in the society by a trustee. Jan. 28, 1850, the mem- j 
bers of the society desiring to enlarge the sphere of 

1 A free male school was among the first enterprises of the society, and 
in November of that year the managers reported that they had admitted 
thirty-three scholars to the institution, and had in part clothed twenty 
of the most destitute. In 1810 the society announced that it had en- 
gaged a '•master taylor" to superintend a department in their ware- 
house, No. 25 Calvert Street, and that gentlemen could be accommodated 
with ready-made clothes. The society had also an " intelligence office" 
at this period. 



their benevolent operations, a further act of incorpo- 
ration was passed by which the name was changed to 
the " Baltimore Humane Impartial Society and Aged 
Women's Home," and its purposes declared to be the 
employment and relief of indigent women, the pro- 
viding of a suitable home for the aged, and the main- 
tenance and education of orphans. At the passage 
of the first act of incorporation Mrs. Mary Coulter 
was declared president, and Mrs. Keziah Morris, Mrs. 
Sarah McDonald, Mrs. McPherson, Mrs. Liddle, Mrs. 
Peterkin, Mrs. Hartshorn, and Mrs. Hagerty man- 
agers of the institution until the' first election under 
the charter. The trustees appointed by the act were 
Alexander McKira, Rev. John Glendy, Rev. Frederick 
Beasly, Rev. John Hargrove, Philip Lawrenson, Dr. 
Joseph Brevitt, and the Rev. Alexander McCaine. 
The corner-stone of the Aged Women's Home, on 
West Lexington Street, near Franklin Square, was 
laid Sept. 17, 1849, and the building was formally 
opened Oct. 28, 1851. The lot was the gift of James 
Canby, of Wilmington, Del., and William G. Thomas, 
of Baltimore. The officers and managers of the home 
at its opening were Miss Margaret Purviance, presi- 
dent; Mrs. Ninde, vice-president; Mrs. Dr. Plummer, 
recording secretary ; Miss King, corresponding secre- 
tary ; Mrs. William G. Harrison, treasurer ; and the 
following lady managers : Mrs. Capt. Leslie, Mrs. 
Pickersgill, Mrs. Purdy, Mrs. Ridgely, Mrs. Kirk- 
land, Mrs. Corner, Mrs. Henderson, Mrs. Thomas 
Swann, Mrs. T. H. Wilson, Mrs. J. H. B. Latrobe, 
Mrs. Dr. Johns, Mrs. T. Wilson, Mrs. H. Baker, 
Mrs. W. S. Appleton, Mrs. Taney, Mrs. G. H. Wil- 
liams, Mrs. William Graham Dunbar, and Misses 
Sprigg, Wilkins, E. Wilson, and Miss Monroe. The 
trustees were Rev. William Hamilton, Robert P. 
Brown, Hugh D. Evans, N. Monsarat, Roger B. 
Taney, Joseph King, George Brown, William G. 
Thomas, William G. Baker, J. S. Gittings. Physi- 
cians, Dr. A. Robinson, Dr. R. Stewart. Wednesday, 
May 19, 1874, the corner-stone of the new addition 
to the building was laid, and it was completed shortly 
afterwards. This addition is forty-seven feet in length 
and sixty-five in width, and contains thirty-six rooms. 
To the late Miss Margaret S. Purviance belongs the 
honor of first suggesting the idea of a " Home for 
Aged Women," and to her unwearying efforts this as 
well as many other of our most practical and useful 
charities owe much of their present efficiency and 
success. The present officers of the institution are : 

Mrs. Henry Patterson, president; Mrs. A. Fuller Crane, vice-president ; 
Miss Alice Armstrong, recording secretary; Mrs. Com. Purviauce, 
corresponding secretary ; Mrs. William G. Hoffman, treasurer. Man- 
agers, Miss. C. J. Baker, Miss J. Henderson, Mrs. Hammer, Mrs. Com. 
Purviance, Mrs. Patterson, Miss Grafflin, Miss Waesche, Miss Bright, 
Miss Maund, Miss E. Wilson, Mrs. A. F. Crane, Mrs. William G. 
Hoffman, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, Miss Wilkins, Miss Meredith, Miss 
Alice Armstrong, Mrs. Pouder, Mi-s. Charles Inglis, Mis. W. W. 
Spence, Mrs. John A. English, Mrs. George H. Williams. Trustees, 
Dr. E. Perkins, Presbyterians; William G. Thomas, Friends; C.J. 
Baker, Methodists; Hon. T. Swann, Episcopalians. Attending Phy- 
sicians, Dr. H. M. Wilson, Dr. Eyster. Attorney, George H. Wil- 
liams. Matron, Miss Mcllhaney. 



596 



.HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The terms of admission are, for a native of Balti- 
more or resident tor twenty years, three hundred 
dollars if the applicant is between the ages of sixty 
and sixty-five, two hundred and fifty dollars from 
sixty-five to seventy, two hundred dollars from seventy 
upwards. If the applicant be from one of the counties 
of Maryland, the rates are the same as above, with the 
addition of a thirty dollars annuity. If the appli- 
cant be from another State, the rates are the same as 
for a city resident, with five hundred dollars addi- 
tional. 

Home of the Friendless was incorporated under 
the general incorporation law of 1852, and was opened 
on Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 23, 1854, at No. 17 Neigh- 
bor Street, East Baltimore. Two months afterwards 
it was removed to a larger house on Buren Street, near 
by. In October following it was removed to Eutaw 
Street, near Saratoga. Shortly afterwards it occupied 
two houses on Paca Street, where it remained until it 
removed to its present location, corner Druid Hill 
Avenue and Townsend Street. The corner-stone of 
the present " Home" was laid May 28, 1860, and the 
building was formally opened and dedicated April 2, 
18(il. On the 23d of February, 1871, the new build- 
ing designu;l for the use of male inmates was for- 
mally opened. This addition is forty five by fifty-five ( 
feet, and i.s four stories high independent of Mansard 
roof, which furnishes another story. It is divided j 
into twenty-seven rooms, including one wash and 
four bath-rooms and two kitchens, is fitted up with 
the various modern conveniences, and will accommo- 
date about one hundred boys. It cost about twenty- 
seven thousand dollars. 

Since the formation of the Home of the Friendless 
it has received and sheltered nearly sixteen hundred 
children. At the time of its organization there were 
only female orphan asylums. The Home of the 
I'Viendless was the first institution in the State to pro- 
vide for youn(j boys, and was the first to include a 
child's hospital in its work, which is now fully or- 
ganized and accomplishing a commendable mission. 
The institution is non-sectarian. Its first officers 
were Mrs. James E. Atkinson, president; Mrs. Mary 
C. Towtie, first vice-president; Mrs. James H. Wil- 
son, secoiiil vi(i-|iiisii|.iil ; .Mrs. 'i'liomas Whitridge, 
treasurer; .Mi- I;,!..-,,;, .M,(niik,'> , -.mi ,tary. Mi's. 
Atkinson and .Mis> .\l,('M]ikc\ h:i\c Ik'I.I their respec- 
tive positions of jjrcsident and secretary from the or- 
ganization of the "Home," in 1854, to the present 
time. The first managers were Mrs. Charles F. Mayer, 
Mrs. John M. Smith, Mrs. John Fonerden, Mrs. Ann 
Sherrod, Mrs. Joseph H. Meredith, Mrs. Basil B. 
Gordon, Mrs. Milton Whitney, Mrs. Henry Stock- 
bridge, Jliss J. S. CheflfeUe, Miss May Keller, Miss 
Kachel Brown, Mrs. William Ellicott. The first 
counselors were Mrs. Dr. Buckler, Mrs. Galloway 
Che-ston, Mrs. J. Saurin Norris, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, 
Mrs. P. II. Sullivan, Mrs. Enoch Pratt, Mrs. Samuel 
G. Wyman, Mrs. John P. Stanley, Mrs. J. Harmon 



Brown, Mrs. Sophia Clark, Miss Isabella Tyson, Miss 
Mary Frick, Miss Shaw, and Me-ssrs. Thomas Whit- 
ridge, J. S. Norris, C. F. Mayer, R. M. Lockwood, 
J. D. Pratt, William E. Mayhew, William H. Keigh- 
ler, John Williams, Johns Hopkins, Joseph Gushing, 
Milton Whitney, William P. Coles, Charles Grinnell, 
and Jesse Hunt. The physicians were Dr. Charles 
Frick and Dr. W. C. Van Bibber. The present offi- 
cers are Mrs. James E. Atkinson, president ; Mrs. F. 
A. Crook, first vice-president ; Miss Melissa Boker, 
second vice-president ; Miss Mary L. Frick, treasurer ; 
Mrs. Robert Tyson, recording secretary ; Miss Rebecca 
McConkey, corresponding secretary. Managers, Mrs. 
Charles F. Mayer, Mrs. Josej)!! H. Meredith, Mrs. 
Frank White, Miss Anna V. Woodward, Miss Judith 
Cheffelle, Mi.ss Helen Whitridge, Miss Mary King, 
Mrs. Dr. Warfield, Miss Christina Bond, Mrs. David 
T. Busby, Mrs. Samuel Landstreet, Miss Mary Ensey, 
Mrs. John A. Tompkins, Mrs. Andrew G. Waters, 
Mrs. Hiram Woods, Mrs. John S. Berry, Mrs. Horace 
W. Robbins, Miss Anne Armstrong, Miss Hester Styles, 
Miss Eliza E. Berry, Mrs. J. Wesley Wright, Mrs. 
Mifflin Coulter, Mrs. Lewis Kalbfu.s, Miss Eliza 
George, Mrs. Charles E. Waters, Mrs. Eugene Lever- 
ing, Miss Jane Bradford, and Miss Emily G. Waters. 
Trustees, Francis T. King, Hiram Woods, Jr., Charles 
J. Baker, John S. Berry, Francis A. Crook, William 
Woodward, William F. Frick, Thomas M. Johnson. 
Physicians, Dr. P. C. Williams, Dr. W. C. Van Bib- 
ber, Dr. T. Edmonson Atkinson, Dr. William G. 
Harrison, Dr. L. McL. Tiffimy, Dr. John Van Bibber. 
Girls' Matron, Mrs. Johnson. Boys' Matron, Miss 
Ensey. Teacher, Miss Isaacs. 

The House of the Good Shepherd was organized 
in 1844, and was incorporated in August of that year.' 
The grounds embrace the entire block bounded by 
Mount, Gilmor, Hollius, and Lombard Streets, and 
when first occupied the buildings consisted only of 
the old Donnell mansion, which was presented to the 
institution by the late Mrs. Emily MacTavish. The 
site is one of the most elevated in Baltimore, afford- 
ing an extensive view of the city, the surrounding 
country, and the river and bay. The property has 
been greatly enlarged and improved since the inaug- 
uration of the institution, no less than three additions 
having been made to the original building. The 
corner-stone of the first addition, which included the 
chapel, was laid by Rev. Thomas Foley, late Bishop 
of Chicago, on the 16th of July, 1866, and the new 
building was dedicated on the 21st of November, 
1867. On the 7th of March, 1876, Dr. John Foley 
laid the corner-stone of the second addition, which 
was dedicated on the 2Sth of August of the same 
year ; the third and last addition was dedicated Nov. 
9, 1880. The object of the institution is the recla- 
mation and reformation of fallen and unfortunate 

1 The Sistei-s commoncod thuir work in a Iiutine on West I*ratt Street, 
wiiero Father ThoniM Foley said the first miuis on the Clli of August. 
This luculiun, liiiwover, wiu* soon iibiuidoni'il for liie one now occupied. 



CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 



597 



women, and the preservation of young girls and 
children in danger of being led to ruin. Since its 
establishment the institution has received nine hun- 
dred and sixty-nine women and girls, of whom five 
hundred and fifty-seven have returned to their friends, 
one hundred and eighty-three have left of their own 
accord, fifty-six have died happily, and one hun- 
dred and seventy-three are still inmates. By the 
act of 1878 additional corporate powers were granted , 
to the institution, by which justices of the peace 
in the city or counties, the judge of the Criminal j 
Court of Baltimore, and the judges of the Circuit 
Courts of the counties were authorized to commit to 
it incorrigible and vicious white females under the 
age of eighteen years. Since the passage of this act I 
one hundred and twenty persons have been committed [ 
under its provisions, of whom fifty-nine have been 
released, and sixty-one are still inmates. The House 
of the Good Shepherd is in charge of the Sisters of 
the Good Shepherd, with Sister Mary Joseph as su- 
perior. Rev. Thomas Foley, late Bishop of Chicago, 
was the first president, and was succeeded by Rev. 
Dr. John Foley, pastor of St. Martin's Church. 

The Home for Fallen Women was organized in 
March, 1869. It was first situated on Frederick Street, 
in a house rented for the purpose. On the 27th of 
November, 1874, it was removed to the house at pres- 
ent occupied. No. 1 North Exeter Street, which was 
purchased for a permanent home. Its object is to 
rescue fallen women, and. by the invitations and en- 
couragements of the gospel to endeavor to raise them 
to lives of virtue and usefulness. Its first president 
was Mrs. G. R. Dodge. Mrs. E. B. Murdoch is her 
successor in that office. Mrs. E. W. Anderson is 
secretary. Dr. G. G. Child is the superintendent, 
and Mrs. Child is matron of the institution. | 

Little Sisters of the Poor. — The work of the Little 
Sisters of the Poor in Baltimore was commenced in ! 
1869. In April of that year they rented Nos. 160 and [ 
162 North Calvert Street, two doors south of Centre [ 
Street, where they began their work of noble and self- 
sacrificing labors for the poor. Their efibrts met 
with a warm and ready response, and on the 21st of 
April, 1870, one wing of the spacious buildings now 
occupied by them, at the corner of John and Valley 
Streets, was dedicated by the Very Rev. H. B. Cos- 
kery. On the 26th of April, 1874, the corner-stone of 
the chapel and central portion of the edifice was laid 
by Father McManus, pastor of St. John's Church, 
and on the 25th of October of the same year this ad- 
dition was dedicated by Archbishop Bayley. The 
hospital wing was completed subsequently, and adds 
greatly to the practical usefulness of the institution. 
The buildings occupy one of the finest sites in the 
city, are admirably planned and constructed, and 
form a fitting monument to the devoted zeal which in 
so short a time called them into existence. The in- 
mates consist of the aged poor, who are entirely sup- 
ported by the daily charities solicited by the Sisters. 



German Orphan Asylum. — This institution was or- 
ganized in 1863 as the Lutheran Orphan Asylum, and 
occupied a building at No. 69 East Pratt Street, 
which was dedicated on November 8th in that year. 
It was founded by Rev. Martin Kratt, and among 
those prominently connected with its organization 
were Prof Krapp, Prof. Facius, and E. C. Linden. 
In 1867 the asylum was removed from Pratt Street 
to the large three-story building No. 69 North Cal- 
vert, which was dedicated to the puriwses of the in- 
stitution on the 7t.h of July in that year. At a meet- 
ing of the managers of the institution on the 16th of 
May, 1872, it was determined to purchase the old 
Carmelite Convent property, corner of Aisquith and 
Orleans Streets, which was accordingly done, and on 
the 30th of March, 1873, the work of tearing down 
the convent building to make room for the present 
asylum was commenced. On the 22d of June of the 
same year the corner-stone of the new building was 
laid with imposing ceremonies. A procession, which 
preceded the ceremony proper, was composed of most 
if not all of the German lodges and societies in the 
city, and was one of the finest and largest demonstra- 
tions of its kind which ever took place in Baltimore. 
The procession was under the command of Chief Mar- 
shal Otto Duker, with Charles Seipp and H. Wehr as 
assistants, and the following stafl": Adjutant-in-Chief, 
C. F. Winter ; George Strohmeyer, A. Prey, G. Rauth, 

B. Stolt, August Kiel, D. F. Kohl, George Robinson ,H. 
Mooyer, C. Edlemann, L. Strassburger, John Scharz, 

C. Sauer, F. Everett, Jacob Edlemann, J. Drechler, 
H. E. Valentine, F. Plitz, E. Sibirt, F. Meyer, H. 
Lehr, J. Guenther, S. Newhan, H. Best, P. Otto, F. ■ 
Schwear, and H. Noss. The first division was mar- 
shaled by Charles Blumhardt, who was assisted by 

A. Beck and G. Schwerder as adjutants. The second 
division was marshaled by Charles Schwarzhaupt, 
and Lewis H. Robinson and John Vonderhorst as 
adjutants. The third division was under the com- 
mand of H. Eckes, with H. Drokenbrot and H. Men- 
ger as adjutants. The fourth division was under the 
marshalship of C. Lotz, with H. Schuckhardt and 
William Burkheimer as adjutants. The fifth division 
was under the command of C. Knoeft". The opening 
address was delivered by Prof Facius, the president 
of the German Orphan Asylum. The building was 
dedicated on the 22d of June, 1874. It is constructed 
of brick, with Ohio stone trimmings, and consists of 
a main building and two wings, and has a front of 
one hundred and twenty-five feet. Its cost was fifty 
thousand dollars, and the cost of the lot, which is one 
hundred and fifty feet front by two hundred deep, 
was thirty thousand dollars. The convent chapel was 
not torn down, and its first floor is now used as a 
directors' room, and the second floor for hospital pur- 
poses. The ofiicers are John Ulrich, president; P. 
L. Keyser, treasurer ; Wm. Eckhardt, secretary ; Lewis 

B. Schaeffer, superintendent. 

St. Joseph's House of Industry wius founded in 



598 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



18()5, and was originally situated at 84 North Greene 
Street. Its purpose is to provide a home for girls who 
have grown too old to remain in the infant orphan 
asylums of the Catholic Church, but who are still too 
young to be thrown upon the world without guidance 
or direction. The beneficiaries of the institution are 
trained to useful and practical employments, and are 
fitted when they leave it to earn a comfortable sup- 
port. It is in charge of the Sisters of Charity; its 
present loi'iition is iit Waverly Terrace, southeast 
corner of Carey and lycxirigtoii Streets. 

The Society for the Education of Hebrew Poor 
and Orphan Children was organized Feb. 8, 1852, 
for the piiri)ose of providing for the education of poor 
and orphan Hebrew children. The society is now 
educating about thirty children, and numbers about 
one hundred members. Its first president was Louis 
Hamnierslough, who was sucoeeded by Jacob Gazan 
and Jonas Friedenwald. .Jacob Rose is the present 
presiding officer; Jonas Goldsmith, secretary. 

The P. E. Brotherhood of Baltimore wa-s organ- 
ized December, 18r>l, and chartered in 1856. The 
objects of the brotherliood are, first, the mutual care 
and relief of its members when sick or physically 
disabled, to secure its deceased Christian burial, to 
succor their widows or orphans, and to promote 
among its members Christian fellowship and love; 
and secondly, to minister according to its ability to 
the relief of the sick stranger and destitute of their 
own communion other than members of the brother- 
hood. Its successive presidents were, first, William 
Woodward; second, Enoch S. Courtney; third, Robert 
M. Proud; fourth, Henry W. Rogers; fifth, Marion 
K. Burch. Its history has been marked by a quiet 
but steady adherence to the benevolent objects of its 
formation. 

The Protestant Infant Asylum was organized in 
1875, and was at first located at 163 West Lombard 
Street, but was afterwards removed to the old Bar- 
num place, on the Harford road. The first officers 
were Mrs. Wm. H. Brune, president ; Mrs. D. H. Gor- 
don, Mrs. Dr. H. M. Wilson, Mrs. Geo. W. Brown, 
Mrs. Kennard Chandler, Miss Kate McClellan, and 
Mi.ss Eliza Berry, vice-presidents; Mrs. A. M. Gordon, 
treasurer; Mrs. C. B. Murdoch, corresponding secre- 
tary ; and Mrs. C. C. Brooks, recording secretary. 
The board of directors was composed of Messrs. 
Woodward Abrahams, T. Harrison Garrett, Eugene 
Levering, Joseph Merrifield, Charles Slagle, Rev. Dr. 
Grammer, Judge John A. Inglis, Dr. Thomas Lati- 
mer, Dr. C. F. Bevan, Mr. Phillii»s, Wm. Canby, and 
Wm. Whitridge. 

St. Anthony's Orphan Asylum.— This institution 
is intended for the children of German Catholic pa- 
rents. The present building, on Central Avenue, near 
Eager Street, was commenced in 1852, the corner- 
stone being laid October 24th of that year. It was 
dedicated on the 25th of May, 1854. In 1860 the in- 
stitution was chartcre<l under the name of "St. An- 



thony's Orphan Asylum in Baltimore City." The 
' Sisters of Notre Dame have charge of the orphans, 
who number from eighty to one hundred. The rector 
of St. Alphonsus' Church is e.r officio the prt«ident of 
the board. 

The Convent of the Visitation was founded in 
November, 1838, by several Sisters from the convent 
at Georgetown, who came to Baltimore upon the invi- 
tation of the archbishop, and at the suggestion of ex- 
perienced friends. The first superioress was Sister 
Mary Juliana Mathews, who has since been followed 
in that office by Sisters Michaella Jenkins, Pauline 
Millard, and Mary Leonard Neale. The first location 
of the convent was at the corner of Greene .imiI Mul- 
berry Streets. The present location is at the north- 
west corner of Park Avenue and Centre Street, where 
the convent property occupies half a square, bounded 
on the east by Park Avenue, south by Centre Street, 
and west by Howard Street. Here the Sisters have 
long conducted a female academy, which is regarded 
as one of the best of its kind in the country. The 
institution is attended by the Redemptorist Fathers 
from St. .\lplionsus'. 
i The Oblate Sisters of Providence were founded 
on the 5th of June, 1825, by Rev. James Neator Jou- 
bert, a French priest, who had been driven from San 
Domingo by the negro insurrection, in which his rela- 
tives had fallen victims to the ferocity of the blacks. 
In a noble spirit of revenge he determined to dedi- 
cate the remainder of his life to the amelioration of 
the colored race, and with the approval and »ncour- 
agement of Archbishop Whitfield, organized the new 
colored sisterhood. The proposal at first met with 
opposition, but it finally prevailed, and three colored 
Sisters were brought from San Domingo to control and 
direct the management. In 1829 the organization of 
the order was completed, and in 1831 the sisterhood 
in America was acknowledged by the Holy See. The 
sisterhood was located for many years in Richmond 
Street, opposite Park, but was at last forced to select 
another location. The corner-stone of the structure. 
Chase Street and Forrest Place, at present occupied 
by them, was laid in 1870 by Archbishop Spalding, 
and the building was so far completed as to admit of 
occupancy in August, 1871, when the sisterhood, after 
having spent more than forty years in the old building 
on Richmond Street, removed to their new quarters. 
Among the members of the sisterhood at this time 
was Sister Mary Lange, one of the three Sisters who 
had come over to found the order in 1829. Although 
more than ninety years of age at the time of the re- 
moval from Richmond Street, she still retained her 
mental faculties unimpaired. The institution is at 
present known as St. Francis' Convent and Academy. 
Carmelite Convent. — The community of the Car- 
melites or Tcresian Nuns, whose convent is situated 
at the corner of Biddle and Caroline Streets, is the 
oldest in the United States except the Ursuline Con- 
vent in New Orleans. During the eighteenth ecu- 



CHAKITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 



tury an aunt of the late Father Matthews, of Wash- 
ington, went from her home in Charles County to 
join the order at one of their houses in Belgium. 
Two sisters of the same clergyman, together with a 
Miss Brent, joined this lady in her retreat. Miss 
Brent died in Belgium, but in 1790 the three ladies,' 
with a lady who had joined them in England, re- 
turned to Maryland, and established a community in 
Charles County. They were accompanied by Rev. 
Charles Neale, who built them a house at Port To- 
bacco at his own expense. In 1831 they left their 
home in Port Tobacco, and with Mother Angela Mudd 
as superior, and a membership of twenty-four, came 
to Baltimore. At one time the Sisters had a very 
respectable school for girls, which was liberally 
patronized, but at the suggestion of Archbishop Ken- 
rick the academy was closed, as not being altogether 
in harmony with the spirit of the order, which re- 
quires absolute retirement. The fir.st location of the 
convent was on Aisquith Street, near Orleans, which 
was occupied by the Sisters for forty-two years. The 
corner-stone of the present convent, southwest corner 
of Caroline and Biddle Streets, was laid on the 21st 
of July, 1872, by Bishop Lynch, and the building was 
dedicated on the 28th of JUJarch, 1873. The old con- 
vent was sold t(i the trustees of tlie German Orphan 
Asyhini, and the site is now occupied by that institu- 
tion. 

Henry Watson Aid Society.— The (irst meeting 
for the purpose of forming, this society was held in 
the Central Presbyterian church, corner of Saratoga 
and Liberty Streets, on Sept. 18, 1860. It was incor- 
porated on the 14th of February, 1862, under the 
name of the Children's Aid Society of Baltimore, 
with William B. Canfield, Isaac P. Cook, John Cur- 
lett, J. Dean Smith, Edward Otis Hinkley, Charles 
Hoffman, Telfair Marriott, and G. S. Griffith as in- 
corporators. By the act of March 1, 1864, it was 
provided that the judges of the Orphans' Court of 
Baltimore, the judge of the Criminal Court, any jus- 
tice of the peace, the trustees of the poor, and the 
ward managers of the poor might commit to the 
president and board of managers of the society any 
minor, whether male or female, in the same manner j 
and under the same circumstances as they are author- 
ized to deal with and commit female minors to the ' 
Home of the Friendless. The president and board of j 
managers were also vested with all the rights and 
authority possessed by the Home of the Friendless, 
and were empowered to bind out male minors until I 
twenty-one years of age. In consequence of the 
handsome endowment of Henry Watson, on the 12th 
of February, 1872, the name was changed to the 
Henry Watson Children's Aid Society of Baltimore. 
The present " Home" of the society is situated at Nos. 
70 and 72 North Calvert Street. The first home was a 



Aluysiusand Eleanor Mm 
superiur inlsdo, umi reiiu 



Bernadine Matthewe, superior, her i 
V8, and Sister Mary DicUineon, who h 
1 so until her deatli, Mareh 27, 1830. 



rented dwelling. No. 7 Courtland Street, near Lexing- 
ton, which was occupied Jan. 21, 1861. The second 
home was also a rented dwelling. No. 166 West 
Lombard Street, near Howard. The present home 
was occupied and dedicated to its use Feb. 1, 1866. 
The Girls' Home Department, which occupies No. 70 
North Calvert Street, was first occupied and dedi- 
cated to its present purposes June 19, 1872. It is de- 
signed as a home for respectable working-girls unable 
to pay over two dollars a week for their board, and 
for apprentices unable to pay anything. The Free 
Sewing-Schools are also located at No. 70, and are 
designed to furnish gratuitous instructions to depend- 
ent girls in the use of sewing-machines, so as to 
qualify them to earn a living by their use. This de- 
partment is always crowded with pupils, and the 
number instructed is equal to the full capacity of the 
rooms, there being, in fact, more applicants than space 
for instruction. The average daily attendance is 66. 

The present ofiicers of the society are William B. 
Canfield, president ; John Curlett, Edward Otis Hink- 
ley, vice-presidents ; William A. Wysong, corre- 
sponding secretary; F. G. Brown, recording secretary ; 
Jesse Tyson, treasurer; W. C. Palmer, agent; Mrs. 
W. C. Palmer, matron. 

The Industrial Home was established in 1874 by 
the Ladies' Relief Association, and is situated at No. 
49 North Calvert Street. The building was formerly 
occupied by the German Orphan Asylum. The In- 
dustrial Home provides daily employment for a large 
number of persons, principally females, and is the 
source of many practical charities. Connected with 
the home is a nursery, where the women wlio are 
employed at the institution may leave their young 
children during the hours of labor. 

Home for the Aged of the M. E. Church.— The 
movement for the establishment of a Home for the 
Aged of the Methodist Episcopal Church was begun 
on the 14th of October, 1867, and on the evening of 
the 21st of January, 1868, a largely-attended meeting 
was held by the Methodists of the city at the Mary- 
land Institute, for the purpose of giving aid and en- 
couragement to the enterprise. Able addresses were 
delivered by Bishop Simpson, Rev. Henry Slicer, Rev. 
John Lanahan, and others, and about five thousand 
dollars were contributed before the close of the meet- 
ing. An association was formed for the purpose of for- 
warding the design, and a board of lady managers of 
families was organized, who at once proceeded to push 
the work with great energy. The project was so far 
advanced in November, 1868, as to justify the fitting 
up of the old parsonage in the rear of Light Street 
church for temporary use, and it was formally occu- 
pied on the 17th of that month. The institution com- 
menced with fifteen aged ladies as members of its 
household, and was incorporated on the 30th of No- 
vember, 1868. The corner-stone of the present ele- 
gant and commodious structure, on the southwest 
corner of Fulton and Franklin Streets, was laid in the 



600 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



spring of 1871, and the building was dedicated on the 
KJtli of October, 1872. The idea of establishing a 
Home for Aged Women of the Methodist Church was 
suggested by the late Rev. Dr. Roberts, but the suc- 
cessful execution of the design was principally due 
to the energy of the lady managers to whom the work 
\v;js committed. The building is constructed of fine 
ISaltimore i)ressed brick, with a granite base four feet 
liigh, and fronts one hundred and eight feet on Fulton 
Street, running back ninety-six feet on Franklin. It 
is three full stories high, with a Mansard story above, 
and cost with the ground about ninety thousand dol- 
lars. The otiiccrs of the institution are Mrs. Frances 
A. Crook, president ; Mrs. .1. Hart, secretary. 

Society for the Protection of Children from 
Cruelty and Immorality.— This society was incor- 
jioratcd on the 18tli of June, 1S7S, by McJisrs. Andrew 
Held, G. S. Griffith, H. E. Johnson, "s. W. T. Hopper, 
William H. Whitty, J. B. Schontz, William C. Palmer, 
William A. Gault, William R. Barry, Samuel D. 
Schmucker, Dr. John Morris, Enoch Pratt, William 
M. Boone, Edward M. Greenway, John A. Armstrong, 
Joshua Levering, Richard J. Hoi lings worth, Joseph 
Merrifield, Robert A. Taylor, William H. Perkins, 
Pierre C. Dugan, William A. Wisong, James McMil- 
lan, and Chas. Oudesluys. The object of the society 
is " the prevention of cruelty to children, whether in- 
flicted by those having a natural or acquired author- 
ity over them or by others ; to prevent children from 
begging in the streets, and from attending variety 
theatres or dance-houses ; to rescue girls from evil 
lives; and to prevent the sale of intoxicating drinks 
to minors." The officers are William R. Barry, presi- 
dent; G.S. Griffith, Rev. H. E.Johnson, Dr. John Mor- 
ris, Rev. W. F. Watkins, Enoch Pratt, E. M. Green- 
way, Jr., E. D. Merolla, Andrew Reid, vice-presidents ; 
Rev. J. B. Shontz, secretary ; Joshua Levering, treas- 
urer ; Samuel D. Schmucker, attorney ; R. S. Rodg- 
ers, assistant attorney ; James McMillan, agent. The 
office of the society is at the corner of Post-Office 
Avenue and Second Street. 

St. Vincent's Infant Asylum.— About the year 
1855 the Sisicis oldiarity hcirau in an unpretentious 
way at I'li.'! I'latt Street, near Eutaw, the charity 
which is now known as St. Vincent's Infant Asylum. 
In 1857, however, they secured on very reasonable 
terms from Mrs. Emily Harper, granddaughter of 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a spacious lot on Di- 
vision Street, near Townsend, and began their present 
commodious building. In February, 1860, they re- 
moved to the new location, having at that time forty- 
seven infants in charge. Messrs. Long & Powell were 
the architects, and J. M. Foley, Dr. Chatard, and Rev. 
Joseph Giustiniani the committee under whose su- 
pervision the building was erected. 

The Boys' Home Society was organized in 1866 
by James M. Drill and William B. Hill, and was in- 
corporated on the 7th of October, 1867, bv Messrs. 
James M. Drill, ( i. S. Griffith, Francis T. King, James 



Beatty, Samuel McD. Richardson, Talbott Denmead, 
: William R. Hurst, and William B. Hill. The home 
was at first situated on Holliday Street, near the old 
City Hall, in the upper story of a blacksmith-shop, 
and was removed in 1872 to its present location, on 
the northwest corner of Calvert and Pleasant Streets. 
Its first president was William B. Hill ; its second, 
Thomas R. Crane, and its third, J. Q. A. Herring. 
The object of the institution is 



"to furnish shelter, care, aud protecttoD to every humelc 
Iwy who is willing to work; to get for liioi steady work and fair wages 
at some honest business; to furnish him a clean bed, wholesome food, 
and plain clothing, allowing him to contribute what he can out of his 
earnings towards the cost of his maintenance; to teach him the rudi- 
ments of an English education ; tu help him in acquiring habits of or- 
der, cleanliness, and virtue ; and to stimulate him to become a self-reli- 
ant, self-sustaining character." 

Any destitute or homeless boy between the ages of 
ten and twenty years may be admitted if he express 
a willingness to become an obedient member of the 
household, to work for his living at any employment 
or occupation to which the superintendent may assign 
him, and to contribute out of his wages the weekly 
sum of Ssi.75 towards the maintenance and support 
of the home; or, if earning four dollars and over' per 
week, to coutribute $2.50 per week towards its main- 
tenance. Connected with the home is a Ladies' Aid 
Society, of which Mrs. Richard Price is president; 
Mrs. Martin Hawley, Mrs. Charles J. Baker, Mrs. C. 
C. Brooks, Mrs. F. P. Stevens are vice-presidents; 
Mrs. F. W. Bennett, treasurer; Mrs. A. G. Stabler, 
secretary. The officers of the Boys' Home Society 
are J. Q. A. Herring, president; Martin Hawley, 
vice-president; Secretary, Charles J. Meyer; Treas- 
urer, James Beatty ; Directors, Messrs. James M. 
Drill, Francis White, G. S. GriflSth, James Beatty, 
Thomas Hill, Charles J. Meyer, D. D. Mallory, Mar- 
tin Hawley, Charles F. Taylor, Charles H. Mercer, 
William G. Bansemer, George R. Skillman, E. D. 
Bigelow, Charles Marshall, J. Q. A. Herring, Joshua 
Levering, A. F. Murdoch, J. F. Bradenbaugh, Henry 
Taylor, A. Fuller Crane, Jr., and Samuel E. Hill. 
The superintendent is J. II. Lynch, and the matron 
Mrs. J. H. Lynch. 
j The Maryland Inebriate Asylum was organized 
in December, 1859, and was incorporated on the 5tli 
of March, 1860, with the following board of trustees: 
i John Thomson Mason, William Webber, Daniel 
[ Weisel, Richard Potts,. Washington Duvall, Jesse 
! Warfield, J. Edward Reynolds, John H. Price, Nich- 
i olas Brewer, T. Watkins Ligon, C*. C. Magruder, 
Thomas J. Graham, W. B. Stone, James T. Blackis- 
[ tone, John C. Groome, B. J. Eccleston, Richard B. 
Carmichael, H. Fountain, C. C. Cox, Thomas H. 
I Hicks, J. W. Crisfield, Aza Spence, Alexander Ran- 
1 dall, Richard Lee, A. J. Myers, Jacob Reese, Thomas 
! A. Roberts, George Gale, Stephen J. Bradley, Thomas 
J. McKaig, B. Goldsborough, Stephenson Archer, W. 
V. Bouic, R. A. Marshall, G. C. M. Roberus, J. R.W. 
Dunbar, C. Dickson, Joseph T. Smith. N. J. B. Mor- 



CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 



gan, J. N. McJilton, J. W. N. Williams, Stewart 
Brown, Charles Corkran, Robert Leslie, Goldsbor- } 
ough S. Griffith, John Fonerdan, Charles J. BaJcer, ] 
John Kettlewell, Samuel J. Mills, Dr. P. C. Williams, 
and William Colton. The institution was located for 1 
a time on the southeast corner of Fulton and Harlem | 
Avenues, and afterwards at Catonsville. It is no longer 
in existence. 

Dolan's Orphans' Home was founded by Father ; 
James Dolan, pastor of St. Patrick's Catholic Church, 
in 1847, for the relief of the children of Irish emi- 
grants who had died of the ship fever in that year on 
their way to this country. A farm was accordingly 
purchased about three miles from the city, between 
the Falls and York turnpike, and suitable accommo- 
dations provided. The house was transferred to Bal- 
timore on the 1st of March, 1859. It is situated at 
113 Gough Street. 

The Children's Aid Society, situated at 115 Gough 
Street, was also louiidid by Father Dolan, who left 
one-third of his estate tdtlic Young Catholics' Friends' 
Society in trust for this object. It was formally 
ojjened on the 31st of August, 1874. 1 

Institution for the Colored Blind and Deaf j 
Mutes. — In 1872 application was made to the Legis- 
lature for an appropriation to establish an institution 
for the instruction of the colored blind and deaf mutes 
in this State, and an appropriation of ten thousand 
dollars was made for the year 1872, and ten thousand 
dollars for the year 1873. Three directors from the 
Maryland Institution for the Education of the Deaf 
and Dumb and three from the Maryland Institution 
for the Instruction of the Blind were delegated to 
organize the new institution, and purchase the house 
at 92 Broadway. The school was opened in October, 
1872 ; the total number of pupils the first year was 
eighteen. In July, 1879, the institution was removed 
to 2.58 Saratoga Street, to meet the growing number 
of applications for admission. The number of pupils 
in attendance Dec. 1, 1879, was thirty. The joint 
committee of managers is composed of Isaac D. Jones, 
Joseph B. Brinckley, Wm. R. Barry, Francis T. King, 
Charles E. Wethered, and John T. Morris. The su- 
perintendent is F. D. Morrison, also superintendent 
of the institution for the blind. The State makes an 
annual appropriation of eight thousand five hundred 
dollars for its support. 

Episcopal Church Home.— The Church Home 
originated in 1854, in the necessity for providing for 
the destitute and afflicted members of the church. 
After some informal consideration of the subject, a 
meeting was held, when it was determined to raise six 
thousand dollars as the fund necessary to consummate 
the object. The work was then commenced in a house 
on Biddle Street, and put under the charge of the Rev. 
E. B. Tuttle, the church missionary in the northwest 
section of the city, and under the superintendence of 
a committee of ladies from Grace, Mount Calvary, 
and Emmanuel Churches, who supplied the means 



of maintaining it. It was soon discovered that the 
building was too small for the demands upon it, and 
it was determined to purchase the Washington Col- 
lege property on Broadway, which was accordingly 
done in 1857. In February, 1858, the Church Home 
and the St. Andrew's Infirmary were merged into one. 
The Union Orphan Asylum.— The pressing neces- 
sity for a home for the orphan children of the Federal 
soldiers from the 8tate of Maryland became obvious 
during and after the late civil war. In obedience to 
this silent appeal of the soldiers' orphans a number 
of benevolent ladies of this city determined to estab- 
lish such a home, and in 1865 they organized a board 
and made an appeal to the generosity of Marylanders to 
aid them in this object. Miss Margaret Purviance, the 
president of this institution, was cheered in her efforts 
by liberal donations from the citizens of Baltimore 
and the State of Maryland. On the 8th of Decem- 
ber, 1865, Miss Purviance obtained three donations, — 
one of five hundred dollars from Wm. McKim, five 
hundred dollars from Mrs. Susan McKim, widow of 
the late Wm. McKim, Sr., and five hundred dollars 
from John W. Garrett, — and aided by these and other 
liberal contributions the board at once secured the 
old Hyatt mansion, situated on the southwest corner 
of Schroeder and Franklin Streets, as a home for the 
orphans. It was purchased at an outlay of fifty-seven 
thousand dollars, and was formally opened July 6, 
1866, at which time there were thirty-six children 
under the care of the lady managers of the institu- 
tion. The ceremonies were opened with prayer by 
the Rev. G. D. Purviance. Short addresses were de- 
livered by Rev. Mr. Longacre, Governor Swann, and 
A. M. Carter. The highest number of children at 
any one time residing at the asylum was ninety-one. 
The children were educated at the public schools. 
Four girls of their number graduated at the Western 
Female High School, and three of them are now 
teachers in the public schools of Baltimore. Two of 
the boys graduated at the High School, and one of 
) them afterwards at West Point, and is now second 
1 lieutenant in the United States army. As only 
I thirty-two thousand dollars of the purchase money 
had been paid, the debt upon the institution in 1878 
amounted to twenty-five thousand dollars, and an act 
; was passed by the Legislature in that year authorizing 
the sale of the building and the distribution of the 
proceeds, after the payment of the debt, at the dis- 
i cretion of the directors. The children in the mean 
I time having grown old enough to take care of them- 
selves, it was determined by the managers to close the 
institution. The lady managers, however, saw the 
necessity for an infant asylum in Baltimore, and at a 
I meeting in September, 1878, determined to transfer 
! the property to the trustees of the Protestant Infant 
1 Asylum on condition that the trustees of that institu- 
I tion would assume the debt of twenty-five thousand 
dollars, and thus, after thirteen years of usefulness, 
' the Union Orphan Asylum closed its labors. 



602 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CHT AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The institution is now known as the Nursery and 
C'liild's Hospital, and has filly children under its 
charge. The directors of the asylum at the present 
time are Messrs. Eugene Levering, Charles F. Slagle, 
Dr. Thomas Opie, Wm. Canby, T. H. Garrett, and 
C. J. Baker, Mrs. C. F. Bevaus, Mrs. W. H. Brune, 
Miss Kate McClellan, Mrs. E. B. Murdoch, Mrs. 
Hamilton Easier, Jlrs. Woodward Abrahams. 

Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association. — This 
association was organized March 23, 1869, and was 
incorporated in March, 1873. Although the associa- 
tion has been in existence for a comparatively brief 
period, it has been recognized ever since its eslablishr 
ment as a power for moral good, and as a mo.st effi- 
cient agency for practical usefulness. Since its or- 
ganization the association has furnished material aid 
in money, clothing, etc., to 6338 discharged prison- 
ers ; and of this number 1612 have been provided with 
the means of reaching llicir limiu's, or points at which 
employment miiilit \n- .i1.i:um(i|. The funds of the 
association are r:iiMM i'ihutIv \<\ voluntary contribu- 
tions, no appropriations ever having been asked either 
of the city or State ; the amount collected and ex- 
pended in its general work since its organization 
lias nevertheless reached the handsome sum of $32,- 
270.10. 

The philanthropic operations of this society, how- 
ever, antedate its organization many years. Promi- 
nent and foremost in the work of criminal reformation 
in the State has been Goldsborough S. Griflitli, to 
whose untiring efforts the present association owes 
much of its success. His visits to the Maryland 
Penitentiary, county jails, and almshouses began in 
1850, and neither increasing years nor multiplying 
duties have lessened or abated his zeal. Among Mr. 
Griffith's most active workers in this good work may 
he mentioned John Needles, Ira C. Canfield, and J. 
Harmon Brown, now deceased, and Joseph Merrifield, 
Dr. John Morris, llev. H. E. Johnson, William A. 
Wisong, Rev. Penfield Doll and wife, Eev. J. B. 
Shontz, Mrs. Beckley, Charles L. Oudesluys, L. Lee 
Johnson, and others of prominence, influence, and 
character in the city and State. Preaching and Sun- 
day-school services in the Maryland Penitentiary 
were commenced in January, 1859, and in March of 
the same year a " Relief Association of the Maryland 
Penitentiary" was formed as auxiliary to the Sun- 
day-school work, with Hon. S. Owings Hoffman as 
president; R. M. Janney, vice-president; William A. 
Wisong, recording secretary ; E. M. Greeuway, Jr., 
corresponding secretary ; and J. L. Johnson, treas- 
urer. The members of the various committees were 
Messrs. R. M. Janney, J. H. Brown, A. D. Evans, 
AVilliam A. Wisong, H. J. Michael, G. S. Griffith, W. 
H. Harrison, and J. Morfett. The ofllcers for 1860 of 
this prison association were Samuel G. Wyman, presi- 
dent; R. M. Janney, vice-president; E. M. Green- 
way, Jr., corresponding secretary ; William A. Wi- 
song, recording secretary and prison agent; and J. 



Lee Johnson, treasurer. The operations of this so- 
ciety were suspended by the war, and it was suc- 
ceeded afterwards, as we have seen, by the present 
Prisoners' Aid Association. Tlie legitimate work and 
policy of this association is not to lessen the punish- 
ment of prisoners, nor to seek their release or pardon, 
except in special cases of unquestioned merit and im- 
portance, but to reconcile criminals with their pun- 
ishment, visit them during their incarceration, and 
hold out the encouragement of a better life, assuring 
them of the friendship and assistance of the associa- 
tion in their efforts to reform and lead honest and in- 
dustrious lives. 

The Prisoners' Aid Association has not only been 
useful in assisting prisoners and correcting evils in 
prison discipline and prison buildings, but, through 
the ever-watchful eye of its president, it lias become 
the parent of a group of reforms and auxiliary so- 
cieties that have crystallized themselves around it, 
making it one of the most important benevolent 
societies in Maryland. Among these auxiliaries 
may be mentioned the " Henry Watson's Child- 
ren's Aid Society," the "House of Reformation and 
Instruction for Colored Children," the " Reformed 
Magistrate System," the " Maryland House of Cor- 
rection," and the "Society for the Protection of 
Children from Cruelty and Immorality." In the 
origin and establishment of all these indispensable 
ijistitutions the Prison Association has been the prime 
mover and faithful advocate. The association holds 
itself responsible, in a large measure, for all the re- 
ligious services held in the State and county prisons 
of Maryland. This task it seeks to accomplish by the 
appointment of local committees and arrangements 
with pastors of churches. It also supplies all the in- 
stitutions with Bibles, hymn-books, religious papers, 
and tracts. The principal work, however, has been 
performed in the Maryland Penitentiary, which is 
visited almost every day by the agent or president 
Each discharged inmate is met by the agent in the 
office of the prison, some assistance is given in the 
form of clothing, the plans and intentions of the dis- 
charged person are inquired into, and, if willing and 
worthy, they may resign themselves into the care and 
l)r()ti(ti(iM iil'ilic association. The unworthy ones are 

The a~s(,iialiiiii has been represented by its presi- 
dent and other delegates at the different National and 
International Prison Congresses. The first was held 
at Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 12-18, 1870; the second at 
Baltimore, Jan. 21-23, 1872; the third at St. Louis, 
Mo., May 13-16, 1874; and the fourth at New York, 
June 6-9, 1876. Mr. Griffith was also present as 
delegate from the State of Maryland at the Inter- 
national Penitentiary Congress held in the city of 
London, England, on July 3-13, 1872. His report 
upon the operations of the Maryland Prisoners' Aid 
Association, read upon this occasion, received the 
hearty approval of the congress, and was printed in 



CHARITABLE, BENEVOLENT, AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 



G03 



its elaborate proceedings. On the organization of the 
Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association in 1869, Golds- 
borough S. Griffith was elected its first president, and 
has been re-elected annually ever since. Rev. Pen- 
field Doll, the first agent of the association, having 
resigned, Rev. T. B. Shontz was appointed in his 
jilace in April, 1877, and has since faithfully dis- 
charged his responsible duties by almost daily visits 
to the penitentiary, jail, and Bay View Asylum, 
praying with the prisoners, attending to their physi- 
cal and spiritual needs, watching over them whilst 
they are serving out sentences, giving them clothing, 
sending them to their homes when discharged, and in 
many cases he has procured employment for them. 

The Hebrew Ladies' Sewing Society was organ- 
ized in April, 1850, with the following ladies as officers : 
President, Mrs. H. Hecht ; Vice-President, Miss H. 
Benjamin ; Secretary, Mrs. F. Schloss ; Treasurer, Mrs. 
J. Behrens ; Managers and Cutters, Mrs. H. Frieden- 
rick, Miss H. Benjamin, Miss I. L. Eunis, Miss S. 
Behrens, and Miss S. Hecht. It was chartered June 
1, 1860. It is now located on the corner of Howard 
and Lexington Streets. The purpose of the society 
was to supply the poor and needy with all kinds of 
wearing apparel, bedding, and many other necessary 
household goods. Its subsequent presidents have been 
respectively Mrs. E. Arnold, Mrs. B. Weisenfeld, who 
has been president twenty years; Vice-President, Mrs. 
V. Hammerslaugh ; Treasurer, Mrs. B. F. Ulman ; 
Secretary, Mrs. Goody Rosenfeld. The society meets 
every Wednesday evening, and goods are distributed 
to the worthy poor at the hall, and none are sent away 
without their necessary wants being supplied. 

House of Reformation and Instruction for 
Colored Children. — This institution, which is similar 
to the House of Refuge for white children, was in- 
corporated by the Legislature of 1870, with a dona- 
tion of $10,000, on condition of $30,000 being secured 
by private subscription. The incorporators were John 
R. Cox, John C. Bridges, Edward Stabler, Jr., Henry 
W. Drakeley, William M. Boone, G. S.Griflith, George 
A. Pope, Benjamin Deford, James Baynes, William 
E. Hooper, Isaac Coale, Jr., and Cyrus Blackburn. 
It is under the direction and control of sixteen man- 
agers, twelve elected by members of the association, 
two appointed by the mayor and City Council of 
Baltimore, and two by the Governor. The object of 
this institution is the reformation of its colored in- 
mates, who are committed to it by the authority of 
magistrates or judges of the courts. To enable the 
institution to avail itself of the donation from the 
State, Enoch Pratt, one of the most useful and public- 
spirited citizens of Baltimore, gave it his handsome 
farm, "Cheltenham," containing seven hundred and 
fifty -two acres, valued at twenty-two thousand six 
hundred dollars. It is situated in Prince George's 
County, forty-five miles from Baltimore, on the line 
of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, which passes 
through it about half a mile from the buildings. In 



1872 and 1873 the city and State together gave forty 
thousand dollars, and the State at a later period gave 
an additional sum of fifteen thousand dollars for the 
erection of a building, and with these amounts, with 
private donations amounting to about ninety thousand 
dollars, the buildings were commenced in 1872, and 
completed about the close of the year. The institu- 
tion was put into successful operation on Feb. 4, 1873, 
when two boys were received; there are now about 
one hundred boys on the farm. In May, 1881, the 
managers purchased property on Baker Street near 
Newington Park, with the intention of removing the 
institution from its present location at Mount Zepher 
to the city, so that the girls can be under lady mana- 
gers. The present officers are Enoch Pratt, president ; 
G. S. Griffith, vice-president; William E. Woodyear, 
treasurer; John W. Horn, superintendent. 

The Friendly Inn is a branch of the work of the 
Young Men's Christian Association, and was estab- 
lished in December, 1874, and placed in charge of a 
regular standing committee of the association. A 
three-story double dwelling, fifty feet front, was rented 
on the south side of Lombard Street, between Han- 
over and Sharpe, and made self-supporting from the 
first. It was filled up with beds, etc., and rendered 
capable of accommodating forty men. The inn was 
afterwards enlarged, and contained eiglity beds ; there 
were also bath and wash-rooms, which were well 
patronized. During the first year twenty thousand 
meals and eleven thousand lodgings were furnished 
free, and three hundred and sixty of the inmates were 
provided with employment. The design of the insti- 
tution was to furnish at low rates a temporary place 
for boarding and lodging destitute men and those of 
limited means, especially during the winter season. 
In 1881 this building was torn down and a warehouse 
erected on its site. 

Free Summer Excursion Society.— Among the 
many excellent practical charities for which Balti- 
more is noted none deserves more unalloyed com- 
mendation than the Free Summer Excursion Society. 
It was incorporated May 29, 1875, by Dr. Caleb Wins- 
low, John Q. A. Herring, John T. Ford, Charles H. 
Mercer, Charles J. Meyer, Thomas W. Lawford, Geo. 
S. Brown, Alexander F. Murdoch, Jacob F. Braden- 
baugh, James A. Henderson, Andrew F. Crane, Jr., 
and James M. Drill, and has since then pursued a 
systematic course of relief during the summer months 
of each year, which has doubtless been instrumental 
in saving the lives of many deserving persons, and 
which has enabled thousands of over-worked and in- 
digent inhabitants to enjoy for a brief space the pure 
air and bracing breezes of the Chesapeake, who would 
otherwise have been condemned to the contracted 
limits and mephitic vajjors of the alleys and cellars 
of the city. In nine years, at a cost not exceeding 
fifty thousand dollars, they have furnished a day's 
enjoyment and a day's food to nearly one hundred 
and fifty thousand persons. During that period they 



604 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



have provided nearly half a million meals of good 
bread, meat, country milk, wholesome tea and coiTee, 
and have also dispensed medicines and medical atten- 
tion to thousands. Chesterwood, situated on one of 
the estuaries of the Chesapeake, a grove of si.xtcen 
and a half acres, has been donated to the society, and 
has been fitted up with admirable taste as an objective- 
point for the excursions of the association. The 
society has met with marked favor in the community, 
and has received the aid and encouragement of all 
chisses. The following is a list of officers and com- 
mittees for the year 1881 : 

PrMiiient, John T. Ford; Vice-President, J. M. Drill; Secretary, C. B. 
Kloibacker; Treasurer, Alexander Brown & Sons; Committee on 
Finances, J. F. Brudenbaugh, Robert Keiid, A. F. Murdoch, William 
Dugdalo, J. G. Wilson, A. G. Gilpin; Committee on Grounds and 
otlior Property, J. M. Drill, William Fraser, J. G. Wilson, A. L. 
Black, George T. Ford, James Pentlaud j Provision Committees, A. 
F. Ciane, Jr., J. II. Lynch, 0. H. Bodgers, T. P. Periue, George T. 
Ford, A. G. Gilpin, Mrs. E. Levering, and other ladies; Mnsic and 
Diversion Committee, Wiley E. Gushing, J. H. Lynch, F. Chapman : 
Physiciiins' Conimiltee, Prof. T. S. Latimer, Prof. J. E. Michael, Dr. 
C. H. Jun'-s, I>r. j\. II, I'nw.-ll, Dr. E. R. Baer; Committee on Trans- 
portation. .11 !i 1 111, II ni.v Williams, John W. Davis, Reuben 
Foster. I> I ii I ,1 I InuLtors, John T. Ford, A. F.Murdoch, 
Robert Ii. . Ni III 1' i l,il.-, J. Harry Lee, J. F. Bradeubaugb, 
J.G.Wils.h, \ 1 M ui , ,lr ,(;, II. Rodgers, J. M. Drill.Thomas P. 
Perine, Wiley I'ualiiiif ; Kxeculive Committee, J. T. Ford, William 
Dugdale, Dr. T. S. Latimer, A. F. Crane, Jr., J. M. Drill, J. G. Wil- 
son, J. F. Bradenbaugh, Wiley E. Cushing. 

The Kelso Home for Orphan Children of the 
M. E. Church is om- of the iiKiny charities of the late 
Tliomas Kelso, who was for many years one of the 
most prominent and influential citizens of Baltimore. 
He was born in Clovis, a market-town in the north of 
Ireland, Aug. 28, 1784, and died at his residence on 
East Baltimore Street, where he had lived for many 
years, on the morning of July 26, 1878, having nearly 
completed his ninety-fourth year. The Kelso Home 
for Orphan Children of the M. E. Church was the 
only charity he ever individually established, but the 
recipients of his benevolence were numbered by thou- 
sands. The entire endowment of the Kelso Home 
was one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, and 
the institution is intended for the destitute orphans 
of members of the M. E. Church. It is situated at 
No. 87 East Baltimore Street, and was formally 
opened on the 1st of January, 1874. Mr. Kelso was 
especially liberal to the denomination of ivhich he 
was a member, and, among other generous gifts, gave 
fourteen thousand dollars to the Metropolitan M. E. 
Church at Washington, twelve thousand dollars to 
the Church E.Ktension Society, besides numerous be- 
<|uests to charitable institutions, among which are the 
following: to the Kelso Home or Orphan Asylum, 
in addition to the projjcrty occupied by it, annuities 
aggregating five tlioiis;ind dollars per annum. 

The Thomas Wilson Sanitarium for Children 
was founded by the endowment of Thoma.s Wilson, 
who by will bciiueathed the sum of five hundred 
thousand dollars for its establishment. In his will 
Mr. Wilson says, — 



" I have observed for many years with much concern the great and 
alarming mortality which occurs each summer among yonng children 
deprived by misfortune of their i)arent8 and of all opportunity of ra- 
moval from the heated and fatal atmosphere of the city. God in his 
providence did not spare to nie my children to be the Kolace of my de- 
clining years, but my pity for the sufferings of little children and of 
their parents is none the less, and I do not think 1 can make betirr use 
of some of the means of which God has made mo steward than in the 
alleviation of the pains and the prolongation of the lives of those of 
vihom our Saviour said, ' Suffer little children to come unto me, for of 
such is the kingdom of heaven.' " 

The sanitarium is located in Baltimore County, on 
the line of the Western Maryland Railroad, about 
ten miles from the city. The officers of the institu- 
tion are Francis T. King, president; William A. 
Fisher, secretary; William H. Graham, treasurer; 
and Col. John A. Tompkins, recording secretary. The 
sanitarium is regularly incorporated, and the trustees 
are Francis T. King, William A. Fisher, George W. 
Corner, Dr. James Carey Thomas, William H. Gra- 
ham, John Curlett, and Wilson Procter. 

Indigent Sick Society.— This organization, hav- 
ing for its object the care of the sick, irrespective of 
creed or color, w:is organized in 1824 by Mrs. Harnly, 
Mrs. Robert Garrett, mother of John W. Garrett, 
and Mrs. Eades. The charter, which was obtained 
for fifty years, expired in 1874. The late Chauncey 
Brooks bequeathed five hundred dollars to the or- 
ganization, and in accordance with the wishes of the 
Brooks estate, it was deemed advisable to renew the 
charter in June, ISSl. 

The Shelter for Aged and Infirm Colored Per- 
sons of Baltimore City was incorporated Feb. 12, 
1881, with Messrs. J. Saurin Norris, Richard D. 
Fisher, John H. Thomas, Francis A. Crook, Wash- 
ington K. Carson, Isaac Brooks, Jr., and James 
Carey, Jr. The object of the society is to relieve 
worthy colored persons who from various causes are 
finally dependent upon the charity of others. It is 
not intended that the "Shelter" shall be a mere refuge 
for outcast jjaupers, for whom almshouses are already 
provided, but it is to provide for those whose lives 
have been spent in honest ettbrt to obtain livelihoods. 
The managers of the society for the first year are 
Miss Isabella Tyson, Mrs. Miles White, Jlrs. Wm. J. 
Albert, Miss M. Alice Brooks, Mrs. Francis A. Crook, 
Mrs. Dr. C. Winslow, Mrs. Cyrus Blackburn, Mrs. 
Thomas I. Carey, Mrs. M. N. Perry, Mrs. Robert Ty- 
son, Mrs. Charles Reese, and Mrs. Joseph P. Elliott. 
Among those interested in the project are : 



James Carey. 


Mrs. Alexander Turnbull. 


M. McCulloh. 


" George N. Eaton. 


J. Morrison Harris. 


" W.K.Carson. 


J. Savage Williams. 


'• George F. Webb. 


John II. Thomas. 




John B. Morris. 


'• Judge T. J. Morris. 


Gaston Manly. 


" Cliarles D. Fisher. 


J. J. Thomsen. 


•• Daniel Pope. 


Thomas P. Handy. 


" R. T. Brooke. 


Frauds White. 


" Henry Janney. 


Richard D. Fisher. 


" K N. Wylie. 


Ellz. S. Hopkins. 


•• Summerlield Baldwin. 


John RoborU. 


•' James Carey Thomas. 


I»u.cCoale,Jr. 


" Thomas Y. Canby. 


Sarah Tudor. 


" Mary B. Rustiell. 



THE PRESS OP BALTIMORE. 



605 



Mrs. J. B. Rnmeey. 


Miss M. L. Russell. 


" B. A. Macpheraon. 


" Isabella Morris. 


" Henry Stockbridge. 


" A.T.King. 


•■ John Nicholson. 


" E.Irwin. 


" Edwaid G. McDowell. 


" K. Kiddle. 


" Henry Janes, 


" A. N. Scbofleld. 


■• J. J. Hopkins. 


" AnuaEeed. 


" James E. Atkinson. 


" Annie Sears. 



The German Aged Men's Home \va.s organized in 
1881, at a meetingof ciek-gater* ofthe various German 
societies, held at Mechanics' Hall on March 24th. The 
meeting organized /iro tern, by the election of President 
Cliristopher Bartell ; Vice-Pre.sident, Louis Hennig- 
hausen ; Secretary, Julius Conrad ; Treasurer, John E. 
Fellmann. The following societies were represented 
by delegates: German Workingmen's Sick Relief 
Union, Chr. Bartell, Herman Windolf, Ferd. Guerke, 
Julius Conrad ; Powhatan Tribe, No. 30, U. O. E. M., 
Fred. Falkerstein ; Jackson Lodge, No. 55, 1. O. 0. F., 
George Deibel ; Baltimore Liederkranz, Dr. Wagner, 
Joseph Eaiber, Charles Kaiser, J. Hemmeter; Dr. 
Martin Luther, B.S., George Klein, Adam Silberzahn, 
Casp. Schneider; Germania Lodge, No. 31, U. O. i 
Mech., Hy. Hennings, End. Vabbe, Hy. Deibel ; 
Gustav Adolph Bund, D.O.S.E., John Dolch, Franz 
Grothe, John Bauer; Schuetzen Ges. von Baltimore ' 
County, Hy. Schmitz, Carl Schreiner, Franz Dibelius; 
Steuben Lodge, No. 41, U. O. G. B., Catonsville, Bal- 
timore Co., and Patapsco Lodge, No. 5, U. 0. G. B., 
Catonsville, Baltimore Co., Jolin B. Pilert ; Baltimore 
Turngemeinde, John E. Fellman, Carl Zahrand, F. 
List, Jr. A committee was appointed to draft a con- 
stitution, and at a subsequent meeting, held on April 
20th, it was adopted. The institution will be started 
as soon as ten thousand dollars are subscribed, and 
an annual income of one thousand five hundred dol- 
lars secured. Any German may become a subscriber 
by paying ftve dollars annually, with the privilege of 
becoming an inmate of the Homein old age without 
paying an entrance fee. Nobody will be admitted 
unless sixty years of age or over and free from any 
chronic disease. The entrance fee will be from one 
hundred and fifty to three hundred dollars, at the 
discretion of the board of managers. The incorpo- 
rators are Eev. G. Facius, Julius Conrad, A. V. De- 
gen, Eev. Mr. Bachmann, H. Engelhardt, George 
Bunnicke, and F. L. C. Hennighausen. The follow- 
ing directors were elected to serve for the ensuing 
year: Charles Weber, Sr.,H. H. Graue, Ernest Knabe, 
Eev. N. Burkhardt, Eev. Pister, F. L. C. Hennig- 
hausen, Christopher Bartell, F. E. Fellmann, Fred. 
Wehr, Ernest Hoeii, and Joel Gutman. 



CHAPTEE XXXV. 

THE PRES.S OF BALTIMORE. 

Up to the beginning of the present century Balti- 
more was entirely dependent on Philadelphia and 
Annapolis for the current news of the day and a 



medium for advertising their merchandise or wants. 
As early as 1727 William Parks issued at Annapolis ' 
the first number of the Maryland Gazette, the first 
paper published in the province. It had but a short 
existence, and was followed by a paper of the same 
name, published by Jonas Green, the first number of 
which was issued on Jan. 27, 1745. The Oazette was 
published weekly by Mr. Green and his descendants 
until 1839, when it was discontinued. Up to 1773 
this was the only newspaper published in the province, 
and, with the Philadelphia journals, was the sole 
medium of information for Baltimoreans. The first 
and only practical printer in Baltimore before 1773 
was Nicholas Hasselboct, a Pennsylvania German. 
He was taught printing by Christopher Sower at 
Germantown, Pa., where he also acquired a knowl- 
edge of paper-making. He followed paper-making 
for some time near Germantown, but finally removed 
to Baltimore, where he made paper and established a 
printing-press. He had a complete outfit of printing 
materials for printing both in the English and German 
languages, and was the first practical printer in the 
town. He printed a number of school and other 
small books in both languages, and contemplated 
publishing a German translation of the Bible. He 
lived in Baltimore a number of years, and possessing 
great enterprise, he acquired a comfortable fortune. 
To facilitate some plan of business which he had in 
contemplation he went abroad, and was lost at sea. 
In 1770 Eobert Hodge, a native of Scotland, came to 
America, and was employed in the printing-house of 
John Dunlap, at Philadelphia. He was industrious, 
prudent, and a good workman, and becoming ac- 
quainted with Frederick Shober, a young German 
printer in Philadelphia, possessing similar qualifica- 
tions, they formed a partnership, and purchasing a 
small lot of printing materials, they opened in 1772 a 
printing-house in Baltimore. They issued proposals 
for publishing a newspaper in Baltimore, but not re- 
ceiving sufficient encouragement, before the end of 
the year they removed to New York. The next 
printer in Baltimore was Enoch Story, Jr., who was 
born in Pennsylvania and served his apprenticeship 
with Messrs. Hall & Sellers, the celebrated printers, 
in Philadelphia. He began business in Baltimore 
before 1773, but being unsuccessful, he sold his types 
to William Goddard and returned to Philadelphia. 

William Goddard was the son of Giles Goddard, 
physician and postmaster at New London, Connecti- 
cut, and was born in 1740. On Oct. 20, 1762, he es- 
tablished the first printing-press at Providence, E. I., 
where he commenced the Gazette. Not meeting with 
suflacient encouragement, he went to New York and 
connected himself with John Holt in publishing the 
iVejo York Gazette and Post-Boy. In 1766 he removed 
to Philadelphia and became the partner of Galloway 
& Wharton, and on Jan. 6, 1767, issued the first 
number of the Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal 
Advertiser. This was the fourth newspaper published 



6U6 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in the English hinguage in Pliiladelphia, and the first 
with four columns to a page printod in the colonies. 
In 1770, after many disputes, Benjamin Towne was 
admitted into the firm, and Goddard becoming dis- 
satisfied, the paper suspended publication in February, 
1773, when he left Philadelphia in great embarrass- 
ment and came to Baltimore, to begin " anew," as he 
relates, "on the small capital of a single guinea." 
He managed to secure the materials in the printing 
establishment of the widow of Hasselboct, and added 
to it the small stock owned by Enoch Story. The 
first mention we have of Goddard in Baltimore, is 
found in a card of his, dated Baltimore Town, Oct. 
20, 1772, published in the Maryland Gazette, in which 
he says, " Encouraged by the polite, candid, and 
^ri luidus invitation I some time since received from 
iiKiiiy L'ontlemen of the most respectable characters 
tdcstalilish my business in tiiistovvn, and affected with 
a lively gratitude for past kindnesses,' as well as for 
this instance of their favorable opinion of me, I have 
determined to comply with their wishes, so very oblig- 
ingly manifested ; for which purpose I have engaged 
u suitable printing apparatus, which will be speedily 
here, and under favor of the public I intend to prose- 
cute the printing business in this place in all its 
branches, both in the English and other languages.^ 
In particular I now propose to publish by subscrip- 
tion with all possible expedition a weekly newspaper, 
under the title of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore 
Advertiser, at the moderate price of ten shillings cur- 
rent money per annum, one-half to be paid at the 
time of subscribing, and the remainder at the expira- 
tion of the year, to be published regularly every Sat- 
urday morning." In the mean time he came to Balti- 
more, insolvent and helpless, and in May, 1773, opened 
a printing-oflice corner of South and Baltimore Streets, 
"nearly opposite Mrs. Chilton's," where "printing 
was done in all its branches." He was encouraged to 
publish his paper, and on July 15, 1773, he issued his 
prospectus of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore 
Advertiser, and on Friday, Aug. 20, 1773, the first 
number appeared and was distributed throughout the 
town. It was handsomely printed on stout paper, 
eighteen inches by twenty-four, in good clear type, 
and contained twelve broad columns. Of these four 
columns and a half consisted of advertisements. 



' In liis PenmulBatiia ChronVle, under date of Feb. 10, 1772, he published 
a communication, written b.v hiniKoir, about the prospects of llallimore 08 
compared witli tlioso of Pliiladelpliia. As regards tlie tbrmer place, Mr, 
Ooddard'a paper was lialf Jereniiali, half libel. Baltimore, he said, had 
already reached her tie plus ultra ; its roads were 80 bad they afforded no 
access to the back settlenionts; it was badly located; the Basin was 
tilling up; it never could liave any foreign trade; the laws were un- 
friendly to commerce; It was dropping to ruin in everyway; and, lu 
slioii, Baltimore, wiut the best town on the continent to get away from. 
In less than a year Mr. Goddard was getting away from Philadelphia 
and seeking a maintenance in tbo place which ho had so recently been 
tntdnclng. 

• In the early days of Biiltimoro it was no unusual thing, owing to the 
large number or Geruum inhabitants, for udvortisemcDts in the German 
language to appear In the EngllMli papers. 



Newspapers were not edited at this time, but only 
printed, and all comments upon affairs came from the 
outside, in the shape of communications, or, as they 
were styled, "letters," to the printer, signed "Manlius," 
"Junius," "Sempronius," "Brutus," and the like. 
In his salutatory-address "To the Reader," Mr. God- 
dard, in the first number of his paper, quaintly outlines 
the scope and province of his journal, with the course 
he had determined to pursue. In regard to politics, 
he said that his paper shall be "Fuee and of No 
P.4UTY." It " shall contain not only the public news, 
which I shall collect and compile with the greatest care, 
but on failure of anecdotes of that sort, I will supply 
the room with such moral pieces from the best writers 
as will conduce most to indicate good principles." 
Special attention would be paid, he promised, to "ag- 
riculture and every branch of husbandry," while 
" the arrival and departure of ships, the course of 
exchange, the prices current of goods," etc., would 
be regularly chronicled. The motto of the Journal 
was the familiar couplet from Horace, — 

*' Onttie ttitil pnnctum qui miecuU ^tU< dulci, 
Lectorem dclectaiido, pariterque mouendo," 

which, translated, means: 



The imprintof the journal was "Baltimore, Printed 
by Wm. Goddard, at the Printing-Oflice in Market 
Street, opposite the Coffee House, where subscrip- 
tions, at Ten Shillings per Annum, Advertisements 
and Letters of Intelligence, are gratefully received 
for this Paper, and where all Manner of Printing 
Work is performed with Care, Fidelity, and Expedi- 
tion." The original office was in a house situated on 
the present site of the Stin Iron Building, at the south- 
east corner of Baltimore and South Streets. 

Goddard made a success of his new enterprise at 
the start. He was full of work, and at once estab- 
lished a special post to Philadelphia. This encour- 
aged him to establish " an American post-oflice on 
constitutional principles," and leaving his sister, 
Mary Katharine Goddard, in full charge of the 
paiper, in February, 1774, he started northward, and 
within six months he had a comi)lete mail system at 
work from Maine to Georgia. The mails were re- 
ceived and distributed from his oftice in Baltimore, 
and his sister having been appointed postmistress, 
held the position for fifteen years. On the organiza- 
tion of a post-office system, the Continental Congress 
appointed Benjamin Franklin as its chief officer, and 
Goddard "Surveyor of the Roads and Comptroller of 
the Offices." On the retirement of Franklin he ex- 
pected to succeed him as Postmaster-General, but, to 
his great disappointment, Richard Bache, the son-in- 
law of Franklin, received the place, and Goddard re- 
signed his situation in disgust. It is charged that 
from this period he not only suffered his ardor in the 
Revolutionarv cause to abate, but that he actually 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



607 



abandoned his political principles. He resumed his | we have shown elsewhere, for having published Gen. 
residence in Baltimore, where the Maryland Journal i Charles Lee's " Queries, Political and Military," ani- 
had been and was still continued by and in the name ! madverting on Washington. He was indicted for 
of his sister, but in which it was known that he had ! publishing a libel of Leonard Harbough's on "Kit" 



IA„ 



T, M.DCC.tXXlIlJ 



MARYLAND 

AND 

BALTIMORE 



the Fresuest Advices, 



. Ik 




JOURNAL, 

THE 

ADVERTISER. 

both FouicN ind DouEsTic 

ItHtttis 3t!iaet>it, f^ttrfu amtMit, Hsi. 



FRIDAY. August 2p, 1773 











an interest, and over which, it was believed, he main- 
tained entire control. Paper getting scarce, in No- 
vember, 1775, he set up a paper-mill of his own. He 
was twice mobbed, once by the Whig Club, in 1777, 
and by the townspeople in 1779, in the latter case, as 



Hughes, a goldsmith, but was acquitted. On Feb. 1 9, 
1783, the Journal published an extra, " The Olive," 
announcing in advance of any paper in the country 
the. signing of the preliminary articles of peace at 
Paris, the news coming direct by a Baltimore clipper. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



On the 8th of June, 1779, Col. Eteazer Oswald, a gal- 
lant and distinguished Revolutionary officer, formed 
a partnership with Goddard, but it was of very short 
duration. Goddard's sister continued to publish the 
Journal untW Jan. 1, 1784, when he resumed his con- 
nection with the paper. It was jointly published by 
William and Mary K. Goddard until Jan. 25, 1785, 
when Edward Langworthy, who afterwards became a 
very distinguished scholar, purchased Mary Goddard's 
interest. On Jan. 1, 1787, Mr. Langworthy retired, 
and the paper was continued in a sickly way by Mr. 
Goddard. On the 7tli of August, 1789, Goddard sold' 
an interest in his paper to his brother-in-law, James 
Angell, and they continued in partnership until Aug. 
14, 1792, when Goddard sold his entire interest in the 
establishment to him. He published in the Journal 
of Aug. 14, 1792, a valedictory address to the citizens 
of Baltimore, whom he left in friendship, and bidding 
adieu to the cares and turmoils of party and political 
strifes, retired to a farm in Johnston, R. I. He was 
elected to the Legislature of that State in 1795, and 
subsequetitly changing his abode to Providence, he 
continued to reside there until his decease, in 1817, 
aged seventy-seven years. Gen. Charles Lee con- 
tinued his friend during life, and he bequeathed him 
a portion of his extensive landed estate in Virginia. 
Miss Mary K. Goddard remained in Baltimore, where 
she kept a book-store, until 1802. She died on Aug. 
12, 1816, aged eighty years. 

On the 1st of November, 1793, Paul James Sullivan 
purchased an interest in the Journal, and it became a 
tri-weekly, and so continued until it became a daily a 
year later. Mr. Sullivan retired on the 11th of June, 
and Mr. Angell alone carried on its publication until 
Oct. 24, 1794, when Francis Blumfield purchased and 
published it until Jan. 1, 1795, at which time Philip 
Ivhvaids, proprietor of the lialtimore Baihj Advertiser, 
jnircliasetl an interest, and consolidating the two 
papers, the Journal was issued daily. On June 18, 
1795, Mr. lilumfield retired from The Maryland Jour- 
nal and Baltimore Universal Dailij Advertiser, and 
John W. Allen took his place. Philip Edwards and 
Mr. Allen remained but a short time in partnership, 
for on the 18th of June, 1796, their connection was 
dissolved, and the Journal was continued by Mr. Ed- 
wards. On the 2d of August, 1796, Mr. Edwards 
formed a partnership with W. C. Smith, under the 
firm-name of Edwards & Smith, but it continued only 
a short time, for on the 8th of September in the 
same year the Journal was published by P. Edwards. 
After a good many ups and downs of various kinds 
the Journal, on the 4th of December, 1796, was partly 
burnt out in a large fire on the west side of Light 
Street, which consumed the Baltimore Academy and 
the Light Street meeting-house, and came near burn- 
ing the Fountain Hotel, opposite. The JouruaFso&ce, 
which at that time was at No. 1 Light Street, must 
have been badly damaged. The [japer was suspended 
until the 2d of January, 1797, when its publication 



was resumed by D. Finchete Freebairu. On the 28th 
of February he announced that its publication would 
" terminate with this month," and in the same issue 
P. Edwards stated that the Journal " is necessarily 
suspended for a short time," but that arrangements 
had been made to resume its publication " in a few 
days." On March 21, 1797, Mr. Edwards, " solicited 
bj' some of his friends, and influenced by other pri- 
vate considerations," determined once more " to at- 
tempt an establishment of this truly valuable paper." 
It was issued as the Maryland Journal, and continued 
to be published as such until June 30, 1797, when it 
finally expired. 

Dunlap's Maryland Gazette, or the Baltimore General 
Advertiser, was first issued on Tuesday, May 2, 1775, 
by AVilliam Dunlap, at his printing-office on Market 
Street. It was sold at ten shillings per annum. On 
Sept. 15, 1778, Mr. Dunlap sold his interest in the 
paper to James Hays, Jr., who changed the name to 
the Maryland Gazette and Baltimore General Advertiser. 
It was discontinued on Jan. 5, 1779. On the 7th of 
December, 1795, Henry Gird, Jr., announced that he 
" proposed to issue a new evening newspaper in Balti- 
more, called the Baltimore Evening Star." For " want 
of a sufficient number of subscribers" he relinquished 
the project in February, 1796. 

The Maryland Gazette, or the Baltimore General Ad- 
vertiser, was first published Friday, May 16, 1783, by 
John Hays, on Market Street, at fifteen shillings per 
annum. On Feb. 27, 1787, it wiis published semi- 
weekly, — Tuesdays and Fridays. On June 14, 1786, 
Henry Dulhauer commenced the publication of his 
German newspaper at his printing-office on Market 
Street, nearly opposite the Green Tree. The paper 
was published weekly at ten shillings per annum, 
five shillings in advance, — " All kinds of printing in 
German performed." 

The Baltimore Daily Repository, the first daily paper 
published in Baltimore, was first issued on Monday, 
Oct. 24, 1791, by David Graham, at his office on Cal- 
vert Street, between Market (now Baltimore Street) 
and the court-house. On April 29, 1793, Mr. Graham 
formed a partne-ship with Z. Yundt and W. Patten, 
and on the 28th of October in the same year he re- 
tired, and the paper was published under the name 
of The Baltimore Daily Jnlelligencer by Jlessrs. Yundt 
& Patton, at $4.00 per annum, or twopence for a 
single copy. On Oct. 30, 1794, Mr. Patton sold his 
interest in the paper, and it was continued by Messrs. 
Yundt & Brown as the Federal Intelligencer and Bal- 
timore Daily Gazette. On the 1st of January, 1796, 
the name was changed to the Federal Gazette and Bal- 
timore Daily Advertiser. Messrs. Yundt & Brown 
dissolved partnership on Jan. 1, 1807, the paper being 
continued by John Hewes. Mr. Hewes previous to 
this had been engaged in the publication of a paper 
in Baltimore, called the Companion, which he sold to 
Joseph Robinson, with his printing-office. On Jan. 
12, 1808, Mr. Hewes, for the convenience of his 




THE AMERICAN" BUILDING, 

BALTIMORE, MD. 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



609 



country patrons, issued three times a week a country 
edition. Having sold all his interest in the Gazette 
toWm. Gwynn, Mr. Hewes, on Dec. 31, 1812, retired 
from the paper. During the stirring times in August, 
September, and October of 1814 the editors of the 
Baltimore papers, by mutual agreement, temporarily 
suspended the publication of their papers. The Ga- 
zette was continued with success by Mr. Gwynn until 
July 21, 1834, when he sold it to Wm. Gwynn Jones, 
who continued its publication from the office at the 
southeast corner of St. Paul Street and Bank Lane. 
The subscription price of the daily at this time was 
$8.00 per annum, and the tri-weekly $5.00. On May 
24, 1835, Mr. Jones having gotten into difficulty, the 
publication of the Gazette was resumed by Mr. Gwynn. 
In December, 1837, Mr. Gwynn announced that he 
would dispose of an interest or the whole of his paper 
to a purchaser, but not finding one he continued to 
publish it until March 31, 1838, when it was merged 
in the Baltimore Patriot. Mr. Gwynn continued the 
practice of law and died in August, 1854, aged seven ty- 



ine years. 



FeU's Point Telegraph.— On the 2d of March, 
1795, John W. Allen issued the first number of this 
paper, at $2.50 per annum. It was tri-weekly, Mon- 
day, Wednesday, and Friday. I 

The Baltimore Telegraph was first issued March \ 
23, 1795, by Messrs. Clayland, Dobbin & Co., at their 
office, on the northwest corner of Market (now Balti- 
more) and Frederick Streets. It was afterwards pub- 
lished by Thomas Dobbin, in the rear of No. 1 Light 
Street, under the title of The Telegraph and Daily 
Advertiser. The Eagle of Freedom, by William Pechiu 
and James J. Wilmer, was issued in April, 1796. It I 
was a tri-weekly, and was to contain " a well-written, \ 
beneficial, and original essay once a week." | 

The Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser 
was first published by Alexander Martin, a native of I 
Boston, on May 14, 1799, at No. 39 Bond Street, Fell's 
Point, with a branch oflSce for the receipt of subscrip- 
tions and advertisements at No. 15 Baltimore Street. 
From that time to the present the publication of this 
valuable journal has been continued without change i 
of name or interruption, with the exception of a short 
period in 1814, when the patriotic proprietors and ! 
employes dropped pen and type, and taking up the 
sword and musket, met the enemy on the battle-field 
at North Point. The American is the oldest news- 
paper in Maryland, being, it is said, the regular de- 
scendant of the Maryland Journal, the first news- 
paper published in Baltimore m 1773. 

A short time after The American -vnishB^nn in 1799, 
the oflice was removed to Second Street, near South, 
and on the 1st of January, 1803, Mr. Martin sold his 
interest in the paper to William Pechin and Leonard 
Frailey, who removed the office to No. 31 South Gay 
Street, near the custom-house. After Mr. Martin dis- 
posed of his interest in the American he opened a 
printing-office in Baltimore, and on Jan. 1, 1804, began 



the publication of a satirical political and literary 
weekly journal, which was soon discontinued. He 
died in New York in October, 1810, aged thirty-three 
years. On Aug. 10, 1805, Mr. Frailey withdrew from 
the American, and Mr. Pechin became sole proprietor. 
Mr. Pechin soon formed a partnership, and on July 
1, 1810, the paper was issued by Messrs. " W. Pechin, 
G. Dobbin & Murphy." On September 23d Mr. 
Pechin was nominated by the Democrats as one of 
their candidates for the Legislature, and after an 
active canvass he was elected on October 7th by a 
large majority. George Dobbin, one of the proprie- 
tors of the American, died on Dec. 3, 1811, in the 
thirty-eighth year of his age, leaving a wife and three 
children ; but the name of the firm remained un- 
changed. The share owned by Mr. Dobbin was re- 
tained in the business for the benefit of his widow, 
and when his son, Robert A. Dobbin, arrived at man- 
hood he took his father's place as a partner. Early 
in 1812 the office of the paper was removed to No. 4 
Harrison Street, and there remained for some years. 
On the 10th of September, 1814, the American sus- 
pended publication to enable the employes to enroll 
themselves with the volunteers in defense of the city, 
but resumed publication on the 20th of September, 
after the death of Gen. Ross. It is said the number 
for Sept. 21, 1814, gave to the people of America their 
national song, "The Star Spangled Banner," written 
only a week before. Mr. Samuel Sands, afterwards 
the editor of the American Farmer, was an apprentice- 
boy in the American office at that time, and had the 
honor of being the first person who set the song in 
type. In 1815, William Bose purchased an interest in 
the paper, and on July 4, 1815, it was issued by 
Pechin, Dobbin, Murphy & Bose. On May 3, 1832, 
Peter H. Cruse, "an editor of distinguished talents, 
and an accomplished scholar and a gentleman of great 
personal worth," who had been associated with the 
American for several years, severed his connection 
with it, and joined the editorial staff of the Patriot. 
He was succeeded on the American by S. F. Wilson, 
" a gentleman of talents and acquirements, for more 
than two years editor of another morning paper." 
On Aug. 18, 18.36, George H. Calvert, a very distin- 
guished writer, and one of the editors of the paper, 
also resigned. Francis H. Davidge took his place. 
On Sept. 1, 1848, William Stevenson Brunner, a printer 
by profession, but one of the editors of the American, 
died in his twenty-eighth year. He was a very tal- 
ented young man, and a member of the Monumental 
Lyceum. In accordance with a resolution adopted 
by this association, John W. McCoy, then one of the 
editors of the American, delivered a eulogy upon his 
life and character on Nov. 20, 1848, at the Univer- 
salist church, corner of Calvert and Pleasant Streets. 
On the 17th of June, 1840, the American removed 
from the building it had occupied for nearly forty 
years, at No. 2 South Gay Street, to its new building, 
at Nos. 126 and 128 West Baltimore Street, a few 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



doors west of North Street, on tbe north side. This 
buildinj; was the design of Robert Carey Long, and 
was erected in the " Elizabethian" style of archi- 
tecture. At the time of its erection it was not equaled 
by any publication-office in the city. On Saturday, 
March 9, 1850, the fii-st number of the Wert!;/ Ameri- 
can was issued, which has been continued with great 
success ever since. On Dec. 14, 1852, John L. Carey, 
who had been for many years one of the associate 
editors of the American, died in New Orleans of the 
cholera. He had just entered on his duties as associ- 
ate editor of the New Orleans Crescent. The old firm 
of Dobbin, Murphy & Bose, which had been in ex- 
istence for nearly half a century, was dissolved on 
the 30th of June, 1853. Robert A. Dobbin purchased 
the interest of Mr. Murphy, and Charles C. Fulton, 
who had formerly been the managing editor of the 
Baltimore Sun, purchased the interest of Mr. Bose. 
Col. William Pechin, one of the early proprietors, 
died near Philadelphia, early in August, 1849, in the 
seventy-sixth year of his age. Thomas Murphy sur- 
vived his retirement from active business seven years, 
dying May 15, 1860, at the age of eighty years. The 
cotemporary newspapers pay many tributes to his 
worth, his business enterprise, and his social qualities. 
He was born in Ireland in 1780, and came to this 
country in his infancy. After serving an apprentice- 
ship in the office of Thomas Dobbin, one of the early 
printers of Baltimore, he assisted in the establish- 
ment of the Baltimore Telegraph, one of the first 
daily papers published in the city. Its life was short, 
and in 1809 he bought an interest in the American, 
so that his connection with it extended over forty-four 
years. In 1814 he joined the First Baltimore Sharp- 
shooters for the defense of the city at North Point, 
and retained his association with that corps for many 
years after the close of the war. Mr. Murphy never 
married, but in his later years he was surrounded by 
the children and grandchildren of his sisters, who 
always enjoyed the advantages of his home and 
fortune. 

Robert A. Dobbin continued as one of the proprie- 
tary firm until his death, which occurred Aug. 15, 
1862. He was then in the fifty-sixth year of his age, 
and having succeeded to his father's interest when he 
was but twenty years old, he had been for more than 
thirty-three years connected with the paper. He was 
a man of remarkably amiable temperament, and suf- 
fered with wonderful fortitude the pangs of the cruel 
disease that carried him off. It is worthy of men- 
tion in connection with Mr. Dobbin that his malady 
was undoubtedly aggravated by the mental anguish 
which the civil war cost him. Probably few men of 
liis day more deeply regretted the appeal to arms, and 
he always insisted that with proper eflbrt peace could 
have been preserved. He would weep over the news 
of battles, no matter which side was victorious, and 
as he neared his grave all such intelligence was ob- 
served to hiistcn his steps thereto. His interest in 



the American was inherited by his only surviving 
child, Joseph T. Dobbin, but that gentleman soon 
followed him to the grave, dying on Dec. 7, 1864, 
when but twenty-nine years of age. He was a young 
man of much intellectual force and a strongly 
humorous turn of mind, but a feeble constitution 
prevented him from doing a large amount of work 
upon the paper. 

William Bose survived all his former partners, and 
lived until Dec. 22, 1875, reaching his seventy-ninth 
year. He was a Pennsylvanian by birth, and became 
connected with the American in 1815, not retiring 
until 1853. For many years he was the active man- 
ager of the paper, and his health was much broken 
by his laborious duties. Among others who held 
prominent positions on the paper were J. H. Chabot, 
the cashier, who died Oct. 2, 1863; and the pressman, 
Abraham Lefevre, whose death occurred June 4, 1860. 
Charles W. Kimberly, the best-known reporter in 
Baltimore, died June 1, 1870. John F. Cook, who 
was pressman of the American ait the time of the war 
with England, died March 30, 1866. 

Edington Fulton, a younger brother of C. C. Ful- 
ton, and for over twenty years managing editor of the 
paper, died May 13, 1878, aged sixty years. He was 
one of five brothers who were born in Philadelphia, 
and lost father and mother within a single year. 
After learning printing, he came to Baltimore in 
1845 as a reporter upon the American, and worked his 
way upward. During tlie war he saw much service 
as correspondent with the Army of the Potomac and 
with the fleet at the siege of Charleston. In July, 
1865, he was appointed by President Johnson surveyor 
of the port of Baltimore, but was removed a few 
months later on account of political differences. In 
March, 1869, President Grant commissioned him to 
the same position, which he filled for four years. In 
1877 he was appointed chief store-keeper at the cus- 
tom-house, and held that office until his death. To 
his vigorous administration much of the growing im- 
portance and prosperity of the American was due. 

On July 1, 1864, C. C. Fulton purchased from 
Joseph T. Dobbin his interest in the paper, and 
united with himself in the proprietorship his son, 
Albert Kimberly Fulton, the .style of the firm being 
changed to that of Charles C. Fulton & Son. From 
Mr. Fulton's earliest connection with the paper he 
had projected great improvements in it, but it was not 
until he became senior proprietor that he was able to 
fully carry his plans into effect. Previously to this 
time he had, as Baltimore agent of the Associated 
Press, shown great judgment, skill, and diligence as a 
collector of news. While the American had almost 
from its birth enjoyed a high standing as a commercial 
paper, it did not aspire to .step far beyond that limited 
field of enterprise, but Mr. Fulton determined to 
make it a newspaper in the full sense of the word, 
and to that end he revolutionized all its departments. 
The editorial force was augmented, and special atten- 



THE FKESS OF BALTIMORE. 



611 



tion was paid to the gathering of the news of the city. 
Money was liberally expended, and the result was 
soon evident in a large increase of circulation. Mr. 
Fulton had been an apprentice in the National Gazette 
at Philadelphia, and before removing to Baltimore 
had for five years been proprietor and editor of the 
Georgetown (D. C.) Advocate, so that his whole life 
may be said to have been spent in journalism. The 
American was a firm ally of the Whig party, and in 
1860 it supported Bell and Everett, and afterwards 
became prominently identified with the Union cause 
and the Republican party. When hostilities com- 
menced it jumped to a very large circulation among 
the armies on the Potomac and along the sea-board, 
because of its support of the government and the fact 
that it reached the camps and headquarters a day in 
advance of the New York and Philadelphia papers. 
When Gen. McClellan started oti the march across 
the peninsula from the York to the James Rivers, in 
June, 1862, Mr. Fulton accompanied the army, and 
on his return to Baltimore was arrested, on June 30th, 
and confined in Fort McHenry on the charge of offer- 
ing to prepare for publication through the Associated 
Press an account of military operations, including 
matters obtained in an interview with President Lin- 
coln. Mr. Fulton immediately explained that the 
dispatch which provoked his arrest was a private one 
and had been published in error, and the President 
thereupon ordered his unconditional release after he 
had been confined two days. 

Mr. Fulton was subsequently with the Army of the 
Potomac in the campaigns of 1863 and 1864, and ac- 
companied the first expedition of the ironclads 
against Fort Sumter. His free criticisms of what he 
regarded as the premature withdrawal of the fleet 
from the attack caused a sharp discussion between 
himself and the officer in command and the Navy 
Department, which Wiis only terminated upon the 
death of the oflicer. He was very active in sending 
supplies of provisions and clothing to the Federal 
prisoners at Richmond, and for these humane efforts 
the Maryland House of Delegates voted him a reso- 
lution of thanks. Mr. Fulton has been a great trav- 
eler. He spent the summers of 1859, 1872, 1873, and 
1878 in Europe, and a collection of his letters pub- 
lished in book-form, under the title of" Europe Seen 
Through American Spectacles," has gone through 
three editions, and has been widely read. His letters 
upon the Vienna Exhibition of 1873 and the Paris 
Exhibition of 1878 were very copious and interest- 
ing, and at Paris he was appointed one of the official 
jurors. He accompanied the commission sent to 
San Domingo in 1871 by President Grant to report 
upon the advisability of its annexation to the United 
States, and in his letters took strong ground in favor 
of the project. He has also made other trips to the 
West Indies, traversed every section of the United 
States, spent some time on the Pacific coast, and on 
all occasions has been an indefatigable correspondent. 



In three rambles in Texas he has written extensively 
upon the marvelous resources of that great State. 
In Republican politics he has been quite prominent, 
and for many years he was the Maryland representa- 
tive upon the National Executive Committee. He 
has been a delegate to several of the Presidential 
nominating conventions, but of late years his paper 
has become more independent in its tone, and has 
cast off the character of a party organ. It has at all 
times been identified with local progress, and has 
urged a liberal system of public improvements. The 
fearlessness of its management is attested by the 
large number of libel suits that have been brought 
against it, while the fact that it had the right on its 
side is shown by the further circumstance that in but 
one case has a verdict been rendered against it, and 
that was for a trivial sum. 

On Monday, Jan. 31, 1876, the American was issued 
for the first time from its new building, at the corner 
of Baltimore and South Streets, which is one of the 
largest and handsomest business edifices in the city, 
and one of the finest newspaper-offices in the country. 
It is of iron, six stories in height, with three towers, 
and is of an elaborate and graceful style of architec- 
ture. The ground and building are entirely the prop- 
erty of C. C. Fulton, while this splendid improvement 
has given rise to many others in the same neighbor- 
hood. 

The American to-day is one of the best and most 
enterprising journals in the country. During the last 
few years, under the business management of Gen. 
Felix Agnus, a gallant soldier of the late war, 
it has been brought to the highest condition of 
journalistic efficiency in all its departments, and 
is justly regarded as a model newspaper. Bright, 
able, and progi-essive, it keej^s pace with the most 
rapid developments of events, and in a swiftly-moving 
age is never behind the times. The editorial depart- 
ment is under the management of Mr. Hazleton, a 
brilliant and able young journalist, who has fully sus- 
tained its reputation for literary and editorial ability. 

On Sunday, March 2, 1879, the publication of the 
American every day in the year was commenced. The 
Sunday edition at once sprung into populiir favor, 
as it had never been previously attempted by any of 
the Baltimore morning dailies. In 1880, Albert K. 
Fulton retired from the firm, leaving C. C. Fulton 
as the sole proprietor. He continues to control the 
general policy of the paper, and is still advancing 
its healthy and prosperous career. Besides Eding- 
tou Fulton, the managing editors have in succes- 
sion been Messrs. John McGarigle, James P. Mat- 
thews, and Henry J. Ford, the latter of whom was 
followed by W. B. Hazelton, now ably holding the 
position. On the present staff are Messrs. Edward 
Spencer, Innes Randolph, W. B. Clarke, and Alex- 
ander Fulton, the latter commercial editor. A few 
years ago the position of manager was created, and 
is ably filled by Gen. Felix Agnus, son-in-law of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



C. C. Fulton. It is universally admitted that under 
this administration the American ha.-i been made in 
every respect a first-class newspaper, able and even 
brilliant iu its editorial and critical departments, un- 
surpassed as an organ of information, and calm and 
fair in its expressions of opinion. 

The Patriot was first issued Sept. 28, 1812. After 
the Whiff abandoned President Madison in the fall of 
1811, the influential members of the administration 
l)arty in Baltimore induced Isaac Monroe and Ebene- 
zer French, then connected with the Boston Patriot, 
to come to Baltimore and establish a new paper in 
support of Mr. Madison. This was the origin of the 
Patriot. In 1814 the name was changed to the Balli- 
mnre Patriot and Evening Advertiser, published in the 
alternoons by Monroe & French. Samuel Brazer, 
who had been for many years one of the editors of 
the Patriot, died on Feb. 24, 1823, in the fortieth year 
of his age. On the evening of the 7th of November, 
1848, the office of the Patriot was considerably dam- 
aged by a mob. On Jan. 1, 1849, Messrs. Josliua 
Jones and John F. MeJilton, who had been long 
connected with the business and editorial departments 
of the Patriot, purchased an interest of Col. Monroe. 
On Jan. 22, 1854, John Wills was associated with the 
editorial department of the paper, and on April 24th, 
Wm. M. Burwell, formerly of the Washington Repub- 
lic, and more recently of the Baltimore American, 
.assumed the " editorial responsibilities." Mr. Me- 
Jilton became the sole owner of the Patriot about 
18.'i4, but on Jan. 1, 18.56, it changed proprietorship. 
Wm. H. Carpenter, " a graceful writer, and who has 
contributed some stirring lyrics and entertaining and 
valuable works in prose to the literature of our 
country," assumed the general editorial management, 
with John Wills as commercial editor. These gen- 
tlemen, who had been associated with the paper sev- 
eral years previously, continued the partnership until 
July 22, 1857, when Mr. Carpenter retired. On the 
1st of January, 1857, the Patriot, together with the 
American, changed its mode of publication to the 
cash system which had been adopted by the Sun, by 
transferring the subscribers to the carriers. In Jan- 
uary, 1858, the Patriot reduced its dimensions from 
seven columns on a page to si.x. Mr. Monroe, the 
founder of the Patriot, died Dec. 22, 1859, aged 
seventy-five years. He left a widow, but was child- 
less. On April 15, 1861, Moses Small, the venerable 
colored carrier of the Patriot, also expired at his resi- 
dence, in the court in the rear of the Charles Street 
M. E. church, at the advanced age of eighty years. 
Moses commenced carrying papers for the Evening 
Post in 1806; from 1807 to 1811 he was carrier for 
the ^hrth American, and from 1811 to 1838 for the 
Federal Gazette, and when that paper was merged in 
the Patriot he continued to serve its subscribers up 
to 1857, when sickness and old age compelled him to 
abandon his route. During all this long period of 
over half a century it is said he never missed a single 



day. The Sun said, " He has averaged in his walks 
sixteen miles each day, which for forty-nine years 
foot up a total of 245,392 miles; this is nearly to the ex- 
tent of nine times around the world." Moses was dis- 
tinguished all his life for the excellence of his morals 
and manners. He was a well-bred, polite, urbane 
gentleman. In his early life he was the object of 
great respect and confidence on the part of his mas- 
ter, Wm. Gwynn, whose servant he was for more 
than fifty years. He stood high in the regard of the 
members of the old " Delphian Club," whose meetings 
were held first in the rooms over the old Federal 
Gazette oflice, and afterwards at the " Tusculum," in 
rear of that office. It was in its day a famous resort 
for men of wit and leisure, and few strangers so- 
journed for many days in Baltimore without finding 
their way to the Tusculum, where Moses was an im- 
portant personage, valued and reipected by all. 
When the fortune of his former patron waned and 
he was n) longer able to pay Moses his accii-t>med 
wages, the faithful fellow, mindful only ofpa.-<t favors, 
continued to attend upon his benefactor with as 
much assiduity and respect as if he had been abund- 
antly compensated, exhibiting a rare example of 
fidelity and gratitude. Some years before his death 
a leading merchant of Baltimore had his portrait 
painted by Wood, which was afterwards lithographed 
with great force and fidelity. It represented him 
with his bundle of papers under his arm, his hat raised 
from his head in courteous return to a salutation, and 
upon his countenance that expression of urbanity so 
characteristic of the man. 

The Fell's Point Daily Commercial Advertiser 
was published by John Wane and Alexander Lucas 
in 1807. 

The Republican, or Anti-Democrat, was first is- 
sued Vv\k 1, IsiiL', l,y Messrs. Pivntiss & Cole, at No. 
14 .Siiutli Charles Street, on ^Monday, Wednesday, and 
Friday. It ceased Dec. 30, 1803. George L. Gray, 
the editor, died at St. Helena on the 24th of March, 
1808. 

Baltimore Weekly Messenger, by Messrs. Edes 
Si T.enkin, at $;i,(MI per amiuni, in 1809. They also 
published a separate sheet, called {he Baltimore Adver- 
tiser and Price Current, which was a commercial 
paper, given free to the subscribers of the Messenffcr. 

National Museum and Weekly Gazette, by Dr. 
Camill .M. Mann, at No. 13 Baltimore Street, on Sat- 
urday, Nov. 20, 1813, at $5.00 per year. 

The Portico, by Messrs. Neal, Wills & Coale, No. 
174 Market Street, in 1816. 

The Whig in 1811 was edited by Baptist Irvine 
and Samuel Barnes, and was the leading Democratic 
paper. In 1808, Irvine was tried for libel, and the 
Whiff suspended a short time, but recommenced pub- 
lication on May 9th. When the Presidential election 
came off the Whiff became the organ of De Witt 
Clinton against Mr. Madison, which greatly displeased 
Mr. Barnes, who sold his interest in the paper and 



THE PKESS OF BALTIMORE. 



retired to Frederick, where he established a Demo- 
cratic paper, called the Political Examine)-. Messrs. 
Cone & Norvell assumed the editorship of the Whig, 
and after the election of Mr. Madison endeavored to 
reconcile it to the party, but without effect, and it 
soon merged in the American. Norvell was an able 
editor, and was afterwards elected one of the first 
congressmen from Michigan. Spencer H. Cone, 
whose sister Norvell married, had been on the stage 
before becoming an editor, but after his retirement 
from the Whig he became a minister of the Baptist 
Church, and at the time of his death was pastor of 
one of the largest churches of that denomination in 
New York, and one of its most eloquent and respected 
members. 

The eommercial Calendar was published by E. 
P. Coak' in 1.S2.-1. 

The Mount Hope Literary Gazette, conducted by 
one of tlie students of that institution, was published 
in 1830. 

The Chronicle of the Times, edited by Julius T. 
Ducatel, Professor of Chemistry in the Maryland 
University, and published by C. V. Nickerson, was 
issued on Oct. 2, 1830. On October 30th, George H. 
Calvert, Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philoso- 
phy in the University of Maryland, was associated as 
editor. It was devoted to mechanics, manufactures, 
internal improvements, and general information. The 
first eight numbers were issued as an octavo, after 
which as a newspaper. At the expiration of the first 
year it was changed to quarto form, and called The 
Baltimore Times. 

The Sunday Messenger, the first Sunday paper 
published in the United States, was issued in Balti- 
more on July 18, 1819, by Ebenezer French. It was 
of royal size, and contained a large amount of literary 
matter, including the ordinary topics of the day. It 
was sold at six cents per copy, at the office, corner of 
Market and South Streets. 

The Gospel Advocate, "conducted by a society of 
gentlemen," was published by E. J. Coale & Co. on 
Calvert Street, opposite the post-oflice. It was an 
octavo, issued monthly, of about thirty-two pages, at 
$2.00 per year. 

The Morning' Post was issued by Paul Allen on 
Monday, 8e|.t. (i, 1824. 

The Mechanic's Press, a weekly, published by 
Eobert Geddes, at $3.00 per annum, was issued in 
August, 1825. 

The Red Book was published by Joseph Kobin- 
son, Oct. 23, 1819. It was edited by members of the 
" Delphian Club." 

The Emerald and Baltimore Literary Gazette 
made its first appearance on Saturday, March 29, 
1828. In May, 1829, a new paper, called the Minerva, 
was started, and the two combined under the title 
of Baltimore Minerva and Emerald. It was edited 
by Rufus Dawes, who had acquired considerable 
reputation as a poet, and was formerly editor of the 



Emerald, and John H. Hewett. It was published every 
Saturday at Benjamin Edes' printing-office, northeast 
corner of Calvert and Market Streets, at $2.50 per 
year. It was devoted to news, commerce, agriculture, 
and general literature. The commercial department 
was under the management of H. H. Walsh. In 
July, 1830, it was called the Minerva and Saturday 
Post, and under the editorship of Mr. Hewett " had 
more subscribers in Baltimore than any newspaper." 

The Metropolitan, or Catholic Monthly Maga- 
zine, was first' published in January, 1830, by P. 
Blenkinsop. It was published for one j'ear, and then 
ceased. 

The Freeman's Banner, a weekly Whig paper, 
was published June 15, 1831, by Messrs. Sands & 
Neilson. 

National Magazine, or Ladies' Companion, a 
political and literary monthly, was issued in Novem- 
ber, 1831, by Mrs. Mary Chase Barney, daughter of 
Samuel Chase. 

The Guardian and Temperance Intelligencer, 
a weekly, published on Saturday, and edited by Fran- 
cis H. Davidge, in 1832. 

The Statesman and Maryland Advertiser, a 
semi-weekly paper, edited by Jas. Johnson, and pub- 
lished by C. V. Nickerson, No. 4 South Gay Street, 
in April, 1832. 

Baltimore Medical-Surgical Journal and Re- 
view, edited by Prof Geddings, of the Maryland 
University, in January, 1834. 

Baltimore Young Men's Paper, a weekly, pub- 
lished under the auspices of the Young Men's So- 
ciety, at $3.00 per year, was issued in June, 1834. 
On Nov.' 21, 1835, the name was changed to the Bal- 
timore Athenceum.. 

The Maryland Colonization Journal, a quarterly, 
was issued by the Society for the Purpose of Diffusing 
Information concerning the Principles and Progress 
of the Maryland Plan of Colonization in May, 1835. 
The Committee on Publication was Drs. John Foner- 
den, J. H. Briscoe, and Philip Rogers Hoffman. It 
was printed by John D. Toy. 

The North American and Mercantile Daily Ad- 
vertiser was first issued on Jan. 11, 1808, by Jacob 
Wagner, from an old frame building that stood on the 
northwest corner of Gay and Second Streets. It was 
consolidated with the Federal Pepublican on Oct. 4, 
1809, and issued as the Federal Republican and Com- 
mercial Advertiser by A. C. Hanson and Jacob Wag- 
ner. The Republican was a very violent Federal paper, 
and on the 22d of June, 1812, the office was destroyed 
by a mob, as will be seen elsewhere under the head 
of " Mobs and Riots." The publishers reissued the 
paper from Georgetown, D. C, and forwarded it by 
mail to this city. As soon as this was ascertained the 
people collected in front of the post-office, then at the 
corner of St. Paul Street and Bank Lane, and de- 
manded of Charles Barrall, the postmaster, the copies 
of the obnoxious paper. The mob, however, was dis- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



persed by the town cavalry. Soon after tliis tlie pro- 
prietors resumed the publication of the liepubUntn at 
a liouse on South Ciiarles Street, which caused a ter- 
rible riot. It was soon revived as the Federal liepub- 
lican and Baltimore Telegraph, and the politics of the 
city having changed, Hanson was sent to Congress in 
1813-16, and finally elected United States senator in 
1816-19. He was the grandson of John Hanson, pres- 
ident of the Continental Congress, and son of Alexan- 
der Contee Hanson, chancellor of Maryland. He was 
born in this State, and died at Belmonf, Frederick Co., 
April 23, 1819. He retained a one-third interest in 
the liepiiblicaii up to January, 1819, when he sold it 
to James P. Heath, the paper being continued by 
Benjamin Edes and Heath. 

The Porcupine was established in August, 1804, 
and al-ii aljmit Ilie same time the Journal of the Times, 
by Scluu-ller & Miumd, No. 214 Market Street. 

Mechanics' Gazette and Merchants' Daily Ad- 
vertiser was lirst issued i>y Tliomas Wilson & Co. in 
March, LSI.",, from .No. 28 South Gay Street. 

The American Patriot was first issued on Satur- 
day, Sept. 25, 1SU2, by S. McCrea, at No. 67 South 
Street. The olHce was removed to Fell's Point, and 
the name chaiii.'ed to the American Patriot and Fell's 
Point Ailvertiser, S. Kennedy, publisher. 

Baltimore Evening: Post and Mercantile Daily 
Advertiser was first issued Monday afternoon, March 
25, 1805, by J. Cook & Co., at the corner of South 
and Water Streets. They sold their interest in a 
.short time to Hezekiali Niles and George Bourne, 
and on June 10, 1811, Mr. Niles sold his interest to 
Thomas Wilson, who formerly edited a paper called 
tlie Sun. 

Niles' Register was first published by Hezekiah 
Niles on Saturday, Sept. 7, 1811, at $5 per year. It 
was in some respects the best newspaper of its day, 
and is still a valuable mine of historical facts. Wil- 
liam Ogden Niles became associated with his father 
in 1827, and on the latter's retirement, Sept. 3, 1836, 
he became sole manager of the Begister. On the 2d 
of September, 1837, he removed his publication-otBce 
to Washington, D. C, and published his weekly there, 
under the name of Nilea' National Register. Heze- 
kiah Niles, the founder of the Register, died at Wil- 
mington, Del., on April 2, 1839, in the sixty-third 
year of his age. His son Ogden died in Philadel- 
phia on the Sth of July, 1858, being stricken down 
with paralysis and apoplexy. At the time of his 
death he held an official position in the Pension 
Bureau at Wasiiington, although he was nearly all 
his life connected with the press. On the 4th of May, 
1839, the office of the Register was removed to Balti- 
more, and on the 19th of October Mrs. Sally Ann 
Niles, the widow of Hezekiah Niles, sold the paper 
to Jeremiah Hughes, who continued to publish it 
until Feb. 26, 1848, when it ceased to exist. Niles' 
National Register was resumed in Philadelphia in 
July, 1849, under the charge of George Bealty, but 



it was not a success. Its motto was "The Past— the 
Present— for the Future." 

The Maryland Censor was first published by Wil- 
liam Iledding on Aug. 20, 1818. It was a Democratic 
weekly. On April 2, 1819, it changed its name to 
the American Farmer, and was under the manage- 
ment of John S. Skinner, postmaster of Baltimore, 
who Wiis so well known in connection with the farm 
and the turf and their surroundings. It was printed 
weekly by William Redding, in quarto form, the 
office being located at the corner of South and Market 
Streets, at S4 per annum. This was the pioneer agri- 
cultural publication, and took with the public, for 
whose interests it was commenced, and in a few days 
had a large subscription-list. Mr. Skinner, after a 
few years, in September, 1830, sold a half-interest in 
the paper to J. Irving Hitchcock, who in a short 
time purchased the entire journal. He published 
the Farmer, with Gideon B. Smith as editor, for about 
a year after his purchase, when it .suspended. He 
resumed the publication in a short time, under the 
name of The Farmer and Gardener, but before the 
end of a year sold his interest to Mr. Moore, of the 
firm of Lindan & Moore. Mr. Moore subsequently 
sold it to the editor, E. P. Roberts, and he afterwards 
disposed of it to Samuel Sands, who commenced 
its publication with John S. Skinner, the original 
founder, as editor. Mr. Skinner having been ap- 
pointed assistant postmaster-general, removed to 
Washington, and E. P. Roberts resumed the editor- 
ship, which he continued to the close of his life. la 
December, 1855, Mr. Sands, who was both proprietor 
and publisher, sold part of his interest to N. B. Worth- 
ington, of Anne Arundel County, and subsequently 
the whole of it to the same gentleman. In the en- 
suing year Mr. Sands commenced a new paper, called 
the Rural Register, which was published four years, 
or until about two years after the civil war com- 
menced, when it ceased. The Farmer, on account of 
the interruption of intercourse with the South, sus- 
pended in February, 1862. In June, 1866, Messrs. 
Worthington & Lewis resumed the publication of 
the Farmer, but in a few years, after changing hands 
several times, it was discontinued. After a suspen- 
sion of about eighteen months, the former proprietor, 
Samuel Sands, and his son, recommenced its publica- 
tion on Jan. 1, 1872, :us the American Farmer and 
Rural Register, and it is now in a very prosperous con- 
dition. 

The Saturday Herald was started by Richard 
Matchett on May 20, 1824, and edited by Paul Allen, 
formerly editor of the Morning Chronicle. It was a 
weekly literary pa|)er, printed by Mr. Sands, at the 
corner of Gay and Water Streets, and Mr. Allen used 
it in defense of Rev. John M. Duncan, of the Pres- 
byterian Church, during his remarkable trial. After 
Mr. Allen's death the name of the Herald was changed 
by Mr. Sands, on May 20, 1827, to the North Ameri- 
can, or Weekly Journal of Politics, Science, and Lilera- 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



615 



ture, with Dr. Patrick Maccauley as editor. The 
paper was to be issued upon the plan of the Albion 
of New York, with the exception tliat, as tlie latter 
was devoted to British interests, Mr. Sands' was to be 
American. Tliis new enterprise had but a short ex- 
istence. 

The Marylander was issued on Wednesday, Dec. 
3, 1827, by Edward P. Roberts, publisher, Edward C. 
Pinkney, editor, and Samuel Sands, printer. It was 
])ublished every Wednesday and Saturday, as a po- 
litical paper, in support of John Q. Adams for Presi- 
dent. The editor was the son of Hon. William Pink- 
ney, the celebrated Maryland lawyer and statesman, 
and was an elegant poet, some of his lyrics being 
among the choicest in the English language. When 
the .election was over and Mr. Adams was defeated, 
the paper, on Jan. 14, 1829, was consolidated with the 
Chronicle. 

The Morning Chronicle, a daily paper, was pub- 
lished by Schacti'er & Maund, with Paul Allen as 
editor, in September, 1818. In May, 1824, Allen 
retired from the Chronicle, and assumed the man- 
agement of the Saturday Evening Herald. William 
Pecbin having become the proprietor of the Chroni- 
cle, on July 1, 1825, he formed a partnership with 
Gen. S. C. Leakin, and the title of the paper was 
changed to the Commercial Chronicle. On Jan. 1, 
1827, Col. William Pechin sold his interest in the 
paper, and it was issued by Gen. S. C. Leakin, Fran- 
cis H. Davidge, and William Ogden Niles. On Jan. 
14, 1829, Messrs. Leakin & Davidge, the then pro- 
prietors, dissolved partnership, and the proprietor of 
the Marylander, Mr. Sands, having purchased the in- 
terest of Mr. Davidge, the two papers were consoli- 
dated, the title of the journal bein^ the Commercial 
Chronicle and Daily Marylander, and the organ of the 
Whig party. In August, 1829, W. G. Lyford, the 
commercial editor, resigned his position, and having 
leased the Fountain Inn, began hotel-keeping. Before 
this time the Chronicle was an independent paper, de- 
voted almost entirely to commercial matters. On 
Jan. 1, 1830, Samuel Barnes, late proprietor of The 
Political Examiner at Frederick, bought out the in- 
terest of Mr. Sands, and for several years was the 
editor. A Mr. Cole purchased an interest in the 
paper, and in January, 1835, Messrs. Leakin & Cole 
sold their shares to Samuel Barnes. On Oct. 12, 1836, i 
Mr. Barnes sold the establishment to Nelson Poe, who | 
became sole proprietor and editor. On the 1st of i 
May, 1839, Nathan Parker purchased an interest in | 
the Chronicle and became associated with Mr. Poe 
in its management. The paper, however, finally 
shared the fate of many of its predecessors and ; 
ceased to exist. The subscription-list was transferred 
to the American. 

The Baltimore Republican was first published by 
E. W. Rcinhart & Co. on Monday, May 21, 1827. 
Samuel Barker having become proprietor, on Nov. 1, 
1837, he sold an interest to Messrs. John Busk and 



James H. Cox. In August, 1840, Mr. Busk retired 
from the Republican, and Brook W. Lower, Jr., took 
his place, the firm being Harker & Lower.' On Sep- 
tember 7th, Mr. Harker retired, and Mr. Lower 
became sole proprietor. Mr. Harker died in Novem- 
ber, 1850. His brother, John Newton Harker, who was 
also at one time associate editor and proprietor of the 
Republican, died at Wilmington, Del., on Oct. 27, 
1851. In 1840, Messrs. Charles F. and R. M. Cloud 
issued the first number of The Daily Aryus, an after- 
noon paper, and on Feb. 15, 1842, it was united with 
the Republican, under the title of Republican and Ar- 
gus, and issued as a morning paper. The publishers 
were Messrs. Pratt, Cloud & Brother. On April 25, 
1842, the paper was reduced in size and price, and 
changed from a morning to an evening paper. On 
Nov. 19, 1845, R. Horace Pratt sold his interest in 
the paper to Messrs. Cloud & Brother, his former 
partners. He died on April 10, 1855, after a short 
illness, in his forty-eighth year. His only brother, 
Joseph Long Pratt, died on Jan. 26, 1845, in his 
thirty-eighth year. R. Horace Pratt was at one time 
part proprietor of the Baltimore Hnfurdjy Visitor, and 
subsequently of the Republican, and was occasionally 
associated with other papers. His contributions were 
always characterized by a spirit of native humor 
which made his writings exceedingly popular. He 
was extensively known and esteemed by a large num- 
ber of acquaintances for his social and genial quali- 
ties. The Argus office was removed from Gay Street, 
near Baltimore, to the northwest corner of these two 
streets on July 16, 1849. On November 20th in the 
same year Charles F. Cloud disposed of his interest 
in the paper to Beale H. Richardson, who assumed 
the editorial management. On Feb. 19, 1850, the 
Argus changed again from a morning to an afternoon 
paper. 

On March 20, 1852, William H. Hope, the junior 
editor and part proprietor of the Argus, retired from 
the paper to accept a position on the Philadelphia 
Pennsylvanian. His interest was purchased by Charles 
F. Cloud, who resumed his former connection with 
tlie journal. In April, 1853, Messrs. C. F. & R. M. 
Cloud ceased their connection with the paper, which 
was under the sole control and editorship of B. H. 
Richardson. William H. Turner purchased an in- 
terest in the journal, and on May 1, 1854, sold it to 
Joseph M. Peregoy. On April 3, 1855, A. G. Allen 
and William H. Hope obtained control of the paper, 
and changed its name to the Daily Republican. On 
Feb. 2, 1858, Robert M. Cloud, formerly one of the 
proprietors, died in his forty-fourth year; and on the 
27th, Mr. Allen disposed of his interest and retired 
from the concern. On Sept. 11, 1863, the paper was 
suppressed by order of Gen. Schenck, and Beale H. 
Richardson, the editor and proprietor, and his son, 
Francis A. Richardson, and Stephen J. Joyce, asso- 

1 Samuel Lower >t Co. kept the liiiltiniore Tjpe Foundry iu tS12. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARi'LAND. 



ciate editors, were taken into custody and ordered to 
be sent South. Tlie alleged ground for the suppres; 
sion of the Republican was the publication of a piece 
of poetry called "The Southern Cross," which was 
attributed to .Mrs. Kllcii Key Blunt. 

The American Turf Register and Sporting Mag- 
azine, a monthly journal, was first issued in Septem- 
ber, 1829, by John S. Skinner, editor and publisher, 
iind J. D. Toy, printer. In August, 1835, Mr. Skin- 
ner retired from its management, and Gideon B. 
Smith became manager, and Allen J. Davie editor. 
Mr. Skinner subsequently published the Plough, Loom, I 
and Anvil. He died on March 21, 1851, caused by his 
falling accidentally into the basement of the post- 
office building headforemost down a flight of stairs, 
having mistaken the door. He was about sixty-four 
years of age when the accident occurred. In a short 
time these gentlemen were succeeded by others, and 
not long afterwards the office was removed to New- 
York, and the pai)er went nut of existence. 

The Companion and Weekly Miscellany was 
issued Nov. 3, 1804, by Edward Ivisy, and Messrs. i 
Cole & Hewes, printers aM<l ]uililis]iers. 

The Itinerant, or Wesleyau Methodist Visitor, 
w.as published Wednesday, Nov. 12, 1828, by Melville 
B. Cox, editor. It wa.s issued every two weeks. 

The Jefferson Reformer, a daily, was first pub- 
lished by Dr. Edward J. Alcock, on Jan. 14, 1836. I 
John H. Hewett was one of the editors, but he with- ; 
drew on the issuing of the second number. 

The Monument, a weekly, was issued on Saturday, 
Oct. 8, 1836, by David Creamer and John N. Mc- 
Jiltoii. In 1S3S it was edited and published by T. S. 
.\rtliur and J. N. McJilton, and issued monthly. ! 

The Baltimore Spy was issued June 25, 1836. | 

Daily Intelligencer, by Cloud & Pouder, in 18.36. 

The Merchant, a daily paper, published and edited 
by (ien. Dull'Creen, lateof the Washington Telegraph, 
made its first a[ipearanco May 24, 1837, and ceased to 
exist on the 11th of November in the same year. 

The Baltimore Price-Current and Counterfeit 
Detector was published in June, 1837* by Messrs. 
ICiMcry \- Co. 

The Sunday-School and Family Gazette, pub- 
lished weekly, was started in December, 1837, by 
Samuel Sands, and was devoted to the Sunday-school 
cause. 

The Baltimore Daily Transcript was the first penny 
I)ai)er published in lialtimorc. The first number was | 
i-ssucd on Thursday afternoon, March 10, 1836, by 
Messrs. S. P. Skinner and A. G. Tenney, editors and 
proprietors. It was afterwards enlarged and flourished 
for a while a-s the lialtimort Pod and IVamcript. ' 
Thomas J. Beach and John H. Hewett were con- ' 
nected with the editorial department of the Post and \ 
Tramcript. It wa.s sold at public auction on April 
22, 1840. The Citizen, a Democratic penny paper, 
was first issued July 2, 1837. 

The People's Friend, a political jiaper, was first 



issued May 25, 1816. The Experiment was tried in 
1834 by Messrs. J. F. Weishampel, Sr., and T. J. 
Beach, afterwards the managing editor of the Sun. 
In 1829 or later we had in Baltimore, besides those 
mentioned, the following newspapers: Itinerant 
Weekly, Genius of Universal Emancipation, Hiintrew, 
Amethyst, American Museum, Difipatch, Freeman's 
Banner, American Whig^ Temperance Herald, Odd- 
Fellows' Magazine, Log Cabin, Wreath, Baltimore Intel- 
ligencer (ceased Jan. 5, 1835), Wanderer (by R. J. 
Matchett), Baltimore Iris, Columbian Democrat, Penny 
Magazine (in 1839). 

The Portico was published by Edward J. Coale 
about 1827, and had many able contributors to its 
columns, among others Edward C. Pinkney, the 
poet, and Francis S. Key. 

The Wesleyan Repository and Religious Intel- 
ligencer was first published by Wni. S. Stockton, at 
Trenton, N. J., on April 12, 1821. It was published 
bi-monthly, in large octavo form of sixteen pages. 
The second volume was issued at Philadelphia 
monthly, and contained forty pages. It suspended 
in April, 1824, and wa-s succeeded by The Mutual 
Rights, which began publication in Baltimore in Au- 
gust, 1828. The subscription-list of The Repository 
passed to the Mutual Rights, which was published 
monthly, in octavo size and forty pages. It was 
printed by John D. Toy, at the northwest corner of 
Baltimore and St. Paul Streets, and edited by a com- 
mittee of ministers and laymen, with Rev. Dr. Samuel 
K. Jennings as chairman. On Sept. 6, 1828, No. 1 of 
vol. i. of The Mutual Rights and Christian Intelligencer 
was edited and published by Rev. D. B. Dorsey. It 
was continued to Nov. 1, 1830. Vol. I., No. 1 of the 
Mutual Rights and Methodist Protestant was issued on 
Jan. 7, 1831, by J. J. Harrod, and edited by Dr. Ga- 
maliel Baily. It was a quarto of eight pages. Dr. 
Baily resigned the editorship at the close of the vol- 
ume, and was succeeded by Mr. Harrod as editor and 
publisher, who continued to publish the paper until 
May 30, 1834. On June 11, 1834, No. 1 of vol. i. of a 
new series began under the editorship of Nicholas 
Snethen and Asa Shinn. Fnmi June 10, 1835, to 
June 1, 1836, the paper was edited by Asa Shinn, 
assisted by the Methodist Protestant Church Book 
Committee, John R. Williams chairman. On June 7, 
1836, Rev. Daniel Davies, M.D., assumed the editorial 
chair, but on Aug. 4, 1837, it was published by the book 
committee. The General Conference of May, 1838, 
elected Rev. T. H. Stockton, the son of the founder 
of The Wesleyan Repository, the editor, but owing 
to some disagreement between himself and the book 
committee as to the manner of conducting the paper 
he never took practical charge of it, and it was run by 
the book committee as before. On Oct. 13, 1838, E. 
Yates Reese, who was then only twenty-three years 
old, was elected editor, and took charge a week after- 
wards under the following Book Committee: Beale H. 
Richardson, A. A. Lipscomb, and P. S. Chappell. 




^-^^^^A^..^^ 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



617 



Under the able editorship of Mr. Reese the paper in- 
creased in circulation and was enlarged to a folio, j 
and so continued to 1874, when it was again made an 
eight-page quarto. The words " Mutual Rights" were , 
dropped from the title in June, 1834. On July 22, 
1843, Mr. Reese retired from the paper, and was suc- 
ceeded by Augustus Webster. E. Yates Reese, D.D., 1 
resumed the editorial management on July 25, 1846, 
and was continued by successive General Conferences, 
and filled the position with great learning and ability 
down to Sept. 14, 1861, when he was removed by 1 
death. His two terms of service covered nineteen 
years. Dr. Rees^ was born in Baltimore, Jan. 18, 
1816, and at the time of his death was in his forty- 
sixth year. In his youth he showed a decided liter- i 
ary turn, and his poetical tendencies were early devel- | 
oped. At twelve years of age he completed a poem i 
of some three hundred lines; at fourteen he was a 
frequent contributor to the literary journals of the 
country. He united very early with the Methodist 
Protestant Church, of which his three brothers were 
ministers, and began school-teaching before he was 
of age. He began preaching very early in life, and 
when about forty years of age he took the lecture 
field, and was eminently popular and successful. A 
poet himself of no ordinary ability, he generally 
selected his subjects from this class. He was a 
.school commissioner for a number of years, and at 
one time a member of the First Branch of the City 
Council. 

On Sept. 26, 1861, the directory of the Methodist 
Protestant Church in Baltimore elected T. W. Ewing 
editor and book agent, to succeed Mr. Reese, and at 
his suggestion the paper was jilaced in charge of an 
editorial committee, consisting of Dr. E. G. Waters, 
D. A. Shermer, and David Wilson. Mr. Ewing con- 
tinued the management of the paper until July 18, 
1874, when he retired, alter a continuous service of 
nearly thirty-eight years in connection with the paper 
as office-boy, clerk, editor, and publisher. On July 
4, 1874, E. J. Drinkhouse, M.D., D.D., became the 
editor and publisher, and on November 7th following 
the paper was enlarged to an eight-page folio. Under 
the able management of Rev. Dr. Drinkhouse, The 
Mi-thodist Protestant has become one of the most suc- 
cessful religious journals in the country. On the 1st of 
January, 1881, it celebrated its sixtieth anniversary, 
being perhaps the oldest religious newspaper in the 
United States. > ' ■ > ' ♦ 

The Athenaeum in October, 1837, was edited by 
T. S. Arthur, with George Brewster, formerly editor 
of the Pittsburgh Satnrddij Eneiiiiif/ Visitor, as assistant. 

The Saturday Morning Visitor was first brought 
before the reading public in February, 1832. It was 
published by Messrs. Charles Cloud and William P. 
Ponder; for a while Lambert Wilmer had charge of 
the editorial department. John H. Hewitt, formerly 
editor of the Minerva and Emerald, became editor. 
Some of our best writers contributed to its columns,— 



Edgar A. Poe and his brother, William Poe, Rev. S. 
S. Rozzell, Brantz Mayer, Rev. John C. McCabe, 
James Hungerford, John B. Jones (editor in 1841), 
Miss Modna, Mrs. Dr. Annan (a very bright writer). 
Miss E. Bogart, of New York, Mrs. Mary Hewitt, and 
others. The paper had a wide circulation, and brought 
out a good deal of Baltimore's latent talent. R. Hor- 
ace Pratt, in February, 1835, after Mr. Ponder had 
retired on account of ill health, bought an interest 
in it. He, jointly with Mr. Hewitt, conducted the 
paper until it passed into the possession of Dr. Snod- 
grass, who as soon as he got control of its columns 
turned it into an abolition paper. Finding that the 
Visitor had lost its ancient prestige, he merged it 
with the New Era, the anti-slavery organ, published 
in Washington, D. C, and nothing more was heard 
of it. 

The Baltimore Express was printed weekly at 
Fell's Point, but in October, 1837, it removed to the 
southeast corner of Baltimore and Gay Streets. L. A. 
Wilmer, whose talents as a humorous writer were of 
a high order, purchased an interest in the paper and 
became its editor, its name being changed to the 
Baltimore Kaleidoscope and Weekly Express. 

The Sunday-School Friend, a weekly, first ap- 
peared March 8, 1838, and the Democratic Herald, a 
penny daily, by R. Cloud, on June 1, 1838. 

The Musical Olio was published by W. H. Harri- 
son in October, 1838. 

The Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine 
was begun about 18.36, with Revs. Robert J. Brecken- 
ridge and Andrew B. Cross,of the Presbyterian Church, 
as editors. In the same year T. A. Richards & Bro. 
published the Familij Magazine. 

The Sun, the leading daily pa])er of Baltimore, 
was founded in 1837 by A. S. Abell, its present pro- 
prietor, at that time a member of the firm of Swain, 
Abell & Simmons, which little more than a year 
before had established the Public Ledger in Philadel- 
phia. Although the entire firm was pecuniarily in- 
terested in the new venture, the establishment of the 
Sun was the suggestion of Mr. Abell, who believed 
that Baltimore presented a field for just such a jour- 
nal as he proposed to offer to the people of this city. 
His partners were not so sanguine; but they con- 
sented that he should try the experiment on condi- 
tion that he would assume the immediate responsi- 
bility and personal control. To this proposition he 
consented without hesitation; type and materials 
were at once ordered, a Napier cylinder-press pur- 
chased, and on the 17th of May, 1837, the first num- 
ber of The Sun was issued from its ofiice on Light 
Street, and a copy left at the door of nearly every 
house in Baltimore. 

The year 1837 was not a period of prosperity, nor 
was the country enjoying even a normal condition of 
well-being. Financial distress and depression existed 
throughout the land, and men were engaged faroftener 
in winding up old affairs than in laying the foundations 



618 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of new business. Newspapers were not at that time 
the mediums of fortune that some of them have since 
become ; but, on the contrary, tliey were generally 
vehicles of party, filled with tirades of personal and 
political abuse, embarrassed very often in their finan- 
cial affairs, and dull with long essays, homilies, and 
" communications." It required more than ordinary 
. ourage and determination to start an experiment at 
such a time and under such conditions, and the intel- 
ligence that could mark out a line of journalism en- 
tirely different from that anywhere existing was of no 
ordinary kind. The " penny press" had in this coun- 
try at that time but three representatives, two in 
New York City and one in Philadelphia. Penny 
newspapers were still an experiment, were looked 
upon as unfashionable, and were even regarded in 
some quarters as rather low. The Sun was of the 
" penny tribe of newspapers," as the then Baltimore 
Gazette expressed it, and " the address to the public 
in the first number, which is a favorable specimen of 
editorial ability, announces the determination to con- 
tinue the publication for one year at least." 

It was Mr. Abell's design that The Sun should be a 
newspaper entirely different from the journals of that 
day. It was to be the organ of neither party in 
politics, to know no sect in religion, and to rely en- 
tirely upon its devotion to the common good. In 
its salutatory it laid down the principles by which it 
was to be guided in the following words : " We shall 
give no place to religious controversy nor to political 
discussions of merely partisan character. On politi- 
cal principles and questions involving the honor or 
interest of the whole country we shall be firm and 
temperate. Our object will be the common good, 
without regard to .sections, factions, or parties, and for 
this object we shall labor without fear or partiality." 

While the enterprise was begun under the auspices 
of the firm of which the present proprietor of Thr 
Sun was then a member, Arunali S. Alnll was tlir s.iU- 
manager, and from the first nuinl" r ~i:iiii|ir(l ii|">ii 
the paper the imprint of his intrlliLirruc, |irii(l(nic, 
independence, and courage, and the direction he thus 
gave has been held by the paper without wavering, 
through every change in parties, and without " varia- 
bleness or shadow of turning," even through the dark 
hours of civil war. Individuality had no place about 
The Sun; it was to be the public voice, announcing 
the public opinion, guiding the public judgment, and 
giving expression to the public will. Relying upon 
the value and importance of what The Sun said, the 
l>eople of Baltimore soon came to understand that 
here was a journal which could neither be purchased 
nor intimidated, which had opinions of its own, 
formed upon facts collected by its agencies, and de- 
voted solely to the best interests of the people as a 
community. This was the first element of its subse- 
quent success. 

Independence and veracity, guided by great judg- 
ment and marked intelligence, soon made their im- 



j pression upon the public attention, and the little Sun 
is found on Nov. 17, 1837, just six months after its 
start, with "8500 circulation, and with good adver- 
tising patronage," having begun the experiment with 
a free issue of 15,000 as " a specimen." This circula- 
tion among a population of 80,000, obtained within 
six months, with six well-established rival papers in 
the field, waa not only a remarkable result, but was 
also an important testimonial to the personal worth 
of the proprietor, who had given to The Sun the char- 
acter which thus won upon the public. At the first 
anniversary. May 17, 1838, the circulation was 12,000. 
The first year, which established the character of 
the paper, was also the beginning of that wonderful 
enterprise in procuring news in which The Sun has no 
superior even among the great papers of New York. 
When the publication of The Sun was commenced it 
employed but one reporter, no regular local reports 
being given by any of the city papers till the custom 
] was established by The Sun. Not even the proceedings 
j of the courts or of the Legislature were then reported 
{ by the Baltimore press, nor those of Congress, the 
journals here relying upon the Washington papers to 
furnish them the following day with whatever oc- 
curred of interest in Congress. The year 1837-38 was 
the period when journalism was in its transition state, 
or what has been called the " beginning of the news- 
paper revolution." In the conflict for public support 
between the penny and the sixpmnies the latter would 
certainly have won if the weight of metal had not 
been counterpoised with ceaseless activity in pro- 
curing the news. Where one editor, one reporter, a 
half-dozen printers, and two or three press-hands then 
sufficed there is now found necessary a large corps of 
editors, a still larger number of regular reporters, to 
say nothing of those occasionally employed, a regu- 
larly established corps of correspondents at every 
point of importance throughout the country, besides 
lli.i^c .,|,( I iiilly engaged for conventions, public dem- 
.11-1 niiinii-. tiials, and other public occasions of in- 
1(11^1 : s, \( r.il hundreds of printers and proof-readers, 
press-hands, stereotypers, mail-clerks, etc., are regu- 
larly engaged ; hundreds of carriers and agents, with 
a host of news-boys and booksellers in the city, besides 
numerous other employfe in various departments. 

The President's message of December, 1838, offered 
the first opportunity to The Sun of displaying its en- 
terprise. The other Baltimore journals were at that 
time accustomed to obtain their supplcmeiitg with the 
President's message from AVashington, printed with 
the headlines of the Baltimore papers, transmitted by 
mail, and delivered to Baltimore readers the next day, 
and perhaps later. That style of journalism would 
not answer for The Sun. Posting " a friend mounted 
on a Canadian pony, nimble as a goat and fleet as the 
wind," at the " outer depot," the printed copy of the 
message wsis brought by this friend to the office on 
i Light Street, and in "five minutes after its arrival 
forty-nine compositors were at work upon it, and in 




"THE SUN" IRON BUILDING, 
S. E. COE. BALTIMOKE AND SOUTH STSEETS, BALTIMORE, MD. 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



two hours the first copy printed in Baltimore" was 
handed to the awaiting crowd with which the office 
was thronged. Thus The Sun anticipated all its con- 
temporaries by two days. Such energy and enterprise 
found their reward, and the 6th of May, 1839, The 
Sun announced "15,000 patrons of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions." 

The zeal of journalism and the spirit of enterprise 
had so much developed the business of The Sun that 
(March 30, 1840) the second enlargement was rendered 
necessary by " the increase of advertising custom." 
And thus encouraged, another display of astonishing 
enterprise was made in spreading President Harrison's 
inaugural before its Baltimore readers on the same day 
it was delivered, and winning from one of its Western 
contemporaries (the Louisville Gazette) the compli- 
mentary remark that " in the enterprise of the worthy 
proprietors of The Sun we have an example worthy of 
all praise ; they have on this occasion of their prompt 
and untiring energy placed the whole Western and 
nearly all the Southern part in possession of this im- 
portant document at least twenty-four hours in ad- 
vance of all its contemporaries ;" and of the New York 
and Philadelphia papers only those in exchange with 
The Sun received the early copy. Nor were these mere 
spurts of enterprise ; the pace was kept up, and the 
death of Gen. Harrison, the address of President Ty- 
ler, the message to the extra session followed in the 
same prompt and rapid manner. Enterprise was the 
rule and not the exception, and among the acknowl- 
edgments of its contemporaries the thanks of the Co- 
lumbus (Ohio) Statesman are returned to "our little 
favorite, the Baltimore Sun, for foreign news in our 
columns to-day. The Sun ran an express from Boston 
to Baltimore, a distance of about four hundred miles, 
and beat all the other Baltimore papers." This was 
the beginning of the "pony-expresses," which, until 
the telegraph had taken its present wide reach all over 
the country, enabled The Sun to be always ahead of all 
its contemporaries. The fate of the Fiscal Bank Bill 
in 1841 was first made known in Baltimore through 
The Sunhy "horse-express," notwithstanding the rail- 
road was running between the two cities. The trial 
of MacLeod in the affair of the "Caroline," which took 
place at Utica, N. Y., in October, 1841, was reported 
especially for The Sun, and transmitted partly by rail 
and partly by express. The trial lasted several days, 
and as it was thought to involve the issue of war with 
England, excited the greatest interest throughout the 
whole country. The Sun was fully equal to the great 
occasion, and, far in advance of all its contemporaries, 
reported the trial and published the proceedings at 
great length from day to day until the verdict ended 
the public expectation. 

The New York papers experienced a revival in 
1844, '45, and '46, and extensive expresses were run 
with European news from Halifax and Boston, and 
into all these enterprises The Sun entered with alacrity. 
The relations of the United States and Great Britain 



growing out of the Oregon matter gave very great 
interest all over the country to European news at this 
period. Halifax and Boston were the chief points of 
reception, and as the time of the steamers from thence 
to New York was very slow, the individual enterprise 
of newspapers was called into service. The Sun en- 

j tered the combination, and " exclusive extras" were 
issued from its ofiice and sent by express-trains to 
Washington, thus conveying the earliest intelligence 
for the use of the President and cabinet. The news of 
the ship " Liberty" and the steamer " Cambria" was 
thus received by the citizens of Baltimore and Wash- 
ington, the West, and the South twenty-four hours 
ahead of the " blanket-sheet" contemporaries. The 
expresses from Halifax were " planned on an exten- 
sive scale, and considered to be the most extraordinary 
evidence of newspaper enterprise ever brought before 
the American people." A relay of horses extending 
from Halifax to Annapolis, on the Bay of Fundy 
(across Nova Scotia), a distance of over one hundred 
and fifty miles, connected at the latter place with a 

! steamer, which carried the news to Portland, Me., 
from thence by locomotive to Boston, thence, ria New 

j York and Philadelphia, to Baltimore. The whole 
distance was over one thousand miles, and the time 
about fifty hours. The "Cambria's" news was awaited 

I with more interest than that of almost any steamer 

' that ever arrived in the country. The railroad and 

j steamboat lines between New York and Boston were 
under contract to run expresses with her advices. 
The enterprising newspapers of New York and Phila- 
delphia arranged to express the news from Boston, 
and into this combination of live newspapers The Sun 
was the only Baltimore paper that entered, and the 
important news received through this source was the 

I sole property of The Sun. The news of the "Hiber- 
nia" was received by The Sun on March 20, 1846, 

I from Halifax in sixty-two hours and forty-five min- 

I utes, and immediately published in an extra. The 
Sun was the only Baltimore paper that joined in the 
charterof the pilot-boat "Eomer" to run to Liverpool 

j and return with foreign news. 

When the war with Mexico turned the news-point 
of the compass to the South, The Sun stepped immedi- 
ately into the very front rank of enterprise in pro- 
curing early and reliable news from the seat of war, 
and, indeed, excelled in this respect any newspaper 
in the United States. To meet the demand for such 
intelligence, Mr. A. S. Abell, early in 1846, established 
exciusivehj for the Baltimore Sun, " without consulta- 
tion or previous arrangement or agreement with any 

I other paper," an overland express from New Orleans, 
" comprising about sixty blooded horses." Notwith- 

j standing the obstructions which were tiirown in the 
way of the success of this express by the post-office 
authorities, it almost invariably beat the great South- 
ern mail from New Orleans to Baltimore over thirty 
hours. As the war progressed these expresses became 
a public necessity, and in view of the great satisfac- 



620 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, iMARYLAND. 



tion with which The Sun's exertions were received, | 
several Northern jiapers joined it in the advantages 
of its enterprise. The trip was usually made from 
New Orleans to Baltimore in six days, at an expense 
at this time to The Sun of about one thousand dollars 
per mon.'h. The Sun on Oct. 17, 1846, laid before its 
readers an engraved representation of Monterey, its 
vicinity, and its fortifications, and the advance of the 
American troops, drawn for the War Department by 
Capt. Eaton. This was followed on November 6th by j 
a " view of Monterey and the American army prior 
to the battle." By this view the readers of The Sim 
were able to distinguish not only the principal forts, 
but the main buildings in tiie city, and the position 
of the camp of the American army, and the place 
assigned to each division, brigade, and regiment be- 
fore the battle. On the 3d of April The Sun presented 
to its readers a map of the battle-field of Buena Vista, 
with the topography of the country, drawn by a dis- 
tinguished topographical engineer on the staff of Gen. 
Wool. • I 

The Sun on the 10th of April, 1847, was the first to | 
announce to the President and his cabinet at Wash- 
ington and the citizens of Baltimore the "fall, sur- 
render, and unconditional capitulation of the city of i 
Vera Cruz and the castle of San Juan d'UlIoa." This 
unparalleled effort of newspaper enterprise was her- 
alded in all sections of the United States, and upon 
the reception of the news at Washington, on Satur- 
day morning, April 10th, in the columns of the Balti- 
more Sun, it caused universal rejoicing. The Wash- 
ington Union of the same afternoon said, " The whole 
city was filled with enthusiasm to-day by the ac- | 
counts, for which we are indebted to the Baltimore 
<S'"», through the extraordinary express from Pensa- 
(1)1:1. Tlir Sun must have run an express through 
this city hi.~t iiijrlit. It shows what enterprise can do, 
aij.l III) press has done more experiments of this na- 
ture than Thi- Sun." Thus its " punctual and never- 
failing team of ponies" kept the paper always at the 
front, with news far in advance of all other sources. 
Nor was the news thus obtained ever used for per- 
sonal or improper purposes. The practice of the 1 
jiaper on the arrival of European news was to issue a 
bulletin or slip synopsis of the markets at the earliest 
possible moment at which it could be obtained, thus 
placing at the disposal of the whole community val- 
uable information which could not have been obtained 
in any other way. The government at Washington 
was also kept advised through the columns of The Sun | 
of every important event transpiring at the seat of i 
war. The Sun wiis particularly instrumental at this i 
time in serving government interests. It was "gen- 
erally admitted that the news of the capture of Vera 
Cruz, arriving by our express on the very day ap- 
pointed for the close of a national loan, was directly 
favorable to the national interest.s in the final nego- 
tiations." 

Before tlie i>ublication of this intelligence even in 



his own columns, Mr. Abell sent a private telegraphic 
dispatch to the President of the United States com- 
municating the information brought by The Sun's 
exjjre.ss of the fall of Vera Cruz, and received an ac- 
knowledgment in which the " zeal and enterprise" of 
the paper were recognized in fitting terms. 

The "ponies" of I'he Sun on September 1.5th again 
performed their task, and "distancing stages, rail- 
roads, steamboats, and magnetic telegraphs," The 
Sun announced the brilliant victories at Contreras 
and Cherubusco in advance of all its contemporaries. 
These feats of enterprise culminated in the receipt of 
the news of the operations in the vicinity of the Halls 
of the Montezumas, which was announced thus on 
October 4th : " Our pony-team, :is if in anticipation of 
the great excitement prevailing in the city on Satur- 
day evening (October 2d), came flying up to the stop- 
ping-post with the most thrilling and important in- 
telligence yet received from the seat of war, full 
twenty-four hours ahead of steamboats, railroads, 
and even telegraphs. The news brought by them 
twenty-four hours in advance of the mail being of 
such exciting and thrilling interest, we put to press 
at a late hour on Saturday night an ' Extra Sun,' with 
full details, which were sought after by our citizens 
during yesterday morning." 

On Nov. 29, 1847, the addition of " The Southern 
Daily Pony Express" completed the enterprising ar- 
rangements of The Sun for obtaining news from the 
seat of war, and thereafter until the close of hostilities 
the readers of The Sun received every morning the 
very latest intelligence from the contending armies. 

In the same spirit of sagacious enterprise, Mr. Abell 
organized a carrier-pigeon express for the transmis- 
sion of news between the cities of New York, Phila- 
delphia, Baltimore, and Washington. The pigeons 
for this service, about four or five humlred in number, 
were kept in a house on Hampstead Hill, near the old 
Maryland Hospital for the Insane, and were care- 
fully trained. Foreign steamer news was frequently 
obtained in this way, and on more than one occasion 
a synopsis of the President's message was brought by 
the pigeons to Baltimore immediately after the de- 
livery to Congress, and published in extras, to the 
great surprise of the public. This was the first 
pigeon-express organized in this country, and was 
regularly continued until superseded by the magnetic 
telegraph. 

The telegraph-wires were being rapidly stretched 
over the country, and horses and locomotives and 
carrier-pigeons were as rapidly going out of use. 
Prof. Morse found in Mr. Abell a most zealous friend 
to the magnetic telegraph ; all the influence of The 
Sun was exerted in behalf of the invention, and for 
an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars from Con- 
gress for the construction of an experimental line 
from Washington to Baltimore. After the line was 
constructed The Sun was one of its constant patrons, 
and the first Presidential message ever transmitted 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



621 



over the wires was sent exclusively to The Sun on 
May 11, 1846, and published in its issue of the next 
day. As a matter of scientific history, it may be 
added that The Sun's telegraphic copy of the message 
was reprinted by the Academy of Sciences at Paris, 
side by side with an authenticated transcript of tlie 
original. The Paris correspondent of the National 
Intelligence); speaking of this event in the French 
Chamber of Deputies, says, — 

" Prof. Morse had the goodness to send me an account of the recent 
achievements of the electrical telegrapli, with a copy of the Baltimore 
Sun containing the President's message on the Mexican war, as it was 
magically transmitted to thiit paper. 1 sent the communications to 
Ponillet, the deputy author of the report heretofore mentioned to you, 
and he placed tliem in the hands of Arago, who suhmitted their very 
interesting and decisive contents to the Academy of Science and the 
Chamherof Deputies. In the Chamher, on the 18th instant, when the 
proposed appropriation for an electrical telegraph from this capital to 
tlie Belgian frontier came under consideration, Berryer opposed it on 
the ground that the experiments of the new system were incomplete; 
that it would he well to wait for the full trial of what was undertaken 
between Paris and Rouen. Arago answered, 'The experiment is con- 
summated ; in the United States the matter is settled irresistibly. I re- 
ceived three days ago Tlie Sun of Baltimore, with a letter from Mr. 
Morse, one of the most honorable men of his country, and here is the 
President's message, printed from the telegraph in two or three hours; 
the message would fill four columns of the Monitevr ; it could not have 
been copied by tlie most rapid penman in a shorter time than it was 
transmitted. The galvanic fluid travels seventy thousand leagues per 
minute.' The appropriation of nearly a half-million of francs passed 
with only a few dissenting voices." 

Thus is found another spontaneous witness to the 
diffusive advantages of individual enterprise. In this 
instance it was the longest document that had ever 
been transmitted by telegraph for any paper in the 
world, and thus presented a peculiarly appropriate 
climax as well as an illustration to the remarks of M. 
Arago. 

The short-lived Atlantic cable of 1858 was made to 
do service to The Sun even in the very few moments 
of its serviceable existence by sending a special dis- 
patch exclusively to The Sun, which was the first news 
telegram from London over the Atlantic cable received 
and made public in Baltimore. 

The interest taken in election returns is always very 
great, and the outlying points are so numerous that 
until the present system of telegraphic communica- 
tion was established several days would elapse before 
the definite result could be ascertained. To obviate 
this difficulty The Sun extended at an early date its 
system of " horse-express," and by " nag, rail, and 
otherwise" collected the news, and laid the returns 
before its readers. The result of the gubernatorial 
election in 1850, and of that upon the reform consti- 
tution in 1851, were by these means collected and 
published. The " pony-express" was again made to 
do service on March 9, 1860, when it brought the pro- 
ceedings of the Legislature on the last night of the 
session up to ten o'clock, arriving in Baltimore at two 
o'clock on the morning of the 10th, conveying the 
intelligence of the defeat of the " Brock City Passen- 
ger Railway Bill." Since the wide extension of rail 
and telegraph facilities, there are many interior points 



of. the State from which the same enterprise collects 
the returns almost always in time for the morning 
Sun of the day after the election. 

In June, 1876, The Sun united with the New York 
Herald, and sent copies of both the daily and weekly 
to the Pacific coast by Jarrett & Palmer's trans-con- 
tinental train in eighty-four hours. An extra train 
from Calvert Station was chartered, and made con- 
nection at Harrisburg on time, where The Sun's mail 
was transferred to this lightning express as it speeded 
along. 

Enlargement after enlargement has been rendered 
necessary by the continued growth of the business of 
The Sun, and the change and improvements in its 
plant and machinery are scarcely less striking than 
the progress of the paper itself In the beginning a 
single-cylinder Napier press, rated at the capacity of 
one thousand copies per hour, and worked by hand, 
was employed; in 1840 a double-cylinder Napier, 
rated at three thousand copies per hour, was substi- 
tuted, and steam-power introduced; in 1843 a newly- 
invented double-cylinder Hoe, rated at four thousand 
copies per hour, was obtained, and in 1847 The Sun put 
up two pony presses, rated at six thousand copies per 
hour; in 1863 it commenced using two of "Hoe's 
last fast" type-revolving cylinder-presses, each rated 
at ten thousand copies per hour, which were the first 
type-revolving presses successfully used in this or any 
other country ; in December, 1867, two double type- 
revolving presses, with a capacity of twenty thousand 
each per hour, were introduced, which, together with 
the stereotyping process adopted at the same time, 
has enabled The Sun to respond with promptness to 
the demands which its increasing circulation has re- 
quired. 

The Sun was first published at No. 21 Light Street, 
the second door from Mercer, but on the 16th of Feb- 
ruary, 1839, its office was removed to the southeast 
corner of Gay and Baltimore Streets. In 1850 the 
proprietors of The Sun purchased the lot at the south- 
east corner of Baltimore and South Streets, and on 
the 1st of April began the erection of the present 
Sun Iron Building, the first iron building erected in 
the United States, and the printing and publication- 
offices were removed to the new edifice on the 13th of 
September, 1851. Messrs. Bogardus & Hoppin, of 
New York, were the contractors for the erection ol 
the building, and Mr. Hatfield the architect. The 
structure has a front of fifty-six feet on Baltimore 
Street, and of seventy-four feet on South Street, with 
a height of five well-pitched stories. Each story pre- 
sents lines of windows extending from floor to ceiling, 
separated by fluted columns, with proper bases and 
caps, the bases of the second story ornamented with 
medallion busts of historical characters, and the caps 
on the fifth story surmounted with full-length figures 
i in relief, all part and parcel of the material of the 
structure. Upon the death of one of Mr. Abell's 
partners in Philadelphia the property was sold, on 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Dec. 22, 1860, to divide the estate, and was purchased 
by A. S. Abell in fee simple for eighty thousand 
dolhirs. 

On Dec. 19, 1864, the price of The Sun was increased 
to two cents per single copy and twelve and a half 
cents a week to subscribers receiving it by carriers. 
This advance was necessitated by the increased cost 
of labor, material, correspondence, telegraphic mat- 
ter, and otiier indispensable requisites of a first-class 
newspaper. 

The publication of the Baltimore Weekli/ Sun'was 
commenced on the 14th of April, 1838, and it is now 
recognized as one of the best family newspapers in 
the country. The same energy and enterprise that 
have marked the growth and career of the Daily Sun 
have been illustrated in the conduct and success of the 
weekly. On four several occasions prizes of $300, 
$400, $500, and $1200 have been awarded for original 
stories for publication in the Weekly Sun, and such 
stimulants to talent have never failed to draw out most 
creditable literary productions. 

The Sun was the first to introduce in Baltimore the 
"carrier system" for the distribution of newspapers, 
which has since been found so convenient to both pub- 
lishers and subscribers, as well as remunerative to the 
carriers themselves, — who own their routes and make 
their own collections, — that it has been adopted by all 
the papers of the city. The Sun also inaugurated the 
" cash system." Not an advertisement is inserted for 
a longer time than is agreed upon and paid for in ad- 
vance. Not a paper leaves the office beyond its term 
of subscription. 

The stafl' of The Sun is large, and its corps of special 
correspondents is represented in almost every quarter 
of the world. Its Washington, California, and Eu- 
ropean correspondence especially are noted for relia- 
bility and accuracy. 

One of the most strongly-marked features in the 
management of The Sun is the spirit of moderation 
which always characterizes its utterances, and which 
only the impersonality of its editorial management 
could have secured. This dignity of tone and char- 
acter has been maintained by The Stm under the most 
trj'ing circumstances. During the civil war, when 
military despotism entered the back-door of Baltimore 
and placed its interdict upon free discussion. The Sun 
became silent and uttered not a word editorially ; pub- 
lic opinion was under military domination, and its 
great exponent could give no voice to it. Chronicling 
simply daily events for its thousands of readers, it 
maintained a silence more impressive than any voice 
it would have been permitted to utter. When peace 
returned, with free discussion, The Sun found in as- 
sisting to rebuild the waste places desolated by the 
war steady employment for its great energies, and all 
the magnificent charities which were then inaugurated 
were sustained and promoted by its efforts. 

Arunah S. Abell, the founder and proprietor of The 
Sun, was born in Eiist Providence, R. I., Aug. 10, 1806, 



and came of a sturdy English ancestry, whcse de- 
scendants were among the earliest settlers of the town 
of Seekonk, then known as Rehoboth. His grand- 
father, Robert Abell, served with distinction in the 
war of the Revolution, and his father, Caleb Abell, 
was a quartermaster in the war of 1812, and after his 
return to civil life occupied several positions of honor 
and trust. 

Mr. Abell's education was received in his native 
town, where he began his business career as a clerk 
in the store of Mr. Bishop, a merchant of the place, 
with whom he remained until 1822, when he became 
an apprentice in the office of the Providence Patriot. 
He addressed himself with so much earnestness to 
the mastery of the business that when his appren- 
ticeship was ended he readily obtained employment 
as foreman in one of the best printing-offices in Bos- 
ton, where his value was soon fully appreciated, and 
where he might have remained indefinitely had he 
desired. But with that characteristic foresight which 
has since been so signally displayed in all the opera- 
tions of his business life, he saw that there were better 
and wider opportunities elsewhere for the realization 
of the honorable ambition which had already as- 
sumed a definite shape, and which was destined in 
after-years to cry.stallize into such splendid results, 
and he therefore proceeded to New York, where he at 
once obtained employment, and from which he began 
to study the field of journalism. In New York he 
formed the acquaintance of two fellow-printers, Wil- 
liam M. Swain and Azariah H. Simmons, and with 
them freely discussed the subject of their common 
ambition, which was to establish a newspaper as joint 
owners. Messrs. Swain and Simmons were in favor 
of attempting the enterprise in New York, but Mr. 
Abell, feeling that the field there was already fully 
occu|)ied by the Sun, Trameript, and Herald, sug- 
gested Philadelphia as offering better chances of suc- 
cess. His associates were persuaded to adopt his sug- 
gestion, and articles of agreement having been duly 
signed, on the 29th of April, 1836, the Philadelphia 
Ledger was boldly launched upon the sea of journal- 
ism. The new venture did not at first meet with the 
success which had been hoped, and in a few months 
Messrs. Swain and Simmons were ready to abandon the 
enterprise. But Mr. Abell was not easily discouraged, 
and the blood of his Revolutionary ancestors in his 
veins gave him a patient tenacity of purpose which 
served him well in this emergency. He cheered the 
sinking hearts of his a.ssociates, inspired them with 
fresh courage and determination, and persuaded them 
to persevere. In a short time his judgment was fully 
vindicated by results. Imbued with fresh life and 
vigor, the Ledger began to be a power, and at the end 
of a year had so strongly intrenched itself in the 
public support and confidence that its proprietors 
began to look about for a point where they might 
establish a similar paper. The hi-story of that enter- 
prise has already been given in the sketch of The Sun, 



THE PRESS OP BALTIMORE. 



623 



and need not be further adverted to in this connec- I 
tion. Mr. Abell continued a part owner of the Ledger I 
until 1864, when he sold his interest in it, and in 
1808 became the sole proprietor of the Baltimore »Sm?i. 

In presenting the history of The Sun, it has been 
impossible not to present' also in large measure the 
character and career of its founder and proprietor. 
A life may be read from its life-work even better than 
irom the written record, even as a monument pro- 
claims the skill and intellect of the builder more im- 
pressively than any inscription which could be cut 
into the living stone. The tendency of the age is to 
crush out individuality, but it only succeeds where 
no great and marked individuality exists. If the 
reverse be true, the times are moulded and not the 
individual. Thus the history of The Sun, its policy, 
its spirit, its aims, properly understood, open the 
door to a true apprehension of the character of its 
founder. For though the highest type of journalism 
has been reached in the elimination of personality 
from its direction, it bears nevertheless the impress 
of the individual traits and characteristics which have 
made it what "it is. What is important to be known 
in lives that are worth the writing or the reading is 
not so much when or where the person was born, or 
what were the human branches by which he was con- 
nected with other branches in which the reader is 
but little interested, but what the person did, what he 
acccmiplished, how the battles of life were fought, 
and how and by what means they were won. The 
world nowadays demands a practical moral in all 
the lives that the historian presents for its considera- 
tion, and its demand is better satisfied by pointing 
to the " arduous greatness of things done" than by a 
mere recital of barren dates- and genealogical records 
which throw no light upon the subject in hand. 
What has already been said of The Sun, therefore, 
contains a true presentation, though not so perfect or 
complete as could have been wished, of the energy, 
the wisdom, and the intellectual breadth which laid 
the foundations of that journal so deep and strong, 
and which have reared its superstructure so broad 
and high. 

Successful as Mr. Abell has been, he is not among 
those whom prosperity has hardened. A quiet man 
in everything, he follows in his large but unaflTected 
charities the same golden rule of silence, aiming not 
at display or ostentation, but at the practical relief 
and assistance of the objects of his bounty. So while 
other men have locked up their capital in securities 
which bring no practical benefit to any one but them- 
selves, Mr. Abell has largely employed his means in 
the erection of warehouses, business structures, and 
private residences, the construction of which has 
given employment to many mechanics and laborers, 
and has added largely to the convenience, wealth, 
and beauty of the city. 

Among the most conspicuous improvements erected 
by Mr. Abell is the " Abell Block," situated at the 



■southeast corner of Eutaw and Baltimore Streets. 
This magnificent edifice is five stories high, built of 
Baltimore pressed brick, with white marble trimmings, 
relieved with terra-cotta mouldings and bluestoue. 
There are two handsome warehouses fronting fifty- 
two feet on Baltimore Street, with a depth of one 
hundred and seventy-two feet to German Street. The 
first story is of iron, and the upper stories of brick. 
The store-rooms, offices, etc., are finished in elegant 
style with hard wood, and the entire building is fur- 
nished with all the modern conveniences and comforts. 
In each store there are two hydraulic elevators and 
four fire and burglar-proof vaults. A dry, paved 
basement extends under botli warehouses and the ad- 
joining sidewalks, being thirteen thousand square feet 
in extent. 

Mr. Abell is also a large landholder in the county, 
and his suburban residence at " Guilford" is one of 
the most splendid estates in this country. Occupying 
many different positions of trust, he has exercised a 
large and important influence upon every department 
of local activity, and in his capacity as a journalist has 
given in his day and generation a direction and char- 
acter to the current of local events the value of 
which it is difficult to overestimate. Although he 
has recently celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday, he 
looks and seems fully a .score of years younger, and 
still gives to all departments of his business the bene- 
fit of his long experience and careful oversight. 

Mr. Abell is courteous and kindly in his personal 
intercourse with his employfe and with all with whom 
he is brought into contact, and while firm in the 
discharge of all his business responsibilities tempers 
his justice with a generosity and consideration that 
are rarely exhibited by persons in his position. In a 
green and vigorous old age, which can look back upon 
a life well and usefully spent, Mr. Abell forms one of 
the central figures upon the local canvas of a city 
towards whose prosperity, welfare, and advancement 
he has so signally contributed. 

Mr. Abell married, in 1838, Mary, the daughter of 
John Fox, a worthy and good citizen of Peekskill, 
N. Y., where Mrs. Abell was born, but her parents re- 
moved to Baltimore when she was quite young. She 
was an excellent Christian woman, and devoted much 
of her time and means to the relief of the unfortunate 
and deserving poor, without reference to their creed 
or color. She died, universally beloved by all who 
knew her, in 1859, leaving a large family of children, 
eight of whom are living, — five daughters and three 
sons. The three latter, Edwin F., George W., and 
Walter R. Abell, are connected with the editorial and 
business departments of T/ie Sun. They have inher- 
ited in various ways the father's business talent and 
sagacity, as well as his innate tact and journalistic 
capacity. Breathing the atmosphere of journalism 
from their youth up, educated in a school which has 
achieved such splendid results, and by training as well 
as inheritance in perfect sympathy and understanding 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



with the spirit, the policy, and aims of The Sun, they 
are specially qualified for the delicate and responsible 
offices of assisting in conducting a great and influen- 
tial journal, and the other business connected with 
such an enterprise. Mr. Abell had the faculty and 
good judgment to select for his assistants the best 
men to be found, all of whom became warmly at- 
tached to him, and seldom left him except to become , 
engaged in business for themselves or separated bj' 
death. He has now the best corps of editors, report- 
ers, and business men connected with The Sun of any 
newspaper in the country. 

The Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal, 
a quarterly, wiis published on Jan. 1, 1840, by John ' 
Murphy, under the auspices of the Medical and Clii- 
rurgical Faculty of the State. ' The editors were Drs. 
G. C. M. Roberts, chairnuin, Nathaniel Potter, James 
H. Miller, Robert A. Durkee, J. R. W. Dunbar, and j 
Samuel George Baker. It was adopted by the med- 
ical departments of the United States army and navy 
as their official organ. 

The Trades Union was edited in 1837 by Frank 
Gallagher, but he having been elected to the Legis- 
lature, he re-signed on October 14th, and the paper 
was subsequently published and edited by Messrs. 
Bull & Tattle. " I 

The Journal of the American Silk Society was | 
published in 1889, with Gideon B. Smith as editor. | 

The Pilot, a two-penny Whig paper, was first issued | 
April 2, 1840, by Gen. Duff' Green. The Whigs of | 
Maryland repudiated the paper, and it ceased in 
January, 1841. [ 

The Baltimore Clipper was first issued on Saturday 



morning, Sept. 



), from the office No. 10 North 



Gay Street, John H. Hewitt & Co. editors and pro- : 
prietors. Mr. Hewitt having disposed of his interest I 
to Messrs. Edmund Bull and William N. Tuttle, retired 
from the paper on May 19, 1840. On Saturday, June 
27, 1840, the Clipper issued its first weekly, entitled the 
Ocean. On Monday, Nov. 11, 1844, the name of the 
Baltimore Clipper was changed to that of the American 
Republican, but it resumed the former name on Jan. 
1, 1847. 

Mr. Tuttle died on June 17, 1864, in the fifty-fifth 
year of his age, and on July 11th of the same year 
William Wailes became the sole proprietor. Mr. Ed- 
mund Bull died on Dec. 21, 1875, aged sixty-five years. I 
He was one of five of the surviving founders of the 
Baltimore Typographical Union, which was organized 
Nov. 26, 1831. Mr. Wailes continued to publish the 
Clipper until it ceased, on Saturday, Sept. 30, 1865. He 
then entered into a partnership with William R. Coale, 
Dr. C. C. Cox, and R. N. Newport, and issued on the 
following Monday, October 2d, the first number of 
the Baltimore Daily Commercial. On Nov. 20, 1866, j 
Dr. C. C. Cox retired from the Commercial, and Mr. 
Wailes continued it upon his own account. It was 
published as a morning paper, but on March 18, 1868, , 
it was changed to an evening jovirual. In 1860, Mr. ' 



Wailes retired from the paper, and on June 24th the 
e-stablishment, with the good will, fixtures, type, 
presses, etc., were sold at public auction for four 
thousand two hundred dollars to the " Democratic 
Association." Dr. William H. Cole and Col. E. M. 
Verger, of Mississippi, purchased the concern, and 
started the Evening Journal on Sept. 4, 1871, under 
the firm-name of E. M. Verger & Co. Late in 1871, 
Dr. Cole withdrew from the concern, and the Journal 
was continued by Col. Verger until it was sold at 
auction to Col. Frederick Raine for two thousand 
two hundred and fifty dollars, who discontinued it. 
Col. Verger died suddenlyon the 22d of April, 187-5. 
H(! was formerly a resident of Jackson, Miss., where 
he became involved in a quarrel with Col. Crane, 
military mayor of the city, in which the latter lost 
his life. He was tried by a court-martial, but the 
Supreme Court decided that the civil court was above 
the military, and he was acquitted. At the time of 
his death he was in his forty-ninth year. 

At the time of the retirement of Mr. Wailes from 
the Commercial, the title of the paper was changed to 
the Ereiiing Bulletin, and on Sunday a Sunday Bulletin 
was issued. In 1870, William R. Coale and William 
M. Laffan, two gentlemen of marked literary attain- 
ments who were formerly connected with the Com- 
mercial, purchased the Sunday Bulletin, and made it 
a separate establishment. They issued the first num- 
ber of their new journal on Aug. 14, 1870, and being 
opposed to the word " Sunday" in the title, it was 
changed to the Baltimore Bulletin on May 11, 1872. 
On the 3d of September, 1872, Mr. Coale retired from 
the firm, and his interest was purchased by Mr. Laffan 
and Samuel S. Early, under the firm-name of William 
M. Laff'an & Co. These gentlemen published the 
Baltimore Bulletin for several years with marked suc- 
cess, until finally a company was incorporated on Aug. 
31, 1876, composed of S. feackle Wallis, Thomas W. 
Hall, Charles G. Kerr, William M. Laffan, and Law- 
rence Turnbull, with a capital stock of sixty thousand 
dollars, who purchased the Bulletin, and published it 
as an afternoon paper, commencing on October 2d ol 
the same year. It was strongly Democratic, and con- 
ducted with remarkable ability. In 1880 it was merged 
into the Evening News. At various times the Evening 
Bulletin was ably edited by Edward Spencer, Frederick 
Emory, and 0. P. Baldwin, Jr. 

The Spy, an evening paper, edited by J. McCor- 
mick, wa.s first issued Aug. 1, 1840. 

The Saturday Evening Express was first issued 
by L. Williams & Co. on Aug. 7, 1840, at three oent.s 
per copy. 

The Magician was first issued by Carr, Horner it 
Co. on Sept. 10, 18411. It suiq)orted Mr. Van Buren 
for President. 

The Baltimore Monthly Budget, editetl by J. 
Austin Sperry, made its first appearance in January, 
1841. It was devoted to science, literature, and art, 
and published at two dollars per annum. This wa& 




^^.^. 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



625 



followed in April of the same year by the Baltimore 
Pheeidx and Budget, issued by Sherwood & Co. from 
tlie office of the Saturda;/ Visitor. It was afterwards, 
on April 1, 1842, called the Monfhhj Victor. The 
contributors to the Phceni.r and Budget were John N. 
McJilton, Dr. J. E. Snodgrass, M. S. Lovett, N. C. 
Brooks, A.M., Prof. Ingraham, Dr. C. C. Cox, T. S. 
Arthur, George Yellott, Dr. John W. Geyer, William 
H. Carpenter, James H. Napear, Thomas R. Holland, 
T. S. Fay, S. F. Glenn, E. Yates Reese, Lewis T. 
Voight, Mrs. A. M. F. Annan, E. Tudor Horton, 
Esther Wetherald, and other literary characters of 
the day. On Jan. 1.5, 1842, Messrs. Sherwood & Co. 
sold all their interest in the magazine to their former 
partner. Dr. J. Evans Snodgrass, and he assumed en- 
tire ownership of it. 

Youths' Athenaeum was first issued in November, 

1841, as an auxiliary to the Apprentices' Library 
Association. 

Daily Evening Gazette, a Whig penny sheet, was 
first published in August, 1840, by William Ogden 
Niles. In January, 1841, the Juvenile Mirror was is- 
sued by George H. Hickman ; in April the Independent 
Press, a tri-weekly ; in August the Clayite, a weekly 
penny paper, and the Baltimore Counterfeit Detector, 
by H. Wigman ; in November the Christian Familg 
Magazine, Rev. Dr. Newell editor, and the Baltimore 
Printteer. 

Maryland Temperance Herald, in September, 

1842, enlarged and changed its form. 

The Hibernian Advocate, a small weekly paper, 
was published by G. W. Hopkins in February, 1842, 
as an advocate of the cause of Ireland and Irishmen. 

Baltimore Daily Whig, a penny paper, was first 
issued by J. S. Earl Rochester and J. Austin Sperry 
on the 6th of June, 1842. It was afterwards made a 
weekly, under the title of American ^Vhig, and again 
in July, 1844, to a daily penny paper, with Samuel | 
Sands as editor. 

Der Deutsche Correspondent.— Among the suc- 
cessful enterprises of Baltimore Der Deutsche Corres- 
pondent takes prominent rank. Abreast of its con- 
temporaries in ability, energy, and enterprise, the 
Correspondent exerts an influence among the very 
large German population which has made the paper a 
recognized factor in the direction and formatiou of 
public opinion. In its birth and growth it reflects, 
like a mirror, the mental vigor, the peculiar energy, 
and the indefatigable enterprise of its founder, owner, 
and editor. Col. Frederick Raine. The Correspondent, 
in the German language, is imbued with the spirit of 
the American press, active and enterprising in col- 
lecting and arranging the news, accurate in detail, 
vigilant in observation, and consistent in the politi- 
cal principles it advocates. It has risen from a weekly 
to a bi-weekly, and lastly to a well-printed daily, cir- 
culating, we may say without exaggeration, "where'er 
the German tongue is spoken," and always welcomed, 
because it is firm in purpose, honest in expression, and 



reliable in its contents. The Correspondent of to-day 
is no more the newspaper of 1841 than the matured 
and vigorous man that edits it is the boy of hardly 
nineteen years that started it, and yet both paper and 
editor have grown in power and influence in the ap- 
preciation and confidence of the people of Baltimore 
until the Correspondent has become recognized as one 
of the institutions of the city, and its editor one of 
her most esteemed citizens. 

Col. Raine comes by direct descent from ancestors 
well known in literature and theology. On his father's 
side his ancestors were English. Dr. James Raine, 
librarian of the cathedral of Durham, and rector of 
an English church, is buried in the graveyard of the 
sanctuary of Durham, while others of his relations up to 
this day occupy prominent positions in the Church of 
England (at Durham and York). Col. Raine's great- 
grandfather was an English officer, who came, in 1743, 
with the English army to Germany, and fought under 
the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., in the 
memorable battle of Dettingen. Retiring from the 
army he settled in Hanoveria, and married Ida von 
Decrecg, at that time attached to the Court of Bruns- 
wick. From this union sprang Frederick Raine, the 
grandfather of the editor, who married Johan Caro- 
line Martini von Hagen, and from this marriage came 
William Raine, father of Frederick. William Raine 
emigrated to this country several years in advance of 
his son, and revived here his former business of pub- 
lisher. Die Geschaeftige Martha, a religious paper, 
and Der DemoJcrafische Whig were newspaper ventures 
of the father upon which the son found employment 
upon his arrival in this country. 

On the mother's side Col. Raine descends from a 
well-known Westphalian family, being himself born 
in Minden, Prussia, May 13, 1823. His grandfather 
was John Philipp Wundermann, publisher and mu- 
sical composer. Two uncles, Gottleib August, and 
Frederick, were also publishers, and occupied promi- 
nent positions in the literary world. Gottleib was a 
member of the City Council of Hamm, Westphalia, 
and prominent in the Revolution of 1848. He died 
in Antwerp, Belgium, refusing to ask pardon for his 
participation in the patriotic movement of the people 
in 1848. Frederick Wundermann died in Munsfcer, 
Westphalia, and is buried in Minden. Thus by both 
lines of descent Col. Raine comes from literary and 
letter-loving ancestors. From his uucle, Frederick 
Wundermann, Col. Raine received his first instruc- 
tion in journalism, and after a fair school education, 
at the age of barely fourteen, he was apprenticed to the 
publishing and printing-house of his uncle at Mun- 
ster, where he became familiar with the different 
branches of the business, and acquired a knowledge of 
newspaper life as assistant editor of the Westphaelische 
Zeitung, applying all his leisure to the study of an- 
cient and modern languages under Profs. Guilleaume 
and Mohlmann. The severe apprenticeship ended in 
1840, and young Raine joined his father in Baltimore 



626 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



toward the close of that year, and found employment 
in the office of tlie Whig, as already stated. The 
career of the Demokratkche Whig was brief, and on 
Feb. 6, 1841, Dcr Deutsche Correspondent was started 
by the boy editor as a weekly of four columns to the 
page, and with a very moderate subscription list. 
Observing the difference between European and 
American journalism, young Raine immediately 
adopted the latter style; the mannerism of European 
journalism was discarded, and the Correspondent was 
the first German paper which made important foreign 
and domestic news its chief aim. Within one year 
the Correspondent was a bi-weekly, and in 1843 a tri- 
weekly. In 1844, tlie ambitious young editor em- 
barked upon a daily experiment, which after a short 
trial was abandoned until, in 1845, his ambition to 
give the German-speaking element of our population 
a first-class daily paper in the German language was 
crowned with complete success. 

The great flood of German emigration was setting 
towards this country and swelling stronger and 
stronger, and creating an increasing demand for the 
kind of paper which young Raine was publishing, 
and stimulated by success the Correspondent grew in 
public favor, and assumed its present position among 
the very front rank of German-American newspapers. 
The Mexican war, the Revolution of 1848 in Europe, 
the wars in the Orient, in Italy and Austria, the 
Franco-German war in 1871, civil war of 1860, and 
the political campaigns, all constituted occasions for 
the journalistic tact and talents, the energy and en- 
terprise exhibited in the make-up and management 
of the Correspondent, and brought that recognition of 
power and influence which frequent extracts and ex- 
tensive copying of editorials and news always attests. 

The career of the Correspondent commenced at the 
northeast corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets, 
and after changing to 75 West Baltimore, thence to 
Baltimore Street opposite the Old Museum, to Gay 
Street opposite Christ church, and in 1851 to Baltimore 
and Gay Streets, in July, 1869, it took up its perma- 
nent abode in its present capacious quarters in Col. 
Raine's building, on the corner of Baltimore and Post- 
Office Avenue. This very handsome edifice is a con- 
spicuous ornament to Baltimore Street, and there at the 
time of opening the building, in one of the spacious 
halls. Col. Raine entertained several hundred of his 
friends in a manner which made the occasion a mem- 
orable one in the annals of Baltimore journalism. 

Keeping step with tjie progress of journalism, the 
Correspondent has promptly recognized and adopted 
those improvements in machinery which have enabled 
the press to achieve those remarkable successes of 
recent years. The Washington hand-press of 1841 
gave place in 1848 to the Adams press, the single and 
then the double-cylinder were supplanted by the ro- 
tary cylinder, a "lightning" press of Hoe, until the 
office W!is equal to any exertion which necessity may 
demand or enterprise require. 



The publication in full in the German language of 
important official documents, municipal. State, or 
national, has always been a peculiar feature of the 
Correspondent. The production of President Tyler's 
message in the German language, simultaneously 
with its publication by the American newspapers, 
was a feat of energy and industry never surpassed in 
this country. The hard work of translating over 
seventeen columns of English into German was per- 
formed by Col. Raine in the office of Col. Mann, the 
Assistant Secretary of State ; a ride at breakneck speed 
on a butcher's cart enabled him to board the depart- 
ing train for Baltimore and put in type the message 
and deliver it to his German readers equally as early 
as the English papers. This little episode of industry 
and enterprise was illu.strative of the character which 
Col. Raine had stamped upon the Correspondent : it 
was to be first among the peers of the jircs, whether 
English or Gorman. 

In politics the Correspondent has always been Dem- 
ocratic, without ever sacrificing its independence or 
its self-respect, — a paper of the party, without being 
the organ of any man or set of men. Such a paper 
could not fail to bring the editor into deserved prom- 
inence, and, if desired, into official position. In 1851, 
Col. Raine was appointed by the mayor of Baltimore 
as one of the representatives of the city to receive in 
New York and escort to Baltimore the Hungarian 
patriot Kossuth; in 1868 he was elected to the City 
Council from the Ninth Ward, and was made chair- 
man of the committee on the arrival of the pioneer 
vessels of the German line of steamers between Bal- 
timore and Bremen, one of the most memorable 
events in the history of the city. As member of the 
Council, he anticipated many measures which have 
since been adopted, and have contributed greatly to 
promote the prosperity of the city. As director of 
the Western Maryland Railroad, he was useful in ex- 
tricating that improvement from difficulties and em- 
barrassments which surrounded it. His party recog- 
nized his faithful and efficient services with the high 
compliment of elector at large, on the Greeley ticket 
in 1872, when alone, by his individual exertions 
and popularity, he carried the State for the philoso- 
pher of Printing-House Square, and again upon the 
I Tilden ticket in 1876. He presided in the Electoral 
College in 1872, and delivered the eulogy on Greeley 
while casting the vote of the State for Hendricks. 
Mayor Latrobe in 1877 appointed Col. Raine on the 
commission of five to inquire into the public school 
system of Baltimore, thus recognizing the zealous 
advocacy that has at all times marked the course of 
the Correspondent upon all educational subjects, and 
particularly upon the introduction of the German 
language into the course of instruction of the public 
schools. Ilis unremitting efforts to encourage immi- 
gration to Maryland are further proofs of his devo- 
tion to the home of his adoption, and have materially 
aided the development of our State. Thoroughly and 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



zealously naturalized in his sentiments and principles, 
Col. Eaine has disproven the idea that the knowledge 
of foreign languages would retard the great process of 
Americanization. It may be of interest here to state 
that in 1872, as well as in 1876, the Correspondent on 
the day of the national election was published in 
thirteen different languages, — English, German, Low- 
German, Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, Polish, 
Danish, Bohemian, Hebrew, Latin, and Anglo-Afri- 
can, — a feat in journalism seldom excelled. The title 
of Colonel was bestowed upon Mr. Raine in 1868 by 
Governor Bowie, in recognition of his public spirit and 
services rendered to the State. Notwithstanding the 
exacting duties of his position as editor of an influ- 
ential newspaper, Col. Raine has traveled extensively 
throughout the United States and Europe. After 
visiting Europe in 1857, he visited the Eastern States 
and the Canadas in 1873, the Western States and the 
Pacific coast in 1875, the Southern States in 1876, 
and Ireland, Scotland, England, France, Italy, Spain, 
Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, 
Greece, Austria, Germany, in 1878-79, writing letters 
of his observations and study to the Correspondent, 
extracts from which appeared in nearly all of the 
German newspapers of this country. In August, 
1854, he married Miss Pamelia Bull, of Harford 
County, Md., who accompanied him throughout, as- 
sisting him upon all of his travels in gathering ma- 
terial for his letters. His father died in Baltimore in 
. 1879, but his mother still lives at the advanced age 
of eighty-four, in the possession of all her faculties 
and in the enjoyment of excellent health. 

The sesqui-centennial of Baltimore found in Col. 
Raine a zealous and industrious laborer, who exerted 
great influence in harmonizing conflicting elements 
and contributing to that extraordinary success which 
made October, 1880, the most memorable month in 
the annals of the city. As one of the orators of the 
occasion, he has added his name to the many others 
which are indissolubly connected with that great 
occasion, and under the appointment of Mayor La- 
trobe was made one of the six commissioners to prepare 
the memorial volume, a work which in its complete- 
ness forms one of the brightest souvenirs of that 
never-to-be-forgotten event. 

Two brothers, Edward (the well-known notary pub- 
lic) and William Raine, are both connected with the 
Correspondent, and W. Polmyer, a nephew, is the 
business manager of the paper. A sister, the widow 
of J. T. Heyen, whose poetic efforts are familiar to 
Baltimoreans, survives the latter. 

The success which Col. Raine has attained was 
not aided with capital, but is the result of his own 
brains, and has rewarded him with large pecuniary re- 
turns, and made him one of the most "solid men," as 
well as one of the most useful citizens, of Baltimore. 

The Baltimore Messenger, a Democratic daily 
journal, edited by George B. Riddle, was first issued 
on Dec. 22, 1842. 



The True Catholic. — The first number of this 
monthly magazine, devoted to the cause of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Church, was issued by Joseph Rob- 
inson on the 1st of May, 1843, with Hugh Davey 
Evans, LL.D., as editor. This series ran from this 
time to May, 1852, nine volumes. In May, 1852, be- 
gan the " new series" under the same name and pub- 
lisher. This was succeeded in January, 1857, by a 
monthly published by Edward P. Allen in New York, 
called The American Church Monthly. The editor 
was Rev. Henry N. Hudson, M.A., and Hugh Davey 
Evans, LL.D., regular and independent contributor. 
Mr. Robinson, after having disposed of his interest in 
the True Catholic, published a weekly church paper 
called the Monitor. 

Democratic Sentinel, a weekly paper, published 
by Messrs. Pratt, Cloud & Bro., was first issued on 
the 6th of April, 1844; it lived but a short time, and 
was again revived in December, 1845. 

The Ray, a weekly, published by Henry Vander- 
ford, Jr., now the editor and proprietor of the West- 
minster (Carroll Co.) Advocate, made its first ap- 
pearance in May, 1845. It was edited by Dr. Snod- 
grass, but it expired in December of the same year, 
the subscription-list being transferred to the iSaturday 
Visitor. The Odd-Fellows' Mirror was started about 
the same time. 

The Baltimore Mechanic and Literary Gazette 
was issued l>y Solon Beale in October, 1845. 

The Light-Ship, intended for sailors and " all who 
followed the sea," was issued in November, 1845, 
simultaneously in New York, Philadelphia, and Bal- 
timore. Rev. Charles W. Denison was the editor, 
but he could not keep it aflo.at. 

The Washington Constitution was transferred on 
Dec. 1, 1845, from Washington to Baltimore by its 
proprietors, Messrs. Heat & Harris, and the title 
changed to the Baltimore Constitution. It was a two- 
cent Democratic morning paper, and died on the 26th 
of the same month it was transplanted. 

The Religious Cabinet, a monthly periodical, 
was undertaken by the late Rev. Charles J. White 
and Rev. James Dolan, of the Catholic Church, upon 
their own responsibility, the latter having suggested 
the utility of such a work and assumed a considerable 
portion of the labor connected with it, and the former 
yielding to the principal onus of the editorial depart- 
ment. The first number was issued in January, 1842, 
and was printed by John Murphy. After the publica- 
tion of the first volume the proprietorship of the 
Cabinet was vested in Mr. Murphy, and on the 1st of 
January, 1843, he changed its name to the United 
States Catholic Magazine, and Rev. Charles J. White 
was retained as editor. The Very Rev. M. J. Spal- 
ding, D.D., was for three years assistant editor. It 
numbered among its learned contributors such names 
as Rev. J. P. Donelan, Rev. E. Knight, Rev. E. Sourin, 
Rev. J. Cummings, D.D., William George Read, M. C. 
Jenkins, William A. Stokes, Bernard U. Campbell, 



628 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Prof. William Joseph Walter, James McSlierry, Prof. 
Ducatel, John Augustus Shea, Francis Dimond, Dr. 
James Wynne, Richard J. Price, Miss Elizabeth 
Fernandis, Miss Abby Meaher, Mrs. Anna H. Dorsey, 
Mrs. Annie P. Dinnies, and others. The last number 
of this magazine was published in December, 1848. 

The Culturist, an agricultural paper, was estab- 
lislicil ill .lanimry, lS4(i, Ijy William J. A. Bradford. 

The Western Continent, a fine literary paper, folio 
in form, was first issued by Messrs. Taylor, Wilde & 
Co., on Jan. 7, 1846. It was edited by Park Benjamin, 
assisted by William T. Thompson, at present (1881) 
the venerable editor of the •Sriviiniiah Daily Newn. In 
May, Mr. Henjamin retired from its editorial manage- 
ment, and William H. Carpenter, now (1881) one of 
the editors of the Baltimore Sun, took editorial charge. 
At this time fine literary talent graced its columns, 
and it was handsomely printed. In 1854, Park Ben- 
jamin began a lecturing tour, and on the 7th of July, 
1848, the Western Continent passed into the hands of 
H. M. Garland, Jr., and John M. Donaldson. 

The Flag of the Union, another literary paper, 
was published in January, 1840, by W. Bennet. 

The People's Gift and Temperance Advertiser, 
an advertising medium of free circulation, was started 
in February, 1846, by Messrs. Keegcr Ik Mahan. 

During 1845-46, V. B. Palmer established in Balti- 
more a newspaper agency at the southeast corner of 
Baltimore and Calvert Streets. It was the first of the 
kind in the city. 

The Maryland Statesman, a weekly Democratic 
journal, was issued for the first time on Jan. 7, 1847, 
by Messrs. Adams & Vanderford. 

The Baltimore Daily News, a Democratic paper, 
published by J. Adams, made its first appearance on 
April 24, 1847, with Messrs. Adams, Vanderford, and 
Brown as editors. 

The Morning Star, devoted to religious and moral 
reforms, began to shine May 1, 1847, under the man- 
agement of James Creamer Ott. 

The Enterprise, a miscellaneous Sunday paper, 
was first issued on Jan. 23, 1848, by William Taylor 
& Co. It was edited by John H. Hewitt, who had 
William Prescott Smith associated with him. Con- 
siderable objection was made by the pastors of the 
Lutheran and Methodist Protestant Churches on ac- 
count of the paper being issued on Sunday, and the 
day of publication was changed to Saturday. It ex- 
pired in April of the same year. In 1847, William 
Taylor and N. Sardo had started a paper of the same 
name, which republished the Baltimore letters printed 
in the Aristocratic Monitor, published by William 
Chase Barney in New York. The editorials of the 
Ariitooratic Monitor were bitter in the extreme, and 
its Baltimore letters on " Mushroom Hill" and the 
environs of " My Lady Fashionable," " The Prince 
of Morocco," " My Lords of the Yard-Stick and 
other distinguished Aristocrats," gave great oflcnse to 
the " upper crust" of society. It expired in 1848. 



The Maryland Democrat, a daily German paper, 

made its appearanrc in Jon.-, 1848. , 

The Baltimore Pathfinder wiis started by Messrs. 
Uanlon li Buchanan in March, 1849, and was devoted 
to the traveling and mercantile community. It was 
a free circulating medium of advertising. The Buena 
Vinta was also published this year. 

The Emerald, devoted to the cause of Ireland, 
first appeared in May, 1849, and was published by 
Francis !McNerhany. 

The Inventors' Journal, a weekly paper, edited 
by J. F. Woishample, commenced in June, 1849. It 
was the organ of the Inventors' National Institute. 
At this time Baltimore had four morning and one 
afternoon paper. 

The Parlor Gazette was issued on Oct. 1, 1849, 
but in November its name was changed to the Ladiea' 
Seu'xpiijirr. It susjiended in a short time, and was 
succeeded by the Far/or Journal, H. M. Garland, Jr., 
publisher. The Temperance Banner, published by 
James Young, at the same time changed its name to 
the Monumental Fountain. It was also taken charge 
of by the Grand Division of Maryland, and F. W. 
Thomas, a fine author and poet, was chosen editor. 
It suspended in January, 1852. 

The True Union, a religious paper, was first issued 
in December, 1849, by a committee under the sanction 
of the ■' Maryland Baptist Union Association." On 
Jan. 7, 1858, the Union was enlarged, and Rev. John 
Berg became its editor and proprietor. It suspended • 
in December, 1861. The Rev. Franklin Wilson, who 
had been its original editor, in January, 1857, re- 
signed the chair, but continued to contribute. J. 
F. Weishample was the publisher. About this time 
The Bankers' Magazine and State Financial Beffister 
was published in Baltimore by J. Smith Homands ; 
also the Temperance Herald. In January, 1849, N. 
Sardo published the Paul Pry, and at the same time 
H. M. Garland published the Young America. On 
the SOth of October, 1849, Messrs. Martin & Co. issued 
the first number of The Daily City Item. In the 
same month John S. Skinner issued The Plough, the 
Loom, and the Anvil. At the same time the Baltimore 
Bank-Nofe Reporter was published. 

The German Baltimore Herald, a weekly, com- 
menced in Auiiust, IsriO, a tri-weekly iniblication. 

The Baltimore County Advocate, published in 
the city, was removed to Cockeysville, in the county, 
in August, 1850. 

The Maryland Reformer, a Democratic campaign 
paper, was first issued June 22, 1850, by D. H. Han- 
Ion and Charles F. Stoufler. 

The Baltimore Olio and American Musical Ga- 
zette was first published in July, 18.50, by William 
C. Peters, a popular composer and dealer in music. 
It was discontinued in November on account of the 
illness of the proprietor. Mr. Peters was the com- 
poser of a very popular mass, besides many very 
popular piano-forte pieces as well as ballads. 



THE PRESS OP BALTIMORE. 



629 



The Sunday Morning Dispatch, an independent 
folio weelily, was first issued by Messrs. Robert 
Gaddes and J. Campbell Cooper, on Feb. 23, 1851. 

The Constitution, a Democratic campaign paper, 
was first issued in August, IS51, by Messrs. Haulon & 
Stouffer. 

The Daily Morning News, devoted to Whig prin- 
ciples, was first published on Sept. 27, 1851, by Messrs. 
Peake, Walker & Co., practical printers. It ceased 
May 10, 1852. In October, 1851, J. Newton & Co. 
issued the Baltimore Pathfinder, etc. 

During 1851 the number of papers in Maryland 
and their object was as follows : Whig, 23 ; Demo- 
cratic, 17; independent, 13; literary and miscella- 
neous, 4 ; religious, 5 ; not specified, 2 ; total, 64 ; with 
a circulation ,.f 114,587. 

The Flag of Liberty, a weekly Whig paper, was j 
begun on the KUh of September, 1851. 

The Evening Picayune and Baltimore Daily Ad- 
vertiser, published liy an assoriatioii of printers, 
under the finn-uanie of liyde, Bruce & Co., was first 
issued Feb. 2, 1852, and on the same day The Father- 
land, a German paper, was first published. At this 
time we had four German papers in Baltimore. The 
Picaijune discontinued March 2, 1852. 

The Times, a daily penny journal, made its first 
appearance April 26, 1852. It was published by F. 
X. Lipp & Co., and on October 18th passed into the 
hands of the printers. 

The Parthenian, or Young Ladies' Magazine, 
published monthly, and nuide up from the literary 
contributions of the ])upils of the Baltimore Female 
College, first appeared in May, 1852. It was printed 
by Gobright, Thorne & Co. 

The Old Defender, a weekly Whig campaign paper, 
was first issued Aug. 21, 1852, by Mills, Troxall & 
Co., publishers. In the same year The American 
Whig Review was published. 

The Novelleu Zeitung, a German weekly, was 
issued from the office of the German Correspondent in 
March, 1853. 

The Catholic Mirror, the leading Catholic news- 
paper in the United States, was established in 1850 by 
P. J. Hedian, and commenced publication on the 5th 
of January in that year, with Rev. C. J. White, D.D., 
as its editor. On the 15th of October following 
Owen O'Brien became associated in its publication, 
and on the 15th of January, 1852, it was recognized 
by Archbishop Kenrick as his oflicial organ, and is 
now not only the official organ of the Archbishop of 
Baltimore, but of the Bishops of Richmond, Wheel- 
ing, Wilmington, and the Vicar- Apostolic of North 
Carolina. On the 29th of August, 1857, Mr. O'Brien 
disposed of his interest in the Mirror to Mr. Hedian, 
by whom it was subsequently sold to Messrs. M. J. 
Kelly and John B. Piet, general publishers. Both of 
these gentlemen were arrested on the 29th of Septem- 
ber, 1863, for the publication of a pamphlet entitled 
" Fourteen Months in an American Bastile," and 



though speedily released, were rearrested on May 23, 
1864, and their entire establishment, including the 
Mirror, seized by the government. The publication 
of the Mirror was soon resumed by Mr. Kelly's son, 
who, however, was first required by the military au- 
thorities to give bonds for its proper conduct. Mr. 
Kelly maintained his connection with the Mirror un- 
til his death, Jan. 9, 1879, since which time it has 
been conducted by the surviving partner, John B. 
Piet, alone. 

The Mirror is published every Saturday, and is one 
of the best family newspapers in the United States. 
It has a larger circulation than any other religious 
journal in the country, and is growing in general 
popularity every year. Its proprietor, John B. Piet, 
is the head of one of the best-known publishing- 
houses in the Union, and the Mirror, in both its con- 
duct and typographical appearance, shows evidence 
of the liberal facilities and long experience of its 
manager and owner. 

The Metropol tan, a Catholic monthly magazine, 
was first publi bed in February, 1853, by John 
Murphy & Co. It was at first edited by a clergy- 
man, but in 1855 it was edited by a " committee of 
literary gentlemen." They continued to edit the 
Metropolitan until February, 1858, when M. J. Ker- 
ney, A.M., one of their number, assumed the editorial 
management, with vol. i. of the " new series," but he 
retired at the close of the year on account of ill 
' health. 

The Sunday Morning Atlas was first issued by 
Hoftmau & Co. on Feb. 6, 1853. 
i The Industrial School Advocate, a monthly sheet, 
first appeared in May, 1853. 

The Daily Press ceased to exist on July 15, 1853. 

The Daily American Times was commenced Aug. 
8, 1853, by C. G. Baylor & Co., publishers, and edited 
by Francis H. Davidge. In September the publishers 
were Charles G. Baylor, Boswell S. Ripley, and 
Charles W. Brush. In March, 1854, the two latter 
gentlemen retired from the concern, and it was con- 
tinued as an afternoon journal by C. G. Baylor. 
During the night of the 21st of April, 1854, the 
office was mobbed by a lawle.ss crowd, and the press, 
type, etc., destroyed. Mr. Baylor immediately issued 
a card to the public, in which he stated his grievances, 
and promised a continuation of the journal as soon 
as he could repair damages. In June following the 
Times came out fully Democratic, and soon after, in 
July, united with the Public Led;/er, and was pub- 
lished under the name of Times and Ledger. On July 
4th it ceased to exist. 

Commercial Register. — On the 1st of March, 
1798, James Stewart established a marine list and 
Commercial Register, on the plan of Lloyd's London 
list. It was afterwards conducted by Mr. Escavaille 
as the Price- Current. He died in 1828, and his widow 
employed AVm. G. Lyford to superintend both the 
news-rooms and Price- Current. The latter was dis- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



continued for a sliort time, but on March 3, 1850, Mr. 
Lyford began the publication of his Baltimore Price- 
Current, whicli was printed by Messrs. Bull & Tuttle. 
In February, 1847, this commercial journal, for want 
of sufficient support, suspended publication, but Mr. 
Lyford still continued to issue his "weekly letter- 
sheet." On the 29th of June, 18.50, the Baltimore 
Price- Current and Weekly Journal of Commerce made 
its first appearance, published and edited by George 
N. Porter and Thomas W. Torbin, and edited by 
James Young. In the early part of the civil war Mr. 
Torbin died, and the Price- Current has ever since ' 
been ably published by George N. Porter. In July, 
1862, Mr. Porter was arrested without cause by the i 
military authorities and placed in Fort McHenry. I 
After being confined for fifteen days he was taken to 
Fort Lafayette, in New York Harbor, and there de- 
tained for three months longer. There was, however, 
no interruption in the regular issue of the paper. 
Mr. Porter has been connected with the Merchants' 
E.xchange since the 14th of August, 1841, and for 
many years was commercial editor of The Sun, also 
for about five years filled the same position on The 
Gazette, retiring from the latter when it passed into 
the hands of W. W. Glenn. The Journal of Com- 
merce is to-day one of the best-conducted commercial 
papers in the United States, and is highly prosperous. 
We are greatly indebted to this valuable journal for 
material assistance in the preparation of our commer- 
cial tables. 

The Baltimore Wecker, a daily German paper, \ 
was begun in October, 1851, by Charles Henry I 
SchnaufTer. Mr. Schnauffer had been One of the 
editors of the Journal, published in the city of Mann- j 
heim, Baden (Germany), but on account of taking 
part in the German revolution of 1848-49 was com- 
pelled to abandon his country. On Sept. 4, 18.54, Mr. 
Schnauffer died, but his widow continued the Wecker 
without interruption. In 1856 the Wecker was the 
only Republican paper in Maryland, and as a conse- 
quence, shortly after the Presidential election, the 
office was mobbed. About this time the Wecker 
came into the hands of William Schnauffer, the son 
of the founder, and he soon added a weekly edition 
to the paper. The Wecker continued its course until 
the 19th of April, 1861, when the office on Frederick 
Street was completely wrecked, and the building 
seriously injured. The paper was suspended, and the 
proprietor and his editors fled from the city. As 
soon as the military took possession of the city Mr. 
Schnauffer returned and resumed the publication of 
the Wecker. The Wecker was a warm supporter of 
the Union cause throughout the war, and at its 
close, in May, 1865, Gen. I'>ancis Sigel entered into 
partnership with Mr. Schnauffer, which continued 
for two years, when the former went to New York, 
Mr. Rapp becoming his successor. In January, 1872, 
Mr. Rapp retired, and George Blumenthal became 
his successor. In July, 187(5, William Schnauffer 



disposed of the paper to Messrs. Blumenthal & Ck)., 
who continued it for several years as a daily, but dis- 
posed of it to Capt. J. R. Fellman, who sold it in 
September, 1877, to William Schnauffer, who re- 
sumed its publication as a weekly and suspended the 
daily issue. The weekly had been published, together 
with the daily, from January, 1874. 

In 18.53 the following papers were put in circula- 
tion in Baltimore : Daily Republic, Daily Globe, Liter- 
ary Bnlldiii, and Monnmrntal Literary Gazette, in 
December, l>y Messrs. Fiiilcy, Johnson & Co. 

The Sunday Dispatch, the second of the name, 
began a short career Jan. 15, 18.54. It was published 
by Charles F. and Robert M. Cloud. In November, 
1855, these gentlemen sold the Di-yjalch to William 
H. Gol)ri-lit :in(l.l. Cloud Xorris. 

The Baltimore Public Ledger, a penny paper, 
first api)careil Jlarcli 2, 1854; publishers, William 
Parkhill & Co. In a few weeks it was suspended, 
but appeared again on May 1st, in a spring dress. It 
was finally united with the Daily American. Times, 
and in July was issued under the double head of the 
Times and Ledger. On July 4th the paper ceased. 

The Literary Journal, a monthly publication, 
edited by Ella Wentworth, and the types set by 
females, was published simultaneously in both Balti- 
more and Philadelphia in March, 1854. 

The Huntress, a sharp weekly, published simul- 
taneously in Washington and Baltimore by Mrs. Ann 
Royall, suspended in June, 1854. 

The True American, a weekly campaign paper in 
opposition to the Know-Nothing party, was begun in " 
September, 1854. In the same year the True Union, 
a Baptist weekly, edited by Rev. Franklin Wilson, 
was published. Mr. Wilson retired in January, 1857, 
J. F. Weishampel, Jr., assuming its business manage- 
ment. In January, 1858, Rev. John Berg became editor 
and proprietor. It suspended in December, 1861. 

The Daily Register, containing the hotel arrivals, 
wa.s ])ublished by Messrs. Peake & Co. in September, 
1855. 

The Elevator was the appropriate title given a 
nioiitlily journal devoted to literature, science, and 
art, issued in July, 1856. It was edited by Rev. John 
N. McJilton and Dr. Henry S. Hunt, and published 
by Sherwood & Co. 

The American Democrat, started in June as a 
campaign paper in favor of Mr. Fillmore for the Pres- 
idency, was discontinued in November, 18.55. 

The Christian Review, a time-honored quarterly 
in the interests of the Baptist Church, and for many 
years published in New York, was in December, 1855, 
purchased by Revs. Franklin Wilson and George B. 
Taylor, of Baltimore, and transferred to the latter city. 
The two divines were the editors and proprietors. 

The Monitor, a weekly journal in the interests of 
the Protesant Episcopal Church, and edited by Hugh 
Davey Evans, made its first appearance in January, 
1857. It wa-s published by Joseph Robinson. 



THE PKESS OF BALTIMORE. 



631 



The Baltimore Stethoscope, a handsome medical 
journal, appeared on June 2, 1857. It was issued by 
Henry Taylor, and edited by Dr. J. B. Williams, after- 
wards a popular story writer, assisted by Dr. Hunter. 

The Lutheran Observer.— After an editorial ser- 
vice of about a quarter of a century, Rev. Benjamin 
Kurtz retired from the editorial chair of the journal. 
Messrs. Diehl & Anspach assumed its management, 
and joined T. Newton Kurtz, the son of the former 
proprietor, in its publication. The office of publica- 
tion was removed to Philadelphia on Jan. 1, 18<)7. 
T. Newton Kurtz died in 1880. 

Baltimore Christian Advocate, in the interests 
of the Methodist Episrojial Cluirch, was first issued 
on May :!I, ISr.S, iMlited by Dr. Thomas E. Bond. In 
Februin-y, ix.-).!, (he first number of The Presbyterian 
Crilir mill Mniillilij Review was issued ; also, in thesame 
year, tlic JSnlfnimn- Flag; in April, 1856, The Bible 
Times, and in the same year The Evangelical Lutheran. 
The City Agent first appeared April 17, 1857, and in 
the same year the Traveller. Our Opinion was first 
published on Aug. 15, 1857, by John T. Ford, the 
present popular theatrical manager, edited by Clifton 
W. Tayleure, now the distinguished dramatist. 

The Baltimore Illustrated Times aui Local Ga- 
zette was published in 1857 by J. C. Gobrioht and 
Jolin W, Tor.eh. 

The Gazette. — The Gazette has for more than 
twenty-tliree years been identified in the closest man- 
ner with nearly all the most stirring events in the an- 
nals of Baltimore. It has always been a journal of the 
people, and one ever faithful to the interests of the 
city. In its early struggles, its noble fights for inde- 
pendence and liberty of thought and action, it has a 
made history, and has been recognized as bearing its 
part in the settlement of all great questions which 
have arisen for discussion since the first number was 
issued, and in making its distinct and decided impress 
upon the current of events. 

In the beginning of 1858, Baltimore was under the 
rule of one of the worst mobs that ever infested any 
city. They were organized into political clubs, under 
such names as Plug-Uglies, Rip-Raps, Blood-Tubs, 
Regulators, Rough-Skins, Double-Pumps, etc., and 
they ruled supreme. It is true they delegated a por- 
tion of their power to some city officers and public 
men who subsidized them, and there were also the 
police force and the courts. But the jurisdiction of 
these was limited by the assassin's bullet and the 
straw bondsman, and the delegates of the Plug-Uglies 
(who had their newspapers also, their orators, and 
their eulogists) were careful not to offend their mas- 
ters. These controlled the city by the simple process 
of controlling the ballot-box. They would let none 
vote but such as they chose. They had their striped 
tickets, and they guarded the approaches to the polls 
with pistols, bludgeons, and awls, so that few were so 
daring as to dispute their control of affairs, and those 
who attempted to do so were shot without mercy. At 



the municipal election in October, 1857, the Demo- 
cratic ticket received only 2792 votes, to 11,808 votes 
recorded for the Know-Nothing ticket, and the elec- 
tion was conceded to be a farce. Even the most con- 
servative and mild-tempered citizens had begun to 
accustom themselves to talk of a vigilance committee, 
and such was the general insecurity of things that 
property suffered a very marked depreciation, even 
far below the average decline of values consequent 
upon the financial crisis of 1857. 

It was under such circumstances that, on Feb. 22, 

j 1858, the first number of tlie Daily Exchange appeared 
from its office in the Carroll Hall building, on the 
southeast corner of Baltimore and Calvert Streets. 
The E-cchange was a noticeably handsome paper in 
its make-up, with clear, bright pages, large, distinct 
type, and seven columns to a page. Its editorial 
articles were printed in leaded brevier type, and, in 
imitation of the English journals, were without titles. 

1 The paper started with eleven columns of advertise- 
ments in the first number, and it may be said to have 
been a success from the beginning. In May, 1858, it 
was moved into the old Franklin Bank building, 
northeast corner of Baltimore and North Streets, and 
in August of the same year it began to publish a tri- 
weekly edition. 

The original editors and proprietors of the paper 
were Messrs. Charles G. Kerr and Thomas W. Hall, 
Jr. In January, 1859, Henry M. Fitzhugh bought a 
third interest in the paper and became the associate 
of Messrs. Kerr & Hall. Later in the year Messrs. 
William H. Carpenter and Frank Key Howard also 
became partners by purchase, the latter being soon 
recognized as the leading editorial writer of the staff, 
and the paper now attained a front rank among the 
leading journals of the country. The editorial corps 
was iurther reinforced by the versatile and able pen 
of Severn Teackle Wallis, who frequently contributed 
to the columns of the Exchange. Especially during 
the hand-to-hand conflict with the violent, prescrip- 
tive, and corrupt Know-Nothing faction and its satel- 
lites, minions, and bullies, upon which the Ecc/uinge 
almost immediately entered, Mr. Wallis did yeoman 
service. The ruffians of the mob and their deputies 
and agents in office were too insolently confident of 
their control of affairs to brook assaults so powerful 
as some of these articles embodied, and they deputized 
some of their tools to resent it in the way with which 
they were most familiar. They began to make omin- 
ous threats of mobbing the paper, and those who 
knew them best felt sure that these threats would be 
carried out if the warfare of the Exchange continued, 
as it did, still more fearlessly than ever. At last the 
attack came. On the 12th of August, 1858, at eleven 
o'clock in the forenoon, in the business part of the 
day and city, the office of the Exchange was invaded 
by a gang of notorious roughs and outlaws, all armed, 
who forced their way into the counting-room, where 
the leader put a pistol to the head of the chief clerk 



632 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and threatened to shoot him, while his comrades com- 
menced their worlv of destruction. The windows and 
furniture were smashed, the books and papers scat- 
tered, and the employes brutally assaulted. Appre- 
hending that the attack would be renewed at night, a 
body-guard of citizens volunteered to defend the 
office, ami assembled for that purpose for several 
nights in succession, but no further demonstration 
was made, although there were many threats, and the 
editors were sometimes dogged in the daj'time, and 
gangs of roughs gathered often upon the sidewalk in 
front of the office at night. Just in proportion, how- 
ever, as the vindictive malice of the mob and their 
abettors pursued the Exchange did its popularity in- 
crease, until it had the support of all good citizens. 
There were speedy, substantial, and gratifying proofs 
of this. The tri-weekly, as has been said, was begun 
on the 4th of August^ and on Sept. 23, 1858, it was 
found necessary to enlarge the daily. The Exchange 
was accepted at once as the voice of the law-and- 
order element of the conservative citizens of all de- 
nominations and parties, and when, finally, all these 
crystallized and took shape in the Reform movement, 
the Exchange was its accredited and official organ, as 
it had long been the vehicle through which the dead- 
liest blows had been inflicted upon the party of mis- 
rule, and the Exchange was fully entitled to the 
popular recognition and gratitude, for from the day 
of its birth, through all that dark and bitter Know- 
Nothing period, until the passage of the reform bills 
by the Legislature (Feb. 2, 1860), their testing in the 
courts, the establishment of the new police, and the 
election of the reform mayor and City Council (Oct. 
10, 1860), the paper never ceased its exposures and 
denunciations of the infamous system foisted upon 
the community by force and fraud. Its facts were in- 
controvertible, its arguments unanswerable, and it 
could neither be intimidated nor silenced. Each day 
it renewed its appearance in the community with the 
severity and the persistence of Cato in the Roman 
Senate, and every morning repeated its demand, " Dc- 
lenda est Carthago," until the Know-Nothing citadel 
was destroyed. 

The Exchange in the fall of 1859 and in the spring 
of 1860 began to give conspicuous attention to na- 
tional politics and the great questions then looming 
upon the horizon. The John Brown raid at Harper's 
Ferry in October, 1859, caused great excitement, and 
the division in the Democratic party gave rise to 
much discussion. About January, 1860, in conse- 
quence of some disagreement between the partners as 
to the political course of the Exchange, Mr. Fitzhugh 
bought out Messrs. Kerr and Hall, and subsequently 
disposed of his interest in the paper to William Wil- 
kins Glenn, son of Judge John Glenn. The proprie- 
torship was now vested in the firm of Glenn & Co., 
consisting of Messrs. Glenn, Howard, and Carpenter, 
and after the battle of the national convention of 
1860 began the pajier ardently espoused the candi- 



dacy of John C. Breckenridge for the Presidency, and 
became one of the most conspicuous Southern Rights 
and States' Rights journals in the country. The Ex- 
change, though never in favor of disunion, took posi- 
tive and emphatic ground for States' Rights and 
against the policy of coercion. It severely censured 
Governor Hicks for refusing to call the Legislature 
together for consultation until after the excitements 
and riots of April, 1861, when the war had actually 
begun. It maintained that the position of the State 
would be materially strengthened by a convention of 
the people, and that such a convention would be able 
to render material support to the cause and the friends 
of constitutional union. 

On May 13, 1861, Gen. Butler occupied the city, 
and a military r'eghiu began in Baltimore which was 
scarcely relaxed until June, 1865. Against this the 
Exchange protested first, last, and all the time. It 
was harassed on all sides. The Postmaster-General 
denied it the use of the mails. The little provost- 
marshals of the day vexed it with prohibitory orders 
and seizures. Its editors were arrested and confined 
in prison. Its type was seized, and finally an order 
was issued suppressing it for good and all. 

On the night of the 1st of July, simultaneously 
with the arrest of the Police Board, the Exchange was 
" warned." Early in September the Postmaster-Gen- 
eral excluded the Exchange from the United States 
mails. The paper announced this fact in its issue of 
September Uth in a very severe article, and that 
night and the next day the members of the Mary- 
land Legislature were arrested, and along with them 
Mr. Howard, of the Exchange, as well as Mr. Hall, of 
the South. Mr. Glenn was arrested on the Uth. All 
these prisoners of state were committed to Fort Mc- 
Henry, and it was the purpose of Gen. Banks to .send 
them to the Dry Tortugas, a purpose only defeated 
by the fact that there was no fit vessel in Hampton 
Roads to make the voyage, so that they had to be 
transferred to Fort Lafayette, and afterwards to Fort 
Warren. Mr. Carpenter was thus the only one of the 
editors and proprietors of the Exchange who was left 
at liberty. He testified to this fact by a very severe 
article published on the 14th of September, which 
was the last editorial of the Exchange. The number 
containing it was suppressed, and with it the paper 
also, which was peremptorily forbidden to be re- 
sumed. No other number of The Daily Exchange was 
ever published. 

Mr. Glenn was soon set free, but Mr. Howard was 
destined to spend many weary months in confine- 
ment, chiefly at Fort Warren, in company with the 
other political prisoners from Maryland. 

1 For five days the presses of the Exchange were 
silent and the type idle, but on September 19th the 
first number of the Maryland Times appeared. The 

I new journal was identical in appearance with the 
Exchange, bad the same advertisements, and, in fact, 
was printoil from the same cases and with the same 



THE PRP]SS OF BALTIMORE. 



type. The publishers were Edward F. Carter, busi- 
ness manager of the defunct Exchange, and William 
H. Neilson, foreman of the press-room. The firm- 
name was Carter & Neilson, and there was some ar- 
rangement by which Glenn & Co. might secure their 
share in the profits of the new enterprise. Mr. Car- 
penter was editor of the new issue, of which, how- 
ever, there were only four numbers published, and 
these of a smaller size than the original Exchange. 
On Sept. 24, ISin, th," Minjhi,,,} Times was super- 
seded by the Mu;jlninl .V. ir,-S/,r,f. by Carter & Neil- 
son. The Miiri//ii)iil X irx-sl,,it i-xpressed no opinions 
of its own, but it published the opinions of other jour- 
nals and other people, and these were sometimes in- 
tensely offensive to the military authorities of the 
Middle Department. The consequence was that the 
paper soon became obnoxious to the authorities, and 
they sought every opportunity to oppress and to injure 
it. Still it prospered, although the Postmaster-Gen- 
eral excluded it from the mails, and such was the de- 
mand for it and for news in those exciting times that 
in May, 1862, it commenced to publish a two o'clock 
afternoon edition. An original poem, published in 
its columns on April 5, 1862, called " A Mother's 
Prayer," was so full of the sweet sorrow that swells 
women's hearts in times of war that it was univer- 
sally praised and copied, and it was read with great 
effect by Henry Ward Beecher in his pulpit. This 
pathetic lyric was set to music in July, 1862, by Otto 
Sutro, and became a great favorite. It was written 
by Miss Jessie Wannall, of St. Louis, who inscribed 
it to her friend, Mrs. J. E. Elder, of Baltimore. 

On the 14th of August, by order from Washington, 
the paper was suppressed finally. A squad of sol- 
diers invaded the office and destroyed the types and 
materials. Mr. Carter was absent in Canada, but Mr. 
Neilson and Mr. Carpenter were arrested and taken 
to Fort McHenry at midnight. Mr. Neilson was 
speedily set free, but Mr. Carpenter was sent to Fort 
Delaware, and confined there several months. The 
order for Mr. Carter's arrest having been revoked, 
he returned to the city, and in October he and Mr. 
Neilson regained possession of the newspaper, which 
they held for Glenn & Co. On the 7th of Octo- 
ber, 1862, Vol. I., No. 1 of the Baltimore Daily Ga- 
zette appeared, with the same type and general ap- 
pearance as the News-Skeet. It was published by 
Carter & Co., but not with the consent of the military 
authorities, and they began to harass it from the 
first. For instance, on June 20, 1863, the Gazette was 
"warned" by Provost-Marshal Fish not to make any 
extracts or quotations from the New York World and 
Express, Cincinnati Enquirer, Chicago Times, or the 
Caucasia}i. September 23d, Col. Fish had a fight with 
a fellow-officer, of which the Gazette was " warned" 
to make no mention. Nov. 2, 1863, the Gazette was 
notified by Gen. Schenck not to publish Governor 
Bradford's proclamation. On the 15th of June, 1864, 
Col. Lawrence, bv order of Gen. Wallace, ordered the 



Gazette not to attach the letters C.S..'^. to the names 
of Confederate soldiers whose obituaries were pub- 
lished. On the 29th of September, 1863, the Gazette 
was again suspended by force, the office occupied by 
a squad of soldiers, and Mr. Carter locked up in 
Donovan's "nigger jail," then used as a military 
prison. Mr. Carter was released after a week's con- 
finement, and the Gazette resumed publication on Oc- 
tober 7th, and was never again interrupted, though 
the petty annoyances of the military power continued 
throughout the war, and the paper never ventured to 
express an editorial opinion on any subject. In the 
early part of 186.5, Carter & Co. having faithfully dis- 
charged their trust, restored the property to Glenn & 
Co., and Glenn, Howard, and Carpenter were once 
more the real, as they had always been the nominal, 
proprietors. On the 21st of June, 1865, for the first 
time since the suppression of the Exchange in Sep- 
tember, 1861, the Gazette ventured upon an editorial 
article, a short one, about "The Tribune and Negro 
SuflTrage." 

On Jan. 3, 1868, the publication of the WeeU;/ Ga- 
zette was begun, and it has ever since been one of the 
greatest favorites in the South. In September Frank 
Key Howard disposed of his interest in the Gazette to 
his partner, Mr. Glenn, and went abroad, dying in 
London on May 29, 1872, regretted by all, as he had 
been esteemed by all. In 1870 the paper was enlarged, 
and in the fall, to assist in determining the important 
congressional elections of that year, it published a 
campaign edition. In December, 1871, the Gazette 
office was removed from the corner of North and Bal- 
timore Streets to No. 134 West Baltimore Street, and 
thence to No. 106, near Holliday Street. On March 
20, 1872, the firm of Glenn & Carpenter was dissolved 
by mutual consent, Mr. Glenn having sold his interest 
to Messrs. Wm. H. Welsh and Henry Taylor, the new 
firm consisting of Messrs. Welsh, Taylor, and Carpen- 
ter. On May 3, 1873, Henry Taylor sold his interest 
to Charles J. Baker, and the firm-name was altered 
to that of Welsh, Baker & Co. On May 19th the 
paper was changed to a quarto, but in a little more 
than a year the Gazette returned to the old blanket- 
sheet form, with eight columns to a page. " The 
Baltimore Gazette Publishing Company" was char- 
tered by act of Assembly on the 31st of March, 1874, 
with the following incorporators : Charles J. Baker, 
Wm. H. Carpenter, Wm. H. Welsh, Lawrence Sang- 
ston, and Charles H. Pitts. The capital stock was 
$100,000, divided into two hundred shares of $500 
each. Mr. Welsh was at this time a large owner of 
the stock of the company, but on May 6th he disposed 
of his interest, and temporarily retired from the es- 
tablishment. On Dec. 7, 1875, he secured by pur- 
chase the controlling interest in the stock, and be- 
came the sole manager and editor-in-chief. On the 
15th of the same month Wm. H. Carpenter sold his 
entire interest in the paper to Mr. Welsh, leaving the 
latter the sole editor and proprietor. * 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



On Jan. 1, 1876, the name of the paper was simpli- 
fied to the Gazette, and it finally assumed its present 
familiar and handsome form, at the same time re- 
ducing the price to two cents. In 1878 the office was 
removed to its present location, No. 142 West Balti- 
more Street, which it occupied for the first time on 
Saturday, June 22d, and on the 24th published its 
first issue therefrom. In January, 1880, the Gazette 
reduced its price to one cent per copy, but after a 
trial of several months, on May 1st, it returned to the 
old price. 

On May 1, 1881, George Colton, the editor and pro- 
prietor of the Maryland Republican, published at An- 
napolis, became the proprietor of the Gazette, retain- 
ing Mr. Welsh as editor. The advantages of Mr. 
Colton's business tact and large experience, the ample 
means at his command, and his thorough apprecia- 
tion of the mission and influence of the public press 
should be a guarantee to the citizens of Baltimore 
that he will strive to make the Gazette worthy of their 
support. Under its new management it is already 
giving earnest of its determination to keep more than 
abreast of the tide of progress, and to secure at any 
cost all the facilities and resources, intellectual and 
material, which are requisite to make it one of the 
leading newspapers of the country. 

While the Gazette has always been firm and con- 
sistent in its support of Democratic principles, it has 
inherited too much of the bold and manly spirit of 
the Exchange to be otherwise than independent and 
fearless in all its utterances. Its political opinions 
are shaped by none of the petty necessities which too 
often influence the course of journalism, and it never 
hesitates to speak its whole mind on every subject of 
public interest. Mr. Colton, the proprietor of the 
Gazette, was born in Portsmouth, England, Oct. 31, 
1817, and was the son of John Colton and Elizabeth 
Moore. They had a family of eleven children, of 
whom George Colton is the only survivor. John Col- 
ton wa.s a soldier in the British army, and was one of 
those who stood for the draft to go to the battle of 
Waterloo, but was not drawn. After having been 
honorably discharged from the service, he emigrated 
to the United States in 1819 with his family, and set- 
tled at Leonardstown, St. Mary's Co., Md. George 
Colton enjoyed few opportunities of education, hav- 
ing been left an orphan when twelve years of age and 
thrown upon his own resources. Until he was twenty 
years old he was an apprentice to a tailor, devoting 
all his spare moments to reading. ' Study was his 
master-pa.ssion, and a nice literary taste and a reten- 
tive memory made the young tailor an authority in 
English literature even before the expiration of his 
indentures. As soon as he had mastered his trade he 
commenced business for himself, at first in Leonards- 
town, and afterwards in West River, Anne Arundel 
Co., Md. But this pursuit was too irksome for his 
energy and ambition, and he opened a general mer- 
chandising store. He was doing an exccFlcnt busi- 



ness up to the year 1847, when a fire swept away the 
accumulations of years of patient labor, and placed 
him again at the foot of the ladder. He compromised 
with his creditors by paying them sixty cents on the 
dollar, obtaining receipts in full, but he also notified 
them that at some future day they should receive the 
balance in full. For fourteen years the burden that 
he had voluntarily taken upon himself was carried; 
dollar by dollar the necessary sum wa.s heaped up, 
and in 1861 Mr. Colton handed over to his creditors 
every cent of their dues with interest added. To this 
day his course in this matter is alluded to with pride 
by all his friends and associates, and it became the 
corner-stone of a reputation that shines the brightest 
where Mr. Colton is best known. In 1852, President 
I'lilk :i]i|iiiiritci| Mr. ('niton |i<)stinaster at West River, 

ami fiMiii is,",_' t.. iv.'.'i li,- upied a position in one 

of the Stale toliuccu wairliou-rs in Baltimore, where 
he was brought into contact with many of the leading 
public men of the State, and it was in this association 
that his already developed predilection for politics 
was stimulated. In January, 1860, he was appointed 
purveyor of the Baltimore City and County Alms- 
house, and in 1865 he bought the Maryland Republi- 
can, published at Annapolis, one of the oldest news- 
papers in the State, it having first been published in 
1809. Here at last he had the privilege of employ- 
ing the store of learning that he had acquired through 
long hours spent over books more fully than he could 
possibly do in his former contributions to newspapers. 
He had that earnest love for journalism which is one 
of the best qualifications for success in its unremit- 
ting labors, and by his pen he made the Republican 
an influential journal and a clever newspaper. His 
power in politics increased, and at the close of the 
civil war he was one of the recognized leaders of the 
Democratic party in Maryland. His extensive infor- 
mation, penetration of character, fertility of resource, 
and shrewd prescience equipped him for the indomi- 
table service of his party, and removed stumbling- 
blocks in its road to ascendency. He was in the 
House of Delegates of the Legislatures of 1868 and 
1872 as a representative of the Third District of Bal- 
timore City, and the legislation of that period bears 
the deep impress of his labors in committee and on 
the floor of the House. For the last thirteen years 
he has been, either directly or indirectly, printer to 
the State. He has several years been a member of 
the Democratic City Convention, but his position has 
been more especially that of an adviser in the coun- 
cils of the leaders of the party. Always determined, 
but never rash ; fixing a goal to be attained, and then 
moving towards it with a steady inflexibility of pur- 
pose ; forecasting just what tactics and eflbrt arc de- 
manded in each particular instance; never underra- 
ting the difficulties to be overcome, and making no 
miscalculations in the value of men, — with this as his 
system it is inevitable that Mr. Colton should know 
very little of fiiilure in the execution of his plans. 



9^'^tnL 





'x2jU aJ/0 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



635 



Among the positions that he has held are those of 
<lirector of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- 
pany, visitor to the Industrial School for Orphan 
(iirls, and trustee of Bay View Asylum. Although 
.so much engrossed in public affairs, he has given a 
fraction of his time to agriculture, and his farm in 
Howard County, Md., is under the highest state of 
cultivation. His blooded cattle and sheep are of the 
niost noted stocks, while his collection of fowls is 
equaled by but very few in the United States, ancj 
is not inferior to any. Breeders and fanciers have 
traveled long distances to visit his poultry-yards, and 
the mere fact of a specimen coming from them is a 
certificate of excellence. At the Maryland State 
Fair in 1878 he took over fifty first premiums on his 
different varieties. Mr. Colton is a ready, cogent, 
and witty writer and speaker, always having an apt 
(juotation from the great masters of poetry and prose 
to illustrate a point or press home an axiom. In 
1880-81 he made a tour of Europe, the Holy Land, 
and Egypt, writing home to the Baltimore American 
a succession of most interesting letters. Beaten as 
the field was over which he traveled, this correspond- 
ence was fresh and crisp, bringing to the observation 
of readers the interesting, quaint, aud curiou^ traits. of 
people and characteristics of towns and cities in a 
series of clearly-drawn pen-pictures. These letters 
were widely read, and were copied into many news- 
papers ; and yielding to the wishes of his friends, 
Mr. Colton consented to publish them in book form. 
He is generous in his charities, and although a mem- 
ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church, his good 
deeds are not confined within sectarian bounds. As 
an eloquent lecturer, he is frequently called to the 
platform when a struggling church needs aid or an 
association of young people asks for wise counsel. At 
the session of the Maryland Legislature in 1880, Mr. 
Colton was elected a member of the Board of Police 
Commissioners of Baltimore for six years from the 
1st of March, 1881, and his colleagues insisted upon 
making him president of the board, although he pre- 
ferred that that position should be filled by one of 
the older members. Under his administration the 
I)olice force maintains the discipline aud efficiency 
and retains the public confidence that are of twenty 
years' existence. He has infused new life and vigor 
into the Oazette, improved its tone and enlarged its 
circulation, so that it is not now outranked by any 
paper in the city. He was married, Sept. 27, 1842, to 
Lydia Jane Hamilton. Their five children are Wes- 
ley Hamilton, Luther F., Hannah More, Carrie Lee, 
and George, Jr. Luther F. is associated with his 
father in the management of the Gazette; Hannah 
More married Charles A. Wailes, State commissioner 
of insurance, and died in 1873 ; and George, Jr., died 
in early childhood. 

The Evening Star was first issued on the 2d of 
April, ls.")it, and in the same year the following papers 
were published : The Real Estate Register (published 



by Samuel Sands), Weekly Bulletin, Weekly Freeman, 
The Lily of the Vallei/, The American Nautical Gazette, 
and in September Our Newspaper, by Henry E. Hoyt 
& Co. as editors and proprietors. 

The Rural Register, published semi-monthly by 
Samuel Sands and S. Sands Mills, editors and propri- 
etors, was first issued on July 1, 1859. 

The South, an afternoon penny paper, "devoted to 
the South, Southern Rights, and Secession," was first 
published on Monday, April 22, 1861, Thomas W. 
Hall, Jr., editor. The South successfully flourished 
until Friday, Sept. 13, 1861, when the printer an- 
nounced that Mr. Hall had been arrested by the mili- 
tary authorities and confined in Fort McHenry. The 
South, after a suspension of six days, was resumed on 
September 19th by John M. Mills & Co. on a half- 
sheet. On the l:5th of February, 1862, The South was 
enlarged to a full sheet by S. S. Mills 4 Bro., who 
published it four days, when it was finally suppressed 
by the military authorities, on Feb. 17, 1862. 

The Sunday Morning Times, published by Messrs. 
Gordon & Barton, made its first appearance on Aug. 
4, 1861. 

The Retrospect, a weekly journal, jjublished by 
T. S. Piggot & Co., made its first appearance in 
August, 1862. 

The Sunday Telegram.— The first number of this 
well-known and popular weekly paper was issued on 
Sunday, Oct. 16, 1862, by Messrs J. Cloud Norris and 
William R. Coale as publishers and proprietors. At 
the end of three months Mr. Norris purchased the in- 
terest of Mr. Coale and took sole control. It was suc- 
cessful from thecommencement of its career. Its first 
editor was William H. Gobright, who was succeeded 
by James R. Brewer, at present one of the proprietors 
and editor of the Evening News. He was succeeded 
by J. Thomas Scharf, the author of this work. At 
one time John Wills was connected with the edi- 
torial department, as also Dr. John B. Williams. A. 
F. Crutchfield, the present able editor and founder of 
the Baltimorean, became editor at the conclusion of 
the war, and upon leaving established his popular 
journal. In March, 1877, Mr. Norris sold the Tele- 
gram to J. T. Ringgold and E. K. Canby, and after 
running the paper for some time in partnership Mr. 
Canby retired. In 1881, Mr. Ringgold joined in part- 
nership with James Young, and on April 2, 1881, Mr. 
Young purchased the interest of Mr. Ringgold, and 
is now the sole proprietor. 

The Southern Herald, published by Messrs. Beach, 
Young & Beach, was first issued on Feb. 9, 1863. 

The Evening Transcript, published by William 
H. Neilson on Oct. 26, 1863, was suppressed by the 
military authorities on November 10th. It was re- 
sumed shortly afterwards, but was finally suppressed 
by the military on May 18, 1864. The Transcript re- 
appeared after the war on Nov. 20, 1865, but it did 
not live very long. 

The Convalescent was the title of a small semi- 



636 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



monthly journal, issued from the Camden Street 
Military Hospital, in Baltimore, and devoted to the 
interests of the sick and wounded soldiers. It first 
appeared in May, 18(54. Joseph F. Clarke was the 
editor-in-chief, aided by Rev. C. J. Bowen, the chap- 
lain of the institution. 

The Evening Post, an afternoon two-cent paper, 
published by Messrs. Joshua M. Bosley and James R. 
Brewer, made its first appearance on June 8, 1864. 
It was suppressed by the military authorities on Sept. 
30, 1864. It resumed publication after the war, but 
finally suspended on April 6, 1868. 

The Lyceum Observer was the first paper pub- 
lished by and devoted exclusively to the colored race 
in Baltimore. It was issued early in 1864 by J. Wil- 
lis Menard, but was short-lived. The next paper 
published by the colored race was the Communicatur. 
It was issiued semi-monthly, the first number making 
its appearance in June, 1864. It was conducted by a 
publishing committee, the president of which was 
George T. Cook. The general agent was James E. 
Thompson, and the office at No. 50 Holliday Street. 
A similar paper, called the Daily Evening Chronotype, 
was published in 1867 by Mansfield, Hobbs & Co. 

The Evening Loyalist, a daily paper, published 
by D. B. Schafer & Co., was first issued in August, 
1864. In less than three months, on November 1st, it 
was suppressed liy ihe military authorities. 

The Baltimore Advertiser, published by Simp- 
son K. Donovan and Charles W. Kimberly, first ap- 
peared in May, 1864. 

The Baltimore Evening Bulletin, published by 
Charles J. Stewart & Co., made its first appearance 
on May 30, 1864. It was suppressed by the military 
authorities on Aug. 6, 1864. 

The Evening Times, published by Charles J. 
Stewart & Co., made its appearance on Sept. 21, 1863. 
On April 13, 1868, it changed to a morning paper and 
advocated the Democratic party. Another paper of 
the same name w;is pulilished in 1854. 

The Episcopal Methodist was begun in Rich- 
mond, Va., in July, 1865, by Rev. D. S. Doggett, 
D.D. (now bishop of the M. E. Church South), and 
Rev. J. E. Edwards, D.D., a leading member of the 
Virginia Annual Conference. The office was re- 
moved to Baltimore, and the first number issued there 
on the first Saturday of July, 1866, under the title of 
liiiUiniorr Ejiixcapnl Mithodht. It was owned and 
pul)lislied liy Rev. Jolm I'oisal, D.D., and edited by 
Rev. Thomas E. Bond, .M.D., D.D., and S. S. Rozzell. 
In September, 1869, Dr. Bond resigned his position as 
editor, and the editorial as well as the business de- 
partment was managed by Dr. Poisal and Rev. S. S.' 
Rozzell, assisted by the editorial services of Oliver P. 
Baldwin, Sr., Rev. Dr. John H. Linn, Rev. Dr. L. D. 
Huston, Rev. A. W. Wilson, Rev. Dr. Lipscomb, and 
Rev. Dr. Munsey. In June, 1870, Dr. A. T. Bledsoe, 
of the Southern Review, became co-editor of the Metho- 
dist ; at the same time the Reriexc was adopted as the 



quarterly review of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South, Dr. Bledsoe at the same time remaining as its 
editor. On the 1st of May, 1872, Rev. Dr. Poisal 
sold out half his interest to Rev. William S. Baird, 
A.M., who became joint editor and proprietor with 
Dr. Poisal. On the 1st of October, 1872, Dr. Poisal 
sold all his interest in the paper to his partner. Rev. 
Mr. Baird, who associated with him in the business 
department J. Everett Martin. The pai)er was then 
issued under the firm-name of William S. Baird and J. 
Everett Martin, proprietors and publishers, and Rev. 
AVilliam S. Baird, A.M., editor. In the summer of 
1874, Rev. William S. Baird died, and in the follow- 
ing December Mr. Martin sold out to W. H. Johnson, 
and Dr. Poisal resumed the editorial control of the 
paper. In March, 1876, a company of gentlemen, 
under the corporate name ot J. B. Wilson & Co., pur- 
chased the paper of W. H. Johnson. Mr. Wilson veas 
chosen business manager, and Rev. Samuel K. Cox, 
D D., editor, which relation he still sustains. In 
September, 1879, Dr. Cox purchased the paper of J. 
B. Wilson & Co., and became exclusive proprietor, as 
well as editor. 
I The Young Men's Journal, published by the 
1 Young Men's Christian Association, first appeared in 
August, 1865. 

The Cosmopolite, a military magazine, was an- 
nounced to appear on Jan. 1, 1866, by Messrs. De 
Leon & Co. 

The Baltimore Underwriter, published and edited 
by Dr. C. C. Bombaugh, a gentleman of fine literary 
attainments, was first issued in July, 1865. It was 
continued as a monthly to Jan. 1, 1873, since which 
time it has been published weekly. It is devoted to 
the interests of fire and life insurance, and is one of 
the ablest and best-conducted journals of its class in 
the United States. 

The Home Circle, a weekly quarto, published by 
H. Miller, first ajipeared in August, 1866. 

The Chronotype, a small Republican afternoon 
paper, )iul>lislieil liy J. B. Mansfield, was first issued 
on Oct. 30, 1 866. 

The Evening Times, published and edited by Wm. 
D. Hughes, was first issued in April, 1866. It .sus- 
pended in 1S()S, and reappeared in Washington, Jan. 
1, 1869. 

Maryland Educational Journal, a monthly, pub- 
lished in Baltimore, and edited by E. S. Zevely, was 
issue<l ill July, IsCi?. 

The Daily Laborer, a penny morning paper, pub- 
lished and idited by Gen. Duff Green, issued its first 
number on ,\iis. 19, 1S()7. 

The Southern Home Journal, published by John 
Y. Slater & Co., and handsomely illustrated, was first 
issued in September, 1867. 

The Southern Society, a fine weekly literary paper, 
was first published on Oct. 5, 1867. It suspended 
in March, 1868, and reappeared as The Leader on 
April ISth of the same year. It was finally merged 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



637 



into the Statesman, an able Democratic journal of six- 
teen pages, which appeared on Oct. 16, 1868, edited 
by Thomas W. Hall, John Blair Hodge, and Henry 
Ward. In April, 1869, it was enlarged to a folio, and 
Messrs. Hall and Hodge retired. 

The People's Weekly, published by Messrs. Tal- 
bott & Ajipleby, first appeared on Jan. 11, 1868. 

The Temperance Advocate, published weekly si- 
multaneously in Baltimore and Washington by J. B. 
Rose & Co., and edited by A. Hawkins, made its first 
ap|)earance in June, 1868. 

The Baltimore Law Transcript, edited by Allen 
B. Magruder, and published by Eaton & Co., made 
its first appearance in October, 1868. In April, 1869, 
it was changed from a weekly to a daily. 

The Southern Magazine, a monthly periodical, 
was founded in .January, 1868. Its proprietors, 
Messrs. TiirMbuU i*c Murdoch, having purchased the 
i?/r/,,»-,»-/ /•;•/, ,7,V, published by Drs. Hodge & Browne, 
in RirliiiiiiMd. \':i., lliey gave the new journal the title 
of T/ir y<'ir h'r/r, ■/!,■, and in March, 1869, it was united 
with The Land We Love, a monthly magazine, pub- 
lished at Charlotte, N. C, by Gen. D. H. Hill. At the 
close of 1870, Mr. TurnbuU retired, and the maga- 
zine became the property of Mr. Murdoch, Dr. Wm. 
Hand Browne, a writer of distinguished ability, and 
W. S. Hill, formerly its general iigent. The title was 
then changed to T/ie Southern Magazine, and in 1873 
the house of TurnbuU Bros., Baltimore, became the 
publishers. Dr. Browne remaining the editor. 

The Saturday Night, a weekly, published by Tal- 
bott & Wood, and edited by John Wills, issued its 
first number on Jan. 9, 1869. Dr. Palmer, A. J. 
Bowen, and D. Pre.ston Parr, Jr., at times conducted 
this paper, which ceased to exist about 1874. 

The Southern Metropolis and Catholic Miscel- 
lany, a weekly journal, ]iulilished and edited by John 



IX McLauo 



sued its first number on Feb. 



27, 1869. 

The Evening Star, published by the Crutchfield 
Bros., first appeared on Feb. 16, 1869. 

The Young Men's Friend, a monthly journal, and 
th(j organ of the Young Men's Christian Association, 
made its first up|jearanee in March, 1869. 

The Baltimore Journal of Commerce, published 
by Richards & Winter, first appeared on May 6, 

The Saturday Bulletin, a weekly paper, published 
by N. Tyler & Co., first appeared Jan. 9, 1869. 

Baltimore Christian Advocate, published and 
edited by Rev. Thomas E. Bond and Rev. A. Holland, 
in December, 1869, i.ssued a gratuitous number. 

The Olio, a monthly journal, published by George 
W. Daily, made its first appearance Jan. 1, 1870. 

The Baltimore Medical Journal, edited and pub- 
lished by Drs. E. Lloyd Howard and T. S. Latimer, 
made its appearance in January, 1870. 

The Southern Review, a monthly periodical, pub- 
lished and edited by A. T. Bledsoe and Dr. Wm. 
41 



Hand Browne, was first issued at Baltimore in Jan- 
uary, 1867. Dr. Browne retired in 1868, and it was 
continued by Albert Taylor Bledsoe, LL.D., in Jan- 
uary, 1869. The oiBce of publication was removed 
to St. Louis in May, 1871. 

The Enquirer, a weekly paper, edited and pub- 
lished by Nathaniel Tyler, a gentleman of fine liter- 
ary attainments, and Frank Markoe, Lssued the first 
number on Dec. 14, 1872. 

The Parish Record, published by St. Bartholo- 
mew's parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
Baltimore, made its first appearance on April 1, 1872. 

The Baltimore Dispatch, a weekly paper, pub- 
lished by James E. Anderson, and edited by D. Pres- 
ton Parr, Jr., made its first appearance on March 29, 
1872. It suspended November 9th of the same year. 

The Law Reporter, edited and published by Allen 
E. Forrester, appeared in May, 1872. 

The Monitor and Sentinel, a weekly temperance 
journal, published simultaneously in Baltimore and 
Wilmington, was issued in 1872. 
I Good News, published in the interest of the Young 
I Men's Christian Association by Rev. H. L. Singleton 
I simultaneously in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Rich- 
' mond, and St. Louis, made its first appearance in June, 
: 1872. 

I The Southern Educational Monthly, edited and 
published by Dr. J. C. M. Merillet, appeared for the 
first time in June, 1872. 

Our American Youth, edited by John F. Nichol- 
son and George W. Raynor (two youths), made its 
first appearance in July, 1872. 

The Physician and Surgeon, a monthly, pub- 
lished under the auspices of the Baltimore College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, began its career in Septem- 
ber, 1872. 

The Monthly Argus, published by Dartmouth, 
Nelson & Co., made its appearance in December, 
1872. 

The Young Idea, a monthly literary paper, edited 
and published by youths, issued its first number in 
August, 1872. 

The Herald, the only penny paper in Baltimore, 
had its origin in 1875 as the Baltimore Bee, the first 
number of which was issued on the 10th of December, 
1876, at No. 16.V North Street, by Col. Joel Miller and 
William Montague Connelly, with Charles Vedderas 
business manager. The paper soon obtained a flatter- 
ing circulation, and began to wield considerable in- 
fluence by its bold and independent course. 

In January, 1876, Col. Miller sold his interest in 
the Bee to L. P. D. Newman, a prominent member 
of the Baltimore bar and the present proprietor, and 
in a few months Mr. Vedder also withdrew, and J. 
D. Sauerberg became business manager. The office 
was removed to 122 West Baltimore Street, the paper 
enlarged, and on the 1st of January, 1877, Mr. Con- 
nelly also sold his interest to Mr. Newman, under 
whose proprietorship the name was changed to the 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiN'TY, MARYLAND. 



Herald, the editorial direction being assumed by F. R. 
Ludlam, wlio was succeeded by D. Preston Parr, Jr. 
In August, 1877, Col. Joel Miller was eniiiloyed to 
take editorial charge of the paper, and Jehu Askew 
Wiis made business manager. Thomas Wilson after- 
wards became managing editor, and was succeeded by 
Prof. Bushell, who in September, 1878, was followed by 
Col. J. Thomas Scharf. On the 18th of August, 1879, 
F. A. Saviu became business and editorial manager, 
and in October Col. Scharf resigned, and was suc- 
ceeded by Col. Joel Miller. Under Mr. Savin's man- 
agement, an evening edition was commenced on the 
19th of November, 1879, and a Sunday edition on 
the 16th of May, 1880, both of which are still regu- 
larly published. The first editor of the Evening Herald 
was A. L. Richardson, who was succeeded by Col. 
Joel Miller, James P. Matthews becoming managing 
editor of the morning edition. In November, 1880, 
Messrs. Matthews, Forrester, and Miller withdrew from 
the editorial department, and were succeeded by 
Stanley Day, of New York, who was followed by the 
present able managing editor of the paper. Col. A. W. 
Sheldon. 

The Herald has won a leading position among the 
journals of Baltimore, and has a wide and increasing 
circulation both in and out of the city. Its manage- 
ment is progressive and enterprising, and it has had 
the honor of originating many valuable suggestions 
in both State and city affairs, which have subsequently 
been adopted with benefit to the public. Under the 
able management of F. A. Savin it is already giving 
earnest of its determination to keep more than abreast 
of the tide of progress, and to secure at any cost all 
the facilities and resources, intellectual and material, 
which are requisite to make it one of the leading 
newspapers of the country. Its political opinions 
are shaped by none of the petty necessities which too 
often influence the course of journal! m, and it never 
hesitates to speak its whole mind on every subject 
of public interest. The honor of first suggesting the 
sesqui-centennial celebration of 1880 belongs to the 
Herald, which as early as tlie 30th of August, 1879, 
called public attention to the municipal anniversary 
in an article written by Col. J. Thomas Scharf, who 
was at that time its managing editor. 

The Commercial is a weekly journal of force and 
aggressiveness, and is edited and owned by William 
Montague Connelly. Mr. Connelly was born in 
Western Pennsylvania ; was a student of the Wesitern 
Pennsylvania University, subsequently graduated at 
the Indiana University, and was admitted to the bar, 
practicing his profession in Indiaua, and afterwards 
in Tennessee. Mr. Connelly has been editor, con- 
tributor, and correspondent during many years of the 
leading papers in New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cin- 
cinnati, Louisville, Memphis, and other cities, and 
has been part or sole proprietor of journals in New 
York, Cincinnati, Louisville, Paducah, Memphis, and 
Chattanooga. He has held official positions in New 



York and Tennessee, and was a Federal official during 
the war. He was a school-teacher for several years 
in Pennsylvania, and a farmer for more than four 
years in Indiana. In Baltimore he was one of the 
founders as well as the editor of the now widely-cir- 
culated Herald, but his connection with it continued 
only a year and a half, when he sold out his interest, 
subsequently establishing the Standard, which he 
continued for eighteen months, and then sold to the 
proprietors of the Telegram, with which it became 
merged. He has since published and edited the Com- 
mercial, and in addition has recently assumed the 
editorship of an illustrated paper called ^sop. 

Mr. Connelly has been a prolific writer, and besides 
his contributions to journalism has published several 
works on " Biblical Philosophy," one on the " Phe- 
nomena and Philosophy of Modern Spiritualism," 
the " Elements of Legal Science," " The Rights of 
Labor," and several others on social, medical, and 
humanitarian subjects. 

In politics Mr. Connelly is a vigorous supporter of 
Democratic principles, but was always in favor of 
carrying those principles to their logical extent, and 
was the last man in the United States prosecuted 
under the Dred Scott decision. His financial views 
are in some respect-s in accordance with those of what 
is popularly known as the Greenback party, and he 
believes that the volume of currency should be con- 
trolled by the government and not by individuals. 
In religion Mr. Connelly is an avowed Spiritualist. 
The Commercial under his management has been 
conducted with a boldness which has won it some 
enemies as well as many friends ; but without refer- 
ence to results it has held on its course, and has stead- 
ily enlarged its circle of readers. 

The Baltimore Item is a weekly paper, the initial 
number of which appeared on the 4th of December, 
1880. Its typography is excellent, and its selected 
matter varied and interesting, art, music, and society 
topics all receiving a fair share of attention. It i» 
conducted with ability, and promises to reach a high 
rank in popularity as a society and family journaL 
Its publisher is Maurice I. Lobe ; W. I. Cook, a vetejan 
journalist, being the editor. 

The Baltimorean is an illustrated journal of great 
merit, the first number of which was issued on the 
8th of June, 1872. From its inception the Baltimorean 
has received the most flattering and generous sup- 
port, and it is now not only one of the best but 
one of the most widely-circulated weeklies in the 
country. Its success is largely attributable to the 
high moral standard which it has always observed, 
and to the bold and independent tone of all its utter- 
ances. It promised in its first issue that " whatever 
shall elevate the standard of public morals, whatever 
shall contribute to the material prosperity of our al- 
ready great and growing city and country, whatever 
shall augment tiie happiness and thriftiness of the 
people will ever find a ready and zealous advocate in 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



these columns;" and this promise has been carefully 
and conscientiously redeemed. As a family news- 
pa[)er, the Baltimorean is one of the best and most 
popular published, and as a society journal has few 
e(iuals. Its illustrations are remarkable for their 
fidelity and excellence of execution, and since the date 
of its first publication have included portraits of the 
most distinguished, and prominent men and women 
of every section of the country, and in every depart- 
ment of life. A happy judgment has given its col- 
umns an " infinite variety," which neither age seems 
to wither nor time to stale, and which has added 
largely to the elements of its popularity. Under these 
circumstances it is not surprising that the Baltimorean 
should have won the success which it has so justly 
deserved, and that its prosperity should be yearly in- 
creasing with that of the great city after which it has 
been called. The editors and proprietors of the Bal- 
timorean are Messrs. A. F. Crutchfield and Isaac C. 
Haas, both of whom are practical journalists of long 
experience. 

The Evening and Sunday News.— On Nov. 2, 
1872, E. V. Hermange, present senior member of 
the firm of Hermange & Brewer, issued the first 
number of the Baltimore Evening News, a penny 
pujier. Although previous to the war several even- 
ing newspapers had prospered and had had a long 
existence in Baltimore, they had all died out, and 
subsequent ventures of the same nature had proved 
almost phenomenal failures. It remained for the 
News to break the record of disaster, and it was 
only a few months old before it became established 
on the firm foundation of merited popularity. From 
the beginning it was conducted with energy and good 
judgment ; sales, circulation, and advertising patron- 
age steadily increased, and the printing facilities were 
enlarged to meet the constantly-growing demand. 
Mr. Hermange had been connected with the Balti- 
more San for sixteen years, and so brought to his new 
field of labor the experience of a graduate of a most 
excellent school of journalism. In 1874 the firm be- 
came that of Hermange & Brewer by the admission 
of James Rawlings Brewer, who assumed charge of 
the paper as editor-in-chief, Mr. Hermange remain- 
ing at the head of the business department. Mr. 
Brewer was born at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 28, 1840. 
His father was James B. Brewer, born Nov. 19, 1806, 
at Annapolis, and his mother Eliza A. Rawlings, born 
in Baltimore, Sept. 13, 1811. The first of the Brewer 
family who emigrated to America was John Brewer, 
one of the Puritan settlers of Maryland. He was 
born in the south of Wales at the beginning of the 
seventeenth century, emigrated to Massachusetts in 
1645, and moved to Virginia upon the solicitation of 
William Ducand. Rev. Ethan Allen's "Historical 
Notes of St. Anne's Parish, Anne Arundel County," 
states that the first Puritans appeared in Virginia 
about the year 1641, and that to prevent theif coming 
severe laws had been enacted against them under the 



administration of Sir William Berkeley. These meas- 
ures, however, failed to accomplish their purpose, and 
some years later one hundred Puritans were found to 
be in the colony, one of whom was John Brewer. 
Governor Berkeley at length putting the laws into 
rigid execution, they "at once," in 1649, in the lan- 
guage of their own historian, " removed themselves, 
their families, and estates into the Province of Mary- 
land, being thereunto invited by Capt. William Stone, 
then Governor for Lord Baltimore, with the promise 
of liberty of religion and the privileges of Eng- 
lish subjects." John Brewer was one of that com- 
pany. They settled in part on the site of the present 
city of Annapolis, naming the town Providence. 
Mr. Brewer took up his residence on South River, 
on a tract of land which soon came to be called 
Brcwerton, which he patented in 1659. In 1664 an- 
other property called Larkington wa.s patented by 
him. He was one of the county justices commis- 
sioned by Leonard Calvert. He married Sarah, 
daughter of Henry Ridgely, and at his death, April 
5, 1690, left three children, John, Eke, and Joseph. 
He was one of the few wealthy men of that period 
who adhered to the law of primogeniture, and he left 
a large estate in entail, which finally falling to Joseph 
Brewer, the fifth in descent, he had the entail dis- 
solved. The descendants of John Brewer now number 
over one thousand, many of them settled in the West, 
the larger number in Indiana. The generations in 
succession were John, son of the settler; John, his 
son, whose daughter Rachel became the wife of 
Charles Wilson Peale, the famous painter, and 
mother of the late Rembrandt Peale ; William, son 
of the third John ; Joseph, his son ; and John, grand- 
father of James Rawlings Brewer. The latter was 
educated at St. John's College, Annapolis, and at 
fourteen years of age began to write for the local 
newspaper prose and poetry which marked him out 
for a future journalistic career. On quitting col- 
lege he learned printing, and at the age of eighteen 
years was made editor of the Maryland Republican, 
the State capital organ of the Democratic party. 
Domestic considerations induced his removal to Bal- 
timore in 1862, when he became editorially connected 
with the Southern Herald. Its Southern proclivities 
brought down upon it the arm of the Federal mili- 
tary power, and it was suppressed. Mr. Brewer was 
afterwards connected with the JSveninr; Transcript and 
the Evening Post, but they were also suppressed by 
the same authority and for the same cause. His per- 
severance, however, in thus endeavoring to'maintain 
a Southern journal in the face of danger had made 
him very popular with the majority of Baltimore 
Democrats, and he was chosen president of the 
Democratic City Convention, which in the war days 
was a hazardous position. 

He was nominated for the State Senate in 1864 on 
the McClellan ticket, but was not returned as elected. 
In this year he accepted a position on the New York 



640 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



World, tendered him by Manton Marble, then editor 
and proprietor, and after serving that paper with 
ability and fidelity for twelve months he returned 
to Baltimore, afterwards taking charge of the Sunday 
Telegram. He continued its editor for several years, 
during which time he wrote for it "The Buried Se- 
cret," "Woman's Devotion," "Disobedience," "The 
Uncle's Legacy," and other romances, besides a num- 
ber of poems, all of which spread his literary fame 
abroad and popularized the paper in whose columns 
they appeared. He did not relinquish politics, but 
continued president of the Democratic City Conven- 
tion, and was made chairman of the Democratic Ex- 
ecutive Committee. He was mainly instrumental in 
originating the Anti-Registry Convention, and was 
appointed by that convention a committee of one, 
with i)ower to name assistants, to prepare a memorial 
to the Legislature of 1866 and obtain signatures 
praying a modification of the registry law, which dis- 
franchised all citizens who could not take the " iron- 
clad" oath of loyalty to the Federal government. In 
1867 he called the first Democratic City Convention 
held after the fusion of the Democratic and Conserva- 
tive parties, and was made chairman of the executive 
committee. By authority of the convention he pre- 
pared an address to the people of Baltimore, and out 
of these movements grew the re-enfranchisement of 
all the people and the Constitutional Convention of 
1867, which formulated the present constitution of 
Maryland. The Democratic party acknowledged his 
gallant and important services by electing him to the 
position of clerk of the Baltimore Circuit Court. He 
was re-elected in 1873, and again in 1879, each time 
for a term of six years. His official, political, and 
editorial duties now absorb Mr. Brewer's working 
hours. The Evening News was first published at No. 
205 West Baltimore Street; thence it removed to the 
Jarvis Building, on North Street, and is now located 
in fine quarters at No. 131 West Baltimore Street. On 
the 9th of February, 1875, the paper was enlarged and 
the price raised to two cents, changes that were ne- 
cessitated by the growth of its circulation and the 
popular demand for a fuller paper. The firm also 
purchased a splendid Bullock press, the acme of print- 
ing-machines, and this was one of the first journals in 
the country to be supplied with an improvement that 
combines the great requisites of speedy and economical 
work. The rapid success of the Evening News as a 
daily paper, and the obvious need of a Sunday paper 
in Baltimore to bridge the wide chasm between Sat- 
urday afternoon and Monday morning, and to com- 
pletely occupy a field left open to the Washington and 
Philadelphia Sunday journals, induced the proprietors 
to publish a Sunday edition, the first number of which 
was issued on Oct. 4, 1875. Its news and miscella- 
neous departments met with the public approbation, 
and it is a welcome visitor to thousands of city homes 
and in every quarter of the State and the District of 
Columbia accessible by the mails. Both editions of 



the paper are ably managed, and are in a thoroughly 
thriving condition. While consistently Democratic, 
the News is no mere mouth-piece of party or faction, 
but holds itself free to criticise wherever criticism is 
deserved. Besides his newspaper labors and the 
literary work already spoken of, Mr. Brewer wrote, 
at the request of the Grand Lodge of Odd-Fellows 
of Maryland, the odes which were read and sung 
at the dedication of the Wildey Monument in Balti- 
more. He was also the author of a poem which was 
recited at the Poe Memorial Celebration in this city, 
and which elicited numerous complimentary letters 
from men of letters and critics in all sections of the 
country. At the centennial anniversary of the burn- 
ing of the " Peggy Stewart" at Annapolis on Oct. 19, 
1873, the municipal authorities of that city recog- 
nizing the poetical genius of Mr. Brewer, invited him 
to deliver a poem upon the occasion, which he was 
forced to decline on account of pressing engagements. 
Mr. Brewer has much of the poet's power, a dainty 
sense of melody in words, a daring and inventive 
fancy and subtlety of thought. When connected with 
the Sunday Telegram, he made it the first journal to 
speak out in favor of running the street-cars on Sun- 
day, and aided in securing the popular vote in behalf 
of the project. Mr. Brewer is a strong and terse writer, 
very sarcastic when the occasion calls, and pleasantly 
humorous in his lighter work. He was married June 
11, 1868, to Anne W. Dorsey, daughter of the late 
Edward Dorsey, of Richard, of Anne Arundel County, 
an immense land-owner. Her mother was Miss Re- 
becca Worthington, daughter of Dr. Beale Worthing- 
ton, and granddaughter of John Bicketts, a very 
prominent officer of the Revolutionary army. She 
afterwards married Dr. James S. Owens, a gentleman 
once prominent in the politics of Maryland, he having 
held several responsible positions, among them treas- 
urer of the State and surveyor of the port of Baltimore 
under President Buchanan. Mr. Brewer's living chil- 
dren are Bessie Worthington, Eliza R., and James R., 
Jr. One child, Edward D., is dead. Mr. Brewer is a 
member of Mount Vernon Lodge and Druid Chapter 
of the Masonic order, of Iris Lodge of Odd-Fellows, 
and of the Order of St. Lawrence. He is a Protestant 
Episcopalian in his religious belief. 

The Maryland Farmer, devoted to agriculture, 

j horticulture, rural economy, and the mechanic arts, is 

a monthly journal, published by Ezra Whitman, 141 

West Pratt Street. Its publication was commenced on 

the 1st of January, 1864, by the present proprietor. 

The Amateur Journal, published monthly by R. 
Emory Waitiild, C. Taylor Jenkins, and John F. 
Nichols, issued its first number in January, 1872. On 
Jan. 1, 1873, it was continued by Warfield & Jenkins. 
On July 5, 1873, the name was changed to The Monu- 
mental Jowrnnl, and edited by the following youths: 
H. F. Powell, W. Laridstroet, Joseph H. Rieman, Jr., 
and Gcori^i- V . I^ortcr, .Tr. 

Die Katholische Volks-Zeitung, a most success- 



THE PRESS OF BALTIMORE. 



641 



ful German Catholic weekly paper, published by 
Kreuzer Bros., and edited by John Schmidt, was 
first issued on Saturday, May 8, 1860. It i? now one 
of the widest-circulated papers in the United States. | 
Joseph Kreuzer, the senior member of the firm, died 
on March 4, 1874. { 

The American Engineer, a monthly paper, pub- 
lished simultmieously in Baltimore and Washington 
by E. H. & W. T. H(.w:H-d, was first issued in No- 
vember, IS'.'j. 

The Baltimore Elocutionist, a monthly journal, 
published by Rice, Hayden & Co., was issued in June, 
1873. 

The People's Appeal made its appearance on July 
17, 1873. In March of the same year the Baltimore 
Herald, published by Tom Walsh Smith, was first 
issued ; also, in January, The Southern Star, published 
monthly by James S. Calwell and George D. Fawcett. 

The Inebriate's Record, the organ of the Mary- 
land Inebriate Asylum, appeared in April, 1874. 

The Bench and Bar Review, a law periodical, 
edited by Atkinson Schaumberg, first appeared in 
January,' 1874. 

The Enterprise, published monthly in the interest 
of the "Hibernian Literary Association," and edited 
by the " Eiiterjirise Company" of East Baltimore, 
made its ajipearanee in May, 1874. 

The Catholic Register was changed to a quarto 
and otherwise improved in June, 1874. Dr. E. P. 
Gibbons became associated with A. Stewart in the 
publication. In January, 1875, it became entangled 
in the meshes of the law and suspended. 

The Maryland School Journal, a monthly period- 
ical, edited by Profs. M. A. Newell and William R. 
Creory, was begun in Sejitember, 1874. 

The Evening Record, published and edited by 
William I). Hughes, made its appearance on Oct. 27, 
1874. During the Know-Nothing reign he published 
a Democratic paper in Baltimore, called The Freeman, 
and fought nobly for foreign rights. He afterwards 
published The Times. 

The North Baltimore, a monthly temperance jour- 
nal, published by Stewart Bros., and edited by La- 
fayette Stewart, fir-st appeared in December, 1874. 

The Monthly Chronicle of Religion and Learn- 
ing, edited by Rev. Galbraith B. Perry and the "St. 
Mary's Social and Literary Association," and devoted 
to the elevation of the colored race, first appeared in 
February, 187-5. 

The True Christian, a monthly paper, published 
under the auspices of Bethany Baptist Church, and 
edited by D. D. Read, was first issued in August, 
1875. 

The Times, a small evening penny paper, edited 
by Innes Randolph, a ripe scholar and enlightened and 
impartial critic, made its first appearance on Saturday, 
Aug. 7, 1875. Owing to irreconcilable ditferences in 
opinion by the proprietors, it suspended on October 
liitli of the same year. 



The Conservative Churchman, a Protestant Epis- 
copal journal, edited by Rev. Campbell Fair, the 
present learned pastor of the Ascension Church, and 
published by Wm. P. Hamilton, made its first ap- 
pearance in September, 1875. 

The Sunday Herald, which succeeded the Satur- 
day Night, made its first appearance on Sept. 19, 1875. 

The True Democrat, a campaign paper in the in- 
terest of reform in Maryland politics, commenced 
publication in Octolicr, 1S75. 

The Maryland Medical Journal, a monthly mag- 
azine, edited by Drs. II. E. Manning and P. A. Ashby, 
first appeared in May, 1877, and is still published with 
considerable success. 

The Pulpit of Baltimore, a monthly magazine, 
started liy W. H. Fentress, w^as published in May, 
1877. 

The Sunday Times changed its name to the WeeMy 
Times in July, 1877. 

The Daily Workingman, an afternoon paper, first 
appeared on Sept. 7, 1877. 

Every Saturday is the title of a weekly journal, 
commenced on Saturday, Oct. 6, 1877, by Charles M. 
Caughey as editor and proprietor, with George A. 
Gardner as business manager. This bright and spicy 
family paper is still under the same able management, 
and is devoted to literature, art, music, and general 
information, and is very neat in appearance. 

The Saturday Post, a weekly paper, published 
and edited by Messrs. Wirt & Emory, took the place 
of the Sunday Bulletin, and was" first issued on Nov. 
10, 1877. ' 

Our National- Pulpit, edited and published by 
Rev. S. H. Cummings, was published in December, 
1877. 

The Spectator, an illustrated weekly, made its 
first appearance on Dec. 7, 1878. 

The Photographic Rays of Light, published by 
Mr. Waltz, was issued in June, 1878. 

The Tidal Wave, a weekly temperance paper, 
published by Henry Bolton, and edited by A. A. 
Townsend, was first issued on April 13, 1878. 

The Stone Owl, the offspring of a discreditable and 
anonymously edited paper called the Owl, which was 
suppressed by the Criminal Court, was published by 
William Bissell, and edited by Mrs. Jerningham, an 
English lady and a poetess, on Jan. 7, 1878. 

The Butchers' and Drovers' Gazette, a monthly 
and semi-monthly paper, published by J. W. Fedden 
& Co., and edited by L. B. Roberts, was first com- 
menced on March 2, 1878. 

The Irish-American Citizen, a weekly paper, 
made its first appearance on Oct. 5, 1878. It was 
edited by Charles O'Connor, who left the city in a 
short time, and the paper ceased to appear after a 
very short career. 

The Maryland Law Record, edited by Wm. Allen 
Mitchener and Robert H. Hooper, appeared in Sep- 
tember, 1878. 



64:: 



HISTOKV OF BALTIMORE CITr AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The Baltimore Volks-Freund, a German daily 
morning |)aper, ijublished and edited by Signumd 
Junger, first appeared on April 14, 1S79. It was en- 
larged two months after it started. 

The Baltimore Market Journal wa.s first pub- 
lished by Andrew .-^mith about tlie year 1873. He 
died on .Alareh 8, 187!». 

The Biene von Baltimore, a German Sunday 
paper, was first published by S. Junger and M. 
Muller. It is now published with great success by 
Sigmund Junger, and is a live, progressive paper. 

The German press of Baltimore dates from a very 
early period. The first jirinters of the town were 
German, and the first newspapers printed in the Eng- 
lish language often contained advertisements printed 
in the German text. Such was the increase of the 
German population after the close of the Revolution- 
ary war that it was determined to print a newspaper 
in the German language to supply their wants. Suf- 
ficient encouragement having been received, Henry 
Dulhaier, on June 14, 1786, began the publication of 
a weekly newspaper at his printing-office "on Market 
Street, nearly opposite the Green Tree, at the small 
price of ten shillings per annum." 

Maryland Farmer. — The Maryland Farmer, de- 
voted to agriculture, horticulture, rural economy, and 
the mechanic arts, is a monthly journal, published by 
Ezra Whitman, 141 West Pratt Street. Its publica- 
tion was commenced on the 1st of January, 1864, by I 
the present i>roprietor. 

The Progressive World, Jacob Rosenfeld, editor, 
is a neat weekly paper, published at 50 West Fayette 1 
Street. 

The Independent Practitioner.— This medical 
journal was started in January, 1880, and is owned 
and published by Drs. Basil M. Wilkinson and Har- 
vey L. Byrd. The Independent Practitioaer is issued 
monthly, and has already acquired a position among 
medical journals. 

Maryland Law Record. — The first number of the 
Maryland Law lieeard appeared Aug. 31, 1878; its 
ofllce is 25 Lexington Street, and its editors are Wm. 
Allen Mitchener and Robert H. Hooper. 

Baltimore Church News.— The first number of 
this weekly appeared Oct. 2, 1879; it is a four-page 
paper, devoted to the interests of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Church; its publisher and proprietor is Ben- 
jamin Baker, and its editor is Rev. Campbell Fair, i 
D.O., rector of the Church of the Ascension ; its office 
is 48 North Charles Street. 



CHAPTER XXXVL 

LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 

The history of literature in Baltimore, as distin- 
guished from that of Maryland, may be begun with 
the present century. Up to that time -Vnnapolis was 



the seat of learning and culture, and the scattered 
gleams of literary light of the village days of Balti- 
more are hardly worth collecting in so restricted a 
space as this chapter. Eminent lawyers, physicians, 
divines, and orators there were, devoting their leisure 
to letters, but until about the time of the formation 
of the Delphian Club there was no class of profes- 
sional writers, historians, novelists, and poets. In the 
rear of Barnum's Hotel, quite suffocated by it, there 
faces on Bank Lane a shabby but pretentious little 
house, all portico and stucco, yet still dignified by 
five stately elms. This was the house called by the 
liierali " Tusculum," and by the rabble " Gwynn'a 
Folly," where assembled the earliest literary club 
that has left behind it any good work. The papers 
of the Delphian Club, such as are still extant and to 
be found in the Jied Book, a periodical published in 
Baltimore, 1818-19, may be compared favorably with 
the best of their kind in the language. Among the 
members of this club were John Neal, a brilliant and 
erratic writer, who subsequently was drawn from Bal- 
timore by the greater attractions of London ; William 
Gwynn, editor and author, who presided at the club ; 
Paul Allen, the historian ; Jared Sparks, the histo- 
rian ; Robert Goodloe Harper ; John Pierpont, author 
of " Airs of Palestine ;" Francis S. Key, author of 
" The Star Spangled Banner ;" Samuel Woodworth, 
author of " The Old Oaken Bucket ;" William Wirt, 
the eminent lawyer and orator and biographer of 
Patrick Henry, and other eminent men. Here, also, 
John Howard Payne, author of " Home, Sweet 
Home," was hidden and protected from a mob. Here, 
also, Rembrandt Peale, the well-known American 
artist, who painted in Baltimore his famous picture 
"The Court of Death ;" and Peter Hoffiiian Cruse, 
the editor and author ; and John Pendleton Kennedy, 
the favorite Baltimore author, often assembled and 
entertained the wits of the day. 

Of this group, Francis Scott Key has had the good 
fortune to be best known. "The 'Star Spangled 
Banner," the national hymn of America, written 
during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, has won 
for him an immortality. Key had gone with a flag of 
truce on board the ship of Admiral Cockburn, then 
advancing to the attack of Baltimore, and was de- 
tained in the fleet and compelled to witness the bom- 
bardment of the fort. All the afternoon of the 13th 
of September, 1814, the bombshells were poured upon 
the fort, and all during the night, giving proof that 
the flag was still flying. Just before dawn the firing 
ceased. Had the fort surrendered? Key must wait 
until daybreak to know. The dawn comes, and the 
mists along the harbor break away. The flag is still 
there. On the back of a letter, resting on the head of 
a barrel, that ballad was scrawled with a pencil. Who 
does not love this offsjjring of a thrilling monient all 
the better because it shows the marks of haste in its 
composition ? 

Key was born in Frederick Countv, and was edu- 




FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 



LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 



cated at St. John's College, Annapolis, and having 
studied law, entered the bar in 1801, and soon rose to 
eminence. He was district attorney under Andrew 
Jackson. He was an intimate friend of John Ran- 
dolph, and some of his correspondence is published in 
Garland's life of that celebrated Virginia statesman. 
He wrote many poems, but published only a few. It 
was not until 1863 that they were collected into a sin- 
gle volume and edited by Rev. H. V. D. Johns. One 
of them is the beautiful hymn beginning, — 

" Lord, with glowiug heart I'd praise Thee 
For the bliss Thy love bestows." 

He died in Baltimore, Jan. 11, 1848, and is buried 
near Pipe Creels, Frederick Co., where also sleeps his 
brother-in-law, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. 

William Pinkney, the great advocate and orator, 
though he never appeared as a writer of belles-lettres, 
had a fiery dash of poetry in his blood, which showed 
itself in his descendants, Edward Coates Pinkney, his 
seventh son, one of the most graceful writers of Eng- 
lish verse that America has produced ; the late Fred- 
erick Pinkney, of the Baltimore bar, who published 
little but wrote with singular power and sweetness; 
and the Rev. William Pinkney, now Bishop of Mary- 
land, whose pulpit oratory overflows with poetic 
imagery, and who is the author of many fine poems. 
Bishop Pinkney has written the life of the celebrated 
William Pinkney, who wrote a number of fine essays 
on international law during the war times of 1812 
under the name of "Publius." His fiime, however, 
rests chiefly upon his forensic oratory. 

Jared Sparks, a minister of the gospel, was called 
to take charge of the First Unitarian Church in Bal- 
timore in 1819, and remained here until near the close 
of 1823, when he was made Professor of History in 
Harvard University. He was a vei-y careful and in- 
dustrious literary worker, as is shown by his " Life 
and Letters of George Washington," " Life and Let- 
ters of Franklin," " Correspondence of the Revo- 
lution," and other contributions to Revolutionary 
liistory. 

John Neal, who at the ripe age of seventy-three 
published, in 1869, the "Wandering Recollections of 
a Somewhat Busy Life," was one of the founders of 
the Delphian Club. He was a poet, novelist, his- 
torian, and editor. His prose style in his youth was 
overloaded with metaphor, full of breaches of good 
taste, yet undeniably the work of genius. He was 
born of Quaker parents at Portland, Me., in 1793, and 
on account of the mutations of business in Boston in 
1S16 came to Baltimore and opened a dry-goods estab- 
lishment at No. 12 South Calvert Street, in partner- 
ship with John Pierpont, afterwards a distinguished 
author and Unitarian clergyman in New England. 
Another member of the firm was Joseph L. Lord, who 
subsequently established in this country the mutual 
life insurance system, and was the first president of 
tlie famous Mutual Benefit Life Company of New Jer- 
sey, still in existence. Within a year the firm failed. 



not from any fault of Neal's, but through the indis- 
creet liberality and speculations of others. Pierpont, 
a man of family, was thrown into the city jail for 
debt, and Neal, then but twenty-three and unmarried, 
cast upon his own resources. He at once turned his 
attention to law and literature, going through the then 
necessary course of four years of law study, relying 
upon his literary jiroductions meantime for a living. 

While residing in Baltimore, in 1817, he published 
his first novel, and wrote the greater part of Paul 
Allen's " American Revolution." A collection of 
poems followed ; none of these are now known ex- 
cept some patriotic verses on the " American Eagle," 
which are still occasionally to be found in school 
" Readers." He wrote also a variety of magazine 
and editorial articles, — all these whilst preparing 
himself for the bar. To give an idea of the marvel- 
ous facility with which he threw ofi" his works 
(writing sometimes for sixteen hours a day), he states 
in his autobiography that he wrote his novel of 
" Logan" in six or eight weeks, ending Nov. 17, 
1821 ; he began " Randolph" Nov. 26, 1821, and fin- 
ished it in thirty-six days; "Seventy-six," his best 
novel, in twenty-seven days ; and " Errata" in 
thirty-nine days. Each novel was in two volumes. 
So that between October, 1821, and March, 1822, he 
wrote and published " no less than eight large duo- 
decimos, besides writing for the Telegraph newspaper 
and the Portico magazine, and studying, after a desul- 
tory fashion, four or five languages." He assailed, 
even at that early day, both lotteries and imprison- 
ment for debt, which he lived to see overthrown. He 
had the miscliievous habit of introducing descriptions 
of his acquaintances and associates into his anony- 
mous novels. In his novel of " Randolph" he 
sketched with trenchant and caustic pen some of the 
notables of the time. Under the shelter of his in- 
cognito he spared no one, and yet his satires have 
the fullness of detail and the picturesque realism 
which carry conviction with them. In this work 
" Randolph," which is written in epistolary form, he 
takes pains to abuse himself very soundly in order to 
cover up his tracks. But it was a little overdone. 
He took up too much space and occupied too much 
of the reader's attention in proving that John Neal, 
"though full of genius, was either a madman or a 
fool." Among those whose portrait was depicted 
was the eminent William Pinkney. It recognized 
the greatness of Pinkney, but ridiculed his pom- 
posity, and accused him of some abominable coarse- 
nesses, vulgarities, and petty vanities. Edward Coate 
Pinkney, the brilliant young poet, called John Neal 
to account for this assault in a letter demanding 
that he would avow or disavow the authorship of 
" Randolph" and its attack on his father, Mr. Pink- 
ney. Neal refused to comply with his request, and 
a peremptory challenge to a duel was immediately 
handed to him. Neal, who still wore the Quaker 
garb, declined to fight, and was posted by the young 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



poet in the following terras, as was the fashion in 
those days : 

" The undereigned linviug entered into some correspondence with the 
reputed author of ' Uiiudolph,' who U or is not eufllciently described as 
John Nkai^ a gentleman, by indulgent courtesy, informs honorable men 
that he hns found him unpossessed of courage to make satisfaction In 
the Insolence of his folly. 

"Stating this much, the undersigned commits this craven to hisinfamy. 
•' Kdwakd C. Pinkney. 

"Baltijiobe, Oct. 11, 1823." 

Neal declared that he was more re.spected for the 
stand he had taken than if he had exchanged shots 
with the fiery young midshipman, whose early death 
he deplored. But Neal, in spite of his peace prin- 
ciples, was the most belligerent of men, although 
there was something hearty in his belligerency. He 
remained in Baltimore for six years, and was then 
drawn away to the literary focus of London. He 
lived there some years, and died in New England in 
1876, at an advanced age. With a number of the 
best citizens of Baltimore, he belonged to the old Del- 
phian Club, each having a characteristic club cogno- 
men, Neal's being Jehu O'Cataract. 

John Pierpont, a poet of greater refinement but of 
less originality than Neal, was, as we have stated, his 
partner in business at Baltimore. Pierpont, whose 
genius had a devotional cant, studied theology at 
Harvard University, and afterwards became a distin- 
guished Unitarian clergyman in New England. He 
was born in Connecticut on April 6, 1785, and grad- 
uated at Yale College in 1804. He spent several 
years as a tutor in South Carolina, and in 1816 entered 
business as a merchant in Baltimore, as above stated. 
After the failure he wrote in Baltimore his best work, 
"Airs of Palestine," which contains some excellent 
poetry. Some of his fugitive pieces, such as " Pass- 
ing Away," "Jerusalem," "The Pilgrim Fathers," 
" My Child," " The Two Incendiaries," " The License 
Laws," " The Sparkling Bowl," " Not on the Battle- 
Field," and the " Exile at Eest," have retained their 
popularity even to this day. He died in Massachu- 
setts, Aug. 27, 1866. It would seem that at about 
1820 Baltimore was a literary centre, to which such 
men as Jared Sparks, Paul Allen, John Neal, John 
E. Hall, and John Pierpont were drawn, and though 
their coming was perhaps fortuitous, still they began 
here their literary careers, and gave tone to the cul- 
ture of the place. 

Another of this circle was the distinguished John 
E. Hall, who began the practice of law in Baltimore 
about 1805, and while living here was' elected to the 
responsible post of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles- 
Lettres in the University of Maryland. From 1808 to 
1817 he published the American Law Journal, and 
in 1816 became editor of the Port-Folio, and largely 
contributed to its pages. He also wrote a life of Dr. 
John Shaw, prefi.xed to the poems of the latter, pub- 
lished in Baltimore in 1810; collected, arranged, and 
contributed to an edition of " The British Spy ;" 
edited the Philadelphia Souvenir in 1827, and in the 



same year published " Memoirs of Eminent Persons," 
etc. Mr. Hall also published in Baltimore in 1809 
" The Practice and Jurisdiction of the Court of Ad- 
miralty," an English edition of Emerigon on mari- 
time loans, in 1811, and other fine literary works. 

William Gwynn, the presiding genius of the Tus- 
culum and the Delphian Club, was a literary man, and 
the cause of literature in others. He was born in 
Ireland, but came to Baltimore at an early period, 
and became editor of the Federal Gazette, subse- 
quently known as the Baltimore Gazette, and after- 
wards merged in The Patriot. He was a man of wit 
and genial temper, and his house was the headquar- 
ters of the literati, the artists, actors, and Bohemians 
of the time extending from about 1815 to 1830. About 
that time the improvements of that part of tow^n shut 
in and hid the Tusculum, and converted Bank Lane 
into a malodorous alley. Its owner full into financial 
embarrassment.s, and it was sold by his creditors. A 
subscription was taken up for Gwynn's bcm-lit, and 
he died in August, 1854, aged seventy-nine years. 

William Wirt, the great advocate, was also one of 
the habitues of the Tusculum. He was born at Bla- 
densburg in 1772, and spent the earlier part of his 
professional life in Virginia. It was in Richmond 
that he wrote " The British Spy." It was as an ora- 
tor, however, rather than as a novelist that his fame 
was established. This was the great speech in the 
trial of Aaron Burr. In 1817, while still in Rich- 
mond, he wrote the "Life of Patrick Henry." It was 
not until he had closed his literary activity that he 
came back to his native State and settled in Balti- 
more, in 1830. 

But by far the most brilliant of that group who 
were young men in 1820 was Edward Coate Pinkney, 
already mentioned in the sketch of John Neal. He 
was born in London in 1802, while his father was min- 
ister at the Court of St. James, and lived there until 
his ninth year. Soon after the return of the family 
to Baltimore, in 1811, he entered St. Mary's College, 
and remained in that institution until 1816, when he 
was appointed a midshipman in the United States 
navy. He remained in the service until his twenty- 
second year, and then resigned, studied hiw, and was 
admitted a member of the Baltimore bar in 1824, and 
during the same year was married to a daughter of 
Marcus McCausland. In 1826 he was chosen Profes- 
sor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres in the Maryland 
University. His voyages had, however, given him 
abundant opportunities of seeing the world, particu- 
larly the ports of the Mediterranean. His close ob- 
servation of men and of nature show themselves in 
his writings. His poems attracted attention in the 
Old World. Though his first volume of poems ap- 
peared in 1825, they were marked not only by fire and 
imagination, but by refinement and finish. It was 
very favorably discussed in the North American Re- 
view, and a few years afterwards a request was for- 
' warded to him from London, asking that his minia- 



LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 



645 



ture might be taken to be engraved in a volume 
entitled " The Five Best Poets of America." He, how- 
ever, for the while abjured poetry and devoted him- 
self to the law, but poetry rather repelled than won 
clients, and his practice was not very successful. So 
much discouraged did lie become that he abandoned 
the law and applied for a commission in the Mexican 
navy, but failed to obtain it. He returned to Balti- 
more broken in health and hope, and again attempted 
the practice of the law, yet again failed. His bodily 
infirmities gained upon him, his ambition failed. 
Poetry, which had been his pleasure in youth, became 
his solace in his decline. His life at this epoch could 
hardly be so well depicted as in his own exquisitely 
pathetic lines, — 

" A sense it was that I could see 

My angel leave nij' side, 
That hencefortli my prosperity 

Mnst be a faUing tide; 
A strange and ominous belief. 
That in spring'tinie the yellnw leaf 

Had fiilleii un my houre, 
And that all hope mnst be most vain 
Of finding on my path again 

Its former vanished flowers." 

In 1827 he wa.s chosen as editor of The Mnri/lander. 
He showed the highest capacity for journalism, and 
had his lie.ilth permitted would doubtless have made 
his mark in this field. But a complication of diseases 
unfitted him for protracted effort, and his sensitive 
frame gave way. He died slowly, — as he said, by 
"piece-meal," — the loss of breath being only the 
last state of a long death. He was only twenty-six 
years old when he died, April 11, 1828. His nature 
was highly strung and chivalrous, and he had the 
temperament as well as the genius of the true 
poet. Edgar Poe rated him first among American 
poets, and some of his contemporaries declared that 
he was equal to Lord Byron. 

Charles, another gifted son of the celebrated Wil- 
liam Pinkney, died on March 25, 1835, while editing 
a Washington paper. He also inherited the enlarged 
views and chivalrous spirit of his father, and possessed 
a mind ennobled by every virtue that adorns a man. 
His cultivated talents shed a lustre on the diplomatic 
character of our country while abroad, and his talents 
as an editor were of the highest order. He left an 
affectionate wife and a large circle of friends and ad- 
mirers. 

Frederick Pinkney, the fourth son of William, and 
the younger brother of Edward Coate Pinkney, 
though known chiefly as a learned lawyer, was also a 
poet and a finished classical scholar. He was born 
on the 14th of October, 1804, at sea, on the coast of 
America, on the passage home from England, where 
his father had been residing as commissioner under 
the Jay treaty. In 1806 he returned to England with 
his parents, and remained abroad until 1810, when he 
returned to Baltimore and received his scholarly edu- 
cation. In 1816 he accompanied his father on his 



successive missions to the Courts of Naples and of 
Russia. In 1825 he was admitted to the Baltimore 
bar, and in 1827-28 was associated with his brother 
Edward in editing The Marylander. At one time he 
was associated in the practice of the law with William 
Schley, and for many years was one of the commis- 
sioners of the High Court of Chancery, and after the 
abolition of that court and the establishment of the 
local Courts of Equity he was one of the commission- 
ers of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, which office 
he held at the time of his death. He was identified 
with the Criminal Court of Baltimore City for over 
thirty years, first as deputy attorney-general under 
Mr. Richardson, then as deputy State's attorney 
under the successive State's attorneys. At his death 
the Baltimore Sun said, " He was perhaps the most 
learned man in the State. . . . His knowledge of 
criminal law excelled that of every contemporary, and 
his criminal pleadings were the wonder of bench 
and bar. He read everything that came in his way, 
from the Police Gazette to the best known of the an- 
cient writers. His talent for drawing was consider- 
able, and for caricature it was remarkable. He was 
skilled in the art of engineering, and he was a beau- 
tiful poet." Mr. Pinkney published but little of his 
poetry, probably deterred by the unhappy literary 
fate of his brilliant brother ; but all that he wrote had 
melodious flow, a refinement of literary workmanship, 
and a purity that gave them the stamp of high merit. 
He was very fond of taking dainty bits from the lesser 
Greek poets and translating them iuto pure and grace- 
ful English. It was, however, by his critical faculty 
that he exerted the greatest influence on the literary 
taste of his day. He printed but little, and his poems 
in manuscript were seen only by a limited circle. 
But he was one of the recognized authorities on all 
subjects of scholarly culture. In later life he wore 
his beard very long and white, and walked always 
with his head bowed down, as if in profound thought. 
He died at the residence of John E. Owens, in Balti- 
I more County, on June 13, 1873. 

The sad life of Edgar A. Poe is inseparably bound 
up with the history of Baltimore. Here his father, 
while a law student with William Gwynn, married 
Elizabeth Arnold, the pretty English actress ; it was 
here that he began his career as a man of letters, and 
it was here that, after his unhappy life was wrecked, 
Fate brought him to die. A monument covers his 
grave in Westminster churchyard, at the southeast 
corner of Greene and Fayette Streets. His recent 
biographers have rescued his memory from the load 
of calumny that for a quarter of a century passed for 
history, and all that needs to be given here is that part 
of his life which is entwined with the literary recol- 
lections of this city. 

After the severance of his relations with Mr. Allen, 
of Richmond, Poe determined to live by his pen. A 
prize was oflered by the Saturday Visitor, a weekly 
literary paper then published in this city by John 



646 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



H. Hewitt, of one hundred dollars for the best story, 
and fifty dollars for the best poem. Poe competed 
for both. The .judge.s appointed were John P. Ken- 
nedy, John H. B. Latrobe, and James H. Miller, i 
The committee had no difficulty in awarding the first 1 
prize to Poe for the " Manuscript found in a Bottle." 
There was a hesitation as to the jjoem, the committee, 
however, deciding against Poe and in favor of John 
H. Hewitt. The genius shown in these works won 
for Poe the valuable friend.ship and esteem of John 
P. Kennedy, through whose kind offices Poe obtained 
regular employment on the Southern Literanj Mes- 
senger, in Richmond. Thence he was drawn to the 
greater attractions of New York and Philadelphia. 
His death in this city was harrowingly sad. Arriving 
in this city from Philadelphia, he met a friend at the 
depot who invited him to drink. He accepted, and the 
single glass bewildered his mind. He was while in this 
condition captured by a party of political roughs and 
"cooped," — that is, drugged to insensibility, — and then 
carried from ward to ward and voted at the election. 
The drugs, the rough handling, and the exposure were 
fatal to him. He was carried in an unconscious con- 
dition to the hospital on Broadway, west of Baltimore 
Street, where be died on Oct. 7, 1849. In November, 
1875, the handsome gravestone which now covers his 
grave was erected with much ceremony. On one side 
is sculptured a portrait of Poe, on the other the raven 
and other suggestions from his poems. 

William Henry Poe, elder brother of Edgar Poe, 
was, after the death of his parents in Richmond, 
adopted by David Poe, of Baltimore. He early 
showed the same strong bent towards poetry that de- 
termined the career of Edgar, and but for his "irreg- 
ular habits" and early death he might have achieved 
greatness. Some of his poems, contributed to the 
Minerva, then edited by John H. Hewitt, have the 
promise that marked the early works of his more 
famous brother. His life has an additional interest 
in the fact that some of the irregularities attributed 
by Griswold to Edgar Poe are chargeable against 
William Henry. Among these may be mentioned 
the alleged adventures in St. Petersburg. Edgar Poe 
never was in Russia, while his brother William did 
go there in one of his erratic fancies. He was a re- 
markably handsome man, and hi.s early death is at- 
tributable to the headlong propensities which he in- 
herited from his father in a stronger degree than his 
brother Edgar. 

John H. Hewitt, whose name has already been 
mentioned in the sketches of Poe and others, came 
to Baltimore in 1829. He is the son of a musician, 
and early showed a leaning towards the profession of 
his father. In 1818 he entered West Point as a cadet, 
and was in the .same class as Gen. Walter Gwynn, 
Gen. Isaac Trimble, and John H. B. Latrobe. He 
resigned soon after completing his course in 1821, and 
went to South Carolina, where lie taught music, read 
law, and courted the inuse>. While there he wrote 



the words and the music of " The Minstrel's Return 
from the War," which achieved a sudden popularity, 
and was one of the mo.st admired ballads of the day. 
While in the fresh enjoyment of the prestige won by 
this song he came to Baltimore, in 1825, and began 
his literary and musical career by contributing to the 
various papers, and composing songs and ballads, 
which were received with great favor. He was also 
identified with several literary ventures, such as the 
Emerald, the Minerva, the Visitor. It was while he 
was editor of the Visitor that its proprietors offered 
the prizes for the best poem and the best story, which 
has already been related in the sketch of Edgar Poe. 
The prize for the poem was awarded to Mr. Hewitt 
by the committee, his " Song of the Winds" having 
been preferred to "The Coliseum," by Poe. Mr. 
Hewitt went South during the late civil war, and was 
in Richmond the greater part of the time, where he 
wrote a number of ballads, which were popular in 
camp, of which "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," is best 
known. He subsequently returned to Baltimore, 
where he still lives, hale and strong at the age of 
eighty years, one of the few links that still connect 
the old days of letters with the present. The most 
successful of his musical works were the oratorio of 
"Jephtha's Daughter," which he boldly composed, 
unawed by the fact that Handel had treated the same 
subject; "Flora's Festival," "The Seasons," and 
"The Fairy Bridal." "Jephtha's Daughter" was 
successful in Baltimore and Washington, and was 
produced in New York by the Sacred Musical 
Society, with two hundred voices and an orchestra of 
seventy instruments. Several of his dramas have 
been brought out on 'the boards with considerable 
success. Among them were the melodrama of " Rip 
Van Winkle," the military opera of the " Vivandiere," 
the comedy of the " Governess," and the allegorical 
drama of "Washington." Mr. Hewitt hjis been mar- 
ried twice. 

James Hungerford was bnrii of an old Maryland 
family, in Calvert County, Md., in 1814. His ances- 
try dates from the early colonial days of the Lord 
Proprietor. He was educated at Asbury College, and 
graduated with the highest honors. He read law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1835, but his health fail- 
ing, he was obliged to enter upon an active outdoor 
life, and he became an engineer in the surveys that 
were then carrying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
through the Allegheny Mountains. Recovering his 
health, he began the practice of law in Leonardstown 
in 1837, where he married Miss Emma Burbridge. 
He took charge of Franklin Seminary for boys in 
Baltimore, and subsequently was connected with the 
Franklin Academy at Reisterstown. He soon after 
started the Baltimore County Whiff. Later he be- 
came the editor of the Southern Home Journal, 
published in Baltimore by John Y. Slater. Not- 
withstanding this busy and varied life, Mr. Hunger- 
ford has been a [irolilic writer of fiction. Among 



LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 



647 



those best known are " The Old Plantation," a story 
of dramatic Southern life, published by the Harpers 
of New York ; " Master Heredon," a novel of Ameri- 
can life; "Leon Manor," " The Mystery of Eldan," 
" John Alvan Coe." These works were popular, and 
profitable to the author. Mr. Hungerford has also 
written some fine pieces of poetry and ballads. He 
is still living in Baltimore. 

Rufus Dawes, a native of Massachusetts, came to 
Baltimore about 1827 and began the practice of law. 
He had early shown a strong partiality for poetry 
and literature. He became the editor of the Emerald, 
a handsome quarto published by Benjamin Edes, and 
conducted it with ability ; yet the life of the Emerald 
was short. While editor of the Emerald he published 
a serial satirical poem in the verse of " Don Juan," 
which was much admired. The cessation of his edi- 
torial career caused the cessation of the satire. He 
had three brothers established in business on Hanover 
Street, and he withdrew from letters and applied him- 
self solely to the law. He was very witty and bril- 
liant in conversation, and left upon his contempo- 
raries an impression of genius which the published 
works hardly justify. He married in 1836 a daughter 
of Judge Cranch, and removed to Washington, where 
he became engrossed in the practice of law, and re- 
nounced literature. He published "Nashua, and 
Minor Poems" in 1830 ; " Athenia of Damascus," 
" Geraldine," and his miscellaneous poetical works in 
1839; and "Nick's Mate," a historical romance, in 
1840. He died in Washington City. 

One of the most eminent of Baltimore authors is 
George Henry Calvert, who was born in this city Jan. 
2, 1803, and graduated at Harvard University in 1823. 
His father was of the family of Lord Baltimore, and 
his motlier, a lineal descendant of the painter Rubens, 
was a native of Antwerp. After studying at Got- 
tingen, he edited for several years the Baltimore 
American. In 1832 he published " Illustrations of 
Phrenology," the first American treatise on the sub- 
ject; in 1833, "Life of Robert Barclay;" in 1836, 
metrical version of Schiller's " Don Carlos;" in 1840, 
a fragment on " Arnold and Andrfi," two cantos of 
"Cabiro," a poem, and "Count Julian," a tragedy; 
in 1845, a portion of the correspondence of Goethe 
and Schiller, and in 1846 and 1852 two series of 
" Scenes and Thoughts in Europe ;" in 1856, " An In- 
troduction to Social Science;" "The Gentleman," in 
1863 ; two additional cantos of " Cabiro," in 1864 ; 
a new edition of his "Scenes and Thoughts in Eu- 
rope," in 1865 ; and " Comedies," in 1866 ; " Thoughts 
of Joseph Joubert, with a Biographical Notice." Since 
1843 he has resided at Newport, R. I., of which city 
he was mayor in 1853, and was the orator at the cele- 
bration of the fortieth anniversary of the battle of 
Lake Erie. He has contributed to the periodicals of 
the day, besides writing a number of addresses and 
other literary works. Mr. Calvert is a scholar of 
refined tastes and susceptibilities. 



Hugh Davy Evans, LL.D., was born in Baltimore 
in 1792, and died there July 16, 1868. As is stated in 
the chapter on the Baltimore bar, lie ranked with the 
best lawyers of his day. He was the author of " Es- 
say on Pleading," published in 1827 ; " Maryland Com- 
mon Law Practice," in 1839; "Essay to Prove the 
Validity of Anglican Ordinations," in 1844; "Essay 
on the Episcopate," in 1855. He also edited and con- 
tributed to several Episcopal journals and periodicals, 
among them The ('hurch Thnex, in 1852; The Monitor, 
in 1858 ; and The True Catholic. David Hoffman, an- 
other eminent author and lawyer, is mentioned among 
the " Bar of Baltimore." 

Archbishop Patrick Kenrick, who succeeded Arch- 
bishop Eccleston in 1851, was a very eminent author of 
church literature. In 1828 he published " Letters of 
Omicron to Omega," in reply to Rev. Dr. Blackburn's 
attack on the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Eucha- 
rist. In 1839-40 he published "Theologia Dograa- 
tica," four volumes; in 1841-43, " Theologia Moralis," 
three volumes; in 1837, a series of letters "On the 
Primacy of the Holy See," subsequently enlarged and 
reprinted as "The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vin- 
dicated," in 1845 ; " Four Sermons Preached in the 
Cathedral at Bardstown," in 1829; "The Catholic 
Doctrine on Justification Explained and Vindicated," 
1841 ; "Treatise on Baptism," in 1843; "Vindication 
of the Catholic Church," in reply to Bishop Hop- 
kins ; " End of Controversy Controverted," in 1855. 
He also wrote the article " Roman Catholic Church" 
in Appleton's Cyclopaedia, and was before his death 
— in Baltimore, July 8, 1863 — engaged upon a revised 
English translation of the Bible, to .supersede the 
Douay version, and had already published the New 
Testament and several portions of the Old. 

Archbishop Martin John Spalding, who succeeded 
Archbishop Kenrick to the See of Baltimore, was 
known in the higher walks of literature as one of the 
ablest and most comprehensive writers in the Catholic 
Church. His literary style is vigorous, while there is 
such candor and moderation in its tone as is not 
always found in such books as he wrote. He was the 
author of " Miscellanies," published in 1855; "Early 
Catholic Missions of Kentucky," in 1844; "Lectures 
on the Evidences of Catholicity," in 1847 ; " Life of 
Rt. Rev. B. J. Flaget," in 1852; "History of the 
Protestant Reformation," in 1860. He also edited the 
Abbfi Daras' " History of the Catholic Church," four 
volumes, 1865-66. The most of his works have been 
revised and greatly enlarged and republished in sev- 
eral editions. He died Feb. 7, 1872. 

Rev. George W. Burnap, D.D., who was ordained 
pastor of the First Unitarian or Independent Church 
in Baltimore on April 23, 1828, as the successor of 
Jared Sparks, was one of the most prominent theolo- 
gians of his denomination, and among the most dis- 
tinguished men of letters of the South, contributing 
occasionally to the best reviews, magazines, and liter- 
ary journals, as well as to the daily press, and fre- 



648 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



quently delivered lectures in Baltimore, Charleston, 
Boston, and other cities, where he was highly esteemed. 
In 1835 he began authorship by publishing a volume 
of " Lectures on the Doctrines of Controversy between 
Unitarians and Other Denominations of Christians." 
In 1840 he published his " Lectures to Young Men," 
and in the same year, " Lectures on the Sphere and 
Duty of Woman ;" in 1842, " Lectures on the History 
of Christianity ;" in 1844, " Memoir of Leonard Cal- 
vert ;" in 1845, " Lectures on the Principal Texts of the 
Bible which Relate to the Doctrine of the Trinity ;" 
a volume of " Miscellanies" and a " Biography of 
Henry A. Ingalls," in 1845. He published a small work 
in 1848, entitled " Popular Objections to Unitarian 
Christianity Considered and Answered," and in 1850 
twenty discourses " On the Rectitude of Human Na- 
ture." In 1855 he published " Christianity, its Essence 
and Evidence," the most compendious statement of the 
biblical theology of the author's school of Unitarian- 
ism. On Dec. 20, 1853, be delivered a discourse at 
the eighth anniversary of the Maryland Historical So- 
ciety upon the " Origin and Causes of Democracy in 
America," which was published by the society in the 
following year. Dr. Burnap died suddenly on Sept. 
8, 1859, after a ministry in Baltimore of nearly thirty- 
two years. 

Martin J. Kerney, author and editor, was born in 
Frederick County in 1819, and after conducting an 
academy in Baltimore he became a lawyer, and con- 
tinued in practice till his death, on March 16, 1861. 
He was a member of the Legislature in 1852, and by 
his able advocacy of a bill which he introduced, 
providing for a division of the school fund to Cath- 
olic schools, he created considerable excitement 
and controversy at the time, which did much to 
strengthen the Know-Nothing party, wliirli was then 
coming into power. He edited ihc .lA//',y, ,,///,(« Mag- 
azine four years, compiled the ('allinlic Almanac for 
1860-61, and wrote a number of school-books, among 
them a " Compendium of Ancient and Modern His- 
tory" and "Catechism of the History of the United 
States." 

Dr. Jolin Shaw, a poet, was born at Annapolis, May 
4, 1778, but removed to Baltimore in 1807 and began 
the practice of medicine. He was a contributor to 
the Philadelphia Port-Folio, and after his death his 
poems, with a memoir containing extracts from his 
foreign correspondence and journals, were published in 
1810. He died Jan. 9, 1809. 

Robert Walsh, LL.D., was born in Baltimore in 
1784 of Irish parentage, studied at St. Mary's College, 
Baltimore, and Georgetown, and completed his col- 
legiate education in Europe. Returning from a visit 
to Europe in 1808, he studied law under Robert Good- 
loe Harper, marrieil, and began practice, but owing in 
part to deafness he abandoned the law for literature. 
In 1811 he commenced the publication of the first 
quarterly in the United States, The American Review of 
Jlintory and Politics, which he continued for two years. 



In 1813 he published his " Correspondence with R. 6. 
Harper respecting Russia," and "Essay on the Future 
State of Europe." He also furnished several biograph- 
ical prefaces to an edition of the English poets then 
being published in Philadelphia. In 1817-18 he edited 
the American Register, ])ublished a biogra|)hy of Frank- 
lin in Delaplaine's " Repository" in 1818, and in 1819 
he wrote the best defense of the country against the as- 
saults of the British Tories that had ever been penned, 
entitled "An Appeal from the Judgments of Great 
Britain respecting the United States." In the same 
year, as a recognition of his literary talents, Harvard 
University conferred upon him the honorary degree 
of LL.D. In 1820 he published the National Gazette, 
with which he was connected till 1836. He also edited 
the American Mugazvie of Foreign Literature, but re- 
suscitated his American Review in March, 1827, con- 
tinuing it with great ability ten years. In 1836 he 
publi.shed two volumes of " Didactics," and about the 
same time went to Europe, where he spent the residue 
of his life, and was in 1845-51 United States consul 
at Paris, and there became the best foreign corres- 
pondent (writing for the National Intelligencer and the 
New York Journal of Commerce) that American news- 
papers ever had. For the " Encyclopjedia Ameri- 
cana," edited by Dr. F. Lieber, he furnished the arti- 
cles on American biography. He was member of the 
Philosophical Society and the Royal Spanish Academy 
of History. He died in Paris, Feb. 7, 1859. 

John H. Alexander, LL.D., chemist, physicist, and 
poet, was born at Annapolis in 1812, and after taking 
his degree at college studied law, but did not prose- 
cute it. He removed to Baltimore early in life, and 
chose the path of science and literature, in which he 
acquired deathless fame. He was a i)rofound nuithe- 
matician, a most thorough linguist, an accomplished 
theologian, a poet, a ripe and varied scholar, a labor- 
ious and successful writer, and a punctual man of 
business. He possessed every quality of mind that con- 
stitutes true mental greatness,— judgment, memory, 
imagination, quickness of comprehension, an indus- 
try that never flagged, and a system that nothing dis- 
turbed. He commenced his professional life as an 
engineer on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad. 
He was then appointed topographical engineer of the 
State, and made the surveys for a new map of Mary- 
land, and afterwards served as commissioner to report 
on the standard of wfeights and measures, in which he 
prepared an elaborate report. In 1857 he was com- 
missioner to England on international coinage, and 
in the summer of 1866 was appointed by President 
Johnson a commissioner to the Paris Exhibition, but 
was taken fatally ill just before he was about to set 
sail. He had held many positions of honor and trust, 
and was the most learned man in America on the 
subject of weights and measures and coins. His friend 
and biographer. Bishop Wra. Pinkney, says of him, — 

" As a scholar, it is with more caimbility of appreciation I can speak 
of tliui, A ilt'bniist, deeply versed ia Greek and Latin, as deeply skillod 



LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 



G49 



in modern tongues, ho waa without question tlie first linguist of this 
hemisphere. He wrote Latin as readily as he wrote English, witli the 
same beautiful command of words and skill iu construction. Wheit go- 
ing aliroad he prepared his passports in seven different languages, and 
for penmanship and Altic purity they were splendid specimens, w.irthy 
of the most accomplished masters iu either. It was really wonderful to 
see with what facility he could dash off at a sitting Latin veree as flu- 
ently as though it were his native tongue, and he a poet of the fair Ital- 
ian clime. He was as exact as lie was varied in his gift of tongues. He 
understood the niles of grammar, the principles of construction, the 
philology of words, and consequently he was never betrayed into an 
error of either interpretation or constniction. His life, though one of 
intense activity, was for the most part spent In retirement, and to that is 
attributable the fact that but comparatively few knew who he was or 
what he was. But to the world of science he was well known, and to the 
more prominent statesmen of the country. The coast surveys were 
submitted to his inspection, and all disputed questions of geography were 
referred to him for settlement. On the questions of coinage, which have 
of late exercised many of the Enropean governments, he was probably the 
best-informed man in the country. He went abroad, and was brought into 
close contact with the masters of the mintin England. The triumphs of 
his genius were signally displayed befure the Committee on Foreign Rela- 
tions on the Federal currency. They sent for him to explain it to them, 
avowing their ignorance of it and their impression that it was of little prac- 
tical importance. Without preparalion, he gave them an extended and 
lucid exposition, and soou convinced them that it was of vital concern- 
ment to the conmiercial interests of the country. He was consulted by 
the Secretary of the Treasury on the finances, and was about to be placed 
at the bead of the mint in Philadelphia when death closed his career." 

Prof. Alexander in 1838 published a " Treatise on 
Levelling;" in 1839, " Treatise on Mathematical In- 
struments used in Surveying, Levelling, and Astron- 
omy ;" in 1840, "Contributions to a History of the 
Metallurgy of Iron;" in 1842, "Contributions, etc.;" 
in 1844, " Introits, or Anti-Communion Psalms for 
the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year ;" 
1846, " Report on Standard cf Weights and Measures 
for the State of Maryland ;" in 1856, " Universal 
Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and 
Modern ;" " Catena Domica ;" " Reports on the New 
Map of Maryland ;" " Annual from 1838 to 1840 ;" 
" Index to Maryland Papers ;" besides various papers 
published in the scientific journals of America, Eng- 
land, France, and Germany. He also left in manu- 
script " A Dictionary of English Surnames," twelve 
volumes ; " Ancient Roman Surnames," one volume ; 
" Greek Onomatology," one volume ; " A Dictionary 
of the Language of the Lenni-Lenape, or Delaware 
Indians," quarto; "A Concordance and Analytic In- 
dex of the Book of Common Prayer," two volumes; 
" A Handy Book of Parliamentary Practice," octavo ; 
"The Hymns of Martin Luther, Translated into 
English, with Notes," octavo ; " Suspiria Sanctorum," 
octavo; " Introitus, sive Psalm! Davidici," octavo. 

Prof. Alexander died in Baltimore on March 2, 
1867, and in accordance with his wishes his burial, 
like Sir John Moore's, took place a{ midnight on the 
4lh, at St. Paul's Cemetery, on the corner of Fremont 
and German Streets. The .scene at the burial was of 
an exceedingly solemn character; the intense dark- 
ness, the late hour, the lurid torches illuminating the 
faces of the attendants, and the solemn ritual for the 
dead all adding to the impressive eflect. 

In 1839 was published the "Baltimore Book," 
which groups together the literary men of that epoch, 



just as the Delphian Club had grouped those of a 
score of years earlier. It was a book gotten up for a 
Christmas present, and was one of the earliest ven- 
tures in the publication of "holiday" books, which 
has since grown to such large proportions. It was 
edited by William H. Carpenter and T. S. Arthur, 
and was published by Bayley & Burns, of Baltimore, 
and was embellished with steel engravings of Balti- 
more workmanship. The printers, as distinguished 
from the publishers, were Murphy & Spalding, at 
No. 1 Light Street. Among the contributors to the 
volume were Edgar A. Poe, Nathan C. Brooks, W. 
Henry Carpenter, S. Teackle Wallis, T. S. Arthur, J. 
N. McJilton, J. Saurin Norris, John G. Morris, Miss 
H. L. Beasley, J. H. Hewitt, E. Yates Reese, Andrew 
Adgate Lipscomb, Mrs. Anna Dorsey, and T. C. At- 
kinson. 

William Henry Carpenter, the chief editor of this 
volume, and one of its largest contributors, and who 
has been ever since that time an author and jour- 
nalist, is now the senior editorial writer of the Balti- 
more Sim. He was then a young man, a poet and 
writer of history and fiction. Several of the un- 
signed articles of the " Baltimore Book" appear to be 
from his graceful pen ; but the poem " To lanthe" 
and the verses on " Love" bear his signature. " The 
Merchant's Daughter" is a short story of city life by 
the same hand. 

Mr. Carpenter was born in London on the 6th of 
February, 1814. His lather, Win. Carpenter, was of 
a Hampshire family of the yeoman class, and was 
an extensive cloth merchant of London. He was a 
large exporter of broadcloths to America, and his 
house was the resort of prominent American buyers. 
His son's education was received at Shaftsbury Acad- 
emy, "London, which was conducted by Mr. Groome, 
a famous Oxford scholar and mathematician. Young 
Carpenter, however, left the academy before gradu- 
ating, and in 1831 came to Baltimore, where he en- 
tered the cloth-importing house of John Gibson & 
Co., and subsequently was connected with that of 
Bowen, Sellers & Co., of this city. 

Mr. Carpenter early displayed a taste for literature, 
and in 1836-87, in addition to his mercantile duties^ 
he became dramatic critic for the Evening Transcript. 
He soon became also a frequent contributor to the 
Athcnceum, the Monument, Western Continent, New 
York Mirror, and various other journals and maga- 
zines. In conjunction with T. S. Arthur, he edited 
the " Baltimore Book," and wrote for the Western 
Continent a series of colonial sketches entitled " Ro- 
mance of American History," together with many 
ballads and lyrics. In 1840 he removed from Balti- 
more, in consequence of ill health, and purchased 
a farm near Catonsville, Baltimore Co., where he 
devoted himself principally to literary labors. Be- 
sides sketches for the press and contributions to 
magazines, he wrote at this period his first novel, 
"Claiborne the Rebel," founded on events in Ameri- 



650 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



can history, which was soon followed by the novel- 
ette entitled " The Regicide's Daughter," published 
by Lippincott & Co., " Ruth Enisley, a Story of the I 
Virginia Ma.ssacre," and "John the Bold," founded 
on an event in French history. His literary reputa- 
tion had by this time become fully established, and 
in connection with T. S. Arthur, he wrote for Lippin- 
cott & Co. eleven volumes of State histories, designed 
for schools and school libraries, and not long after- j 
wards a history of the operations of Gens. Taylor and 
AVool's divisions of the American armies in Mexico, 
which was published in Brooks' History of the Mex- 
ican War. About 1845, Mr. Carpenter became pro- 
prietor of the Western Continent, then edited by Park 
Benjamin, and associated with himself as a partner 
W. T. Thompson, author of "Major Jones' Court- 
ship." Soon after the sale of the Western Continent 
he became editor of the Baltimore Patriot, and in 
1858 purchased an interest in the Exchange, now the 
Gazette, of which he continued one of the editors and 
proprietors until December, 1875, when the paper 
was sold to William H. Welsh, and Mr. Carpenter 
became a member of the editorial staft" of the Stin, i 
with which he is still connecte,d. Mr. Carpenter pos- | 
sesses a graceful and attractive style, and as an edi- 
torial writer is forcible and impressive. His literary 
career, commencing in 1835, and extending without 
interruption to the present time, covers a period of 
forty-six years, and has been crowded with the fruits 
of constant intellectual effort. His long connection 
with the press of the State and the extent and char- 
acter of his literary work have given him a standing 
greatly to be envied but not easily attained. 

Timothy Shay Arthur, co-editor of the " Baltimore 
Book," was born in New York in 1809. While he 
was a youth his parents came to Baltimore td live, 
and here he was apprenticed to the trade of a tailor. 
But his talents for literature would not permit him to 
remain in this calling, and he soon renounced all of 
the goose except the quill. He began by writing ! 
poems for the poet's corner of the weeklies, but he 
soon developed a more decided faculty for moral tales, ! 
which were exceedingly popular at that time. His I 
first work was " Subordination," which brought him j 
quickly into notice. " Ten Nights in a Bar-Room" ' 
portrayed the evils of intemperance with remarkable I 
power. This was subsequently dramatized and made I 
a very impressive play. Among his later novels are I 
"Out in the World," "Nothing but Money," and 
" Our Neighbor." He did much towards encouraging I 
literary development in the city, and assisted in [ 
founding a number of literary publications, among t 
which may bo mentioned The Young Men's Paper, 
The Athenaeum, and the Monument. In connection 
with William H. Carpenter, he prepared a series of 
school histories of several of the States. He is a 
wholly self-educated man, having enjoyed in his early 
life but few educational advantages. He taught him- 
self by reading, observing, and liy working at poetry 



and stories of home-life. In 1841 he wjw induced to 
leave Baltimore and settle in Philadelphia, where he 
established Arthur's Home Journal, and where he still 
resides. He is now almost totally blind, but still is 
able to write by amanuensis the kind of articles that 
have made his magazine poi)ular. 

John N. McJilton was born in Baltimore in 1805, 
and died in New York, April 13, 1875. He was 
originally a cabinet-maker, but, like T. S. Arthur, he 
had talents that lifted him ahoye his vocation. He 
wrote a great deal for the journals of the day, his 
favorite nom de plume being "Giles McQuiggin." 
His style was racy but unstudied. He collected a 
number of his fugitive pieces, poems and stories, and 
published them in a volume under his own name, but 
this did not secure him very much fame. He tried to es- 
tablish a periodical called the Monument, which failed, 
as so many other efforts of the same kind had failed. 
He then studied for the ministry, and took orders in 
the Episcopal Church, and became a very able pulpit 
orator. He was called to a large church in New York 
City, and died while pjistor of it. At one time he was 
one of the editors of The Patriot, and at different 
times was editor of several semi-religious newspapers. 
One of his best-known poems was " Beech Hill," at 
that time the country residence of Robert Gilmor, on 
what was at that time the western limits of Saratoga 
Street. It describes a rural scene. "The Tomb of 
Bozzaris" was also much admired in its day. " Balti- 
more in the Olden Time" and " Romance of American 
History" show the author's bent towards the pic- 
turesque side of historical studies. He was also a 
critic and reviewer. 

Lucy Seymour was a very prolific writer of maga- 
zine poetry at that time, and a constant contributor to 
the Monument, Emerald, and Phoenix and Budget. It 
was, however, of an ephemeral nature, and had not 
the enduring qualities. She wrote poetry of the 
goody-goody sort, combining sentiment and piety. 
Miss E. H. Stockton, Mrs. Anna Dorsey, Mrs. Dr. 
Annan, and others were also poetesses of the epoch. 
One of the pronounced literary Bohemians of the 
time was "The Milford Bard," for so he always 
called himself. He had on one occasion a poetry 
match with Edgar A. Poe on a wager, in which the 
Bard was victorious, having written the greatest 
quantity of verse in the stated time. The difference 
in quality was not taken in account, so Poe lost the 
whimsical wager. The Bard suffered from some of 
the infirmities of poetic genius, and was irregular in 
his ways of life., Brantz Mayer, Jame.s Hungerford, 
David Creamer, William H. Carpenter, J. H. Hewitt, 
and T. S. Arthur were among the frequent contribu- 
tors to the magazines in and about 1837, '38, and '39. 

One of the ablest of the writers whose names are to 
be found in the " Baltimore Book" was Brantz Mayer. 
He was born in Baltimore on the 27th of September, 
1809, and was educated at St. Mary's College, and 
by private instruction. After finishing his education 



LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 



651 



he traveled extensively in Europe and in the East as 
far as China and the islands of the Indian Sea. On 
his return he engaged in the practice of the law until 
1841, when he was appointed Secretary of Lega- 
tion to Mexico. He was recalled from Mexico by the 
death of his father, Christian Mayer, a prominent 
merchant of Baltimore. He resumed law practice, 
but became a literary worker also, and for a while 
edited the Baltimore American. He published 
" Mexico as it Was and as it Is ;" " Journal of Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton during his journey to Canada in 
1775 ;" " Mexico : Aztec, Spanish, and Republican ;" 
"Captain Canot, or Twenty Years of the Life of an 
African Slaver;" "Observations on Mexican His- 
tory;" "Mexican Antiquities;" " Tahgahjnte, or 
Logan, the Indian, and Captain Michael Cresap ;" 
and "A Memoir of Jared Sparks." Besides these 
■valuable books, he contributed largely to the periodi- 
cal press, daily, monthly, and quarterly, of the Union, 
to the extent of two additional volumes of miscella- 
neous articles, addresses, and speeches. He was one 
of the founders of the Maryland Historical Society, 
and upon the death of Gen. John Spear Smith, its 
first president, he was very properly elected his suc- 
cessor, and contributed largely to the interests and 
possessions of the society. 

He was president of the old Baltimore Library Com- 
pany, and upon the inauguration of the Athenoeum 
Building, the home of the Library Company, the His- 
torical Society, and the Mercantile Library Associa- 
tion, in October, 1848, he delivered the inaugural ad- 
dress, which was afterwards published. He was one 
of the chosen executors of the estate of John Mc- 
Donogh, of New Orleans, and subsequently appointed 
one of the commissioners of Baltimore City to manage 
and liquidate the city's share of the eccentric million- 
aire's property. In 1861, '62, '63 he was president of 
the Union State Central Committee of Maryland, a 
position he maintained until he was appointed a pay- 
master in the United States army. In 1875, having 
passed the age of sixty-two years, he was retired from 
the army, and returned to his residence in Baltimore. 
He was also one of the United States Centennial 
Commissioners in 1876. Mr. Mayer's writings are easy 
and graceful, and show that he was a close observer 
and thinker. He was a scholarly man of the world, 
and died Feb. 23, 1879, at the ripe age of seventy 
years. 

Dr. A. Snowden Piggott, a graduate of the Univer- 
sity of Virginia, and a chemist of distinguished abili- 
ties, was also an accomplished belles-lettres scholar 
and a brilliant magazine writer. He was best known, 
however, as a man of science, and was a contributor 
to technical periodicals on subjects of physics and 
chemistry. He was born in 1822, and died suddenly 
in Virginia in 1869. He was Professor of Anatomy 
and Physiology in Washington Medical College, and 
of Chemistry in Maryland Institute, Baltimore. He 
published in 1854 " Chemistry and Metallurgy as Ap- 



plied to Dental Surgery," "The Chemistry and Met- 
allurgy of Copper" in 1858, and was co-editor of the 
Americnn Journal of Dental Science, and contributed 
to the best magazines of the day. 

Dr. J. E. Snodgrass combined literature with the 
practice of medicine. He was connected with various 
magazines, and was the editor of one of them. His 
" Ode to My Spring Lancet," published in 1837, shows 
his pride in both professions. At his death, which 
took place in Virginia in 1880, he left a bundle of un- 
published letters from Edgar A. Poe. Among these 
was a note from a printer named Walker, which 
showed that Poe had sent for Snodgrass in his distress 
a few days before his death. It appears thus that 
Poe had been able to communicate the fact that he 
was ill, and to send for his friend, and this goes far to 
contradict the received stories of his death. He was 
already suffering with the brain disease that carried 
him oft' at a time that it was supposed to be intoxica- 
tion. 

Rev. Edward Yates Reese, at one time editor of the 
Methodist Protestant, wrote poetry and romance for 
the magazines, but a sketch of him will be found 
under the head of the newspaper with which he was 
associated. Miss Medina, subsequently Mrs. Ham- 
blin, was a clever contributor to the Saturday Visitor 
and other periodicals. She also wrote two dramas. 
Miss Buchanan wrote also for these publications, her 
most admired work being " The Glen of the Butter- 
flies." Fanny Wright, a strong-minded woman, con- 
tributed to the columns of several of the Baltimore 
journals in 1834, and delivered several lectures. 

Park Benjamin, who has given many pieces both 
in prose and verse to the world, was born in 1809, and 
came to Baltimore and projected in 1846 the Western 
Continent, a.week]y literary paper, which he continued 
for several years. He was connected editorially with 
the American Monthly Magazine, and for several years 
published The Wurld, a literary journal in New 
York, with Epes Sergeant and Rufus W. Griswold. 
At one time be was connected with Horace Greeley 
in the publication of the New Yorker. He died in 
New York, Sept. 12, 1864. 

R. Horace Pratt was a practical printer, editor, 
poet, and composer of ballads. His poetry was smooth 
and flowing, and as a ballad-writer he scarcely had 
his equal in this country. In epigram or satiric verse 
he was particularly happy, and many of his hits are 
repeated to this day. 

Charles Loran, for a long time connected with the 
press of Baltimore, but afterwards a clerk in one of 
the government departments at Washington, died in 
the latter city May 2, 1857, in the forty-sixth year of 
his age. Mr. Loran was the author of several poetic 
effusions of merit. He was also a member of the 
First Branch of the City Council during his resi- 
dence in this city, and an active politician. 

George L. L. Davis, a member of the Baltimore bar, 
■died in this citv Dec. 24, 1869. Mr. Davis was at one 



652 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



time librarian of the Law Library, and was conspicu- 
ous for iiis literary and historical research. He paid 
great attention to tlie early reminiscences and records 
of Maryland, and had collected, collated, and pre- 
served much that was of value and interest, some of 
which has been published. He died during the vaca- 
tion of the courts. Upon their convening, proper notice 
of his death and an adjournment of the courts were 
made in respect to his memory. In the City Court 
Levin Gale, in announcing his death, spoke of him as 
a gentleman and scholar who formed a marked con- 
trast and exception to what, the speaker regretted to 
say, is now fashionable. He said the deceased " was 
not a utilitarian ; on the contrary, his life was a protest 
against the mercenary views which now so generally 
prevail among us." Mr. Gale added that Mr. Davis 
had "an excellent knowledge of his profession, large 
attainment in scholastic learning, and notwithstand- 
ing his eccentricities a gentle and loving heart. 
Maryland owes to him a debt of gratitude for the es- 
tablishment of her historical fame, and especially as 
being the pioneer of religious toleration in this coun- 
try." His remains were interred at Frederick, Md. 

John P. Kennedy, LL.D., was born on the 25th of 
October, 1795, in Baltimore, where his father, William 
Kennedy, was then a prosperous merchant, and died 
at Newport on the 18th of August, 1870. He was the 
eldest of four children, Hon. Anthony Kennedy, of 
Baltimore County, being the youngest. His father was 
a native of Ireland, who had emigrated to America 
with his brothers while still a boy, and his mother, 
who lived to see her son famous in the world and 
crowned with political honors, was a daughter of 
Philip Pendleton, of Berkeley County, Va., of a fam- 
ily in which talent and worth seem to be a common 
inheritance. After graduating at Baltimore College 
in 1812, Mr. Kennedy enlisted as a volunteer in the 
ranks of the war of 1812-14, and took part in the 
battles of Bladensburg and North Point, serving as a 
member of Capt. Warfield's company of Maryland 
militia.' 

Adopting the law as his profession, he pursued his 
studies under the celebrated William Wirt, and in 
1816 was admitted to the bar of Baltimore, which 
was then illuminated by rare constellations of legal 
talent, in which Pinkney, Wirt, and Taney shone- 
with especial brilliancy. His literary tastes, however, 
soon manifested themselves, and in 1818, in conjunc- 
tion with Peter Hoffman Cruse, he became joint editor 
of a fortnightly serial called The, Red Book, the publi- 
cation of which was continued for two years, and 
which was afterwards collected into two volumes. In 
1820 he was elected to the Maryland House of Dele- 
gates, and speedily won recognition as a member of 



• The bounty land-warrant awanled for tliis service was iseued to liim 
in Hay, IMT, and ihe property mm licquentheU in Ilia will to "my young 
cousin, Nathaniel Pendleton, son of Boyd Pendleton, of MartiusUnrn, a 
fine, gallant Iwy, who rendered a most Important service to Gen. Kelly 
at the time of Lee's invasion of Berkeley." 



unusual promise and ability. In 1823 he accepted an 
appointment from President Monroe as Secretary of 
Legation to Chili, but afterwards declined the position 
because of its merely nominal duties. He continued, 
however, warmly interested in public affairs, and found 
time in the midst of professional work for the prepara- 
tion of a number of political essays, which were re- 
garded as exceedingly valuable contributions to the 
political literature of the day, and which may still be 
read with profit. His masterly reply to Mr. Cambre- 
leng's famous Report on Commerce and Manufactures, 
though written in 1830, has a practical value and in- 
terest even at the present time, and in spite of the 
lapse of years is as complete and convincing a pre- 
sentation of his side of the question as has yet been 
made. 

In 1832 the literary talent which had been kept so 
long in abeyance upon the more exciting calls of poli- 

j tics and the more serious duties of his profession 
found voice in the novel of "Swallow Barn, or a So- 

[ journ in the Old Dominion," and continued in the 

1 ascendant until he was recalled to the arena of public 
life. His second novel, " Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale 
of the Tory Ascendency," was published in 1835, and 
was followed in 1838 by "Rob of the Bowl, a Legend 
of St. Inig<ics," and in 1840 by a volume entitled "The 
Annals of Quodlibet." 

In 1838 he was chosen to represent Baltimore in 
the Lower House of Congress, and was re-elected in 
1841 and 1843. He rendered valuable and important 
service in this new sphere, both upon the floor of the 
House and in committee, and was the author of several 
reports which attained a national celebrity, among 
others, of one on the " Commerce and Navigation of 
the United States," and another on the " Warehouse 
System." He also gave able and eflicient support to 

j the effort made by Mr. Morse to secure the appropri- 
ation for his experiments with the magnetic telegraph, 
and the necessary legislation was secured largely 
through his influence. 

In 1844 he published a volume entitled "A Defense 
of the Whigs," which, says Mr. Winthrop, "became 
almost a hand-book of politicians, and which con- 
tains an admirable vindication of the party with 
which he was always connected as long as it existed. 
But that party had but a precarious and fitful su- 
premacy in Baltimore, and at the next election, in 
1845, he failed of a majority, and was never again 
returned to Congress." Nevertheless, in the following 
year he was elected to the Maryland House of Dele- 
gates, of which he was made Speaker, and where he 
took an active part in the measure which was then 
adopted to resume the payment of the State debt and 
effect the restoration of the public credit. 

Retiring quietly to private life, he resumed the 
labors which he loved so well, and in 1849 published 
a biography of William Wirt, which was worthy both 
of the writer and the subject, and which, in its ad- 
mirable simplicity and excellence, is a notable excep- 




.y^'^.n '.J^^/te^,^^ e fl<. 



rew TOFE . e.B FHTSiW S, s OFE 



LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN. 



tion to Mr. Carlyle's caustic criticism that " a well- 
written life is almost as rare as a well-spent one." In 
1852, Mr. Kennedy was appointed Secretary of the 
Navy as the successor of Governor Graham, of North 
Carolina, and continued a member of the cabinet 
until March, 1853. In 1856 he was enlisted by Mr. 
Peabody as his chief adviser and assistant in the de- 
velopment and execution of his plans for the establish- 
ment of the Peabody Institute, and entered upon this 
service with a zeal and earnestness which were grate- 
fully appreciated and never forgotten by the founder 
of the noble charity. Speaking of his position upon 
the issues which divided the country in 1861, Hon. 
Kobert C. Winthrop says of him, — 

" Blr. Kennedy was never, 1 believe, an owner of slaves, nor even a 
supporter or apologist for slavery. But, on the other hand, he had uever 
co-operated or flympathized with the extreme Abolitionists of the North, 
and had always united in measures for securing to his own and the other 
Southern States the rights in regard to this institution which were ex- 
pressed or implied in the Constitution of the United States, as he under- 
stood its provisions. No Northern man, however, could have been more 
averee than he was to the extension of slavery into new territories. Pie 
was, moreover, a devoted lover of the Union, and held in abhorrence all 
ideas either of peaceable or forcible secession or nullification. Living 
in a Border State, where the personal and party feuds which preceded 
and followed the outbreak of the Rebellion were so violent and bitter, 
and upon which at one time it seemed as if the whole brunt of the battle 
might fall, his first hopes undoubtedly were, as were those of many of 
his friends farther North, that some arrangement or adjustment might 
be devised with a view to prevent the fratricidal strife and avert the full 
horrors of civil war. In this spirit he published a few weeks before the 
first fatal blow had been struck a pamphlet entitled ' The Border States, 
Their Power and Duty,' which presented the great questions before the 
country with boldness and signal ability, and appealed to the Border 
States to interpose, by some separate concerted action, for the settlement 
of all issues in dispute, and for the ultimate preservation of the Union." 

During the war he published in the National Intel- 
ligencer, under the nom de plume of " Paul. Ambrose," 
a series of letters, in which he discussed " the princi- 
ples and incidents of the Rebellion as these rose to 
view in the rapid transit of events," which were repub- 
lished in book-form in 1865 under his own name. 
This was his last completed literary work, and soon 
after its publication failing health demanded the ces- 
sation of labor and compelled a voyage to Europe. 
While abroad he was appointed by Mr. Seward as one 
of the United States commissioners at the Paris Ex- 
position, and in this capacity, as well as in connection 
with the select commission on the subject of a uniform 
decimal currency, rendered valuable service. Mr. 
Kennedy returned home in October, 1868, and made 
his last public appearance at a large Republican mass 
meeting in Baltimore, where he "made an earnest and 
eloquent appeal to the South to acquiesce cordially 
in the results of the war," and to unite "in that new 
pathway which "Providence has ordained to be the line 
of our future march to the highest destiny of nations." 
Mr. Kennedy left no children. His wife was a 
daugliter of Edward Gray, one of the worthiest and 
most respected merchants of Baltimore, and who was 
a particular friend of Washington Irving. 

In our limited space it is impossible to do justice to 
Mr. Kennedv either as a statesman or as an author. 



" In looking back on the life which has been thus 
rapidly sketched," says the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, 
in his appreciative tribute before the Massachusetts 
Historical Society, of which Mr. Kennedy was a cor- 
responding member, " and comparing his capacities 
for usefulness with his actual career, one cannot but 
feel how much has been lost to the best service of the 
country, in his case as in too many others, by the ac- 
cidents of politics and the caprices of parties. As a 
senator or as a diplomatist he would have done emi- 
nent honor to the nation at home or abroad, and he 
seemed particularly suited by his abilities, his accom- 
plishments, and his tastes for prolonged and continu- 
ous service in spheres like these. But it was not in 
his nature to seek them, and it was not his fortune 
to enjoy them. I may be pardoned for recalling in 
such a connection those striking lines of Coleridge : 

" ' How seldom, Friend, a good great man inherits 
Honor or wealth, with all his worth and pains! 

It sounds like stories from the world of spirits 

If any man obtain that which he merits. 
Or any merit that which he obtains.' " 

Though the " accidents of politics and the caprices 
of parties" did not allow him that fullness of oppor- 
tunity which is necessary to great and enduring 
achievements in the fields of diplomacy and states- 
manship, his whole public career was marked by a 
breadth of intellect, a comprehensiveness of mental 
grasp, and an enlightened and fervent patriotism that 
would have adorned the highest official spheres, and 
have left a deep impress for good upon the history of 
the country. But great as were Mr. Kennedy's talents 
and aptitude for public aifairs, his strongest inclina- 
tions were for literature, and it is dcmbtful whether 
he was not thankful to political fortune for the fickle- 
ness which enabled him to gratify his tastes in this 
direction. Certainly American literature has reason 
to rejoice that his genius found time and opportunity 
for expression in works whose charm and freshness 
are perennial, and which, in spite of such high au- 
thority as James Russell Lowell, have proved their 
"blue blood" and their title to a place in the aris- 
tocracy of merit to the full satisfaction of all true 
literary " heralds." 

But, as has been well said, " Mr. Kennedy, as a 
man, was greater and better than all his books. One 
certainly looks in vain in all that he wrote or did for 
the full measure of those gifts and acquirements of 
mind and heart, that learning and wisdom, that wit 
and humor, that whole-souled cordiality and gayety 
and kindness which shone out so conspicuously in 
daily intercourse. A truer friend or more charming 
companion has rarely been found or lost by those who 
have enjoyed the privilege of his companionship and 
friendship." 

" One could not be in his company for never so 
short a time," says Mr. Lowell, " without being 
touched by that gentle consideration for others which 
is the root of all good breeding. His courtesy was 



654 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



not the formal discipline of elegant manners. There [ 
was a sense of benefaction in it. Whoever came near 
him felt the friendly charm which his nature radiated, 
so that his very house seemed steeped in it and wel- 
comed you no less heartily than he." 

Such a combination of intellectual and moral qual- 
ities as met together in Mr. Kennedy are rarely 
found united. i 

In the words of his biographer and friend, Mr. 
Tuckerman, "the versatility of his usefulness and his 
sympathies may be inferred from the many and widely- 
distant associations that endear his memory. His j 
name gratefully designates a channel of the lonely 
Arctic Sea, and is identified with the initiative ex- ; 
periment which established the electric telegraph ; | 
with the opening of Japan to the commerce of the ! 
world ; with the exploration of the Amazon and the 
China Sea ; with the benefactions of Peabody and 
the loyalty of Maryland; with the cause of education 
and the old genial life of Virginia; with what is 
graceful and gracious in American letters, and useful 
and honorable in American statesmanship ; with the 
pleasures of society and the duties of patriotism; 
with the fondest recollections of friendship and the 
tenderest memories of domestic love." 

One of the oldest of Mr. Kennedy's friends has I 
said of him, "All wholesome, glad influences flowed 
out from his daily life, strong as the strongest of men 
and sw^eet as the sweetest of women. Such men as 
he, at once so genial and so intellectual, with a fasci- 
nation alike for young and old, ought never to die." 
And they do not. Such lives do not pass away with 
the mortal breath, but, infused into the very spirit and 
body of the times, pass to succeeding generations, a 
rich heritage in their wealth of moral worth and in- 
tellectual greatness. 

Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham, D.D., 
LL.D., late of the Protestant Episcopal Church of 
Maryland, was widely known both in this country 
and in Europe as a profound and accurate divine, an 
accomplished scholar, and a clear and forcible writer. 
He edited The Family VinHor, Children's Magazine, 
tlie Churchman, and also the " Parish Library," thir- 
teen volumes, a collection of standard works for 
families. At a later period Palmer's " Treatise on the 
Church" was issued under his supervision. He has 
also published occasional sermons. 

Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, S.T.D., secretary of the 
Diocesan Episcopal Convention, and corresponding 
secretary of the Maryland Historical Society, is a ' 
gentleman of fine literary attainments, and perhaps 
the ablest archieologist in the State. He has de- 
livered many addresses and discourses, and has edited 
" Narrative of a Voyage to Maryland," and " E.x- 
tracts from letters of Missionaries" in Maryland from ] 
1638 to 1677, Maryland Historical Society publica- | 
tions. 

Cornelius A. Logan, the poet and dramatist, was 
born in Raltimcire in 1800, and died in Cincinnati, 



Feb. 22, 1853. He was educated at St. Mary's Col- 
lege, and assisted Paul Allen in the editorial manage- 
ment of the Baltimore Chronicle. He next turned 
theatrical critic, and was afterwards a comedian. In 
1840 he removed to Cincinnati, and became a bold 
defender of the stage against pulpit attacks. He 
wrote many plays, among them " The Wag of Maine," 
in 1835 ; " The Wool-Dealer," a farce written for Dan 
Marble; "Yankee-Land," a comedy, in 1834; " Re- 
moving the Deposits;" "Astarte," an adaptation of 
Shelley's "Cenci;" and "A Hundred Yeara Hence." 
His poem, " The Mississippi," was copied in the Edin- 
burgh Review, with a handsome tribute to the author. 
His daughters, Eliza, Olive, and Cecilia, have achieved 
distinction on the stage. 

Rev. John Frederick Schroeder, clergyman and 
author, was born in Baltimore, of an old and distin- 
guished Baltimore family, on April 8, 1800, and died 
at Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1857. He studied at the 
Epi.scopal Theological Seminary at New Haven ; was 
admitted to Holy Orders in 182.3, and had charge of a 
parish on the Eastern Shore. Besides being a popu- 
lar preacher, he delivered a course of lectures on Ori- 
ental literature before the New York Athena>um ; con- 
tributed a treatise on the "Authenticity and Canonical 
Authority of the Scriptures of the Old Testament" and 
a treatise on the "Use of the Syriac Language" to a 
volumeof essays and dissertations on " Biblical Litera- 
ture," edited by himself; published a memorial volume 
on the death of Bishop Hobart in 1830. He published 
in 1855 " Maxims of Washington, Political, Social, 
Moral, and Religious ;" "Memoir of Mrs. Mary Anna 
Boardman, etc.," by her son-in-law, in 1849; and at 
the time of his death he was engaged on "The Life 
and Times of Washington," a serial work of two 
volumes, of which he lived only to complete four 
numbers. 

J. T. Heyen, poet and linguist, was a liberal con- 
tributor to many of the German and English literary 
journals of the United States. He was born in Jever, 
Oldenburg, Germany, March 2, 1810, and came to this 
country about 1831, and after engaging in mercantile 
pursuits, abandoned it for the more congenial pursuits 
of literature. For many years he filled a responsible 
position in the Baltimore post-office, and employed 
his leisure moments in the translation of his favorite 
German, French, Spanish, and Italian poets. His 
own poems are brilliant, and evince a beautiful com- 
mand of the English language, which he spoke with 
the most astonishing fluency. Among his best efforts 
was the poem entitled "The Suicide," published in 
the Baltimorean several years after his death, which 
occurred Dec. 22, 1875, in his sixty-fifth year. After 
leaving the i)ost-office he was appointed hy his brother- 
in-law, Col. Frederick Raine, a position on the edi- 
torial staff" of the Correspondent, where he remained 
until his death. 

Edward Leyh was for many years connected with 
the Correspondent, first as an editorial writer and after- 



LITERATUKE AND LITERARY MEN. 



wards as managing editor. Mr. Leyh's earliest news- 
paper experience in Baltimore was on the editorial 
staff of the Wecker, and he subsequently established 
the New Correspondent. He left the city in May, 1881, 
to accept the position of editor-in-chief of the West- 
liche Pod of St. Louis. As a terse, brilliant, and \ 
logical writer, Mr. Leyh has no superior on the Ger- 
man-American press. His information on political, 
historical, and scientific subjects is thorough and ac- 
curate. He corresponded with several of the leading 
papers of Berlin, including Die Gartenlaube. He has 
done much literary work, among it a translation into 
German of Joaquin Miller's poems that possesses all 
the fire and spirit of the original. The translation 
was published in Berlin, and has been greatly ad- ' 
mired and had an exten.sive sale in Germany. i 

Rev. John G. Morris, D.D., was born in York, Pa., | 
in 180.3, and graduated at Dickinson College in 1823. j 
He studied theology at Princeton College, and was j 
licensed as a preacher in the Lutheran Church in 
1826, and immediately called to Baltimore, where he | 
has remained until the present time. This learned 
divine and scientist, during his ministry in Baltimore, 
has published a number of addresses, theological 
treatises, and translations from the German. Among 
the most important of his works are " Popular Ex- ■ 
position of the Gospels," published in Baltimore in 
two volumes in 1840; "Life of John Arndt," in 1853; 
" The Blind Girl of Wirtenberg" and " Catharine De 
Bora," in 1856 ; " Martin Behaim," a discourse before I 
the Maryland Historical Society, in 1855 ; and " The 
Lords Baltimore," published by the same society in 
1874. Dr. Morris edited the Lutheran Observer in 
1831-32, and was co-editor of the " Year- Book of the 
Reformation" in 1844. He has devoted considerable 
attention to the natural sciences, particularly ento- 
mology, and has acquired considerable reputation as 1 
a lecturer before the Smithsonian Institute and other 
associations. He has written on the lepidoptera of 
North America, which was published in the Smith- 
sonian "Miscellaneous Collections." Upon the or- 
ganization of the Peabody Institute Library he was 
elected the first librarian, and made the first collec- 
tion of books for it. He was for many years pastor 
of the First Lutheran Church in Baltimore, and es- 
tablished a literary institute for young ladies at 
Lutherville, Baltimore County. 

S. Teackle Wallis, an eminent la\vyer, has made 
literature rather a recreation than a labor, but has 
nevertheless produced some work of a high grade. 
His oratory is elegant in diction, clear, polished, and 
abounding in keen strokes of satire, and with brilliant 
epigram. His poetry is imaginative, and flows with 
a scholarly grace and melody that show great facility 
in writing verse. His poems are all fugitive pieces, 
called out by special epochs of interest, such as the 
late civil war. No collected volume of his poems has 
been made. The book by which Mr. Wallis is best ] 
known as a man of letters is his " Glimpses of Spain," ' 



he having spent some time in that country upon 
diplomatic service. Mr. Wallis possessed the Spanish 
language very perfectly from early life, and was thus 
advantageously placed to study that country as it was 
a quarter of a century ago. The arduous practice of 
thelawhasof late withdrawn Mr. Wallis from literary 
labor, except an occasional address, contributing to a 
journal or review. 

Sidney Lanier was born in Macon, Ga., on Feb. 3, 
1842, of parents de-scended on the one side from Hu- 
guenot refugees, and on the other from a Scottish 
family, the Andersons of Virginia. After graduating 
with the highest honors at Oglethorpe College, Geor- 
gia, he enlisted at the outbreak of the late war in the 
Georgia Battalion, afterwards forming a part of the 
Army of Northern Virginia, in which he served as a 
private for a year, and was then transferred to the Sig- 
nal Corps. In 1864, while he was serving as signal-offi- 
cer on the steamer " Annie," the vessel was captured 
by a Federal blockader. Mr. Lanier was urged by the 
English captain of the "Annie" to pass him.self oft' as 
an Englishman, but refused to disguise his nationality 
or rank, and was taken a prisoner to Fort Lookout, 
where he remained a prisoner until the end of the 
war, and where he contracted the seeds of the malady 
which never afterwards quitted him. After his re- 
lease he studied law in Macon, and became a member 
of the firm of Anderson & Lanier. He soon found, 
however, that the exertion of pleading was too severe 
for him, bringing on hemorrhage of the lungs, and 
he therefore was compelled to quit the bar and devote 
himself to literature, which had always been his 
passion. From his childhood Mr. Lanier had been 
devoted to music, and he attained great proficiency 
on the flute. In 1873, when stopping in Baltimore 
on his way to New Y'ork, his performance was heard 
by Mr. Hamerik, of the Peabody Orchestra, who at 
once oflfered him the position of first flute, which he 
retained for several seasons. In 1876, at the invita- 
tion of the managers of the Centennial Exhibition, 
he wrote the cantata which was sung at the opening 
ceremonies by a chorus of eight hundred voices, sup- 
ported by an orchestra of one hundred and fifty in- 
struments. In the winter of 1879-80 he delivered a 
course of lectures at the Johns Hopkins University 
on " English Verse, Especially Shakspeare's," and 
soon after embodied the principles here partly laid 
down in a book called " The Science of English 
Verse." Subsequent to this he published "The 
Boys' Froissart" and " The Boys' King Arthur." In 
the winter of 1880-81 he again lectured at the uni- 
versity on English literature, but his weakness had so 
increased that he was obliged to remain seated during 
the delivery of his lectures. In the following spring 
he was advised to try a trip to the hill country of 
North Carolina as the only means of saving his life. 
He steadily declined, however, and on the 7th of Sep- 
tember died at the village of Lynn. He left a widow 
[nee Miss Mary Day, of Macon) and four children. 



656 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



He had the true poetic temperament, a rich and glow- 
ing imagination at once analytic and creative, a deep 
love of trutli and beauty, a taste cultivated by pro- 
found study of tiie master-works of the classic and 
modern tongues, a close observation of nature, and 
mind and moral nature of exquisite refinement and 
sensibility, — these make up a nature attuned to poetry. 
In person he was tall, slender, delicate of feature, fully 
bearded, and looked the man that he was. His poetry 
is original to the verge of eccentricity, abounding in 
passages of exceeding beauty, but sometimes as ob- 
scure as Browning. Like Browning, he wrote for 
poets, and his images are at times vividly suggested 
by a single stroke, but rarely fully wrought out. 

Edward Spencer, a well-known journalist, has been 
a very successful man of letters in more enduring 
work. He has a profound acquaintance with Ameri- 
can history, particularly with the early history of 
Maryland and Baltimore. His papers, addresses, and 
magazine articles on these subjects are full of quaint 
and curious information, and appear to be written 
from exhaustless stores of historic fact. Besides being 
a man of letters, Mr. Spencer has rare poetical powers, 
and has written several excellent dramas, the best 
known of which is "Kit, the Arkansas Traveler," 
which Mr. Chanfrau has made so brilliant a success. 
Mr. Spencer's " History of the Sesqui-Centennial Cele- 
bration" of Baltimore^ published in 1881, is one of the 
brightest souvenirs of that interesting event. la as- 
sociation with Wm. Hand Browne, he also wrote a life 
of Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. Mr. Spencer 
has been connected with several different journals in 
Baltimore, first with the Evening Bulletin, then with 
the Sun, and more recently with the American, to 
which he contributes over his own signature very 
characteristic and brilliant articles. Mr. Spencer's 
style is easy and natural, sometimes playful to the 
point of verbal quips, and sometimes sarcastic. Its 
chief value is its power of taking up a mass of dry 
facts and statistics and working them up into an in- 
teresting and effective article. His manuscript is 
clear and elegant, almost free from erasures and inter- 
lineations, showing that he does his work right from 
the first and saves the labor of revision. It is in this 
that he accomplishes so much. 

Thomas M. Griffith was born in Baltimore in the 
year 1766. Though too young at the breaking out of 
the Revolutionary war to be actively engaged in it, 
he doubtless watched its progress with anxious solici- 
tude, and greeted its successful close with all the 
ardor of the most devoted patriot. His life was a 
compendium of unostentatious goodness and useful- 
ness. For many years he was a magistrate, and his 
decisions were always characterized by probity and 
justice. He held many lucrative offices, and acted 
often in a fiduciary capacity, but at liis death, which 
occurred June 9, 1838, so complete had been his faith- 
fulness to obligations, he left little for posterity save 
the inestimable treasure of a good name. Mr. Grif- 



fith was the author of the " History of Maryland" and 
" Annals of Baltimore," to which the present work is 
indebted for many of its most valuable and interest- 
ing incidents. He was a pioneer in that species of 
literature which is destined to furnish the future his- 
torian the materials for a philosophic and compre- 
hensive treati.se upon the institutions of this country, 
and iis such is deserving of all praise. 

Pliilip Reese Uhler, who has largely contributed 
to the scientific productions of the country, was born 
in Baltimore, June 3, 1835, the eldest son of a dry- 
goods merchant, George H. Uhler, who was the first 

j to introduce into this city the " one price" system of 
selling goods. His mother, Anna Maria Uhler, is 
the daughter of Capt. John Reese, one of the de- 
fenders of Baltimore in 1814, who was wounded at 

j the battle of North Point. Mr. Uhler passed his 

j childhood and early youth in Baltimore City and 
County, where he attended the private schools chosen 
by his father. His classical education was acquired 
in the Latin school of Daniel Jones, on Eutaw Street. 
After leaving school he was for several years an as- 

1 sistant in his father's store. Not having a great 
fondness for business, and being ardently fond of the 
study of nature, he embraced the first opportunity to 

: secure intellectual occupation. The Rev. John G. 



Morris secured for him a situation as his assistant in 
the Peabody Library. After remaining there for 
about two years, in 1863, he joined Prof. Louis Agas- 



siz as entomologist in his Museum of Comparative 
Zoology at Harvard College. In accordance with the 
plan of that profe-ssor, he made a natural history ex- 
ploring trip to the island of San Domingo, and col- 
lected many curious specimens from all parts of the 
animal kingdom in various sections of that country. 
He was also enabled to observe the geological struc- 
ture of that region, and to acquire a knowledge of 
the way in which coral islands are now built up in 
the ocean. He is a member of most of the learned 
societies of the United States and Canada, and has 
extensive relations with naturalists in Europe and 
the West Indies. His writings consist chiefly of 
special memoirs on insects, Crustacea, and geology, 
published in the Rocky Mountain surveys of Prof. 
Hayden and of Lieut. Wheeler. His original me- 
moirs on special topics are contained in the publi- 

1 cations of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural 
Sciences, the American Entomological Society, etc. 
After an interval of about three years he was offiered 
a more advanced place in the Peabody Institute, 
which he accepted, and now fills the position of 
librarian. His most extensive labor in that capacity 
has been the development of a catalogue of the books 
in such a simple, practical manner as to be most use- 

I ful to the readers who use that library. By direction 
of the provost, who determined with the library com- 
mittee what kind of catalogue was to be prepared 
for the press, and the decision being in favor of an 

' alphabetical one with short titles, he has worked 



BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



for more than twelve years in bringing it to perfec- 
tion. Being ably seconded by a staff of his own 
training, the work is finished, and is now being ar- 
ranged for the printer. 

William Hand Browne, one of the most distin- 
guished scholars and liUlTotcvn of Baltimore, is the 
descendant of an old family of Queen Anne's County, 
Md. His paternal grandfather was an officer in the 
war of independence, his father a merchant of Balti- 
more, in which city he was born. In 1850 he took 
the degree of M.D. at the University of Maryland, but 
never practiced the medical profession. In 1866 he 
joined Prof. A. T. Bledsoe in founding the Sovthern 
Review, of which he continued joint editor and pro- 
prietor for the two years following. He then became 
editor of the New Eclectic, afterwards the Southern 
Magazine, and occupied this position until the discon- 
tinuance of that journal in December, 1874. Both 
the Review and Mar/azine were established with the 
view of providing an adequate organ of expression 
for the intellect and culture of the Southern people, 
and most of the leading writers of the South were 
contributors to their pages. In 1879, Dr. Browne 
was appointed associate and librarian of the Johns 
Hopkins University, which position he still holds. 

Beside a large number of papers in the journals he 
conducted, and in others. Dr. Browne has published, 
in association with Prof. R. M. Johnston, a "His- 
torical Sketch of English Literature" and the " Life 
of Alexander H. Stephens," and in association with 
Col. J. T. Scharf, a " School History of Maryland." 
He has also published several translations from the 
French and German, the most considerable of which, 
a version of Von Falke's " Hellas and Rom," is now 
in the press. Mr. Browne's literary work is character- 
ized by great refinement of style and delicate percep- 
tion of beauty and harmony, both in form and matter. 

George H. Miles, the poet and playwright, was 
born in Baltimore, his father, William Miles, being 
a much-esteemed and honorable merchant, who at 
one time held the position of consul to one of the 
South American States. Mr. Miles graduated at 
Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Md., in 1843, 
with the highest honors; studied law under J. H. B. 
Latrobe, and for several years practiced at the Balti- 
more bar. He married a daughter of Edward Tiers, 
a prominent merchant of New York, but at his death, 
near Emmittsburg, on July 24, 1871, left no children. 
Giving up the practice of law, Mr. Miles returned 
to " Thornton," his country residence in Frederick 
County, to follow the more congenial pursuit of lit- 
erture, in which he was afterwards distinguished. He 
became Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres at 
Mount St. Mary's College, and continued to fill this 
position with great acceptability for several years, 
when he devoted the rest of his life to literature. 
Even as a youth at college he showed remarkable 
literary ability, and it was at this time that he wrote 
one of his most admirable stories, " Loretto," a book 



still deservedly popular with the young. His ripest 
and most scholarly effort was his review of " Hamlet." 
Mr. Miles is best known to the public, however, for 
his magnificent prize play of " Mohammed," which 
he wrote for Edwin Forrest, then in the zenith of his 
historic success, and for which he paid him one thou- 
sand dollars. Mr. Miles wrote a great deal for the 
stage. "Signor Valiente" was one of his best-known 
plays. "Mary's Birthday," the comic opera of 
" Abou Hassan," and other plays are also among his 
works. Among his poems, one on " Raphael's Trans- 
figuration" is classed his best. " God Save the South," 
" Christine," and quite a number of similar produc- 
tions have come from his pen from time to time, and 
just before his death his poems were collected and 
published in Baltimore. Socially Mr. Miles was very 
entertaining, possessing charming conversational 
powers and fascinating address. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

BALTIMORE LIBRARIES, MISCELLANEOUS SOCIE- 
TIES AND ASSOCIATIONS, AND MILITIA. 

The first public libraries in the province of Mary- 
j land were those of the parish, and were under the 
I control of the clergy. In 1696 the General Assembly 
passed an act " securing the parochial libraries of this 
province," and directing " that the care and ^harge 
thereof be committed to some worthy and learned per- 
1 son." Three years later the Legislature repealed the 
{ act of 1696, and appointed " the learned and worthy 
Dr. Thomas Bray, or his successor (viz., as the Bishop 
of London's Commissary), to be chief visitor of all 
and every the said libraries within the said province." 
This act in its turn was also repealed and amended 
j by the Legislature in 1704, when it was provided 
"that the libraries of the several and respective 
parishes within this province shall be and remain in 
the hands and possession of the minister of the parish 
(if there be any minister actually inducted into and 
incumbent to the said parish) during his residence in 
the said parish, who is by this act obliged to keep and 
preserve the said library from waste or embezzlement, 
and to be accountable for the same to the Governor, 
Council, and vestry as often as required. The vestry 
were also required to visit and inspect the parish 
library once every year, and in case of failure to do 
so, were made liable to a fine of fourteen hundred 
pounds of tobacco, " one moiety to her majesty (Queen 
Anne), for the support of the government, and the 
other moiety to the informer." 

The Governor was also authorized by the act to 
examine and report annually the condition of these 
libraries. 

The first public circulating library in the province 
of Maryland, " for diffusing a spirit of science through 



658 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the country," us the advertisement in the Maryland 
Gazette expressed it, was established at Annapolis by 
William Hind in September, 1762, but for want of 
patronage he sold his books at auction, April 17, 1764. 
Other circulating libraries were, however, established 
at Annapolis, from which the inhabitants of Baltimore 
Town were supplied with books. This fact is attested 
by a circular issued by Joseph Rathel in 1773, in which 
be solicits subscribers to a circulating library that he 
proposes to establish in Baltimore Town, "at the rate 
of one dollar a quarter," adding that " the sub.scrip- 
tion to the library at Annapolis is one guinea per 
annum, besides the expense of a dollar a year for car- 
riage of books from thence to this place." Whether 
Mr. Rathel, who calls himself the "International 
proprietor," succeeded with his library the early 
records do not state, but it is certain that up to this 
period libraries were very scarce and rarely to be 
found except at the private residences of gentlemen 
of wealth. There were booksellers in the town long 
before this time, however, who imported from London 
and also, purchased private libraries. The literary 
matter of the town was materially increased by the 
sale at the Lodge, near the Ferry House, opposite Alex- 
andria, Va., of the library of the Rev. Jonathan 
Boucher, which contained a large number of valuable 
standard works. From this and other sources Wil- 
liam Murphy, who kept a book-store on Market (now 
Baltimore) Street, one door from Calvert, succeeded 
in establishing a circulating library, which was pur- 
chased and continued by Hugh Barkley in 1784. 
This, with one or two other circulating libraries, fur- 
nished the only supply to the reading population of 
the town for ten or eleven years. 

In December, 1795, a number of gentlemen, feeling 
the necessity for a library more general in its charac- 
ter and within the means of all classes of citizens, 
formed a stock company for the purpose of supplying 
this want. It was provided that each stockholder 
should be entitled to one twenty-dollar share, and 
every regular member should contribute four dollars 
per annum for each share held by him. The books and 
effects of the company constituted the joint proi)erty. 
Any member was at liberty to transfer his share, with 
the restriction that, except in case of will or descent, 
the name of the person in whose favor the transfer was 
made should be approved by the board of directors. 
No person was allowed to subscribe more than one 
share, or if he acquired others by inheritance, he was 
still entitloil to but one vote. In a very few days tifty- 
ninc persons subscrilicd, and proceeded to organize 

The Library Company of Baltimore, under whose 
auspices the first public library of the city was estab- 
lished. The subscribers to the library fund met at 
Bryden's Inn on the 13th of January, 1796, adopted 
a constitution and elected a board of directors, con- 
sisting of Right Rev. Dr. John Carroll, Rev. Joseph \ 
G. J. Bend, Richard Caton, Thomas Poultney, James 
Carey, George W. Field, James Carroll, Robert D. 



Allison, Dr. George Brown, Robert Gilmor, David 
Brice, and Nicholiis Harris. 

On the 22d of January George W. Field advertised 
for a room for the library in the central part of the 
city, preference being given to a private house, where 
the owner would act as librarian " for three hours 
in the day for three days in the week." The desired 
accommodations were obtained at the house of Mr. 
Williams, on Lemon Street, where the library was 
opened for the use of members in October, 1796. 
The company was incorporated by an act of the 
Legislature on the 20th of January, 1798. The Right 
Rev. Dr. John Carroll was the first president, and 
George W. Field the first secretary. In 1798 the 
library was moved to more commodious apartments 
in Grant's Assembly-Rooms, on Lovely Lane, now 
German Street. 

From the librarian's annual report of the association, 
it appears that in April, 1799, the library contained 
three thousand three hundred volumes, that three 
hundred pounds sterling had been forwarded to Lon- 
don for the purchase of additional books, and that the 
membership had increased in one year to eighty-eight 
persons. In 1799 the shares were advanced to twenty- 
five dollars each, and the Right Rev. John Carroll, 
Rev. Mr. Bend, Rev. Mr. Beaston, Col. Nicholas 
Rogers, Dr. George Brown, James Priestley, David 
Harris, Wm. Cooke, Richard Caton, Zebulon HoUins- 
worth, Henry Nicols, and James Winchester were 
elected a board of directors, with Francis Beaston sec- 
retary. In 1800 the library contained four thousand 
volumes. In 1802, Dr. Carroll was elected president ; 
Rev. Mr. Bend, vice-president ; James Priestley, sec- 
retary ; George de Perrigny, treasurer. In 1824 the 
library was removed to rooms provided for it in the 
Athenaeum Building, which had just been erected at 
the northwest corner of St. Paul and Lexington 
Streets. 

In 1856 the Library Company transferred the eleven 
thousand volumes then contained in its library to the 
Maryland Historical Society, on condition that they 
should be added to the three thousand belonging to 
the latter society, and the whole maintained as a free 
library of consultatio]) and reference for the use of 

Maryland Historical Society.~ln January, 1844, 
about twenty gentlemen interested in the history of 
Maryland assembled in a room in the old post-office 
building for the purpose of forming an organization 
to collect and arrange the data and scattered materials 
of the early history of Maryland. 

The organization was effected at this meeting, and 
at the next meeting John Spear Smith was elected 
president, John Van Lear McMahon vice-president, 
and Stephen Collins librarian. On the 8th of March, 
1844, the association was incorporated jis the Mary- 
land Historical Society, with Brantz Mayer, John P. 
Kennedy, John H. B. Latrobe, Robert Gilmor, John 
Van Lear McMahon, Charle-s F. Mayer, Frederick 



BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



William Brune, Jr., Sebastian F. Streeter, John L. 
Carey, George W. Dobbin, John Spear Smith, Ber- 
nard W. Campbell, William G. Lyford, Stephen Col- 
lins, Fielding Lucas, John J. Donaldson, Robert 
Carey Long, William A. Latbot, Severn Teackle 
Wallis, Charles J. W. Gwinn, Joshua I. Cohen, and 
John S. Sumner as incorporators. 

The officers for 1844 were : President, Gen. John 
Spear Smith ; Vice-President, John Van Lear Mc- 
Mahon ; Corresponding Secretary, Brantz Mayer; 
Recording Secretary, Sebastian F. Streeter ; Treasurer, 
John J. Donaldson ; Librarian, Dr. Stephen Collins. 

The formation of this society gave a stimulus to 
literary pursuits, and excited a laudable interest on 
the subject of Maryland history. In the spring of 
1848 the society moved into the Athenieum Building, 
which is held for it in perpetuity by trustees under a 
charter granted by the Legislature of Maryland Feb. 
17, 1846. The lot was purchased, and the building 
erected by subscriptions obtained by the Maryland 
Historical Society and the Baltimore Library Com- 
pany. The library of the Historical Society, in the 
Athenaeum Building, was opened to the members and 
the public on the 29th of May, 1848. The building 
was occupied by three societies. The first floor was 
appropriated to the use of the Mercantile Library As- 
sociation, the second floor by the Baltimore Library 
Association, and the third floor by the Maryland His- 
torical Society. Now the latter society occupies the 
second floor, the third floor being appropriated to the 
Historical Art Gallery. 

In 1855 the Library Company donated its library 
to the Historical Society, on conditioii lliat the rights 
and privileges of the Hist(irir:il Smiiiy should be 
extended in perpetuity to tlie stocklidldcrs of the 
Library Company. The gallery of the fine arts of 
the Maryland Historical Society was opened to the 
public on the 22d of October, 1848. The collection 
of paintings consisted of about two hundred and fifty 
specimens, comprising a great number of very valu- 
able productions. There were several originals by 
old masters, and many admirable copies from ap- 
proved works. There were also numerous originals 
from the pencils of modern artists. The duty of se- 
lecting this gallery of paintings was performed by a 
committee consisting of John H. B. Latrobe, Benja- 
min C. Ward, and Wm. McKim, assisted by Dr. 
Thomas H. Edmondson. The society also gave an- 
nual exhibitions of such works of art as could be ob- 
tained from eminent artists and art galleries. With 
the profits arising from these exhibitions a number of 
copies of masterpieces of the Italian school were 
purchased, and from time to time the gallery has been 
supplied with pojiular works of art. The library 
proper of the Historical Society, exclusive of the 
books donated by the Baltimore Library Company, 
contains about fifteen thousand volumes, and one 
hundred and forty-six volumes of pamphlets ar- 
ranged and classified, and about seven hundred not 



so arranged. It contains a great number of manu- 
scripts, and one of the most complete sets of Federal 
documents in existence, and by far the largest collec- 
tion of Maryland newspapers to be found anywhere. 
The library was originally a circulating, but has 
gradually become a reference, library ; and since the 
transfer of the Baltimore Library Company's books 
the members only are allowed to use the books. Not 
more than fifty books a year are withdrawn. In 1867 
the library received from Mr. Peabody a gift of 
twenty thousand dollars. 

There are about two hundred members, and the 
annual subscription fee is five dollars. The average 
yearly number who use the library is about a thou- 
sand. The collection includes a set of United States 
patents, a very small biographical collection, and a 
manuscript catalogue arranged alphabetically, ac- 
cording to authors. It was exempted from taxation 
by a clause in the act of incorporation. John H. B. 
Latrobe is the president, John W. M. Lee librarian, 
and John G. Gatehel assistant librarian. 

The Mercantile Library Association was formed 
in November, 1839, by a number of young men of 
literary taste who felt the necessity for greater facili- 
ties for mental improvement than the city then 
afforded. The only public library in Baltimore at 
that time was the old Baltimore Library, which did 
not meet the wants of the particular class, composed 
principally of clerks and young merchants, interested 
in the new enterprise. Several years after its forma- 
tion, on the 17th of January, 1842, the organization was 
incorporated as the "Mercantile Library Association 
of Baltimore," with J. Morrison Harris, George L. 
Wight, Geo. R. W. Alnutt, T. Dunnington, Wm. W. 
Latimer, John Steel Sumner, Josiah N. Jones, Henry 
T. Rodgers, Laurence Thomsen, Wm. A. Dunnington, 
George Cliffe, and Oliver B. Wright as incorporators. 

Success beyond the hopes of the most sanguine was 
at once assured. The plan of receiving books on spe- 
cial deposit was adopted for a short time, but finally 
abandoned in 1844, and the books returned to their 
owners. The first officers of the association, elected 
in 1839, were : President, J. Morrison Harris ; Vice- 
President, George L. Wight ; Secretary, George R. W. 
Alnutt; Treasurer, F. Dunnington ; Directors, John 
S. Sumner, Wm. W. Latimer, Henry J. Rogers, Josiah 
N. Jones, George Cliffe, Wm. A. Dunnington, and 
Laurence Thomsen. 

One means by which the association proposed to 
elevate the tastes and improve the general knowledge 
of its members and the public was by a course of lec- 
tures, to be delivered under its auspices by distin- 
guished and scientific men. The course was inaugu- 
rated on the 1st of December, 1840, with a lecture on 
"Society and Civilization" by the Hon. John Quincy 
Adams. During the same season lectures were deliv- 
ered before the society by Rev. Dr. Wyatt, John H. 
B. Latrobe, C. F. Mayer, Rev. Dr. Morris, Dr. Aiken, 
Brantz Mayer, David Hofl'man, N. C. Brooks, R. Ca- 



660 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



rey Long, John P. Kennedy, David Stewart, Dr. Dun- 
bar, Prof. Ducatel, Rev. Dr. Jcrfins, and F. H.Davidge. 
This course, which proved to be a pecuniary success, 
was followed by others, and the association has con- 
tinued to provide lectures and readings of a high 
character for its members and the citizens of Balti- 
more. At its organization the association occupied 
rooms at the corner of Baltimore and Holliday Streets, 
and after several changes of location removed in 1848 
to the Athenieum Building. 

The library is open during the summer months 
from nine A.M. to ten P.M., and during the winter 
from ten a.m. to ten p.m. In '1873 it was opened on 
Sundays from two to ten p.m., but the attendance 
was so small it was soon discontinued. A subscriber 
may take a book or books home under certain regu- 
lations. Though there are but sixteen hundred and 
forty-eight subscribers, the number of visitors annu- 
ally averages from fifteen thousand to twenty thou- 
sand, and the circulation of books about thirty-five 
thousand annually. The library contains thirty-one 
thousand and thirty-two volumes, exclusive of two 
thousand'five hundred duplicates; of these four hun- 
dred contain six thousand pamphlets bound in classes. 
About twelve hundred foreign and American books 
and five hundred pamphlets are added to the collec- 
tion annually. Of the thirty-one thousand and thirty- 
two volumes, six hundred are in foreign and five 
hundred and ninety in modern European languages. 
There are twelve hundred volumes on scientific sub- 
jects. Seventy-five per cent, of the books borrowed 
are English prose fiction. The biographical collec- 
tion is very small. The library is exempt from taxa- 
tion. John W. M. Lee is the librarian, with three 
assistants. The cost of its annual administration is 
two thousand four hundred dollars. The terms of 
membership are as follows : perpetual membership, 
transferable, one hundred dollars; life membership, 
fifty dollars ; annual honorary, five dollars ; annual 
proprietary, five dollars; annual employ^, three dol- 
lars. The following is a tabular statement showing 
what the association has done since its foundation, as 
nearly as could be ascertained from the records : 



In spite of the valuable work accomplished in the 
past by the library, its usefulness has been somewhat 
impaired of late years by its location at a point which 
was inconvenient to the general public, and unsuit- 
able from its surroundings to a high degree of de- 
velopment or popularity. Feeling that a change in 
this respect was necessary to the restoration of the 
library to its former place in the esteem of the com- 
munity, John W. McCoy, the president of the asso- 
ciation, came to its assistance, and in November, 
1880, made an otfer which practically insures the 
future succe-ss and standing of the library. After 
referring to its condition and prospects, and the ne- 
cessity for a change in its location, Mr. McCoy pro- 
posed that it should be removed to a new building in 
course of erection on the northeast corner of Charles 
and Saratoga Streets, and pledged himself for the 
rent of the new quarters for the library for five years, 
at the rate of two thousand five hundred d')llars per 
annum. Mr. .McCoy also offered to convert ten thou- 
sand dollars of this advance, which under no circum- 
stances is to draw interest, into an absolute gift, if 
the public of Baltimore will raise for the library such 
a fund as will produce when invested three thousand 
dollars per annum. It is scarcely necessary to say 
that this offer was gratefully accepted, and that the 
library will occupy its new quarters as soon as they 
are completed. 

As a life-long public helper in many ways, and as 
always serving gratuitously, John W. McCoy is hon- 
orably prominent in Baltimore. His generosity to 
the Mercantile Library, and his rescue thereby of 
that most useful institution from threatened ruin, 
have justly added to his wide regard among his fel- 
low-citizens. He was born in Baltimore, April 2, 
1821. His family has been identified with the city 
from the close of the last century, his mother, Sarah 
Williamson, having been born in Baltimore, Dec. 20, 
1800, when the city had but twenty-six thousand in 
habitants. His father, Stephen McCoy, born at Bask- 
ing Ridge, N. J., Feb. 25, 1787, marched, in his 
twenty-seventh year, from Lancaster, Pa., as a volun- 
teer soldier for the defense of Baltimore when assailed 



Teaeb. 


Ueubebs. 


Income. 


Yolnmee 
Bought. 


VolumeB 
Donated. 


Volumes 
in the 
Library. 


Cost of 
Build- 
ing. 


Lec- 
tures. 






1 


Active. 


Honor-j Six 
ary. Months. 


Money 
Donated. 


l,ensee. , Library. 


phletl. 




126 

509 
592 
764 
1229 


132 1 

203 ! 3 
334 28 
541 : 1U4 
308 ■ 77 


$1430.00 
6681,65 
4445.01 
6169.19 
8792.82 


415 
No record. 

1693 


985 

No record. 

No record. 

71 

105 


1,400 

No record. 

16,663 

3u',231 


$442.72 
1814.70 
1796.41 
2742.88 
3131.66 





S145.00 








3806.51 1 No record.' | 


fdtll 











$4%.'ii 







6000 













By which it will be seen that the volumes in the by the British in 1814. He married, and remained 

library increased in number from 1400 in 1840 to i here until his death, Feb. 12, 1873, his wife, Sarah 

80,231 volumes in 1873-74, that the income increa.sed : Williamson McCoy, surviving him « short time, and 

from $1430 in the same year to $8792.82 in 1873-74, | dying May 26, 1874. John W. McCoy has been iden- 

and the readers from 2314 in 1840 to 88,528 in 1873. i tified with Baltimore from his birth. Here he was 




C/^^... /r 77t^'^^'y 



BALTIMORE LIARARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



educated, completing his course at B;iliiiiiurc < 'ollciic, 
a department of the University of M:ir\ l:iii<l. Wiili- 
out the benefit of fortune, but with ;i solid idu.-atioii, 
quick faculties, and an acute insight into men and 
affairs, coupled with untiring energy, he entered the 
working world at an early age, commencing his ca- 
reer in the office of a popular weekly newspaper. 
For many years he retained that kind of connection, 
having through boyhood and up to middle man- 
hood grown through all the grades of newspaper 
work, from that of a junior clerk to a writer of edi- 
torials. During the many years of this career, amid 
a taxing occupation, he found, or rather took time, 
for a continuous and systematic study, devoting some 
hours of every day or every night, without fail, to en- 
larging his acquaintance with history, philosophy, 
natural science, and belles-lettres. The history of 
art, and of the fine arts in all their manifestations, 
have long been with him attractive subjects of con- 
tinuous observation and study. For nearly forty 
years he has been a member of the Mercantile Li- 
brary Association, and was for twelve years contin- 
uously elected to its board of government. After 
he was prevailed upon to accept t'.ie presidency of 
this excellent institution, he at once set about to 
strengthen its finances and enlarge the sphere of its 
usefulness. To this end he arranged, as we have 
stated, far more popular and commodious quarters 
for its establishment, besides advancing the institu- 
tion a large sum for its current needs. Having 
always been an earnest thinker on our social life, es- 
pecially on the various fortune of the several social 
ranks in great cities, Mr. McCoy was among the ear- 
liest members and officers of the " Baltimore Associa- 
tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor." Be- 
fore the time when paid agents were employed to do 
its work, Mr. McCoy was for several years a volun- 
tary unpaid visitor to the poor, devoting personally 
five or six hours every day during the winter months 
to visiting thousands of them at their homes, where 
he was brought face to face with every form of dis- 
tress and destitution. At this time no man knew the 
poor of Baltimore individually more thoroughly or in 
greater numbers than he did. No part of hi.s life, 
he has often said, is remembered by him with the j 
same gladness as the years he devoted to sympathetic 
counsel with the unfortunate, and as a careful dis- ' 
tributor of what a generous public had provided for ! 
their help. Mr. McCoy has long been known as a ' 
liberal helper to all good causes, and there is scarcely j 
any organization in the city for generous, helpful, or 
charitable ends but finds him a full contributor. 

Some years ago the " Poor Association" was being 
crippled in its funds, and consequently in its charity, 
by the popular device of another organization that 
published daily the names of all contributors and also 
the names and residences of all who were helped. 
This was simply ruinous to all the worthy among the 
poor, as it stigmatized them publicly as paupers. 



Mr. -AlcCdv at once assailed this pernicious and 
liiuu^jlillcss scheme by articles day after day in the 
rirusjiniHTs, and by the publication year after year of 
earnest pamphlets in explanation and defense of the 
Poor Association's method of ])rivate help, whereby 
the self-respect of thousands of unfortunate but 
worthy people is sustained. Common humanity and 
common sense soon united under these intelligent 
and forcible appeals; the funds of the association 
were bountifully replenished, until now its treasury 
is the stay in winter of hosts of worthy but suffering 
people, while the institution has the permanent favor 
of the whole community, who supply it liberally as 
the chief means of the city's charitable work. 

In 1859, Mr. McCoy was made president of two 
mining companies working for metals in North Caro- 
lina, and having their business offices in Baltimore. 
When the war broke out he had the option of staying 
quietly at home and abandoning the property of his 
companies, or of leaving home to develop and protect 
upon the spot, in North Carolina, the interests of his 
friends. His decision was made at once ; and severing 
himself four years from home, he did his simple duty 
in standing by his work and taking the fortunes of - 
the Confederacy. Without funds, and with one hun- 
dred and fifty r^en in his employ, with the market 
closed against the product of his mines, he yet went 
through the four years and more of war, kept the 
mines actively alive until its close, paid all his com- 
pany's debts, and for one of them brought to Balti- 
more, after the war was over, a material surplus for 
its treasury. To do this Mr. McCoy had to really 
create all his means. He made all the iron, of which 
his need was large, from the ore ; built a dam on 
Deep River for a water-power, working himself day 
and night in the water, guiding his negro laborers ; 
established furnaces, and trained his simple workmen 
to make wrought iron directly from the ore, which 
they did in large quantities, both for mine consump- 
tion and for sale. In the mines gunpowder in large 
quantities was a daily necessity for blasting, but when 
the war had gone on a few months powder could not 
be had at any price. Mr. McCoy, without money 
resources, at once determined not to stop the mine, 
but to make the necessary powder. To do this he liad 
the dry earth hauled from under every human habi- 
tation for miles around ; from it, by rude but effective 
apparatus, he leached the nitrous salts, and crystal- 
lized them into pure saltpetre. He excavated furnace- 
chambers in the solid rock, and here, with the rudest 
utensils, distilled sulphur by the ton from the ores 
of the region ; burnt charcoal, and built a simple 
powder-mill, that, with negro hands to manage it 
under his guidance, made blasting-powder that 
throughout the war tore down thousands of tons of 
rock and ore. When the war ended this was the 
only copper-mine alive within the limits of the Con- 
federacy. Without experienced help, with no money 
capital, he forged bolts, bars, wheel-tires, and the innu- 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



raerable formsof iron necessary toa mine, made blooms 
and other iron for the market, made copperas and 
bluestone from the same ore that yielded him sulphur 
and metallic copper. It was from the barter of these 
products, necessary all over the South, that he got 
food for the one hundred and fifty men and thirty 
horses that depended on him for sustenance. He had 
no expert to help him in any of these manufactures; 
he had never even seen any of these products made. 
His sole guide was his previously-acquired practical 
scientific knowledge that his determined energy ap- 
plied with complete success under most unpromising 
conditions. 

When the war ended in 1865, Mr. McCoy returned 
to Baltimore, closed his mining connection, and be- 
came a partner in the well-known commercial house of 
W. T. Walters & Co. From this firm he has recently 
retired witli an easy fortune, which he uses liberally. 
Since its origin in 1876, Mr. McCoy has been a mem- 
ber of the Harbor Board of Baltimore; took the lead- 
ing part in organizing it, and is chairman of its only 
standing committee. He has thus had a special share 
in the guidance of the work that, under the immedi- 
ate direction of a scientific engineer, has, by the re- 
moval of millions of cubic yards of sediment, con- 
verted what was hitherto a shallow .estuary, fit only 
for a decaying village, into the deep and spacious 
harbor of a great commercial city. Without this 
immense work the recent enormous growth of sea- 
borne trade in breadstuffs, etc., from Baltimore would 
have been simply impossible. This work has been 
done at less than one-third the cost the city previously 
paid. Mr. McCoy is in the administration of the 
State Insane Asylum at Spring Grove, having been 
appointed some years ago by Governor Carroll to 
that important trust. His colleagues there have made 
him chairman of its chief committee. 

In a life of almost incessant labor, Mr. McCoy has 
found time to keep active and cultivate an inborn 
love of art. Previously familiar in detail with all 
worthy art productions of our country, and also with 
the best foreign work that has been brought here, 
Mr. McCoy in 1871 made an extended tour in Eu- 
rope, carefully studying all the great collections at 
the chief European centres, from London to Rome. 
He has long been known as the special friend, de- 
fender, and helper of our home artists, who, amid 
neglect and overborne by unobservant and unreason- 
ing fashion, had struggled unrewarded and almost 
unknown year after year in honest and able endeavors, 
most of them, to produce work that should compel the 
admiration of their careless fellow-citizens. It is now 
a settled fact and common knowledge that Hovenden, 
Quartley Jones, and a number of others are artists of 
high rank, and steadily rising to still higherplaces. Mr. 
McCoy hasforyears been ihcsUadriist Iriendofall these 
gentlemen, and has of iln ir Ik ^t works and those of 
many other artists, prim ipall\ AiMiiiraii, an excellent 
collection of nearly a liLiiiclreil pictures. Of the late 



Nathan H. Rinehart, the distinguished sculptor, Mr. 
McCoy was a serviceable friend for more tlian twenty 
years. In 1858 he wrote for a daily newspaper in 
Baltimore the first article of editorial commendation 
Rinehart's work ever received anywhere. This earn- 
est notice brought the sculptor and his work before 
the public, and as year after year added fresh proofs 
of Rinehart's genius, it was the pen of Mr. McCoy 
that uniformly and continually introduced them to 
the intelligent favor of his fellow-citizens. Rinehart's 
incomparable chef-d'ceuvre, the marble statue of 
" Clytie," sweetheart of the sun, having been brought 
by him to Baltimore, where he earnestly wished it to 
remain as the very best work he had made or was 
capable of, the figure was about to leave the city as 
the property of an owner living out of Maryland, 
when Mr. McCoy promptly stepped forward, bought it 
at the sculptor's own price, and presented it in an ap- 
propriate setting to the perpetual care of the Peabody 
Institute as a noble work of art for free exhibition in 
Baltimore forever. Mr. McCoy has since bought and 
shown freely to the public the sculptor Ezekiel's ad- 
mirable bust of " Christ Bound for Crucifixion," and 
also the same artist's lovely statue of" Faith." Both 
these works are distinguished by the highest proof of 
genius. Amid a pressing mass of business every day, 
Mr. McCoy has given all his time not otherwise em- 
ployed for many years past to the building up of his 
private library, which is now the foremost in Balti- 
more, not in the number of volumes merely, but for 
thoroughness in its leading departments, and for its ex- 
cellence in all. It is made up mainly of the original 
I elements of English history, of early American his- 
tory, of natural science, general philosophy, travel 
in obscure countries, illustrated topography, and es- 
pecially in the history and engraved productions of the 
fine arts. In this latter department it is without any 
i local equal, and indeed is more complete than that 
of any government collection in America or the 
library of any of our universities. 

Mr. McCoy is descended on his mother's side from 
John Williamson and Jane Parker, his wife, both of 
families long seated in the north of Ireland, whence 
the Williamsons came to America during the Irish 
political troubles of 1795, and settled in Baltimore in 
; 1797. On his father's side he is descended from 
j Duncan McCoy, a Scotsman, who with a colony of 
I his Highland neighbors settled in 1709 in Northern 
New Jersey, then a wilderness. The son of Duncan 
was Gowan McCoy, who commanded a troop of horse 
in the army of the Revolution, his son Thomas at the 
same time serving as a soldier of the line. The names 
of both, and of seven others of the family, are recorded 
in the published Revolutionary Archives of New Jer- 
sey, issued recently by the government of that State. 
A son of Thomas was Stephen McCoy, who in 1814 
marched to the defense of Baltimore, and he was the 
father of John W. McCoy. 
Peabody Institute.— This noble and unique insti- 



BALTIMOKE LIBKARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



663 




GEORCE PEABODY. 



tution, intended to aid in spreading the liigher culture 
of letters and the refining influences of music and art 
over the city, was founded by George Peabody, the 
London banker, who had spent more than twenty 
years of his early manhood, from ISlf) to 1836, as a 
merchant in Baltimore, and had become deeply at- 
tached to its people. He was born of poor but most 
respectable parents at South Danvers, now Peabody, 
Mass., on the 18th of February, 1795, and was edu- 
cated in the public schools of that town. He entered 
a grocery-store in his 
native village at eleven, 
where he remained four 
years, and then went to 
Thetford, Vt., to his 
maternal grandfather, 
for a year. In 1811 he 
became a clerk in the 
dry-goods store of his 
brother at Newbury- 
port, Mass., and finished 
his apprenticeship in 
business by two years of 
service in the dry-goods 
store of his uncle in 
Georgetown, D. C. In 
1814 he served with credit' in an artillery company 
ordered out to protect Washington from the British,' 
and during the same year, at the age of nineteen, es- 
tablished in Georgetown the house of Peabody, Riggs 
& Co., which removed to Baltimore in the following 
year, and found a location in Old Congress Hall, on 
the southwest corner of Baltimore and Sharpe Streets. 
Here he remained until 18.36, enlarging his business, 
and making frequent trips to London in the interest 
of his firm ; and finally, in 1836, he established him- 
self permanently in that city, making it the head- 
quarters of his house, with a branch still in Balti- 
more. He was soon after appointed the financial 
agent of Maryland to negotiate a loan of eight mil- 
lions of dollars, the commissions on which would 
have amounted to sixty thousand dollars, but he 
made no charge whatever for this service. 

During the financial panic of 1837 he upheld the 
credit of the State with advances and pledges amount- 
ing to more than his entire fortune at that time. In 
1843 he dissolved his connections with his old firm and 
established himself as a banker in London, under the 
firm-name of George Peabody & Co. His business, his 
reputation as a banker, and his fortune grew rapidly, 
and he was as generous in the use of money as he was 
honorable in its acquisition. His first important gift 
was made in 1851, when he gave fifteen thousand dollars 

1 The records of the war of 181'2, on file in the Third Auditor's office, 
show that Mr. Peabody enlisted twice during the war of 1812, first in 
Capt. George Peter's company of the District of Columbia, while lie was 
a resident of Georgetown, and the second time in Capt. Pike's compauy 
of Massachusetts militia. Desiring to possess some memento of his ser- 
vices, Mr. Peabody in 1857 applied for a bounty land-warrant, whicli he 
received and prized so highly that he retained it until the end of bis life. 



towards fitting up in a creditable manner the American 
department in the great London exhibition of that 
year. This was followed in the next year by a gift of 
ten thousand dollars towards the Kane Arctic Expe- 
dition in search of Sir John Franklin, and of twenty 
thousand dollars, afterwards incresised to two hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars, to establish a library and 
courses of lectures in his native town. In 1857 he 
established his institute in Baltimore with an endow- 
ment which in the end amounted to one million two 
hundred and forty thousand dollars, and from that 
time to the end of his life, Nov. 4, 1869, his gifts, 
mostly for educational purposes, were numerous and 
most generou.s, amounting in the aggregate to about 
six million dollars. Besides those above enumerated, 
he gave to Thetford, Vt., for a library and lectures, 
$5500; to Newbury port, Mass., for a library, $15,000; 
to Peabody, Mass., a city named for him, $50,000 
for a library and lectures; to Yale College, $150,- 
000; to Harvard College, $150,000; to the Peabody 
Academy of Sciences, Salem, Mass., $140,000; to the 
Massachusetts Historical Society, $20,000; to the 
Maryland Historical Society, $20,000; to Kenyon 
College, Ohio, $25,000; to Phillips Academy, at An- 
dover, Mass., $25,000 ; to the Peabody Southern Edu- 
cational Fund, $2,000,000 in cash, and $1,100,000 in 
Mississippi bonds ; to the London poor, $2,500,000; to 
build a church in memory of his mother at George- 
town, Mass., $100,000 ; to the United States Sanitary 
Commission, $10,000 ; and to the Washington and 
Lee University at Lexington, Va., a considerable 
sum. Besides these gifts, his uncharged commissions 
to Maryland for negotiating her bonds would have 
amounted to $60,000, and he advanced about $40,000 
to uphold the credit of States which never paid him. 

In December, 1854, William E. Mayhew received a 
letter from Mr. Peabody, in London, asking him to 
consult with John P. Kennedy and other friends in 
regard to an institution which he thought of founding 
in Baltimore. 

Mr. Peabody, on meeting Mr. Kennedy in London, 
in the spring of'1850, said to him, " I suppose you 
Baltimore people do not care to have an institution 
established among you, as I have heard nothing of the 
suggestion I made through Mr. Mayhew some years 
ago." Mr. Kennedy said it was not want of interest 
in the project, but delicacy and the want of informa- 
tion as to the sum he expected to devote to it. The 
plans were prepared, and when Mr. Peabody came to 
Baltimore they were signed, on Feb. 12, 1857, and 
ratified by the Legislature of the State in 1867. The 
institute thus established consists of five separate 
departments: 1, a reference library; 2, courses of lec- 
tures ; 3, an academy of music ; 4, a gallery of art ; 
5, to encourage merit. 

The original sum given by Mr. Peabody in 1857 
was a credit of $300,000, which was to be drawn upon 
as needed in building. This fund was increased in 
1858 to $.500,000, to which was added, in 1866, $500,- 



664 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



000, and in 1869, $400,000 in Virginia and Tennessee 
bonds, valued at $240,000, making the entire endow- 
ment $1,240,000. As the first gift was only a credit, 
the entire cost of the first building and lot came out 
of the endowment fund. 

Immediati'ly after this gift was announced, much 
discussion arose among the trustees and the citizens 
generally as to the site on which the new institution 
should be placed. Several sites were discussed, but a 
few earnestly advocated the selection of a lot on 
Mount Vernon Place, and it soon became known 
that, while Mr. Peabody, who was still in the country, 
did not wish to interfere with the choice of his trus- 
tees, he preferred this last location. As its great 
expense was one of the chief objections to its selec- 
tion, he cut this argument short by adding fifty thou- 
sand dollars to this gift to cover the additional cost of 
the lot. Accordingly, one hundred and fifty-two 
feet of ground, including two dwellings, were pur- 
chased on the corner of Mount Vernon and Wash- 
ington Places, at a cost of one hundred and six thou- 
sand five hundred and forty-seven dollars. 

Plans were immediately prepared, and the Tvest 
wing of the building was begun in the summer of 
1857,' and completed in 1861, at a cost of one hun- 
dred and seventy thousand dollars. Lind & Mur- 
doch were the architects, and Charles J. W. Eaton 
was chairman of the building committee. The por- 
tion of the building first constructed was only de- 
signed to accommodate the historical society, the 
library, and the lecture department. Soon after the 
completion of the building it became necessary for 
the trustees to have a distinct understanding with the 
Historical Society as to the separate functions of the 
two bodies in the management of the institution. 
This question gave rise to some feeling between them, 
and the discussion that followed showed conclusively 
that the institute could not be carried on harmoni- 
ously with this dual management. After much dis- 
cussion, many conferences, and the development of a 
good deal of bitterness, the difficulties of the case 
were laid before Mr. Peabody, who carefully exam- 
ined the whole subject, and came to the determination 
most reluctantly to request the Historical Society to 
resign all connection with the institute. This re- 
quest was readily complied with. He showed his 
interest in the society, however, which had so cheer- 
fully withdrawn from the management of the insti- 
tute at his request, by soon after presenting it with 
twenty thousand dollars as ' a perpetual fund for 
publication and other purposes. The final settlement 
of this vexed question took place in 1866, and was 
ratified by the Legislature of the State in 1867. 

The Institute Building was finished in the fall of 
1861, andwas to have been opened for courses of lec- 
tures immediately, but the civil war intervened to put 
a stop to all further proceedings on the part of the 



J The cornur-stone 



1 llie IMh of April, ISnO. 



trustees. It was determined, however, to begin the 
collection of a library, and one hundred thousand 
dollars were appropriated for the gradual purcha.se of 
books. In 1861 the Rev. John G. Morris, D.D., re- 
signed his position on the board of trustees (to which 
he had been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the 
death of the Rev. Dr. Geo. W. Burnap) to accept the 
office of librarian. He immediately began the prepa- 
ration of an extensive list of books for purchase. 
This list, forming a volume of four hundred and fif- 
teen pages, was printed in 1861, and distributed 
among booksellers for bids, but few books were pur- 
chased from it. A second and smaller catalogue, but 
containing a higher grade of selections, was also pre- 
pared and printed by the librarian in 1863. It was 
from this list that most of the purchases were made 
previous to 1867, when a change took place in the 
administration of the library. In 1866, after the ex- 
citement consequent upon the war had materially 
subsided, the trustees determined to open the insti- 
tute to the public by an address and a few formal ex- 
ercises. This event took place in the large hall of the 
new building on Thursday, the 25th of October. The 
opening had been arranged for the preceding May, 
but was deferred till October to accommodate Mr. 
Peabody, who was expected to be present. Mr. Ken- 
nedy, the president of th"e board of trustees, at that 
time in England, had prepared an address for the May 
opening, which was read by Judge Dobbin, one of the 
trustees. Mr. Peabody, who was present, replied in 
an address, in which he informed the public that he 
had added another five hundred thousand dollars to 
the endowment of the institute ; Thomas Swann, 
Governor of the State, made an address, and the en- 
terprise was fully inaugurated. A course of thirty- 
four lectures was begun by Prof. Henry, of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, on the 20th of November of the 
same year, and the library, consisting of fifteen thou- 
sand volumes, was opened to readers in December. 
As no general superintendent of the institute had yet 
been appointed, this first course of lectures was man- 
aged entirely by the lecture committee. The day 
after the inauguration the children of the public 
schools of the city, with the teachers at their head, 
came up to the institute to pay their respects to Mr. 
Peabody. As their numbers were too great to permit 
them to enter the building, he received and greeted 
them on the steps. This was a proud and happy day 
in the life of a great and good man. Before him 
passed in double file, with bright and smiling faces, 
more than twenty thousand children of all ages, from 
the tottering infant of four to the full-grown youth 
and maiden. On Saturday, the 27th, he received the 
citizens at large in the New Assembly-Rooms, at the 
corner of Hanover and German Streets. In the win- 
ter of 1867, Dr. Morris resigned his po.sition as libra- 
rian. In February of the same year P. R. llhler 
was appointed assistant librarian, and has proved a 
most intelligent, faithful, efficient ofiiccr. In April 




///,. //. 



7<7/y^^ 



BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



Nathaniel Holmes Morison, LCD., was elected provost 
of the institute, not simply to fill the place of Dr. 
Morris as librarian, but to be the chief e.Kecutive offi- 
cer of the institute, and to direct and control all its 
departments, subject to the committees in charge. 
He entered upon the duties of his office in September, 
1867, and gave his attention at once to the increase of 
the library and the improvement of its character. 
Dr. Morison was born in Peterborough, N. H., Dec. 
14, 1815, the third son and fifth child of parents 
wliose ancestors had emigrated from Scotland to the 
north of Ireland during the time of Cromwell, and 
from Ireland to Londonderry, N. H., in 1718. These 
emigrants to America were all Presbyterians, and 
spoke the Scotch language. The family originated in 
the island of Lewis, on the western coast of Scotland. 
His father, Nathaniel Morison, died when his son 
was three years old, at Natchez, Miss., where he had a 
contract for introducing water into the city. His 
mother, Mary Ann Hopkins, of the same Scotch-Irish 
race, was a woman of remarkable spirit, energy, and 
perseverance, with more than ordinary intellect, abil- 
ity, and great common sense. She and her father be- 
fore her were noted for their fondness for music and 
their skill in singing Scotch songs and ballads. 

Nathaniel was educated first at the common coun- 
try schools, and afterwards at Phillips Exeter Acad- 
emy, then under the celebrated Dr. Abbot. He en- 
tered Harvard College as a sophomore in 1836, and 
graduated in 1839, the third scholar in his class, the 
first being Samuel Eliot, LL.D., and the second, Ed- 
ward Everett Hale, D.D., both marked men. His 
Baltimore classmates were George Hawkins Williams, 
Joshua B. Williams, Edmund Law Rogers, Henry C. 
Mayer, and John Donaldson. From college he came 
directly to Baltimore as principal assistant in F. H. 
Davidge's school for young ladies, on the corner of St. 
Paul Street and Bank Lane. After nearly three years 
of service there he opened a school of his own in 1842, 
which gradually increased from the two pupils with 
which it began till it reached one hundred and forty. 
In 1867 he was invited by the trustees of the Peabody 
Institute to take charge of that institution, then just 
coming into use. His first impulse was to decline the 
place, but after due consideration and many inter- 
views with different members of the board he deter- 
mined to accept it. He was moved to this decision 
solely by the desire of bringing together a library that 
should be a credit to himself, to the founder of the 
institute, and to the great and growing city in which 
it is placed. A new office was created for him, which 
made him the chief executive officer of the institution, 
and gave him authority over all its departments, 
which he was expected to organize and direct ; but 
he accepted the position of provost with the under- 
standing that his first and chief concern should be 
the formation of a library which should meet all the 
requirements of Mr. Peabody's letter of endowment. 

He had one great advantage over most librarians 



in being able to secure lists of books in .special de- 
partments of knowledge from professors and experts 
in these departments who came to the institute to 
lecture. Every such source of information was util- 
ized to the utmost, and many lists were procured in 
this way from those best able to make the selections. 
P. R. Uhler, the assistant librarian, .supplied valuable 
information in selecting books in science, and espe- 
cially in natural history. He was educated under the 

I great Agassiz, and was well acquainted with all the 
best works in his own department of knowledge. 
The library now contains seventy-one thousand vol- 

j umes, and has cost more than two hundred and 

I twenty thousand dollars, probably the most expen- 

j sive and the best library of its size on this continent. 
Dr. Morison has endeavored to carry out fully and to 
the letter the expressed wish of the founder. — to make 
this not a popular but a reference library of the 
highest grade, so as to "satisfy the researches of 
students.'' 

For some years before the new wing was added to 
the institute Dr. Morison was occupied with plans 
for its construction. He also devised the system of 
shelf-marks, which instantly shows to the attendant, 
by the use of four figures, the exact place of every 
book in the library. Besides his work on the build- 
ing and in the conduct of the various departments of 
the institute. Dr. Morison has had the general super- 
vision of the new catalogue, which has occupied 
twelve years in its preparation, and is now ready for 
the printer. The plan of this catalogue, and the ex- 
tent to which the analysis of books and periodicals 
should be carried, has been for him to decide upon ; 
but the execution of the work has been entirely under 
the direction of the able librarian, P. R. Uhler. He 
has also prepared a catalogue of the statues, busts, 
baa-reliefs, and other objects in the art gallery, giv- 
ing a description and history of each piece, with the 
annotations of eminent critics upon it. 

In 1842, Dr. Morison married Sidney Buchanan 
Brown, daughter of George I. Brown, and grand- 
daughter of Patrick Allison, first pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church of Baltimore, and of Dr. George 

! Brown, the leading physician of the city at the be- 
ginning of the present century, both cultivated, active, 
public-spirited, patriotic, and leading citizens of their 

I time. Her grandmother was the si.ster of Alexander 
Brown, the founder of the great banking-house of 
Alexander Brown & Sons. She is the sister of Judge 
George William Brown, former mayor of the city, and 

I belongs to the same Scotch-Irish race from which 

j her husband is descended. They have had eight chil- 
dren, seven sons and one daughter, of whom five 

I sons and the daughter survive. The oldest son, 
Frank, is a successful lawyer in Boston ; the second, 
George Brown, died in childhood ; the third, Earnest 
Nathaniel, is the Baltimore manager of the Equitable 
Life Insurance Company ; and the fourth, Robert 

' Brown, is a physician in the city. These three sons 



666 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUxNTY, MARYLAND. 



are married, and the oldest has been married twice, 
both times in Boston. The fifth son, William George, 
died in his seventeenth year, while at school in 
Exeter, N. H., preparing for Harvard College ; the 
sixth, John Holmes, is a lawyer in Baltimore; and 
the seventh, George Burnap, is at Harvard College. 
Four ofl his sons have been students at Harvard Col- 
lege, and two of them graduated there. Dr. Morison, 
with two of his brothers and four of his nephews, 
graduated at the same institution, and he is now one 
of the vice-presidents of it.s alumni association. Dr. 
Morison has for forty years been a member of the 
First Independent Church, and was for many years 
one of its board of trustees. He was for twenty- 
seven years a teacher in its Sunday-school, and nearly 
all that time its superintendent. He is one of the 
board of visitors and governors of St. John's College, 
at Annapolis, and received from that institution in 
1871 the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1879, with 
his wife, daughter, and son, he made an extended 
tour in Enrope, visiting all the principal libraries, 
art galleries, educational institutions, and historical 
places in Great Britain and on the continent. In 
1857 he purchased and fitted up a country-place in 
Peterborough, N. H., where his family have'since 
spent three months of every summer. During the 
fourteen years of his charge at the institute he has 
been absent from only one lecture, and from none of 
the public concerts, and he has lost but one day from 
sickne.ss. In 1845 he prepared and published a series 
of " Questions in Geography," which passed through 
three editions, and he afterwards printed a small book 
on punctuation and solecisms, which reached a second 
edition in 18fi9. In 1871 he wrote a pamphlet on the 
objects and management of the Peabody Institute. 
Beside these, his thirteen annual reports, and nu- 
merous newspaper articles, he has printed nothing. 

On the 15th of October, 1868, the Conservatory of 
Music was opened for the instruction of pupils and 
for the production of symphony concerts, with L. H. 
Southard, an accomplished musician and a cultivated 
man, as director. Musical lectures with illustrative 
concerts had been given during the winter of 1866-67, 
chiefly under the direction of Mr. Szemelenyi, and 
twelve concerts with a single rehearsal, under the di- 
rection of James M. Deems, were given during 1867- 
68, but no musical instruction had been undertaken. 
From October, 1868, dates the beginning of regular 
musical instruction under a body of accomplished 
teachers, and the beginning of the symphony con- 
certs under an able director with a full orchestra and 
numerous rehearsals. Dr. Southard remained at the 
head of the Conservatory three years, and resigned in 
1871. Asger Hamerick, of Copenhagen, Denmark, 
an accomplished musician and able composer, who 
had been the favorite pupil of some of the most cele- 
brated teachers and composers in Europe, and who 
was practically acquainted with all the great music- 
schools of Germany, France, and Italy, was ap- 



pointed director of the -Conservatory in the spring of 
1871, and took charge of it in the following Septem- 
ber. The school, and especially the concerts, have 
greatly improved under his management. 
I In 1873, John W. McCoy, with his characteristic 
liberality, presented to the institute Rinehart's statue 
of "Clytie" in marble, the first acquisition of its gal- 
lery of art; and in 187C, John W. Garrett, one of 
the trustees, gave it a credit of $15,000 to purchase 
plaster casts of the best sculptures in the European 
galleries. A large portion of this fund has been ex- 
pended, and the institute now possesses a choice col- 
i lection of the most perfect casts that are made, every 
piece having been selected by experienced artists. 
The gallery still contains few pictures, but, imperfect 
as it is, was opened to the public in the spring of 1881. 
The institute wjjs then complete, and all of its de- 
partments in active operation for the benefit of the 
public. The failure of Tennessee to pay the interest 
on her bonds has seriously crippled all the depart- 
'ments, and if continued must not simply dwarf but 
annihilate the art gallery or throw it upon i)rivate 
munificence for the means of filling it with works of 
merit. In March, 1879, a loan exhibition, conducted 
by a committee of public-spirited citizens, was held 
in the gallery, and yielded to the institute fifteen 
thousand dollars. This .sum has been s])ent in the 
purchase of two American pictures. 

Mr. Peabody's last gift to the institute, in 1869, was 
made" for the purpose of completing the building, but 
I his own death, in November of that year, and the 
I financial crisis of 1873 delayed the undertaking till 
j 1875, when work was begun in earnest on the exten- 
sion. Two additional houses were purchased and 
demolished, and a lot thus obtained fronting two 
hundred and six feet on Mount Vernon and one hun- 
dred and sixty on Washington Place. The new wing 
added ninety-eight feet to the north front, and has a 
depth of one hundred and fifty-two feet. It is fire- 
proof throughout, and is built in tlie most thorough 
and substantial manner, with all the latest improve- 
ments in heating and ventilation. It contains two 
lecture-rooms in the basement, a reading-room with 
accommodations for one hundred and fifty readers, a 
library hall with alcoves for three hundred thousand 
volumes of books, two large sculpture galleries, and 
the necessary work-rooms and offices. The old wing 
contains the large lecture and concert hall, the pic- 
ture-gallery, the class-rooms, and the necessary offices 
of the conservatory. 

The entire building has a front of one hundred and 
seventy-four feet nine inches, and a dei)th, in two 
wings twenty-four feet apart, of one hundred and fifty- 
two feet. It is built of white marble in tlie Grecian 
style of architecture, simple, but classic and elegant. 
Mr. Peabody desired that it should be an ornament to 
the city, that it should be furnished simply, but in 
the most substantial manner, and that it should al- 
ways be kept in an attractive condition of neatness 



BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



and comfort, and his wishes have been carried out to 
the letter. The entire lot cost $167,000, and the entire 
building $517,000, making the entire expenditure for 
the plant of the institute 1684,000. The income of 
the institute is at present (1881) about $34,000 a year, 
and it owns $364,000 of Tennessee six per cent, bonds, 
on which it has received no interest for five years. 

After twelve years of assiduous labor, a catalogue 
of the library, now (1881) containing seventy-one 
thousand volumes, has been completed, and is now 
being printed. It consists of an author, a title, and 
a subject-catalogue, all combined in one alphabet, 
and it will probably fill four thousand royal octavo 
printed pages in double columns. It is expected that 
it will require about four years to print it. 

The officers of the in.stitution are : President, Charles 
J. M. Eaton ; Vice-President, George William Brown; 
Secretary, George B. TiflFany ; Treasurer, Enoch Pratt; 
Provost, N. H. Morison, LL.D. ; Librarian, P. R. 
Uhler; Director of the Conservatory of Music, Asger 
Hamerick. 

Among the other libraries of the city containing 
over five hundred volumes are 



,oy..hiC'.ll.-L'.. 

t'.ii'i'" .' \ '. . ■ 1 ''''. \.M ,ii.'',V,''.V.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 


iil,500 

111,000 

L^nOD 

10(H)0 

4;i78 


Ball"' . 1 ' 'i ' . 3,875 

'.'11' 3,600 

3.'i.i'." ^" 1 ' 1 '■ 2,0()0 

li' - ^1 ' ■> 111"" 1,600 

I'll '■' 1 ■""- 1 "i"ii 1,370 


!Hlt.i' " ' i _. ; J I'litiil Surgery 


1,000 

1,«00 

1,200 

1,000 

3,000 

n.ixw 

3,000 


M'l-I'll '. 

'li'i'.' - 1 1 ". "1 ' > ''''riiigKsciiooi'.'.'.'.""."!!" 


26,000 

1,800 

3,000 




fill l; " ' 1' I'l'i.iv 460 

B">- - ' - r.' 1 - l'."'.i' 760 


lull : .' il : . i . 500 








t. ■'. . . 1 


600 



Maryland Institute for the Promotion of Me- 
chanic Arts. — This name has been applied to two 
different associations which have existed in this city. 
The first was founded November, 1825, by Fielding 
Lucas, Jr., John H. B. Latrobe, Hezekiah Niles, 
Thomas Kelso, and other prominent citizens of Bal- 
timore, of whom Mr. Latrobe is the only survivor. 
It was incorporated by the Legislature in 1826, and 
in November, 1826 and 1827, exhibitions of articles 
of American manufacture were held in " Concert 
Hall," South Charles Street. A course of lectures 
on subjects connected with the mechanic arts was in- 
augurated, and a library of works on mechanics and 
the sciences collected. 



"^7 



'ILLLLI"- 

MilyiiLL 



^^irtllffiU(;if;,rrt,iiiiiii\iiL 



On Feb. 7, 1835, the Athenaeum, then located at 
the southwest corner of Lexington and St. Paul 
Streets, was destroyed by fire, and the institute, which 
had been situated in that building, lost all of its out- 
fit and property, and was virtually dissolved. 

The first oflScers of the institute were William 
Stewart, president ; George Warner and Fielding Lu- 
cas, Jr., vice-presidents; John Mowton, recording 
secretary ; Dr. William Howard, corresponding sec- 
retary ; Managers, Messrs. James H. Clarke, D. P. 
McCoy, Solomon Etting, B. C. Howard, William 
Hubbard, Thomas Kelso, J. H. B. Latrobe, William 
Meeter, Hezekiah Niles, William Boney (Rouey), 
William F. Small, S. 
D. Walker, John D. 
Craig, Jacob Deems, 
William H. Free- 
man, Moses Hand, 
William Krebs, Rob- 
ert C. Long, Peter 
Leary, James Mosh- 
er, Henry Payson, P. 
K. Stapleton, James 
Syke.s,andP.B.Wil- m.uivi vmi inmihh. 

Hams. In Novem- 
ber, 1847, Benjamin S. Benson and sixty-nine others, 
among whom were a large number of the original 
founders of the former institution, issued a call for a 
meeting of those favorable to the formation of a me- 
chanics' institute. This resulted in the organization 
of the present institute, Jan. 12, 1848. 

The first exhibition was held at Washington Hall, 
in October, 1848, and the second and third at the same 
place, October, 1849 and 1850, all of which were re- 
markably successful. 

The ofiicers for 1848 were John A. Rodgers, presi- 
dent; Adam Denmead, first, and James Milholland, 
second vice-president ; John B. Easter, recording 
secretary; Samuel Smith, corresponding secretary; 
and Samuel Boyd, treasurer. The institute was in- 
corporated at the December session of the Legislature, 
1849, and was endowed with an annual appropriation 
of five hundred dollars. The City Council of Balti- 
more, in the summer of 1850, passed an ordinance 
granting the institute permission to erect a building 
over the Centre Market. The corner-stone was laid 
on the 13th of March, 1851, and on the 21st of Octo- 
ber of the same year the first exhibition was held in 
the new hall of the institute. The first lecture of 
I the course in the Maryland Institute was delivered 
Tuesday evening, December 16th, by Hon. Joseph R. 
I Chandler, of Philadelphia. In 1849 the board of 
I managers extended the usefulness of the in,stitution 
I by opening a School of Design, and the Night School 
j of Design was first opened in the present building in 
1851, with William Minifie as principal. In 1856, Mr. 
Peabody made arrangements to leave five hundred dol- 
lars per annum to the school, to be distributed in pre- 
' miums among its graduates. The same year a day 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



school was established for women aud girls, and a 
school of book-keeping and writing has been in suc- 
cessful operation for a number of years. A well-se- 
lected library of nearly nineteen thousand volumes is 
one of the greatest attractions of the institution. The 
institut* is supported by fees from its members, and 
by a small annual appropriation from the State. The 
last e.xhibition was held there in 1878. The first ex- 
hibition of the Maryland Institute wa.s held Tuesday, 
Nov. 7, ISliC, at a hall in South Charles Street. 

Miscellaneous Societies, Associations, Clubs, 
and Institutions.— Among the prominent mi.scella- 
ueous societies, associations, etc., in Baltimore which 
we have not the space to treat at length are the 
following: Baltimore Institute of Architects, organ- 
ized in 1870; Maryland Institute School of Design, 
organized in 1849; Hebrew Benevolent Society, or- 
ganized in 1846 ; Maryland Bible Society, formed in 
1810; Maryland Piljrrini- A--.irialion, instituted in 
1846 ; General Workiiu.-M n^ m^ k Kelief Union, or- 
ganized in 1851 ; Maryhiu'l SMririy for the Prevention 
of Cruelty to Animals, incorporated in 1862; Balti- 
more Scheutzen Society, organized in 1851; Young 
Catholics' Friends' Society, founded in 1842 ; Mary- 
land Sunday-School Union, incorporated in 1846; St. 
George's Society, organized in 1867 ; Society of the 
Army and Navy of the Confederate States, organized 
in 1871 ; The Maryland Line in the Confederate 
States, organized in 1881 ; Society of the Cincinnati, 
organized in 1783 ; German Mannerchor, organized in 
1856; Germania Club, organized in 1840; Improved 
Order of Heptasophs, formed in 1878 ; Maryland 
Colonization Society, formed in 1817 ; Maryland 
Club, organized in 1857; Young Men's Christian As- 
sociation, formed in 1852; St. Andrew's Society, 
founded in l.soii; M:ir\lanil Academy of Sciences, or- 
ganized inl8i;;; : 1 1 ilni iii III Soc'iety, organized in 1816 ; 
German Society ..I Ma.yland, formed in 1817; Wed- 
nesday Club, formed in 1869; Athenaeum Club, 
formed in 1877. 

Militia. — The militia of Baltimore has an excep- 
tionally honorable record, gained not only by soldierly 
conduct and manly deeds in four wars, but by re- 
peated important services in quelling disorder and 
preserving the peace of the city and State. To give 
this record in full would take a volume, yet some 
mention of salient points in the history of our local 
militia seems to be required. Our military originated 
with the war of the Revolution. Previous to that time 
what troops were required for frontier or foreign service 
were either British contingents or levies made by the 
Provincial Assembly. The jealousies of both the 
home and provincial governments frowned upon all 
local organizations. The troubles growing out of the 
opposition to the stamp-tax induced the "Sons of 
Liberty" to procure arms and uniforms and organize 
as independent companies, and when the war finally 
broke out they volunteered. Maryland at the end of 
the Revolution had five full regiments in the regular 



service, besides several companies of artillery, five 
companies in the German battalion (Pulaski's Legion), 
four companies of riflemen, a battalion of seven in- 
dependent companies, a company of " matrosses," or 
cannoneers, and some other organizations. The State 
furnished, in all, 20,636 men to that war, and of these 
at least a fourth part came from Baltimore. 

When the Revolutionary war ended a good many 
of the old Baltimore companies were kept together as 
citizen-soldiery in one .shape or another, and under 
various names. The militia of the State was organized 
and formed into divisions, brigades, and regiments, in 
compliance with the constitution of the United States, 
and the volunteer uniformed companies of Baltimore 
were enrolled under this organization. The Fifth 
Regiment, then as now, was assigned to Baltimore, 
and the right of the line of the First Battalion was 
held by Capt. Mackenheimer's company, the First 
Baltimore Light Infantry, raised in 1792. The caj)- 
tain had been in the Continental army, and his 
company volunteered and went to the front as soon 
as the " Whisky Insurrection" broke out, serving as 
Washington's body-guard. Its uniform was light 
blue, faced with white. This same year several other 
companies were raised, — -the Independents, Capt. 
Strieker; the Mechanical, Capt. Coulson ; the Rifle 
Company, Capt. Jessup ; and the Baltimore Sans- 
Culottes, Capt. Buchanan. The latter company, afler 
the French Revolution became so atrocious for its 
barbarities, changed its name to the Independent 
Blues, and was a famous company down to quite a 
recent period, being notable for its natty dress and 
excellent drill. The First Baltimore Battalion, Maj. 
Lowry, organized at the same time, comprised a com- 
pany of grenadiers, two of " batmen," and one of 
light infantry ; their uniform was beautiful, in the 
French style. There was also a troop of horse, Capt. 
Bowen, in green coats faced with red, and a rifle 
company, in fringed hunting-shirts. The Whisky In- 
surrection, the brief war with France, and the steadily 
deepening troubles with Great Britain tended to keep 
up the spirit of these organizations and maintain 
their strength. 

When the war of 1812 broke out Baltimore had a 
good force of well-equipped volunteers, the nucleus 
of which exissted in the companies which have been 
named and others mentioned in the chapter on the 
war of 1812-14. We have before us manuscript 
sketches of the following old volunteer militia com- 
panies, but owing to the crowded pages of the work 
we are compelled to content ourselves by simply men- 
tioning them: The Law Grays, organized in 1850; 
First Rifle Regiment, organized in 1846; Maryland 
Cadets, organized in 1836 ; Columbian Riflemen, or- 
ganized in 1846; Baltimore City Guards, formed in 
1830; Baltimore Independent Blues, organized in 
1798; Shields Guards, organized in 1856; Baltimore 
City Rifles, organized in 1860 ; Mount Vernon Guards, 
organized in 1854; First Baltimore Light Infantry, 




C-C-'C^?^ 



/^--r^>~-tt^^^ 



BALTIMORE LIBRARIES AND MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. 



669 



organized in 1787 ; Wells and McComas Riflemen, 
organized about 1853 ; German Guards, organized in 
1846; American Riflemen, organized in 1855; Mary- 
land Guards, organized in 1855 ; Lafayette Guards, 
organized in 1853; Baltimore Invincibles, organized 
in 1838 ; Hibernian Corps of Union Greens, organized 
about 1807; Hibernian Infantry, organized in 1796; 
Chesapeake Riflemen, organized in June, 1845 ; Junior 
Artillerists, organized about 1837 ; Fifth Regiment, 
formed in 1792 ; Independent Grays, organized in 
1833 ; Fell's Point Eagle Artillery, organized in 1789 ; 
Monumental Rifles, organized in 1853; Montgomery 
Guards, organized in 1853 ; Jackson Guards, organized 
in 1850 ; and the Marion Rifle Corps, organized in 
1823. During the late civil war our Baltimore citizen- 
soldiery were enrolled and fought bravely on both 
sides in that terrible strife. Among those from Balti- 
more who were distinguished for gallantry and good 
conduct on the Confederate side we may mention 
Lieut.-Col. Richard Snowden Andrews. 

Col. Richard Snowden Andrews is the .son of Col. 
T. P. Andrews, of the LTnited States army, who was 
born in Ireland in 1794, and was distinguished for 
bravery at the battle of El Molino, in Mexico, in 
1847, and breveted brigadier-general for gallantry at 
Cliapultepec. He was appointed paymaster-general 
of the army in September, 1862. He married Emily 
Roseville, fourth daughter of Richard and Eliza 
(Warfleld) Snowden. 

Richard Snowden, of Wales, the progenitor of the 
Snowdens of Maryland, is said to have held a major's 
commission under Oliver Cromwell. He came to 
Maryland in the seventeenth century. His son Rich- 
ard was a well-known owner of land near South 
River, in a deed dated Oct. 13, 1679. Aug. 1, 1686, 
Robin Hood's Forest, containing 10,600 acres of 
land, was granted to him. He was living Oct. 13, 
1688, when William Parker deeded to him certain 
land for a consideration of £306. He died soon after 
1704. His son, Richard Snowden, Jr., married, and 
was living as late as 1717. Richard, apparently 
the only son of this last-mentioned marriage, was 
born about 1691, and is believed to have died in 1719. 
His son was engaged in the manufacture of iron on 
the Patuxent River, and became the sole owner of 
the " Patuxent Iron- Works Company." Thomas, the 
third son of Richard, married Ann Ridgely ; their 
oldest child was Richard, who married Eliza, daugh- 
ter of Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield. Of this 
marriage, Emily Roseville was the wife of Col. 
T. P. Andrews, and the mother of the subject of 
our sketch. Col. R. Snowden Andrews was born in 
Washington, D. C, Oct. 29, 1830, and was educated 
at private schools in Washington and Georgetown. 
At the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to the 
carpentering trade, as preliminary to the study of 
architecture, which was to be his profession. In 1852 
he graduated as an architect from the office of Niern- 
see & Neilson, the leading architects of Baltimore. 



In his profession as an architect he was eminently 
successful. Among the achievements of his art are the 
Hospital for the Insane in Weston County, W. Va., the 
Governor's mansion at Annapolis, the superintendency 
of the south wing of the Treasury Department at 
Washington, also of the United States court-house 

j at Baltimore, the enlargement of the custom-house, 
architect of the Eastern Female High School, as well 
as churches and public buildings. He is now en- 

I gaged on the Chamber of Commerce building, for 
which he furnished the granite, as well as that for 
the piers and new elevator at Locust Point for the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He is the principal 
owner of the Westham Granite Quarries, upon the 
James River, about seven miles above Richmond, 
Va., from whence was taken the granite used in the 
construction of the Army and Navy Department at 
Washington, which is regarded as the finest piece of 
granite work in the world. He works from two to 

j four hundred hands in the quarries and works con- 
nected therewith. 

In politics Col. Andrews has always been a firm 
and uncompromising Democrat, but never seeking or 
desiring office. His sympathies and convictions of 
duty in 1861 drew him to espouse the cau.se of the 
Southern States, and in April of that year he went to 
Virginia and offered his services to the authorities of 

[ that State. Governor Letcher immediately commis- 
sioned him a major of Virginia cavalry, which position 

I he accepted, reserving the privilege of transfer to the 
artillery whenever a battery could be provided for him. 
With authority to organize a company of light artil- 

j lery, to be known as the First Maryland Artillery, and 
with the aid of the Ordnance Department of Vir- 
ginia, then under the charge of Col. Dinioch, he pro- 
ceeded with that industry and energy for which he 
has always been remarkable to construct and equip 
with guns, caissons, horses, and harness, as well as 
enroll, organize, and drill the men. From designs 
of his own the first three brass 12-pound Napoleon 
guns made in the Confederate States and three 
12-pound brass howitzers were cast by Col. Dim- 
och. These were the models for all other Napoleons 
cast in the Confederacy. While constructing the 
battery and equipments he enlisted and organized 
one hundred and forty-seven Marylanders, by whom 
he was elected captain, with William F. Dement, first 
lieutenant; Charles Snowden Contee, first lieutenant; 
Frederick Dabney, second lieutenant; and Dr. De- 
Wilton Snowden, orderly sergeant. The company 
was mustered into the Virginia service in June, 
1861, and the next day transferred with the other 
Virginia forces to the Confederate army. The com- 
pany was mustered into the Virginia service by the 
request of Governor Letcher, in order that he might 
supply the Marylanders with this celebrated battery. 
These guns were cast at the Tredegar Works in 
June and July, 1861, and used in all the battles of the 
Army of Northern Virginia during the fall and winter 



670 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of 1861 and 1862. The great success of these guns ' 
induced the Confederate authorities to recast all of ' 
their 6- and 12-pound liowitzcrs into Napoleon guns ' 
of Andrews' pattern. The first service of this bat- 
tery was in the blockade of the Potomac at Evans- j 
port, Va. From Evansport it was transferred to Ma- 1 
gruder's lines at Yorktown, and took part in all the ; 
engagements from Yorktown to the relief of Richmond 
from the army of McClellan. The battery was at- 
tached to the division commanded by Maj.-Gen. A. 
P. Hill. The siege of Richmond being raised, the 
battery was detached and sent to the line of the Rap- 
pahannock, and attached to the command of Gen. 
"Stonewall" Jackson, with which command it re- 
mained until his death. 

At the battle of Mechanicsville tlie Maryland Ar- 
tillery, under Capt. Andrews, had the honor of firing 
the " first gun," and was hotly engaged from three to 
ten o'clock. During this engagement Capt. Andrews 
was wounded in the leg by a ball from a spherical 
shell, but he did not leave his command until after 
the action ; and notwithstanding this severe wound 
he remained with the company during all the Seven 
Days' fights around Richmond, and for the gallantry 
displayed was promoted, by Gen. R. E. Lee's recom- 
mendation, to the rank of major. At Frazier's Farm, 
Gen. Lee having been informed that there was no 
place from which artillery could be used, directed 
Capt. Andrews to examine the ground and report its 
condition as to the use of artillery. After a thorough 
examination Capt. Andrews reported that he could 
use his battery, and was ordered in position, and did 
such service as to merit the distinguished approval of 
Gen. Lee. 

On the march to the Rappahannock, and before 
the battle of Cedar Run, Gen. "Stonewall" Jack- 
son discussed with Maj. Andrews the artillery ser- 
vice of his command and the best means of making 
it more effective. In these discussions Maj. Andrews 
suggested to Gen. Jackson the propriety of separating 
the artillery companies from the brigades to which 
they were then attached, and the formation of artil- 
lery battalions of four companies each, every com- 
pany to have guns of the same character, so that in 
ordering a company into action the particular class 
of guns could be ordered in without dividing a com- 
pany. This suggestion struck Gen. Jackson with 
great force, which was subsequently improved and 
made effectual by a board of officers, composed of 
Gen. Jackson, Col. Crutchfield, and Maj. Andrews, 
at " Moss Neck," below Fredericksburg, the result of 
which was the battalion organization of all the artil- 
lery companies in the Second Corps of the Army of 
Northern Virginia, and which wa.s afterwards adopted 
by the entire army. 

At the battle of Cedar Run, Maj. Andrews com- 
manded the division artillery, composed of nine bat- 
teries, and, iis expressed in the official report of Gen. 
Pender, "the section of Andrews' Battery (Mary- 



land) was under Lieut. Dement, who also did fine 
service. Capt. Andrews, as usual, was present, chaf- 
ing for a fight." This battle was remarkable for the 
extraordinary " artillery duel," which raged for more 
than three hours, opposing batteries unlimbering so 
close to each other that during the greater part of the 
time they used grape and canister. Maj. Andrews' 
artillery was attached to Gen. Charles S. Winder's 
division. Of its service on that great battle-field. Col. 
Crutchfield, chief of artillery of the Second Corps, in 
his ofBcial report, " calls esi)ecial attention to the gal- 
lantry displayed by Maj. R. S. Andrews in this ac- 
tion," who, he says, " was severely wounded, and in 
our withdrawal fell a prisoner into the hands of the 
enemy." Gen. Jackson also says, " Especial credit is 
due Maj. Andrews for the success and gallantry with 
which his guns were directed until he was severely 
wounded and taken from the field." The wound thus 
mentioned by these officers was from a Parrott shell, 
and almost disemboweled Maj. Andrews. The "grit" 
of the man was now as conspicuous as the courage of 
the officer. Every surgeon who said he could not sur- 
vive he waived away : no man should treat his wound 
who had no hope of his recovery. Even the surgeons 
of the enemy had so little hope of his ever being again 
"fit for duty" that they paroled him instead of hold- 
ing him a close prisoner. Months of pain and suffer- 
ing ensued, and life was many times nearly gone, but 
the man was superior to the wound. 

During this " sick leave" he prepared and had 
published by Evans & Cogswell, of Charleston, S. C, 
that excellent manual, " Andrews' Mounted Artillery 
Drill," by which the splendid corps of artillery in the 
Confederate States army were drilled and educated. 
By permission this work was dedicated to "The Chris- 
tian Soldier, Lieutenant-General T. J. Jackson, by 
his late Chief of Division Artillery, as a slight token 
of appreciation of the kindness of the following com- 
plimentary language : ' For Major Andrews' gallant 
and meritorious conduct in the battle of Cedar Run 
I respectftilly recommend that his appointment 
date from that battle.' However worthless this work 
in itself may be, it assumes something of value in the 
author's eyes when thus rendered as a tribute of respect 
to 'Old Stonewall,' R. Suowden Andrews, Lieutenant- 
Colonel Commanding Battalion Artillery, Milford, 
April 11, 1863." By Special Order No. 94, Headquar- 
ters Department Northern Virginia, April 4, 1863, 
a board, to consist of Col. S. Crutchfield, Lieut.- 
Col. R. Snowden Andrews, and Maj. H. P. Jones, waa 
appointed " to meet at the camp of artillery of the 
Second Corps on the 10th instant, or as soon thereafter 
as practicable, to express an opinion as to the proper 
proportion of projectiles to accompany the 12-pounder 
Napoleon, the 16-pounder Parrott, and 3-inch rifle- 
guns; also whether the efficiency of artillery will be 
impaired by omitting the prolonge with the gun-car- 
riage, and extra wheel and axle with the caisson." 
This board Maj. Andrews attended on crutches, and 



MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 



671 



while concurring in the rejMrt as to some of the prin- 
cipal improvements recommended, did not concur 
with others. His appointment on tliis board was due 
to the impression made on Gen. Jackson by his views, 
expressed in the march to the battle of Cedar Run, 
on the improvement of the artillery. 

Tlie Second Corps of the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia was commanded by Gen. T. J. Jackson, with 
Col. Crutchfield as chief of artillery of the corps, 
Lieut.-Col. Andrews as chief of artillery of the " Stone- 
wall" Division. Col. Andrews was on parole until 
October, 1862, when he was exchanged and put in 
charge of the Bureau of the Ordnance Department 
by Col. Gorgas. He returned to duty April, 1863, 
and reached Fredericksburg on the eve of the bat- 
tle of Chancellorsville, and was placed in command 
by Gen. Jackson of his division artillery and three 
other batteries, and fought Sedgwick at Fredericks- 
burg and Hamilton's Crossing. Following the move- 
ments of the Army of Northern Virginia, he partici- 
pated in the engagements that led to the capture of 
Gen. Milroy's command at Winchester, where he 
was again wounded, being the third serious and 
severe wound received in eleven months. This wound 
of the 15th of June, 1863, was very severe and dan- 
gerous, severing the large artery and veins of the 
right arm. Of the conduct of the Maryland Artillery 
at this fight Gen. Evvell remarks, in his report of 
operations of the Second Army Corps, " that Lieut- 
Col. Andrews, of the artillery, not fully recovered 
from his serious wound at Cedar Run, was again 
wounded at Winchester, and while suffering from 
his wound appeared on the field at Hagerstown and 
reported for duty." And in his official report Gen. 
Ewell says, " Lieut.-Col. Andrews, who had handled 
his artillery with great skill and effect in the engage- 
ment on the 15th, was -wounded just as the action 
closed." Col. Andrews joined his command at Ha- 
gerstown on the 6th of July, 1863, and at the battle 
of Mine Run his artillery was the only artillery en- 
gaged, and suffered severely. 

In December, 1863, after the Army of Northern 
Virginia was in winter-quarters. Col. Andrews was, 
at the request of Col. Gorgas, appointed on a board 
of officers at Richmond to designate what guns should 
be used in the campaign of 1864, and was made presi- 
dent of the board. Having performed that duty, he 
was ordered to proceed to Europe and examine the 
artillery of England, France, Prussia, and Austria. 
He proceeded in February, 1864, to Europe, and ac- 
companied Lieut.-Gen. Falkenstein through Schles- 
wig and Holstein to the north of Jutland on an expe- 
dition against the Danes. He was received with the 
utmost courtesy and attention by Gen. Von Moltke, 
then acting as chief of staff of Prince Frederick Carl's 
combined army. He inspected the arsenals of Europe, 
and had some guns built and tested at Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne and shipped to the Confederacy, but 
which arrived at Bermuda too late. At Bermuda 



Col. Andrews learned of the fall of Wilmington and 
I the closing of the last port of the Confederacy. He 
proceeded to Havana in the hope of being able to 
return to duty by way of the coast of Florida, 
but at Havana he heard of the surrender of Gens. 
j Lee and Johnston. From Havana he proceeded to 
Mexico, and was engaged for two years in the con- 
struction of the Imperial Railroad between Vera 
Cruz and the City of Mexico. Returning to Balti- 
more in January, 1867, he resumed the practice of 
his profession as an architect. 

Col. Andrews married Mary C. Lee, a daughter of 
Josiah Lee, a leading banker of Baltimore, who was 
a descendant of the Virginia Lees, who settled in 
Southern Maryland. Her mother was a daughter of 
the Hon. James Sewell, representative in the Twenty- 
seventh Congress from Harford County. 

After the war the Maryland militia were entirely 
reorganized under a new militia law creating the 
Maryland National Guards. This law, modified in 
many material regards, is still in force. Under it nine 
regiments were raised and uniformed in Baltimore, 
the Fifth, as of old, having the right of the line. Of 
these regiments only the Fifth remains in existence, 
and our citizens need no information a-s to its quali- 
ties and performances. Its services in the strike riots 
of 1877 will not speedily be forgotten. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 

If the progressive history of music in Baltimore 
could be written in detail it would form an exceed- 
ingly interesting chapter of this volume, how from 
feeble attempts upon the spinet and harpsichord in 
the eighteenth century the people gradually advanced 
to the far more complete and comprehensive instru- 
ment, the piano, and how from small coteries endeav- 
oring to give voice to their love for melody through 
the primitive instructions of the old time music-mas- 
ter there have been developed grand choral societies 
capable of interpreting the magnificent productions of 
Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn, and Handel, and a race 
of professors whose scientific knowledge is supple- 
mented by perfection of taste and accuracy of judg- 
ment. But the early musical history of a people is 
always involved in obscurity, — the first rude begin- 
nings from whence sprang those melodies which 
fashioned the tastes of the people. In July, 1765, 
Hugh Maguire opened a singing-school in St. Ann's 
church, Annapolis, where he proposed to teach " the 
new version of the psalms with all the tunes, both of 
particular and common measure ; and if agreeable to 
young ladies, will attend them at their own houses, 
where such as play on the spinet may in a short time 
and with the greatest ease learn the different psalm 



672 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tunes ; and in order that those youths who are en- 
gaged in other studies may not lose time from them, 
I have appointed the hours of attendance at church 
on Thursday and Friday, from five o'clock in the morn- 
ing till eight, and from five to seven in the afternoon, 
and on Saturday the above-mentioned time in the 
morning, and in the afternoon from two to six. Price, 
15». per quarter, and one dollar entrance." Doubtless 
Mr. Maguire extended his services to Baltimore, and 
if his rates were no higher than in Annapolis, the in- 
habit^mts had little complaint to make ou the score of 
charges. In January, 1796, J. Carr had a music-store 
at No. 6 Gay Street, an indication that the people at 
that time were considerably advanced in the knowl- 
edge of the art or .such an establishment could not 
have been sustained. A concert was performed on 
Thursday, April 9, 1789, at John Starck's tavern, 
Mr. Boyer, who had been giving musical- instructions 
in the polite circles of Baltimore, being the- manager 
and conductor, and in all probability the sole bene- 
ficiary. 

Sacred music appears to have been the most popu- 
lar during the latter part of the eighteenth century. 
On Friday, Nov. 6, 1789, Ishmael Spicer offers his 
services to the citizens as a teacher of psalmody, and 
"flatters himself that he shall meet with general en- 
couragement." " The price for tuition, fire- wood, and 
candles is two dollars and a half a quarter for each 
scholar," cheap enough apparently even when the 
difference in the value of money then and now is con- 
sidered. Under date of Nov. 13, 1789, a gentleman 
advertises to give instructions on the harpsichord, 
showing that the piano had not yet supplanted that 
mild but plaintive instrument in the hearts of the 
people. There is a long interval of which there is no 
authentic record, save that a fine building, known as 
the " Assembly-Rooms," was erected on the northeast 
corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets, and devoted 
to dancing and the fine arts. It is not difficult to 
imagine that its spacious chambers at times re-echoed 
floods of melody, and that there were laid the founda- 
tions for those more ambitious efforts of recent years. 
It is announced on Thursday, Feb. 25, 1819, "that 
the Harmonic Society of Baltimore will give their first 
concert of vocal and instrumental music in their hall 
on Charles Street, Mr. J. Nenijiger conductor. Per- 
formance at 7 o'clock. Tickets to be had at F. Lucas' 
and E. J. Coale's book-stores and Robinson's Li- 
brary." Many persons will recognize the depositaries 
of tickets from the imprint of their firm-names upon 
old pieces of music, such as the " Captive Knight," 
" The Danube River," and many other ballads that 
were greeted with enthusiasm long years ago. 

About two years from this date it is learned that 
" the composition of the celebrated Haydn, the sacred 
oratorio entitled ' The Creation,' is to be performed 
on Thursday evening. May 3, 1821, in the new cathe- 
dral of the Roman Catholic Church in Baltimore, by 
the Baltimore Harmonic Society, with the assistance 



of professors present and upwards of one hundred 
and twenty ladies and gentlemen amateurs;" further 
on there is a meagre account of the great performance. 
There was assembled to hear it " the most splendid 
audience of beauty and fa.shion that we have ever 
witnessed. Notwithstanding a severe rain, the citi- 
zens repaired to the church at an early hour, and the 
seats approximating the orchestra were filled to over- 
flowing in a few minutes." 

The manufacture of musical instruments had evi- 
dently been making headway in the country. In 
April, 1821, it is noted that "the artist, Mr. Thomas 
Hall,' of New York, is already well known in Balti- 
more as the builder of the two finest organs that had 
ever been seen in Baltimore until the completion of 
the cathedral organ, — I mean the one in St. Paul's 
and that in the First Independent church. This im- 
mense organ is incomparably the largest in America." 

A grand concert by the Baltimore Harmonic So- 
ciety is advertised to take place at the Masonic Hall, 
March 6, 1823. 

In 1827 another step in advance was noted. On 
Friday, May 25th of that year, the Musical Associa- 
tion was organized at the Athenseum, in this city, 
with the following list of oflScers : President, Fielding 
Lucas ; Vice-President, B. I. Cohen ; Treasurer, Wil- 
liam H. Murray; Secretary, William Neal; Directors, 
Benjamin C. Howard, Justus Hoppe, J. J. Cohen, Jr., 
David Hoifman, J. Pennington, James Gibson, John 
Cole, and William Bose. A constitution was adopted 
for the government of the society, and subscriptions 
collected suflicient to defray its expenses. 

In the following year the Baltimore Choral Society 
was formed, and a meeting held May 26th in the 
saloon of the Athenaeum. Under the auspices of the 
Musical Association, a series of delightful concerts 
were given for the benefit t)f the poor of the city, 
which netted a handsome sum for charity, and doubt- 
less contributed much to the development of correct 
musical taste, now a distinct characteristic of the 
people. The first mircc of the Musical Association 
took place Jan. 17, 1833, and was attended by a 
"gifted and brilliant" assemblage of ladies and gen- 
tlemen. The same association rendered an oratorio 
Feb. 25, 1836, at Rev. Dr. Duncan's church, for the 
benefit of the Sunday-schools of the city. 

From this time onward the progress of music was 
very rapid. The great influx 6f Germans contrib- 
uted much to this result. They brought with them 
their knowledge of music and their enthusiasm. The 
Leiderkrantz, the German Music Society, the Ger- 
niania Mannerchor, and many other kindred associa- 
tions were formed in Baltimore. A grand oratorio of 
" The Seasons" was performed Jan. 13, 1842, at the 
Assembly-Rooms by the Leiderkrantz and the Ger- 
man Jlusic Society. In December, 1849, the Balti- 
more Musical Association was dissolved, and reor- 
ganized on a better basis. 

A grand musical festival was given in this city June 



MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 



9, 1851. It was a combination of the German vocal 
associations of the Eastern and Middle States, num- 
bering six hundred voices. The festival took place 
at the Front Street Theatre, and the compositions of 
the most celebrated German composers were rendered 
with great skill and splendid effect. In December of 
the same year the Lenschow Musical Association, a 
select organization, consisting of nineteen young gen- 
tlemen, who had been in constant practice for a year, 
gave a very enjoyable concert of classic music. 

Jenny Lind reached Baltimore Dec. 8, 1850. The 
same enthusiasm, in kind if not in degree, was exhib- 
ited here as elsewhere. Tickets to her concerts sold 
at fabulous prices, and her eiforts on the stage were 
received with a storm of applause. It would not be 
fair to say that Baltimore had never before welcomed 
a great artiste, but assuredly nowhere in America, 
prior to her advent, had the people heard a singer of 
such cultivation combined with such extraordinary 
power. She showed the people of what the human 
voice was capable under certain conditions, and from 
her coming may be dated a new era in the history of 
vocal music. An impetus was given to the cultiva- 
tion of the voice, after all the truest and most perfect 
medium that music possesses. Skillful and scientific 
teachers were secured, many of the church choirs 
were remodeled, and the taste for vocal music of a 
high order became general among the people. 
Many citizens remember with pleasure the operatic 
renditions of the Pyne & Harrison opera troupe, but 
perhaps the most genuine enthusiasm was created in 
1860, when Strakosch presented to the opera-going 
public the combination of Adelina Patti, Madame 
Coulson, Brignoli, Stigelli, and Amodio. The prima 
donnas and tenors sang on alternate nights, Coulson 
with Stigelli, and Patti with Brignoli, and it was diffi- 
cult to determine on which side ranged the greater 
number of partisans. Since that time many of the 
most famous singers of Europe have visited the city, 
— Piccolomini, Parepa, Nilsson, Lucca, and Titiens, — 
but none have produced the enthusiasm and excite- 
ment caused by Jenny Lind and the troupe above 
mentioned. 

In 1854, and again in 18-59, the Grand National 
Sangerbund assembled in Baltimore, and for days the 
inhabitants were fairly saturated with song. Several 
thousand voices supplied the chorus on each occasion, 
and the choicest music was rendered. 

The general convention of the American St. Csecil- 
ian Societies convened at St. Alphonsus' Hall, Aug. 
22, 1876. A grand concert was given in St. Alphon- 
sus' church, at which music selected in accordance 
with the severe views of the organization was ele- 
gantly rendered. It was an interesting occasion, but 
the societies have not yet succeeded to any extent in 
imparting their cla.ssical severity to the church music 
of Baltimore City. Some of the churches adopted 
the Gregorian chant, but, with rare exceptions, they 
have allowed it to fall into disuse, the tastes of the 



congregations plainly tending in the other direc- 
tions. 

The Maryland Musical Festival began at the Acad- 
emy of Music, May 27, 1878, under the direction of 
Prof. Asger Hamerick, director of the Conservatory 
of Music of the Peabody Institute, and lasted three 
days. The festival was the outgrowth of a cultured 
taste for music which had gradually grown up among 
the citizens. It was the culmination of many previ- 
ous efforts in the same direction, and was in every re- 
spect a credit to the city. Admirable taste was dis- 
played in the selections, embracing many of the most 
remarkable works of the great masters, and the finished 
manner in which they were executed and the evident 
delight with which they were received bespoke a corps 
of trained musicians of great excellence in the com- 
munity, and an audience thoroughly capable of ap- 
preciating the loftiest efforts of musical genius. 

The numerous musical organizations in the city and 
the Conservatory of Music of the Peabody Institute, 
through its annual concerts, have done much to de- 
velop and educate the tastes of the people, and will 
doubtless continue to be a potent influence in Balti- 
more. 

Of the popular teachers of music in old times in 
Baltimore City were the Gilles brothers, Italians. 
The elder Gilles was the most celebrated hautboy 
player of his day, and the younger fingered and 
bowed the violoncello with great ease and dexterity. 
They came to this country to give a series of concerts, 
and finally settled in Baltimore, where they taught 
vocal music according to the Italian system. Two 
brothers named Neninger, one of whom has already 
been mentioned in connection with a concert given 
by the Harmonic Society in 1819, both violinists, 
taught instrumental music in Baltimore for many 
years. Messrs. Dielman, Lucchesi, and Gosden were 
noted flutenists. Charles Meineke, a German, was a 
skillful pianist and organist, and amassed by industry 
and frugality a large fortune, but left no heir to in- 
herit his wealth, he being a bachelor. Among the 
prominent performers and composers of music in 
Baltimore, past and present, may be mentioned An- 
thony Philip Heinrich, Thomas Statford Damer, 
Julius E. Muller, Arthur Clifton, John Cole, Sual 
Shaw, Charles Meineke, George W. Mennick, Fred- 
erick Lucchesi, Levi Wilder, E. Higenbotham, Henry 
M. Jungernickel, Ernest Szemelengi, A. J, Cleve- 
land, Henry Dielman, Henry Schwing, Frank Bar- 
rington, Frederick Eversman, Jennie Busk, J. H. 
Hewitt, Joseph Gegan, William Harman, C. S. Per- 
cival, Alexander Jamieson, James M. Deems, Francis 
and George Walter, J. T. Stoddard, Vincent Schmidt, 
a celebrated guitarist, Augustus Metz, Albert and Mrs. 
Holland, James and Dominic May, Charles Gola, G. 
J. Conradt, John F. Petri, Louis Eobuck, Mr. De 
Bonceray, and Otto Sutro. 

Mr. Sutro is widely known and esteemed. He was 
born in Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, on the 24th 



674 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of February, 1833. His father was Emanuel Sutro, 
and his mother, Rosa Warendorf In business his 
father was an extensive clotli manufacturer, employ- 
ing many hundred hands. He was a man of fine 
natural gifts, highly cultivated, refined, and improved 
by extensive travel. At an early age Otto Sutro 
evinced a decided talent for music, which was encour- 
aged and promoted by his parents, themselves es- 
pecially devoted to the " divine art." After instruc- 
tion by tiie best masters of liis native city, his father 
took him to the renowned Mendelssohn in 1845, who 
advised his being sent to the Conservatory of Music. 
But, owing to the death of his father in 1847, his 
mother ciianged his destination to the Conservatory 
of Music at Brussels, where his musical studies were 
begun in real earnest. Making rapid progress, lie 
soon took higli position in his classes for composition 
of music for piano and organ, and so proficient did he 
become on the latter instrument that the famous 
organist. Prof I. Lemmeus, appointed him his as- 
sistant. His mother having, with all the children 
but one, migrated to America, Otto, drawn by his 
strong affection for her, followed, and arrived in New 
York, from whence he came directly to Baltimore, in 
1851, where he obtained the position of organist to 
the Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church. Overtaken 
by the " California fever," he sought his fortune in 
the El Dorada of the Pacific, along with thousands 
of other young and energetic men who made the 
Argonauts of California. In California he gave in- 
structions in music for a short time, but the fever of 
"gold-digging" carried him to the mines, where, 
alternately digging and playing, merchant and mus- 
ician, he passed an eventful life. In concert companies 
traveling over the State from mining districts to 
country towns his life was replete with adventure, 
hardship, and hairbreadth escapes from all kinds of 
dangers, which matured without hardening his char- 
acter. While in San Francisco he was organist of 
the Catholic cathedral, in Vallejo Street; of the 
Rev. Dr. Scott's church, on Bush Street ; and lastly of 
Bishop Kipp's Protestant Episcopal church, on Row- 
ell Street ; and in San Francisco, as elsewhere, he was 
considered a most proficient and excellent instructor 
of music. 

The same affection for his mother that imiielled his 
coming to America drew him back to the Atlantic 
States, and lie returned to Baltimore in February, 
1858, and has made it his permanent home. And 
here he has had charge of most of the music of the 
great charity engagements during the war, and in ap- 
preciation of his valuable services the " Southern 
Educational Society" presented him with a handsome 
silver set. " Wednesday evenings at Sutro's" have a 
history of music, pleasure, and entertainment that 
will long be cheri.shed by some of the best people of 
Baltimore, and laid the foundation of the " Wednes- 
day Club," since become famous in Baltimore for mu- 
sical and dramatic entertainments by non-professionals. 



Upon Mr. Sutro's marriage with Miss Handy, of Mis- 
sissippi, the Bachelors' Club of Wednesday evening 
was dissolved, and those who have so long enjoyed 
the pleasure of these delightful enterUiinments united 
in presenting, through William Preseott Smith, a 
silver pitcher of unique design, commemorative of 
the "good times" they had had under the hospitable 
roof of Baltimore's great musician. 

Mr. Sutro is the .agent for the celebrated Chickering 
pianos, also George Wood's organs, Kranich & 
Bach, Haines' Bros., Dunham & Sons' pianos, and 
Wilcox & White's organs, and is engaged in the 
business of sheet-music upon a very large scale. En- 
terprise like tliat of Mr. Sutro deserves to be, and has 
been, rewarded with the countenance and full support 
of the peoi)le of Baltimore. 

Art and Artists.— The earliest indication of a 
taste for art which the records of Maryland show is 
the resolution of the Provincial Assembly in 1766 
to erect at Annapolis a marble statue to William 
Pitt, and the provision therein made for the painting 
of his portrait. The portrait-painters of Maryland 
include Charles Wilson Peale in 1773, who com- 
pleted in the next year in London the portrait of the 
Earl of Chatham, the "first fruit of his science," and 
which he gave to the province, to be placed in the 
State-House, with the hope that it would " redound 
to his reputation" and confer an honor upon him. 
In 1788, Mr. Peale, "expecting to leave Baltimore 
shortly," announced that his portraits may be seen 
every day at his room in Daniel Bowley's buildings, 
on Water Street, between South and Commerce. In 
February, 1799, Rembrandt Peale was painting por- 
traits in Annapolis at forty dollars each. In 1807, C. 
Boyle, portrait-painter, was located at No. 6 Calvert 
Street. In 1811, Francis Guy, the landscape-painter, 
advertised his invention of a paper carpet, and that 
it was on exhibition at Robert Elliott's paper-hang- 
ing warehouse. In the same year James McGibbon, 
portrait-painter, had his studio at No. 6 Gay Street. 

The growth of the taste for works of art in Balti- 
more had been gradual and without any important 
manifestations in the way of organization until the 
formation of the Maryland Art Association, March 5, 
1847, which was designed to be an association of 
artists and amateurs of the city for promoting the 
knowledge and practice of fine arts in Maryland ; a 
committee, consisting of Messrs. S. Smith, R. Carey 
Long, and O. Tiftany, Jr., was authorized to solicit 
from patrons of art contributions towards forming a 
collection of studies. How long the Maryland Art 
I Association continued there are no records to show. 
I It was but the beginning of that development in the 
study and encouragement of fine arts which has since 
that time had such success in this city. 
I In 1870 the Maryland Academy of Art was organ- 
! ized at Knabe's Hall, on May 20th, with Dr. Archibald 
George as temporary president, and A. J. H. Way as 
secretary. The i>resident gave an exposition of the 




:^r Z9fa/r^^^^f-^ 



MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 



objects contemplated by the academy, and of a con- 
stitution for its government. It was composed of 
artists, amateur artists, and lovers of art generally, 
including ladies.' 

It was thought that as Baltimore was then " begin- 
ning to assume a metropolitan character," and giving 
" indications of a growing interest in art, that it was 
a propitious moment for the formation of this acad- 
emy." It was not only the aim of the founders to 
promote the appreciation of the fine arts in this city, 
but also to aid the progress and a.ssist the interests of 
artists by art exhibitions, discourses and lectures on 
art, etc., and to establish an art centre and rendezvous 
for foreign and native talent, and to concentrate in an 
organized form the congenial art elements of the com- 
munity. The following officers were elected at the 
meeting June 2, 1870 : Hon. George W. Dobbin, 
president; A. J. H. Way, vice-president; William H. 
Graham, treasurer; George H. Coale, recording sec- 
retary ; Allan H. Redwood, corresponding secretary ; 
Directors, S. Teackle Wallis, Louis McLane, William 
Prescott Smith, Israel Cohen, W. H. Carpenter, A. K. 
Fulton, Joseph H. Meredith, Albert T. Bledsoe, Au- 
gustus George, A. J. Volck, Col. J. R. Johnson, 
J. Crawford Neilson, E. G. Lind, E. F. Baldwin, John 
W. Torsch, and Leonce Rabillon. The academy was 
located on Mulberry Street, near Cathedral, and by 
Oct. 30, 1871, had taken such a start and firm hold 
upon society as to give a promise of permanence. 
The studies for the antique school had arrived, 
and were set up in the Hall of Sculpture. These 
studies were casts of nearly all the masterpieces of 
antiquity. 

In 1873 the works of art belonging to the Maryland 
Academy of Art were transferred to the Peabody In- 
stitute, and afterwards to the Maryland Historical 
Society, where they now form part of that splendid 
art gallery, and the academy was dissolved. The 
gallery of art of the Maryland Historical Society also 
contains many valuable paintings. 

The Decorative Art Society of Baltimore was or- 
ganized in May, 1878, for the formation and diffusion 
of a knowledge of decorative art, training in artis- 
tic industries, and the exhibition and sale of artistic 
work, and had its first public exhibition in October, 
1878, in which nearly every mode of artistic decora- 

1 We find the following account in the Sun of May 23, 1838, of an earlier 
organization, but there exists no other information aa to its work or 
duration : " The following are elected officers of the Maryland Academy 
of Fine Arts for the ensuing twelve months: William Frick, president; 
James H. Miller, M.D., first vice-president; William Gwynn, Esq., second 
vice-president; Samuel Jones, Jr., treasurer; F. H. Davidge, correspond- 
ing secretary ; J. N. McJilton, recording secretary ; Directors, Dr. H. H. ' 
Hayilen, T. S. Arthur, Dr. C. A. Harris, John Needles, Martin Lewis. 

"The following were elected professore for the ensuing seven years: 
James Jackson, artist, professor of painting ; Henry Stout, professor of 
sculpture; S. K. Jennings, M.D., professor of anatomy; Cliristopher C. 
Cox, M.D., professor of chemistry; R. C. Long, artist, professor of archi- 
tecture; E. Wellmore, artist, professor of engraving." 

The first public exhibition of paintings in Baltimore took place in 
1822, at the Museum, but the catalogue has been lost; that of 1823, at 
the same place, presented a large number of valuable paintings. 



tion was exhibited. The possibility of household 
adornment, rather than the cultivation of high art, 
is the province of this society, and its work is chiefly 
done by amateurs. Paintings on china plaques, 
etchings on sepia, on wood chevals, and embroideries, 
panels for cabinets, pen-and-ink sketches on silk, 
water-color sketches, painting on ivory, satin, slate, 
and leather, delicate laces, lambrequins, various kinds 
of pottery, illuminated missals, and vases of majolica 
were among the collections exhibited by the society 
at various times. Mrs. Allan P. Smith is president, 
Isaac Brooks treasurer, and J. J. Jackson secretary. 

Justly distinguished in many ways as a citizen of 
Baltimore, William T. Walters is beyond all question 
the city's foremost, most liberal, and most discrimin- 
ating friend of art. His collection, at his home in 
Mount Vernon Place, is not only the pride of all 
Baltimoreans, but is known and valued throughout 
the United States and in foreign capitals. It is no frag- 
mentary assemblage of simply pretty things, picked 
up here and there, nor yet the limited collection of a 
specialist, but, as representing the highest art, it is so 
full, so varied in its character, so noble in all its de- 
tails, so valuable in even its smallest object, so inter- 
esting in its associations, and grouped with such true 
judgment that it is incomparably the finest collection 
in America, and persons fully familiar with art 
abroad will find it difficult to recall any private col- 
lection in Europe of wider scope or of as equally 
high average of excellence. 

His early fondness for art induced Mr. Walters, 
more than forty years ago, to devote a part of his first 
year's business profit in Baltimore to the purchase of 
the best pictures he could then procure, and no year 
in all the intervening time has passed without fresh 
additions to his collection, until, by constant pruning 
and repruning, and the addition of works of greater 
and still greater excellence, the array is now so ad- 
mirable that it seems impossible that he should im- 
prove upon his present art possessions. Mr. Walters 
has explored the whole domain of art, and brought 
treasures from its most secret works. Painting, sculp- 
ture, bronzes, ceramics, bric-a-brac, rare historic metal, 
wood, and glass-work catch the glance on every side 
from the moment one enters Mr. Walters' house. His 
most famous picture is Paul Delaroche's " Hemicy- 
cle," which was procured at great hazard when the 
Commune reigned in Paris. It lay for a long time at 
Marseilles, before it became safe to ship it to America ; 
and now, if Mr. Walters were willing to send it back 
to France, he could name his own price for it. Paris 
possesses a copy of it only, and that not by the mas- 
ter's hand, but by his pupil's, under Delaroche's su- 
pervision. Besides this world-renowned work, Mr. 
Walters has upon the walla of his gallery GSrome's 
" Duel after the Masquerade," and his " Diogenes ;" 
Jules Breton's " Close of Day ;" Gleyre's " Lost Illu- 
sions;" Millet's " Potato Harvest;" Horace Vernet's 
" Brigands Surprised by Papal Troops ;" Achenbach's 



676 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



" Sea-coast of Sicily ;" Cabanel's " Pandora ;" Knauss' 
"Children Making Dirt Pies;" Vautier's " Consult- 
ing His Lawyers;" Merle's "Scarlet Letter;" Gal- 
lait's " Oblivion of Sorrow ;" De Neuville's " In the 
Trenches," and " Surprised at Dawn ;" Ary Scheffer's 
" Christ Weeping Over Jerusalem," together with 
admirable works by Boughton, Fr6re, and Hidde- 
man. There arc more than a hundred other paint- 
ings, not one of which but is a celebrity. 

The partisan of no especial school, Mr. AValters has 
brought together the finest works of the very best 
French, Belgian, German, English, and American 
artists. Personally familiar with the most distin- 
guished European painters, from many years' resi- 
dence among them, he has obtained, from time to 
time, their best productions. The Paris Expositions 
of 1867 and 1878 and the Vienna Exposition of 1873 
were closely studied by him, and yielded many noble 
works to his collection. These treasures have won a 
wide celebrity, especially with the truest critics and 
people of naturally cultivated taste. They are freely 
accessible to his friends, to all artists, all serious stu- 
dents of art, and throughout a part of each year to 
the general public. 

There are also in Mr. Walters' collection two cases 
of Japanese lacquer-work, which include some of the 
finest pieces in existence, and this collection is said 
by very high authority to be as complete as any in the 
world, and not likely ever to be excelled, for the art 
in its perfectness is a lost one. Here are also Japanese 
swords, silk knots, glass, ivory, stone, and metal ob- 
jects in the most curious and beautiful workman.ship 
of the East. The porcelain room has been described 
as being "like a picture taken out of the Arabian J 
Nights." The collection is historically perfect, from I 
the old Corean, through all the Japanese, Chinese, ; 
and other Oriental |)oriods, down to the daintiest 
modern Sevres. 

Among others of Mr. Walters' treasures may be 
mentioned the Angelica Kaufman cabinet and a su- 
perb collection of Viennese porcelain vases and plates j 
and glass pieces, the delicate lines of the engraving on 
which can only be seen when they are held in a strong \ 
light ; but no mere sketch can do justice to this palace j 
of art. It would fill a volume to give even the names 
of all the specimens, much less the interesting his- 
torical associations connected with them and the sep- 
arate histories of very many pieces of extraordinary 
interest. In the Louis XVI. room are the bedstead 
and hangings, tapestry, dressing-table, and other per- 
sonal belongings of the court of Marie Antoinette, — 
a charming combination of blue, white, and gold. 
Then there is the Nuremberg room, full of antique 
furniture and rare old plaques, and another room 
which contains nothing but Oriental embroideries. 

Mr. Walters was one of the first to detect the genius 
of the sculptor Rinehart, and urged him to go to 
Rome for study, freely opening his purse to him. In 
Mr. Walters' gallery is "The Woman of Samaria," a 



grand work of Rinehart's chisel, whilst over the grave 
of Mrs. Walters, iti Greenmount Cemetery, is a bronze 
monumental figure, in which the sculptor has most 
pathetically expressed his grief at the loss of the 
gentle and gracious lady, of whom he could say that 
she was his steadfast friend. 

Rinehart left his estate of some fifty thousand dol- 
lars to art uses in Baltimore, making Mr. Walters and 
B. F. Newcomer the trustees of the fund. It was 
through the zealous endeavors of Mr. Walters and S. 
Teackle Wallis that the State of Maryland was in- 
duced to commission Rinehart to make the heroic 
statue of Chief Justice Taney, which in majestic 
dignity sits in front of the State-House at Annapolis. 
Mr. Walters is one of the permanent trustees of the 
Corcoran Art Museum at Washington, and chairman 
of the purchasing committee ; he is aUo a trustee of the 
Peabody Institute of Baltimore, and cli;iirman of its 
committee on art. 

_Mr. Walters is sprung from a hardy St-otili- Irish 
ancestry, who settled, more than a century ago, in 
Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River, from its mouth 
to forty miles above it, that region being then an un- 
broken wilderness. The descendants of this stock, by 
their labor and shrewd enterprise, steadily pushing 
their fortunes in other places, have left their kindred 
still in possession of a large part of their primitive 
domain. It was here that, in 1820, Mr. Walters was 
born. His father, Henry Walters, was a merchant and 
banker in this vicinity. His mother's maiden name 
was Jane Thompson. 

In 1845, Mr. Walters married Ellen, daughter of 
Charles A. and Anna D. Harper, of Philadelphia. 
Mrs. Walters died in London in 1862, leaving two 
children,— a son, who graduated at Georgetown Col- 
lege, and afterwards took a special course of practical 
science at Harvard University, and a daughter, who 
was educated at the Convent of the Visitation, George- 
town, D. C. 

As the subject of this sketch grew into boyhood 
the mineral interests of Pennsylvania, which have 
since grown so great, began to claim marked attention, 
and improved means of intercourse by canal and 
railway between the mountain-severed sections of 
the State were matters of constant and general dis- 
cussion. Foreseeing the public need of educated 
energy in this direction, his parents educated him as 
a raining engineer. Although even in his early man- 
hood he settled to a different pursuit, yet much of the 
leading power of his character was strengthened and 
intensified in his youth by the laborious and hazard- 
ous field-practice of his profession. In severe journeys 
on horseback or on foot through the rugged moun- 
tain regions of his State, where for hundreds of miles 
along the ridges there was a wilderness, without road 
or bridle-path, long before the eastward-flowing and 
the westward-flowing waters were united by human 
energy and art, and before the locomotive sent its 
eclioes, as it now does hourly, from the summits of the 



MUSIC AND MUSICIANS, ART AND ARTISTS. 



677 



Blue Ridge and the Alleghenies, he grew personally 
familiar with the whole rough region, which has since 
yielded to the country such incalculable stores of coal 
and iron. The physical and mental invigoration of 
this hardy life marks him notably now, while the 
openness of nature, in all her aspects of savagery and 
tenderness, powerfully nourished that love of the vig- 
orous, the grand, and the beautiful which has distin- 
guished him throughout life. In his early manhood, 
indeed before he was twenty-one, such was the abso- 
lute reliance of his friends on his sense, energy, vigi- 
lance, and power to command men, that he was put 
in charge of an extensive smelting establishment in 
Lycoming County, Pa., where under his management 
was made the first iron ever made from mineral coal 
in the United States. In 1841, then twenty-one years 
oi' age, he came to Baltimore, established a commis- 
sion business, and soon won the lead in the Pennsyl- 
vania produce trade. A few years later he established 
the we 1-known house of W. T. Walters & Co., which 
has a commercial credit without limit, and rank^ with 
the strongest houses in the country. Outside of his 
special business, Mr. Walters has been prominent in 
the organization of nearly every line of steamers sail- 
ing from Baltimore. He was president of the first 
line to Savannah, and at an early day was a director in 
the Northern Central Railway. Here, largely through 
his energetic action, in connection with his life-long 
friend, the late Col. Thomas A. Scott, a dilapidated 
local railroad was thoroughly rebuilt, re-equipped, re- 
organized, and made of conspicuous importance by 
its union with the vast and admirable system known 
as the Pennsylvania Railroad. This imperial corpor- 
ation has for years past been a leading force in bind- 
ing Baltimore to the North and West by a great trade 
that has been of incalculable power in giving wealth 
to the city. 

At the close of the war he insisted on the advan- 
tages of immediately organizing Baltimore and 
Southern steamship lines, and all the companies have 
received from him co-operation in their undertakings. 
In the vast Southern and Southwestern railroad com- 
binations of recent years he has been one of the lead- 
ers, who by their foresight, energy, and willingness 
to venture large sums of money have assumed the 
control of interests imperial in their magnitude. For 
many years he held that it would be profitable and 
practicable to unite the great lakes and the Gulf of 
Mexico by one continuous line of railroad, of straight 
line and easy grades, east of the Alleghenies, and for 
himself, his firm, and as a trustee for others, he pur- 
chased many hundred miles of continuous and tribu- 
tary Southern railroads. The combination is now an 
accomplished fact, and, with thetitle of the Coast Line, 
is controlled by himself and his associates. They 
have the majority interest in the roads from Balti- 
more through Washington, Alexandria, Richmond, 
Petersburg, Weldon, Wilmington, Florence, Charles- 
ton, Savannah, and Jacksonville, Fla., fully one thou- 



sand miles. They control in the same way lateral rail- 
roads tributary to the Coast Line of over five hundred 
miles, and also vast Western and Southwestern roads, 

! penetrating to Atlanta, Ga., Memphis, Tenn., and to the 
Mississippi River opposite St. Louis. All these roads 
reach the sea at Norfolk by continuous lines. This 
great network of railways, sweeping all the Southern, 

I Western, and midland country, comprises more than 

I two thousand miles of track, the highways by which 
our commerce to the extent of many millions is car- 

I ried on, concentrating from vast areas the products of 
our soil for home consumption and shipment abroad, 
and taking to all the points of nearly a score of great 
States the products of the sea-board and of the whole 
producing world. This railway combination is made 
up of thirteen distinct corporations, in each of which 
Mr. Walters is a managing director. Though they 
have separate administrations, they are practically 
under one control. 

These investments in Southern property have, with 
clear foresight, been based on the firmest conviction 
that there would soon come that era of splendid pros- 
perity now manifest in that section ; and no temporary 
disaster could ever shake his belief in the speedy and 

i stable prosperity of the South. Mr. Walters' faith 

; was notably shown in this regard when the panic of 
1873 threatened with ruin the vast enterprise of the 
Texas Pacific Railroad. His judgment held firmly 
to this great work, and to the heavy investments in it 
of himself and friends. He was unflagging in his 
energy to push the great road ahead, plainly foreseeing 
its power in opening up the new world of Mexico to 

1 our trade and travel. That consummation is now 
near achievement, and so is the road's 'Completion 
westward, which will establish the shortest line of 
continual road from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific 
Ocean, and bring to Atlantic waters the harvests of 
California. Mr. Walters has been throughout this 
enterprise, and is now, chairman of the company's 
executive committee. It is his force that has with tire- 
less vigor pushed on this great work to its completion. 
Mr. Walters' faculty for leadership and government, 
based on his broad sense, his absolutely tireless energy, 
his probity, his knowledge of men, his quick appre- 
ciation of capacity in any calling, and his power to in- 
spire personal attachments, have had much to do with 
the steady growth of his fortune, which is now one of 
the largest of the time. Bold and aggressive, but cool 
and prudent; wide-reaching but exact; prompt to 
the moment in all engagements; holding his verbal 
promise in all things as of absolute obligation ; never 
repining; instant in his intuition of character; a 
natural negotiator, but more a keen listener and 
looker than a talker; at work early and late ; always 
on his feet; always coming out right in practical 
results, he won early a leader's place, and com- 
manded for his house a solid financial credit that 
has never been shaken for a moment even in times 
of the greatest commercial disaster. 



678 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Notwithstanding a life of severe work, which with 
unabated vigor he still continues, Mr. Walters is 
yet in his prime; while from his high position, his 
liberal conduct and controlling character, he must 
have much yet to do for himself and for the general 
benefit. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

AMUSEMENTS. 



In its early days Baltimore, like other large towns 
of the province, had its " assembly-room," where pub- 
lic meetings and especially balls were held. Taverns 
and coffee-houses were also numerous, and the latter, 
which have now entirely gone out of vogue, were 
much frequented by all classes of the townsfolk, while 
they supplied to thecommonalty at once a club-house 
and an assembly-room. In the popular balls held at 
these places the people drank rum and Madeira wine, 
and danced jigs and hipsaws. The most fashionable 
dances were simple " contra dances," with which the 
ball was both opened and closed, — " la minuet ordi- 
naire, with pas grave," " la minuet de la cour, with 
the gavet," "allemand," " perigourdine," hornpipe, 
cotillions, reels, etc. As yet the waltz, the polka, 
and gallop were not, on this continent at least. 

The polka and gallop were introduced into this city, 
and in Washington at a later period, by a Pole named 
Corponi, who turned the heads of the girls with his 
fine military figure and graceful movements. The 
music at these assemblies comprised two or three 
violins, with maybe a flageolet, a flute, or a clarionet, 
and, for the end sought, was nearly always good. 
Card-parties were a regular feature at these enter- 
tainments, and the game usually played (always for 
money) was the now obsolete one of long whist. In- 
toxication was not tolerated, and all persons who 
showed signs of it were promptly removed from the 
presence of the company. The managers were always 
present, and did their duty faithfully. The manners 
of the getitlemen at these assemblies were generally 
refined and elegant, courteous, and somewhat pom- 
pous and ceremonious. They dressed in short breeches, 
wore handsome knee-buckles, silk stockings, buckled 
pumps, waistcoat of any color, coming nearly down 
to the knee, and bound with gold or silver lace, with 
immense flap-pockets and great hanging cuffs, from 
beneath which appeared the gentleman's indispen- 
.sable lace ruffles. About their necks was a white 
cravat of great amplitude, with abundant hanging 
ends of lace. Elaborate powdered wigs, small three- 
cornered cocked hats of felt or beaver, laced with 
gold or silver galloon, and small swords completed 
the costume of the gentlemen of the olden time. 
The ladies wore jeweled stomachers and tight-laced 



I stays, with trails of taffeta fifteen yards long; their 
' heads were pyramids of pasted hair, surmounted by 
turbans or great feather head-dresses. It wsis one 
of the features of the times that guests often rode to 
balls in full dress on horseback. The aristocracy were 
fully represented upon these occasions ; the best of 
manners prevailed, the suppers were sumptuous and 
i elegant, and it was en rh/le for gentlemen subscribers 
to contribute partridges, woodcock, canvas-backs, 
etc., out of their private game-bags. Many ladies 
and gentlemen came in their handsome and costly 
carriages and chariots, with postilions and outriders 
; in livery, from Alexandria, Elkridge, Annapolis, and 
other places. The assembly balls were very exclu- 
sive, and were founded upon and supported by the 
subscriptions of gentlemen, renewed every season. 
The subscription to the Baltimore assembly-rooms 
immediately after the war was £3 lOs., equal to about 
twelve dollars in the money of these degenerate days. 
The assemblies were held every fortnight during " the 
seasop," and began at six o'clock, and were officially 
over at 10 p.m., though there is evidence that some of 
the young and reckless people kept them up much 
later. 

It is worthy of remark, now that we have such ele- 
1 gant devices in the form of visiting and admission 
cards, that nearly all the cards of those early days 
! were written or printed upon common playing cards. 
This was owing, perhaps, to the circumstance that 
1 blank cards were not then manufactured in the United 
: States, and none but playing cards were imported for 
sale. Several specimens of these assembly cards are 
still extant. One of these, from a leading gentleman 
i of the town, requesting Miss Cox's company, is writ- 
ten on the back of the queen of hearts, — perhaps in- 
tended as a compliment to a charming belle of the 
past. Another invitation to the same lady from the 
" Juvenile Amicable Society" is printed on the back 
of the deuce of diamonds, requesting her company 
" at a ball to be held at six o'clock p.m. at the room 
formerly occupied by the Sociable Society, in Lovely 
Lane" (now German Street, between South and Cal- 
vert), signed by E. Towson and T. Fisher, managers, 
and dated March 22, 1793. On Nov. 22, 1792, she 
I received an invitation "to Mr. Curley's ball at 6 
P.M.," printed on the back of the four of spades. The 
! •' honor of Miss Cox's company" was also requested 
in red-letter printing and border on the back of the 
six of diamonds, date not specified. On April 30, 
1794, she is invited to Mr. Mansell's ball by J. 
Nichols, J. Scott, J. Whittington, and J. Ringgold, 
j printed in black on the nine of hearts. One of the 
I invitations of the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, in 
November, 1797, is printed on plain card-board, from 
which it appears that Miss Cox was " requested for 
the season at Mr. Bryden's Fountain Inn." This in- 
vitation was signed by M. Pringle, C. Ridgely, of H., 
W. Van Wyck, R. Curson, Jr.. S. Walker, J. Car- 
ruthcrs, J. Storctt, and .1. S. iJuclianan, managers. 



AMUSEMENTS. 



679 



The Baltimore Dancing Assembly, organized 
shortly after the Revohition, usually met at the In- 
dian Queen Hotel, then situated at the southeast 
corner of Baltimore and Hanover Streets ; and the Ami- 
cable Society (composed of bachelors), formed about 
1789, met at Daniel Grant's, Fountain Inn, on the 
site of the present Carrollton Hotel, Light Street. 
In April, 1790, Mr. Grant proposed to Otlio H. Wil- 
liams, Robert Gilmor, Wm. Van Wyck, Wm. Robb, 
David Sterett, and Richard Curson, the managers of 
the Baltimore Dancing Assembly, to build a house 
on the southwest corner of Light Street and Pine Alley 
suitable "for an assembly-room, with a commodious 
supper-room, card-room, closets, etc." He proposed 
to give bonds for the completion of the building in 
accordance with the plan submitted, for the use of { 
the assembly for three years, beginning on the 1st of j 
October, " and to provide every winter during said 
term complete entertainment for the assemblies, con- 
sisting of music, supper, wines, and all customary re- 
freshments and attendance, upon condition that one 
hundred persons subscribe thirty dollars each, paya- 
ble in two, four, and six months." The managers 
considered the proposition a reasonable one, and ac- 
cepted the terms proposed. Mr. Grant immediately 
began the erection of the building, which was one 
hundred and twenty-three feet long and thirty-five feet 
wide, on a lot fronting sixty feet on Light Street, with 
a depth of one hundred and eighty feet to an alley. 
Adjoining this lot was another, on which a shed was 
erected one hundred and thirty feet long, suitable for 
the accommodation of the horses and carriages of those 
attending the assembly. The house was one story 
high, with a cellar under it. 

The enterprise, however, proved unprofitable, and 
Mr. Grant, at the close of his lease, offered the build- 
ing for sale. At this time the Light Street Methodist 
church occupied the opposite corner of the alley, on 
the west side of Light Street, and frequently the gay 
people of the world and the austere men and women 
of religion held assemblies on the same evening, and 
the songs of praise and the growl of the bass viol, in- 
termingling in curious discord, gave great offense to 
the members of the church. Accordingly, when the 
Cokesbury College, at Abingdon, Harford Co., was 
destroyed by fire, on Dec. 4, 1796, the Methodists pur- 
chased the property as the site for a new college, which 
was again destroyed by fire in the year following. 

In the mean time the Baltimore Dancing Assem- 
bly gave their entertainments at the Indian Queen 
Hotel, then under the management of Wm. Evans. 
The season of 1796 began on January 18th, and con- 
tinued every second Wednesday during the winter, 
with Richard Curson, Wm. Robb, Wm. MacCreery, 
Joseph Sterett, Andrew Buchanan, and Samuel 
Walker as managers. The assembly in 1797 met at 
the Fountain Inn, with the same managers as the 
year previous. In February, 1796, a number of gen- 
tlemen met at the house of John O'Donnell, in Gay 




Street, for the purpose of receiving subscriptions and 
organizing an association to erect a new dancing as- 
sembly. Measures were adopted to build a hall, and 
a lot was shortly afterwards secured at the northeast 
corner of Fayette and Holliday Streets, upon which 
a spacious and handsome structure two stories in 
height was erected. A third story was added in after- 
years, making it at the time the finest building of the 
character in the United States. The structure was 
erected by subscription, after the design of Col. Nich- 
olas Rogers, and cost originally $30,000. It was 
opened for the reception of the Dancing Assembly on 
Jan. 17, 1798, which continued to meet every second 
Thursday during the season. The managers were 
Robert Gilmor, Nicholas Rogers, Thorogood Smith, 
Zebulon Hollingsworth, Mark Pringle, and David 
Harris. The New Assembly-Rooms comprised several 
large and elegant i 



loons, with dressing- 
rooms for ladies and 
gentlemen, and were 
exclusively devoted 
to the entertain- 
ments of fashionable 
life. Regular assem- 
blies were held here _ _ _ 
for many years in ,„,, jssk\iiii.v-hi..i)is. 
succession, and prob- 
ably the most expensive and elegant, as it certainly 
was the most distinguished, was the renowned "Silver 
Supper," spread therein after the ball given in the 
adjoining and connected theatre in honor of Lafay- 
ette when he last visited Baltimore, in October, 1824. 
The splendor of this fete was long remembered by the 
fashionable society of the city. 

Besides the dancing-saloon, there were conversa- 
tion and card-rooms, as well as a large supper- 
room. The third floor, added many years after the 
first plan of the building was completed, formed a 
very large hall, and for a long series of years was 
used for lectures, concerts, etc. J. S. Buckingham, 
the celebrated English traveler, gave an extensive 
series of lectures there upon the Oriental countries, 
and many distinguished singers appeared there in 
concerts. The lower floor was occupied for a long time 
by the Baltimore Library Company, which comprised 
many of the leading citizens of Baltimore, including 
such men as Wm. Pinkney, Wm. Wirt, Archbishop 
Carroll, Robert Goodloe Harper, Robert Gilmor, Jon- 
athan Meredith, Wm. Gwynn, John P. Kennedy, etc. 
In 1802 the managers of the Baltimore Dancing 
Assembly were Henry Nichols, Charles Ridgely, of 
Hampton, Jas. McHenry, Mark Pringle, Charles 
Carroll, Jr., and Samuel Sterett. In 1810 the assem- 
blies began on December 13th, instead of January, 
as heretofore, and the managers were Hugh Thomp- 
son, Samuel Sterett, Jonathan Meredith, Robert 
Goodloe Harper, John Sherlock, and Charles Ridgely, 
Jr., of Hampton, followed in 1815 by Charles Ridgely, 



680 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of Hampton, J. Meredith, J. S. Smith, J. E. Howard, 
Jr., J. W. Patterson, and George H. Steuart. 

At this period tlio interest in the assemblies began 
to decline, principally on account of the war, and on 
Jan. 30, 1817, the Legislature passed an act authorizing 
the sale of the property. The Assembly-Rooms were 
sold in May, and were purchased by a number of sub- 
scribers of the old Baltimore Dancing Assembly, who 
each contributed two hundred dollars to the object. 
The assemblies were continued each season as formerly, 
the managers in 1822 being William Gilmor, David 
Hoflinan, E. G. Williams, Francis U. Davidge, N. G. 
Eidgely, R. B. Magruder, Jacob G. Davies, and R. S. 
Hollins. In January, 1826, the managers were D. Hoff- 
man, Charles Howard, W. R. Adair, J. G. Davies, C. S. 
Walsh, and Peter H. Cruse. At an assembly held at 
the rooms on Dec. 7, 1826, the following gentlemen 
were managers : Samuel Sterett, John Hoffman, 
Samuel Moore, John Merryman, E. J. Coale, P. H. 
Cruse, B. I. Cohen, John S. Donnell, R. M. Gibbes, 
Charles Tiernan, C. R. Carroll, J. P. Kennedy, J. C. 
Moale, and Charles C. Harper. The season of 1829 
began on the 29th of January, and was distinguished 
by a fancy dress ball on Washington's birthday with 
the following managers: J. S. Hollins, H. W. Evans, 
J. G. Davies, C. C. Harper, John Merryman, T. Rus- 
sell, J. P. Kennedy, Capt. H. E. Ballard, William 
Frick, R. M. Gibbes, Solomon Etting, John Thomas, 
John S. Donnell, and William Hindman. In the 
next year Messrs. Hollins, Davies, C. C. Carroll, 
Russell, Hindman, and Donnell were again ap- 
pointed managers, with the addition of S. W. Smith, 
Josias Pennington, Charles Carroll, J. N. Bonaparte, 
and Charles Tiernan. 

Popular interest at length declined, both in regard 
to the Assembly-Rooms and the library, and on May 
30, 1835, the building was sold at auction to B. I. 
Cohen for ten thousand dollars. The elegant gather- 
ings were given up or were held at other places, and 
the library gradually dwindled in importance. At 
length, when the new Athenseum, on the northwest 
corner of St. Paul and Saratoga Streets, was finished, 
in 1848, the Baltimore Library was transferred to its 
walls, and thenceforth all public interest in the old 
building seemed to cease. The old Assembly-Rooms 
continued to be occupied by the Baltimore City Col- 
lege, but its prestige as a place of literary and fash- 
ionable resort died out some forty years before its 
destruction by fire on Sept. 10, 1873, when it was 
swept away by the flames that consumed the HoUiday 
Street Theatre. The site has since been improved 
by a large number of handsome stores. 

Besides the assembly-rooms already mentioned there 
was one on Commerce Street, near E.xchange Place, 
which was neatly and conveniently arranged, and 
which in its day was frequented by many of the 
fashionable people of the city. In 1812 it was known 
as Bruelot's Assembly-Rooms, and Mr. Duffy's concert 
was held there, and on Dec. 16, 1830, Mr. Carusi's 



cotillion-party. In 1802, Mr. Bier's Assembly-Room 
contained a small theatre, which accommodated about 
one hundred and fifty persons. John Howard Payne, 

I then known as the "Infant Roscius," performed on 

i Jan. 12, 1809, at Mr. Barnet's Assembly-Room. " The 
first cotillion-party" was held at Mallett's Ball-Koom 
on Dec. 9, 1813, with J. Meredith, J. E. Howard, Jr., 
C. Ridgely, Jr., of Hampton, Jos. W. Patterson, C. 
Hughes, Jr., and George H. Steuart a.s managers. 
On Oct. 13, 1814, there was a " Baltimore Museum" 
at the corner of Howard and Le-xington Streets. The 

i "Concert Hall" was situated on South Charles Street, 
and contained a very excellent dancing-room ; and 
below it was another but smaller apartment used as a 
dancing-school. Apollo Hall, or Metropolitan Hall, 

j was situated on the north side of Baltimore Street, 
nearly opposite Post-Office Avenue, and was formally 
opened Dec. 17, 1852. The New Assembly-Rooms, at 

I the northeast corner of Hanover and Lombard Streets, 
were finished in February, 1851, for Col. John E. 

I Howard, Jr., and were opened on the 5th of March 
by Madame Anna Bishop with her excellent concert 
troupe. 

Theatres.— There is the best reason to believe that 
the earliest dramatic representations in the United 
States were held in the city of Annapolis. There a 
theatre wiis erected and plays performed with a regu- 
lar company of actors as early as July, 1752. It is, 
however, in Baltimore, which, rising into importance, 
soon far surpassed Annapolis in wealth and popula- 
tion, that the true history of Maryland theatricals 
must be sought. Although there is no absolute evi- 
dence of regular theatrical performances in Balti- 
more before 1773, it is probable that Ilallam's com- 
pany visited the town before that date, as it is not 
likely that twenty years elapsed between their first 
appearance at Annapolis and their earliest perform- 
ance in Baltimore. Between 1751 and 1763 a market- 
house was erected at the northwest corner of Gay and 
Baltimore Streets, with a large room over it, in which 
traveling .shows were accu.stomed to exhibit; and in 
this primitive "town hall" the earliest dramatic per-- 
formances in Baltimore were doubtless given.' In 
1773 a large warehouse which stood at the corner of 
Baltimore and Frederick Streets was occasionally 
converted into a theatre, on the boards of which the 
company of Messrs. Douglas & Hallam performed 
plays from time to time for the entertainment of the 
townsfolk. The theatre-going spirit appears to have 
been active in those days, for we are told that the en- 
couragement received by the company was sufficient 
to induce them to erect a small theatre at the inter- 
section of King George's (now Lombard) and Albe- 



1 In July, 1764, William Johneou gave a course of two lectured "at 
the Market-house in Baltimore Town," "for the entertainment of the 
curiouH," upon "that iustructive and entertaining branch of natural 
philosophy called ' electricity.' " Notice of the days of the exhibition 
and tickotn wore to he hod at the puWic-housc of Mrs. Owlcks, nt the 
"Ki„K'«Arm»." 



AMUSEMENTS. 



marie Streets, where they performed until the Revo- 
lution commenced, when, all amusements of the kind 
being prohibited, they removed to the British West 
India Islands. In 1781 the first theatre built of brick 
in Baltimore was erected on East Baltimore Street, 
nearly opposite Lloyd Street. The announcement of 
its completion was published during Christmas week, 
and on the 15th of January, 1782, it was formally 
opened with the following programme, as published 
in the papers of the day : 

" (By Permission) 
THE NEW THEATRE IN BALTIMORE 
Will Opes, This Evening, being ttie lf>th of January, 1782, 
With an Histoeical Teaqedv, called 
KING RICHARD III. 
Containing— Tlie Distresses and deatli of King Henry VI. in tlie 
Tower; Tlie inhuman Murder of the youug Princes; Tlie Usurpation 
of the Tlirone by Richard; The Fall of the Duke of Buckingham; The 
landing of Richmond at MilforJs Haven; The Battle of Bosworth 
Field, and Death of Richard, which put an end to the Contention be- 
tween the Houses of York aud Lancaster; with many other Historical 
Passages. 
King Richard, by Mr. Wall. 
Earl of Richmond 

And Trcssel, 

King Henry, by Mr. Tillyard; Duke of Buckingham, by Mr. Shake- 
speare ; Prince Edward, by a young Gentleman ; Duke of York, by Miss 
Wall; Lord Stanley, Mr. Lindsay; Catesby, by Mr. Killgour; Katcliff, 
by Mr. Atherton; Lady Anne, by Mr. Bartholomew; Queen Elizabeth, 
by Mrs. Wall. 

An Occasional Prologue by Mr. Wall, to which will be added 

a Farce, called 

MISS IN HER TEENS; 



'}By 



Gentlen 



on 






j'clock. 



Boxes one Dollar; Pit Five ShilUngs; Galleries 9d 
The Dooi-s to be open at Half-past Four, and will begin 
No persons can be admitted without Tickets, which may be had at the 
Coffee-House in Baltimore, and at Lindlay's Coffee-House on Fells Point. 
*** No Person will on any pretence be admitted behind the Scenes." 



Occasionally play-bills would contain such notices 
as the following : " Any gentlemen possessed of good 
Farces, and will lend or dispose of them to the Man- 
agers, will greatly oblige them ;" " Some Tunes having 
been called for by persons in the Gallery, which have 
given ofl'ense to others, the Managers have resolved 
that no Music will be played but such as they will 
order the Day before the Representation." Among 
the plays performed during the season were : 

Tragedies. Farces. 
Orphan, or the Unhappy Marriage. The King and the Miller of Mans- 

Gamester. field. 

Venice Preserved, or a Plot Dis- The Citizen. 

covered. Beaux' Stratagem. 

The Revenge. The Contrivances. 

Tamerlane the Great. The"Busy-Body. 

Gustavus Vasa. Thomas and Sally. 

Mahomet the Impostor. The Ghost. 

Jane Shore. The Mayor of Garratt. 

Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Tlie Devil Upon Two Sticks. 

Romeo and Juliet. The Wapping Landlady. 

The following prologue was spoken by Mr. Wall on 
the opening of the theatre : 

" Before you see oue of your Stage-Directors, 
Or, if you please, one of those strange projectors 
Whose heated brain, in fatal magic tiouud. 
Seeks for tliat Stone which never can be found ; 



But in projection comes the dreadful stroke, 

The glasses burst, aud all is bounce and smoke! 

Tho' doubtful still our fate,— I bite my thumbs. 

And my heart fails me, for projection comes, — 

Your smiles wou'd cease our feai-s, still I cou'd dream, 

Rich as a Nabob, with my golden scheme ! 

That all the World's a SUge you can't deny ; 

And what's our stage? A shop. I'll tell you why : 

You are the customers, the tradesmen we, 

And, well for us, you pay before you see. 

We give no trust, — a ready-money trade ; 

Shou'd you stop payment we are bankrupts made. 

To feast your minds and soothe each wordly care 

We largely traffic in dramatic ware ; 

Then swells our shop, a warehouse to your eyes. 

And we from small retailers merchants rise. 

From Shakespeare's golden mines we'll fetch the ore 

And land his riches here in Baltimore, 

For we. Theatric merchants, never quit 

His boundless shores of univei-sal wit. 

But we in vain shall richly laden come 

Unless deep water brings us safely home: 

Unless your favor in full tides will flow 

Ship, crew, and cargo to the bottom go I 

Indulge us then, and from our he^irts receive 

Our warmest wishes, all we have to give. 

May iionored commerce, with her sails unfurled. 

Still bring you treasures from each distant world. 

From East to West extend this country's name. 

Still to her sons' increasing wealth with fame I 

A nd may this merit be our honest boast : 

To give you pleasure, and no virtue lost !" 

The enterprise would appear to have met with diffi- 
culties, for on the 23d of August, 1785, D. Ryan 
announces the reopening of the " Baltimore Theatre," 
which had been closed for eighteen months, and the 
fact that " he has not obtained full possession of his 
theatre and property." It must have been a building 
of considerable size for those times, for he tells the 
public that it has cost him " near two thousand pounds, 
money which has been paid and circulated in this 
town, and money which he did not receive here but 
remitted from New York." 

In August, 1785, Messrs. Hallam & Henry, of " the 
old American company of comedians, landed at An- 
napolis from the island of Jamaica, where they had 
been playing for the last ten years with great reputa- 
tion." They arrived in Baltimore in the latter part 
of August, and opened the theatre on September 7th 
with the tragedy of " Venice Preserved" and a musical 
afterpiece called " The Padlock." The prices of ad- 
mission were : boxes, 7s. 6rf. ; pit, 5s. The doors 
opened at five o'clock, and the performance began at 
six. On the 12th the company played the " Beggar's 
Opera," followed by the dramatic satire " Lethe, or 
Alsop in the Shades." 

From Baltimore Messrs. Hallam & Henry proceeded 
to Philadelphia, and from thence after a short stay 
they removed to New York. The company was so 
much encouraged by its success in Baltimore that, 
while playing in New York, the managers caused a 
" new theatre" to be erected near the intersection of 
Pratt and Albemarle Streets, on the lot where the old 
Trinity church now stands. The locality of this 
theatre was then known as Philpot's Hill. On the 
17th of August, 1786, the theatre was opened, and the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



company reaped quite a barreat. The Maryland 
Journal of Aug. 22, 1786, says,— 

" Ou Thureilny lost was opened tlio hot Tliealre, on Philpot's IIIII, be- 
longing to Messrs. Ilallam and Henry, wbere the Old American Company 
performed that celebrated Comedy, The Scliool for Scandal. The princi- 
pal characters were so admirably well suetaiued ajs to give entire satis- 
faction to the audience, and, indeed, the exertions of the whole company 
were such, that we have never before seen any Theatrical Exhibition in 
this town nearly equal to it. The new Theatre is very commodiously 
built ; the scenery and other decorations truly elegant, and well-designed, 
expressive of the just taste of the managers, who have been at a great 
expense in forwarding the completion of their plan for the entertain- 
ment of the public, whose indulgence and approbation we are persuaded 
will adequately reward them for their labor and ingenuity. As their 
stay will be short, they continue to perform four limes a week." 

Messrs. Hallam & Henry showed great enterprise 
in producing the best plays of the period as well as 
the old sterling English dramas in this " new theatre," 
which served the recreative jjurposes of our ancestors 
for several years, until 1793, when it passed into the 
management of Messrs. McGrath & Godwin. On 
April 30th the opening of the theatre under the new 
management was announced as follows : 

"At the new Theatre (near the Centre Market, between Philpot's and 
the lower bridge) will be presented by the Marylund Company, Dr. 
Goldsmith's celebrated comedy ' She Stoops to Conquer, or The Mistakes 
of a Night.' To which will be added a farce called 'The King and 
Miller of Mansfield.' Singing between the play and farce by Messrs. 
Smith & Kelly. The whole to conclude with a song by a gentleman for 
his own amusement. Doors opeu at six, and curtain to be raised at I 
seven. No person, upoti any account whatever^ admitted behind the 
scenes. Tickets to be hod at Mr. Hammond's Green House, at the ticket- 
office adjoining the theatre, and at Mre. Angell's and Mr. Edward's 
.printing-office. Boxes, one dollar; tickets, three-quarters of a dollar. 
No money to be taken by the door-keeper." 

In August the managers closed the theatre and 
rented that in Annapolis. 

In 1792 an important division took place in the 
"Old American Company" of Hallam & Henry. 
Mr. Wignell, one of the most important members of 
the company, resigned his position, and entered into ! 
partnership with Mr. Reinaglc, a professor of music 
in Philadelphia. Their friends furnished the means, I 
and with the assistance of a Mr. Anderson, who asso- 
ciated himself with them, and afterwards acted as their 
treasurer, they began the erection of an elegant theatre 
in Philadelphia. Before its completion they also be- 
gan the construction of one in Baltimore on the site 
of the present HoUiday Street Theatre. On the 19th 
of August, 1794, we find the following reference to 
this new enterprise : 

" New Th batre. — Pei-sons desirous of becoming subscribers to the New 
Theatre of Messi-s. Wignell & Roinagle, are respectfully informed that 
thereare live shares unappropriated of One Hundred Dollars each. Sub- 
scribers to draw interest at six per cent, till the money is repaid, and to 
he entitled to a free ticket for the first season for each share. Applica- 
tion to be speedily made to Thorogood Smith and Robert Gilnior, Esqs." 



■ the Marvland 



Of this "New Theatre" the editi 
Journal says, — 

"The inhabitants of Baltimore and its vicinity will soou have the op- 
portunity of being gratified with the most refined ond rational amuse- 
ment which a liberal mind is capable of enjoying. The ingenious con- 
duct of Messrs. Wignell & Keinaglo, the peculiar taste displayed in their 



selectjons, and the shf i 

itod and received the loudest applauses of a distinguished part of our 
country ; and from the convenient situation and accommodations of our 
Neu> Theatre, but particularly from the address of its managers, the 
public have everything that is pleasing to expect." 

A few days after the appearance of this flattering 
notice, Messrs. Wignell & Reinagle laid before the 
public the following programnre of the opening night 
of the new theatre, the "rude forefather" of the pres- 
ent " Old Holliday" : 

"NEW THEATRE. 
The Public are respectfully acquainted that the Entertainment for the 
Season commences on Wednesday, the 24th instant (August], with the 
Comic Opera of 

LOVE IN A VILLAGE, 
And a Comedy in two Acts, called 
WHO IS THE DUPE? 
.ftfiF* Places for the Boxes to be taken on Tuesday, at the office in the 
front of the Theatre from the Hour of 10 till 2, and on the Day of Per- 
formance—Boxes 7s. Cd.— Pit 5s. 7J^d. 

Floreat Reepiiblica" 

The theatre not being ready, the opening night was 
unavoidably postponed until the 25th of September, as 
will be seen by the following card : 



Is unavoidably postponed until Thursday, tlie 25th instant, when a favors 
ite Comedy will be performed (for the first time here) called 
EVERY ONE HAS HIS FAULT, 
With an occasional Overture, composed by Mr. Reinagle. 
End of the Comedy, 
A SCOTS PASTORAL DANCE, 
In which will be introduced a New Highland Reel composed by Mr. 
Francis called 
THE CALEDO.N'IAN FROLIC. 
To which will be added A Comic Opera in two Acts called 
THE FLITCH OF BACON ; 
Or, DuNMORE Priory. 
JSfS' Love in a Village is obliged to be postponed on account of the indis- 
position of Mrs. Warrell, <Sc. 
Subscribers to the New Theatre are requested to send for their tickets 
of admission to the store of Mr. Clarke, bookseller on Market Street, on 
Thursday morning. 

«®» Places for the Boxes to be taken on Tuesday at the office in front 
of the Theatre, &c., &c. 

Floreat Uespublica." 

The Old Holliday was opened at the time appointed, 
the performance commencing at a quarter past six in 
the evening, when a large and brilliant audience as- 
sembled, and " deservedly bestowed their reiterated 
plaudits on the very skillful performance of the com- 
pany." A curious feature of the times consisted in 
the requests mentioned in the play-bills, that persons 
would bring the exact change with them, and also 
that ladies and gentlemen would send their servants 
by a quarter before five o'clock to keep places for 
them, the servants to withdraw on the arrival of their 
masters. The late Hon. John P. Kennedy speaking 
of this old play-house, says, — 



t Wignell & Reinagle's company consisted of the 
tors and actresses, viz. : Fciinel, chuhuL-iv, Moretoii. 
Whitlock, Green, Hat]. • ,.i- i - 'i, I n,, i^ i;.,i. -, i; 
Whitlock,daughi.r I ; I i 

Marshall, Mrs. Bn.ii n, : <l \i M " 

Green), Miss Oldlii-M, ,.n i Mi ,.,.1 Mi- Mm, .i 
defied opposition. 



Miii>liall, Uarwood, 



AMUSEMENTS. 



"What a superb thiug it was! speaking now as my fancy imagined 
it then. It had sometliing of the splendor of a great ham, weather- 
boarded, milk-white, with many windows, and to my conception looked 
with ahospitable, patronizing, tragic-comicgreetingdown upon thestreet. 
It nevei- occurred to me to think of it as a piece of architecture. It was 
something above that,— a huge, mystical Aladdin lamp that had a magic 
to repel criticism, and filled with wonderful histories. Therp Blue Beard 
strangled his wives and hung them on pegs in the blue chamber; and ! 
the glorious Valentine overcame his brother Orson by the clever trick of I 
showing him his own image in a wonderful shield of looking-glass, 
which, of course, we believed to be pure burnished silver; and there 
Babes in the "Wood went to sleep under the coverlet provided for them by 
the charitable robins that swung down upon wires, which we thought | 
was even superior to the ordinary manner of flying; and the ghost of | 
Gaffer Thumb came up through the floor, as white as a dredge-box of I 
flour could make him, much more natural than any common ghost we 
had seen. Alas! what has become of Orcobrand's Cave and the Wood I 
Demon and the Castle Spectre, and all the rest of those delightful old j 
horrors which used to make our hair stand on end in delicious ecstasy in 
those days? This reflection gives me rather a poor opinion of the modern 
drama, and so I do not look much after it. In fact, I suspect this age to 
be greatly behind ours in these terrible fascinations. Young America is 
evidently not so easily scared as old America was. It has a tiad propen- 
sity towards fast trotters, ami to that wretched business of driving buggies 
which has spoiled tlie whole generation of young gentlemen, and made I 
a good cavalry -officer just now an impossibility, or at least a virtuous ! 
exception in one-half of the country. The age is too fast for the old 
illusions, and the theatre now deals in respectable swindlers, burglars, 
and improper young ladies, as more consonant with public favor than our 
old devils, ghosts, and assassins, which were always shown in their true 
colors, and were sure to be severely punished when they persecuted in- 
nocence. The players were part and parcel of the play-house, and there- 
fore shared in the juvenile admiration with which it waa regarded. In 
fact, there was a misty confusion of the two which destroyed the sepa- I 
rate identity of either. The play-house was a compound idea of a house 
filled with mountains, old castles, and cities, and elderly gentlemen in 
wigs, brigands, fairies, and demons, the whole making a little cosmos 
that was only connected with the world by certain rows of benches sym- 
metrically arranged into boxes, pit, and gallery, where mankind were 
drawn by certain irresistible affinities to laugh and weep and clap their 
hands, just as the magicians within should choose to have them do. Of 
course there was but one play-house and one company of actors. Two or 
mpre would have destroyed that impression of the supernatural, or 
rather the extranatural, which gives to the show its indescribable charm. 
A cheap and common illusion soon grows stale. Christy's Minstrels may 
be repeated every night, and people will only get tired of the bad jokes 
and cease to laugh; but Cinderella and her glass slipper would never 
endure it. The fairy bubbles would burst, and there would be no more 
sparkling of the eyes of the young folks with the delight of wonder. 
Even Lady Macbeth, I believe, would become an ordinary sort of person 
in a* run,' such as is common now. The players understood this, and 
therefore did* not allow themselves to grow too familiar. One company 
sei-ved Baltimore and Philadelphia, and they had their appointed seasons, 
— a few months or even weeks at a time,— and they played only three 
times a week. ' The actors are coming hither, my lord,' would seem to 
intimate that this was the condition of thingsat Elsinore,— one company 
and a periodical visit. There was a universal gladness in this old Balti- 
more when the word was passed round, *The players are come.' It 
instantly became everybody's business to give them a good reception. 
They were strange creatures in our school -boy reckoning, quite out of 
the common order of humanity. We ran after them in the streets as 
something very notable to be looked at. It was odd to see them dressed 
like gentlemen and ladies, almost incongruous, we sometimes thought, 
as if we expected to see them in slashed doublet and hose, with embroid- 
ered mantles and a feather in their caps. ' There goes Old Francis !' 
was our phrase ; not that he was old, for he was far from it, but because 
we loved him. It was a term of endearment. And as to JeflTerson ! Is 
there anybody now who remembers that imp of ancient fame ? I cannot 
even now think definitely of him as a man, except in one particular, 
that he had a prominent and rather arching nose. In regard to every- 
thing else he was a proteus, the nose always being the same. He 
played everything that was comic, and always made people laugh till 
tears came to their eyes. Laugh ! Why, I don't believe he ever saw the 
world doing anything else. Whomsoever he looked at laughed. Before 
he came through the side scenes, when he was about to enter 0. P. or 
P. S., he would pronounce the first words of his part to herald his appear- 
ance, and instantly the whole audience set up a shout. It was only the 



sound of his voice. He had a patent riglit to shake the world's dia- 
phragm which seemed to be infallible. No player comes to that perfec- 
tion now. Actors are too cheap, and all the liallucination is gone. When 
our playerscame, with their short seasons, their three nights in the week, 
and their single company, they were received as public benefactors, and 
their stay was a period of carnival. The boxes were engaged for every 
night. Families all went together, young and old. Smiles were on 
every face : the town was happy. The elders did not frown ou the 
drama, the clergy leveled no canon against it, the critics were amiable. 
The chief actors were invited into the best company, aod I believe their 
personal merits entitled them to all the esteem that was felt for them. 
But ftmong the young folks tlie appreciation was far above all this. 
With them it was a kind of hero-worship, prompted by a conviction that 
the player was that manifold creature which every night assumed a new 
shape, and only accidentally fell into the category of a common mortal. 
And therefore itseermed so interesting to us to catch oneof them saunter- 
ing on tho street looking like other people. That was his exceptional char- 
acter, and we were curious to see how he behaved in it, and, indeed, 
thought him a little awkward and not quite at his ease in that guise. How 
could Old Francis be expected to walk comfortably in Suwarrow boots and 
a stove-pipe hat, he who had last night been pursuing Columbine in his 
light suit of triangular patchwork, with his wooden sword, and who so 
deftly dodged the police by making a somersault through the face of a 
clock and disappearing in a chest of drawers, or who the night before 
that was a French dancing-master, and ran away with a pretty ward of 
a cross old gentleman who wanted to marry her himself!" 

In 1794, Messrs. Wignell & Keinagle became the 
managers of the Chestnut Street Theatre in Phila- 
delphia, and in 1800 of the National Theatre in 
Washington, the first at the national capital. They 
at times played also at Alexandria and Annapolis. 
While conducting the Philadelphia theatre Thomas 
Wignell died, on the 18th of February, 1803, and the 
management of his theatrical enterprises devolved 
upon his widow, Mrs. Merry, and Alexander Eein- 
agle, the original joint proprietor with Wignell. For 
several years previous to his death Mr. Wignell rarely 
appeared on the stage, the labors and cares of man- 
agement absorbing his whole attention. In his earlier 
days, however, he was a general favorite. His Darby 
was held in such estimation that Bernard, Harwood, 
Twaits, and other celebrated actors declined appear- 
ing in it. Blissett alone ventured the experiment with 
but moderate success. As Faulkland, Joseph Surface, 
and Lord Norland, Wignell was ranked far beyond 
any of his successors. He was born in England, and 
his father was an actor in Garrick's company. After 
the dearth of Wignell the musical department fell, of 
course, to the charge of Reinagle, whose compositions 
and adaptions were deserved favorites with the public. 
The new management opened under the nominal stage 
direction of AVm. Warren, though the labors of the 
office fell to the share of Wm. B. Wood. Warren 
was born in England, and made his first appearance at 
Baltimore in 1796, and in 1806 married Wignell's 
widow.^ Wood was born in Montreal, and made his 
debut with Wignell's company at Annapolis in 1798, 
in " George Barnwell," and soon became a favorite. 
On the 21st of September, 1809, Reinagle died, when 
Warren and Wood formed a copartnership and be- 
came the joint proprietors of the theatres in Balti- 
more and Philadelphia. 

His professional labors having somewhat impaired 



She died suddenly in the t 



1808 at Alexandria 



684 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



his health, Mr. Wood made a voyage to England, and 
on his return to the United States, in October, 1809, 
found Jolin Howard Payne, then known as Master 
Payne, "The Young Roscius," in the full tide of 
popular favor in Baltimore, where the enthusiasm 
for his acting was perhaps more intense than in any 
other city. He appeared at the Holliday as Young | 
Korval, Hamlet, Romeo, Tancred, Octavian, Fred- | 
eric, RoUa, Achmet, and Zaphna to large and bril- j 
liant audiences. His benefit proved a crowning tri- 
umph. On this night the receipts touched the (for 
that time) extraordinary amount of $1160. The 
house, when filled at other times to its utmost ca- 
pacity, had never produced more than $800. Great 
numbers of tickets were purchased at high prices and 
without the intention of being used. " One gentle- 
man I know," says Mr. Wood, " gave his check of 
fifty dollars for a single ticket, besides paying liberally 
for the box occupied by his family. Many others paid 
sums varying from five to twenty dollars for single 
tickets, and the large gallery. was filled with box 
tickets, failing to obtain seats below." 

In the autumn of 1809, Mr. Wood purchased one- 
half of Warren's interest in the Philadelphia, Balti- 
more, and Washington theatres. The company at 
this time consisted of Warren, Wood, Jefferson, Bar- 
rett, Cone, Francis, McKenzie, Blissett, Wilmot, Har- 
dinge, Robins, Mrs. Wilmot, Mrs. Wood, Mrs. Jeffer- 
son, Mrs. Francis, Mrs. McKenzie, Mrs. Seymour, 
Mrs. Twaits, and the Misses White, and it was being 
rapidly enlarged and strengthened. 

It was decided that the new management should ! 
open in Baltimore in the autumn of 1810 with Fen- 
nell for nine nights as the " star." ^ It was his first 
appearance in the city for fourteen years, and he 
played Othello, Lear, Orestes, Lord Hastings, Zanga, 
Macbeth, Richard III., Hamlet, Hotspur, and Beverly 
to very large audiences. Mrs. Twaits appeared as ' 
Hermione and Lady Macbeth with general appro- 
bation. Dwyer followed Fennell, and was much 
admired. Mrs. Beaumont, after appearing with some 
favor in London, visited Baltimore, and proved an 
important feature in the variety. A Mr. Galbraith, 
an amateur, made a very successful debCd as Shylock, 
and Blissett added greatly to his reputation by an ex- 
cellent performance of " Dennis Bulgruddery." Mr. 
Cooper having now arrived from England, closed the 
season with Cooke, the receipts being as follows: 
Richard III., Cooke, $825.75; Othello, Cooke and 
Cooper, $773.50 ; Man of the World, Cooke, $801.72 ; 
Hamlet, Cooper, $326;^ Venice Preserved, Cooke 

owas in great vogue and daily gaining ground. 

I England as early as tlie time of Mrs. Oldfield, 
795, when FonnoU received thirty 
dollara per night for two weeks. 

2 Mr. Wood says, '* This falling off was caused by a change of tiie play. 
Cooke had been invited to dine in the country by a company of persons, 
who, knowing the failing to which ho was subject, so far forgot what 
was due to themselves and Mr. Cooke and tlie public as to play upon it 
by a disreputable and scandalt>UB effort. This disreputabl 
cost the managers of the theatre five hundred dollars." 



and Cooper, $938; Merchant of Venice, Shylock 
(Cooke), Antonio (Cooper), $858 ; Man of the World, 
Sir Pertinax, Cooke, $774; Henry IV., Falstaff 
(Cooke), Hotspur (Cooper), $901. The season at the 
Holliday was a splendid one, and thus far the new 
management sailed before the wind. But the storm 
of war was now threatening the country, and its 
effects were soon felt in the theatres. The season of 
1811 was throughout a discouraging one, although 
the Baltimore company was strengthened by the en- 
gagement of Fennell and Payne, by the " Lady ot 
the Lake," and other attractions. Fennell acted 
three nights to houses representing $228, $218, and 
(his benefit, Douglas, with the aid of Payne) to $427. 
Payne performed six nights to sadly-diminished 
houses, representing only $355, $315, $246, $244, $255, 
and (benefit) $656. This benefit, by the advice of 
some friends, he threw up as insufficient, taking in- 
stead another, which reached only $587. The "Lady 
of the Lake" averaged $419, the largest receipts for 
any one night being $711, an increase which was due 
to the happy introduction of an elephant. Mrs. Mason 
and Duff also appeared here, the latter, for the first 
time, to $270, $2-57, $255, $300, and $143 houses, the 
benefit only reaching $229. On this occasion he gave 
some excellent imitations of Kemble, Cooke, Elliston, 
and Mundeii. With nightly expenses exceeding three 
hundred dollars, a large loss was sustained by the man- 
agers, and as a consequence, and owing to the excited 
war feeling prevailing in Baltimore, the autumn sea- 
son of 1812 was omitted. 

In the mean time the liberality of the Baltimore 
public had induced the managers to remove the old 
wooden structure, with its quaint scenery and cheap 
" properties," and erect a building more convenient 
and worthy of their patronage. Notwithstanding the 
unfavorable state of the times, it became necessary 
to proceed with the enterprise, and accordingly the 
following prospectus of a new theatre was issued on 
Sept. 4, 1811 : 

" New Theatbi!.— The subscribers, managers and proprietors of the 
Weic Theatre of Hallimore, propose to build a new edifice on the site of the 
present theatre, on an elegant, improved, and enlarged plan. To effect 
this object, equally desirable to themselves and the public, il is proposed 
to raise a sum of money on the security of the property by subscription. 
Those who feci disposed to assist and patronize the undertaking are in- 
vited to examine the proposed terms of subscription, which are left at 
the office of William Gwynn, Esq., in Chatham Street, and will be found 
to be highly udvantageuus to subscribers. 

" Warren * Wood." 



Notwithstanding the public wish for the erection 
of the new theatre, the enterprise was not unattended 
with opposition. On this, as well as on other occa- 
sions, petitions were circulated to induce the Leg- 
islature, as well as the City Councils, to interdict 
the theatre wholly. "Among others," says Mr. 
Wood, "the venerable Bishop Carroll was strenu- 
ously urged, without success, to join the crusade 
against an establishment not only patronized, but 
owned, by the most infiuential and grave-thinking 



AMUSEMENTS. 



members of the community." " Our opponents," he 
continues, " were generally amiable persons, and 
probably their hostile efforts were among the causes 
of theatrical success in that city. They excited a 
constant watchfulness and mental control over the 
establishment, and kept it constantly in public view. 
A tax of five, and since ten, dollars per night was 
levied, but it was never felt as oppressive," and the 
following city ordinance shows its judicious appro- 
priation : 

" Be it enacted and ordained. That all moneys nrieing from license for 
theatrical exhibitions within said city be, and they are hereby, applied 
to relieve the distresses of such of the citizens of Baltimore aa were 
wounded, or of the families of those who were killed, in the battles of 
Bladensburg and North Point and bombardment of Fort McHenry, in 
the year eighteen hundred and fourteen." 

An ordinance was also enforced requiring theatres 
to be closed from the 10th of June to the 1st of Oc- 
tober, a regulation which seems to have been due to 
an impression on the part of the City Council that 
the assemblage of large audiences in close buildings 
during the summer was unhealthy. 

On the 10th of May, 1813, the new structure, which 
was a fine brick edifice, on the site of the old wooden 
one, was opened to the public, its fa(;ad* being almost 
similar to that of the present theatre. It was built 
for a joint-stock company by Col. James Mosher, 
after a design of Robert Carey Long, architect, at a 
cost of about fifty thousand dollars, and was called 
the " Baltimore Theatre." The programme of the 
opening performance was as follows : 

" BALTIMOBB THBATKE. 
On Monday, the lOtli of May, 
The Theatre will open with an occasional Patriotic Address, com- 
memorative of the late brilliant Naval victories, to bespoken by 
Mr. Wood. 
After which, Cumberland's Comedy of 
THE WEST INDIAN. 

Belcour Mr. Wood. 

Captain Dudley Jlr. Doyle. 

His first appearance here. 

To which will be added, a new farce, never acted here, called 

THE SLEEP WALKER, OR, WHICH IS THE LADY? 

Somno (the Sleep Walker), Mr. Jefferson. 

Doors will be opened at half past 6, and performance commence at 7 

Some beautiful scenery had been prepared at Phil- 
adelphia, and carefully packed for transportation to 
Baltimore, there to be framed and adjusted. Two ex- 
pensive green curtains accompanied the scenery as 
far as Havre de Grace, and one of them was forwarded 
to Baltimore, but before transportation could be se- 
cured the British landed and destroyed the warehouse 
in which the remainder of the scenery was stored. 
Warren was extremely chagrined and vexed at his 
loss, as it made his opening very embarrassing. The 
painters were all summoned from Philadelphia, and 
by incessant labor, day and night, the managers were 
enabled to present a few plays creditably. For the 
first night and several succeeding ones the accommo- 
dations for the audience were confined to the lower 
boxes and the pit, the staircases leading to the upper 



boxes and gallery being unfinished. In spite of these 
disadvantages the house was well filled, the receipts 
for the opening night being three hundred and fifty- 
five dollars. 

Before the autumn the theatre had been completed, 
and the season was heralded in October by this 

"ANNOUNCEMENT. 
"The managers respectfully inform the public that the interior of the 
building is now completed, and the htbbies, coJ}'ee-room, passages, and dis- 
charging doors fitted up in the best manner, the whole offering to the 
public a degree of accommodation not exceeded by any theatre in the 
United Slates." 

This was followed by a benefit for the defense of 
the city, which was well attended. "The Ethiop" 
and "The Exile" proved very successful, and the 
season closed to an average of four hundred and ten 
dollars a night. 

Soon after the opening of the New HoUiday (or 
"Baltimore Theatre"), in October, 1814, it was dis- 
tinguished by the production of " The Star Spangled 
Banner," the immortal war-song of the republic, 
written by Francis Scott Key under the inspiration 
of the sight of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. 
It has hitherto been generally supposed that " The 
Star Spangled Banner" was sung for the first time 
by the Durang Brothers, but this is not the case. It 
was sung at the Holliday Street Theatre for the first 
time on Oct. 19, 1819, by Mr. Hardinge. The Federal 
Gazette and the play-bills of the day contain the fol- 
lowing announcement with reference to it: "After 
the play Mr. Hardinge will sing a much-admired new 
song, written by a gentleman of Maryland in com- 
memoration of the gallant defense of Fort McHenry, 
called " The Star Spangled Banner." In November 
the Federal Gazette announced that 

"at the Baltimore Theatre, Saturday evening, will be presented a per- 
formance in commemoration of the gallant repulse of the enemy from 
Baltimore. After the drama and farce there will be a grand military 
and naval entertainment, the conclusion of which will be as follows: 

A New Soxo, ■ 
written by a gentleman of Maryland, the second time here — ' The Star 
Spangled Banner,' by Mr. Hardinge. An entire new scene, representing 
the bombardment of Baltimore tlie night previous to the retreat of the 
enemy by land and water. The vie^t is taken from Hampstead Hill, and 
exhibits Fort McHenry illuminated by the fire fiom the enemy's bomb 
vessels, which di>chargo a rapid succession of shells (accurately repre- 
sented by machinery), some bursting in the air, etc.; to the right a de- 
tachment of the enemy's force under the fire of Fort Covington ; on the 
left the gun-boats, hulks, and Lazaretto; in the distance the main body 
of the British frigates. The scene painted by Mr. Grain, mariiie painter. 
To conclude with a dance in honor of the commander and defender of 
the fort." 

On November 19th, Mr. Hardinge substituted for 
the " Star Spangled Banner" the following " new pa- 
triotic song," called "Freedom, Home, and Beauty:" 

" High o'er Patapsco's tide 
Swelled Albion's naval pride, 

Advancing on the gale ; 
As fierce the embodied train 
Form'd on the embattl'd plain — 

Yet not a cheek was pale. 
Our yeomen marked their strong array, 
Saw proud the Lion's streamers play. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITF AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Anil llioiiglit of Home and Beauty^ 
While many maidous* anxious sighs 
And many mothers' i)rayer8 ariao 

Tliat each might do his duly. 
And now the miirshurd train 
Rush o'er t)ie omhattled plain ; 

Amid the cannon's roar 
The hostile fronts roliound, 
And many strewed the ground 

Ere battle's rago was o'er. 
Ah ! nniny a gallant soul expired, 
Too well with patriot feeling fired, 

For Freedom, Home, and Beauty. 
Yet who for country lighting dies 
Kver with the blest must rise. 






duty. 



Till) land tliat gave such birtU 
Well mourns their pai'ted worth. 

And mourns them not in vain. 
For ne'er sliall Freedom's hallowed n 
Die while there lives but yet the nan 

Of Country, Home, and Beauty. 
And who for these are lighting slain 
In the next world sliall meet again, 

For they have done their duty. 
Nor yet the struggle's o'er. 
That, fiercer than before. 

The midnight's gloom assail; 
Such desolating shocks 
As when the mountain's rocks 

Are tumbling to the vale. 
The shores re-echo'd with the blast. 
Firm stood each freeman to the last 

For Freedom, Home, and Beauty, 
'Till dimmer flash and fainter roar 
Mark'd th' invader'd quit that shore 

Where each had done his duty." 



The new song did not excite the same feeling as the 
" Star Spangled Banner," which was received with 
universal enthusiasm, and at once gave its author a 
national reputation, and the theatre so wide a celebrity 
that the best actors thenceforth sought it eagerly. 
For many years afterwards the most eminent players 
of the day, whether native or foreign, never failed to 
appear upon the boards of the Holliday Street Thea- 
tre, and lovers of the classic drama in after-days were 
accustomed to recall with delight the scenes they had 
witnessed there. 

In 1816 the "Magpie and Maid" was (ilayed at 
the Holliday with a good cast, and repaid the man- 
agers by nightly receipts which averaged $621. The 
"Forest of Bondy" reached $600 nightly, and a ben- 
efit given in aid of the widows and families of those 
who perished in defense of the city was liberally pa- 
tronized. A pleasant comedy, called " Jean de Paris," 
anticipalid >ii( i (»liilly the favorite opera. C. Young 
and hi> li.:iuiiliil uiii- appeared for a few nights as 
Osmund :iii.l Aiii;i la, lugoand Dcsdcmona, and other 
characters. Young F. .Iillir-ciii iiiailc rapid progress 
this season, which closcil i., s.iij | niulitly. In the au- 
tumn Mrs. Gilfert, fornurly .Mi~. Ilolman, gave great 
satisfaction in a round of licr best characters, her 
seven nights averaging $4;)0, and the benefit $799. 
Cooper followed to $618 nightly, with a benefit of 
$788. The season closed with " Woodman's Hut," 



$701 and $840 houses. These figures indicate that 
the Baltimore public had not suffered materially 
either in spirits or purse from the near approach of 
hostile armies or navies. 

Messrs. Warren & Wood now first introduced gas 
into their Philadelphia and Baltimore theatres, ia 
which extensive private works were erected to supply 
their own needs. During the production of "Alad- 
din," on May 8, 1817, at the Holliday the gas-lamps un- 
expectedly went out, in consequence of an omission to 
open one of the gasometers, and put an abrupt end to 
the performance. In 1821 the theatre was supplied 
with gas by the Baltimore Gas-light Company. Dur- 
ing the season of 1818, James Wallack made his first 
appearance at the Holliday in the roli's of Macbeth, 
Pizarro, Hamlet, Coriolanus, and Octavian, to houses 
averaging $441; Richard, which he took for his 
benefit, brought $654. Cooper followed in four nights, 
averaging $485 each ; benefit, $875. Henry Wallack 
also first appeared in America during this season as 
Othello, and made an unfavorable impression in Bal- 
timore, which required some little time to efface. 
His after-performances in melodramatic parts, as 
Darian, Roderic Dhu, Rob Roy, Ethiop, and Don 
Juan, obtained him the fovorable estimate not se- 
cured by his first attempt. Cooper and Bartley in 
the fall season at the Holliday were each well re- 
ceived as the " Green Man ;" and Jefiferson, following 
them, gained favor by giving a totally different man- 
ner and character. Mrs: Entwistle, after au absence 
of two years, now appeared as Beatrice ; Blissett and 
Herbert, as Richard and Richmond, for their benefit, 
to a $472 house ; while Payne's " Brutus" proved 
eminently successful, and, with the " Heart of Mid- 
Lothian," strengthened a feeble season materially. 
Cooper played seven nights to receipts of $532 ; Mar- 
mion, on his first appearance in Baltimore, to $969, 
his benefit falling to $575. Mr. Keene, a singer of 
some reputation, appeared as Belino, Paul, Henry 
Bertram, and Carlos, in " Duenna," with partial suc- 
cess ; and the Bartleys, after seven nights of moderate 
attractions, closed a languid season. 

The season of 1820 commenced on the iid of April 
with " Wild Oats" and " Ruflian Boy," and on the 
following morning Mr. Wood received intelligence 
that his theatre in Philadelphia had been destroyed 
by fire the night before. His season in Baltimore was 
also unfortunate, for the gross receipts of three favor- 
ite nights only realized $97, $76, and $74, and the 
season closed to an average of only $264. 

The season of 1821 was begun at the Holliday on 
the 24th of April by the first appearance in this city 
of Edmund Kean, in the character of Richard III. 
The audience was much larger than had attended on 
the finst night for many years, and during his per- 
formances here he drew the largest audiences that 
had ever been seen in a Baltimore theatre. His re- 
ceipts were: Richard, $789; Othello, $611 ; Merchant 
of Venice, $799; New Way to Pay Old Debts, $696; 



AMUSEMENTS. 



687 



King Lear, $929; Macbeth, $630; Iron Chest, $602; 
Brutus, $430; Hamlet, $652; Town and Country, 
$633; Bertram, $570; Eiches, $495; Richard, $654; 
and benefit (Othello), $785.' His profits in Baltimore 
were $3243. The short autumn season of 1821 pre- 
sented nothing interesting, except the first appearance 
of the elder Booth. He first acted, on the 2d of Novem- 
ber, Richard III., and created an unusual sensation. 
His receipts were: Richard, $383; Iron Chest, $315; 
Othello, $303; King Lear, $360; Town and Country, 
$194; and his benefit (Mountaineers), $525. In the 
spring of 1822, Lebasse and Sautin (the first French 
dancers ever engaged in America) appeared at the 
Holliday to moderate houses. Dwyer, who appeared 
about the same time, was hardly more attractive ; his 
receipts were $287 and $220. A new American ope- 
ratic drama by a Baltimore author, with music by 
Mr. Clifton, was produced for one night ; and Pelby 
first acted here during this season as Rolla, Octavian, 
and Hamlet. Cooper made his first appearance for 
two years to houses of $255 and $336. In the course 
of this engagement Miss Tilden (afterwards Mrs. 
Bernard) made a very successful attempt as Virginia. 
" Marion," by Noah, closed a feeble season. Charles 
Matthews first appeared on the American stage at 
the Holliday, on the 23d of September, 1822, in the 
"Trip to Paris," and continued for nine nights, with 
the following financial results: Trip to Pari.s, $752; 
same, $385 ; Country Cousins, $468 ; Earth, Air, and 
Water, $489; Poor Gentleman, and the Diligence, 
$471 ; Heir-at-Law, and Polly Packet, $431 ; Road to 
Ruin, and Christmas at Brighton, $222 ; Youthful 
Days, and Mons. Touson (first time), $579.50; Ways 
and Means, and Mons. Tonson, $309 ; Road to Ruin, 
and Sleep-Wallcer (for his benefit), $1001. He also on 
this night gave his incomparable imitations of Kemble, 
Braham, Cooke, Kean, Incledon, Bannister, Blanchard, 
Fawcett, and Munden. The smallness of the receipts 
during the engagement were materially affected by 
the prevalence of yellow fever at Fell's Point. This 
panic, added to the depressed state of the times, ren- 
dered the season one of the most distressing which 
the managers had yet encountered. Booth followed 
to $237, $188, $123, $207, $147, $222, $124, and $237 
houses; his benefit (Hamlet) came to $269. From 
this time until a very late period the receipts at the 
Holliday dwindled down to nearly total neglect. 
Stars of all degrees and magnificent spectacles were 
produced at unsparing cost by powerful companies, 
but all in vain. The season of 1824 first introduced 
Conway, to an average of $240. His benefit was 
strengthened by Booth, and by Mr. and Mrs. Duff, 
producing $738. Mrs. Duft" (as a star) only reached 
$1 16 per night, and a benefit of $408. " Lafayette," 
a drama by Wordsworth, was acted twice, and was 
soon followed, on the 25th of November, by a visit 



1 Tlie advent of Kean introduced the absurd custom of calling out 
performera in an exlmusted state, " dead or alire," after the curtain has 
dropped, to receive a tribute of extra applause. 



I from. the "nation's guest." The entertainments were 
I " School for Scandal" and " Romp" ; the receipts only 
$454. Several other novelties were offered, the most 
successful of which was the " Bride of Abydos," for 
i seven nights, to houses of $349. This proved the 
only striking feature of the sea.son, which averaged 
but $252. The season of 1825 proved ruinously un- 
productive. " Der Freyschutz" was played to poor 
I houses, the receipts being $228, $130, and $73. Duft" 
I continued ill, and T. Burke died here, June 6, 1825. 
The receipts of the season averaged only $225. Bur- 
roughs and a pretended Greek conjurer failed even 
on their benefit nights. " William Tell" was the only 
popular piece of the season, and was played to a total 
of $910 in three nights. Fielding and Garner were 
now added to the company, and Cooper acted two 
nigjits to $322 and $558 houses. 

The season of 1826 began cheerfully at the Holliday 
in May with Miss Kelly acting eight nights to houses 
of $384, and a benefit (as Juliet) of $631. Charles 
Kean now arrived from Boston to fulfill a contract of 
eight nights. His first appearance in Baltimore was 
in the character of Richard III. The curtain rose, 
and the play proceeded quietly as usual until the ap- 
pearance of Gloster, when a violent opposition from 
persons stationed in various parts of the house ren- 
dered all Kean's attempts to be heard hopeless. Some 
ill-managed efforts were made to address the audience, 
but he was not allowed to speak. The greatest por- 
tion of the female auditors retired in disgust from the 
disgraceful scene, and the play at length ended in 
noise and confusion. Warren conducted the ladies 
of the company through the crowd without molesta- 
tion. Kean was conveyed through the adjoining 
house to his lodgings safely, but in extreme terror, as 
[ might well be expected, for from some expressions 
I uttered by the rioters it was fairly inferred that per- 
sonal violence would be attempted. The next morn- 
ing a council of friends was called to deliberate on 
I the course to be pursued, and finally, to prevent a riot, 
through the advice of William Wirt, the theatre was 
closed for the season, and the company immediately 
returned to Philadelphia. 

Messrs. Warren & Wood had now been managers 
of their theatres for sixteen years, but in 1826, Mr. 
Wood determined to retire. For a stipulated sum he 
transferred all his share of property in the different 
theatres to Mr. Warren, who conducted them for a 
time upon his own account with indifferent success.' 
In November, 1827, the stockholders of the Holliday 
Street Theatre rented the establishment to Joseph 
! Cowell, and it was opened during the winter season 
I under his direction. 

I The Holliday was built originally by subscription, 
j 126 shares being sold at $200 each, which it appears 
was not sufficient to complete the building, and con- 
sequently liens were held against it for work done. 



688 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 



It met with a great many " ups and downs" after the 
dissolution of the firm of AVarren & Wood, and on 
Dec. 2, 1840, wa.s sold at auction to Benjamin I. Cohen 
for twenty thousand dollars. This sale was not rati- 
fied, and on Sept. 10, 1846, the theatre was closed ; 
by an injunction granted by the chancellor of the | 
State on the application of Mr. Cohen, who was one ! 
of the original stockholders. It was again offered for j 
sale by Jolin H. B. Latrobe, trustee, in 1846, and pur- 
chased by James V. Wagner for thirteen thousand 
dollars, which was the only bid made. Mr. Cohen | 
immediately took exception to the sale, on the ground 
that there was but one bid, and that the sale had taken 
place on Saturday, which, as he was a Hebrew, pre- 
vented his attendance. The chancellor, however, in 
October ratified and confirmed the sale. In Decem- I 
ber, 1847, the Sun, speaking of the recent publication j 
of the President's message in advance of its cotem- 
poraries, alludes to the fact that it had pressed into 
service several members of the excellent stock com- 
pany of the Holliday who had formerly been mem- 
bers of the " craft." " We received," it says, " most ; 
efficient aid from some of the gentlemen of the ' bus- ! 
kin,' and shall endeavor to return the favor. Indeed, | 
we had one of the largest and most efficient corps of 
compositors that ever stood to case at one time in an 
office in Baltimore." | 

For several years after the sale of 1846 the " Old j 
Drury" was closed entirely. Effisrts were made from | 
time to time to continue it regularly, but these at- 
tempts invariably resulted disastrously. On Dec. 20, 
1852, it was again sold at auction, together with all 
the scenery, wardrobes, etc., to Heron Murray for 
twenty-three thousand seven hundred and fifty dol- 
lars, " for a company of enterprising gentlemen who 
intend to remodel and improve the house and con- ^ 
tinue it as a theatre." In September, 1853, it was ; 
leased to E. A. Marshall, the manager of the Broad- ! 
way Theatre in New York, and the Walnut Street 
Theatre, Philadelphia. The season was an unfortu- j 
nate one, and in the fall of 1854 it was purchased by 
an association of liberal and wealthy gentlemen, who | 
refitted and magnificently refurnished it at a cost of 
twelve thousand dollars, and determined to leave no 
effort untried to restore the old house to its former 
glory. They engaged at large salaries a full and 
talented dramatic corps, which they placed under the ] 
absolute control of Mr. Walcot, an experienced actor, 
but through mismanagement the season closed with 
an actual cash loss of fifteen thousand dollars. The 
theatre was sold at auction on April 21, 1866, to John 
Grason for thirty-two thousand dollars, and on August i 
12th of the same year Messrs. John T. Ford, Kunkle, j 
and Moxley leased the property. Among those who'j 
had managed the Holliday previous to this time (be- 
sides Wignell & lieinagle, Warren & Wood) were 
Joseph Cowell, Rowbothara & Maywood, Walton & 
Ward, E.iA. Marshall, Thomas Kemble, William E. 
Burton, Thadius J. Barton, and Clifton W. Tayleure. ' 



Under Mr. Ford's energetic and efficient management 
the establishment attained a degree of popularity and 
prestige never before known in the theatrical annals 
of Baltimore. In 1859, James J. Giflbrd remodeled 
the theatre for Mr. Ford, and on August 28th it was 
opened by Stuart Robson as Tony Lumpkin in the 
play of " She Stoops to Conquer." In 1870, Mr. Ford 
purchased the theatre and some adjoining property 
from Messrs. George Small and Washington Booth 
for one hundred thousand dollars. The season of 
1873-74, which was doomed to so sudden and dis- 
astrous a termination, opened on Monday, August 
11th, with the spectacular drama of " The Ice Witch," 
and promised to be the most brilliant and profitable 
the theatre had ever known. On Monday, September 
8th, " After Dark" was placed on the boards, and on 
Tuesday night was again performed. That evening 
the curtain fell for the last time on the stage of the 
Old Holliday, for in less than three hours afterward 
(half-past two o'clock on the morning of September 
10th) a fire broke out, which in a short time entirely 
consumed it. It may appear as a singular coincidence 
that the last words spoken in the play of " After 
Dark" are " After dark the light has come." 

Soon after the burning of the theatre Mr. Ford as- 
sociated with him his eldest son, Charles E. Ford, a 
gentleman thoroughly acquainted with the duties of 
theatrical management, to aid him in conducting his 
extensive business. In November these gentlemen, 
with James J. GifTord as architect and superintendent, 
began the rebuilding of the Old Drury on the same 
site, and on the 3d of August, 1874, it was opened to 
an immense audience crowding all parts of the house. 
The exterior of the new theatre is on the same model 
as the old, and the front is nearly of the same charac- 
ter and style ; but the interior has been materially 
improved, and possesses ;i ^neater seating capacity. 
The programme on the opening occasion was as fol- 
lows : National Overture, by Prof J. A. Rosenberger's 
orchestra; an opening address of seventy lines, writ- 
ten by Wm. Leggett in 1828, upon the opening of 
the New Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, was 
road by Wm. Harris ; Boucicault's drama, " After 
Dark, or London by Midnight," was produced with 
a cast of characters in which the following performers 
took part : Wm. Harris, W. H. Southard, Mark M. 
Price, M. Lanagan, Charles Stanley, W. H. Burton, 
Charles Harkinson, H. A. Webber, G. W. Denham, 
James CuUington, J6hn Atwell, Wm. H. Warren, C. 
Gonzales, G. A. Sorter, Miss Gussie de Forrest, Miss 
Jennie Clifford. Besides thedrama,MissLydia Denier 
introduced some novel dances, and the Prseger family- 
gave some comic variety performances. In 1871, John 
T. Ford erected the Grand Opera-House, and in July, 
1876, he leased the Holliday Street Theatre to Wm. 
Gilmore, a variety manager of Philadelphia. Mr. 
Ford now gave his exclusive attention to the Opera- 
House management, and "in May, 1877, sold all his 
interest in the Holliday Street Theatre to Messrs. 





^cXn /// 



AMUSEMENTS. 



George Small and Washington Booth. In 1879, John 
W. Albaugh, who had commenced his first regular 
season at the Old Drury on Aug. 22, 1855, secured a 
lease of the property, and after thoroughly renova- 
ting it at a cost of ten thousand dollars, opened it on 
Sept. 1, 1879. Under Mr. Albaugh's admirable man- 
agement the theatre has regained its former place in 
public favor and esteem, and is now one of the most 
complete and successful theatrical establishments in 
the United States. John William Albaugh was born 
in Baltimore on the 30th of September, 1837. His 
father, John Wm. Albaugh, was born in Virginia 
in 1800, and his mother, Elizabeth Peters, in Frederick, 
Md., in the same year. His paternal grandfather and 
grandmother were natives of "Virginia, but removed 
to Hagerstown, Md., in the early part of the present 
century. His maternal great-grandfather, whose 
name was Holler, emigrated from Holland about the 
middle of the last century and settled at Frederick, 
Md., where he built the Barracks, and also a portion 
of the town, which was called, after him, " Holler's 
Town." Young Albaugh's education was received 
at private schools, and although there was nothing in 
his training to cultivate a taste for the dramatic pro- 
fession, he evinced a decided talent for the stage while 
quite young, and took part in amateur performances 
at the old " Mud Theatre" and other favorite theatri- 
cal resorts of the day. His first appearance was in 
an amateur performance of the " Merchant of Venice" 
at the old " Oak Hall," corner Frederick and Balti- 
more Streets, in 1853, where he essayed the r6le of 
Portia, and sustained the character so well as to sur- 
prise and delight the audience. His first regular ap- 
pearance on the professional stage was at the Balti- 
more Museum, under the management of Henry C. 
.Tarrett, Joe Jefferson stage manager, on the 1st of 
February, 1855, as Brutus in "Brutus, or the Fall of 
Tarquiii." He was received with great favor both by 
the public and the press, one of the Baltimore papers 
saying, " Though young in years and lacking experi- 
ence, Mr. Albaugh acquitted himself in the most 
creditable manner, and it was universally acknowl- 
edged that his was the best ' first appearance' that 
has been made here for some time. He has much 
talent, and will no doubt make a good actor if he 
should adopt the profession." In the following 
month Mr. Albaugh appeared as Hamlet in a com- 
l)limentary benefit tendered him by his friends in and 
out of the profession, and rendered that difficult and 
delicate role in a manner that reflected great credit upon 
his dramatic taste and ability. His first regular engage- 
ment was as second walking gentleman at the HoUi- 
day Street Theatre, then under the management of 
John T. Ford, for the season commencing Aug. 20, 
ISS.*), at a salary of eight dollars per week, which was 
not bad pay in days when stars frequently closed a 
season poorer than they began it, and were often glad 
to get out of town with their wardrobes. The next 
sei^son, 1856-57, he was with Charles T. Smith at 



Troy, engaging as first walking gentleman, and going 
up through the regular succession to leading business. 
In 1858-59 he played juvenile business at Pittsburgh, 
and then went to the Gayety at Albany, N. Y., under 
engagement as heavy man. After a successful en- 
gagement in Albany, where he soon became a great 
favorite, he played in Montgomery, Ala., in 1860-61, 
and the next year in Boston, Washington, Philadel- 
phia, and the West. He was next for three years 
leading man in Louisville, Ky., and in 1865 supported 
Charles Kean in his engagement at the Broadway 
Theatre, New York, where he played for the re- 
mainder of the season. In 1866 he made a starring 
tour, and in 1868-69 was associated with Bidwell & 
Spalding in the management of the Olympic Thea- 
tre in St. Louis. In 1870 he returned to Albany, 
and was stage manager for the Trimble Opera-House, 
under Lucien Barnes. From there Mr. Albaugh 
went to New Orleans as a partner with Ben de Bar 
in the management of the St. Charles' Theatre. 
After a season of managing in Montreal and a little 
more starring, he became manager of what is now 
known as the Leland Opera-House, in Albany, N. Y., 
opening it Nov. 24, 1873, since which time he has 
been sole lessee. In 1878 he played a star engagement 
under Edgar & Fulton, in what is now Daly's Theatre, 
New York, appearing as Louis XI., and winning the 
highest commendations from the journals and critics of 
that city. In addition to the HoUiday Street Theatre 
in Baltimore and the Leland in Albany, he is also man- 
ager of the National Theatre in Washington. He was 
married on the 29th of July, 1866, to Mary Mitchell 
(sister of Maggie Mitchell), who was born in New 
York of English parents. Like her sister, she had 
great talent for the stage, and made her first appear- 
ance in Newark, N. J., as Topsy. She soon rose to 
the position of leading lady, which she held in New 
York, Boston, Philadelphia, and St. Louis. Of late 
years she appears but rarely upon the stage, her 
duties as wife and mother being dearer to her than 
the triumphs of public life. 

Front Street Theatre and Circus.— After Messrs. 
Hallam & Henry dissolved their company and 
abandoned the frame theatre which they had erected 
near the intersection of Pratt and Albemarle Streets, 
the building was remodeled to suit either theatrical or 
equestrian performances. It was for many years 
known as the circus on Philpot's Hill, and in 1797 
Rockett's equestrian company performed there. In 
December, 1809, it was opened by Messrs. Pepin & 
Brechard, the managers of the " new circus" company, 
which played with great success. The prices of ad- 
mission at this time were " boxes one dollar, pit fifty 
cents, children half price." Doors opened at five 
o'clock, and the performances began at six. In Oc- 
tober, 1811, it was known as the Olympic Theatre, 
and opened with the play of " The Road to Ruin," 
which was followed by " feats of horsemanship and 
a great display of fireworks." The old Olympic The- 



690 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



,'i■rr^. 



atre having become dangerous it was pulled down, 
and on June 13, 1827, Messrs. Edmund Simpson and 
Joseph Cowell published the prospectus of a new 
theatre to be erected on its site, "suited equally for 
theatrical and equestrian performances," to be called 
the Olympic Theatre. This was the origination of 
the present Front Street Theatre, which was com- 
menced by a stock company early in 1829. The 
architect and builder was Charles Grover, and when 
finished it was the largest and most complete theatre 
in the United States. It is situated on the south- 
western corner of Front and Low Streets, fronting 
on the former and binding on the latter one hun- 
dred and fifty-one feet to Jones' Falls. The building 
is four stories high, has three tiers of boxes and a pit, 
and comfortably accommodates four thousand per- 
sons. There are three entrances on Front Street and 
one on Low Street, built as a combined theatre and 
circus ; there were extensive dressing-rooms under the 
stage, and stabling for over fifty horses. In the rear 
of the stabling, bordering on the Falls, there was a 
spacious court with 



three large doors 
opening on the Falls, 
with steps descend- 
ing to the water. The 
st:ii;:c> was seventy- 
li\r feet long and 
^ ., the same in breadth, 

^C^ -■'. ' with a large door 

I , twelve feet wide 

opening on the Falls, 
where a >tagc was crerteil over sixty feet long. The 
opening of the stage was thirty-four feet wide, with 
ways nine feet broad so as to admit horses or carriages. 
The ring was forty-seven feet in diameter, with two 
doors, thirteen feet high and six feet wide, leading 
from the stables. The height from the dome to the 
ring was fifty-two feet; and the dressing-room was 
seventy feet long, twenty feet high, and the same in 
width. The scenery was perhaps the finest in the 
country. 

The "New Theatre and Circus" (now called Front 
Street Theatre) was first opened on Tuesday evening, 
Sept. 10, 1829, under the most favorable circumstances. 
The audience was "larger than previous experience 
led persons to believe Baltimore could supply," the 
number of those present being estimated at about 
three thousand. It was opened under the manage- 
ment of W. Blanchard, a gentleman at the time 
well known through this country and Canada as the 
manager of a first-class equestrian corps. Previous 
to the commencement of the performance, Mrs. Hill, 
from the London and New York theatres, delivered 
a prize address, written bv Robert Morris, of Phila- 
delphia. 

After the equestrian performances a musical farce 
entitled "The Spoiled Child" was produced. Doors 
opened at 6i, and the curtain rose at 71 o'clock. 



"Boxes, fifty cents; pit, twenty-five; and colored 
gallery, twenty-five." 

The theatre had been erected by an association of 
citizens, and in February, 1830, they applied to the 
Legislature to be made a body corjjorate. Accord- 
ingly, on February 27tli the as.sociation was incorpo- 
rated, under the name of the " Baltimore Theatre and 

j Circus Company," with the following incorporators: 
Thomas Wildey, president; William Hicklcy, Elijah 
Stansbury, John J. Gross, Joseph Kobinson, Ephraim 
Barker, James Bush, John Boyd, Thomas J. Murphy, 
Adolpbus Dunan, Charles Grover, Jacob Gross, H. 
W. Bool, William Cullimore, Henry Clifle, Walter 
Crook, Jr., Richard Bradshaw, David Pugh, Joseph 
Otterman, and Theophilus T. Fitzelberger. The capi- 
tal stock was not to exceed $50,000, divided into shares 

i of $100 each, and the charter to extend until 1845. 
Front Street Theatre never attained the celebrity 

I of the Holliday, although many distinguished per- 
formers have from time to time appeared there. The 
most remarkable of its entertainments were two of 
totally diiferent character. Built, as we have seen, as 

I a combined theatre and circus, equestrian perform- 
ances were from time to time held in it, and in 1838 

I it was occupied by Cooke, an Englishman, who in- 
vested his entire fortune, and brought to America the 
most remarkable troupe of performers who ever ex- 
hibited in this city. Unfortunately, about five o'clock 

' on the morning of the 3d of February the theatre 

, took, fire, and the flames spread with such rapidity 
that not an article was saved. The entire wardrobe, 
scenery, decorations, and a stud of over fifty superb 
horses were consumed, and the buildings utterly de- 
stroyed. Mr. Cooke was totally ruined by the catas- 

[ trophe. The theatre was rebuilt the same year by 
William Minifie, architect, for a number of new stock- 

, holders, and was reopened on Dec. 3, 1838, but its 
distance from the lashioniible quarters of the city 
operated against it, although many noted actors ap- 
peared there. 

No theatrical sensation of the day, however, was 
equal to that created by Jenny Lind when she ap- 
peared for the first time in Baltimore at the Front 
Street Theatre, on the night of the 8th of December, 
1850. Her astonishing reputation had preceded her 
to America, and it is scarcely an exaggeration to say 
that the people went mad over her. Absurd prices 
were paid for the first choice of seats, — from one hun- 

I dred dollars in Baltimore to seven hundred dollars in 
Providence, R. I. Under the management of P. T. 
Barnum, the scale of admission to her concerts was 
far beyond any prices ever before demanded. Five 
dollars wiis a low average for good seats, and for her 
fourth and last concert in Baltimore a charge of 
twelve and a half cents was made at the door for all 

I persons who attended the auction of tickets. The 
receipts from the four concerts were about sixty thou- 
sand dollars, a very snug sum for the singing of some 
two dozen songs. On the night of the fii-st concert 



AMUSEMENTS. 



the scene within the theatre was one beyond the 
power of description. Every nook and corner of the 
vast building was filled, just room enough being left 
on the stage for the orchestra and the fair nightingale. 
A more brilliant audience — more beauty and fashion 
— never assembled within the walls of any building 
in this city. The doors were opened at six o'clock, 
and the crowd poured in in a continuous stream till 
eight. Front Street was blocked up with carriages, 
omnibuses, and a dense mass of spectators, so that it 
was extremely difficult to get near the door, and then 
only with the assistance of the police. 

On Dec. 11, 1848, Macready began an engagement 
{it the Front Street Theatre, in Macbeth, while For- 
rest appeared in the same role at the Holliday. The 
rivalry existing between these two actors was intense, 
and the warm partisans of each were enthusiastic in 
favor of their idols, and crowded both theatres from 
pit to dome. In August, 1854, Mrs. Harvey Tuck- 
ett became the lessee of the theatre, with Messrs. H. 
B. Matterson and James J. Bobbins as managers. It 
has been under various managements since, not 
always satisfactory to its best patrons, and for several 
years was entirely closed. About 1870 it was leased 
by William E. Sinn, who conducted it with some suc- 
cess as a variety theatre.' The following actors and 
actresses made their first appearance at this theatre: 
Miss Addie Anderson, as Mazeppa ; Mrs. Frank Drew, 
who was born near Belair, Harford Co., made her 
i.mut here in 1842, as Duke of York to the elder 
Booth's Kichard III.; Mrs. Henry Eberle, in De- 
cember, 1840, as Peggy in " Raising the Wind ;" J. 
K. Field, in 1838 ; S. K. Glenn, Nov. 20, 1848, as 
John Jones in the farce of that name ; John S. Good- 
man ; J. Adams Graver, in 1853 ; Miss Cornelia Jef- 
ferson, as the Duke of York ; Henry Charles Gordon 
(born in Baltimore), May 1, 1841, as Marlin Spike in 
the "Scourge of the Ocean;" and James Wills, in 
1831. Charlotte Cushman was also among the pro- 
fessional celebrities who occasionally honored the 
Front Street Theatre with their presence. 

The Old Baltimore Museum, which formerly stood 
on the northwest corner of Calvert and Baltimore 
Streets, like most of the early museums of the coun- 
try, owed its existence to the indefatigable efforts of 
Charles Wilson Peale and his sons, Raphael, Rem- 
brandt, and Rubens, and his nephew, Charles Peale 
Polk. Charles W. Peale was born of English parents 
at Chestertown, Kent Co., April 16, 1741, and re- 



1 Among the prominent events that have taken place at the Front 
Street Theatre may be mentioned the following: The centennial anni- 
versary of the birth of Washington was celebrated on Feb. 22, 1832, by 
an immense procession, and the reading of bis Farewell Address in the 
theatre by William H. Collins, followed by an oration by Hon. John H. 
B. Latrobe. The National Democratic Convention, which had adjourned 
from Charleston, reassembled there on June 18,1860; and the Union 
National Convention met in the same place on June 7, 1864, and nomi- 
nated Abraham Lincoln for re-election as President. On the laying of 
the corner-stone of the new Masonic Temple, Nov. 20, 1S6G, the visiting 
commanderies were entertained there by the Knights Templar of Bal- 



moved to Annapolis in January, 1762. He was ap- 
prenticed to a saddler, carried on successively the 
trades of saddler, harness-maker, silversmith, watch- 
maker, and carver, and afterwards, as a recreation in 
the sedentary pursuit of portrait-painting, became a 
sportsman, naturalist, and a preserver of animals, 
made himself a violin and guitar, invented and con- 
structed a variety of machines, and made the first 
sets of enamel teeth made in this country. At the 
age of twenty-six he received instruction in painting 
from Hesselius, and afterwards from Copley, in Bos- 
ton, and was for about fifteen years the only portrait- 
painter in North America. Having made an exten- 
sive collection of portraits, stuffed birds, quadrupeds, 
curiosities, etc., in 1784 he opened the first museum 
in the country at Philadelphia, for which he pro- 
cured in 1801 almo.st an entire skeleton of a mam- 
moth, and was the first to lecture on the subject of 
natural history. In January he opened a branch es- 
tablishment in Baltimore at Mr. Sadler's, which he 
called the " American Museum." This was continued 
but a short time, for in January, 1791, we find his 
nephew, Charles Peale Polk, " wishing to fit up an 
exhibition room for the entertainment of the public," 
and soliciting their patronage. He accordingly fitted 
up a house at the southwest corner of Frederick and 
Water (now Lombard) Streets, where he exhibited 
for several years many objects of an interesting char- 
acter. This museum was discontinued, and in Oc- 
tober, 1796, Messrs. Raphael and Rembrandt Peale, 
late of Philadelphia, " having collected a number ot 
articles of nature and artificial production, together 
with their paintings," announce to the people of Bal- 
timore that they have opened rooms at the house in 
Frederick Street, next door to the southwest corner 
of Water Street, under the title of the " Baltimore 
Museum." They state in their prospectus that they 
have on exhibition "sixty-four portraits of illustrious 
men, who having distinguished themselves in the 
American Revolution, both as statesmen and war- 
riors, highly merit the attention of the citizens of the 
United States. The collection also contains a variety 
of miscellaneous portraits and pictures, besides up- 
wards of two hundred preserved birds, beasts, am- 
phibious animals, fishes, etc. Also Indian's dresses, or- 
naments, utensils for civil and military life," etc. The 
rooms were always open ; admittance, twenty-five 
cents ; children half-price. At the same time the pro- 
prietors offered their services to the citizens of Balti- 
more as portrait-painters, and in time painted the por- 
traits of some of our most distinguished citizens, as 
well as some of the most eminent men of the country. 
On March 29, 1797, the Museum was closed previous 
to its removal " to a large and commodious house" 
at No. 45 Charles Street. In April, 1800, Raphael 
Peale left Baltimore after painting "seventy-two 
miniatures since his arrival." A " New Museum" 
was opened at No. 6 Water Street, between Calvert 
and South Streets, on Nov. 4, 1807, which was fol- 



692 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



lowed by the "Baltimore Permanent Museum," C. 
Boyle, proprietor, at No. 57 Water Street, two doors 
east of Gay. On Feb. 15, 1814, anotlier " Baltimore 
Museum" was opened at No. 236 Market {now Balti- 
more) Street, opposite toSharpe. In 1813, Rembrandt 
Peale came to Baltimore to permanently reside, and 
soon after purchased a lot on the west side of Holi- 
day Street, north of Lexington, and began the ejec- 
tion of a museum and gallery of fine arts, which is 
still known as the " Old City Hall," and which served 
our municipal purposes until the erection of the pres- 
ent magnificent marble structure. Peale's Museum 
was completed iu 1814, and for many years was one 
of the chief attractions of Baltimore. It was erected 
after the designs of the elder Robert Carey Long. 
The building contained an extensive museum of all 
kinds of curiosities, after the fashion of museums in 
general, very finely preserved specimens of birds, 
beasts, reptiles, insects, etc., and a valuable collection 
of paintings. The original cost of the Museum Build- 
ing was over fourteen thousand dollars, which greatly 
involved Mr. Peale, and from which he never recov- 
ered. The site was, moreover, an unfortunate one, 
and the whole venture failed to yield the pecuniary 
results expected from it. To relieve himself of his 
difficulties, Mr. Peale, on Dec. 18, 1817, obtained an 
act from the Legislature appointing James Mosher, 
John McKim, Jr., Robert Carey Long, Alexander 
Fridge, and Henry Robin.son trustees " to receive 
subscriptions of stock to an amount not exceeding 
twenty thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred 
dollars each, to be by them applied to the payment 
of the charges and expenses which have been or may 
be incurred in building, furnishing, and improving 
the museum lately erected and partly furnislied by 
Rembrandt Peale, in the city of Baltimore." It was 
a condition of the subscriptions to stock that the same 
should be redeemed by Mr. Peale at any time after 
the expiration of eight years, by paying the principal 
sum due on each share, with interest, payable semi- 
annually, at the rate of eight per cent, per annum ; 
and to secure the stock Peale was to convey the 
museum and fixtures to the above-named trustees. 
Mr. Peale accepted the conditions of the act because 
(as he afterwards explained to Hon. Charles F. Mayer 
in a letter dated Oct. 12, 1830) " money was not other- 
wise to be obtained," and he was " not without hopes 
that the receipts and profits of the institution would 
enable him within eight years to buy in all the stock." 
"The times," he continues, 

"became unfortunate in Baltimore, and I suffered in the Reneral ca- 
lamity. My difficulties were greatly aggravated by the miafurtiines of 
my connection with the gu8 company. The idea of such an euterprisc 
originated with me, and I wiis entitled to some of the advantages that 
might be derived from it, and would have enjoyed them largely had my 
plans, in co-operation with Mr. William Gwynn, been carried into effect, 
but unfortunately the evils tliat fell upon the company arose almost en- 
tirely out of misconception of" two of the directors " with whom I was 
associated as a committee, and who uniformly overruled and thwarted 
my designs, and then censured mo for the errors which they had com- 
mitted. The museum consequently sutfered by the want of my time and 



att«nt)on and the labors of J. Griffiths, which were for a long time de- 
voted to laborioue though unavailing efforts to remedy the evils result- 
ing from my coadjutors insisting on a bad site, resisting my desires to 
make contracts with workmen, etc. But, what waa worst of all to me, 
the unjust and severe conduct of those gentlemen had an effect on my 
nerves and mind most injurious to my family, and nearly destnictive to 
my life. . . . The museum was sacrificed, my fondest purposes blasted. 
1 gave up all that I could. . , . But for the evils thus brought upon mo 
by the gas business I should have been able to manage the affairs of the 
museum, in spite of all other difficulties. . . . My brother Rubens hav- 
ing bought the museum of me as it stood, on the Ist of May, 1822, agreed 
to assume all my personal responsibilities in Baltimore, as they were 
stat«d to him by Mr. Robinson and me. His situation was not liberally 
considered by all tho parties with whom he was involved, and he wa» 
forced to withdraw himself from Baltimore, where his zeal and elTortB 
would have beeu so honorable to the city. Reluctant compromises have 
held him in part, but it is manifest that it should have been made liia 
interest to concentrate in Baltimore the labore which ho has divided l{e- 
twcen that city and New York. It is not to the credit of Baltimore that 
the liberal views and purposes of science should be sacrificed by the 
sordid calculations of short-sighted commercial avarice." 

Peale's Museum, on Holliday Street, «'as opened in 
the summerof 1814, the music being supplied by "an 
excellent six-octave piano, made by Mr. Stcwar*, of 
Baltimore." In a short time the skeleton of the 
mammoth which was dug up by Mr. Peale in 1801 
out of a marl-pit in Ulster County, N. Y., was re- 
moved to Baltimore and placed on exhibition in the 
museum. 0" June 11, 1816, "carburetted hydrogen 
gas" was exhibited for the first time at this establish- 
ment, and it was announced that " at the commence- 
ment of next season a chandelier of fifty burners, 
executed by Mr. Bonis," would be placed in the 
quadruped-room as one of the attractions. This was 
the first building in the city lighted by gas, and was 
Mr. Peale's individual enterprise. The gas was made 
in the building, and attracted considerable attention 
from the citizens. The experiment suggested the 
idea of lighting the city by the same means, and a 
company was organized by Rembrandt Peale, in 
which he became a very large stockholder. In the 
fall of 1822 and 1823 exhibitions of paintings, minia- 
ture drawings, and engravings were given by the 
citizens at the Museum, which did much to encourage 
art and elevate public taste, and in May, 1823, Mr. 
Charles Wilson Peale, then in his eighty-third year, 
delivered in Baltimore two or three lectures upon art 
and natural history. 

The Old Museum continued on Holliday Street 
until January, 1830, when the edifice was sold at auc- 
tion and purchased for a city hall, and the collection 
was removed to more commodious quarters on the 
{ northwest corner of Calvert and Baltimore Streets. 
The new site of the Museum had been previously oc- 
1 cupied by three frame stores and dwellings, which 
' were sold at public auction in September, 1828, 
! and purchased by John Clark, a prominent lottery 
; broker, for the sum of twenty-seven thousand two 
hundred dollars. Mr. Clark soon afterwards tore 
down the old buildings and erected a new building, 
which was considered at the time quite a marvel of 
j architecture. In December, 1829, he rented the upper 
stories for a museum to the Pcales, and they reopened 



AMUSEMENTS. 



in the new building on Jan. 1, 1830. The following 
were the prices of admission : Tickets for a family, ten 
dollars per year; for a gentleman and lady, five dol- 
lars per year; single admission, twenty-five cents; 
children, half-price. The collection at this time was 
very extensive, and contained many paintings of more 
than ordinary merit, many of them full-length por- 
traits of celebrated characters. Among these were a 
very large number of theatrical worthies, male and 
female, including many of the most famous actors 
and actresses of the English stage. Nearly the whole 
collection was destroyed by fire early in 1833, very few 
articles being saved from the flames, but the Museum 
was immediately rebuilt, and reopened on the 4th 
of July of the same year. As an investment the en- 
terprise did not prove a success, and passed out of the 
hands of the Peale family into the control of the 
stockholders, who in 1833 made J. E. Walker man- 
ager. In the financial storm which swept over the 
country in 1842 Mr: Clark failed, and the building 
passed into the hands of the United States General 
Insurance Company, which also failed, in company 
with many other institutions. The afl'airs of the com- 
pany were wound up by the late Judge John Glenn, 
who bought up most of tlie stock, jointly lor himself 
and Josiah Lee, banker. After the death of these 
two gentL'men the interest of Mr. Lee was bought, 
about 1854, by W. W. Glenn, and he afterwards pur- 
chased the interest of his father, making the cost of 
the property about eighty thousand dollars in fee. 

In 1844, Edmund Peale assumed the manage- 
ment of the Museum, and meeting with more suc- 
cess than his predecessors, was enabled iu a short 
time to purchase part of the stock ; and iu pursuance 
of a decree of the Baltimore County Court, on Jan. 
25, 1845, all the curiosities, pictures, etc., comprising 
the objects of exhibition in the Museum, were sold to 
Mr. Peale for one hundred dollars, subject to back- 
rents amounting to four thousand two hundred and 
fifty dollars. He arranged in the upper story of the 
building a small theatre for theatrical and other per- 
formances, which became very popular, though not 
greatly profitable, as the capacity of the "saloon," as 
it was then called, was quite small, seating not more 
than five hundred persons. In 1845, P. T. Barnum, 
the great showman, through the agency of Fordyce 
Hitchcock, purchased the Museum from Mr. Peale, 
and placed it under the management of his uncle, 
Alonzo Taylor. Mr. Taylor only lived six months 
afterwards, when it was put in charge of Charles S. 
Getz, the eminent scenic painter, who painted his 
first scene for this building, and who conducted it 
until it was purchased by Albert N. Hann, in behalf 
of the "Orphean Family," a musical troupe, which 
during their management produced a number of Eng- 
lish operas. Josh Silsbee, the " Yankee comedian," 
formed a partnership with Hann in the spring, of 
1847, and the place was remodeled, the third story 
being removed to admit three tiers of boxes and a 



neat parquet, giving the saloon a much greater ca- 
pacity, enabling the management then to engage a 
larger number of actors and to produce a better class 
of entertainments. In 1849, Silsbee was induced to 
start a similar place in Philadelphia, when he sold 
his interest to John E. Owens, who before this had 
played at the Museum for fifteen dollars per week. 
The. firm then was Hann & Owens, but in 1850 Mr. 
Owens became the sole proprietor. In December, 

1851, he sold his interest to Henry C. Jarrett, now 
one of the most successful theatrical managers in the 
country. This was, however, his first essay at the- 
atrical management. About the 1st of September, 

1852, the Museum was opened for the season, under 
the management of Mr. Owens, and on Jan. 3, 1853, 
he took his "farewell benefit." In August it was again 
reopened, under the management of Messrs. Jarrett 
and Walter M. Leman. In 1856, Mr. Jarrett .sold out 
to George W. Zeigler, who ran it for a season, and 
then, in January, 1857, disposed of his interest to 
Henry Bateman, formerly of Baltimore, but then a 
theatrical manager in St. Louis. Mr. Bateman com- 
pletely renovated the establishment, but it was not a 
pecuniary success, and it passed into the hands of 
Robert Spring. He continued it for a brief period, 
but by this time the museum had become a wreck, 
and he soon afterwards sold it to pharles S. Getz, 
who distributed the works of art and the curiosities 
that were left among different institutions throughout 
the country. In September, 1861, the Museum Build- 
ing passed into the hands of George Kunkle, who 
renovated the property, and called it " Kunkle's Ethi- 
opian Opera-House." But its fortunes gradually de- 
clined, and it eventually became a disreputable place, 
with its brazen, painted women and wine-room. On 
May 9, 1866, a shooting affray took place in the saloon, 
then known as the " New American Theatre," and a 
young man was killed. Early on the morning of 
Dec. 12, 1873, the Museum was destroyed by fire, and 
finally, on Aug. 7, 1874, the site was sold for two 
hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars to the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad Company, which has erected 
upon it a magnificent building for its own use. 

In its early history the ^Museum was a first-class re- 
sort, and all the best actors of the country except 
Forrest played upon its stage. It was the school of 
some of the finest actors now living, notably Jeffer- 
son, Owens, John S. Clarke, Edwin Adams, Mrs. D. 
P. Bowers, and Caroline Richings, who were all mem- 
bers of its stock company. The stars were T. D. 
Rice (familiarly called Daddy Rice), Barney Wil- 
liams, Walcot, Brougham, Western, Booth, John 
Sefton, Chippendale, McBride, Jamison, Jas. W. Wal- 

I lack, Jas. E. Murdock, J. R. Scott, Charles Webb, 
Geo. Farren, Edwin Dean, Joe Cowell, Charles Burke, 
Charlotte Cushman, Mrs. Farren, Miss Julia Dean, 

i Miss Davenport, Agnes Robertson, Mrs. Sinclair, the 
Batemans, Miss Nelson, and many others of note. 

■ John W. Albaugh, now the proprietor of the Hoi- 



694 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



liday Street Theatre, made his first appearance here 
Feb. 1, 1855, as Brutus, under the management of 
Joseph Jefferson, and Mrs. Fred. B. Conway and 
A. H. Davenport in 1849. Miss Mary Ann Graham 
was connected with the Musuem in 1856, but on her 
marriage to Clifton W. Tayleure, the distinguished 
author and dramatist, she retired from the stage. In 
1839, Mrs. John Hoey made iier first appearance in 
America on the stage of the Museum (which was 
then under the management of De Selden) as Eliza 
in " Nature and Pliilosophy," her sister Charlotte 
playing Colin. Charles Boniface was engaged here 
in 1849. ITnderthe management of Sefton and Chip- 
pendale, John E. Owens was the comedian, and 
Messrs. Gallagher, Johuston, Ganien, Henry, Ma- 
chin, Mrs. John llixy (Miss IIn-sill . Wilkinson, 
Watts, Gannon, Ludlnu , Si, ( 'l:ni , :im.| M i^srs Fanny 

and Emma Juce forinccl tin- >tn.|< ( puny. Owens, 

Barney Williams, Jerterson, and others often played 
in the stock here for twelve dollars and a half and 
fifteen dollars per week. On the 8th of December, 
1845, Owens made his first appearance in the Museum 
as a star in " Gretna Green and State Secrets" to a 
$70.50 house. On his benefit night, December 13th, 
he jilayed to a $124.62 house. James Wallack, Mrs. 
Wallack, and J. B. Booth (the elder) played one 
night to a $32- house. On the 19th of April, 1845, 
the elder Booth played in " Beauty and the Beast," 
for his benefit, to a $102 house. Barney Williams 
wa-s far from a success at the beginning of his career. 
On the Kith of December, 1845, he made his first ap- 
pearance in Baltimore on the Museum stage in the 
play of " Bumpology and the Irish Tutor," to a 
$46.50 house, and at his benefit the receipts were only 
$55.87. John Brougham also made his first appear- 
ance in Baltimore on the Museum stage. He played 
Sept. 16, 1845, to a $45 house, and at his benefit the 
receipts were only .$70. The stars usually played on 
shares ; if they had a bad run, the proceeds of a bene- 
fit generally gave them money enough to get away 
from the city with their wardrobe. 

The Mud Theatre. — There formerly stood at the 
northwest coriier of North and Saratoga Streets a 
small building, whose proper title was the Adelphi 
Theatre, but which was commonly known as the 
" Mud Theatre," from the fact of its being located in 
alow muddy part of the city known as the "Meadows." 
It wa.s destroyed by fire on the 22d of June, 1876. 
The lot has since been used as a coal-yard, and the 
blackened walls are all that is left of the Adelphi 
Theatre. The theatre was erected by John Findley 
(assisted by his brothers, Hugh and William), who 
owned tlie site, and who thought he saw a fortune in 
the enterprise. It was a neat little structure, though 
not so elaborately ornamented as some of the dramatic 
establishments of the present day, and seated about 
eight hundred people. It was opened for the first 
time on Dec. 9, 1822, with a crowded house. The 
])erformancc began with a patriotic overture, com- 



posed and arranged by Mr. Clifton, and rendered by 
a fine orchestra under the direction of J. Nenninger. 
An address, written for the occasion, was then de- 
livered by H. A. Williams, followed by the comedy of 
" The Soldier's Daughter," and the comic opera of 
the "Poor Soldier." In 1842 it was known as the 
" National Theatre," and vaudeville, comedies, and 
other performances of the same character were given 
there. Findley finding his investment unprofitable, 
subsequently turned part of the property into a bath- 
house and reading-room, which he called the "Colon- 
nade." Afterwards it became a kind of bazaar, and was 
finally metamorphosed into a stable and horse mart, 
and was used for this purpose when destroyed by fire. 
Lenno.x & Singer, both actors, were at one time the 
lessees of the Adelphi, the latter of whom subse- 
quently acquired fame and fortune through his sew- 
ing-machines. Among the celebrities who at various 
times trod the boards of the Mud Theatre w-ere the 
elder Booth, Hackett, Macready, Farmer, John R. 
Scott, A. A. Adams, James E. Murdock, Eaton, and 
Edmund Kean. Madame Celeste, the popular dan- 
seuse, also illustrated the wonderful grace and poetry 
of motion there, and Hervio Neno, the man-monkey, 
there astonished the theatre-goers of his day. George 
Jordan, William Jordan, S. K. Chester, and John W. 
Albaugh prepared themselves for the dramatic pro- 
fession within its walls, and there, too, Hon. Joshua 
! Vansant, Col. George P. Kane, and others who after- 
wards won laurels on another stage wore the " bus- 
1 kin" or the " sock," and, according to high dramatic 
j authority, wore them well. It was here, too, that the 
Anderson riot of 1833 occurred, which was occasioned 
i by the indiscreet utterances of Anderson, who was 
■ an English actor, with reference to the " blarsted 
Yankees." 

Roman Amphitheatre.— This establishment, which 
formerly occupied the site of the present Northern 
Central Railroad Depot, at the northeast corner of 
Franklin and Calvert Streets, was built by Messrs. 
Sands, Lent & Co., circus managers, after a design of 
R. Carey Long. It was constructed of brick, in the 
I form of a circle one hundred feet in diameter, the 
I ring being fifty feet in diameter. The roof was sup- 
' ported by sixteep pillars, and handsomely decorated 
I with paintings of the ancient Olympic games. The 
I fronts of the bo.xes were beautifully ornamented, and 
handsomely-decorated arches sprung from pillar to 
1 pillar around the interior of the circle. In the rear 
j of the building stables were erected for the accommo- 
; dation of eighty horses. It was opened Oct. 26, 1846, 
I by the magnificent equestrian troupe of Messrs. Sands, 
Lent & Co. Though capable of holding five thousand 
persons comfortably, it was full from pit to dome on 
the opening night, and many were unable to obtain 
! entrance. It was burned down about 1847, and the 
: site purchased in June, 1848, from the Baltimore 
Water Company by the Susquehanna Railroad Com- 
pany and the present ilc|)ot erected. 



AMUSEiMENTS. 



Howard Athenseum.— On the 9th of April, 1848, 
Joseph K. Randall leased the upper floors of the 
building at the northeast corner of Baltimore and 
Charles Streets, then owned by W. W. McClellan, 
and remodeled them for the purposes of a theatre, 
whiili he called the " Howard Athenaeum and Gal- 
lery of Arts." The saloon was handsomely fitted up 
by Messrs. A. & J. Gifford with two tiers of boxes 
and a parquet, with a seating capacity of from eight 
hundred to one thousand persons. It was opened on 
June 12th of the same year, under the management 
of Charles Howard, with Sandy Jamison as director 
of music ; J. Spencer, stage carpenter; and John H. 
Hewitt, treasurer. The performance began with an 
opening address, delivered by Mrs. Howard, followed 
by the " Rivals," a dance by Miss Albertine, and a 
farce called the " Two Queens." The prices of ad- 
mission were : " General admission, twenty-five cents ; 
reserved seats, twelve and a half cents extra; private 
boxes, two dollars; children over ten years, full 
price; gentlemen unaccompanied by ladies, twelve 
and a half cents extra; and ladies unaccompanied by 
gentlemen not admitted. Colored persons also not 
admitted." In 1849, Mr. Edmund Peale became the 
proprietor of the Athenseum, and opened it on March 
12th with an attractive variety of panoramic views. 
In 1853, John E. Owens assumed charge of the thea- 
tre, opening on the 25th of April, with Mr. and Mrs. 
Barney Williams. On the 5th of May the property 
was leased to George Joseph Arnold, formerly con- 
nected with the Museum, for a term of ten years. He 
improved and greatly enlarged the saloon at an ex- 
pense of over twelve thousand dollars, and called it 
" Arnold's Olympic Theatre." At this time the build- 
ing had a front on Baltimore Street of fifty feet, ex- 
tending on Charles Street seventy-two feet, and the 
height from parquet to dome was forty-three feet. 
The stage was fifty feet wide by twenty-six feet deep, 
with a comfortable green-room and dressing-room. 
The stage manager was Charles Burke. On Septem- 
ber 12th the Olympic was opened with an overflow- 
ing house. On the rising of the curtain, an appropri- 
ate opening address, written by J. B. Phillips, of New 
York, was delivered by Mr. Arnold. " The Poor 
Gentleman" was then played with a strong cast, fol- 
lowed by the farce of " The Young Widow." Arnold 
very soon transferred his interest to " The Kemble 
Company of Baltimore," composed of Wm. Key 
Howard, Wm. R. Travers, George P. Kane, Wm. 
Sperry, and others, who had originally furnished 
him with the means to improve it, and on Christmas 
Eve the Olympic was reopened by Laura Keene and 
the finest company that had ever appeared in Balti- 
more. The new company held the boards until the 
close of the season, drawing the most fashionable 
audiences. Early in the winter of 1854, John E. 
Owens again assumed the management, and contin- 
ued to manage the theatre until June 10, 1855. On 
the 1st of July following Joseph Jefl'erson and John 



Sleeper Clarke rented the establishment, and under 
their management it was again completely renovated 
and much improved. It was soon after reopened by 
Joseph M. Dawson, who failed to make it a financial 
success. Finally, in September, 1856, Mr. McClellan 
altered the saloon into warerooms and offices. The 
property having passed out of his hands into that of 
H. V. Ward, of Boston, it was found necessary, early 
in 1880, to tear down the building, which had become 
dangerous through age, and upon its site a magnificent 
property has been erected in its place. It. was in this 
theatre that John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated 
President Lincoln, made his dihCd as Richmond in 
" Richard III.," and here, too, John S. Clarke, wlio 
was born in Baltimore in 1833, made his first appear- 
ance as a member of the Thespian Association, of 
which Edwin Booth was also a member. Maggie 
Mitchell appeared as a child at this theatre on April 
9, 184S, niid it was here that Edwin Adams made his 
first great hit. 

Concordia Opera-House.— This building is situ- 
ated on the southwest corner of Eutaw and German 
Streets, and was erected by the Concordia German 
Association. The corner-stone was laid on the 5th of 
September, 1864, by G. W. Noedel, president of the 
association, with appropriate ceremonies. Upon the 
occasion Dr. Wunder read a poem, and Mr. Facius 
delivered an address. The German Mannerchor 
Singing Association were also present, and rendered 
several pieces of music. On Sept. 10, 1865, the mem- 
bers of the Concordia Association convened for the 
first time in their new building, which was formally 
opened by an inaugural address from Mr. Noedel, and 
by festivities which were continued one week. The 
building cost about one hundred and sixty thousand 
dollars. Early in February, 1868, Charles Dickens, 
the distinguished English novelist, gave a course of 
readings in the saloon of this building, which were 
largely attended. 

Monumental Theatre.— The site of this theatre 
at an early period was occupied by an ancient-look- 
ing building, known as "Hart's Tavern," in its day 
a great resort for persons residing on Patapsco Neck. 
The property occupied the block bounded by Balti- 
more, Plowman, and Front Streets and the east side 
of Jones' Falls. In 1836-37 the property was se- 
cured by William C. Harris, who immediately began 
the erection of a building formerly known as Wash- 
ington Hall. William Minifie was the architect 
and builder. When the building was completed Mr. 
Harris was so deeply involved in financial difficulties 
that the property was sold to Hugh Gelston at a 
forced sale for about twenty thousand dollars. Wash- 

I ington Hall was opened for the first time in the early 
spring of 1837 with a military ball. The first fair 

i ever held in Baltimore for the exhibition and en- 
couragement of the mechanic arts was commenced 
in the saloon of this building on May 18, 1848. In 
the same year it was finely fitted up by Messrs. G. J. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Adams and J. H. Robinson as a theatrical saloon, 
under the name of the Olympic Theatre, and was 
opened on the 21st of August. It was used for vari- 
ous purj)oscs until it was leased during the late civil 
war by the Kernan Brothers, who opened it as the 
Baltimore Opera-House with variety performances. 
About half-past one o'clock on the morning of Oct. 
13, 1874, a (ire broke out at No. 3 East Baltimore 
Street, which soon consumed the Opera-House, and 
destroyed the buildings within the entire block 
bounded by the Falls, Baltimore, Front, and Plow- 
man Streets. The Opera-House was -soon afterwards 
rebuilt by the Kernan Brothers, and opened on Aug. 
16, 1875, as the " New Central Theatre." The audi- 
torium was formerly on the second floor, but since the 
completion of the new building the interior arrange- 
ments have been altered and the auditorium placed 
on the first floor, and the name changed to the Monu- 
mental Theatre. The theatre is of the vaudeville 
variety character; it has a front of sixty-five feet on 
Baltimore Street, a depth of one hundred and fifteen 
feet, and is of brick with Mansard roof. 

Ford's Grand Opera-House.— This elegant and 
substantial structure was erected by the well-known 
dramatic manager, John T. Ford, and formally opened 
to the public Oct. 2, 1871. It was constructed under 
the supervision of James J. GifFord, who was also the 
architect. It is situated on the north side of Fay- 
ette Street, east of Eutaw, and is readily acce.ssible 
from all sections of the city by the street railway 
cars. The Fayette Street front is of pressed brick 
painted white, three stories high, with five wide doors 
leading through spacious vestibules and by broad 
stairways to the various parts of the house. The 
stage entrance is from Marion Street in the rear, the 
building having eighty-si.\ feet front by one hundred 
and fifty-si.\ feet depth, and running from street to 
street. The whole structure has a solid and at the 
same time elegant appearance. The building is richly 
and tastefully furnished, and is provided with all the 
elegant conveniences of the most finished theatres in 
the country. The immense stage and box-oflSce are 
connected by telegraph, electricity is employed to light 
the gas and to run the clocks, and the arrangements 
for ventilation and light are e.xcellent. For the open- 
ing Mr. Ford had selected Shakspeare's comedy, " As 
You Like It," but as the house was not completed in 
time for the advertised programme, an impromptu 
gratuitous entertainment was given to the immense 
audience present. The programme consisted of the 
opening address, written by Dr. C. O. Bombaugh, 
and read by Harry C. Murdock ; selections of music 
by the orchestra ; a recitation of the " Seven Ages of 
Man" by James W. Wallack ; a comic declamation 
by Mr. Murdock ; and vocal selections by Mrs. Caro- 
line Richings Bernard. No tickets were taken up at 
the door for this performance, but those previously 
issued were good for the following evening, when the 
published programme, " As You Like It," was given. 



John Thompson Ford, after whom the Opera-Hou.-^< 
was named, was born in Baltimore, April KJ, 18'2'.K 
His father, Elias Ford, was a farmer of Baltimore 
County, and an active and prominent member of tin 
fraternity of Odd-Fellows for over fifty years. Mr. 
Ford's education was principally received in tin 
public schools of Baltimore. Before the twentieth 
year of his age he entered the employment of his 
uncle, William Treanor, a well-known tobacco man- 
ufacturer of Richmond, Va., with whom he remained 
for a time, and then entered into the book and peri- 
odical business, which he pursued for about a year. 
■ Mr. Ford's managerial career commenced in his 
twenty-second year, as agent for a popular company 
of singers. He next formed a copartnership with 
George Kunkle and Thomas Moxley in leasing the 
Richmond, Va., and the HoUiday Street Theatres, 
Messrs. Kunkle & Moxley taking charge of the thea- 
tre in Richmond, while Mr. Ford as.sumed the man- 
agement of the Holliday in Baltimore. When the 
civil war interrupted communication between Balti- 
more and Richmond his partnership was dissolved, 
and Mr. Ford became the .sole lessee and manager of 
the Holliday. Mr. Ford's first theatrical venture in 
Washington was undertaken in 1856, and from that 
time to this, with but little intermission, he has con- 
ducted dramatic enterprises in that city. He has 
built three theatres in Washington, — two in Tenth 
Street, and one at the corner of Ninth Street and 
Louisiana Avenue. His first theatre in Tenth Street 
was destroyed by fire, and on the site of that structure 
he built the house known as Ford's Theatre, in which 
Mr. Lincoln was afterwards assassinated. The place 
was then seized by the United States government, 
and an order issued prohibiting the use of it forever 
I as a place of amusement. In 1878 he assumed the 
! management, with Mr. Zimmerman as resident part- 
! ner, of the Broad Street Theatre, Philadelphia, and 
conducted it with great success. Mr. Ford's produc- 
' tionof "Pinafore" was the earliest, after that of Mont- 
gomery Field at the Boston Museum, in the country, 
and he was the first manager in America to offer any 
compensation to the authors of the piece. He subse- 
quently leased the Fifth Avenue Theatre, where the 
" Pirates of Penzance" was produced for tlip first 
time in the United States, and which his son, Charles, 
E. Ford, who has been educated with special refer- 
ence to his succession to his father's dramatic enter- 
prises, managed for some months with great success 
; and ability. The death of Ben De Bar in 1877 left 
I Mr. Ford the oldest living manager in America. 

Mr. Ford has served several terms in both branches 
of the City Council, and has been prominently con- 
nected with many of the most important measures 
of municipal legislation. As early as 1858 he was 
elected to the First Branch of the City Council, and 
chosen president of that body. Here he was the ear- 
nest advocate of the introduction of the waters of the 
Gunpowder River as a city supply, and i)rotostcd 



AMUSEMENTS. 



697 



against the short-sighted policy of resorting to a 
stream like Jones' Falls, claiming that five million 
dollars could be saved by employing the Gunpowder. 
His arguments and predictions were not heeded, and 
the Jones' Falls plan was adopted, Mr. Ford only 
voting in the negative. Time has abundantly verified 
the wisdom and truth of his views. Mr. Ford was 
also an original advocate of a Paid Fire Department, 
and left the president's chair in the First Branch of the 
City Council and secured the passage of the measure 
by an earnest and telling speech. The police and 
fire-alarm telegraph, the erection of a new jail and 
improved station-houses, the purchase of Druid Hill 
Park, and the establishment of the sewerage commis- 
sion were all measures that received the most earnest 
support from him during his public life, and some of 
them were originated by him. He afterwards intro- 
duced the first ordinances to pave Baltimore Street 
with Belgian blocks (which was the initial act for the 
general repaying of the city), to remove railings from 
the public squares, and to extend their area to the 
curl>-stones. As one of the Committee on Public 
Schools, he was the constant advocate of better school 
buildings, and as chairman of the Council Committee 
on the City Extension, was mainly instrumental in se- 
curing the necessary legislation from the General As- 
sembly. In 1871, Mr. Ford was elected to the Second 
Branch of the City Council, and in 1874 was again 
elected to the First Branch. While president of the 
First Branch of the City Council, Mr. Ford frequently 
acted as mayor ex officio, and sometimes filled the 
position for several months at a time with marked 
ability and to the general satisfaction. Mr. Ford has 
been a city director in the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road Company, a commissioner of the McDonogh 
Fund on the part of the city, has served as president 
of the Union Eailroad, as director in the Boys' Home, 
frequently as foreman of the grand jury, and director 
of the Maryland Penitentiary. Throughout his en- 
tire life he has been prominently identified with all 
leading public charities, and for some years past has 
been president of the Free Summer Excursion So- 
ciety, one of the noblest benevolent agencies in the 
city. At the beginning of every summer he gives a 
perforpiance at his Grand Opera-House in aid of this 
charity, and the proceeds have never failed to exceed 
two thousand dollars. Besides being a generous and 
public-spirited citizen, Mr. Ford is a frequent con- 
tributor to the press, and in this way has added largely 
, to the interests and prosperity of his native city. He 
was among the first to suggest the celebration of the 
sesqui-centennial anniversary of the settlement of 
Baltimore, and was a leading member of the municipal 
executive committee, and to his tireless energy and 
ability much of that great success was due. He was 
also one of the leading spirits in the " Baltimore 
Oriole Celebration," which was also a grand success. 
Mr. Ford married young, and has reared a family of 
eleven children. 



Academy of Hasic. — A meeting was held on 
March 22, 1870, at the Mount Vernon Hotel, for the 
purpose of forming a company to erect an Academy 
of Music. Dr. J. Hanson Thomas was called to the 
chair, and Israel Cohen was appointed secretary. 
A charter was read and adopted, fixing the stock at 
$300,000, and the shares at $50 each, with the privi- 
lege to every holder of twenty shares of a free seat to 
all dramatic representations, so long as the twenty 
shares should be held in one block. The following 
gentlemen were then chosen directors : Israel Cohen, 
William T. Walters, Thomas H. Morris, S. T. Wallis, 
A. Schumacker, A. J. Albert, William F. Frick, W. 
P. Smith, Werner Dressel, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas, J. 
Hall Pleasants, and John Curlett. In October the 
company purchased the lot occupied by the armory 
of the Fifth Regiment Maryhind National Guard, 
on the west side of Howard Street, north of Franklin, 
having a front of one hundred and twenty feet with 
a depth of two hundred and forty-four feet, three 
inches to a sixteen-foot alley. The contract for erect- 
ing the building was awarded to Benjamin F. Ben- 
nett, builder, the architect being J. Crawford Neilson. 
The Academy was formally opened by a grand ball on 
the 5th of January, 1875, preceded by an opening 
address from Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. 

The Academy of Music is one of the finest thea- 
tres in America. In the beauty of its design, the 
completeness of its arrangements, the taste and rich- 
ness of its ornamentation, and the elegance of all its 
appointments, it is in every respect a model theatrical 
structure, and will bear comparison with any other 
building of the same character in the United States. 
Its facade is in the Romanesque style, and is one hun- 
dred feet high. The entrance on Howard Street is 
through an elegant hall paved with marble tiling, on 
each side of which are elegant caffe. Over these, on 
the second floor, is a concert and lecture-room capable 
of accommodating twelve hundred persons, contain- 
ing spacious galleries, dressing-rooms, and other con- 
veniences suitable for large entertainments. The en- 
trance to the concert-room is from the hall by two 
grand stairways. At the end of the hall and in the 
rear of the building is the grand saloon for dramatic 
or operatic entertainments, which is so arranged that 
the entire stage is visible from any part of the house. 
The stage is eighty by seventy-five feet, with a height 
of eighty feet, and is unsurpassed in its appointments 
by any in the United States. The house is heated 
by steam and lighted by electricity, with a magnifi- 
cent chandelier depending from the centre. The 
Academy, with its furniture and the ground upon 
which it is built, cost over four hundred thousand 
dollars. The establishment having cost more than 
the amount of stock subscribed (two hundred and 
sixty thousand dollars), the Academy was mortgaged 
to a number of bondholders for one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars to enable the company to pay off the 
floating indebtedness. In November, 1876, the bonded 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



indebtedness, with interest, and the floating debt 
amonnted to about one hundred and eighty thousand 
dollars. The company failed to pay the semi-annual 
installments of interest on the bonds, and a decree of 
foreclosure of mortgage was approved by the Circuit 
Court on Nov. 30, 1876, appointing Henry James, 
J. Hall Pleasants, and .Joseph H. Rieman trustees 
to sell tlie property. On December 14th of that year 
the Academy and appurtenances were sold at the Ex- 
change at public auction to Messrs. Samuel G. 
Wynian, James A. Gary, and Otho H. Williams 
(acting for the bondholders) for one hundred and 
sixty-five thousand dollars. B. F. Bennett, the 
builder, who was a large stockholder, filed objections 
to the ratification of the sale, contending that the 
act of Assembly under which the bonds were issued 
was unconstitutional, as allowing usurious interest 
(seven per cent.) ; that the sale itself was void, as 
being to directors of the company, and that the trus- 
tees were interested in the purchase. The objections 
were overruled, and the sale ratified on June 6, 1877. 
The property was assigned to the three purchasers 
on Feb. 1, 1878. A new company was immediately 
formed, and the certificate of incorporation placed 
upon record on April 4th. The capital stock of the 
new company is ?200,000, in 200 shares of $1000 each, 
divisible into thirds of shares at S333.33. One share 
and a third of a share entitles the holder to two .seats 
at all operatic and dramatic performances; and two 
shares entitle him to a similar ticket, transferable; 
six shares entitle the holder to a stall, and five shares 
to a loge, each for four persons, while the holder of 
twelve shares may contract with the directors for the 
use of a proscenium box for eight persons in lieu of 
other free-seat privileges. The first board of direc- 
tors were Samuel G. Wyman, F. C. Latrobe, James 
A. Gary, William F. Lucas, William F. Frick, Sam- 
uel H. Tagart, Robert Garrett, J. Hall Pleasants, and 
Joseph H. Rieman. The incorporators other than 
the directors were Henry E. Johnson, D. C. Howell, 
William T. Walters, J. D. Logan, S. P. Thompson, 
John Uhrig, T. Harrison Garrett, William Sinclair, 
Decatur H. Miller, Frederick Raine, George S. Brown, 
Otho H. Williams, Thomas Wilson, T. Robert Jen- 
kins, M. B. Sellers, A. J. Albert, and William M. 
Boone. The new organization having been effected, 
on May 30th Messrs. Wyman, Gary, and Williams ex- 
ecuted a deed transferring the Academy property to 
the new stock company. Its first manager was T. B. 
Furguson, who was followed by Nicholas Hill. It is 
at present under the management of Samuel W. Fort. 



CHAPTER XL. 

THE BENCH AND BAR. 

The bar of Maryland, of which that of Baltimore 
is now the focus, has long been distinguished for its 
learning, its probity, and the lofty professional stand- 



' ard it has maintained. It has been equally renowned 
for the prominence of its leaders, who have conjoined 
in a marked degree knowledge of tlie law, familiarity 
with the statutes, and acquaintance with the rules of 

i practice and pleading, to signal powers and graces of 

I oratory, no less than it dominates the jury, and makes 
the court wish, like Ulysses, to be tied to the mast. 
Colony and State, the Maryland bar can point to an 
unbroken succession of these conspicuous leaders from 
the earliest periods down to our own very day. Each 
gem in that galaxy is a bright particular star, yet so 
closely do they succeed one another that there seems 
no interval between. The Bordleys, Dulaneys, Jen- 
ningses, Tilghmans, and Carrolls of the earlier periods 
are followed in unbroken order by the Chases and 

] Johnsons of the Revolutionary age, to whom Martin 
and Pinkney are rather younger brothers than chil- 
dren. When Wirt, Harper, Winder, and others of 
that " old school" fell into the " sere and yellow leaf 
the mantle was not dropped before it was caught by 
the brilliant circle in the centre of which McMahon, 
Nelson, and Schley shone brightest, nor can these be 
said to have left a vacuum so long as we have Wallis, 
Steele, Frick, Williams, Horwitz, Carter, Fisher, and 

I their associates. 

Severn Teackle Wallis, the pride and ornament — 

I prcrsidium et dulce dcrus — of the Baltimore bar, was 
born in Baltimore, Sept. 8, 1816, graduating at St. 

{ Mary's College in 1832, studying law under Wil- 
liam Wirt and John Glenn, and coming to the bar in 
1837. His professional career of forty-four years has 
been a singularly brilliant one, while in society he 
has been a leader, and in his civic relations always a 
moulder of public opinions, and an exemplar of good 
citizenship. Mr. Wallis has not suffered the steady 
pursuit of his practice in the musty associations of 
the bar to destroy his abiding taste — we should rather 
say love — for literature. He has always found time 
to exercise his elegant pen — it has been, perhaps, his 
mode of resting himself from professional drudgery — 
in some sort of literary recreation, a poem, an edito- 
rial, an address, a volume. His two books on Spain, 
and especially the latter one, are full of scholarly re- 
flection, acute observation, frequent comment, set 
forth in all the attractive graces of a style of rare 
elegance and purity. Mr. Wallis has always been a 
public man and leader, never a politician. Once only 
he held elective office, when, in 1861, he served as 
member of the Maryland Legislature, that service 
costing him fourteen months' imprisonment in Forts 
Mclienry, Lafayette, and Warren. He is provost of 

! the University of Maryland. Mr. Wallis is leader 

j of the Baltimore bar, not more from his distinguish'ed 
success ius an advocate, his consummate judgment as 

I a counselor, and his accurate and critical knowledge 

I of the law in all its bearings than because of his lofty 
standard of professional ethics, and the knightly purity 
of his professional conduct in every relation. He is an 

' ideal lawyer, the Sir Galahad of American barristers. 




:^ 



THE BENCH AND BAK. 



Tliere is no more delightful pleasure than Mr. 
Wallis, the charm of his skillful oratory and ele- 
gant diction being sustained throughout by a brilliant 
and versatile fancy, great powers of wit, irony, and 
sarcasm, and all the resources of a carefully-cultivated 
mind brought into service by a wonderful memory. 
The ornamental parts, however, are never more than 
buttresses to the solid building of his argument. The 
dainty glove protects the steel gauntlet underneath 
from rust, but never weakens it. 

William Frederick Frick, who is also a most, dis- 
tinguished member of the Baltimore bar, was born in 
this city on the 21st of April, 1817. He is the eldest 
son of Judge William Frick, who was also born in 
Baltimore, on the 2d of November, 1790. The grand- 
father of Judge Frick was one of a body of Swiss 
Protestants, who, fleeing from religious persecution 
in their native country, emigrated to America and 
founded in 1732 a colony at Germantown, Pa. His 
father, Peter Frick, was born at the latter place. He 
left it, however, together with a number of other 
early settlers of Baltimore, who removed from Ger- 
mantown, and also from Lancaster, previous to the 
Revolution, to establish their fortunes with the little 
growing town on the shores of the Patapsco, and to 
contribute, as they did largely by their industry and 
enterprise, to lay the foundations of its subsequent 
commercial prosperity. His name may be found at 
an early day and in various ways identified with 
nearly all the public interests of the town. When in 
1796 it was elevated to the dignity of a city, he ap- 
pears to have been a member of the first City Council 
which was elected, and to have served for some years 
as the president of the First Branch. 

In those days the men who bad the largest interest 
in the city devoted their time and services to the 
administration of municipal affairs. Such names as 
those of Robert Gilmor, Peter Hoffman, James A. 
Buchanan, Robert Smith, Nicholas Rogers, Edward 
Johnson, and others of like prominence in commerce 
and business will be found connected with the dis- 
charge of public duties in the City Councils and in all 
departments of official service. From siich sources 
emanated the wisdom and foresight with which the 
first foundations of the commercial importance of 
Baltimore were laid. 

Judge William Frick received his early education 
at a Moravian college at Nazareth, in Pennsylvania. 
The emigrants of that sect were then among the most 
learned scholars in the country, and their system of 
teaching was thorough and efficient. He returned to 
Baltimore to prosecute his legal studies in the office 
of Gen. William H. Winder, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1813. He acquired rapidly a prominent posi- 
tion in his profession, and also in public aflFairs. He 
had become by early devotion to books and writing, 
and by intimate association with the most accom- 



plished men of the day, a cultivated scholar, and es- 
pecially a very admirable linguist. He was an easy 
and practiced writer, and an attractive speaker. In 
his profession he devoted himself more especially to 
admiralty, maritime, and insurance causes, and con- 
tributed by some valuable publications and transac- 
tions to the learning upon those branches of the law. 
He was possessed of a singular fund of humor and 
graphic powers of conversation, controlled always by 
great kindness of character ; and these, conjoined to 
an always active and conscientious public spirit which 
identified him with almost every social and public en- 
terprise of any importance, served to render him one 
of the most trusted and popular men of his day. He 
became pron;inently associated with public men and 
political affairs in early life. He took an active part, 
with Judge Heath, Chief Justice Taney, and other dis- 
tinguished men of that period, in the organization of 
the Jack.son party in Maryland in 1824. Upon the 
death of Mr. McCulloh, collector of the port of Bal- 
timore, in 1836, he was appointed his successor, and 
retained that position afterwards during the adminis- 
tration of Mr. Van Buren. He subsequently for two 
terms represented the city of Baltimore in the State 
Senate. On the death of Chief Justice Archer, in 
June, 1848, he was appointed by Governor P. F. 
Thomas chief judge of the then Baltimore County 
Court, with Judges Legrand and Purviance as asso- 
ciate judges. As chief judge of that court he became 
a member of the Court of Appeals of the State. He 
occupied that position until the adoption of the new 
constitution in 1861, when he was elected by the 
people as the first judge of the Superior Court of 
Baltimore City. He held that position until his 
death, which took place July 29, 1855, from an acute 
attack of illness of a few days' duration only, at the 
Warm Springs, in Virginia. 

Judge Frick was married June 6, 1816, to Mary, 
daughter of James Sloan, who survived him and died 
in 1865. He left living at his death eight children. 
The eldest, William F. Frick, born April 21, 1817, 
received his early education at the old Baltimore Col- 
lege, still standing at the head of Cathedral Street, 
under the tutorship successively of Drs. Girardin and 
Williams, two of the famous teachers of that day. He 
was sent at an early age to Harvard University, at Cam- 
bridge, Mass., where he graduated in 1835 with honors. 
After four years' study of the law, he was admitted 
to the bar in May, 1839, and rapidly attained great 
success in his profession. His education and culture 
fostered in him a marked taste for scholarly and stu- 
dious pursuits. He devoted much of his early profes- 
sional life to lectures and addresses on matters of sci- 
entific and public interest, and to contributions to the 
periodical literature of the day. He was especially 
interested and useful in the early organization of our 
public-school system, having been for some years 
president of the School Board, and contributed 
largely by his writings and addresses to develop the 



roo 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



active and well-directed public interest in that system 
which has since rendered it one of the great insti- 
tutions of our city. Of late years Mr. Frick has de- 
voted himself more exclusively to the demands of a 
large and engrossing practice, which has been chiefly 
connected with important commercial and corporation 
interests. In court and before a jury Mr. Frick is a 
colleague whom any lawyer might envy, and an adver- 
sary whom all must fear. The easy grace and refined 
courtesy of his manners and address on all occasions 
are accurately reflected in the style of his oratory, 
which, with no lack of vigor, is chaste, classical, and 
toned down to a standard of exquisite taste. 

On the 10th of February, 1848, he married Ann 
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James Swan, for a long 
time president of the Merchants' Bank of Baltimore, 
and son of Gen. John Swan, an officer of the Revolu- 
tionary-army in the Maryland line. He has three 
children, one son and two daughters. 

One of the younger brothers of William F. Frick, 
Prof. Charles Frick, whose premature death on the 
25th of March, 1860, was justly regarded as a 
public calamity, had reached at an early age a pro- 
fessional position and reputation in this country and 
abroad of so marked a character that this sketch 
would be imperfect without some reference to his 
short but brilliant career. He was born in Balti- 
more, Aug. 8, 1823. His education was completed at 
Baltimore" College, under President Renter, who 
spoke of him a few years before his death as the 
cleverest boy ever under his charge. For a few years 
after leaving college he pursued the profession of 
engineering on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
A strong natural bent towards the science of medi- 
cine, encouraged by intimate intercourse with and 
great admiration for his uncle, Dr. John Buckler, 
then the leading physician of the city, induced him 
at tlie age of twenty to enter with ardor upon the 
study of that profession and its cognate sciences. 
His brother-in-law, Prof. William Power, a favorite 
pupil in Paris of the great Louis, had just returned, 
and introduced for the first time in Baltimore the 
knowledge and practice of auscultation. He recog- 
nized the singular zeal and patience of investigation, 
the clearness of intellect, and quickness and accuracy 
of observation which characterized Dr. Frick, and he 
stimulated and aided his rapid progress into the front 
ranks of the young physicians of the day. In March, 
1845, he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and 
as early as April, 1846, three years only after the com- 
mencement of his studies. Dr. Frick contributed to 
the American Journal of Medical Sciences reports of 
cases of remittent fever, accompanied by remarks by 
Dr. Still6, of Philadelphia, the value of which may 
be judged of by the fact that it was extensively quoted 
in Bartlett's book on fever and other treatises as an 
important contribution to the knowledge of the path- 
ology of remittent fever. In 1847 he organized, with 
three of his friends, a preparatory school, under the 



name of the Maryland Medical Institute, in which, at 
the early age of twenty-four, he assumed the province 
of a teacher, and rapidly developed a singular talent 
for that branch of his profession. In January, 1848, 
he published the results of his analyses of the blood, 
into which investigation he had been led by a great 
taste for animal chemistry. This article of Dr. Frick 
gave him a place among the most distinguished medi- 
cal writers of his time, and in modern works on 
animal chemistry his investigations are quoted side 
by side with those of the most eminent authorities of 
the world. In October, 1849, he was elected phy- 
sician to the Maryland Penitentiary. Having mean- 
while pursued with patient labor and intelligent 
investigation the subject of urinary pathology, he 
published in 1850 his volume of " Renal Diseases." 
Of this work a distinguished professor said in 1879, 
years after its publication, that it still stood as a val- 
uable contribution to a branch of pathology previ- 
ously but little understood. This work was followed 
by various contributions from time to time to the 
medical journals of the day, all of them exhibiting 
novel and original investigation of a most valuable 
character. 

On the establishment in 1856 of the Maryland Col- 
lege of Pharmacy, Dr. Frick was selected to fill the 
chair of Materia Medica, and in that institution his 
accurate knowledge of the subject, and his peculiarly 
apt and impressive mode of imparting information, 
soon established his reputation as a lecturer. In the 
summer of 1857 he made a short visit to Europe with 
his brother, William F. Frick, visiting with interest 
and profit the hospitals of Paris and London. At 
this time he was only thirty-four years of age, and 
the professor of a Maryland college in the city of Bal- 
timore ; yet he was received by the great pathologists, 
and it was a matter of just pride to him to know that 
he was indebted for this reception to their familiarity 
with his scientific papers, and to their high apprecia- 
tion of them. His name was now mentioned in other 
schools of medicine in this country, but he would 
not consent to accept a professorship elsewhere, and 
finally, when in 1858 a vacancy occurred in the chair 
in the University of Maryland, "all eyes," to use the 
expression of a friend, " were turned to Dr. Frick as 
the man above all others in the medical profession 
whose entire fitness for the place was pre-eminent 
and undeniable." By his professional brethren at 
this period he was regarded not only as occupying 
an eminent position in science, but as destined to be 
•a prominent practitioner ; for with all his high scien- 
tific attainments, his investigations had a direct bear- 
ing upon practical medicine. He was looked upon 
with reverence by men of his own date, and over the 
younger he had unbounded influence. But Dr. Frick 
had not only the qualities which inspired admiration 
for his intellect, but something even higher than 
these in traits of the heart that endeared him to all. 
He had the fiieulty of making every one he wa.s known 




^Svz^-,x?-di-<_ cys^-^^-r-i^ 



^& 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



with, in and out of his profession, his friend. It was 
his uniform kindness and affection towards others 
which inspired in them a reciprocal feeling. Even the 
convicts of the penitentiary were notoriously softened 
by his intercourse with them as their physician. He 
had the rare combination of the strong muscular 
points of courage, self-possession, firmness, and de- 
cision, united to those gentler ones of kindness and 
unselfishness which we look for in the other sex, but 
which when found in the manly character render it 
so attractive. At a time when he was thus prepared 
by great acquirements and reputation, and by the 
affectionate and admiring regard of the community 
in which he lived, to enter upon a life of distinction 
for himself and usefulness to others he was suddenly 
snatched from life. In performing at the infirmary 
the operation of tracheotomy upon a poor negro 
woman who was sinking from epidemic diphtheria, 
he contracted that disease in a malignant form. Per- 
fectly aware of his impending death, and that the 
same operation would do no more than afford him 
temporary relief from his sufferings, he requested, 
by signs, its performance by his friend, Dr. George 
W. Miltenberger. " Never," said Dr. John Buckler, 
" never shall I forget the manner in which he arose 
from his bed, not able to speak, and seated himself in 
the chair, directed how the light should be placed so 
as to cast no shadow on the hand of the operator, 
handed the instrument, and placing his finger on the 
sjiot, threw back his head for the knife with a courage 
perfectly heroic." 

The news of his death spread a gloom through the 
city. The daily papers and a general meeting of the 
medical profession, called for the first time for many 
years for such a purpose, gave expression to the uni- 
versal sorrow and sense of the great loss which the 
science of medicine had sustained. 

As late as nineteen years after his death an address 
upon his life and writings was delivered by his cher- 
ished friend, Prof. Frank Donaldson, before the asso- 
ciation of the alumni of the university in which he 
was a professor. From this glowing tribute to his 
eminence as a scientist and his virtues as a man this 
sketch is briefly made up. In it Prof. Donaldson 
says, " He was the pride of his friends and the orna- 
ment of his profession. He has left his mark and 
impress upon his generation. Young as he was in 
years, he was eminent in science, skillful in his arts, 
high in the esteem of all who knew him, and his 
memory is cherished in the hearts of many who loved 
hira." 

Dr. Frick married, in October, 1853, Achsah, the 
eldest daughter of the Rev. Thomas B. Sargent, D.D., 
of Baltimore, an eminent Methodist clergyman. He 
left only one child, a daughter, now married to Thomas 
Hillen, a merchant of this city. 

Orville Horwitz is another scholarly lawyer of the 
Baltimore bar. Mr. Horwitz, indeed, has in his blood 
an inheritance of culture almost as rich as that which 



his own studies have grafted upon his intellect. His 
father, Dr. J. Horwitz, was a favorite pupil of Dr. 
Benjamin Rush, and graduated in 181.3 at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. He was a fine linguist and 
Orientalist, and his lectures were both popular and 
instructive. He settled in Baltimore early in life, 
where he won both distinction and success in his pro- 
fession, dying in the city of his adoption in 1852. 
Orville Horwitz inherited his father's talent and taste 
for mathematics and languages, and graduated from 
St. Mary's College at the age of sixteen with high 
honors. 

For two or three yeai-s after his graduation he was 
engaged in teaching in Maryland and Virginia, at 
the close of that period being principal of Winchester 
Academy. Not satisfied with a preparation which to 
most men would have seemed entirely suflicient, he 
attended two full courses of medical lectures at the 
University of Maryland, and then entered upon his 
legal studies in the office and under the direction of 
the late Judge Albert Constable. But while earnestly 
pursuing these studies and making himself thoroughly 
master of the profession to which he proposed to de- 
vote his life, he did not neglect the claims of litera- 
ture, and added largely to the mental stores which he 
had already acquired. 

Among other things, he devoted considerable time 
at this period to the study of Anglo-Saxon, with which 
he became so familiar that when the "Anglo-Saxon 
Grammar" and " Analecta," and other kindred works 
of Dr. Klepstein were published, Mr. Horwitz was 
induced by the author, who had been one of his fel- 
low-students, to prepare a history of the Anglo-Saxon 
language and literature. This grammar is now the 
text-book of the schools and colleges of the country, 
and is a lasting reminder of the fact that the law, jeal- 
ous mistress as she is, may find in literature a helpful 
handmaid to its best achievements. After his admis- 
sion to the bar Mr. Horwitz went abroad, where he 
spent some time in the study of modern languages, 
and returning to Baltimore in 1841 commenced the 
practice of his profession. He has visited Europe 
several times since that period, and in 1854 published 
a little volume entitled " Brushwood Picked Up on 
the Continent," which even after the lapse of many 
years will be found to contain much of practical value 
to the European traveler. In addition to these pub- 
lications, Mr. Horwitz has been a frequent contributor 
to the journals and magazines of the day, and the 
papers thus contributed are remarkable for the grace 
of their diction no less than for the force and dignity 
with which the subjects are discussed. As a lawyer 
Mr. Horwitz stands in the front rank of the Maryland 
bar, and is noted for his familiarity not only with all 
the great^rinciples of law, but with those illustrations 
and exemplifications of its application to special 
cases which are only to be found in the decisions of 
the highest judicial tribunals. He is a ready, grace- 
ful, and eloquent speaker, and in the statement and 



702 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



discussion of intricate legal points has few equals 
among even the best representatives of the bar. A 
large fortune has set upon his professional labors the 
seal of practical approval, and the poor have reason 
to rejoice that wealth has been placed in such gener- 
ous hands. In politics, Mr. Horwitz has always been 
an unswerving Democrat. His religious views are of 
the most liberal character, and he cultivates the spirit 
of the broadest charity towards men of every faith. 
He was married in 1861 to Miss Maria Gross, by whom 
he has had four daughters. 

William Alexander Fisher, the son of William 
Fisher and Jane Alricks Fisher, was born in Balti- 
more on the 8th of January, 1836. His father was 
for many years a wholesale dry-goods merchant of 
this city, and was afterwards head of the well-known 
banking house of William Fisher & Sons. William 
Alexander Fisher was a student of St. Mary's College 
until it ceased to have an academical department, and 
after a brief period spent at I^oyola College, entered 
Princeton College, where he graduated, and from 
which he subsequently received the degree of A.M. 
Mr. Fisher's legal studies were conducted under the 
direction of the late William Schley, and he was ad- 
mitted to the bar on the 8th of June, 1858. His in- 
dustry and ability were soon appreciated, and the 
firm of Marshall & Fisher, of which he is a member, 
occupies a leading position in the city and State. 

In November, 1879, he was elected to the Maryland 
Senate from Baltimore City, and by his thorough 
business methods and habits proved himself a useful 
and valuable member of that body. One-tenth of 
the acts passed at the session of 1880 were introduced 
by Mr. Fisher, among them the new law of limited 
partnerships, wliich materially changed the existing 
system. He was chairman of the Judiciary Com- 
mittee of the Senate, chairman of the Joint Com- 
mittee on Registration, chairman of the joint com- 
mittee appointed to draft a bill to apply the restraints 
of law to primary elections, and a member of the 
committee appointed by the Democratic caucus to 
confer with the Governor, comptroller, and treasurer 
in reference to the preparation of legislation for the 
retrenchment of expenses and the reform of alleged 
abuses. Mr. Fisher also introduced many other 
measures of importance, all of which were passed by 
the Senate, though not ail by the House. Especially 
prominent were the services rendered in the defeat of 
the bill passed by the House of Delegates, which, 
while reducing car fares to five cents, made no pro- 
vision for transfers, and proposed to deprive the city 
of the tax of twelve per cent, now paid for the sup- 
port of the parks. This bill, after a protracted and 
exciting struggle, was defeated single-handed by Mr. 
Fisher in the Senate. He was also active in the de- 
feat of the bill to tax mortgages; made a vigorous 
fight against the present system of inspections in 
tobacco, cattle, hay, etc., advocating earnestly the 
policy of leaving trade to protect its own interests ; 



opposed on the same principle the building by the 
State of an elevator for water-borne grain, and intro- 
duced bills for the sale of the State tobacco warehouses. 
He has been a member of the Water Board since 
1878, and prior to his connection with it in that ca- 
pacity was specially employed to conduct the pro- 
ceedings for the condemnation of the lands necessary 
for the immense enterprise and improvements in- 
volved in the introduction of the new water supply 
from the Gunpowder. Mr. Fisher has been trustee of 
the Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the 
I Blind for the past six years'; one of the trustees 
and secretary of the Thomas Wilson Sanitarium for 
Children, and of the Thomas Wilson Fuel Giving 
Society, as well as executor and trustee of the same 
estate, and president of the Society for Organizing 
Charities of Baltimore City. Mr. Fisher is a Demo- 
crat in politics, and a member of the Episcopal Church. 
I In May, 1859, he was married by Bishop Mcllvaine, 
' at the residence of her father in Cincinnati, to Louise 
! Este, daughter of Judge David Kirkpatrick Este, of 
that city. Mr. Fisher is counsel for the Western 
I Maryland llailroad, for the Union Railroad Company, 
1 and for many local and foreign interests of great im- 
portance. He is one of the best read, most careftil, 
and thorough lawyers in the State, and an honorable 
and upright gentleman in all phases of life. 

Bernard Carter is descended from two of the lead- 
] ing families of Maryland and Virginia, the Calverts 
of Maryland and the Carters of Virginia. His father, 
Charles H. Carter, was the son of Bernard Moore 
Carter, whose father was Charles Carter, of " Shirley," 
on the James River, who was the grandson of " King" 
Carter, as Robert Carter was known in colonial times. 
Charles H. Carter, the father of Bernard Carter, 
: was, on his mother's side, the grandson of " Light 
Horse" Harry Lee, the father of Gen. Robert E. Lee. 
The mother of Bernard Carter was Rosalie Eugenia, 
daughter of George Calvert, the son of Benedict Cal- 
vert, and the grandson of Charles, the sixth Lord 
Baltimore. The wife of George Calvert was Rosalie 
Eugenia Stier, daughter of Henry J.Stierd'Aertzlaer, 
of Antwerp, Belgium, a lineal descendant of Rubens. 
Mr. Stier fled to this country in 1794, to escape the 
scenes and dangers of the French Revolution, but 
returned in 1805, when Belgium was annexed to 
France, to prevent the confiscation of large landed 
estates in that country. His daughter married Mr. 
Calvert. 

Bernard Carter was born in Prince George's County, 
Md., July 20, 1834, and was graduated from St. James' 
College, Washington County, in 1852. His legal 
studies were prosecuted at Harvard Law School, then 
under Prof. Parsons and Chief Justice Parker, of 
New Hampshire. His degree of Bachelor of Laws 
was conferred in 1855, and returning to Baltimore he 
entered the office of J. Mason Campbell, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar. He has devoted his time almost 
exclusively to his profession, and taken a high position 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



703 



among the leading lawyers at the Baltimore bar, the 
Court of Appeals of Maryland, and the Supreme Court 
of the United States, to the bar of which he was ad- 
mitted in 1865, when he argued the case of the steamer 
"Louisiana," reported in "Wallace's Reports." On 
that occasion he won the unusual compliment from the 
reporter that his argument was an excellent one. In 
1861, Mr. Carter was nominated by the Democrats for 
the position of State's attorney of Baltimore City, and 
in 1864 for the office of attorney-general for Mary- 
land ; his party on both occasions being in a minority, 
he was defeated. In 1869 and 1870 he was a member 
of the City Council, and was made chairman of the 
Committees of Ways and Means, on Jones' Falls, and 
on the New City Hall, the most im|)ortant committees 
of the Council. It was chiefly through his personal 
exertions that the building committee under whom 
that splendid building was constructed so economi- 
cally was formed. In 1867 he was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention which framed the present 
constitution of the State, and was appointed on the 
Committee on Revision and Compilation, which was 
always regarded as the highest compliment which the 
convention could bestow. In 1878 he was elected pro- 
fessor in the Law School of the University of Mary- 
land. 

He married, April 20, 1858, Mary B., the daughter 
of David Ridgely, of White Marsh, Baltimore Co. 
Upon the death of J. Mason Campbell, Mr. Carter 
was made attorney for the Northern Central Railroad, 
and, after the death of Daniel Clark, also attorney for 
the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad. 

In politics, Mr. Carter has always been a decided 
and positive Democrat, and, without being a partisan, 
he has always lent the aid of his fine talents to ad- 
vance the principles which he believed to be correct 
for the government of State and Union. In religion 
he is a Protestant Episcopalian, and belongs to Mount 
Calvary Church. He is recognized as the leading ec- 
clesiastical lawyer in the State, and has taken part in 
all the discussions that have agitated the church for 
several years past. He enjoys a large and lucrative 
practice, the result of fine talents well improved, and 
of a private character above reproach. 

It will be seen from these brief sketches that the 
l)ar of Baltimore has not lost any of its old-time 
brilliancy. It is still distinguished for its eloquence, 
its integrity, and for its solid learning as of yore. 
But these qualities are not so conspicuous now as their 
singularity made them in the period from 1750 to 
1820, when, for two generations, the lawyers of Mary- 
land were almost without peers in their profession 
upon this continent. Massachusetts and Virginia 
were rivals, but not superiors, if even equals. In that 
period Annapolis, and afterwards Baltimore and Fred- 
erick, were centres of legal rivalry such as are seldom 
seen. A style of oratory, ornate and elegant, yet 
precise, correct, and elaborated upon the best models 
of pure English, furnished the fitting capstone to a 



solidly-built column of carefully-studied principle 
and i)recedent ; the judges were worthy of the barris- 
ters who pleaded before them, and neither judges nor 
I barristers were content unless they seemed at least to 
measure themselves with the mo.st conspicuous lights 
of Westminster Hall and the great English circuits. 
During this period, indeed, our bar prided itself upon 
closely following English models. It claimed to have 
its Erskines and its Mansfields, its Scarlets and its 
Broughams ; it followed most rigidly the precedents 
of old English law and the practices of the English 
courts, and certainly refreshed itself more frequently 
'' with English methods and English studies than the 
I bars of either Massachusetts or Virginia. The courts 
of these States were provincial, the one from neces- 
sity, the other from a certain lordly and aristocratic 
indifference which regarded Williamsburg as good 
enough for the men who followed legal pursuits in 
Virginia, as the cream of the tobacco noblesse did 
not. But estates were not so large in Maryland, 
while, on the other hand, the rewards of the law as a 
profession were much more tempting in our State 
than in Virginia. It paid for the younger sons of a 
family to pursue the law in Maryland, and the com- 
petition was so keen that it paid the fathers of those 
younger sons to give them a good legal education in 
the London Inns of Court. Hence, a surprisingly 
large number of our young lawyers, during the colo- 
nial period, studied their profession in the Temple 
and Lincoln's and Gray's Inns. The Bordleys, the 
Dulanys, the Taskers, the Carrolls, the Tilghmans, 
the Jenningses, the Pacas, and Bennetts, and-Helms- 
leys were all represented, at one time or another, in 
those classic walks. After the Revolutionary war 
these fashions were not resumed ; yet Pinkney went 
twice to London to defend and secure American in- 
terests, and it was proudly believed by those who 
knew him best that he had found no rival there with 
whom he feared to cope. 

There must have been sufiBcient causes for this ex- 
ceptional brilliancy of the early Maryland bar, nor 
are these cau.ses far to seek. They are the same as 
those which subsequently gave their great eminence 
to the bars of Kentucky and some other Western 
States, — the certainty of handsome emoluments and 
the existence of much litigation. It was the confu- 
sion of titles and the multiplicity of claims to the 
rich lands of Kentucky which involved that whole 
State in lawsuits and feuds after its first settlement, 
and afforded, in both the criminal and the equity 
sides of the courts, such an opportunity as is rarely 
offered for the profitable exercise of legal talents and 
legal skill. The same causes are now at work to give 
peculiar brilliancy to the bar of Texas. In Mary- 
land, when the colony was settling, while the lands 
were being cleared, the Indians pushed back, and all 
society was seething with the hand-to-hand struggle 
between Protestant and Catholic, Puritan and Cava- 
lier, there were practically no lawyers, the courts 



704 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



were mere justices' courts and, later, vestry courts, 
and the beiicli — outside, at least, of St. Mary's, if we 
may trust the author of the " Sot- Weed Factor" — was 
boorish and ignorant if not venal. But there came a 
swift change with the settlement of the provincial 
government at Annapolis, the clearing of the " back- 
woods," the large importation of labor, both white 
and colored, and the general growth of the colony in 
wealth and importance. Three or four elements are 
noticeable right here as concerting together for the 
rapid development of an able and brilliant bar. The 
rapidly-increasing forces of labor could only be prof- 
itably employed by a correspondingly rapid opening 
up of new lands, and of these there was great variety 
of choice. The old ])lanters rested contented upon 
their inherited estates, but their overseers and factors, 
busy, pushing, ignorant men, took negroes and con- 
victs to the newer settlements, worked them for all 
they were worth, grew rapidly rich, and were corre- 
spondingly arrogant and litigious. When they came 
to Annapolis they had money to spend and lawsuits 
to adjust, in respect to both of which they found 
plenty of young lawyers to accommodate them. 
Every lease or sale of land made by the provincial 
government implied an addition to the income of the 
Lord Proprietary, and quick sales and hasty surveys 
necessarily involved the validity of many a title. 
Besides this, the proprietary government, claiming 
and exercising extraordinary powers, felt constrained 
to maintain its pretensions by extraordinary means. 
It was the fountain of patronage for both State and 
Church,.and it made this patronage profitable. There 
were many offices, and all these were in the gift of 
the Lord Proprietary, or his deputy at Annapolis. 
Surveyorships, advowsons, parishes, clerkships, to- 
bacco-inspectors, collectorships of rents and taxes, 
sheriffalties, coronerships, — all were appointed from 
Annapolis. A sheriffalty in that time was a plum 
indeed, and the prothonotary of a county might grow 
rich on the fees of office in ten years.' 

Besides these there were militia commands, com- 
mands in the wood rangers, and a very great variety 
of other patronage, paid for from the fees of office. 
Any young scion of a good family who studied law, 
came to Annapolis, and showed his loyalty to the 
existing government, winking at its abuses and court- 
ing its leading spirits, might be sure of securing an 
office such as would yield him a good support. If it 
were necessary he could be made a pluralist. John 
Coode, miserable rebel agitator and atheist as he was, 
held commissions militant, civil, and apostolic at once, 
— he was in holy orders, he was collector of customs, i 
and he was colonel of county militia. Rev. Bennett I 
Allen, controversialist, brawler, duelest, murderer, 
and sot, was incumbent of St. Ann's parish, in Anne 

• A« cnrly as 1C80 one of the alleged grounds for Coode's rebellion was 
excessive fees of office and extortionalo tnlle, against which uo remedy 
can bo found, "the ofBcere tliemselvoe that are parljes and culpable, I 
being Judges." 



Arundel, and the best parish in Frederick County. 
In 1770, among other fees and salaries, Governor 
Sharpe was paid, besides his salary of £1000 as Gov- 
ernor, £226 as surveyor- general, and an unstated 
amount as chancellor. Benjamin Tasker was presi- 
dent of Council, member of Upper House, and joint 
commissary, his pay in the latter position amounting 
to £483. Benjamin Tasker, Jr., was councilor, mem- 
ber of LTpper House, and naval officer, the fees of the 
latter office being £318. Edmund Jennings was 
councilor, member of Upper House, and secretary 
for county clerks, register in chancery, clerk of pro- 
vincial court, and notary public, his six offices yielding 
him £1307. George Steuart was judge of the land- 
office and commissioner of the land-office, receiving 
£517 salary. Daniel Dulany, to the practice at An- 
napolis courts, added the place of joint commissary, 
with £483 salary. 

These various causes soon built up a strong legal 
circle at Annapolis. In 1710, when Daniel Dulany 
the elder came to the bar, then fresh from England, 
there were but few lawyers, and these chiefly provin- 
cial born and educated at the provincial court. 
Among these, Dulany, Stephen Bordley, and the father 
of Edmund Jennings were the chief. In 1771 the 
bar of Annapolis was illustrious for its great lawyers 
and the great number of lesser lights revolving about 
them. They made a society of their own, witty, in- 
genious, dissipated. They fought, gambled, dissipated, 
had their clubs, wrote for the newspapers, patronized 
the theatres, the cock-pit, and the race-course, and 
all the province paid toll to them. They rode the 
circuits to some extent, going to Marlboro', Joppa, 
Frederick, Chestertown, andEaston, but Annapolis was 
their home and the fountain of their business. Here 
was Daniel Dulany the younger, of whom Pinkney, 
who only saw him in the evening twilight of his 
greatness, said that " even among such men as Fox, 
Pitt, and Sheridan he had not found his superior," 
and of whom McMahon said, " For many years before 
the downfall of the proprietary government he stood 
confessedly without a rival in this country as a law- 
yer, a scholar, and an orator." He was regarded as 
"an oracle of the law." Here was John Beale Bord- 
ley, just retiring from the Governor's Council and the 
emoluments of office in Baltimore County to become 
the Cincinnatus of the Eastern Shore. Here was 
Samuel Chase, first and one of the greatest of our pa- 
triots, whose energies "quickened all that he touched, 
and whose abilities illustrated all that he examined.'" 

" What he felt he expressed," says the lawyer his- 
torian of Maryland, " and what he expressed came 
stamped with all the vigor of his mind and the un- 
compromising energy of his character; if his manner 
was a fault it leaned to virtue's side. It is not for my 
feeble pen to portray his virtues and abilities, they are 
registered in the nation's history, and there is no true 



THE BENCH AND BAE. 




American to whom his name, recorded on the imper- 
ishable roll of American independence, does not bring 
back the grateful recollection of his services. He was 
a son of Maryland, and when will she have his like j 
again?" Here was Charles Carroll of Carrollton, i 
fresh from his law studies in the Temple, eager and 
able to challenge Daniel Dulany's masterly pen in a | 
pamphlet controversy about American rights and 
American liberty, — the wealthiest citizen in the prov- 
ince, and the most keen to stake his fortune for inde- 
pendence and sacred honor, and " to win or lose it 
all." Here was " Barrister" Carroll, another law 
student of the Temple, another leader of public opin- 
ion, another patriot, whose able pen may be traced in 
many of our tersest and most effective State papers of 
the Revolutionary period. He was descended from \ 
Daniel and Dorothy Carroll, of Ely and O'Neill, Ire- 
land, whose ancestry is veiled in the mists of remote 
antiquity. " This Daniel Carroll," it is said, " had j 
twenty sons, whom he presented in one troop of horse, 
all accoutred in habiliments of war, to the Earl of 
Ormond, together with all his interest, for the service 
of King Charles I. Most of these died in foreign ser- 
vice, having followed the hard fate of King Charles 
II." From this Daniel's many sons are presumed to 
have sprung all the different branches of the house of 
Carroll. The eldest son of Daniel and Dorothy Car- 
roll was named Daniel, who had two sons, Charles 



and .lohn. Charles married Clare Dunn, who was 
the daughter of the great O'Connor Dunn (or Don), 
her mother being Jane Bermingham, daughter of Ed- 
ward Fitz Richard, the seventeenth Lord Athenry. 
He had three children, — Dr. Charles Carroll, the 
father of Charles Carroll, barrister; John Carroll, 
who died at sea; and Dorothy Carroll. John Car- 
roll, the second son of Daniel Carroll, " was the father 
of Sir Daniel O'Carroll, who, at the instance of the 
Duke of Ormond, was made colonel of a regiment of 
horse, being also by Queen Anne created a baronet ; 
was knight of the order of Arragon in Spain, and died 
lieutenant-general of His Majesty's forces in 1750." 

Dr. Charles Carroll, the eldest son of Charles Car- 
roll and Clare Dunn, came to America about the year 
1715, and resided in Annapolis. He was educated in 
England as a Catholic, but soon after his settlement 
in the province renounced his faith and became a 
Protestant. For many years he practiced medicine, 
but gave it up and actively entered into mercantile 
business, at which he amassed a considerable fortune. 
He accumulated a large landed estate, especially in 
and near Baltimore, including " Carroll's Island," 
"Mount Clare," "The Plains" (near Annapolis), 
" Clare Mont" (now the residence of Hon. Carroll 
Spence, late minister to Turkey), and the "Caves" 
(now the property of Gen. John Carroll), in Baltimore 
County. Dr. Charles Carroll represented Anne 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Arundel County in the Lower House of Assembly in 
1737, and continued to do so till the day of his death. 
He married Dorotliy Blake, daughter of Henry Blake, 
of an ancient family in Hampshire, England, and 
had three children,— Charles Carroll, barrister, Mary 
Clare Carroll, and John Henry Carroll. Mary Clare 
Carroll married, on the 21st of July, 1747, Nicholas 
Maccubbin, and had several children ; John Henry 
Carroll died .linc prole; Dr. Charles Carroll, after a 
lingering illness, died on Monday, Sept. 29, 1755, at 
his residence in Annapolis, aged sixty-four years. 



his father's death in 1755 was elected to fill his seat 
in the Lower House of Assembly. In spite of his 
English training, he was one of the earliest and most 
prominent advocates of American independence, and 
soon became one of the most trusted leaders of the 
Revolution. In connection with Matthew Tilghman, 
John Hall, Samuel Chase, Thomas Johnson, Jr., 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and William Paca, he 
was appointed a member of the Committee of Corre- 
spondence at the meeting of deputies of the province 
held at Annapolis from the 8th to the 12th of Decera- 




LL, BARRISTER. 



His only son, Charles Carroll, barrister, was born 
on the 22d of March, 1723, and at an early age was 
placed at college under the immediate tuition of the 
Rev. Edward Jones, at the English House, in Bairro 
Alto^ West Lisbon, Portugal. When about si.xteen 
years of age he was removed to the celebrated school 
of Eton, in England. Desiring to devote himself to 
the profession of law, by direction of his father he 
entered the University of Cambridge, wiiere Daniel 
Dulany was then pursuing his studies. With a 
mind thoroughly trained, he commenced the .study 
of law in the Middle Temple, Garden Court, Library 
Staircase No. 2. In 1746 he returned to Maryland 
and commenced the practice of his profession. Being 
thoroughly conversant with affairs at home and 
abroad, he was early called into public life, and on 



ber, 1744, and was appointed a member of the Coun- 
cil of Safety by the convention of provincial delegates 
which assembled in the same city on the 25th of July, 
1775. He was also a member of the convention of 
delegate^ which met at Annapolis Dec. 7, 1775, and 
took a leading part in all the debates and measures of 
that assembly, frequently presiding over its delibera- 
tions and serving on the most prominent and important 
committees. He was chosen president of the conven- 
tion of delegates of the province which met at Annap- 
olis on the 8th of May, 1776, and relieved Governor 
Eden of his official powers, and during its session was 
re-elected to the Council of Safety. He was a mem- 
ber of the convention which met at Annapolis on 
the 21st of June following; was elected for the third 
lime to the Council of Safety on the 5th of July, 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



and to the Annapolis convention of the 14th of Au- 
gust, 1776. On the 17th of the same month the con- 
vention appointed him a memher of the committee 
" to prepare a declaration and charter of rights and a 
form of government for this State ;" and on the 10th 
of November in the same year the convention dele- 
gated him, in conjunction with Matthew Tilghman, 
Thomas Johnson, Jr., William Paca, Thomas Stone, 
Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Rurasey, to represent the 
State in Congress. In the following year (1777) he 
was elected to the first Senate of the State of Mary- 
land, and was also appointed chief justice of the Gen- 
eral Court, — the first appointment to that position 
under the new government, — which, however, he de- 
clined, and in 1781 he was again elected to the Senate. 

Barrister Carroll "was an elegant, fluent, exact, 
and terse writer, and was selected to serve on every 
committee which required wisdom in council and the 
ability to embody its expression in forcible language. 
To his facile pen our Kevolutionary ancestors were in- 
debted for many of their ablest public papers. 'The 
Declaration of Rights,' which was adopted by the 
convention of Maryland, 3d of November, 1776, em- 
anated from his pen. This is true, also, in a large 
measure, of the first constitution and form of govern- 
ment of the State of Maryland." 

In the earlier years of his profes-sional life much of 
his leisure was spent at the " Caves," a beautiful es- 
tate of three thousand acres, which he greatly im- 
proved, and which still remains in the family, being 
now owned by Gen. John Carroll, of Baltimore 
County. 

In 1754, however, he" built the Mount Clare House, 
which the records note was constructed of English 
brick. The historic old mansion remained until re- 
cently a graphic monument of the past, surrounded 
by the brickyards which now occupy the once beauti- 
ful grounds of the estate. With its fine terrace over- 
looking the town, its grave dignity of exterior, and 
its lions rampant on the pillars of the gateway, it 
spoke eloquently, even in its decay, of the honor and 
glory of its past. 

Mr. Carroll, on the 3d of June, 1763, married Mar- 
garet Tilghman, daughter of Hon. Matthew Tilgh- 
man, by whom he had two children, twins, who died 
in infancy. His own death occurred at his residence. 
Mount Clare, on the 23d of March, 1783, the day 
after the sixtieth anniversary of his birth. 

In 1771 the bar of Annapolis also contained such 
illustrious men as Thomas Johnson, the people's law- 
yer, Washington's friend, " Tom" Johnson, the organ- 
izer and sustainer of the Revolution in Maryland, full 
of work, of fiery energy, of unquenchable hope, and 
that implacable resolution which looks too closely at 
the main object in view to see or take heed of the 
obstacles intervening. There came to the bar also 
the venerated Matthew Tilghman, with William Paca, 
Robert Goldsborough, and many other leading law- 
vers of the Eastern Shore, while the Western Shore 



furnished a Key, a Stone, a Worthington, a Dorsey, 
and a Hanson. 

At this very date the bar of Baltimore could only 
boast of Jeremiah Townley Chase, Robert Alexander, 
Benjamin Nicholson, Thomas Jones, George Chal- 
mers, Robert Smith, of W., Robert Buchanan, of W., 
Francis Custis, and David McMechen. The contrast 
between it and that of Annapolis is too obvious to 
need to be emphasized. Of those named, Robert 
Alexander was probably the leading lawyer and citi- 
zen. He had been chosen to many distinguished 
positions and posts of honor by his fellow-citizens. 
He had been one of the commissioners to look after 
the removal of the County Court from Joppa to Balti- 
more, had borne a conspicuous part in connection with 
the internal improvements of the latter town, and 
evidently was much trusted by the people. In the 
movements against the stamp duties, in the later more 
serious movements against taxation in general by the 
British government which led to the Revolution, Mr. 
Alexander and Jeremiah Townley Chase went hand 
in hand at the head of all the different committees 
and in all the public demonstrations. They were 
comrades on the various Committees of Observation 
and Safety, and Robert Alexander was finally elected 
and served as one of the representatives of Maryland 
in the first Continental Congress. But at this point 
Alexander's heart failed him. He quailed at the 
sound of actual hostilities, and when the Declaration 
of independence was rung out from that simple old 
bell-tower in Philadelphia, Robert Alexander fairly 
ran away and left the country, a loyalist and refugee, 
with a blighted career. Chase, on the other hand, 
behaved manfully. He was a younger, a more hopeful 
and more patriotic citizen than Alexander ; he won the 
esteem and approval of every one during an estimable 
and distinguished career at the bar, and in 1806, 
having previously served as judge of the General 
Court, was appointed chief judge of the Court of 
Appeals, in which post of honor he served until 1824. 
He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress 
in 1783-84, and a member of the first Constitutional 
Convention of Maryland in 1776, and of the conven- 
tion of 1788 to ratify the Constitution of the United 
States. Benjamin Nicholson, under the first State 
government, became judge of the Admiralfy Court, 
holding the place so long as that court existed, — that 
is to say, until the adoption of the Federal Constitu- 
tion. Thomas Jones was the first register of wills for 
Baltimore County. 

Robert Smith's career was an eminent one. He 
was an elector in the first electoral college, surviving 
all his brethren in that venerable body. He was a 
delegate and senator several times in the Maryland 
Legislature; was appointed, but declined, the chancel- 
lorship and chief judgeship of the General Court of 
Maryland ; was Secretary of the Navy, Attorney-Gen- 
eral, Secretary of State of the United States, and de- 
clined a nomination as minister to Russia. He was 



708 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



provost of the University of Maryland, president of 
the first Maryhind Bible Society, and president, also, 
of the first agricultural society organized in the 
State, dying, rich, honored, and full of yeara, in 1842. 
David McMeehen, who appears to have been one of 
the hot-bloods of the Revolution, for he wjis concerned 
in the tarring and feathering of Goildnnl. tin' ininlcr, 
besides serving on many of the war cniMiniti, , ,. uas 
often delegate from Baltimore in the .MaiylMiid As- 
sembly, a member of the first City Council, and died 
a member of the State Senate. 

It seems quite remarkable that so many of the little 
corporal's guard who comprised the earliest recorded 
lawyers of the small and insignificant Baltimore Town 
of that day should have attained distinction not only 
in their profession but in public office. But this be- 
comes still more remarkable when we note how soon 
after the Revolutionary war Baltimore began to absorb 
from other places and attract to itself the cream of the 
legal talent of the State. By 1790 half the great 
lawyers of Annapolis and the rest of the State had 
come to live in Baltimore, and by 1800, in spite of 
its being the seat of the Courts of Appeal and Chan- 
cery, Annapolis had become provincial, and Baltimore 
was the legal metropolis of the State. There were 
excellent courts and lawyers at Marlborough and 
Frederick, at Belair and Cluu-listou n. ;iihI at Easton 
and Princess Anne, as well as ai \mi,i|Mili>, but the 
leading counselors and barrist( i~ . -.(iiMi-licd them- 
selves in Baltimore, and in their train followed all the 
active, energetic young men of talent and self-confi- 
dence who looked to the profession of the law for a 
career as well as for a livelihood. Already, almost 
immediately after the peace of 1783, Daniel Dulany 
found a home in Baltimore.' Charles Carroll and 
Samuel Chase came, Luther Martin followed, and 
William Pinkney, while always claiming residence in 
" the ancient city," got half his State practice from 
Baltimore and in connection with Baltimore's swelling 
volume of business. 



1 A writer in Decemljor, 1847, said tliat Daniel Dulany was " the groat 
Quiutilian of the day." He was the patron of youth and very liberal ; he 
lived to a good old age. In his second childliood all tlie Hner feelings of 
the licart predominated. How well I remember his flHed pockets of 
ginger-uuts and sugar-plums that were scattered to crowds of little chil- 
dren tliat always followed hiui, and in my memory lioar the tolling of 
old St. Paul's bell on tlio day of hia funeral; from sunrise to sunset did 
Its mournful tone tell us we had lost a worthy man. As the procession 
moved through the streets the clouds dropped team. Well do I remem- 
ber the bier, covered with a black pall, supported by six pall-bearers, 
with scarfs of white silk, with a rosette on tlie right slioulder, crossing 
the breast, and falling from tlie left in a graceful fold, hat-bands of the 
same material, with long streamers, and white kid gloves. The liody 
was borne to the church, whore It remained during the appropriate part 
of the funeral service; it was then consigned to the earth in tlie burial- 
ground then contained within four streets,— St. Paul's, Lexington, Sara- 
toga, and Cbariea." Ho died on the I9th of March, 1797, in the seventy- 
fifth year of his age. His daughter and only child married a French 
gentleman, Monsieur De Locore. Uis granddaughter, Miss Do Lacere, 
»ome years ago married by special license, at tlio Marquis of Wellcsloy's, 
the marquis. 
t the daughter 
of the late Rosier Duluny, of Virginia. 



The courts at that time were but little altered from 
1 the provincial or, in other words, the old English 
model. They were much more formal and precise 
j than now, more stern in rule, more rigid as to prece- 
[ dent, more complicated in practice. They were, iii 
fact, overloaded with formalisms, and the official docu- 
mentary language was but little removed from an 
utterly barbarous jargon. The business of the courts 
was apportioned into more numerous, minuter, and 
. sharper divisions, and the predominant rule, which is 
now simplicity, tended in those days constantly to- 
wards over-refinement. Chancery was then by no 
means a name, but the labyrinthine way by which 
alone most men could reach after long wanderings 
the adytum of equity as to property and goods, estates 
and hereditaments. The chancellor was the most 
important judge in the State, and was paid the 
highest salary. There was the Court of Appeals, 
which had then but minor jurisdiction, the Admi- 
ralty Court, superseded by the United States District 
Court after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, 
and the chief judge and his associates of the General 
Court. These, after their appellate business at An- 
napolis was concluded, used to separate and preside 
over the Oyer and Terminer terms of the County 
Courts. In 1777 the chancellor's salary was .£650 (in 
Maryland currency), the chief judge of the General 
Court got £600, and his two associates £500 each ; 
the five judges of the Court of Appeals received .£200 
each, and the judge of the Admiralty Court was paid 
£250. This pay does , not seem large, but it sufficed 
to secure for the bench some of the best lawyers in 
the State. They were appointed by the Governor 
for life, they did not have to court the popular favor, 
they were as good, if not better, lawyers than the 
barristers who pleaded and the attorneys who prac- 
ticed before them, and they kept up a dignified pres- 
ence and attitude which would appear astonishingly 
severe at the pre.sent day. The wig was not part of 
the judge's costume, but the gown was until quite a 
late period, and there was a certain state about the 
courts which must have admirably upheld what it 
was meant to enforce, the dignity and elevation of 
the judiciary. This was well conceived for a bench 
which had such unlimited power over the persons as 
well as estates of the citizens, which could retain 
property in chancery for unlimited intervals, could 
imprison for debt while life lasted, which could pillory, 
or brand, or whip, or hang in chains and gibbet for 
offenses which to-day scarcely cause a year or two's 
imprisonment. It must not be inferred from this, 
however, that these severe punishments were very 
often imposed in Baltimore County during the later 
colonial days and the early State history of Maryland. 
The infrequency of capital executions is to be inferred 
from the strong impression made by such incidents 
upon the popular mind. Thus the people in the 
upper part of Baltimore County still talk about the 
murderer, Adam Horn, :iiul his execution with a 



THE BENCH AND BAK. 



709 



lively, active, and. personal interest, and the bleak 
and desolate eminence in "The Soldier's Delight" 
upon which, in 1752, one hundred and twenty-nine 
years ago, John Berry was hung in chains for the 
murder of Mrs. Clark is still known by the name of 
" Berry's Hill," every child in the neighborhood 
being familiar with the legend attached to that name. 

The bench held to its dignity as severely as it held 
to its ancient forms and complicated and involved 
terminology. The lawyers were kept in order by a 
rigid construction of the contempt rules, and the 
judges also sought to apply these rules as rigidly to 
the press. In fact, for many years the courts, both 
in Baltimore and Annapolis, attempted to control the 
relations between the press and the public, so far as 
their sessions were concerned, much more according 
to the precepts of Lord Thurlow than in obedience to 
the suggestions of common sense in a free and en- 
lightened country, and collisions between the two 
powers were consequently quite frequent, the courts 
seeking to maintain themselves upon a very high 
plane of constructive dignity, the papers resolute to 
give the people the news as promptly and fully as 
possible, with such editorial comments as they thought 
necessary to make. About the last of these battles 
was fought out in 1845, between Judge Nicholas Brice, 
chief judge of Baltimore City Court, and the Balti- 
more Sun. The result was not favorable to the re- 
newal by the courts of such unnecessary and fac- 
titious issues. 

The courts had not so many officers as they now 
have, but the officers were worthy of much more con- 
sideration, and were consequently supplied from a 
better class of materials. The prothonotary, after- 
wards clerk, held office for life, as did also the regis- 
ter of wills, and both were paid in fees. These officers 
were appointed. The sheriff, who had great power, 
was appointed under the provincial government, but 
elected under the State government. He also received 
liis pay in fees, and the position was as lucrative as it 
was influential and responsible. Under the colonial 
government the sheriff was tax and tithe collector, 
and his influence upon and intercourse with the 
people must have been extensive to a very unusual 
degree. Down to quite a recent period the sheriffs of 
the counties were selected from among persons of the 
first consequence, and their criminal functions were 
looked upon as the least part of their charge. 

Among the members of the Constitutional Con- 
vention of 1777 wa« Luther Martin, representing 
Harford County. The constitution then matured 
provided for an attorney-general of the State, and 
after Thomas Jennings, James Tilghman, and Benja- 
min Galloway had one after another declined the 
appointment, thought to be particularly perilous in 
a time of war, in which the party which miglit chance 
to lose would be treated as rebels, Governor Johnson 
tendered the post to Mr. Martin, who accepted it Feb. 
11, 1778, and performed the duties of the office until 



December, 1805, when he resigned and was succeeded 
by William Pinkney. From 1778 until the reorgan- 
ization of the Court of Appeals in 1805 the judges 
of the court were Benjamin Rurasey, chief judge; 
Benjamin Mackall, Thomas Jones, Solomon Wright, 
and James Murray. Judge Wright dying in 1801, 
Littleton Dennis succeeded him, and Richard Potts 
was the same year appointed to fill the vacancy caused 
by Judge Murray's death. 

Samuel Chase came to Baltimore to live in 1786, 
won by the liberality of one of his warm admirers, 
John Eager Howard, who gave him a block of land 
on Eutaw and Lexington Streets, where he built a 
solid brick mansion, which many will remember to 
have seen. But Mr. Chase was more of a Baltimorean 
than that, for, though born in Somerset County, he 
was but a few months old when his father, a minister, 
moved to Baltimore to become rector of St. Paul's 
Church. He lived here until he was eighteen, the 
only child of his widowed father. Then he went to 
Annapolis to study law with John Hall and John 
Hammond, passing the bar in 1761, and soon gaining 
distinction. Chase was an impetuous man, — they 
called him " the Demosthenes" of his cause, — and the 
Stamp Act called out all the vehement impulses of 
his soul. He spoke, he wrote, he persuaded, he com- 
pelled the people to give themselves up to the patri- 
otic cause. But his Revolutionary record is known. 
As a lawyer it is enough to say that he won the 
encomiums of Pinkney, Marshall, and Hanson, and 
deserved the confidence of his State. He was an able 
civilian and jurist, yet greatest in legislative and 
political assemblies. He went to England in 1782 as 
agent and trustee of the State to recover its stock in 
the Bank of England; in 1791 he was judge of the 
General Court of the State, and in 1793 judge of 
Baltimore County Court, from which, in 1796, he 
was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court of the 
United States. He was an ardent Federalist and 
partisan ; was impeached, tried, and acquitted, his 
speech in his own defense being considered one of 
the legal classics of the country. Mr. Chase was a 
very companionable man, full of wit and vivacity, 
the author of many pungent sayings, hospitable, and 
cheery. He was six feet in height ; with a well-pro- 
portioned figure, a handsome countenance, his mien 
and presence were dignified and prepossessing. His 
house was long a social centre. He died in 1811 of 
ossification of the heart. 

Judge Chase was a better man, at least so far as 
decency and decorum of conduct went, than Luther 
Martin, but the world never produced a better lawyer 
than this great legal genius, whose knowledge was as 
broad as his judgment was unerring, who had so 
many of the solid parts of the law at his command 
that he could afford to neglect the graces in his plead- 
ings. Unlike Patrick Henry, who trusted to elo- 
quence and genius to carry him through, Martin was 
all his life a student. They lower themselves who 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




think of this man as a simple case lawyer, earning 
fees in order that he might besot himself with brandy. 
He was a profound student, and a student of prin- 
ciples. At Princeton College, in addition to the' 
studies necessary to give him the highest honors in a 
class of thirty-five, Martin took a course of French 
and Hebrew. His parents were poor, but he said that 
in giving him a liberal education they had endowed 
him with "a patrimony for which my heart beats 
towards them with a more grateful remembrance 
than had they bestowed upon me the gold of Peru or 
the gems of Golconda." Luther Martin was born in 
New Brunswick, N. J., in 1744; he was graduated in 
1762, and immediately set out to this State in search 
of a school, securing one at Queenstown, Queen 
Anne's Co., under the patronage of Edward Tilgh- 
man. While teacliing school he studied law, borrow- 
ing books from Judge Solomon Wright, and laboring 
indefatigably. He was often arrested for debt, even 
at that early day, but his studies were never arrested. 
" I am not even yet," he said long after this period, 
" I was not then, nor have I ever been, an economist 
of anything but time." Even while walking on the 
street he would be seen reading some volume or docu- 
ment lest a moment should be wasted. 

Martin was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1771, 
began to practice in 1772, removed to Accomac, and 
thence to Somerset, in Maryland, where his practice 



was soon worth one thousand pounds per annum. 
In his first term in a criminal court, of thirty cases 
he had, twenty-nine resulted in acquittal. He took 
an active and ardent part in the struggle for American 
independence, was member of the Maryland Consti- 
tutional Convention, and the only leading lawyer who 
dared accept the office of attorney-general. Tories 
were abundant in Somerset County at that time, and 
Martin prosecuted them and confiscated their goods 
with an unsparing vigor, and with such an intimate 
knowledge of the law that none escaped. Martin, 
like Chase, was an ardent Federalist politician. He 
defended Chase when impeached, and his defense of 
Burr in his trial for treason is not only one of the causes 
cHibre of the United States, but secured for Martin the 
active, life-long gratitude of the most heartless man the 
country ever produced. This great man died paralytic, 
imbecile, in penury, a pen.sioner. Yet the Maryland 
bar had such a sense of his greatness and of his broad 
contributions to legal science, and their obligations to 
him on that account, that they willingly consented to 
pay an annual license tax for his maintenance, and 
procured an act of the Legislature legalizing the as- 
sessment and collection of the tax, a case probably 
without precedent in professional history. Martin 
stands out among lawyers for presenting the sound 
sense of the law without trick or ornament, in beauty 
unadorned. His knowledge was ahvavs broader than 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



711 




his case ; his mind seemed to grasp, co-ordinate, and I 
classify the principles of the law as if it were one of 
the exact sciences, and his professional accuracy was 
so generally acknowledged 
that his mere opinion was 
considered law, and is still 
deemed sound authority be- 
fore any of our tribunals. i 
It is commonly said that I 
when Wm. Pinkney returned 
iVum Europe (where he had 
l)oen serving as commis- 
sioner under the Jay treaty), 
in the full flush of his ex- 
traordinary powers, and with 
his eloquence pruned and 
chastened down to the tone of English models, 
Martin's great position at the bar fell away. But 
when Pinkney came back Martin, who was twenty 
years his junior, had already -seen his best days, 
and these two were never rivals, nor can they well 
be compared together. Their methods were en- 
tirely difl'erent. Martin's cases and his arguments on 
them grew out of his knowledge of the law, as the 
tree springs from the soil ; but Pinkney built up his 
cases as the architect, with magic design and exact 
eve and selection of faultless material, builds a Stras- 
buia; cathedral or an Alhambra. The art is wonder- 
ful, supernatuial if vou will, but it is art neverthe- 
less 

William Pinknev this magic mechanician, was 
bom at Vnnipolis, March 17, 17G4, had a private 
tutoi HI tlissRs, began to study medicine, finally 
^^ studied law with Samuel 

iPHM mL Chase, and came to the bar 

#^^^ in 1786. He held some legia- 

^L 43^ aSt lative offices, and practiced 

TT, r his profession successfully 

' ''^^ until 1796, when he went to 

England on the .Jay treaty 
( laims commission, and also 
ti} reclaim Maryland's Bank 
of England stock from chan- 
cery. Mr. Pinkney removed 
to Baltimore in 1S06. He was 
attorney-general of Mary- 
land and of the United States, State senator, member 
of Congress, minister to Russia, and United States 
senator, dying in 1822, in the height of his fame. He 
was the most brilliant lawyer the State ever produced, 
but not so sound nor so solid as Martin. Vain, chary 
of his reputation, he never went into a case without 
the most careful and elaborate preparation. He did 
not wish to appear so, but was the most laborious of 
men, studying each theme like an actor preparing his 
l)art. He knew the law deeply, but only regarded it 
as his instrument. He was philosophical and poeti- 
cal in the same way, so that he might fill out and 
round up his nosegay ; yet so consummate was this 




great actor's art — on the country's broadest stage, 
moreover — that his hearers thought him the most 
perfect of orators, and said that he conjoined to 
Burke's turbid thought and tropical rhetoric the 
chaste sentiment of Canning, the sonorous declama- 
tion of Pitt, the vivid fancy of Sheridan, Fox's ardor 
and passion, and Erskine's rapid but eloquent flow. 
Why not? William Pinkney was the aptest pupil 
that ever lived, and during his nine years in England 
he was at school to all these masters. The traditions 
of his triumphs, however, are something wonderful, 
and show him to have been a man of extraordinary 
force and versatility. These triumphs, however, 
were always the personal victories of Mr. Pinkney, 
and only legend tells of th<^m, while the victories of 
Martin were the victories of the law, and its applica- 
tions such that the courts even to this day respond to 
their influence. The distinction is as great as that 
between the appearance and manner of the two men, 
— Marlin, awkward, matter-of-fact, slovenly in speech 
and dress, a great snuff-taker, and often using his 
sleeve in lieu of a handkerchief, sometimes hardly 
sober enough to appear in court, yet never losing or 
tangling the thread of his argument ;' Pinkney, with 
the airs of a, petit maitre, coming into court gloved 
and dressed in the height of fa.shion, or hurrying in, 
booted and spurred, as if he had only remembered 
the case at the last moment, making good play with 
his handkerchief and his pinch of snufi' a ki mar- 
quise, always the actor, afliected even to himself and 
his own thoughts, yet always fortified at every point 
in regard to his own case, terribly in earnest to win 
it, and (^erribly determined to let no rival eclipse him 
in the argument. 

To divide business with these great barristers there 
came to Baltimore in 1802 one of the best-connected 
men of the lower part of the Eastern Shore, William 
H. Winder, of Somerset County. Born in 1775, edu- 
cated in Pennsylvania, studying law under John 
Henry and Gabriel Duvall, Gen. Winder began his 
public career by representing his native county in the 
Legislature. He came to Baltimore, and by tact, 
skill, and the winning grace of his Eastern Shore 
manners soon took a front place in his profession. 
In the war of 1812, while Pinkney only took a com- 
pany command. Winder went regularly into service, 
rose to the rank of brigadier-general and adjutant- 
general, nor did his capture on the Canadian frontier 
nor his inglorious defeat at Bladensburg injure his 
popularity. When he died, in 1824, only forty-nine 
years old, he had the largest practice of any lawyer 
at the Baltimore bar, and one of the largest in the 
United States Supreme Court. 



^ In his latter days Martin could not plead unless under the InHuence 
of stimulants, and the story is ramiliar of the case where his client made 
his fee contingent upon Martin's keeping his promise not to drink. He 
stammered, stumbled, broke down, and at last, seixlint: for a pint of 
brandy and a loaf of bread, ate the requisite stimulant with his bread 
soaked in it, and won his case. 



7ii 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Here, too, about the same time came the illustrious 
son-in-law of Charles Carroll of CarrolltoJi, Robert 
Goodloe Harper, a Virginian by birth, graduate of 
Princeton, representative of South Carolina in Con- 
gress from 1794 to 1801. Harper was Pinkney's age, 
but became United States senator eight years before 
the latter. Gen. Harper was a business lawyer of the 
highest standing, liis social rank was exceptionally 
good, and he had many sterling qualities and solid 
attainments. He was one of the counsel of Judge 
Chase in his impeachment trial ; was a pamphleteer of 
signal ability, as the published volume of his speeches 
and addresses testifies ; took a leading and conspicuous 
part ill the foundation of the American Colonization 
Society, and was foremost in promoting the works of 
internal improvement in which Maryland began to 
embark during his prime. He died very suddenly on 
the 14th of January, 182.5. 

If to these names we add those of Roger Brooke 
Taney, the late chief justice of the United States, 
and William Wirt, whose 
lives, public property, 
do not need to be recited 
here, it will be admitted 
that the early bar of Bal- 
timore deserves all and 
more than the encomi- 
ums that have been be- 
stowed upon it. Taney, 
though he lived down to 
our own times, was the 
contemporary of Harper 
and Winder, of Pinkney 
and Martin. He was 
attorney-general of Maryland, and at the head of the 
profession in the city and State, when Andrew Jack- 
son took him and in rapid succession made him At- 
torney-General of the United States, Secretary of the 
Treasury, and chief justice of the Supreme Court. 
A man of the purest character, the loftiest principles, 
the calmest judgment, the racst unblenching courage,, 
his spotless life and record were proof against the 
foulest breath of calumny and the mo.st frantic con- 
vulsions of cant. He served his State and his country 
well, and rests peacefully in 
his honored grave. Wirt, 
the most amiable and affec- 
tionate, the most loved and 
esteemed of men, did not 
come to the city to live 
until all these greater lights 
of the law had passed away, 
l)ut he had long been their 
intimate and familiar as 
well as their assc^ciate in 
many important cases. 
wH.iiAM wiitT. Wirt was a charming au- 

thor, — his " British Spy" is 
in some sort a classic, — he was eloquent, elegant, and 





ornate, yet it must be confessed his strain was rather 
thin. His oratory and his arguments appear effemi- 
nate and flimsy in contrast with Martin's massive 
logic and Pinkney's subtle reasoning, and even his 
Blennerhassett speech, famous as it is, will not bear 
comparison with the musical style of Harper, much 
less the solid, unadorned opinion of Taney. 

Around these giants in law gathered many men 
who but for comparison with them would have 
shown themselves to be far above the ordinary stat- 
ure. Of these it is only possible to mention the names 
of Thomas Beale Dorsey, William Frick, John Pur- 
viance, Nicholas Brice, Elias Glenn, and Alexander 
Nesbet, all of whom ascended the bench ; Joseph 
Hopper Nicholson, of the old Ea-stern Shore family 
of that name, who was chief judge of the Baltimore 
County circuit, and afterwards (in 180-5) was ap- 
pointed to the Court of Appeals ; William Ward, 
Theodorick Bland, who became chancellor; Zebulon 
Hollingsworth, Stevenson Archer, also chief judge of 
Baltimore County circuit; John Kilty, David Hoff- 
man, the author; Wm. Gwynn, editor of the Federal 
Gazette, and prince of the Delphian Club, etc. Jona- 
than Meredith, a contemporary of all these, lived 
right down into our own times, and deserves the title 
I which was accorded him of " the Nestor of the bar." 
( And meantime the students of all these elders were 
coming forward to restore for a second time the golden 
age, the Safurula reyna, of the Baltimore bar. A good 
I focal point from which to glance at these would be 
the date of the amended constitution of 1838, when 
the Governors of the State were first elected by the 
people. By that time there had been a general re- 
action against the State's policy of internal improve- 
ments, which had involved the community in over- 
whelming debt. The protest of the "glorious nine- 
teen" had succeeded in arousing the people to a 
i consciousness that the State government was degen- 
erating into a mere rotten borough system, and the 
general sentiment was being effectually "democrat- 
ized," so to speak. This had its decided influence 
1 upon the temper and character of the bar, and though 
j the incoming leaders were still Whigs, they were 
Whigs of a very different stamp from the semi-Fed- 
1 eralists of the Harper school. Fogyism was depart- 
ing, like silk stockings and hair powder, and the 
railroad spirit had already made its distinct and rec- 
ognizable impress upon society. 
I Easily first and foremost of the new school, legiti- 
[ mate and worthy successor of Martin and Pinkney, 
Winder and Harper, stands the towering form of 
I John Van Lear McMahon. Born at Cumberland in 
I 1800, taking first honors at Princeton when only seven- 
teen years old, and coming to the bar at nineteen, Mr. 
McMahon was as distinctly a nineteenth century man 
as Messrs. Harper and Carroll were of the eighteenth. 
His immediate success at the bar did not prevent him 
from plunging at once into politics, and in his second 
term in the House of Delegates he became the recog- 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 




nized leader of that body, taking a memorable stand 
in favor of granting equality of civil rights to the 
Hebrews. In 1826 he came to Baltimore to live, was 
twice njain oloctrd to the Legislature as a .lackson 
Democrat, and declined a 
nomination to Congress. It 
was rather a personal issue 
with the Jackson party than 
a change of principles which 
ma. I.' :\r(01uhon turn Whig; 
liis ( 'iinilirihind birth, educa- 
tion, ami associates inclined 
him to favor internal im- 
provements from the first, 
and this he did in a masterful 
way, not only by his eloquent 
J,, II voice, but by his equally ef- 

fective pen, in pamphlets, 
memorials, reports, and in bills and charters which 
embodied and vivified the spirit of the institutions 
he aided in creating. He drew the charter of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first incorporating 
act of the kind ever prepared in this country, and the 
model for all that have succeeded it. This fragment 
of Maryland history, which is one of the monuments 
to Mr. McMahon's memory, has caused the best judg- 
ments to regret that he did not devote himself entirely 
to literary pursuits, for it is in this field that his 
broad and philosophical mind. seemed to exercise 
itself most freely. He was a man of towering genius, 
the equal of any political speakers, a lawyer pro- 
found, astute, full of resources, and knowing at once 
the authority, the precedent, the principle, and the 
" right reason" of every point he made. He was an 
insatiate reader, and a teacher of such winning pow- 
ers that those who listened to him were never con- 
scious of the lapse of time. His oddities and eccen- 
tricities were harmless, and he was the most charm- 
ing and fascinating of companions. 

John Nelson, one of McMahon's rivals at the bar, 
though not thought to be a larger and broader man, 
was by many esteemed to be a better lawyer than even 
that eloquent pleader, who boasted that he never lost 
a case. Mr. Nelson was a most accomplished and 
able barrister ; he was a skillful and astute diploma- 
tist, and a man all of whose varied parts were rounded 
up into perfection by close and exhaustive study, by 
acute analysis and a power of conjoined comprehen- 
sion and apprehension such as is vouchsafed to but 
few men. He was a genial, kindly, warm-hearted, 
thoroughly well-balanced man. His natural endow- 
ments were great, his intellect was luminous and vig- 
orous, and he regarded law as a science, the most in- 
tricate problems of which it was his province, his 
privilege, and his delight to master and unravel. In 
the didactic parts of his profession, before the court 
and before a jury, his rea.soning was close and ex- 
haustive, his logic masterly, but this did not preclude 
him from tlie exercise of a genuine eloquence that 



was pleasing without being florid, and persuasive with- 
out vehemence. The late Reverdy Johnson, in speak- 
ing of Mr. Nelson's powers, said, " I have heard more 
eloquence, more brilliant imagery, more power of 
amplification, and more affluence of learning, but I 
do not think that in force of analysis, clearness of 
arrangement, perspicuity of statement, simplicity of 
language, closeness of logic, and concentration of 
thought I have ever seen Mr. Nelson much, if at all, 
excelled." John Nelson was born in Frederick, Md., 
in 1790 ; he was elected to Congress when only 
twenty-five years old ; appointed minister to Naples 
by Andrew Jackson, and made Attorney-General by 
John Tyler. In the latter position he succeeded the 
brilliant Hugh Swinton Legare, of South Carolina, 
but did not sufl'er in the least by the comparison. He 
died in Baltimore in 1860, after a severe fit of the 
gout. 

It is natural when we speak of McMahon and 
Nelson for the thought to. revert to Reverdy John- 
son. This sturdy oak of 
the law was the senior 
of the great triumvirate, 
in some resjiects like- 
wise the greatest of the 
three. A man of won- 
derful power, both phys- 
ical and mental, com- 
bative, yet subtle, acute, 
yet never wasting time 
on hair-splitting, Mr. 
Johnson's scope and 
range were remarkable. 
He could talk to a jury 

of plain farmers in a simple diction of which they 
understood every word (or thought they did), and so 
make them have perfect faith in a new medical theory 
of " moral insanity," invented by him for the nonce 
and enforced by precept and example. He knew — 
none better than he — how to address the venerable 
judges of the Supreme Court so as to win their ap- 
probation while securing their attention, and giving 
them the pleasing sense of relief from the deluge of 
verbiage perpetually rising around and threatening 
to overwhelm them. He was the readiest of debaters 
in the Senate, where his profound grasp of constitu- 
tional subjects kept him ready armed in any emer- 
gency. He was skillful, astute, and aufait in all the 
language and terms of diplomacy, never losing sight 
of the main issue of his case, while affecting, with 
the politesse of Talleyrand, the indifferent attachment 
of a Walpolc to the middle way of compromise, and 
as an after-dinner speaker he was as clear, as genial, 
as sparkling, and as delightful as a draught of old 
southside Madeira, sunny and golden as the ra.vs in 
which it had ripened. His capacity for work and 
business was almost miraculous. It despised the 
weight of years and the loss of sight, and when his 
last fatal accident befel him, on Feb. 9, 1876, at An- 




7U 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



napolis, liis mind and his powers seemed to be in 
their full vigor. Mr. Johnson was bred in the law. 
The son of Chancellor Johnson the first, the brother 
of Chancellor Johnson the second, he was born in 
Annapolis, May 21, 1796, educated at St. John's Col- 
lege, and taught law in his father's otlice. In 1817 
he came to Baltimore to challenge the stalwart .elders 
whose history we have already sketched. He never 
hesitated to throw down tlie gauntlet to any one. His 
success was immediate and continuous, nor did his 
loss of popularity in consequence of the Bank of 
Maryland troubles affect his standing at the bar. He 
was Attorney-General of the United Suites in 1849, 
United States senator in 1863, minister to England 
in 1868, and besides these received many other im- 
portant appointments at the hands of his State and 
the Federal Government. 

Hon. John Glenn, Mr. Johnson's associate in many 
business enterprises, died in 18-53, being judge of the 
United States District Court. He was the successor 
of Upt<in S. Heath, who had died in February, 1852, 
aged si.xty-seven, after fifteen years' distinguished ser- 
vice on that bench, to which he was appointed by 
President Van Buren. Mr. Glenn w:is essentially a 
business lawyer, attending to what is known as cham- 
ber practice mainly. In this field he had few equals, 
and his business of this sort wa-s probably more ex- 
tensive than that of any of his contemporaries. 

ilr. Johnson took criminal business of importance 
in the Baltimore Criminal Court now and then, and 
■was in this way often brought into contact, and some- 
times in collision, with George R. Richardson, the 
last attorney-general of Maryland under the old con- 
stitution, and one of the most brilliant criminal law- 
yers of his day. Mr. Richardson came to Baltimore 
in 1834, and rose so rapidly that in 1845, when Josiah 
Bayley resigned, the position fell almost naturally to 
him. He never had his equal at the Baltimore bar, 
probably, in the force of his appeals to the jury, not 
to mercy, but to vindicate the majesty of the law. 
The State was his client, and he defended it with all 
the power of his remarkable eloquence, with all the 
acumen of an almost intuitive judgment. His search- 
ing, rigorous cross-examination, his keen sifting and 
analysis of testimony, his bold arraignment and 
scathing impeachment made him the terror of the 
criminal and the dread of the criminal's counsel. He 
was always equal to the occasion, and his energy 
seemed almost resistless. Hon. S. Teackle Wallis, in 
the bar meeting after 3Ir. Richardson's death, spoke 
of " his high attainments, the masculine vigor of his 
thoughts, his close-knit, cogent logic, his intense, im- 
passioned eloquence, that have triumphed here too 
■often to pass away with the breath of his nostrils." 
Mr. Richardson was manly, brave, generous, and had 
a warm and tender heart, iis quick to forgive as to 
resent. He proved this in the collision between him 
and Reverdy Johnson in June, 1843, when it is 
thought that a duel was only prevented by the prompt 



arrest of Mr. Johnson upon Judge Brice's warrant. 
A day or two later the two belligerents met and shook 
hands in open court. They were completely recon- 
ciled, and abided friends until death. 

It was in this court, and principally under the 
abrasions of George R. Richardson's rasp, that the 
late William C. Preston, Richardson's contemporary 
as well as ours, acquired that skill and dexterity 
which made him one of the best criminal lawyers, 
astute and resourceful to a remarkable degree in the 
difficult art of defense. Many another leading crim- 
inal lawyer will acknowledge the same sort of indebt- 
edness to this brigiit intellect. Mr. Richardson was 
born in Worcester County in 1803; came to the Bal- 
timore, bar in 1825. Mr. Bayley made him his deputy 
in 1836, and from that place it was natural for him to 
step into the attorney-general's place. He was a 

! member of the Executive Council of Maryland for 
several years. 

One of the best-known and most estimable lawyers 
of this period was Charles F. Mayer, who, after prac- 
ticing his profession and enjoying the esteem and 
confidence of his fellow-citizens for over forty years, 
died in 1864. A man of business and possessed of 
large interests of various kinds, he wiis also a man 
full of public spirit. He had not held office, beyond 
serving once as State senator, but was identified with 
every movement for the advancement of the city. 
His ways were modest and retiring, but he was not 
only a scholar deeply read and the master of a vigor- 
ous and impressive style, but also a speaker of rare 
force and earnest eloquence. No man was so often 
called upon to deliver addresses upon public occa- 
sions of a momentous or solemn character, and none 
would have surpassed him in this difficult class of di- 
dactic performance. 

^ David Hotfman, LL.D., J.U.D., was, however, the 
leading member of the early bar of Baltimore who 
mingled the sweets of authorship with the excerp- 
tions of the forum. Mr. Hotl'man, though surviving 
until 1854, was born in Baltimore as early as 1784. 
From 1817 to 1836 he was Professor of Law in the 
University of Maryland, and after the termination of 
his connection with this institution, resided two years 
in Europe, and subsequently settled in Philadelphia, 
where he remained until 1847. In the fall of this 
yejir he again visited Europe, returning home in 1853. 
and died suddenly of apople.vy in New York, Nov. 
11, 1854. In 1817 he published " A Course of Legal 
Study," addressed to the students of law in the United 
States, which was rewritten and much enlarged, and 
published in two volumes in 1836. The first edition 
was ably reviewed by Judge Story in the Morth Ameri- 
can BerieiB for July, 1817, in whicJi he said that he 
had " not the slightest hesitation to declare that it 
contained by far the most perfect system for the study 
of the law which has ever been offijred to the public." 
The second edition was reviewed in the same periodi- 

' cal for July, 1838, by George S. Hillard, who com- 




,^^^^.o.-..:^2r ;z$t^,^^ 



THE BENCH AiND BAR. 



(15 



mends the work iu the highest terms ; and it has been 
rewarded by the approbation of Marshall, Kent, De- 
Witt Clinton, and other competent judges iu Europe 
and America. Mr. Hoffman also published in 183G 
one volume of his " Legal Qutlines ;" " Miscellaneous 
Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things," in 1837 ; 
" Viator; or, A Peep into my Note-Book," in 1841 ; 
" Legal Hints," in 1846 ; " Chronicles," two volumes, j 
in 18.55, which was to have been extended to six vol- | 
umes. "If we were called upon," says the North. 
American Review, xlv., 482, " to designate any single 
work which had exercised a greater influence over 
the profession of the law in this country than all j 
others, which had most stimulated the student in his 
studies, most facilitated his labors, and, in fine, most 
contributed to elevate the standard of professional 
learning and morals, we should unhesitatingly select | 
Hoffman's 'Course of Legal Study.' " George S. Hil- 
lard said, " The constant reply of Lagrange to the ' 
young men who consulted him respecting their mathe- 
matical studies was, ' Study Euler ;' and, in like man- 
ner, we should say to every law student from Maine | 
to Louisiana, ' Study Hoffman.' " In the words of 
another admirer of this excellent and useful writer, 
" What Cujacius said of Paul de Castro has been ap- 
propriately applied to Prof. Hoffman's ' Course of 
Legal Study,' — Qui non habet Paulum de Castro, tuni- 
cam vendat, et emat." 

Two other lawyers of a literary turn must be named 
here, Messrs. John'H. B. Latrobe and Isaac Nevett 
Steele. The latter was, if we mistake not, a con- 
tributor to Blackwood's Magazine about 1820-25, and 
if his profession had not captured him and his clients 
bound him down to it, some charming and important 
work must have come from his bright and sparkling 
pen. Mr. Steele is a native of Cambridge, Dorches- 
ter Co., where he was born on the 25th of April, 1809. 
He was the son of James Steele, who was a promi- 
nent citizen of Dorchester, and was the ninth of a 
family of ten children. In 1819 his father removed 
to Annapolis, where Mrs. Steele [nee Miss Mary 
Nevett) had been educated, and where his death oc- 
curred not long afterwards. His demise, however, 
did not interfere with the education of his son, which 
had been commenced at Cambridge under Rev. Na- 
thaniel Wheaton, his private tutor, and was after- 
wards continued at St. John's College, Annapolis, 
and at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. Mr, Steele 
began his law studies at the age of eighteen, in the 
office of Alexander C. Magruder, of Annapolis, com- 
pleting them under the direction of David Hoffman, 
of Baltimore, and coming to the bar in 1830. His 
earlier professional experience was not unlike that of 
the great majority of legal aspirants, — a weary, wait- 
ing time, gradually dawning into hope and success. 
Happily he was not a man to waste this seed-time, 
and when the opportunity that comes to every man 
was at length presented it found him full armed and 
ready to meet on equal terms the best legal talent of 



his day. In 1839 he had so far distinguished himself 
as to attract the attention of the then attorney-gen- 
eral, Josiah Bayley, who appointed him his deputy 
for Baltimore County Court, an appointment con- 
tinued by Mr. Bayley's successor, the late George R. 
Richardson, and retained by Mr. Steele until he re- 
signed it in 1849. 

His health, which had never been robust, and 
which had prevented his graduation at Trinity Col- 
lege, again failed him in 1845, and he was forced to 
seek in foreign travel rest and recreation from the 
labors of his office and the general practice that had 
by this time engaged him. Accordingly he visited 
Europe, and remained abroad eighteen months, 
traveling in England and on the continent. On his 
return to Maryland he at once resumed the practice 
of the law in Baltimore, and in 1849 married Rosa L., 
daughter of the late Hon. John Nelson, of the Balti- 
more and Frederick bar. Still impeded in his pro- 
fessional career by tlie feebleness of a physical con- 
stitution which was unequal to the demands made 
upon it by a vigorous intellect, he accepted in 
1849 the position of c/mrf/e d'affaires to Venezuela, 
in the hope — fully realized by the result — that the 
mild and equable climate of that latitude would 
enable him at last to persevere without interrup- 
tion in the labors of professional life. At Caraccas 
Mr. Steele remained for four years, narrowly es- 
caping death in a struggle with robbers, who broke 
into the house occupied by the legation, in the ex- 
pectation of finding in the dwelling of the charge 
d'affaires the specie which it was customary for per- 
sons to deposit for safe keeping with the diplomatic 
representatives of their respective nationalities. 
While in Venezuela Mr. Steele gained considerable 
credit for having secured the settlement of heavy 
claims on the part of citizens of the United States, 
which had been so long postponed as to be regarded 
as almost hopeless. 

Mr. Steele's health having been restored by his so- 
journ in Venezuela, he returned to the United States 
in 18S3, at once resuming his practice, and devoting 
himself to it without interruption from that time un- 
til the present. Although his connection with poli- 
tics has been merely of a passing character, he was at 
one period chairman of the Whig State Central Com- 
mittee, and has always been found ready to throw the 
weight of his influence and intellect in support of 
the principles which he has believed best for the 
welfare and prosperity of the country, permitting, 
even as late as 1880, the use of his name as one of the 
Democratic Presidential electors of Maryland. No 
other pursuit, however, no matter how tempting or 
attractive, was suffered to divert his mind and ener- 
gies from the profession to which he had devoted 
himself, and it is to this fixedness of purpose and pa- 
tient determination that much of his success is due. 
The first occasion which drew public attention 
strongly to him was the trial of Adam Horn in 1843, 



716 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in which Mr. Steele alone represented the State, con- 
ducting the prosecution against the counsel for the 
defense, two of them of the highest standing in the 
profession, and securing the conviction of the ac- 
cused after a seven days' trial, in which he displayed 
the most conspicuous ability. In the present limits 
it is impossible to enumerate even the most important 
of the many noted eases in which Mr. Steele has been 
engaged during his long professional career. There 
have been few cases before the Maryland courts within 
the last twenty-five years involving great principles 
or large interests in which Mr. Steele has not been 
prominent as counsel, and, with one or two excep- 
tions, his name will be found more frequently in the 
pages of the Maryland reports than any other lawyer 
of his time. After all, though the judges on the 
bench pronounce the decisions, it is sometimes the 
lawyer on the floor below who moulds the judicial 
mind, and it is neither exaggeration nor extravagant 
praise to say that much of that part of the law of i 
the State which is to be found in reported cases and 
judicial decisions bears the impress of Mr. Steele's 
clear, comprehensive, and powerfiil intellect. In his 
mental constitution logic and reason claim the fore- 
most places. Rhetoric and forensic display are dis- 
carded unless they spring naturally and spontane- 
ously from the subject. If there be a weak point 
in his adversary's armor, no matter how ingenious 
the concealment or cunning his fence, it is instantly 
discovered, and as instantly made the object of suc- 
cessful and irresistible attack. In his statement of a 
case ■' he is remarkable for his clearness, and in his 1 
argument of it for his forcible conciseness. At the 
trial table he is cautious and wary, leaving nothing 
to chance, and taking nothing for granted, and when j 
he is done there is little left for any one else to do." 
There is no doubt as to the verdict which posterit)' 
will pass upon his profes.sional rank and career, as 
there is none with regard to the judgment of the 
present generation. He stands easily among the first 
lawyers of the day, and in the future will be classed 
with the brilliant galaxy of legal talent that has 
adorned the history of the Maryland bar. 

Mr. Steele is a member of the Episcopal Church. 
At the annual commencement on the 31st of July, 
1872, the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on 
him by St. John's College, Annapolis. 

John H. B. Latrobe, born May 4, 1803, seems to be 
incapable of either wearing out or rusting out. He j 
has been one of the busiest men in Baltimore for over 
fifty years, — artist, engineer, railroad lawyer, patent 
lawyer, business lawyer, philanthropist, historian, poet, j 
At what point has he not touched society in Baltimore, 
and where has his touch fallen without being felt for the 
good and benefit of all ? No man in the United States 
has a larger store of varied information than Mr. La- 
trobe, and in the way of ana, reminiscences and ob- 
servation, such as a man of the world picks up in the 
: of long inculcation in society of the best sort. 



Mr. Latrobe's memory is an unequaled treasure- 
house. 

To this period also belongs George M. Gill, who 
still gives the community the benefit of his sage coun- 
sel and his local knowledge. Mr. Gill was born in 
Baltimore in 1803; educated at St. Mary's College, 
and brought to the bar when only twenty years old. 
For fifty-eight years he has been in steady practice, 
having much fiduciary business and many public 
trusts in his care. He is not a politician, yet no one 
speaks more boldly or more frequently to the public 
on occasions when the general interests demand it. 
Early in life he was a member of the City Council, 
also city counselor, and he represented Baltimore in 
the Constitutional Convention of 1867, where he was 
eminently successful in securing the adoption of safe- 
guards to protect the city from debt and loose, illicit 
expenditures. 

The last of the lawyers whom we shall attempt to 
mention in connection with this period as fertile in 
legal ability of the first order will be William Schley 
and Hugh Davy Evans. The latter, the best, most 
amiable, most unsophisticated of men, was also the 
most erudite of lawyers in obstrusities and the by- 
paths, the musty precedents and abandoned practices 
of his profession. But he was a man " born out of 
his due time," or, rather, living in the wrong sphere. 
As an English proctor, a judge of a court of arches, 
or the counsel of an Episcopal government, with his 
books in the dim religious shade of a cathedral close, 
Mr. Evans would have been a great success. His 
services were invaluable in consultation. His books 
are accurate and condensed embodiments of the legal 
status of their subjects, his briefs were models in 
their way, but he had no sort of success at the bar 
that was at all proportionate to his talents and indus- 
try. Mr. Schley, on the other hand, was one of the 
most competent and successful barristers and pleaders 
that the Baltimore bar has produced. He knew the 
law well, both the common law, the statutes, and the 
rulings; he was an excellent judge of human nature, 
full of sound practical common sense, and no man 
could be plainer or more logical than he in statement 
and argument. In many respects he resembled Lu- 
ther Martin, and he had the faculty in a remarkable 
degree, both before judge and before jury, of follow- 
ing up, pursuing, and hunting down with pertinacity 
and the unerring instinct of a sleuth-hound the point 
of all others which was the material, vital, and hinge- 
ing point of the case upon which he was engaged. 

In 1851 the issue raised by the "glorious nineteen" 
was finally settled. Governor Philip Francis Thomas, 
in his message to the General Assembly when it met 
in January, 1850, speaking of the long-deferred ques- 
tion of constitutional reform, very plainly told them 
that "unless the wishes of the people in this behalf are 
gratified, the sanction of the Legislature will not 
much longer be invoked." A " Reform Bill" calling 
a constitutional convention was accordingly adopted ; 




4^^^f7^ 



y^;^^ 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



ri7 



the convention met in November, and adopted the 
new constitution of May, 1851. 

This instrument did away with the Court of Chan- 
cery, made judges and court officers elective by the 
people, abolished imprisonment for debt, and radically 
changed the whole court apparatus of the State, sim- 
plifying practice and processes, deeds, and instru- 
ments, and paving the way for codifying the statutes. 
The State was divided into eight judicial districts for 
county courts ; there was a Court of Appeals with four 
judges, and for Baltimore City there were established 
a Court of Common Pleas, a Superior Court, and a 
Criminal Court, to which was afterwards added a City 
Circuit Court. The office of attorney-general was 
abolished. Under this new system John C. Legrand 
was elected chief judge of the Court of Appeals, with 
John Bowie Eccleston, William Hallam Tuck, and 
John Thompson Mason, associates. In the Sixth Ju- 
dicial Circuit, comprising Cecil, Harford, and Balti- 
more Counties, Albert Constable was elected judge. 
When he died, in 1855, the vacancy was filled by 
James M. Buchanan, until the election of John H. 
Price as his successor. In Baltimore City, Judge Wil- 
liam Frick was elected to the Superior Court bench. 
When he died, in 1855, Benjamin C. Presstman was 
appointed, until the election of Zadoc Collins Lee. 
When he died Robert M. Martin was appointed. 
William L. Marshall was elected judge of the Com- 
mon Pleas, and Henry Stump judge of the Criminal 
Court. The latter was removed by impeachment in 
1860, and Hugh Lennox Bond appointed. Under the 
constitution of 1867, under which we now live, the 
Baltimore County circuit has Richard Grason, chief 
judge, and George Yellott and A. W. Bateman asso- 
ciates. The chief judge of the Court of Appeals is 
James Lawrence Bartol. In Baltimore City there is 
what is called the Supreme Bench. As originally 
elected, it comprised Thomas Parkin Scott, chief 
judge, George W. Dobbin, Henry F. Garey, Camp- 
bell Whyte Pinkney, and Robert Gilmor. George 
William Brown is now chief judge, vice Scott, de- 
ceased. These judges sit alternately on the benches 
of the Superior Court, the Court of Common Pleas, 
the Criminal Court, the Circuit Court, and the City 
Court. 

Another of the thoroughly-sound lawyers at the 
Baltimore bar is George Hawkins Williams, who was 
born in Baltimore, Oct. 5, 1818. He belongs to a 
family distinguished in both the earlier and later 
history of Massachusetts. His father, George Wil- 
liams, was a native of Roxbury, in that State, and a 
descendant of Robert Williams, the founder of the 
American branch of the family, and one of the earli- 
est settlers of Roxbury, where many of its represen- 
tatives still reside. Attracted by the more genial 
climate of Maryland, George Williams determined to 
remove to this State, and soon after his arrival more 
completely identified himself with his new home by 
a matrimonial alliance with one of the most promi- 
4(5 



nent families of Maryland. His wife, Elizabeth 
Bordley Hawkins, was the daughter of Matthew 
Hawkins, of Queen Anne's County, whose ancestors 
had settled in that region previous to the date of Lord 
Baltimore's charter. The family were originally set- 
tlers of Poplar Island, but afterwards removed to 
Queenstown, where its members occupied a leading 
position from the earliest period of colonial history. 
One of its representatives was judge of the Provin- 
cial Court about 1700, and another, Ernault, at a 
later period was surveyor-general of the customs. 
Through the Fosters and the Lowes they were con- 
nected with the family of Lord Charles Baltimore, 
and were also related to the DeCourcys, and through 
the Marshes with the Formans of Clover-Fields, the 
Tilghmans of Hope, and the Chamberses and other 
families at Chestertown. Of John, the judge of the 
Provincial Court, the father of the surveyor-general, 
and the son of Thomas, the emigrant, a very inter- 
esting memorial remains in the possession of the 
vestry at Centreville, consisting of a large and mas- 
sive piece of silver-plate in an excellent state of 
preservation. A fragment of his son's tombstone may 
yet be seen near Queenstown, but the date of Er- 
nault's death can be ascertained only by a reference 
to the correspondence of Elizabeth, his widow, now 
in the keeping of the descendants of the Hon. Thomas 
Hands, at Chestertown.' 

Descended thus from the best blood of Massachu- 
setts and Maryland, George H. Williams was care- 
fully educated and prepared to enter the Harvard 
University, at which he graduated in 1839 with the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts. He at once commenced 
his legal studies under the direction ol' William 
Schley, and soon proved himself a student worthy of 
his distinguished instructor. Upon his admission to 
the bar he at once took high rank in his profession, 
and his reputation has since steadily kept pace with 
the progress of time. In many branches of the law 
Mr. Williams has few equals even among the most 
distinguished of his contemporaries, and as a mer- 
cantile lawyer especially he has no superior at the 
Maryland bar. As a speaker Mr. Williams is pe- 
culiarly happy, and possesses the rare faculty of 
presenting his cases in a manner at once attractive 
and forcible, interesting both judge and jury at one 
and the same time, and convincing both while per- 
haps addressing only one. In politics Mr. Williams 
is a Democrat of tlie most pronounced character, and 
has always been a stanch supporter of all the measures 
and men of the party to which he belongs. In 1877 
he was elected to the House of Delegates from Balti- 
more County, and although this was the first occasion 
on which he had accepted political office, he at once 
took a leading position in the General Assembly. 
His principal object in entering the political arena 
was the defeat of the efibrt to extend the city limits, 



We are indebted for these particulars to Davis' Day t 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and in spite of powerful opposing influence lie tri- 
umphed in this contest, and also in his opposition to 
the attempt to effect the repeal of the law requiring 
one of the United States senators from Maryland to 
be a resident of the Eastern Sliore. In 1879 he was 
elected to the State Senate from Baltimore County, 
taking his seat at the session of 1880, and is recog- 
nized as one of the ablest members of that body, where 
he did efficient and valuable service as a member of 
the Committees on Finance, Education, Library, and 
Article 3, Section 24 of the Constitution. 

Mr. Williams is a member of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Church. He was mariied in January, 1848, to 
Eleanor A. Gittings, only daughter of the late John 
S. Gittings, and has had seven children, of whom six 
— two .sons and four daughters — are living. His 
eldest son, George May, who died in 1880, was a 
young man of the brightest promise intellectually, as 
well as of a peculiarly pure and exalted moral charac- 
ter. He was a member of the bar, and had been 
educated at Oxford, England, graduating at the col- 
lege of St. .John the Baptist in 1872. The youngest 
son is now at the Charter House, Surrey, England, 
and will complete his education at Oxford. 

While Mr. Williams is a thorough lawyer and mas- 
ter of his profession in its every detail and depart- 
ment, he is at the same time a gentleman of broad 
and varied culture, and brings to the discharge of his 1 
professional duties an intellect enriched by extensive i 
and careful reading, and a natural genius brightened I 
by communion with the best minds of all the ages. 

John C. Legrand died in September, 1861, at the 
early age of forty-seven. He conjoined political 
talents of the sort which most quickly wins popu- 
larity to a well-balanced legal mind and that splen- 
did oratorical power by which multitudes are swayed 
and controlled. In this respect he resembled the late 
Judge Albert Constable, one of the men who have 
made .the deepest sort of impression upon the Balti- 
more County bar. Albert Constable was a man of re- 
markable brilliancy, and of almost meteoric success. 
He studied his profession with intense ardor and appli- 
cation, and when he came to the bar of Cecil County 
leaped at once to success as one who mounts a gallop- 
ing steed. In Congress his career was that of a man 
of mark and distinction from the very first, and on 
the bench he proved himself at once to be one of the 
ablest and mo.st conscientious bf judges. His "strict 
attention to his arduous duties in connection w5th 
that cause ciltibre, the Colvin will case, was the im- 
mediate cause of his death. Mr. Constable's public 
services in office, however, were not near so long nor 
continuous as those of Judge Legrand, who was 
Speaker of the House of Delegates, Secretary of State, 
judge of the County Court, and chief justice, serving 
eighteen years continuously on the bench. He was a 
man of prodigious memory and wide miscellaneous 
reading outside of his i)rofession, and one of the most 
genial and charming companions. 



j Hon. James M. Buchanan, who succeeded Judge 
Constable, came of an old Baltimore County family, 
in every way prominent in its annals. Mr. Buchanan 

, entered politics early in life; he was postmaster at 
Baltimore in 1845, and minister to Denmark from 
1856 to 1860, besides holding many other positions of 

[ trust and responsibility. 

Thomas Parkin Scott, the first chief judge of the 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, was born in that 
city in 1804. He was graduated at St. Mary's College, 
read law, and came into a large chancery and chamber 
practice. He was auditor of the Court of Chancery 
for thirty-three years. He served a term in the City 
Council, and in 1861, while a member of the Legis- 

{ lature, he was arrested and imprisoned in Fort La- 

: fayette, and other bastiles of the United States, being 
detained in custody for fourteen months, and then 

j released without accusation or trial. In 1867 he was 
elected judge of the City Court, and in October, same 
year, chief judge of the Supreme Bench. 

Another member of the Legislature, arrested at the 

I same time with Judge Scott, was Charles H. Pitts, one 

i of the most accomplished and most beloved members 
of the Baltimore bar, who died in 1864. Mr. Pitts was 
endowed with those qualities which give usefuln&ss 
and honor to his calling, thoroughly grounded in the 
principles of his profession, and quick and able in 

1 their perception and application. He was distin- 
guished for his taste and judgment as an advocate, 
was eloquent, witty, and forcible, full of manliness, 
honor, and loyalty to duty and to friendship.' Mr. 
Pitts was a native of Frederick, but made Baltimore 
his home from the time that he came to the bar. 
The profession had no greater favorite than Mr. Pitts. 
Among the most prominent members of the bar of 
to-day is Archibald Stirling, Jr. Mr. Stirling is the son 
of the venerable Archibald Stirling, now in his eighty- 
fourth year, and president of the Baltimore Savings- 
Bank, with which he has been so long identified that 
a full account of the life of Mr. Stirling would be a 
history of the bank. Tlie father of Archibald Stirl- 
ing, Sr., was James Stirling, who was born in Scot- 
land and emigrated to Baltimore in 1765 ; he served 
in the Baltimore cavalry troop at the siege of York- 
town. The wife of James Stirling was born in Penn- 
sylvania, of a family from the north of Ireland, settled 
in Pennsylvania long prior to the Revolution. 
■ The maternal grandfather of Archibald Stirling, Jr., 
vWis Jacob Walsh, born in Baltimore of ancestors who 
settled in Pennsylvania in the early times of that col- 
ony. Margaret Yates, the maternal grandmother, was 
the daugliter of Maj. Thomas Yates, of Baltimore, who 
served in the American army during the Revolution. 
Archibald Stirling, Jr., married, June 13, 1855, at 
Wye Heights, Talbot Co., Md., Anne Steele Lloyd, 
daughter of Daniel Lloyd, of Talbot County, Md. ; 
was descended from Edward Lloyd, of Wye, who 
came to Maryland from Virginia in 1650. She was 
the granddaughter, on her mother's side, of Arthur 





'.^<p 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



Upshur, of Accomac County, Va., and daughter of j 
Virginia Lloyd, nee Upshur. 

Mr. Stirling was educated at j)rivate schools in Bal- 
timore, chiefly at the schools of Thomas D. and E. 
Thompson Baird, and at that of Michael McNally, 
from whence he went to Princeton College and was 
graduated in 18.51. 

Returning to Baltimore, he studied law with John \ 
H. B. Latrobe, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. 
He has gradually risen to the first rank of lawyers at 
the bar of this city ; was city counselor of Baltimore 
City from 1858 to 1863, and State's attorney for the i 
city from 1863 to 1864, and is at present United States 
district attorney for Maryland, having been appointed 
in 1869 by President Grant, and retained by President 
Hayes. Mr. Stirling was brought up a Whig in pol- 
itics, casting his first vote for Gen. Scott for President 
in 1852. He acted with the American party and with 
the Union party during the war, and has since been 
a recognized leader of the Republican party. He was 
a member of the House of Delegates from Baltimore 
City in the session of 1858, and was chairman of the 
Committee of Ways and Means. His religious con- 
nections are with the Presbyterian Church, as were 
those of his father's family, while his wife belongs to 
the Protestant Episcopal Church. Having early made 
the practice of law his selection of a profession, he has 
steadily adhered to it, and made for himself a name 
and reputation at the Baltimore bar. Firm and de- 
cided in his political opinions, he has always exhibited 
the courage of his convictions and firmly maintained 
his principles without regard to their popularity in 
the community. Respected by his professional asso- 
ciates and esteemed by the whole community, Mr. 
Stirling's success in life has been attained without 
the least unpopularity. 

Henry Winter Davis, despite the political estrange- 
ments to which his radical opinions and his boldness 
in expressing them gave rise, is acknowledged on all 
hands to have been one of the brightest and most 
conspicuous ornaments of the bar of Maryland. He 
was but forty-nine years old when his death occurred, 
in December, 1865, yet he had reached a prominent 
and commanding position in national affairs. Born 
in Annapolis in 1817, he was educated at Kenyon 
College, Ohio, and the University of Virginia, with 
the idea of becoming a minister of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church. He however, passed the bar in 
Alexandria, Va., and after practicing there a while ; 
came to Baltimore in 1850. He was always fond of 
polemics, however, and .shone in ecclesiastical contro- 
versy. He was in every way a ripe scholar, full of 
various attainments carefully elaborated, and must 
have attained success as a writer rf his oratorical 
powers had not swept him away. As an orator he 
scarcely had his equal, and he was as impressive 
on the stump as he was in legislative halls. As 
elector on the Scott ticket in 1852, he canvassed the 
State as it had never been canvassed before. Then he ' 



1^ 

<RY WINTER DAVIS. 



joined the Know-Nothing movement, and represented 
Baltimore in the Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, and 
Thirty-sixth Congresses, and 
again in the Thirty-eighth, 
having been defeated for the 
Thirty - seventh by Hon. 
Henry May. Mr. Davis was 
a master of elocution. His 
mind was a store-house of 
immense reading, which his 
memory kept ready parceled 
for his service; he was highly 
imaginative, had great power 
of invective, and his wit and 
sarcasm were mordant to the 
last degree. He was one of 
the ablest debaters who ever 
went to Congress, and a man of superb genius, im- 
posing presence, and possessing the faculty of com- 
mand in a distinguished degree. 

Richard James Gittings wa.s born on May 22, 1830, 
on the family estate of " Roslin," in the Eleventh 
District of Baltimore County. His father was Dr. 
David Sterett Gittings, who was born Aug. 17, 1797, 
and was married to Julianna West Howard, the 
daughter of Col. .John Beale Howard, who was born 
on Sept. 26, 1798. She died on Jan. 16, 1847. The 
father of David Sterett Gittings was Richard Git- 
tings, who married Polly, the daughter of John 
Sterett; and John Sterett's wife was Deborah, the 
daughter of John Ridgely, the eldest son of the 
original proprietor of the Hampton estates. Richard 
Gittings was the son of James Gittings, who married 
the daughter of Dr. George Buchanan, one of the 
founders of Baltimore. The wife of Dr. George Bu- 
chanan was Eleanor Rogers, and he was the owner of 
the Druid Hill estate, now Druid Hill Park. Dr. 
Buchanan was the father of Gen. Andrew Buchanan, 
the lieutenant of Baltimore County during the Revo- 
lution, and afterwards chief judge of the County 
Court; also of William Buchanan, one of the first 
registers of wills of Baltimore City and County, 
grandfather of James M. Buchanan, late United 
States minister to Denmark, and great-grandfather 
of Admiral Franklin Buchanan, of the Confederate 
States navy, the commander of the ironclad " Vir- 
ginia" in the fight with the " Monitor" in Hampton 
Roads in March, 1862. The brother of Richard Git- 
tings was James Gittings, who was the father of Lam- 
bert Gittings and the late John S. Gittings. The two 
brothers, Richard and James, married two sisters, the 
daughters of John and Deborah Sterett, so that Dr. 
David Sterrett Gittings and John Sterett Gittings 
were doubly first cousins. Dr. David Sterett Git- 
tings was educated at Dickinson College, at Carlisle, 
Pa., and was graduated in medicine at the Maryland 
University. He then went abroad to complete his 
prpfessional training, and spent two years in the hos- 
pitals of London, Paris, and Edinburgh. In the year 



720 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



1820 he returned to the United States, and took up 
the practice of his profession in Baltimore County, 
where he still resides. He was a contemporary and a 
life-long friend of the late Prof. Nathan R. Smith, 
and also of Prof. John Buckler. The wife of Dr. 
Gittings was, as has been stated, the daughter of Col. 
John Beale Howard. Col. Howard's wife was Mar- 
garet West, daughter of Rev. William West, once the 
rector of St. Paul's parish. 

Richard James Gittings was married June 5, 1855, 
at Woodlawn, the seat of the bride's femily, in Anne 
Arundel County, to Victoria, the daughter of the late 
Col. Alfred Sellman. They have five daughters and 
one son, David Sterett Gittings, Jr., who is now going 
through the courses at the Johns Hopkins University. 
When Mr. Gittings was ten years of age he went to 
boarding-school at New London Cross-Roads, Chester 
Co., Pa., and among his comrades there were Edwin 
H. Webster, since that time member of Congress and 
collector of customs at the port of Baltimore, and 
John C. King, afterwards Judge King. After leaving 
this institution he was placed at a boarding-school at 
Sweet Air, under the charge of Rev. Stephen Yerkes, 
who was a graduate of Yale University and a clergy- 
man of the Presbyterian Church, and is now Professor 
of Ancient Languages at Danville Seminary, Ken- 
tucky. Prof. Yerkes combatted Mr. Gittings' inten- 
tion to prepare for mercantile life and successfully 
advised him to prepare for college. The preparatory 
course was undertaken under the supervision of Prof. 
Yerkes, and in 184G, Mr. Gittings entered the College 
of New Jersey at Princeton. He graduated in 1849, 
receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts and taking 
the second honors in a class of eighty, of which he 
was next to the youngest. At the commencement ex- 
ercises he delivered the English salutatory. Among 
his classmates were Basil L. Gildersleeve, now of 
Johns Hopkins University, and Gen. Bradley T. 
Johnson. He commenced the study of law in the 
oflSce of George Harlan Williams, where he remained 
for two years, and then entered the law school of Har- 
vard Universit)' on Sept. 11, 1850. He continued his 
studies here until July 21, 1852, when he was graduated 
and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. 

The custom then was to have at the annual com- 
mencements a jury trial, the law students electing two 
counsel for the plaintiff" and two for the defendant. A 
fictitious case was made up by one of the professors, 
and the written evidence for the defendant and that 
for the plaintiff' was made as nearly equal as possible. 
The jury were selected from the senior class of the 
Collegiate Department. The trial was public, and the 
court was presided over by one of the professors, who at 
the close of the argument delivered his charge to the 
jury. On this occasion, in the year 1852, Mr. Git- 
tings was made senior counsel for the defendant, and 
his opponent was his room-mate, George R. Locke, 
of Louisville, Ky. The legal and forensic contest 
lasted for several days, and the end of it was a drawn 



battle. Mr. Gittings was admitted to practice in the 
Circuit Court for Baltimore County on Dec. 4, 1852, 
by Judge Albert Constable, then presiding, and with- 
in the next year he was passed to the bar of the 
Court of Appeals of Maryland, and that of the Su- 
preme Court of the United States. He rented an 
office in common with Arthur Webster Machen, who 
. had been his classmate at Harvard, and they formed 
a partnership in the practice of the law which still 
exists. In 1855, Mr. Gittings was elected State's at- 
torney for Baltimore County over Lloyd W. Wil- 
liams, who had held the ofiice for the preceding term 
of four years. In 1859 he was re-elected, his oppo- 
nent then being Richard Grason, now chief judge 
of the circuit and on the bench of the Court of Ap- 
peals. In 1876 he was an elector upon the Tilden 
and Hendricks ticket, and this was the last of his 
political experiences. Among the more important 
trials in which Mr. Gittings has been engaged was 
that of Cropps and Corrie, who were convicted of the 
murder of Policeman Rigdon and hanged. The case 
was removed from the Criminal Court of Baltimore 
City to the Circuit Court for Baltimore County while 
Mr. Gittings was State's attorney for Baltimore 
County. The most remarkable criminal cases in 
which he has appeared for the defendant were the 
trial of Samuel McDonald for the killing of Berry 
Amos, and the Mount Hope case, when the oflScers 
of the Mount Hope Insane Asylum were indicted 
for conspiracy upon the testimony of some of the 
inmates of the institution. 

Mr. and Mrs. Gittings are members of the Protest- 
ant Episcopal Church, and he is a vestryman of 
Christ Church in the city of Baltimore, and one of the 
trustees of the Christ Church Orphan Asylum. Mr. 
Gittings' children are Leila, born April 6, 1858 ; 
David Sterett, June 7, 1861 ; Anna Sellman, April 
3, 1863; Louisa, May 11, 1865; Mary Sterett, Dec. 
10, 1872; and Victoria Elizabeth, Feb. 11, 1879. 

Aloysius Leo Knott was born near New Market, 
Frederick Co., Md., May 12, 1829. His father was 
Edward Knott, a native of Montgomery County, 
Md., and for many years a successful farmer and 
planter both in that county and the adjoining county 
of Frederick. His grandfather, Zachary Knott, was 
born in St. Mary's County, Md., but shortly after the 
Revolutionary war removed to Montgomery County, 
where he engaged extensively in raising tobacco. 
The father of Mr. Knott was a soldier in the war of 
1812. His ancestors were from Yorkshire, England, 
and came to this country in 1642, at which time they 
settled in St. Mary's County, John Knott being the 
pioneer of the family in Baltimore County. The 
mother of Mr. Knott was Elizabeth Sprigg Sweeney, 
daughter of Allen Sweeney, of Chaptico, St. Mary's 
Co., Md., and granddaughter of Allen Sweeney, an 
officer who allied himself with the fortunes of the 
Pretender, fought bravely at Culloden, and escaped 
to America from that disastrous field. 



THE BENCH AND BAE. 



721 



When eight years of age the subject of this sketch j 
was sent to St. John's Literary Institute, Frederick 
City. This school was established by the late Eev. 
John McElroy, and was under the supervision of the 
Jesuits. After three years of careful training young 
Knott accompanied his parents to Baltimore in 1842, 
and was matriculated at St. Mary's College in that 
city. After six years of diligent study he graduated 
from that institution with honor in 1847. Mr. Knott 
selected teaching as his first venture in life, and se- 
cured a position as assistant in the Cumberland Acad- 
emy. Here he remained for a year, when he was 
offered and accepted a position as teacher of Algebra 
and Greek in St. Mary's College, his almamater. He 
passed two years in the college with pleasure to him- 
self and profit to those placed under his charge. He 
then determined to embrace law as his profession, 
and entered the office of William Schley, at that time 
and until his death one of the ablest lawyers and 
most powerful advocates at the bar of Baltimore. 
Mr. Knott suspended his studies after he had read 
law for a year to become the principal of the Howard 
Latin School, in Howard County, Md., an institu- 
tion founded by himself and which enjoyed unusual 
prosperity for many years. Mr. Knott returned to 
Baltimore in 1855 and re-entered the law-office of 
William Schley, where he remained until he had 
completed his studies, and upon motion of his pre- 
ceptor he was admitted to practice in the courts of 
Baltimore City. He entered into a law partnership 
with the late James H. Bevans, which, after a lapse 
of two years and a half, was dissolved, and Mr. Knott 
began the practice of law on his own account. 

He took a lively interest in the exciting political 
struggles which were inaugurated in Baltimore with 
the advent of the American or Know-Nothing party, 
and in 1858 he entered the political arena and at- 
tracted general attention by his manly efforts to rid 
the city of the mob rule which had been fastened on 
her, and from which she was released by the cam- 
paign of 1859. In 1859 he was sent from Baltimore 
as a delegate to the Democratic State Convention, 
which assembled in Frederick in the month of Au- 
gust, and was chosen secretary to the convention. 
He was elected chairman of the executive committee 
of the Democratic City Convention in 1860. During 
the summer of 1860 it became apparent that the two 
wings of the Democratic party could not much longer 
hold together. The strife developed at the Charleston 
Convention ripened before that body reassembled in 
Baltimore, and the delegates had not been in session 
many hours in the Front Street Theatre when the 
party was rent in twain, with Mr. Douglass as the 
leader of one faction and John C. Breckenridge of the 
other. Mr. Knott regarded the former as the embodi- 
ment of Democratic principles, and gave him his earn- 
est support in the subsequent campaign. He made 
many eloquent speeches in the State, and won for 
himself an enviable reputation as an orator and de- 



bater. His views were conservative, and after the 
election of Abraham Lincoln he made strong efforts 
to bring together the best men in the State for the 
formation of a conservative party, which should repel 
the extremes of sectionalism both North and South, 
and make a determined stand for the preservation of 
the Union. The intention was noble, but events 
were rushing on to a catastrophe too rapidly to be 
stayed by one man or set of men, and Mr. Knott, find- 
ing his most cherished wishes defeated, retired for 
three years from public life and devoted himself to 
the practice of his profession. These were doubtless 
precious years in his career ; they gave time for re- 
flection, study, and the crystallization of opinions 
which were but yet crude in their character. That 
Mr. Knott availed himself of the opportunity thus 
presented may be readily inferred from the complete- 
ness of his character and the maturity of his views 
when he again appeared in public life. In 1864 the 
Republican party had gained absolute control of the 
State Legislature. Through successive disfranchising 
acts, intimidation of voters by the military at the 
polls, and the arrest and incarceration of prominent 
citizens, they had cemented their power until scarcely 
a corporal's guard of the Democratic party could be 
mustered. 

At this .juncture a bill was passed submitting to the 
people a call for a convention to frame a new consti- 
tution. The leaders of the Democratic party saw in 
this move the source of infinite misfortune to the 
State. They could only judge the future by the past, 
and using that standard there was no bright spot in the 
political horizon. The few stanch Democrats left in 
the Legislature of 1864 determined to make an effort 
to nip this project in the bud, and with that end in 
view a conference was called at Annapolis, in Febru- 
ary of that year, of the leading Democrats of the 
State. There were present at this meeting Hon. 
Thomas G. Pratt, Judge Oliver Miller, Daniel Clark, 
Senator Briscoe (of Calvert), and Col. John F. Dent. 
Committees were appointed for the counties and for 
Baltimore City, to thoroughly canvass the State and 
create a feeling of opposition to the proposed conven- 
tion. Geo. M. Gill, Dr. John Morris, Hon. Wm. Kim- 
mell, Joshua Vansant, and A. Leo Knott composed 
the committee for this city. At their first meeting it 
was disclosed that the harmony necessary to success- 
ful action did not exist, and nothing of moment was 
accomplished afterwards. The convention was called, 
with very slight opposition, and a constitution framed 
which realized the darkest apprehensions of those in 
opposition. Sweeping political proscription was its 
most prominent feature, and there were other clauses 
which threatened at one blow to erase from existence 
the entire property of thousands of citizens. It was 
determined to make a strong fight against this obnox- 
ious instrument, but it was necessary, in the first place, 
to reorganize the party and place it in accord with 
the Democracy of the North for the approaching Pres- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



idential campaign. Mr. Knott drew up the first call 
for the reorganization of the party in Baltimore City, 
June, 18G4, and it was published in the daily papers. 
Delegates were elected to a city convention, and the 
members, from prudential motives, assembled in the 
daytime. A State convention followed shortly after- 
wards. Mr. Knott was a delegate to both conventions. 
By the latter he was chosen a delegate to the National 
Democratic Convention which met at Chicago and 
selected as candidates for the Presidency and Vice- 
Presidency of the United States Gen. George B. Mc- 
Clellan and Hon. George H. Pendleton, respectively. 
Mr. Knott was the candidate of the Democratic party 
for Congress in the Third Congressional District 
during this year, his opponent being Gen. Charles E. 
Phelps. The result of the election, as was antici- 
pated, was unfavorable to the Democratic party. In 
1865 efforts were made to modify the obnoxious pro- 
visions of the new constitution. In the summer of 
that year important dift'erences were developed be- 
tween President Andrew Johnson and the Congress 
of the United States. His attempts to carry out the 
policy of his predecessor were regarded with disfavor 
by the Republicans of the country, as reflected in 
Congress, and the differences soon ripened into hos- 
tility. It was considered a favorable moment for the 
people of Maryland to present their grievances and 
sue for the interposition of the jjower ul' the execu- 
tive. 

By the advice of Hon. Francis P. Blair, Sr., and 
Hon. Montgomery Blair, a committee composed of 
Col. William P. Maulsby, William Kimmel, and A. 
Leo Knott, representing the State Central Committee 
(Mr. Knott being the secretary of that body), went 
to Washington, June 17, 1865, and explained to Presi- 
dent Johnson the disabilities under which the people i 
of the State were laboring, and the iniquitous clauses 
in the new constitution which produced these evils. | 
Mr. Johnson was non-committal as to any aid he | 
might extend in the premises, though he expressed 
hostility to the proscriptive clauses of the new con- 
stitution, and symiiathy for the oppressed people of 
the State. Early in 1866, when it had become ap- 
parent that the breach between the President and ■ 
Congress could not be closed, another movement was 
made in Baltimore to throw off the incubus of the 
new constitution, which resulted in a grand mass- 
meeting at the Maryland Institute, February 22d, at i 
which time was accomplished a fusion of the Demo- 
crats with the moderate or Johnson Republicans. 
Mr. Knott displayed an active interest in securing the 
union of these elements of conservatism in Mary- 1 
land, a union which almost immediately led to the 
reformation of the constitution. In the fall of this 
year, after a bitter and exciting struggle, Mr. Knott 
was elected a delegate to the Legislature from the | 
Third Legislative District of Baltimore City by the 
Democratic-Conservative party. Mr. Knott developed 
marked legislative ability <lnring the session, lie 



was selected as chairman of several of the most im- 
portant committees, notably the Committees on Elec- 
tion and on Internal Improvements, and rendered 

j very efficient services on a number of other commit- 
tees. He was placed on the joint special committee 

) of the Senate and House, which was formed on the 
second day of the session, with Hon. Richard B. Car- 
michael as chairman, to report a bill to reform the 
constitution of the State. Mr. Knott was a strenuous 
advocate for a, convention, and also for the retention 
of the basis of representation of 1864, which gave to 
Baltimore a largely-increased representation in the 
State Legislature. The Legislature of 1866 passed 
the Enfranchisement Bill and the bill for a conven- 
tion, and by the adoption of the new constitution the 
State was restored to its normal condition, and the 
reins of government passed into the hands of the 
party which represented the sympathies and interests 
of the majority of the inhabitants. 

In 1867, Mr. Knott was elected by the Democratic 
party State's attorney for Baltimore City. He was 
re-elected in 1871, and again in 1875. This is a suf- 
ficient indorsement of his fidelity as a public officer ; 
but Mr. Knott was not only faithful in the discharge 
of his duties, he brought to the oflice a thorough 
knowledge of its duties and the proper method of 
enforcing them, a ripe judgment, a scholarly mind, 
and more than ordinary powers as an advocate. Un- 
der his administration, aided by the upright judges 
who presided over the Criminal Court, Baltimore was 
almost entirely freed from a vicious element which 
was the cause of serious injury to the interests of the 
city in former years. As a lawyer, Mr. Knott ranks 
well. He is an easy speaker, a ready debater, cool 
and deliberate, and so perfectly posted as rarely to be 
thrown off his guard by the keenest antagonist. He 
is pleasant in manner, and the sharp conflicts which 
necessarily occur at the bar in his case leave no scars 
to tell of the severity of the struggle. 

Samuel Snowden, of the Baltimore bar, was born 
in Anne Arundel County, Oct. 13, 1833. His father 
was Samuel Snowden, sou of Philip and Patience 
(Hopkins) Snowden; and they trace their descent 
directly back to Richard Snowden, of Wales, who 
came to Maryland in the seventeenth century. The 
mother of Samuel Snowden, the subject of our sketch, 
was Mary Richardson, of West River, Anne Arundel 
Co. He married. May 13, 1864, in Baltimore City, 
S. Emma Hoff, daughter of Jacob Hoff, a native of 
Wurtemberg, and Adeline, nh- Whiting, a native of 
Massachusetts. 

His early education was obtained in the public 
schools of Anne Arundel, until 1846, when he at- 
tended St. John's College until 1849, in which year 
he removed to Columbus, Ohio, and took a position 
as clerk in a mercantile house until 1852, when he 
returned to Annapolis and clerked for James Iglehart 
& Co. until 1855, and then returned to Columbus, Ohio, 
as book-keeper for .). G. lUitlcr, and remained until 




GyU^uy^y^^ dyM^-riyr^y^ 







A-(L-^.^t/~Ci,^zyC^ 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



723 



1857. In that year he removed to Baltimore, and 
entered the law-office of the Hon. Henry F. Garey, 
and was admitted to the bar in September, 1859. He 
has since pursued his profession with a marked de- 
gree of success, — "keeping his office, his office has 
kept him," — until he has taken rank among the first 
lawyers at the bar of Baltimore. He always thoroughly 
prepares his cases, and his arguments and propo- 
sitions of law are highly respected by the bench. His 
knowledge of the law is accurate and extensive. He 
lias had the largest trial docket of any lawyer at the 
bar, as well as a lucrative office practice. His profes- 
sional work is indicated in the Maryland reports, 
where numerous important cases in which he has 
been employed are set forth, and among them may be 
mentioned the Parkersburg bond case, the Highland 
Park Land Company cases, Doll vs. Citizens' Fire 
Insurance Company, Rice vs. Hoffman, and many 
others. In politics a Democrat, but, with the e.xcep- 
tion of school commissioner in 1867-68, he has avoided 
public office, and confined his labors to his profes- 
sion. Here devotion on his part has been rewarded 
with a large practice, as well as a comfortable fortune. 
He is a member of the Masonic order and of the I. O. 
O. F. By the latter he was sent in 1869 as grand 
representative to the Grand Lodge, which met in San 
Francisco, Cal. He is a member and trustee of the 
Mount Vernon Methodist Episcopal Church. 

The bar of Baltimore to-day, as refiected in its 
living and active members, both those upon the 
shady side of the hill and those younger men who 
are gallantly climbing towards the summit, is not un- 
worthy in any respect of the distinguished ancestry 
whose faint outline has been painted in the jireceding 
jiages. The profession holds out the same high re- 
wards to honorable industry, cultivated talents, pro- 
bity, and integrity, and our contemporaries toil with 
an inherited zeal and compete with an ardor trans- 
mitted through unbroken generations for the same sort 
of distinction as that which compensated Chase and 
Martin, Pinkney and McMahon. Those who lightly 
pretend to believe the bar has degenerated are not 
familiar with its past or have neglected to measure 
the stature of its present. They may not have for- 
gotten Wallis and Steele perhaps, but they do not 
sufliciently take into account such men as Bernard 
Carter, Orville Horwitz, Charles Marshall, Wm. F. 
Frick, Wm. A. Fisher, Wm. P. Whyte, Eichard J. 
Gittings, Charles Phelps, Archibald Stirling, Jr., 
George H. Williams, Samuel Snowden, J. V. L. Fin- 
ley, Thomas M. Lanahan, C. J. M. Gwinu, John H. 
TJioraas, Fielder Slingluflf, A. W. Machen, W. A. 
Stewart, Isador Rayner, Jno. K. Cowen, B. F. Hor- 
witz, B. T. Johnson, John C. King, Thomas W. Hall, 
.Tas. L. McLane, James A. Buchanan, and their rivals 
in the different courts of the city and State. 

Robert Lyon Rogers was born in Baltimore in the 
year 1827. His father was Micajah Rogers, a native 
of Massachusetts, who graduated at Harvard Univer- 



sity in the class of 1817, which numbered among its 
members the historians George Bancroft and Jared 
Sparks, the famous politician and jurist Caleb Gush- 
ing, and others of equal eminence in literature and 
statesmanship. Micajah Rogers removed to Balti- 
more, established a classical school, studied law, and 
married Mary Lyon, the youngest daughter of Maj. 
Robert Lyon, a distinguished officer of the American 
army in the Revolution. Robert Lyon Rogers was 
well educated at Sandy Springs, Montgomery Co., 
Md., and in 1844 he went to Tennessee and became 
a law student in the office of his cousin, Thomas C. 
Lyon, who was a leader of the bar of the State. 
Thence he entered the Dana Law School of Harvard 
University, and graduated in 1848 with high honors 
and the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was on his 
way back to Baltimore, when he met a relative who 
had been appointed to the command of the United 
States frigate " Cumberland," then in port at New 
York, and under orders for a cruise in the Mediterra- 
nean, with whom he accepted the position of private 
secretary. The old ship has since become historical 
on account of her fight with the Confederate ironclad 
" Virginia" in Hampton Roads, when she was sunk 
with her colors flying at the masthead, and the men 
serving the guns until the decks were submerged. 
During his two years on the foreign station Mr, 
Rogers made a general tour in Southern Europe, and 
visited the ancient cities of Asia Minor and Egypt, 
and the sites of those which have long been extinct. 
He returned to Baltimore in 1850, and quickly achieved 
a very large law practice. When the late Judge T. 
Parkin Scott went upon the bench, Mr. Rogers suc- 
ceeded him as auditor of the Circuit Court of Balti- 
more City, and resigned the position after he had held 
it for four years. On April 4, 1867, he was appointed 
United States commissioner for the District of Mary- 
land, the responsible duties of which position he has 
discharged with signal ability. Many important 
criminal cases have been disposed of by him, and 
many very important civil cases have been referred to 
him as Master in Chancery of the circuit of the United 
States for this district. Mr. Rogers is thoroughly 
schooled in all the departments of law, and is par- 
ticularly an authority on delicate points arising out 
of maritime law, and he has in each year to pass upon 
scores of such cases that never fail to arise in such a 
seaport as Baltimore. His practical acquaintance 
with the sea and with the conditions of life on ship- 
board has been of much value in the adjudication of 
knotty disputes. Mr. Rogers' wife, whom he married 
in 1857, was Miss Ann R. Hall, his second cousin, 
and daughter of Washington Hall, of Mount Wel- 
come, Cecil Co., Md. He is a man of immense force 
of character and a cultured scholar, and he possesses 
social qualities which endear him to all those who are 
fortunate enough to possess his intimate friendship. 

Hon. William A. Stewart was born in Baltimore, 
Dec. 29, 1825. His paternal ancestors were from the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



north of Ireland, and came to America in the early 
part of the eighteenth century. His mother sprang 
from a Huguenot family which fled from France in 
the latter part of the seventeenth century to escape 
from the religious persecutions instituted against the 
Protestants. Both parents are living at an advanced 
age in this city. Numerous representatives of each 
family are plentifully sprinkled through nearly all of 
the Southern States. Mr. Stewart attended the pub- 
lic and private schools of the city when a boy, and 
afterwards pursued a thorough course of study at Bal- 
timore College, which was at that time one of the de- 
partments of the University of Maryland. He studied 
law in Baltimore, and was admitted to the bar May 
17, 1847, being then but twenty-two years of age. 
Law is a jealous mistress, and must not be slighted 
for other pursuits. Mr. Stewart appreciated this, and 
devoted himself to the practice of his profession. His 
reward was rapid and great. He very soon built up 
a practice and established a reputation as a subtle ad- 
vocate and reliable counselor. He was elected chief 
clerk of the First Branch of the City Council of Bal- 
timore for the years 1849-51. He was elected a mem- 
ber of the House of Delegates from the city of Balti- 
more in 1851, and served during the sessions of 1852 
and 1853. These Legislatures immediately succeeded 
the passage of the new constitution, and an immense 
amount of routine work, as well as many new measures 
of importance, demanded their attention. Mr. Stewart 
displayed great ability, as well as a marked degree of 
energy, and before the close of the session was num- 
bered among the most useful and influential legisla- 
tors. He at that time established a character for 
honor and purity which has always clung to him, and 
made many reports upon important matters which 
were very highly commended at the time, among 
which was the report on the claims of the Nanticoke 
Indians,, and also his recommendations on the subject 
of an appropriation for the House of Kefuge. In 
1854, Mr. Stewart served as chief clerk of the House 
of Delegates, and was highly commended by the press 
and the people for his uniform courtesy and prompt 
dispatch of business. In 1852, during the absence of 
the consul from the port, Mr. Stewart acted as com- 
mercial agent for the republic of Venezuela in this 
city. In 1858 he was empowered by the city govern- 
ment of Baltimore to revise the ordinances and digest 
the acts of Assembly relating to the city, a work of 
paramount importance, which he executed in a highly 
commendable manner. Mr. Stewart for some years 
devoted himself entirely to the practice of his profes- 
sion, which had been very much enlarged by his close 
attention to business, and in 1866 he made an ex- 
tended tour of Europe, from which he returned re- 
freshed in body and mind with a store of new ideas 
and an increased fitness for the active duties of public 
and professional life. His return was signaled by his 
election to the House of Delegates, and at the session 
of lS(i8 he was elected Speaker of tluit body. The 



following resolutions, unanimously adopted by the 
House at the close of an eventful session, will give a 
just estimate of the manner in which he performed 
the difficult duties of that position : 

" Resolved, That our sincere thanks are due, and they are hereby given. 
to tlie Hon. William A. Stewart, Speaker of this House, for his kind and 
courteous deportment during this session to each and all of its members, 
and for the impartial, remarkably able, digniiied manner in which he 
has discharged the arduous duties of his high and responsible position. 

" Reiolved, That in the Hon. William A. Stewart, Speaker of this House, 
distinguished as he is for his integrity, ability, and patriotism, we recog- 
nize the true type of the Maryland statesman, and that knowing him to 
be as brave as he is true, able, and patriotic, we have every confidence 
that in whatever position he may be placed in the future he will battle 
for the interest, honor, and sovereignty of our gallant, noble, and beloved 
commonwealth." 

It will be observed that the resolutions go entirely 
beyond the stereotyped phrases of eulogy common on 
such occasions, and speak of Mr. Stewart in a manner 
and after a fashion which shows that he must have 
made a strong impression upon those with whom he 
was associated as their presiding officer. 

On July 10, 1868, he was appointed by the mayor 
and City Council of Baltimore one of the trustees of 
the McDonogh Farm School and Fund, and was soon 
thereafter made vice-president of the board. 

Mr. Stewart has been for many years identified with 
the progress of the Protestant religion in Baltimore, 
and the Sunday-school cause has received his special 
attention. For twenty-five years he has served as a 
teacher and superintendent in the schools, and also as 
secretary of the Protestant Episcopal Sunday-School 
Society of the City of Baltimore. He has also served 
as a vestryman of the church of which he is a mem- 
ber, and has generally represented it as a lay delegate 
in the Protestant Episcopal Convention of the Diocese 
of Maryland. 

On March 16, 1869, Mr. Stewart was married to Miss 
Emily Gallatin, daughter of the late Commander Al- 
bert G. Slaughter, of the United States navy. Two 
children, a son, William A. Stewart, Jr., and a daugh- 
ter, Emily Slaughter Stewart, have been the fruit of 
this union. 

The life of Mr. Stewart has been that of an eminently 
useful citizen. He has filled many public offices, 
and has always filled them well. He has had many 
trusts reposed in him, and has executed them faith- 
fully. Throughout his career he has been actuated 
by a high sense of duty, and probably none in Balti- 
more are freer from cant, the flimsy representative of 
morality and religion. He stands deservedly high at 
the bar as a safe counselor and an honest attorney. 

Thomas Jefferson McKaig, who is also a practitioner 
at the Baltimore bar, was born at Steubenville, Ohio, 
on the 4th of November, 1804. His grandfather 
emigrated to this country from the north of Ireland 
in 1759, settling in Adams County, Pa. His father, 
Patrick McKaig, was born in Cork in 1758, and was 
but a few months old when he arrived in America. 
He married Rachel Star, a native of Adams County, 
and tlie granddaughter of Robert Stuart, who held a 




^^ 



<^y^rr^^,:^ ^/. . /^ (y/^ .-T'^^^ 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



725 



command under the Pretender at the battle of Cullo- 
den, escaping with him from Scotland to France, and 
subsequently emigrating to this country and settling 
in Adams County. 

A few years after their marriage they removed to 
Steubenville, Ohio, and about 1806 moved to Colum- 
biana County, in the same State, where they took up 
their residence upon the west fork of Beaver River, 
in the midst of an unclaimed forest, and in a region 
over which the Indians still held partial sway. Bur- 
dened with the maintenance of a large family of 
thirteen children, and dwelling in a country where a 
rapid accumulation of wealth was impossible, the 
father could do but little to assist the youthful ambi- 
tion of young McKaig to obtain a liberal education. 
Aided, however, by one of his brothers, he succeeded 
in his object, graduating with the degree of Bachelor 
of Arts at Washington College in October, 1826, from 
which, as well as from Cannonsburg, or Jefferson Col- 
lege, he afterwards received the degree of A.M. He 
had now realized the first step of his ambition, but 
his resources were exhausted, and he left college with 
only ten dollars in his pocket. Too independent to 
ask further aid from his generous brother, he turned 
his face eastward, and taking stage arrived in Cum- 
berland, Md., (in the 3d of October, 1826, with a capi- 
tal of one dollar and twenty-five cents. But happily 
Fortune, which smiles upon the brave, had guided 
his steps in the right direction, and he found at Cum- 
berland the opportunity which he was seeking. The 
Alleghany County Academy needed a principal, and 
Mr. McKaig secured the position, which he held for 
eight [years. Under his masterly management the 
institution, which had been fast falling into a decline, 
was infused with new life, so that when he resigned 
in 1834 the number of pupils had increased from 
seventeen at the beginning of his administration to 
one hundred and fifty, and was one of the best-regu- 
lated and most flourishing schools in the State. Mr. 
McKaig was a born teacher, and had his energies and 
talents not been devoted to wider fields, would have 
made a brilliant mark as an educator and instructor. 
But his ambition had not yet reached its goal, and so 
in the intervals of scholastic duties he prepared him- 
self assiduously for the bar, to which he was admitted 
in April, 1831. He continued his labors at the acad- 
emy for several years longer, however, and only re- 
linquished them at the imperative command of his 
physicians, who told him that he must either give up 
the academy, the law, or his life, and he therefore 
abandoned in October, 1834, what had become to him 
a labor of love, and devoted his entire energies to his 
profession. 

His success at the bar was instantaneous. He 
argued a case alone on the day of his admission, re- 
ceiving a fee of fifty dollars for his services, and on 
the second tried another case unassisted, gained it, 
and received a fee of one hundred dollars. Some 
idea of his rapid success may be gathered from the 



fact that at the second court after his admission to 
the bar he had fifty-six cases out of one hundred and 
twenty-two on the docket. This early promise was 
followed by a professional career of exceptional suc- 
cess and brilliancy, and it is no exaggeration to say 
that when Mr. McKaig retired from the active prac- 
tice of the law he stood in the very front rank of his 
profession. He was counsel for the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad at Cumberland for thirty-nine con- 
secutive years, and argued many of the most im- 
portant cases which came before the Maryland Court 
of Appeals. During the course of his long professional 
career, he was frequently called upon to try cases 
of peculiar importance in Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
and Ohio, and was often employed in association with 
or against such men as John V. L. McMahon, John 
Nelson, William Schley, Charles F. Mayer, S. Teackle 
Wallis, and I. NevettSteele during the brightest days 
of the Maryland bar. Gifted with a wonderful mem- 
ory and an intellect of great natural strength, and 
possessing a mind which had been brought to a high 
state of discipline by his experience as a teacher, and 
which could utilize on the instant any of the large 
stores of knowledge which had been laid up in the 
early days of his professional life, he became a power 
in the legal forum, and in certain departments stood 
almost unrivaled. He excelled especially in the com- 
bination and presentation of the facts of a case before 
a jury, or in any argument which chiefly demanded 
the possession of logical force and clear statement. 
In 1872, after a long and honorable career of more 
than forty years, he retired from active practice, to 
the regret of the public and of his large and con- 
stantly-increasing clientage. 

Mr. McKaig began life as a Whig, but his connec- 
tion with that party was due rather to early associa- 
tions and his strong personal attachment to Mr. Clay 
than to actual belief in its political doctrines. In 
1849 he ran as the Whig candidate for Congress 
against William T. Hamilton, the present Governor of 
the State, and was defeated by only one hundred and 
sixteen votes in a total vote of twelve thousand. After 
the death of Mr. Clay the only tie that bound him to 
the Whigs was severed, and under the belief that that 
party was becoming imbued with Abolition tendencies, 
he declined to act any longer with it, and supported 
Gen. Pierce against Gen. Scott. In 1854 he was elected 
to the Legislature to urge the completion of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal to Cumberland, and in 1859 
was elected to the State Senate from Alleghany 
County, being a member of the memorable Legisla- 
ture of 1861. 

While an earnest Democrat, he was opposed to se- 
cession, and was placed at the head of the committee 
which visited President Davis at Montgomery, Ala., 
for the purpose of bringing about a peaceable adjust- 
ment of the difficulties of that period. He delivered 
an eloquent and forcible address before the Confed- 
erate president and cabinet, portraying the folly of 



726 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMOIiE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



resistance, and picturing in almost prophetic language 
the actual course of events. 

The government considered his mission to Mont- 
gomery as an effort to take the State out of the Union, 
and Mr. McKaig was arrested after his return and 
imprisoned in Fort McHeury, where, however, he was 
kindly treated, and from which he was soon released. 
In 1867 he was elected and served as a member of the 
Constitutional Convention, and took a leading part in 
the proceedings of that important body. 

Mr. McKaig served for several years as colonel of 
the Fiftieth Regiment, and was subsequently ap- 
pointed brigadier-general of the Maryland militia. 
In 1879, in addition to the titles previously received 
from other institutions of learning, he was honored 
by St. Mary's College, at Emmittsburg, with the de- 
gree of LL.D. 

Gen. McKaig was brought up as a Presbyterian, but 
has since become a member of the Catholic Church. 
Since his retirement from the profession his residence 
has been at "Rockland Farm," Washington Co., 
Md., one of the most beautiful country-seats in the 
State. 

Gen. McKaig married Margaret Ann Tilghman, 
youngest daughter of Dr. Frisby Tilghman, of Wash- 
ington County, and granddaughter of Louisa Lamar, 
who was the daughter of Col. William Lamar, of 
Revolutionary memory. His children are Frisby 
Tilghman and Nina Lamar McKaig. 

In making comparisons between the lawyers of the 
past and present, it must not be forgotten that much 
more is demanded of advocates nowadays than was 
the case a hundred or even fifty years ago. The rules 
and forms of practice have been greatly simplified, 
statutes codified, reports made more complete and 
comprehensive, and the profession wears much more 
the aspect of a science than formerly. But at the 
same time the sphere of the advocate has both 
widened and deepened enormously. Precedents and 
rulings have multiplied on all sides, and the juris 
consult must nowadays be ready at a moment's warn- 
ing to thread the intricate labyrinths of a dozen 
branches of science whicli had no existence in the 
times of Martin and Pinkney. Then expert testi- 
mony was almost unknown, now it is called in the 
majority of important issues. Patent law, railroad 
law, telegraph law all open new and most arduous 
fields to the profession, and compel it to specialize it- 
self more and more every day. Business law is assu- 
ming a thousand new shapes, each more compli- 
cated than the other, nor can the vast body of de- 
cisions, rapidly as it accumulates, keep pace with the 
ever-swelling volume of new issues daily coming up 
for adjudication. A lawyer who would embrace the 
whole scope of his profession nowadays must travel 
very far beyond Coke and Blackstone, Chitty and 
Greenleaf, Kent and the code. He must be an ac- 
countant, a civil engineer, an architect, a mechani- 
cian, a cliemist, a pliysician, lie must know the vocab- 



ulary and technology of all the arts and professions, 
he must be a theologian and a metaphysician, with 
the experience of a custom-house appraiser and the 
skill in affairs of an editor. And after all, with all 
these stores in his possession, so great is the compe- 
tition that he may scarcely be able to hew out a living 
in his profession. 

Baltimore Court-Houses. — When the county-seat 
was removed from Jojipa to Baltimore Town by the 
act of June 22, 17(i8, Messrs. J. B. Bordley, John 
Ridgely, Jr., John Moale, Robert Adair, Robert Alex- 
ander, William Smith, and Andrew Buchanan were 
constituted commissioners, with authority to lay out 
and purchase one and a half acres of ground "on the 
uppermost part of Calvert Street, near Jones' Falls," 
and to build thereon the Baltimore County court- 
house and prison. The act also provided that, to de- 
fray the expenses of the buildings, " the quantity of 
three hundred thousand pounds of tobacco is to be 
assessed in this and the next year, to be paid to the 
commissioners, who are authorized to collect and re- 
cover the money which has been subscribed for these 



After the removal of the county-seat and before 
the completion of the court-house in Baltimore Town, 
the courts held their sessions in the hall over the 
market-house then standing on the northwest corner 
of Gay and Baltimore Streets. In accordance with 
the requirements of the act, the court-house was built 
on the steep bluff overlooking Jones' Falls, precisely 
on the site now occupied by the Battle Monument. 
This court-house was a two-story brick building, front- 
ing south, fifty or sixty feet in length, and not quite 
so much in width. A hall and large court-room oc- 
cupied the first floor, while the Orphans' Court, the 
register of wills, and the offices of the various clerks 
connected with the administration of justice were in 
the second story. The two courts which occupied in 
turn the large court-room below were the County 
Court, which was the civil tribunal for both town 
and county, and the Court of Oyer and Terminer, 
whose jurisdiction was limited to the hearing of crim- 
inal cases. 

After the organization of the Federal judiciary, the 
United States tribunals also occasionally occupied the 
court-room when not needed for the sessions of the 
county courts. In the course of time public conve- 
nience demanded the opening of Calvert Street and 
the removal of the bluff' upon which the court-house 
stood, but the town was in no condition to elect a new 
temple of justice, and the foot of progress must have 
been stayed for a time at least but for the ingenious 
device of Leonard Harbaugh, a patriotic and zealous 
craftsman of Baltimore, who proposed to underpin 
the building with substantial stone arches, and thus 
at the same time make way for the street and save 
the court-house. The suggestion was at first con- 
sidered as the dream of a visionary projector, but tiie 
idea at length took bold of the public mind, and sub- 



THE BENCH AND BAR. 



727 



scriptions were raised to enable Harbaugh to carry 
out his plan. The following is a copy of the original 

subscription-iist : 

Baltimohe, 2l8t September, 1784. 
The subscribers, impressed witli the many advantages whicli wonbi 
result to Baltimore Town and the country at large from Calvert Street 
ill said town being opened, which street is at preseut blocked up by the 
court-house, to the great injury of the town and country, do, by this in- 
strument of writing, engage and bind themselves to pay the sum or 
sums annexed to their names, respectively, for the purpose of underpin- 
ning and arching the said court-house in Calvert Street aforesaid, so as 
large and convenient passages may be had underneath the same to the 
end that new communications may be opened with the country; pro- 
vided always, that the said subscriptions shall not be paid or demanded 
unless the Honored the General Assembly of the State of Maryland shall 
authorize the said undertaking, and appoint fit ami proper persons for 
tlie collecting and supplying the same : 



John McLure 

John Boyd 

Nathaniel Smith 

Matthew Pattou 

Twinnal &. Geroack 

Hanshewc-g 

Andrew and Alexander 
Robinson, in case the said 
Calvert Street is not ex- 
tended so as to iuternipt 
""'" " riage-road 



I Alle 









?f'\"i '"',:;,': ■■■• 





50 00 


IHoi- 


50 Ot) 
50 00 
25 00 




10 00 


wuJKim iiaKei 










George McCandless 










10 00 


li'i'viMi'KMK.... ■'"!:■'!.""!! 






10 00 


John Bterett, lur lien 


Gist. 


10 00 


Henry Wilsou, paid.. 





Jacob Brow 
George Levely. 

Erasmus Uhler 10 00 

William CI 



The confidence thus expressed was fully justified by 
the result, and In due time Mr. Harbaugh's project 
was realized, and the court-house stood elevated 
twenty feet above the street, the admiration of all 
beholders. The house was undermined and two arches 
built under the north and south walls, while the east 
and west sides were supported by solid masonry. Two 
small compartments were formed by the new walls, 
that on the west side of the building being used as a 
sort of station-house, while the other contained the 
staircase which led up to the court-room. 

Within the space made by the inner walls of these 
apartments and nearly under the middle of the build- 
ing stood a rude post, divided into two stories by a 
floor, of which it was the only support and which was 
a hexagon or an octagon. Of these two stories the 
upper was a pillory and the lower the whipping-post. 
The transverse piece of the pillory was formed of two 
strong boards on each side of the post ; the lower one 
was fixed, but the upper could be lifted on a hinge. 
At the jufiction of these two planks were two semi- 
circular holes, a large one iu the middle to admit the 
culprit's neck, and the smaller one for his wrists, at 
such a distance as would keep his arms somewhat 
inconveniently extended. When his neck and wrists 
had been placed in these holes the upper plank was 
let down upon them and remained fixed by its own 



weight, so that he could not change his position, 
which soon became very painful. There were two of 
these fixtures, one on each side of the central post. 
The whipping-post was fur- 
nished with irons, something 
on the principle of handcutt'h, 
into which the sufferer's wrists 
were introduced and which 
prevented their withdrawal.' 





At length, after many years of i \ithtul sei \ u e, the 
old court-house became unfit Jor hirthci u>e, and on 
the 27th of January, 1806, the General Assembly 
passed an act appointing Thomas McElderry, Thomas 
Rutter, Thomas Dixon, Alexander McKim, John 
McKim, Jr., William C. Goldsmith, Robert Stewart, 
Henry Payson, and William Jessop commissioners to 
contract " for and superintend the erection of a new 
court-house on the public ground belonging to the 
county, at the north end of the dwelling occupied by 
John Hollins, on North Calvert Street, at the corner 
of Lexington Street." This building, which is the 
one still in use, was completed in 1809, during which 
year the first sessions of the courts were held in it. 
It was built by George Milleman. who furnished the 
plans and did the wood-work ; William Stewart exe- 
cuted the stone-work, and Col. James Mosher the 
brick-work. 



1 The penalty even 1 
and crueUy severe, our 
tiie punishment the more 
ment for debt was used ! 
this is afforded by the cast 
imprisoned for a debt of e 
in fees before his malice 
somewhat puritanical lav 
pleasure of the court, no 



, misdemeanors in those days was exqessively 
cestors acting upon the idea that the greater 
effective the check to crime. Even imprison- 
18 a means of private malice. An instance of 
> of a colored barber, who had a tipsy customer 
ix and a quarter cents, and paid three pounds 
i was satisfied. Persons ofTending against the 
«s of the province were imprisoned during the 
it exceeding one year. Among other punish- 
boring through the tongue with a red-hot iron, 
slitting the nose, cutting oS one or both ears, whipping, branding with 
a red-hot iron, in the hand or on the forehead, with the initial letter of 
the offense for which the sufferer was punished, — " S. L." for seditious 
libeler, on either cheek, " M." for manslaughter, or " T." for thief, on the 
left hand, " R." for rogue, on the shoulder, and " P." for perjury, on the 
forehead, — " flogging at the cart's tail," when tlie criminal was tied to 
the end of a cart and ilogged on his naked back while the cart was driven 
slowly through the town. At the Baltimore County Assizes iu 1748 an 
old, gray-haired man was convicted of blasphemy, and his tongue was 
bored through and he was sentenced to remain in jail until he paid a 
fine of twenty pounds. The pillory and whipping-post were also used as 
a Bortof preliminary punishment to the more severe penalties to follow. 
In 1819 the pillory was used for the last time in Maryland for a revolting 
crime. The last man whipped in the State was a postmaster for tamper- 
ing with the mails in Annapolis. He was tied to one of the pillars of 
the porrico of the State-House and whipped, while Judge Chase was hold* 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



On the morning of the 13th of February, 1835, 
the roof and upper story of the court-house were 
destroyed by fire. The City and County and Or- 
phans' Courts and the grand jury were in session 
at the time, and all the important records were either 
removed or remained in safety in the fire-proof rooms 
in the first story. The fire was checked on the second 
floor, so that the City Court room, though not fire- 
proof, was fortunately saved. One of the chimneys 
was left standing after the conflagration, and on the 
27th of June in the same year was blown down with 
terrific force. In its fall the chimney broke down a 
temporary roof erected to protect the offices in the 
first floor, and the ruins of the chimney and roof fell 
on the staircase and partly into the hall of the build- 
ing. Thomas Marshall, son of the venerable chief 
justice of the United States, had arrived in the city 
a few hours before on his way to Philadelphia to visit 
his sick parent. He was walking with a friend in 
the street near the court-house when the rain com- ! 
menced, and both sought shelter in the hall from the 
storm. Mr. Marshall unfortunately occupied a posi- 
tion immediately within the reach of the falling 
ruins, which were precipitated on his head, and 
wounded him so severely that he expired on Monday 
following, at the house of his friend and relative. 
Dr. Alexander. 

In 1866, under authority of a resolution of the City 
Council, extensive alterations and improvements were 
made in the building, and the room at present occu- 
pied by the Court of Common Pleas was added on 
the west side of the structure. The principal change, 
however, consisted in the removal of the heavy wall 
and earth banks surrounding the building, and the 
transformation of the cellar into a basement story for 
the clerks' and sheriff's offices. In spite of these im- 
provements the edifice has been found unequal to 
present needs, and two of the courts have been forced 
to find accommodations in the old Masonic Hall, on 
St. Paul Street. The erection of a new court-house 
has been agitated for a number of years past, and 
during the early part of the present year (1881) a com- 
mission, consisting of Mayor Latrobe, chairman, and 
Messrs. Wm. A. Fisher, B. F. Newcomer, I. Parker 
Veazey, and A. H. Greenfield, was appointed to inquire 
into and report upon the subject. In their report, 
which was made on the 3d of May, the commission 
recommend the purchase of the square bounded by 
Calvert, Fayette, and St. Paul Streets and Court- 
House Lane, and the erection of a new court-house. 
The property between Court-House Lane and Lex- 
ington Street, upon which the present court buildings 
stand, is now owned by the city, and with the pur- 
chase of the addition mentioned the whole square 
bounded by Calvert, Lexington, St. Paul, and Fayette 
Streets would be at the disposal of the city. 

The commission estimated that the new court- 
house and ground would cost about two million two 
huiulreil and fifty thousand dollars. 



Pbrsidino Justices. 

1730, Rogor Mathews. 

1732. Edward Hall. 

1734, William Hamilton. 

1736, Richard Gist. 

1742, Tliomas Sheiedine. 

174H, Thomas Franklin, who held the office over twenty years. 

The justices who resided in or near Baltimore Town and most fre- 
quently occupied the bench, were A. Buchanan, John Moale, W. Bu- 
chanan, J. Van Bibber, A. Van Bibber, George Lindenberger, James Cal- 
houn, William Russell, Thomas Kussell, Thomas McHenry, Peter Shep- 
pard, Henry Wilson, Thomas Elliott, John Merrynian, Robert Lemmon, 
Thomas SoUers, Jesse Bussey, and Thorogood Smith. 

Henry Ridgely was many years chief justice of the County Court. 

The justices of the peace who formed the County Court upon the for- 
mation of the State government in 1777 were Andrew Buchanan, John 
Moale, Benjamin Rogers, Wm. Buchanan, Wm. Spear, Thomas Sollers, 
John Beale Howard, James Calhoun, Hercules Courtney, George Gould- 
smith Prestbury, Isaac Van Bibber, Peter Shepherd, John Cradock, Ed- 
ward Cockey, John Merryman, Jr., Henry Stevenson, son of Edward, 
Jeremiah Johnson, Charles Ridgely, son of Wm., Wm. Goodwin, John 
Robert Holliday, Wm. Lu.v, Nicholas Merryman, Philip Rogera, Chris- 
topher Owings, Nicholas Jones, John Hall, son of Joshua, George Lin- 
denberger, Thomas Piiilip, Abraham Anderson, Christopher Vaughan, 
Frederick Decker, Jesse Bussey, Robert Lemmon, Richard Cromwell. 



Judges of the Orphans' Cocet, 1856-81. 
ISSr).— Edward D. Kemp, C.J. ; Charles G. Griffith, Samuel G. Spicer. 
1859. — Edward D. Kemp, C.J. ; Joseph H. Audoun, Franklin Supplee. 

(Kemp resigned, and J. Spear Smith was appointed to fill the 

vacancy. In 1863, Aaron Hoffman was appointed, vice Audoun, 

resigned.) 
1863.— Joseph H. Audoun, C.J. ; Franklin Supplee, Aaron Hoffman. 
1867.— Josiah Balderston, C.J. ; Thomas Bond, Bolivar D. Danels. 
1871.— Bolivar D. Danels, C.J. ; George W. Bishop, George W. Lindsay. 

(On March 6, 1874, John A. Inglis was appointed, vice Danels, 

1875.— John A. Inglis, C.J. ; George W. Lindsay, John K. Carroll. (On 
Sept. 10, 1878, Nelson Poe, C.J., was appointed, rice Inglis, de- 

1879.— Nelson Poe, C.J. ; George W. Lindsay, John K. Carroll. 

Reoisters of Wills, 1861 to 1881. 
1851.— Nathaniel Hickman. [ 1867.— J. Harmon Brown. 

1859.— Isaac P. Cook. I 1879.— Robert T. Banks. 



May 1, 1861, Charles F. Cloud. 
Nov. 20, 1851, John Hayes. 
Nov. 28, 1863, John Hyndes. 
Nov. 6, 1866, Samuel Caskins. 
Nov. 30, 1867, Thomas Creamer. 
Nov. 23, 1859, George D. Button. 
Nov. 23, 1861, Edward R. Sparks. 
Nov. 28, 1863, Jno. J. Daneker. 



, 1851-81. 

[ Nov. 23, 1865, William Thompson. 

Nov. 25, 1867, .Tohn W. Davis. 
' Nov. 25, 1869, Augustus Albert. 
: Nov. 26, 1871, George P. Kane. 

Dec. 1, 1873, Augustus Albert. 

Dec. 1, 1876, Samuel S. Mills. 

Nov. 14, 1877, Philip Snowden. 

Nov. 22, 1879, Alfred E. Smyrk. 



In 1788 a criminal court was organized for the 
county and town, consisting of five judges, — Samuel 
Chase (chief justice), John Moale, William Russell, 
Otho H. Williams, Lyde Goodwin. To these suc- 
ceeded George Salmon, George G. Presbury, Job 
Smith, and Nicholas Rogers. 

Joshua Seney was chief justice of the district from 
1777 to 1790. 

In 1799 a new Court of Oyer and Terminer was or- 
ganized for the city and county, with Walttr Dorsey 
as chief justice, and George G. Presbury and Job 
Smith as associate justices. In 1808, Judge Dorsey 
died, and was succeeded by John Scott, who died in 
1813, and his successor was Luther Martin. 

In 1805 the General Court was abolished, and the 
chief justices of the District Courts were constituted 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



a Court of Appeals. The State was divided into six 
districts, of which Baltimore and Harford Counties 
composed the last. Joseph H. Nicholson was ap- 
pointed chief justice, and Benjamin Rumsey and 
Thomas Jones associate justices. Mr. Rumsey not 
accepting, Zeb Hollingsworth took his place. Judge 
Jones died in 1812, and was succeeded by Theodoric 
Bland. 

Cleuks of City Courts. 

1880, Wm. F. McKewen. 



1867-73, T. P. Scott. | 1875-77, C. W. Pinkney. 

1873-75, G. W. Browu. l 1877, H. F. Garey. 



Clerks of Ct 
Isij'i, Laraford Norwood, John 

Davis. 
1855-61. William J. Hamill. 



OF Common Pleas. 
1861-67, James D. Lowry. 
1867, 1. Freeman Raisin. 



Clerks of Superior Court.i 
1S51-57, Edward Bowling. 1867-78, George Robinson. 

1857-63, George E. Saugston. 1878, F. H. Prevost. 

1863-67, Alfred Mace. 1 

The clerks of the Circuit Court have been William H. H. Turner, G. 
W. Sherwood, E. J. Kerr, John T. Adams, Samuel M. Evans, James E. 



United States Court-House.— In 185.5 the Hons. 
.Joshua Vansuiit and Henry May both introduced 
bills into Congress to provide for the accommoda- 
tion of the courts of the United States for the dis- 
trict of Maryland and for a post-office in Baltimore. 
At the same session a bill passed providing for build- 
ing a United States court-house at Baltimore, and 
also authorizing the President of the United States 
to select a suitable site for the erection of the same. 

The United States Court had formerly been held 
in the old Masonic Hall, on St. Paul Street. On the 
16th of May, 1859, President James Buchanan, with 
his cabinet, visited Baltimore to select a site, and 
chose that offered for $50,000 by the First Presby- 
terian Church, on the northwest corner of North and 
Fayette Streets. The contract for the building was 
awarded to N. Osbourne, of New York. The Pres- 
byterian church stood upon a hill, which was leveled 
before the foundation of the court-house was laid in 
1862. The building was completed in 1865. It is 
constructed of granite from the Maryland and Maine 
quarries. It is one hundred and eighteen feet in 
length, and including the front portico, which was 
afterwards removed and placed on the North Street 
front, it was sixty feet wide. The height of the ex- 
terior walls to the eaves is sixty-five feet. The archi- 
tectural style of the building is Italian with Grecian 
porticos. It was designed by A. B. Young, govern- 
ment architect. The lot is inclosed by a handsome 
iron railing supported by granite posts. The court- 



' After the separation of the county from the city. 



house was contracted for at $112,800, but owing to 
the suspension of the work and the increased price of 
labor and materials, its cost amounted to over $250,- 
000. . 

The first session of the United States Circuit Court 
held in this building commenced May 25,»1865. 

Officers op United States Court. 
Circuit Courl.—Aag. 4, 1870, Hugh L. Bond. UiiUed SlalM DiMriclJvdga 
for Morjiaiirf.— 1791-1800, William Paca, who died 1806. He held 
the first United States Court in Baltimore, May 7, 1791. 1799-1806, 
James Winchester, died 1806 ; 1806-19, James Houston, died 1809; 
1819-24, Theodorick Bland ; 1824-36, Bliaa Glenn ; 1830-.52,.Upton S. 
Heath, died Feb. 25, 1852: 1852-53, John Glenn; 1853-79, William 
F. Giles, died March 21, 1879 ; 1879, Thomas J. Morris. United Slata 
Clerki.—lo 1834, Philip Moore, died April 28, 1834, aged sixty-four ; 
1834-64, Thomas Spicer; 1864 to present time, James W. Chew. 
United States Dutrict AUomeys—KOH, Zeb Hollingsworth; 1806-11, 
John Stephens ; 1811-12, Thomas B. Dorsey; 1812-24, Elias Glenn ; 
1824-41, Nathaniel Williams; 1841-45, Z. Collins Lee; 1846-60, Wil- 
liam li. Marshall ; 1850-63, Z. Collins Lee; 1853-62, W. Meade Ad- 
dison; 1862-65, William Price; 1865-66, William J.Jones; 1866-67, 
William Price; 1867-69, Andrew Sterett Ridgely ; 1869, Archibald 
Stirling, Jr. United Slate» Ulanhah for Maryland District.— WOO, 
Jacob Graybill.'died on July 9, 1800; 1800-1, David Hopkins; 1801- 
4, Reuben Etting ; 1804-17, Thomas Butter; 1817-27, Paul Ben- 
talou ; 1827-35, Thomas Finley; 1835^1, Nicholas Snider; 1841, 
Thomas B. Pottenger ; 1849, Morcau Forrest; 1849-53, Thomas H. 
Kent (of Jos.); 1853-61, John W. Watkins; 1861-69, Washington 
Bonifant; 1869-77, Edward Y. Goldsborough ; 1877, John M. Mc- 
Clintock. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 

There is no more interesting subject connected 
with the history of Baltimore than the rise and pro- 
gress of the medical profession, which may be justly 
regarded as one of the most important factors in the 
early development as well as in the later civilization 
of all great communities. That this has been pre-emi- 
nently the case with respect to Baltimore is evident 
from even the most superficial study of its history, 
and it is not surprising, therefore, to find that from 
the very beginning the members of the medical pro- 
fession have borne an important part in shaping the 
destinies of the metropolis of the State. It is no mere 
figure of speech to say that they were present at the 
birth of Baltimore, for two representatives of the pro- 
fession, Dr. Walker and Dr. George Buchanan, were 
appointed commissioners under the act of 1729, and 
were prominent in all the proceedings connected with 
the laying out of the town.^ Until 1750 there appears 



2 The names of Drs. Buchanan and Walker occur with great frequency 
in the early annals of the town, in connection with many of the most 
important undertakings of the day, and it is evident that they w-ere both 
men of note and influence in the community. Dr. Buchanan was a 
Scotchman, and settled in the county as early as 1723, where he practiced 
his profession until his death, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, in April, 
1750. He was a landholder and one of the justices of the county. Pre- 
vious to 1716, Dr. Walker had been a resident of Anne Arundel County, 
where he had practiced medicine with a brother James, but about that 
period he removed to Baltimore County and purchased a tract of land 
near the subsequent site of Baltimore, which he called Chatsworth, and 
which retained that title until its occupancy for building purposes within 
the last few years. 



730 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



to be but little record of any medical operations of in- 
terest, but in that year there occurred an outbreak of 
disease, which was called, for want of a better name, 
" winter fever," and which would seem to have puzzled 
the physicians as well as the public. There is reason 
to believe, however, that it was simply the smallpox, 
for two years afterwards that disease is described as 
" raging" in the town, and indeed throughout the 
whole of the province, carrying off Col. William Ham- 
mond, of Baltimore, and many other persons of note. 
The epidemic appears to have prevailed in various 
sections of the province for a considerable period, and 
to have revisited the town on more than one occasion, 
for a long time apparently baffling the best medical 
skill and resources.' Fortunately, about this period 
the medical profession of Baltimore was reinforced by 
a valuable auxiliary in the person of Dr. Henry Ste- 
venson, a native of Ireland, who, with his brother, 
Dr. John Stevenson, settled in the town between the 
years 1754 and 1760. He at once took^a leading rank 
in the profession, and devoted himself with great skill 
and success to the relief of the community. He did 
not confine himself to Baltimore, however, but trav- 
eled all through the province for the purpose of 
doing battle with the disease. He was a most pro- 
nounced advocate of inoculation, and in August, 
1765, claimed that " he had inoculated with as much 
success, if not more, than any on the continent,"- and 
it is stated lost but seven out of eighteen hundred 
patients inoculated by him. 

He soon attained so much success and popularity 
that in 1769 he converted his elegant stone house, 
which was called " Stevenson's Folly," into a hospital 
for the regular reception of patients. His charges 
were two pistoles for inoculation and twenty shillings 
a week for board and lodging.' On the adoption of 



1 On the 30th of March, 1767, owing to the prevalence of smallpox in 
Annapolis, the Governor issued a proclamation directing the Legislature 
to meet in Baltimore on theoth of April. It accordingly met for the firat 
and only time in the town. In July of the same year the disease ceased 
its ravages in Annapolis, after having been epidemic there for alrout nine 
months, and a proclamation was issued by the Governor appointing the 
12th of August as a day of general and public fasting, humiliation, and 

- From a statement in the Maryland Gazette of March 14, 1705, it ap- 
pears that "out of every one hundred and sixteen persons inoculated 
only one died of smallpox, while nearly one out of every five died who 
were not inoculated. The doctors inoculated gratuitously, and the cor- 
poration of Annapolis provided necessaries for those who were inocu- 
lated." Smallpox prevailed all over the province at this time to an 
alarming extent. 

'' Among the names which we meet with about this period are those of 
Dr. 11. Hulse, from St. Thomas', Guy's, and the Lying-in Hospital, Lon- 
don, who resided at the Rev. Mr. Craddock's, Garrison's Forest, Baltimore 
Co., and "practiced every branch of Surgery, physick, and Midwifery at 
an expense much under the customary charges;" Dr. Steuart, who was 
appointed a meinber- ..f the Council in 1769 by Lord Baltimore; Dr. 
Ephnuii, II. >.,H.l.. I I ikii.lKO, Md.; and Dr. William Dnshiell, a pupil 
ofDr. Wi n;:,,i \ . iiH^ionof someinterestcomnienced InJanuary, 
1774, i';. I' il 'I mid Dashiellwithregard totheconsetiuences 

of aI'M -■ - I iniiii. u llif muscular and tendonons parts, especially 

with reference to tlio tuae of one William Coale. Baltimore seems also 
to have been favored with visits from several peripatetic physicians, 
among whom were " Dr. Graham, Oculist and Anrist, of Edinburgh," 
who remained in the town during October, 1773, and Dr. John II. fiilliert. 



the Declaration of Independence, Dr. Stevenson es- 
poused the royal cause, and was forced to leave the 
town. His property was subsequently confiscated, a 
rather poor return, it must be acknowledged, for the 
zeal and humanity he had shown in the alleviation 
of suffering and disease.* 

Dr. Henry Stevenson was not alone in his humane 
and benevolent labors, and about this same time we 
find among the medical profession of Baltimore and 
vicinity the names of Dr. Charles Frederick Wiesen- 
thall. Dr. John Boyd,'' Dr. Craddock, Dr. M. Haslett, 
Dr. Thomas Andrews, Dr. S. S. Coale, Dr. F. 
Ridgely, Dr. W. Beard, Dr. John Labesius, Dr. Wil- 
liam Lyon, Drs. Hulse, Stcnhousc, Pue, Gray, Coul- 
ter, and Patrick Kennedy. Dr. Wiesenthall was sur- 
geon to Col. William Smallwood's battalion in 1776, 
and, with other physicians of the town, would seem to 
have responded with great ardor to the very first calls 
of patriotic duty. The following appeal, published on 
the 12th of March, 1776, shows that they were not 
behind any other class of the community in their de- 
votion to the Revolutionary cause : 

" To the puijlic in geitentl and tJie ladies in particular : 

" Our repose which we have hitherto eujoyt-d, in preference to our 
neighboring colonies, is at last disturbed, and we are now called forth to 
our defense. The alacrity with whicli our brave countrymen assemble 
and the determination to fight visible in every countenance demon- 
strates that if the enemy should be hardy enough to encounter them we 
have reason to expect wounds. The necessity of taking all imaginable 
care of those who may happen to be wounded (in the country's cause) 

" a German and regular bred physician," from Philadelphia, who adver- 
tised on the 18th of September, 1773, that " he would stay for the season 
at Mr. Frazier's, opposite Andrew Steiger's, on Gay Street," and offered 
to an afiQicted public sundry wonderful tinctures, ointments, balsams, etc., 
as well as " copies of the ' Vicar of Wakefield,' by Dr. Goldsmith." 

■* Dr. John Stevenson, who accompanied his brother Henry to Balti- 
more and settled here at the same time, does not seem to have practiced 
his profession after his arrival, but to have devoted himself almost ex- 
clusively to mercantile affairs. The peculiar advantages of the place 
with respect to the trade of the frontier countries of Virginia, Pennsyl- 
vania, and Maryland appear to have been almost immediately appreci- 
ated by him, and he has the houor of being the first to conceive the idea 
of making Baltimore the grand emporium of Maryland commerce. He 
may justly be regarded as the founder of the grain trade of the city, for 
very soon after his settlement here he purchased and shipped consider- 
able quantities of wheat to Ireland, which were sold to great advantage. 
This was the commencemeut of a trade that soon began to attract gen- 
eral attention, and which proved so valuable to the town that Dr. Steven- 
son has been regarded, in a commercial sense, as the founder of Balti- 
more, and on one occasion was accosted by Sir William Draper as the 
" American Romulus." He died on the 23d ofMarcli, 1785, at his residence 
in Market Street. He seems, like his brother Henry, to have had a 
leaning towards the royal cause, and was accused of illegally Importing 
salt into the colonies from prohibited sources, and brought before the 
Baltimore County Committee on that charge. He was again arraigned 
before the committee on the 25th of July, 1776, charged with making 
treasonable reflections upon the Continental Congress. 

s Dr. Boyd was requested, with the other physicians of Baltimore, by 
the Baltimore County Committee, May 28, 1776, to refrain from inocu- 
lating with smallpox, to prevent the appearance of the disease among 
the troops. He was a member of the Baltimore Connty Committee of 
Observation in January, 1775, and was elected clerk of the coinndttee. 
On the 30th of November, 1774, he was elected a member of the Balti- 
more County Committee of Correspondence, and also a delegate to the 
Maryland Convention. He received various other minor appointments 
and commissions from the Council of Safety. Dr. William Lyon, of 
Soldier's Delight, was appointed a member of the BoUimore County Com- 
mittee of Observation, May 16, 1778. 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



731 



urges us to address our humane ladies to lend us their kind assistance in 
furnishing us with linen rags and old sheeting for bandages, etc., to he 
delivered either to Dr. Wieseuthall, Dr. Boyd, Pr. Craddock, or any 
member of the committee." 

Still later in the struggle, when the Continental 
currency had become almost worthless, in November, 
1779, a card was published by Drs. Wiesenthall, Has- 
lett, Boyd, Andrews,^ Coale, Eidgely, Beard, and Le- 
besius, informing the pmblic that 

*' tlie pi-actitiouers of physic, owing to the fluctuation of prices and the 
nntixt value of money, are compelled to charge for their services in 
country produce, or by way of barter, or in money at such prices as will 
bear proportion to the necessaries of life at time of payment." 

In spite of the heavy pressure of the times, how- 
ever, they had not forgotten the claims of humanity, 
for they add that " the indigent sick may neverthe- 
less apply, and they shall be attended to as usual 
with tenderness and charity." While these early pio- 
neers were thus laboring with generous self-sacrifice, 
the community was frequently invaded by medical 
charlatans, who often brought discredit upon the pro- 
fession, and did serious injury to the public." 1 

1 Dr. Andrews died in Baltimore on the 26th of December, 1783, while 
attending his father, Dr. Ephraim Andrews, who died a few hours after- 
wards, in the same day. In the same year a Dr. Ludwig, "lodging at 
Mr. Hildebrand's, in Market Street," was added to the medical corps of 
Baltimore, and in February, 1785, Dr. Gilder advertises to cure " the ul- 
cerous or putiid sore throat lately so fatal to the people in Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia, and the people of this town." 

- As early as September,1745,Mon3. Francis Torres,a native of France, 
and " lately an inhabitant of New Spain, traveled through the provinces, 
pretending to cure all kinds of ills and complaints by means of his 
Chinese stones and bags of powder, at the price of twenty-five shillings 
per stone and powder." 

In his advertisement, supported by a large number of certificates from 
persons living in Rhode Island, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, 
and Maryland, he states that " by long travel, study, and experience he 
has discovered several secrets that have relieved and cured many persons 
under disorders, particularly of the rheumatism, gout, bite of venomous 
snakes, cancers, swellings, pains in the joints, sciatica, dropsy in the 
legs, cramp, pleurisy, women's labor pains, pains in children's bellies, 
burns, pains in the bones, coughs, fever in the bead, sore eyes, headache, 
toothache, and several other diseases, and that in a manner hitherto un- 
known, by virtue of a Chinese stone and powders, to be applied to the 
place most affected, without taking anything inwardly." The directions 
for using the Chinese stones and powder were as follows; 

"When any person has been bit by a snake or other venomous crea- 
ture the stone must be immediately applied to the wound, where it will 
tick fast and draw out the venom; in an hour the pain will entirely 
leave the bitten person. Then put the stone about two minutes in a 
ghi£s of warm water, it will purge itself; afterwards dry it in warm 
ashes, wrap it up carefully, and so continuing to do every time it ia used 
it may serve an hundred times. 

" For the gout and rheumatic pains, the patient must apply one of the 
small bags of four ounces of the powder to the place most affected, which 
will in a night's time suck out and dry up the humor, then apply the 
same bag to the next place that you find most in pain, always rememhei^ 
ing first to warm it in a fire-shovel, aud then wash the place with warm 
rum or brandy, and wrap the bag close on the place to keep the part warm. 

"For the cancer or any other humors, the toothache or any other 
pains, two ounces of the powder is sufficient; first warm it in a tire- 
shovel, then wash the place as before mentioned, and then lay on the bag 
of powder. For the toothache, lay the bag to the cheek. 

"To purge the powder from the venom or ill humors which it hath 
drawu from the affected places and to tnake it fit for use again lay the 
bag before the fire for a small space of time, and it will servo a hundred 
times without losing its virtues." A critic in the Pennsijlvania Gazelle, 
under date of Oct. 30, 1745, says, " Go to a cutlass-shop, there you'll find 
a remnant of buckshorn, cut off probably from a piece that was too long 
for a knife. handle, saw and rasp it into what shape you please, and then 



It soon became apparent that in order to maintain 
a proper medical standard and to protect the com- 
munity from these inroads it was necessary to estab- 
lish a more thorough organization among regular 
practitioners, and to provide legal safeguards against 
medical impostors. 

Accordingly, on the 4th of December, 1788, a pub- 
lic meeting was called by Dr. Wiesenthall in behalf 
of the faculty of Baltimore, to " be held on the 15th 
instant, to petition the Assembly for the better regula- 
tion of the practice of physic throughout the State."^ 
Nothing, however, it is believed, came of this effort, 
and on the 1st of June in the following year Dr. 
Wiesenthall, who was the leader in the movement, 
died, and the matter seems to have been abandoned 
for the time. In speaking of his death the Maryland 
Journal of the 2d of June, 1789, pays him the follow- 
ing tribute : 

" The shaft he so warded from others has pierced him at last. Yester- 
day morning, about half-past seven o'clock, departed this life Dr. Charles 
Fred. Wiesentbal, in the sixty-third year of his age, after having prac- 
ticed physic in this town for thirty-four years. If the strictest attention 
in his profession which humanity could excite, and that success which 
might be expected from superior medical abilities, improved in an un- 
common manner by reason and observation, deserve to be remembered, 
tho tears of gratitude must flow in sorrowful profusion. He is gone, and 
the pain of reflection is the more heightened because it is at the time 
when he was in daily expectation of the return of an absent and only 
son, whose virtues and abilities are beloved and admired by all who 

Dr. Wiesenthall had distinguished himself by his 
devotion to the Revolutionary cause, having been a 
member of the Baltimore County Committee of Ob- 
servation in January, 1775, and having held many 
offices of trust under the Council of Safety. In De- 
cember, 1775, he was appointed supervisor of the 
manufacture of saltpetre for Baltimore County, and 
March 2, 1776, was commissioned by the Maryland 
Council of Safety surgeon of the Maryland Battalion. 
His son was Dr. Andrew Wiesenthall, who subse- 
quently assumed a leading rank in his profession, and 
who, on the 28th of July following, "took the liberty 
of acquainting his friends that he had commenced 
the practice of physic." The medical profession was 
further strengthened in the same year by the addition 
to its membership of Dr. George Buchanan, who was 
admitted to the degree of Doctor of Physics at a spe- 
cial commencement of the University of Philadel- 
phia on the 10th of February, 1789. He was a son of 



bum it in hot embers, and you will have Mons. Torres' Chinese stone, 
which will stick to a wet finger, fresh sore, etc., and have all the virtues 
of a new tobacco pipe. 

"Your sawdust and raspings and clips of the same horn, burnt in the 
same manner, and put into a little linen rag makes the miraculous 
chemical or comical powder." 

3 As indicating the state of public feeling on the subject, a letter writ- 
ten by Elisha Hall to Dr. Wiesenthall, and published two days before tho 
meeting, is worthy of mention . In it the writer earnestly calls attention 
to the importance of making any legislation that might be secured ap- 
plicable not only to persons who might " in future apply to practice med- 
icine in the State," but also to "the pestilent empirics and quacks who 
are at present preying on the community." In this communication Dr. 
Wiesenthall is addressed as president of the medical society. 



n-2 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the Dr. Buchanan wlio was one of the commissioners 
appointed to lay oft' the town in 1729, and on the 
18th of June following his graduation he joined his 
fortunes with those of Miss Laetitia McKean, second 
daughter of the Hon. Thomas McKean, Chief Justice 
of the State of Pennsylvania. The estimation in 
which the professional ability of Drs. Buchanan and 
Andrew Wiesenthall wiis held is indicated by the fact 
that, on the Uth of September of the same year, they 
were both elected physicians to the county hospital, 
in company with Dr. Samuel S. Cole, Dr. Gilder, Dr. 
Wynkoop, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Brown, and Dr. Little- 
john, some of whom were practitioners of many years 
standing. They soon demonstrated their right to this 
confidence by the zeal and ability with which they 
devoted themselves to the work of the profession, and 
signalized the year in which they entered upon its 
practice by the first attempt to establish a medical 
college in the town.' 

This important undertaking was announced to the 
public on the 11th of September in the following 
terms : 

"Oil the first Monday in December next. Dr. George Buchanan will 
begin a course of lectures on the theory and practice uf midwifery, com- 
prehending the iliseases of women and children. At the same time will 
commence a course of clinical lectures, exhibiting a particular view of 
the Bruuonian doctrine, by Dr. George Buchanan, M.D., member of the 
American Philosophical Society. Dr. A. Wiesenthall proposes to deliver 
a course of anatomical lectures the ensuing winter in Baltimore Town. 
Tlie subjects usually comprehended in a course of this kind will be treated 
in the one proposed, viz. : the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the 
human body, the operations of surgery, and, at the conclusion of the 
course, some lectures on the gravid uterus. The course will commence 
on the first Monday in December ne.xt. Proposals containing at large 
the subjects to be treated, and terms of attendance, may be had at the 
doctor's house in Gay Street, Baltimore. The doctor will endeavor to 
accommodate two or three gentlemen in the house during the season, 
where they will have peculiar advantages." 

These announcements seem to have stimulated the 
zeal of the other members of the profession, and on 
the 6th of November following " the physicians of 
Baltimore, agreeably to public notice previously given, 
met for the purpose of forming themselves into a body 
which they agreed to distinguish by the name of the 
' Medical Society of Baltimore.' " The " great and 
principal end of the institution" was announced to be 
" the promotion of medical knowledge," and, in order 
to accomplish this object, " the correspondence of 
medical gentlemen in different parts of the country" 
was solicited. By the provisions of its constitution 
the society was to meet on the second Tuesday of each 
month, at seven o'clock in the evening, at Mr. Starck's 
tavern. Its officers for the first year were Dr. Edward 
Johnson, president ; Dr. Andrew Wiesenthall, secre- 
tary, treasurer, and librarian ; Dr. John Boyd, Lyde 
Goodwin, Reuben Gilder, George Buchanan, and 



George Brown, committee of correspondence. Dr. 
Wiesenthall's introductory lecture was delivered at 
his house on the 7th of December, at twelve o'clock, 
and Dr. Buchanan's on the same date. On the 29th 
of the same month a contemporary writer, in refer- 
ring to those lecture-s, says, — 



"The attempt to establish a medical seminary in this State meets 
with all reasonable encouragemeut. The advantages which would anse 
upon the establishment of such an institution in our midst are obvious 
to all. The gentlemen who are delivering their respective courses of 
lectures in this city are endeavoring to make their labors as complete 
and beneficial as possible. Tlie Legislature may probably think the en- 
terprise of sutticient consequence to give the sanction of public patronage." 

Other members of the profession were soon enlisted 
in the same work, and lectures were delivered by Dr. 
George Brown on the theory and practice of physic ; 
by Dr. Lyde Goodwin, on the theory and practice of 
surgery; and by Dr. Samuel Coale, on chemistry and 
materia medica. Dr. Wiesenthall's lectures were pro- 
bably continued in 1790, for on the 1st of July in 
that year he informs 



1 It had previously been the custom for young men desiring to pursue 
the study of medicine either to do so abroad or in some other State, or to 
become the office pupils of local physicians. Such notices as the follow- 
ing, which appeared under date of May 15, 1788, were by no means in- 
frequent: " Wanted by a regular bred physician a youtii of genteel con- 
nexions as a pupil. He must be well versed in the liittiii tongue." 



of physic in this and the neighboring towns that the an- 
atomical lectures will commence in Baltimore on .the first Monday in 
October next, and that he will deliver two courses in the season." 

The appreciation in which these efforts were held 
is indicated by the following highly complimentary 
testimonial to Drs. Buchanan and Weisenthall : 

"To George Buchanan, M.D., Lecturer o« Midicifery : 

" SiE, — Having finished your first course of lectures on this branch of 
our scieuce, and given us such evident proofs of your abilities, and tlie 
intense application with which you have made yourself master of this 
subject, and that your industry is adequate to the task of tracing the no 
less beautiful than wonderful progress of man from a minimum visible 
to his most perfect state, we take the liberty of giving this public testi- 
mony of our approbation and acknowledgment of the instruction and 
advantages we have derived from attending your lectures. That you 
and your friend, Dr. Wiesenthall, may meet with the encouragement 
that your merit deserves in making tlie first essay towards establishing 
a medical school in Maryland, is the sincere wish of your humble ser- 
vants, Andrew Aitken,RobertJoyner, John Nicholson, Frederick Dalcho, 
Thomas Williams, Jr., Thomas Robertson, Jr., Simon Guttrow, Robert 
Alexander, Thomas Johnson." 

This was published in March, 1790. The success 
which attended these efforts inspired other physicians 
to share their labors, and on the 29th of March in the 
same year the following announcement was made in 
the columns of the Maryland Journal: 

"The zeal for study and eager desire of requiring knowledge, that at 
present distinguish the students of medicine in Baltimore, have with 
much satisfaction been observed by some of the physicians of this place, 
who being desirous to aid and cherish as far as in their power so lauda- 
ble a spirit have entered into an association to establish a medical school 
here the ensuing winter, where youth who are engaged in the study of 
physic shall have (in aildition to those advantages they already possess) 
opportunities of hearing courses of lectures on the different branches of 
medicine and surgery. The gentlemen engaged in promoting this in- 
stitution wish to decline offei-ing anything in favor of Baltimore as an 
eligible situation for such a seminary, as the advantages to be derived 
from a public hospital, etc., are too apparent to require illustration. 
They would only, in justice to themselves, obsei-ve that this essay, which 
they engage in from principle, shall be cultivated witii industry and ex- 
ertion. At an early period of ^he ensuing winter courses of lectures on 
the following subjects will commence: 

"Anatomy, by Dr. Andrew Wiesenthal; Midwifery, by Dr. George 
Buchanan ; Chemistry and Materia Medica, by Dr. Samuel Coale ; The- 
ory and Practice of Surgery, by Dr. Lyde Goodwin ; Theory and Practice 
of Pliysic, by Dr. George Brown." 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



In the same month an effort was made by Drs. 
George Brown, Andrew Wiesenthall, Lyde Goodwin, 
S. S. Coale, James AVynkoop, Edward Johnson, Geo. 
P. Stevenson, Miles Littlejohn, George Buchanan, 
Moore Falls, Moses Haslett, and John Coulter to estab- 
lish a " Humane Society, for the recovery of persons 
apparently dead from sudden accidents, as drowning, 
suffocating, lightning, etc.," but with what success is 
not known. 

In the following year (1791) the prevalence of 
yellow fever in Philadelphia created considerable 
alarm in Baltimore, and it was considered necessary 
to establish quarantine regulations for the protection 
of the inhabitants. The excitement, indeed, was so 
great that military detachments were posted on the 
Philadelphia road to intercept fugitives from Phila- 
delphia, as appears from the following extract from 
the Maryland Journal: 

" September loth, a detachment from the Independent Volunteer Com- 
pany, commanded by Capt. Strieker, marched out of Baltimore to relieve 
the company who occupied a pass on tlie Philadelphia Eoad for the pur- 
pose of preventing such persons aa come from Philadelphia, or any 
other place infected with the malignant fever now raging in that city, 
to enter Baltimore without a certificate from the health office. They re- 
lieve each other every 



All direct intercourse with that city, as well as the 
admission of infected vessels, was prohibited by the 
Governor, and Drs. John Ross and John Worth ing- 
ton were appointed health officers. A temporary 
marine hospital was also established, and at a public 
meeting on the 13th of September it was resolved 
that 

*'uo citizen should receive into his house any person coming from Phil- 
adelphia or other affected place who did not produce a certificate from 
the health officer, or officer of patrol, signifying that he might be re- 

At the same time Messrs. Stephen Wilson, Samuel 
HoUingsworth, John Strieker, James Calhoun, An- 
drew Buchanan, and Alexander McKim were author- 
ized to adopt such measures as they might judge 
necessary to prevent intercourse with Philadelphia, 
and liberal subscriptions were made to enable them 
to carry out their instructions. In order to still fur- 
ther allay the public apprehension the following 
certificate was published on the 28th of September by 
Drs. E. Johnson, L. Goodwin, M. Haslett, G. Brown, 
G. Buchanan, E. Gilder, M. Littlejohn, S. S. Coale, 
J. Coulter, G. De Butts, and Henry Stevenson : 



" We, the subscribers, practicing physicians in Baltimore Town, hereby 
certify that we have no patients under our care that we have reason to 
believe are infected with a malignant fever, nor do we know of any such 
disorder in Baltimore town or county ; and that the inhabitants of this 
place are uncommonly healthy for the season." 

The precautions adopted proved effectual for the 
time ; but in 1794, before the departure of the troops 
from Baltimore to suppress the " Whisky Insurrec- 
tion," the yellow fever made its appearance in the 
town, and Messrs. Gustavus Scott, George Salmon, 
Joseph Townsend, Alexander McKim, Jesse Hollings- 
47 



worth, Thomas Johnson, and Thomas Dixson were 
appointed a Committee of Health. There were three 
hundred and forty-four deaths by the fever and other 
diseases during the months of August and September. 
The malady did not cease until the 15th of October. 
Capt. James Allen, who had conducted his company 
of riflemen as far as Frederick, to protect the State 
arsenal from the insurgents, returned an invalid, and, 
with other meritorious citizens, fell a victim to the 
fatal disease. The commissioners of health purchased 
a site for a hospital from Capt. Yellott, which was im- 
proved and continued to be used as a hospital for 
strangers and sea-faring men until 1808, when it was 
leased on certain conditions to Drs. Smyth and Mac- 
kenzie. It was at this period, and particularly on 
account of the fever, that many citizens fled from the 
town with their families, where it appears the fever 
did not reach them, and some of them erected 
country residences, which now ornament the vicin- 
ity.' 
During at least a part of this period Dr. Wiesen- 



1 These precautions continued for several years. From contempora- 
neous references, the sanitary condition of the town does not appear to 
have been especially good at this period, frequent complaints being made 
of filthy streets and dirty alleys, and there is some reason to suspect that 
the outbreaks of disease were due, in part at least, to the neglect of hy- 
gienic laws. In November, 1797, all the patients remaining at the hos- 
pital at the northeastern part of Fell's Point were so far recovered as to 
be discharged. In August of the following year, however, Mayor James 
Calhoun issued a proclamation establishing a quarantine against Phila- 
delphia, which was again suffering from the ravages of the fever. By the 
terms of the proclamation *' no persons from the city of Philadelphia 
were to come within three miles of Baltimore, nor any goods from Phila- 
delphia until they had been absent therefrom fifteen days, except such 
persons or goods as might stop at Merry's tavern, on the Philadelphia 
road, and be there examined by Dr. Joseph Way, and obtain his passport 
of admittance." 

Since 1849, when we were visited with a slight attack of the cholera, 
although there have been brief visitations of disease, Baltimore has 
been free from all serious epidemics, and its healthfulness and cleanli- 
ness have become proverbial. 

The death rate for the past eight years has been as follows ; 



Tear. 

1873.. 



Deaths. 



S043 



Death r 



Ml 



Among the chief causes of deatii in 1879 were consumption, 1162; 
pneumonia, 509 ; cholera infantum, 475 ; scarlet fever, 367 ; diphtheria, 
298 ; heart disease, 262 ; typhoid fever, 166 ; whooping-cough, 80 ; measles, 
43. The causes of death in 1800 are classified by the Board of Health as 
follows : 

1st. Infantile (occurring under five years of age), of which 503 

were from cholera infantum 3602 

2d. Consumption 1221 



Total.. 



8043 



The estimated expenses of the Health Department for 1881 are two 
hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. The officers of the depart- 
ment are Dr. James A. Stewart, commissioner of health and register ; 
Dr. James F. McShane, assistant commissioner of health ; Dr. E. Lloyd 
Howard, resident physician at Marine Hospital ; and A. Robert Carter, 
secretary. 



734 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



thall continued to deliver his lectures, which were an- 
nounced in both 1796 and 1797. His course in the 
former year comprehended anatomy, physiology, and 
surgery, and in the latter, anatomy, surgery, and mid- 
wifery, the lectures being delivered at his residence. 
No. 40 Gay Street.^ 

These patient and persistent efforts at length began 
to bear fruit, and on the 20th of January, 1799, an 
act was passed by the General Assembly to establish 
a medical and chirurgical faculty or society in the 
State of Maryland. The incorporators on the part 
of Baltimore City were Drs. George Brown, John 
Coulter, Miles Littlejohn, George Buchanan, Lyde 
Goodwin, and Ashton Alexander f Arthur Pue, Daniel 
Moores, Henry Stevenson, Thomas Craddock, Thomas 
Love, John Cromwell, Philip Trapnell, and Christo- 
pher Todd, on the part of Baltimore County. By 
this act the medical faculty thus established was 
authorized to elect " twelve persons of the greatest 
medical and chirurgical abilities in the State," who 
should be styled the Medical Board of Examiners 
of the State of Maryland, and whose duty it was 
made to 

" grant liceuaes to such medical and chirurgical gentlemen as they, either 
upon a full examination or upon the production of diplomas from some 
respectahle college, may judge adequate to commence the practice of the 
medical and chirurgical arts." After the appointment of the board it 
was provided that '* no person not already a practitioner of medicine or 
surgery should be allowed to practice in either of said branches and re- 
ceive payment for his services without having first obtained a license, 
certified as by law directed." 

The incorporation of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty was almost immediately attended with happy 
results, and its influence was at once discernible, not 
only in an improved professional standard, but in 
the impetus which was given to medical research and 



t In 1796 the profession lost one of its most valuable and 
members, Dr. Moses Haslett, who died on the 29th of February. In 
1797, however, it received an important accession in Dr. Peter Chatard, 
a French physician, who had for three years previously been a member 
of the Medical Society of Delaware, and had practiced in Wilmington. 
He came to Baltimore in June of that year, and took a house in sight of 
the Falls, in Harrison Street, between Market and Gay Streets. In the 
same year Dr. J. Morgan, 67 Bowley's Wharf, announces that he devotes 
himself to the cure of certain classes of diseases. In January, 1796, Dr. 
H. Chase commenced the practice of medicine ; and in November of the 
same year Dr. A. Warfleld informed the public that he was to be found 
at :)1 Howard Street. 

- Dr. Ashton Alexander was a native of Virginia, but was a resident of 
Baltimore for mauy years. He received the degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine from the University of Pennsylvania in 179.'), his thesis being " The 
Influence of One Disease on the Cure of Another." He was greatly es- 
teemed, both as a physician and a gentleman. He died at his residence 
in Baltimore, March, 1855, at the age of eighty-six. Dr. George Buchanan, 
as has already been said, waa a son of the Dr. Buchanan who assisted in 
laying off Baltimore Town. He possessed considerable means, and was a 
man of great influence i u society. Dr. Thomas Craddock has already been 
mentioned as a practicing physician of Baltimore County many years 
previous to this time. Dr. John Owen, of Baltimore, was one of the char- 
tered members of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of Maryland. He 
died at his residence in Baltimore in October, 1824. Dr. Arthur Pue was 
a successful practitioner in Baltimore and it« vicinity as early as 1771. 
He waa a mau of influence and a physician of prominence. Dr. Henry 
Stevenson was the son of the physician of that name, whose success and 
[nallpox have been already mentioned. 



investigation. It was about this period (in 1801) that 
Wm. Taylor, merchant in Baltimore, received from 
his brother, John Taylor, of London, a quantity of 
vaccine-matter for distribution among the physicians 
of the city, which was delivered through Dr. M. Lit- 
tlejohn, Mr. Taylor's physician, to Dr. James Smith. 
Dr. Jenner's discovery was then only five years old, 
and its merit was still far from being generally 
acknowledged.^ It appears, however, to have been 
received with favor in Baltimore, and in March, 1802, 
the establishment of a sort of vaccine depot for the 
benefit of the poorer classes was suggested by Dr. 
Smith, and the plan indorsed by Mayor Calhoun and 
the trustees of the poor, Messrs. Wm. Gibson, Thos. 
Dickson, Wm. Lorman, Patrick Bennett, Ebenezer 
Finley, Frederick Schaeffer, and Wm. Wilson. The 
following extract from an address of Dr. Smith to 
the citizens of Baltimore on the benefit of vaccina- 
tion will not be found uninteresting in this connec- 
tion: 

*' Having an opportunity highly favorable to the experiment when 
the vaccine-matter was first received into this State (May, 1801), I made 
use of it in ten or twelve cases with the greatest care and circumspec- 
tion, uor did I then venture to depend on the efficacy of this inoculation 
before I had subjected these persons to fair and repeated trials to infect 
them with the smallpox. These experiments were decidedly in favor of 
the vaccine inoculation; for as in the old way I gave a regular couree 
of medicine and prescribed a strict regimen of diet and exercise, in 
this I gave none, neither did I prescribe any regimen whatever. These 
patients were all permitted to eat and drink as usual, to work as usual, 
or to amuse themselves as usual, and passing through the whole opera- 
tion obtained a perfect security againt the smallpox without the least 
confiuement, sufTering neither pain nor sickness, anxiety, fear, nor dis- 
tress. From these trials, therefore, and from the experience of others, 
as well as my own in private practice since that time, I now feel myself 
authorized to assert without any doubt that the cowpox, though no more 
than the shadow of a disease, is an effectual and certain preventive of 
the smallpox." * 

Dr. Smith's views seem to have been universally 
shared by the medical practitioners of the city, and on 
the 25th of March a card was published 

"approving of the vaccine inoculation, and recommending the same as 
a certain preventive of the smallpox," which was signed by Dr. George 
Brown, Ashton Alexander, Daniel Moores, James Glasgow, Nathaniel 

i Potter, John Crawford, John Coulter, Thomas Kowland, Robert Moore, 
John D. Smith, Joseph Allender, C. P. Herwig, John C. Snyder, James 
Stewart, M. Littlejohn, John Owen, P. Chatard, John Campbell Wliite, 

I R. Harris Archer, Henry Keerl, Charles Henry Zollers, Robert Johnston, 
Henry Howard, Joseph Way, Charles H. Winder, Colin MacKenzie, John 
Smith, and Joseph MacKrill. 

! At the meeting of the Medical and Chirurgical 
j Faculty in June, 1802, the society passed a resolu- 
tion declaring that "the evidence of genuine vaccine 
inoculation appeared to them full and conclusive," 
and " recommending their fellow-citizens to interest 
themselves in its propagation." Dr. Wiesenthall's 



3 Upon the application of Dr. Smith, the Legislature of Maryland 
became the first to sanction the distribution, and in 1809 he was granted 
a lottery to raise funds for the distribution of vaccine.matter gratui- 
tously during six years. In 1810, Rev. Dr. Bend, William Gwynn, Dr. 
Smith, and others formed a society for promoting vaccination generally ; 
this society was afterwards discontinued, and another established in 1822, 
of which Dr. James Stouart was president 

< The yellow fever prevailed in Baltimore for a short period in 1802. 



THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 



735 



lectures, as has been shown, were probably continued 
until 1798, but after that year tliere is no further 
mention of them, and the doctor himself disappears 
from view. His name is not among the incorporators 
of the Medical and Chirurgical Society, nor in the list 
of physicians given above, and it seems probable that 
his useful and long-continued labors were cut short 
by death between the periods indicated. His work, 
however, was taken up by a worthy and distinguished 
successor. Dr. John Beale Davidge, a native of An- 
napolis, who had settled in Baltimore in the autumn 
of 1796. Dr. Davidge received his education in Eu- 
rope, graduating in Scotland, and was remarkable not 
only for his high surgical skill, but for his singular 
gifts as a lecturer and teacher.' The precise date at 
which Dr. Davidge commenced his lectures appears 
to be in doubt, but there is reason to believe that his 
labors in this field were begun several years earlier 
than has been generally supposed. From the address 
of Dr. Philip Thomas before the Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Faculty at its June meeting in 1802, it ap- 
pears that a movement had been made in the previous 
year for the establishment of a medical institution, 
and he recommended to their notice 

" A plan proposed and laid before the Faculty at their last meeting by 
a distinguished member of the Society." 

"By this plan, which will be laid before the meeting," President 
Thomas continues, " you will observe it is intended to form a medical 
college, which, besides including the duties of the Board of Examiners 
under the present arrangement, is to be endowed with all the other ex- 
ecutive powere under the law which may appear to be necessary to give 
it additional respectability." 

No definite action appears to have been taken upon 
this recommendation, as at the ensuing meeting in 
1803 a committee of five, consisting of Drs. George 
Brown, James Steuart, J. C. White, Edward Scott, 
and John B. Davidge, was appointed to digest a plan 
for the establishment of a college of physicians, with 
instructions to report at the next meeting of the fac- 
ulty. Dr. Davidge, however, did not wait to secure 
the formal indorsement of the faculty, and in Decem- 
ber, 1802, a few months after the unsuccessful effort 
of President Thomas to engage the interest of the 
society in the undertaking, commenced a course of 
medical lectures in Baltimore on his own account. 
The following extract from his introductory address, 
published December 3d, affords a good idea both of 
the scope of the enterprise and of the character of 
Dr. Davidge himself: 

"To THE Students of Medicine. 
" TocNG Gentlemen,— The respectful and flattering manner in which 
you have repeatedly invited me to engage in a course of lectures on the 
obstetric and chirurgical sciences, joined to the warm importunities of 
a number of the medical practitioners of this city, has prevailed over 
my objections, and inspired me with a sense of obligation to your and 



I Dr. Davidge was the first surgeon in this country who tied the glu- 
teal artery for the cure of aneurism, and his patien t recovered, although 
he lost much blood from hemorrhage. Dr. Davidge was also the origi- 
nator of the " American plan of amputation." He was a member of the 
faculty of the University of Maryland until bis death, which occurred 
on the 23d of August, 1829. 



their favorable sentiments and of my duty to society. To prepare myself 
to meet your wishes and the wishes of such medical practitioners as shall 
honor me with their presence, I have devoted to the service of the above 
subjects all the time I have been able to secure to myself from the calls 
of my profession and demands of a very sickly family. On Wednesday 
next (December 8th), at seven p.m., will be delivered a lecture introduc- 
tory to the former science ; and at the same hour every Wednesday and 
Saturday the lectures will be continued until the course shall be finished- 
In a few days T shall present to the public a scheme for the relief of poor 
women, which in its nature will be calculated to soften the lot of the 
poor female, and afford an opportunity to those of better fortune to make 
their charity acceptable to the most necessitous of the human kind,— to 
the woman by original lot or untoward fortune deprived of the neces- 
saries of the child-bed state. When the obstetric course shall be finished, 
I propose, provided I shall have time, to collect materials to commence 
a series of prolections in clinical cases in surgery. The above loct res 
will be delivered at my present dweUiug, formerly occupied by Mr. Isaac 
Burneston, in East (Fayette) Street, a little above the Presbyterian 

These lectures were delivered as announced, and it 
is stated were attended in the beginning by only four 
students, and certainly the number never ranged over 
a dozen. In February, 1807, Dr. Davidge formed a 
business connection with Dr. James Cocke, of Vir- 
ginia, who is described by Dr. Nathaniel Potter as 
" not only an accomplished anatomist and surgeon, 
but an able financier," or as " principally instrumental 
in devising the ways and means by which we were 
ultimately enabled to prosecute our scheme." ^ 

The incipient institution was further reinforced by 
Dr. John Shaw, who delivered lectures on chemistry at 
his own residence, and animated by this accession, 
and the valuable assistance of Dr. Cocke, Dr. Davidge 
erected an anatomical hall near the southeast corner 
of Liberty and Saratoga Streets, on his own property 
and at his own expense. 

" It was discovered by the populace," says Dr. Potter, " that he intro- 
duced a subject for dissection. The assemblage of a few boys before the 
door was soon accumulated into a thickly-embodied mob, which demol- 
ished the house, and put a period to all further proceedings for that sea- 
son. Such were the vulgar prejudices against dissection that little sym- 
pathy was felt for the doctor's loss or the mortification he suffered. He 
had no redress by an appeal to the justice of the case before any civil 
tribunal, and his only remedy was in a renewed and vigorous prosecution 

2 Among the practicing physicians of Baltimore in 1803 were Drs. Geo. 
Brown, John Crawford, M. Littlejohn, John B. Davidge, Nathaniel Potter, 
James Smith, Ashton Alexander, J. J. Giraud, John C. White, Colin 
Mackenzie, John Coulter, James Stewart, John Owen, J. B. Mariono, 
Lundiu McKechnie, Sr., Peter Chatard, and H. Wilkins. The profession 
in this year lost Dr. Daniel Colvin, who died on the 10th of April. At 
an ordinal^ meeting of the Medical Society of Baltimore on the 6th of 
August, 1804, Dr. Dunkel was elected president; Dr. Crawford, vice- 
president; Dr. Davidge, secretary; and Drs. Smyth, Mackenzie, Potter, 
Chatard, and Alexander, committee. 

3 In his " Rise and Progress of the University of Maryland" Dr. Potter 
says, " In 1797 I adopted this city as a permanent residence, and became 
acquaiuted with the late Prof. John B. Davidge. He had been educated in 
the University of Edinburgh, where he had devoted himself to the cul- 
tivation of anatomy and physiology. We frequently conferred on the 
prevailing theories and practice of the day as they were taught and pur- 
sued on both sides of the Atlantic, and although we were at issue on cer- 
tain theoretic points and modes of practice, we soon came to the conclu, 
sion that the science could not be successfully taught under the usual 
organization of medical schools. We either did see, or thought we saw, 
that without the aids of physiology and pathology, either associated with 
anatomy or as a separate chair of institutes, the philosophy of the body, 
in sickness or in health, could not be understood. This was the basis ol 
our scheme, and the ground on which we erected a school that once was 
much easier envied than rivalled." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of his plan, with the co-operation of his colleagues. This disaster ani- 
mated us to pray the Legislature for autlmrity to open a medical college, 
under the guarantee of the State." 

Anxious to establish medical education upon a firm 
basis, and to afford it the protection of law, Drs. 
Davidge, Shaw, and Cocke applied to the Legislature 
for the privilege of establishing a college, and on the 
20th of January, 1808, an act was passed by the Gen- 
eral Assembly 



The first section of the act provided 

"that a college for the promotion of medical knowledge, by the name 
of the College of Medicine of Maryland, be established in the city or 
precincts of Baltimore, upon the following fundamental principles: The 
said college shall be founded and maintained forever upon a most liberal 
plan for the benefit of students of evei-y country and every religious de- 
nomination, who shall be freely admitted to equal privileges and advan- 
tages of education, and to all the honors of the college according to their 
merit, without requiring or enforcing any religious or civil test, or urging 
their attendance upon any particular plan of religious worship or ser- 
vice." 

It was further enacted that the members of the 
Board of Medical Examiners for the State, together 
with the president and professors of the college, 
should constitute a corporation and body politic by 
the name of " The Regents of the College of Medicine 
of Maryland," who should have the management and 
control of the institution. The faculty, as suggested 
by the petitioners and constituted by the act, con- 
sisted of Drs. John B. Davidge and James Cocke, 
joint professors of anatomy, surgery, and physiology ; 
Dr. George Brown, professor of the practice and the- 
ory of medicine; Dr. John Shaw, professor of chem- 
istry ; Dr. Thomas E. Bond, professor of materia 
medica ; and Dr. William Donaldson, professor of the 
institutes of medicine. At the same time John Eager 
Howard, James McHenry, James Calhoun, Charles 
Ridgely (of Hampton), William Gwynn, John Com- 
egys, Charles A. Warfield, John Crawford, Solomon 
Burkhead, John B. Davidge, and Ennalls Martin 
were appointed commissioners, and authorized "to 
propose a lottery scheme for raising a sum of money 
not exceeding forty thousand dollars for the use" of 
the college.' The non-acceptance of Drs. Brown, 
Bond, and Donaldson prevented the immediate or- 
ganization of the college, and presented a tempo- 
rary obstacle to its progress. Under the charter the 
regents possessed the sole power of appointment, 
and, although they were convened in July to fill the 
vacant chairs, a full meeting could not be obtained, 
and they adjourned until the 8th of October, when 
the resignations were accepted.^ Dr. Nathaniel Potter 
was elected to succeed Dr. Brown as professor of the 
theory and practice of medicine, and Dr. Samuel Baker 
was chosen in place of Dr. Bond as professor of ma- 



i Most of these commissioners declined to act, and in December, 1808, 
the regents were authorized to appoint others in their places. 

3 The non-acceptance of Drs. Brown and Donaldson had been antici- 
pated. Dr. Bond was compelled to decline on account of ill health, which 
for a time caused his retirement to the country. 



teria medica. Referring to the opening of the insti- 
tution, Dr. Potter says, — 

" Even at this crisis, less zealous votaries of science would have paused 
and perhaps relinquished the object we had so long cherished. Destitute 
of everything but an enthusiastic spirit, without a place to accommodate 
a class, however small, we determined to lecture in our own dwellings. 
We began with seven pupils, and imperfect as our courses must neces- 
sarily have been, they were favorably received, and we conciliated the 
good will of both our pupils and the faculty generally." 

At the beginning of the next session the college 
was still without public accommodations, and was 
destitute of all anatomical preparations and chemical 
apparatus except the rude substitutes made by the 
professors themselves. Dr. Shaw's health had been 
much impaired by the labors of the preceding winter, 
and the chair of chemistry was left vacant by his 
death in the following autumn.-' 

He was succeeded by Dr. Elisha De Butts, whose 
brilliant and useful career was unfortunately of but 
brief duration. At the opening of the session a sep- 
arate chair of obstetrics was created, which was filled 
by the election of Dr. R. W. Hall. The number of 
pupils had by this time increased to ten, and it was 
found impracticable to accommodate them any longer 
at the residences of the professors. 

"The only alternative that presented itself was an old, almost unin- 
habitable wooden building at the southwest corner of Fayette Street and 
McClellan's Alley. It had been occupied as a school-house, but from 
decay had been tenantless for some years. The professors of anatomy 
and chemistry, after occupying it for some time, contracted pleurisies, 
and for some weeks were obliged to suspend their courses. During the 
month of January the weather became intensely cold, and almost every 
morning the professor of anatomy found his subjects frozen or covered 
with snow or ice, while the professor of chemistry often found his 
materials for experiments destroyed or rendered unfit for illustration." 

The professors of the institutes and practice of 
medicine were forced to find accommodations else- 
where, and were allowed by Mr. Mallet, the proprie- 
tor, the use of a spacious ball-room in Commerce 
Street, near Exchange Place, between the hours of 
twelve and two. The same apartments were occupied 
during the winter of 1809-10, at which time the class 
had increased to eighteen pupils. In April, 1810, the 
first commencement occurred, and the first degrees of 
Doctor of Medicine were conferred on five candidates. 
Warned by past experience of the necessity of pro- 
viding suitable accommodations for the institution, 
the managers of the college determined to commence 
operations on their own credit and responsibility, 
and, having obtained from John Eager Howard the 
lot on which the university now stands, at the corner 
of Lombard and Greene Streets, proceeded to erect 
the necessary buildings. The corner-stone was laid 
on the 7th of May, 1812, by Col. Howard, and the 
building was so far comjjleted as to be partly tenant- 
able on the last Monday in October. The lottery au- 
thorized by the act of 1808 had never been held, and 
on application by the Institution at the December 



3 Dr. Potter says of him, "Hews 
chemists that ever filled a chair. } 
the same means in so short a time.' 



1 of the ablest and most devoted 
ui ever accomplished more with 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



737 



session of the Legislature in 1811 the regents were 
empowered to appoint a new set of commissioners to 
undertake the management of the lottery, which sub- 
sequently assisted materially in the payment of the 
debts incurred in the erection of the college buildings. 
On the 29th of December, 1812, the Legislature passed 
an act authorizing the College of Medicine " to con- 
stitute, appoint, and annex to itself the other three 
colleges or faculties, viz., the Faculty of Divinity, the 
Faculty of Law, and the Faculty of Arts and Sci- 
ences ;" and providing that " the four faculties or 
colleges thus united should constitute an university 
by the name and under the title of the University of 
Maryland." 

The' medical faculty of the university in 1813 con- 
sisted of Dr. John B. Davidge, professor of the insti- 
tutes or principles of physic ; Dr. James Cocke, pro- 
fessor of anatomy ; Dr. William Gibson, professor of 
the principles and practice of surgery ; ' Dr. Elisha 
De Butts, professor of chemistry ; Dr. Samuel Baker, 
professor of materia medica ; Dr. Eichard, W. Hall, 
professor of obstetrics ; Dr. Nathaniel Potter, profes- 
sor of theory and practice of medicine. The first 
commencement of the university was held on the 
10th of May, 1813, when the following gentlemen re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine: Aaron Bur- 
ton, Richmond, Va. ; Martin Fenwick, Upper Lou- 
isiana; Samuel Martin, Virginia ; Daniel Moore, Lan- 
caster, Pa. ; Horatio Jameson, Lancaster, Pa. ; John 
D. Sinnott, Baltimore ; Eobert W. Erwin, South Caro- 
lina ; Robert Allen, Harford County, Md. ; James 
Conden, Cecil County, and Grafton Marsh, Baltimore 
County, Md. The gold medal offered to the writer of 
the best Latin thesis was awarded to Dr. John D. 
Sinnott, of Baltimore. At a meeting of the faculty 



1 Dr. William Gibson was born in Baltimore in 1784, and 
medical degree in Edinburgb, where, through the friendship of Sir 
Charles Bell, he enjoyed extraordinary advantages. It is stated that 
he was the fii-st surgeon that ever ligated the common iliac artery, an 
operation that contributed greatly to his reputation; this he did during 
the riots in this city in 1812, for the arrest of hemorrhage caused by a 
gunshot wound of the abdomen ; two convolutions of the intestines were 
wounded ; each opening was closed with a ligature and returned. He 
was the first surgeon in this country to perform the supiu-pubic opera- 
tion of lithotomy. He performed the Cesarean operation twice upon 
the same patient, saving each time the mother and child. He also in- 
vented an apparatus for the treatmeut of fractures of the lower jaw 
which held a high place in the esteem of American surgeons, and was 
far in advance in point of simplicity and eflBciency of those used by 
European surgeons. In the American appendix to Cooper's "Dictionary 
of Surgery," issued in 184*2, the editor states that the straight muscles of 
the eye were divided by Prof. William Gibson for.the cure of strabismus 
several years before the operation was performed by Dieffenbach, of Ber- 
lin. Dr. Gibson occupied the chair of surgery in the University of 
Maryland from 1813 to 1818, when, upon the death of Prof. Dorsey, his 
professional influence was so great that he was called to the chair of 
surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, which was then occupied by 
Dr. Physick, the father of American surgery, who consented to take the 
chair of anatomy with an adjunct. Dr. Gibson occupied the chair of 
surgery in the University of Pennsylvania from 1818 to 1854. He was 
the author of a work entitled the " Institutes and Practice of Surgery," 
and he is described by Dr. Gross as an accomplished lecturer, a lucid 
writer, and an able speaker. See Dr. Bernard Browne's " Surgeons of 
Baltimore, and their Achievements." 



on the 17th of August, in the same year, the building 
committee reported 

" that the building for the accommodation of the professors of the dif- 
fereut classes was commenced May 7, 1812, and so far advanced as to 
admit all the professors in the course of the last winter. The apartments 
provided for the classes are more spacious and convenient than any other 
in America, and deemed inferior to none in Europe." 

The prospects of the institution began to improve 
from this period, and the medical class increased in 
numbers yearly, until, in 1825, it numbered over three 
hundred; in the mean time " Practice Hall" and the 
Baltimore Infirmary had been created, and a museum 
established by the purchase of the valuable patholog- 
ical collection of Prof Allen Burns, of Glasgow. Its 
prosperity, however, was interrupted in 1825, by the 
passage of an act discontinuing the board of regents 
and transferring the management of the institution 
to a board of trustees, composed of non-medical men 
entirely. The act seems to have been as unjustifiable 
as it was unwise, and its effects were so disastrous that 
in 1839 the class had been reduced from three hun- 
dred to eighteen. The faculty and former regents of 
the university had vainly protested against the change, 
but it was not until 1836 that steps were taken to test 
the legality of the law, when, after two years of liti- 
gation, the Court of Appeals decided in favor of the 
surviving regents, and the management of the insti- 
tution was restored to their hands.^ 

Since that period the prosperity and usefulness of 
the medical departments of the university have known 
no interruption, except during the civil war, and at 
present it ranks by universal acknowledgment among 
the leading medical schools of the country. The 
university has numbered in its faculties and among 
its alumni some of the most distinguished names 
known to medical science either in this country or in 
Europe. 

The Washington Medical College of Baltimore 
was incorporated on the 4th of March, 1833, with the 
following persons as incorporators and professors : 
Horatio G. Jameson, professor of surgery and surgical 
anatomy ; Samuel K. Jennings, professor of materia 
medica and therapeutics ; William U. Handy, pro- 
fessor of obstetrics and the diseases of women and 
children ; Thomas E. Bond, professor of the theory 
and practice of medicine ; Samuel Annan, professor 
of anatomy and physiology ; and James B. Rogers, 
professor of chemistry. The board of visitors named 
by the act was composed of twenty-four members, 
and consisted of the following persons : Rev. John 
M. Duncan, Dr. William Donald.son, Charles F. 
Mayer, Reverdy Johnson, John S. Tyson, Rev. John 
Finley, Dr. John Buckler, William R. Stewart, Rev. 
John Gibson, Dr. Amos A. Evans, Dr. Peregrine 



2 The old regents of the faculty of the University of Maryland in Oc- 
tober of 1837 fitted up the rooms of the Indian Queen Hotel and Balti- 
more House, at the southeast corner of Hanover and Baltimore Streets, 
for the reception of their medical class. It combined all the advantages 
of hospital practice, with clinical instruction in medicine and surgery. 



738 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Wroth, Dr. Henry Howard, Dr. John Martin, E. L. 
Finley, John V. L. McMahon, Dr. Joseph Nichols, 
Dr. Richard M. Allen, Dr. Robert Goldsborough, Dr. 
Samuel B. Martin, Col. William Stewart, Dr. Robert 
Archer, Dr. John P. Mackenzie, Dr. Francis P. 
Phelps, and James Campbell. Under the able man- 
agement of the faculty and board of visitors the in- 
stitution prospered so greatly that the building erected 
for its use on Holliday Street, opposite the old City 
Hall, soon proved insufficient for its accommodation, 
and it was found necessary to erect another on Broad- 
way, which was afterwards sold to representatives of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is now used as 
the church Home and Infirmary. On the (Jth of 
March, 1839, the college was authorized to annex to 
itself the three faculties of law, divinity, and arts and 
sciences, and to assume the name of the Washington 
University of Baltimore. The location on Broadway 
proved too remote, and the faculty determined to 
remove the institution to a point nearer the centre of 
the city. The building now known as the " New As- 
sembly Rooms" was accordingly constructed at the 
corner of Hanover and Lombard Streets, but " either 
from the magnitude of the enterprise, or from mis- 
management of the funds on the part of those to 
whom they were intrusted (as alleged), the under- 
taking overtaxed the resources of the faculty to such 
a degree that the building had to be sold immedi- 
ately in order to enable them to meet the obligation 
incurred in its erection." This occurred in 1851, and 
caused the suspension of the institution, which was, 
however, at length re-established in October, 1867, 
through the efforts of Dr. Harvey L. Byrd, Dr. Thomas 
E. Bond, and Dr. Edward Warren. The corporate 
rights of the university under its old charter still sur- 
vived, and a new faculty was organized, and the insti- 
tution started a fresh but brief career of usefulness. 
The building on the northeast corner of Saratoga 
and Calvert Streets was first used for lecture purposes, 
but after one or two sessions a building opposite, on 
the northwest corner, was secured and converted into 
a hospital, with the necessary accommodations for 
lectures, experiments, etc. For several years the 
university was conducted with encouraging success, 
and it seemed probable that it would soon reach its 
former condition of prosperity, but in 1872 unfortu- 
nate differences arose in the faculty, which finally led 
to the resignation of Dr. Warner and others, who 
immediately established another medical school. 
This separation and the rivalry of the new institution 
proved too great for the strength of the Washington 
University, which soon began to decline, and in 1877 
was merged into the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geon.s. The total number of graduates from the in- 
stitution during its existence was about seven hun- 
dred. 

The College of Physicians and Surgeons was 
incorporated in 1872 by Drs. Edward Warren, Har- 
vey L. Byrd, Peter Goulrick, Thomas Opie, Wni. W. 



Murray, and John S. Lynch. These gentlemen con- 
stituted the first faculty of the institution. Dr. Thos. 
Opie being dean. In addition to the regular staff, 
however. Dr. E. Lloyd Howard and Dr. Wm. Simon 
each delivered a course of lectures on the subjects 
embraced in their departments. In the spring of 
1873, Prof Warren having resigned, the faculty was 
reorganized, and four new chairs were created. The 
faculty consists of twelve members, and is composed 
as follows : Thomas Opie, M.D., professor of obstet- 
rics and dean of the faculty ; John S. Lynch, M.D., 
professor of principles and practice of medicine and 
clinical professor of heart, throat, and lungs ; E. 
Lloyd Howard, M.D., professor of medical juris- 
prudence acd hygiene ; Thomas S. Latimer, M.D., 
professor of physiology and diseases of children ; 
Augustus F. Erich, M.D., professor of diseases of 
women ; Aaron Friedenwald, M.D., professor of dis- 
eases of the eye and ear ; Charles F. Bevan, M.D., 
professor of anatomy, orthopedic and genito-urinary 
surgery ; Archibald Atkinson, M.D., professor of ma- 
teria medica, therapeutics, and dermatology ; Oscar 
J. Coskery, M.D., professor of surgery ; Abram B. 
Arnold, M.D., professor of clinical medicine and 
diseases of the nervous .system ; Wm. Simon, M.D., 
Ph.D., professor of chemistry; Wm. Gundy, M.D., 
lecturer on insanity ; James G. Willshire, M.D., and 
Wm. F. Lockwood, Jr., M.D., demonstrators of anat- 
omy ; J. Wesley Chambers, M.D., prosector. During 
the first session of 1872-73 the lecture-halls of the 
college were in the apartments over the New Assem- 
bly-Rooms, at the northeast corner of Lombard and 
Hanover Streets, built for and first occupied by the 
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. The clinical 
facilities were limited to the few patients who were 
willing to climb to the fourth floor of the building. 
Twenty-five students attended the first course of lec- 
tures, eighteen of whom, having previously attended 
other medical schools, received the degree of M.D. 
The number of students attending the seventh session 
of the college was three hundred and thirty-two. In 
1874 the Maryland Lying-in Asylum, at 163 West 
Lombard Street, was established, offering the student 
special clinical advantages in the study of midwifery; 
in 1877 the faculty became the owners of the Wash- 
ington University Hospital (now the City Hospital), 
at northwest corner of Calvert and Saratoga Streets, 
together with the equipments of the Washington Uni- 
versity School of Medicine, the two institutions being 
at the same time consolidated by an act of the General 
Assembly, which transferred to the College of Physi- 
cians all the rights and privileges of the former insti- 
tution. In 1878 the Maryland Woman's Hospital was 
established; it is located in a building immediately 
adjoining the City Hospital, and, like the latter, is 
under the exclusive control of the college. The 
wards communicate by a covered way with the lec- 
ture-halls, so that even the most serious cases may be 
brought upon their beds before the class. May 1, 



{ 




C2j.(it^^Q. 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



739 



1880, a school for nurses was organized ; its operation 
has been very encouraging, and it promises to develop 
into a useful adjunct to the institution. 

Dr. Augustus F. Erich, who was elected in 1873 
professor of chemistry in this college, is one of the 
most distinguished medical men in Baltimore. He 
was born May 4, 1837, at Eisleben, Prussia, and ob- 
tained all the rudiments of his education in the 
schools of his native place, entering the gymnasium 
in 1849. He emigrated to the United States and 
settled in Baltimore in 1856, and entered the oiBce 
of the late Prof. J. C. Monkur, of Washington Uni- 
versity, and was graduated M.D. in the University of 
Maryland in the class of 1861. He began the prac- 
tice of medicine in the eastern section of the city, and 
on Nov. 1, 1862, married Annie, eldest daughter of 
the late Henry Baetjer, of Baltimore. 

He was the orFginator of the movement in the Bal- 
timore Medical Association which led to the enact- 
ment of the law for the suppression of quackery and 
criminal abortion, and in the same year was appointed 
by the Governor a member of the examining board 
created by the act. In 1866 he was elected one of the 
physicians of the East Baltimore Special Dispensary, 
taking the specialty of gymecology, with which branch 
he was very familiar. In 1872, Dr. Erich organized 
and was elected the first president of the Medical and 
Surgical Society of Baltimore, which under the name 
of the East Baltimore Medical Society met at his 
residence for some time. He is at present a mem- 
ber of the Baltimore Medical Association, the Balti- 
more Academy of Medicine, the Clinical Society and 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, of the 
Maryland Academy of Science, and a corresponding 
member of the Gynecological Society of Boston. In 
December, 1873, he edited the Baltimore Physician 
ami Surgeon, a monthly medical journal, and in 1874 
was transferred to the chair of diseases of women in 
the above college, which position he still holds. 

The Maryland Woman's Hospital having been es- 
tablished by the college in 1877, Prof. Erich was 
elected surgeon-in-charge, and has conducted the in- 
stitution in a manner that reflects credit on his man- 
agement. He has devised a number of medical in- 
struments, which have been adopted with great 
advantage by surgeons generally. 

His contributions to medical literature have been 
as follows: "A New Pessary for Procidentia Uteri," 
Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter, May, 
1868; "A New Speculum," New York Medical Jour- 
nal, Feb. 1869 ; " Croups," Baltimore Medical Journal 
and Bulletin, April, 1871; "The Prevention of Coal- 
Oil Explosions," Baltimore Physician and Surgeon, 
Jan. 1874; "Cholera Infantum," ibid., Jan. 1875; 
"Displacements of the Uterus," ibid., June, 1875; 
"Report on Gynaecology," Tra7isactions of Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 1 876 ; " A Device to 
Facilitate the Removal of Deep Wire Sutures in the 
Operation of Ruptured Perineum," Maryland Medical 



Journal, Sept. 1, 1880; "A Contribution to the Rel- 
ative Value of the Various Operations for Delivery 
in Narrow Pelves," ibid., Oct. 1880; "Seven Cases 
of Retroflexion of the Uterus with Adhesions treated 
by Forcible Separation of the Adhesions," American 
Journal of Obstetrics, Oct. 1880. The surgical instru- 
ments referred to in some of the above articles are 
the inventions r.f Dr. Erich. 

The Baltimore Medical College was incorporated 
Sept. 16, l.S.Sl, with tlic tbllowing incorporators: Drs. 
Harvey L. Byrd, B. E. Leonard, Henry Froehling, 
L. W. Clapp, L. R. Coates, William R. Monroe, and 
Adolph G. Hoen. The college is to teach the science 
and art of medicine and surgery, and to confer certain 
degrees upon students who become proficients. One 
of the articles provides that every one appointed or 
elected a professor or teacher shall declare his belief in 
the Christian religion. For a beginning the premises 
No. 93 North Paca Street, near Franklin, have been 
secured. On October 4th the introductory lecture of 
the college was delivered by Rev. Julius E. Grammer, 
in the hall of the Young Men's Christian Association. 

Pharmacy. — Parmacy may be said to have been 
practiced on a large scale in the early history of Balti- 
more Town, when every man to a certain extent was his 
own apothecary. At that primitive period most of the 
diseases from which the colonists suffered were not 
thought to be beyond the resources of the domestic 
medicine-chest. Every family had one of these, and 
people physicked themselves much more in those days 
than they do now, strange as the assertion may seem. 
Quack nostrums were as current then as now, and the 
names they bore seem strongly like those which con- 
front us in the public journals of to-day, or stare us out 
of countenance from fences and walls upon public and 
private highways. Thus in one number of the Mary- 
land Gazette we find advertised "Dr. Hill's Balsam of 
Honey," for consumption; "Tincture of Valerian," for 
the nerves; " Tincture of Golden Rod," for gravel; 
"Essence of Water Dock," for scurvy; "Elixir of 
Bardana," for gout; " Red Pills," " Dropsy Powder," 
"Fistula Paste," "Headache Essence," " Eau de 
Luce," " Jesuit Drops." Lancets and scarifiers held 
a conspicuous place, and both were much employed 
as remedies for headache. And there were medicines 
in those days, too, which would cure all the diseases 
to which flesh is heir. Some of the quacks, however, 
were more modest than others, and, with great mod- 
eration, would profess to extirpate only half a dozen 
complaints with one remedy. Such an one was the 
proprietor of the " Golden Medical Cephalic Snuff"," 
who advertised it in 1775 as 



** excellent in curing the following disorders, viz. : dimness of the eyes, 
recent deafness, hysteric and paralytic complaints, and in restoring the 
memory when impaired by disorders of the head. This medical snnff 
is prescribed by the most eminent aurists and oculists in Europe in the 
course of their practice as a capital medicine for the various disorders of 
the eyes and ears. Price 2». 6ii. per bottle." 

In the " backwoods" both physic and surgery were 
rough, rude, and tainted with many superstitions. 



740 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



People believed in spells and witchcraft and in 
charms as remedies. If a child had worms he was 
given salt, copperas, or pewter filings ; for burns the 
treatment was poultices of Indian meal and scraped 
potatoes ; the croup, known as the " bold hives," was 
treated with "wall-ink" (probably soot-tea), the juice 
of roasted onions, garlic, or similar remedies; in 
fevers the patient was sweated with tea of snake-root, 
purged with a decoction of walnut bark, and his blood 
purified further with drenches of " Indian physic or 
blood-root." ' 

Snake-bites were common, and the treatment was 
well established : the reptile must be cut in pieces 
and the pieces applied to the wound. A decoction of 
chestnut bark and leaves was also prescribed exter- 
nally, while white plantain, boiled in milk, was in- 
variably to be taken internally. Snake-root, of course, 
must be taken too, and by many was thought to be the 
only true theriac. For rheumatism, from which many 
suffered, custom prescribed sleeping with the feet to 
the fire and anointing the distressed parts with un- 
guents, made either of rattlesnake-oil or the fat of 
wolves, bears, raccoons, ground-hogs, or pole-cats. 
The erysipelas was supposed to be curable by the ap- 
plication of the blood of a black cat, and consumption 
released its victims if they partook freely of the syrup 
of elecampane and spikenard. For many years there 
does not appear to have been any legal restriction or 
requirement with regard to the sale of drugs, and the 
evils resulting from this state of things made them- 
selves felt at a comparatively early period. In De- 
cember, 1821, a public meeting, for the purpose of 
considering the subject, was held by the druggists and 
apothecaries of the city at Williamson's Hotel, with 
Dr. George Williamson as president, and Anthony B. 
Martin as secretary. It was 

"Iteiohed, That a petition sliould be preseuted to tlie General AsBenibly 
to pass an act to prevent tlie sale of spurious and adulterous medicines 
by Hawkers and Pedlars in the market-houses and throughout the State, 
and that a committee should be appointed to draw up the same." 

It was further resolved " that Dr. George William- 
son, Messrs. George H. Keerl, David Keener, Philip 
Ducatel, and Anthony B. Martin should constitute 
the committee to prepare the petition and lay it before 
a subsequent meeting." Nothing appears, however, 
to have come of this effort, and it was many years 
later before legislation was provided. 

Among the early pharmacists of Baltimore Town 
were John Boyd & Co., who are said to have been the 
first druggists in Baltimore ; Dr. Alexander Sten- 
house, who was a prominent druggist of the town in 
1764; Dr. Patrick Kennedy, who in 1773 kept a 
drug-store at the lower end of Market Street, near the 
bridge ; Dr. Labesius, whose place of business in 1778 
was situated in St. Paul's Lane ; Dr. Andrew Aitken, 
whose store in 1783 was at Fell's Point, next to the 
New England Coffee-House ; Dr. J. Tyler, who on 

1 The walnut bark, if wanted for a purge, had to be peeled downward, 
but if wanted for an emetic, upward. 



the 13th of August, 1787, opened a " new druggist & 
apothecary shop opposite John Hoffman's store in 
Market Street ;" and Dr. Anthony Mann, whose place, 
the " Golden Mortar," in 1780 was next door to 
Messrs. Hf;itlic<iU> & Dall's, northeast corner of Mar- 
ket and ('alvcrt Strrots, ne:ir tlir court-house. 

Maryland College of Pharmacy.— This institu- 
tion was organized on the 30th of July, 1840, when 
the following officers were elected : Thomas G. Mac- 
kenzie, president ; George W. Andrews and Robert 
H. Coleman, vice-presidents ; William H. Balderston, 
secretary; Henry B. Atkinson, treasurer; B. Rush 
Roberts, David Stewart, board of examiners. On the 
27th of January, 1841, the college was incorporated, 
and on the 23d of JIarch, 1870, the charter wa.s re- 
newed and made perpetual, the following gentlemen 
being the incorporators : 

George W. Andrews, J. Faris Moore, William Silver Th.impson, J. Brown 
Ba.xley, Joseph Koberts, A. P. Sharp, C. S. Tilynrd, Osiiir Monsarrat, 
H. A. Elliott, William Elliott, K. H. Jennings, James P. Frames, 
Charles Caspari, William Caspari, J. J. Smith, E. H. I'eikiiis, E. 



Walton Eusi 



Dc.hme, E>I« 



il 


nas 


E. K,(l.>,,l 
H.O.I . , 


ea 


Fi 


eel. 11:.^ 


:i 


.■i 








SilipiiiLton, EiHilc I,rir.j.|ue, A. Wiseman, 
icht, Adam J. Gosnian, Christian Scbmiilt, 
J,,ln, ■ 1 >, 1 Fi-.;htig, William H. Brown, J. J. Tbomsen, 

Juhii liUxl., A. \ L.^'jl.ji, Horace Burrougb,and Edward E. Burrough. 

The college occupies a commodious building of its 
own, corner of Fayette and Aisquith Streets. The 
building, formerly Female Grammar School No. 3, 
was erected in 1830, and was the first public grammar 
school built in Baltimore. It was occupied for the 
first time by the college Oct. 13, 1876. The college 
held its first commencement June 21, 1842, in the Ma- 
sonic Hall, on St. Paul's Street. Dr. George W. An- 
drews was the only one of the original founders of the 
college who remained an active member of it up to 
1871, and he then resigned the presidency, which he 
had held for more than twenty years, only on account 
of ill health. The present officers are Joseph Rob- 
erts, president ; Edwin Eareckson, secretary ; William 
H. Osborne, treasurer. 

Medical and Chirurgical Society of Baltimore. 
— This association has the honor of being the oldest 
scientific body in the State of Maryland, and one of 
the oldest medical organizations in America. It was 
incorporated by an act of the Legislature jiassed Jan. 
20, 1799, for the declared purpose of 



"promoting and disseminating medical and chirurgical knowledge 
thoughout the State, and preventing the citizens thereof from risking 
their lives in the hands of ignorant practitioners or pretendcre to the 
healing art." 

The incorporators under the act included the most 
distinguished members of the profession throughout 
the State, and were as follows : 

Gustavus Brown, William Lansdale, Barton Tubhs, Elijah Jackson, and 
William H. Boach, of St. Mary's County ; James M. Andorson, Jr., 
Morgan Brown, Jr., Edward Scott, Robert Geddes, and Edward Wor- 
rel.ofKent County; Charles Alexander Warflcld, Richard Hopkins, 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



Wilson Waters, Thomas Noble Stockett, and William Murray, of 
Anne Arundel County; Thomas Bourne, Thomas Parran, Josepli 
Ireland, Daniel Rawlings, and James Gray, of Calvert County ; John 
Parnhara, Gustavus Richard Brown, Daniel Jenifer, and Gerard 
Wood, of Charles County ; Thomas Cradock, Thomas Love, John 
Cromwell, Philip Trapnell, and Christopher Todd, of Baltimore 
County ; Perry E. Noal, Stephen Theodore Johnson, Tristam Thomas, 
and Ennalls Martin, of Talhot County ; Levin Irvin, Arnold Elsey, 
EzckicI Haynie, John Woolford, and Mathias Jones, of Somerset 
County; Edward White, James Sullivane, Dorsey Wyvill, William 
Hays, ami Howes Goldsborough, of Dorchester County; Abraham 
Mitcliell, William Miller, Elisha Harrison, John Groome, and John 
King, of Cecil County; Richard I. Duckett, William Beams, Jr., 
William Marshall, William Baker, and Robert Pottinger, of Prince 
George's County; Upton Scott, James Murray, John Thomas Shaaff, 
and Reverdy Gheslin, of the city of Annapolis ; James Davidson, 
John Wells, Samuel Thompson, Robert Goldsborough, and John 
Thomas, of Queen Anne's County; John Neille, Thomas Fosset, 
George Washington Purnell, John Purnell. and John Hartor, of 
Worcester County; Philip Thomas, Francis Brown Sappington, Wil- 
liam Hyllory, John Tyler, and Joseph Sim Smith, of Frederick 
County; John Archer, Thomas H. Birkhead, Elijah Davis, and 
Thomas Archer, of Harford Couuty ; Jesse Dawnes, John Young, Jr., 
William B. Keeno, Joseph Price, and Henry Helm, of Caroline 
County; George Buchanan, Lyde Goodwin, Ashton Alexander, Ar- 
thur Pue, Daniel Moores, and Henry Stevenson, of the city of Bal- 
timore; Richard Pindell, Samuel Young, Peter Waltz, Jacob 
Schnively, and Zachariah Clagett, of Washington County; Edward 
Gaunt, Charles Worthington, Josephi Hall, Zadock Magruder, Jr., 
James Anderson, and Charles A. Beatty, of Montgomery County; 
Benjamin Murrow, James Forbes, and George Lynn, of Alleghany 
County. 

Very extensive and respon.sible power.s were con- 
ferred upon the faculty by its cliarter, and no one 
could practice medicine in the State without a certifi- 
cate from its board of e-xaminers. Few of the physi- 
cians of that day held diplomas from medical schools ; 
the great majority of them had only the title of Licen- 
tiate (L.M.C.F.,— Licentiate of the Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Faculty), a title now obsolete in this country, 
but still quite common in England. The advantages 
accruing from the establishment of such an institution 
can be easily conceived, and they were as actual as 
they are conceivable. 

Authority in medical matters being vested in a 
powerful body of enlightened and cultivated physi- 
cians, possessing the universal re.spect of their fellows, 
and acknowledged to be the best of their class, har- 
mony prevailed in the ranks of the profession, and 
the existence of one well-known and recognized court 
for the settlement of all questions requiring decision 
contributed largely to the prevention of quackery and 
imposition. 

The first meeting of the faculty was held at Annap- 
olis on Monday, the 3d of June, 1799, and Dr. Upton 
Scott, of Annapolis, was chosen president. Dr. Ash- 
ton Alexander, of Baltimore, secretary, and Dr. John 
Thomas Shaaff, of Annapolis, treasurer. The follow- 
ing gentlemen were chosen as a medical board of ex- 
aminers : For the Western Shore, Drs. John Barn- 
luini, of Charles County, Philip Thomas, of Frederick 
Town, John Thomas Shaaff, of Annapolis, Ashton 
Alexander, of Baltimore, Eichard J. Ducket and 
William Beanes, Jr., of Prince George's County, John 
Archer, Sr., Harford County. For the Eastern Shore, 
Drs. James Anderson, Sr., Kent County, James Da- 



vidson, Queen Anne's County, Ennalls Martin, Perry 
E. Noel, and Stephen Theodore Johnson, of Talbot 
County. 

Kules and regulations were adopted at this meeting 
for the government of the association, and it was de- 
termined that the faculty should convene at Annap- 
olis the first Monday in June, 1801, and every second 
year thereafter. The board of examiners for each 
shore were directed to meet annually, that for the 
Western Shore at Annapolis the first Monday in 
June, and that for the Eastern Shore at the town of 
Easton, in Talbot County, the second Monday in 
April, "for the purpose of examining and granting 
certificates to applicants who are desirous to practice 
medicine and surgery within this State ;" and any 
two members of the boards of examination were au- 
thorized to call a special meeting of their board when- 
ever they should deem it expedient. The president 
of the faculty was empowered to call a special meet- 
ing of the association whenever he should consider 
it necessary, of which he was required to give two 
months' notice " in some of the most public newspa- 
pers on the two shores." ' 

In June, 1802, the faculty met in Baltimore, with 
Dr. Philip Thomas, president, and Dr. Nathaniel 
Potter, secretary. On motion, it was resolved that 
two censors should be appointed in each county in 
the State, four in the city of Baltimore, two in the 
city of Annapolis, two in Frederick Town, and one 
in Hagerstown. 

" whose duty it shall be to see that the medical and chirurgical law be 
not infringed by unlicensed practitioners, and that the penalties thereof 
be inflicted on trespassers, as well as to execute such other duties as 
them by the by-laws." 



Under this resolution the following gentlemen were 
appointed censors : 

For the city of Baltimore, Drs. Coulter, Crawford, Alexander, and 
Moores; for Annapolis, Drs. Shaafl' and Gheslin; for Frederick 
Town, Drs. Tyler and Baltzell ; for Hageretown, Dr. Pindell ; for 
Anne Arundel Couuty, Drs. C. A. Warfleld, Sr., and William Mur- 
ray ; for St. Mary's, Drs. Jackson and Roach ; for Kent, Dra. Worrell 
and Scott; for Calvert, Drs. Perken and Burne; for Charles County, 
Drs. Wood and Jameson ; for Baltimore County, Drs. Cromwell and 
Love ; for Talbot, Drs. Martin and Johnson ; for Somerset, Drs. King 
and Jones; for Dorchester, Drs. White and Wyevill; for Cecil, Dra. 
King and Miller ; for Prince George's, Dre. Beans and Marshall ; for 
Frederick County, Drs. Smith and Hyllary; for Queen Anne's, Drs. 
Noel and Thomas ; for Harford, Drs. Davis and J. Archer, Jr. ; for 
Caroline, Drs. Keene and Mace; for Washington, Drs. Young and 
Jacques ; for Montgomery, Drs. Anderson and Magruder ; for Alle- 
ghany, Drs. Lynn and Murrow; for Worcester, Dr. Forset. 

It was further resolved that it should also be the 
duty of the censors 

"to obtain complete lists of the practitioners of medicine and surgery 
within their respective districts, and to transmit or bring them to the 
next meeting of the faculty." At this same session of the faculty it 
was also resolved that " anexecutivo medical and chirurgical commit- 
tee be appointed, consisting of fifteen members for the Western and 



t The first regular meeting of the board of examiners for the Western 
Shore was held in Annapolis, on the 3d of June, 1800, and John Owen, 
John Uidgely, William Rodgers, Peregrine Warfleld, Lloyd Hammond, 
Robert Johnson, and Nicholas A. Bergsten were licensed to practice 
physic and surgery in the State of Maryland. 



742 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MAllYLAND. 



seven niembere for the Eaatern Shore (exclusive of tlio president and 
secretary, who shall be members ex officio), who may meet from time to 
time on their own adjournments, to receive any medical communication 
or other information that may I>e made to thorn during the recess of the 
faculty ; that they be empowered to form such rules and reRulatlons as 
they may think necessary for their own internal government, and that 
It be the duty of the committee to report the result of their proceedings 
to the faculty at their stated meetings," 

In accordance with this resolution the following 
gentlemen were elected members of the executive 
committee : 

For the Western Shore, Dre. John Archer, Sr., David Moores, Ashton 
Alexander, John Thomas Shaaff. K. Gheslin, John Campbell Wliite, 
Charles A. Warfleld, John Owens, Robert H. Archer, George Brown, 
Colin Mackeii'/ie, Tyler, John Crawford, John Coulter, and John 
Archer, Jr. ; for the Kastern Shore, Dre. Eunalls Martin, Stephen T. 
Johnson, James M. Anderson, T. Thomas, P. E. Moel, Morgan 
Brown, and John Mace. During this session of the faculty the sub- 
ject of vaccination was presented for consideration, and a resolution 
was adopted declaring it to be the judgment of the convention "that 
the evidence of tjennme vaccine inoculation appears to them full and 
conclusive, and that they recommend it to their fellow-citizens to 
interest themselves in its propagation." i 

Before the adjournment of the convention a by-law 
was adopted requiring that 

"all applicants for licenses to practice medicine and surgery should 
make known their intention at least three weeks before the annual meet- 
ing to two of the examiners of each shore respectively." 

Inasmuch as the faculty conceived it would con- 
duce to the interests of the institution to elect a quo- 
rum of examiners residing in the city of Baltimore, 
it was agreed that candidates should be at liberty to 
call upon the examiners for examination at any time 
during the intervals of the stated meeting, although 
certificates could only be obtained at the constitu- 
tional meetings of the faculty. The censors appa- 
rently did not perform their duties very thoroughly, 
for at the meeting of the faculty in Baltimore in 1803 
the secretary was directed to republish their names as 
a gentle reminder of their neglect. The board of 
examiners in 1803 for the Western Shore were Drs. 
J. Archer, Sr., George Brown, Charles A. Warfield, 
John Crawford, James Stewart, Ashton Alexander, 
and Nathaniel Potter; for the Eastern Shore, Drs. 
Ennalls Martin, S. T. Johnson, P. E. Noel, T. Thomas, 
and J. M. Anderson, Jr. Dr. Shaaflf having declined 
re-election, Dr. H. Wilkins was chosen treasurer of 
the faculty in 1803. Dr. Potter, as secretary, gave 
notice at this same meeting that " those gentlemen 
■who have received diplomas from medical schools will 
please bear in mind that they are nevertheless to re- 
ceive certificates from the faculty of the State." The 
next convention was held in 1805, when Drs. Smith, 
Chatard, Owen, Toelle, and Alleuder were elected 
additional censors for Baltimore. At this meeting the 

"practitioners of physic and surgery in the State of Maryland, who have 
commeuced the practice since the first Monday in June, 1709, are re- 
spectfully informed that unless they have obtained a license from one of 
the boards, or have produced to them satisfactory testimonials of their 

1 The following pereons, after examination by the medical board, were 
licensed at this meeting of the faculty " to practice physic and surgery 
in the State" : Frederick Henry Sherman, Grafton Duvull, Hugh White- 
ford, Kicburd liowie, Read, and Georno W. Black. 



qualifications, they are liable to prosecution by indictment, and to a fine 
of fifty dollars for each prescription for which they shall have received 
rennineration. They are, moreover, informed that each of them, whether 
graduate or licentiate, stands indebted to the faculty in the sum of ten 

On the establishment of the medical college in 
1807, its control was placed virtually in the hands of 
the Medical and Cliirurgical Faculty, and the mem- 
bers of the board of medical examiners, in conjunc- 
tion with the president and professors, were made the 
regents of the new institution. It was also provided 
by the act of incorporation that the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty should 

" be considered as the patrons and visitors of the said college ; and the 
president for the time being shall be chancellor of the college ; and the 
medical faculty of the said college shall give into the said Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty at each of their biennial meetings a report of the pro- 
gress of learning in the said college, and of such other particulars as they 
shall think fit to communicate." 

It was also enacted that 

" every licentiate of the hoard of medical examiners, who shall have 
practiced physic for five years within this Stite, shall have a right to de- 
mand and receive from the college aforesaid a surgeon's certificate, free 
of all expense, except the sum of one dollar to tlie register, or other such 
officer of the college, for his trouble in making out the same."^ 

The officers of the faculty in 1809 were Philip 
Thomas, president; Solomon Birckhead, treasurer; 
and Samuel Baker, secretary, vice Nathaniel Potter 
resigned.'' In 1813, Dr. James Smith became treasurer, 
and Dr. John Arnest secretary, in the place of Dr. 
Samuel Baker resigned. The board of examiners for 
the Western Shore at this period consisted of 

Drs. John B. Davidge, Nathaniel Potter, Wm. Donaldson, Samuel Baker, 
Elishn De Butts, Wm. Gibson, and James Cocke ; for the Eastern 
Shore Drs. James Anderson, Jr., Perry E. Noel, Steveo Theodore 
Johnson, Tristram Thomas, and Ennalls Martin; Censors for the 
City and PrecincU of Baltimore ; First Ward, Horatio G. Jameson ; 
Second Ward, Maxwell McDowell; Third Ward, Richard W. Hall; 
Fourth Ward, Colin Mackenzie; Fifth Ward, James Smyth; Sixth 
Ward, John B. Taylor; Seventh Ward, James Page; Eighth Ward, 
Joseph AUender; Eastern Precincts, Wm. M. Weems; Western 
Precincts, Corbin Amos.^ 

One of the most important events connected with the 
history of the faculty wjis the founding of a medical 
library in 1830, which now numbers nearly three thou- 
sand volumes, and contains files of the leading medical 
journals of this country and Europe. In May, 1881, 
Dr. J. M. Toner, of Washington, D. C, offered his 
medical library of twenty-two thousand volumes to 
the faculty, on condition that they should erect a fire- 
proof library building to be called after him. Drs. 
Allan P. Smith, Eugene F. Cordell, H. P. C. Wilson, 
Frank Donaldson, and T. E. Atkinson were appointed 
a committee to devise means for obtaining the neces- 
sary funds for the erection of the building, and it was 
decided to form a stock company, with two thousand 
shares at ten dollars each. The undertaking was re- 



» In 1807 the faculty numbered two hundred and forty-i 
»In June, 18n!>, tli.- l'":it.l .if .-Mimincrs for the Western Shore ad- 
mitted to the prnf M M l>iwell, Hezokiah Wheelen, Wil- 
liam McPberson. . I I . •■■ i 111 D. Perkins, William H. Dent, 

Thomas H. Kent, i.tni I \ <, i v i'lecland. 

< The biennial iiniti.M, ,n isi:, wii.s ch'tivcred by Dr, Richard W, Hall, 





^^^/^i/^rH^ ^2 ^^t^.>d. 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



ceived with great public favor, the necessary amount 
of stock was promptly subscribed, and the library 
building will soon be in course of erection. The two 
libraries combined will give Baltimore the best medi- 
cal library in the United States, except the National ' 
Library at Washington.^ 

In 1839 a medical journal called the Medical and 
Surgical Journal was issued under the auspices of the 
faculty, whicli appeared quarterly until 1843, when 
its publication was abandoned. In 1858 the funds 
derived from membership fees and licenses and judi- 
cious investments had accumulated to such an amount 
that a building was purchased at No. 47 North Cal- 
vert Street. In 1869 this was sold, and another at No. 
60 Courtland Street purchased. This was also after- 
wards disposed of, and the faculty now occupy a 
rented hall at No. 122 West Fayette Street, between 
Howard and Park Avenue. A comparison of the 
present status of the faculty with that of its early 
years shows very material changes. Time has shorn 
it of much of its early importance and influence. 
Physicians are no longer compelled to obtain its 
license in order to practice in the State, and it has 
long since ceased to have any control in the affairs of 
the Medical College (now the University of Mary- 
land, School of Medicine). In compensation for this 
may be placed the increased zeal with which the 
faculty has devoted itself to more strictly professional 
work, and the high character of its contributions to 
medical science. The present membership is two 
hundred and two, and includes the leading members 
of the profession in the city and State. The annual 
meetings are held in April, and such special meetings 
are convened as circumstances demand. 

The antiquity and honorable career of the faculty, 
together with its valuable scientific contributions, 
published annually in a volume of " Transactions," 
have secured for it the respect and esteem of the pro- 
fession throughout the State, in the management of 
whose concerns it has always displayed wisdom and 
discretion. The following are the officers for the 
current year: President, Dr. H. P. C. Wilson; Vice- 
Presidents, Drs. L. McLane Tiffany, G. Ellis Porter ; 
Secretary, Wilson G. Regester; Assistant Secretary, 
Eugene F. Cordell, M.D. ; Corresponding Secretary, 
J. Edwin Michael, M.D. ; Treasurer, Judson Oilman, 
M.D. ; Executive Committee, Christopher Johnson, 
M.D., T. S. Latimer, M.D., J. C. Thomas, M.D., P. 
C. Williams, M.D., J. E. Atkinson, M.D.; Examining 
Board for Western Shore: H. M. Wilson, M.D., C. 
H. Jones, M.D., Eichard McSherry, M.D., James 
A. Stuart, M.D., F. T. Miles, M.D., T. B. Evans, 
M.D., S. C. Chew, M.D.; Examining Board for 
Eastern Shore: W. G. G. Wilson, M.D., A. H. 
Bailey, M.D., Julius A. Johnston, M.D., J. E. M. 
Chamberlain, M.D. 

1 In 1831 the faculty offered a prize for the best essay on the " Nature 
and Sources of Malaria," which was awarded to Dr. Cliarles Caldwell, of 
Kentucky. 



Wilson Parke Custis, the president of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Society of Maryland, was born at 
Workington, near Westover, Somerset Co., Md., 
March 5, 1827. His father, whose name was Henry 
Parke Custis Wilson, was born at Westover, in Som- 
erset Co., Md., June 12, 1801. His mother's maiden 
name was Susan E. Savage. She was born at " Cugly," 
near Eastville, Northampton Co., Eastern Shore of 
Virginia, Dec. 3, 1801. 

His paternal grandfather was John Custis Wilson, 
who married his first cousin, Peggy Custis. They 
both descended from Ephraim Wilson, a Scotchman 
who emigrated to this country in about 1700, and set- 
tled at Workington, a large tract of land on Buck 
Creek, in Somerset County, Md., the place where Parke 
Custis Wilson was born. This Ephriam Wilson, the 
progenitor of the family in this country, was born in 
1664, and died in 1773. He was an uncompromising 
Presbyterian, and he and his descendants were among 
the founders of the first Presbyterian Church in this 
country, at Rehobeth, Somerset Co., Md. His will, 
made in 1772, after disposing minutely of all his pos- 
sessions, directed that if hereafter any of his children 
shall worship God by any other than the Presbyterian 
faith they should forfeit all interest in his property. 

Dr. Wilson's maternal grandfather was Thomas 
Littleton Savage, and his maternal grandmother was 
Margaret Teackle, an aunt of the late St. George W. 
Teackle, and a relative of the Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. 
They lived and died at " Cugly," their plantation in 
Northampton County, Eastern Shore of Virginia. 
Dr. Wilson, through his paternal grandmother, is re- 
lated to the Custis family of Virginia,— Daniel Parke 
Custis, the first husband of Mrs. George Wasliington. 

Dr. Wilson married Alicia Brewer Griffith. Her 
father, Capt. David Griffith, was an Englishman by 
birth, but for many years identified with the shipping 
interests of Baltimore, long before steam navigation 
between this country and Europe was known. Her 
mother was a Miss Thompson, of Lower Maryland. 
They were married June 16, 18-58, and have six chil- 
dren living, — Dr. Robert Taylor, Henrietta Chauncey, 
Henry Parke Custis (the third), William Griffith, 
Alicia Brewer, and Emily Brewer; one dead, Mary 
Anna. 

Dr. Wilson is a Presbyterian, as well as all his an- 
cestors on his father's side back to Ephraim. His 
mother and her ancestors were Episcopalians. Soon 
after her marriage, however, she joined the Presby- 
terian Church, and became as stanch in that faith 
as her husband's family, and her children were edu- 
cated in the tenets of the latter cliurch. Dr. Wilson 
followed the political faith of his father, and is a 
Democrat. 

Dr. Wilson was one of the attending physicians to 
the Baltimore City and County Almshouse for two 
years in 1855 and 1856, when it was located on the 
Franklin road. He is now, besides being president of 
the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 



744 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



president of the Baltimore Academy of Medicine, gyne- 
cologist, or surgeon for diseases peculiar to women, to 
St. Vincent's Hospital, and gynecologist to the Union 
Protestant Infirmary, consulting physician to St. 
Agnes' Hospital. He was formerly president of the 
Baltimore Pathological Society, and vice-president of 
the American Gynecological Society. 

Dr. Wilson has never been engaged in any other busi- 
ness but that of the practice of his profession of medi- 
cine, and consequently has met with wonderful success. 
He began the practice of medicine in Baltimore in 
1851, twenty years ago, without money or friends, 
without anything except a large amount of ill health, 
and all that he possesses and all that he is he has 
made himself without a helping hand from any source. 
He has been a constant contributor to the medical 
journals of the country, and has written several very 
learned pamphlets on surgical subjects. 

Since June, 1847, Nicholas Leeke Dashiell, physi- 
cian and surgeon, has also been a member of the 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and 
has taken great interest in its proceedings. He was 
horn in Baltimore County, July 1, 1814, and was 
the youngest son of Capt. Henry and Mary (Leeke) 
Dashiell. Capt. Henry Dashiell was the son of 
Thomas and Jane (Renshaw) Dashiell, of Somerset 
County, Md., and was born on the 9th of February, 
1769. His ancestors were Huguenots who fled to 
England upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 
or in some earlier persecution. The name is said to 
have had its origin in a pious Huguenot motto, — 
"GoD, a shield," the name of the deity formerly end- 
ing as well as commencing with a capital. The name 
was at first D' a shield, then Dashiel, and finally Da- 
shiell. The first representative of the family in 
America was James Dashiell, who settled in Somer- 
set County, Md., about 1666, purchasing and residing 
on an estate at the head of the Wetipquin Creek, 
which by his will, probated in 1697, he devised to his 
son James. He left three other sons — Thomas, George, 
and Robert — and one daughter, Jane. The family 
won distinction in the American Revolution, both in 
the field and council, and Col. Joseph and George Da- 
shiell were members of the convention which framed 
the State constitution of 1776. Capt. Henry Dashiell, 
the father of Dr. Nicholas Leeke Dashiell, went to sea 
at an early age, and was commander of a ship at 
twenty-one. He was married on the 24th of January, 
1799, to Mary Leeke, daughter of Nicholas Leeke, of 
London, a relative of Right Hon. George Grenville, 
and also of James Leeke, Earl of Scarborough, who 
was Prime Minister under George I. and George II. 
The arms of the Leekes can be traced as far back as 
the year 1150, and their names are found among the 
knights who participated in the second Crusade. 
Capt. Dashiell accumulated a handsome fortune, and 
in 1800 erected a house on the corner of Market (now 
Broadway) and Aliceanna Streets, which is now oc- 
cupied by his son. Dr. Da-shicll, wlio still retains the 



sword used by his father at the battle of North Point. 
Capt. Dashiell had a family of nine children, — Levin, 
who died in infancy ; Jane, who married Dr. William 
H. Clendinen ; Mary Leeke, who was married to Capt. 
Matthew Robinson, and afterwards to Dr. Moreau 
Forrest ; Henry, who died in boyhood ; Louisa Maria, 
who married Capt. Thurston M. Taylor, of the United 
States navy, nephew of President Taylor, and of 
Governor Clark, of Kentucky ; Nicholas Leeke, the 
subject of this sketch ; Matilda D., who died in in- 
fancy ; Alice Ann, who died in 1864 ; and Eleanor 
Virginia, who died in early childhood. 

Dr. Dashiell received his education in the Depart- 
ment of Arts and Sciences of the University of Mary- 
land, then known as Baltimore College, and at St. 
Mary's College, and in 1835 commenced the study of 
medicine in the office of Prof. Nathan R. Smith, grad- 
uating with the degree of M.D. from the Medical 
University of Maryland in 18-37. He at once entered 
upon the practice of his profession at his present resi- 
dence, at the corner of Broadway and Aliceanna 
Streets, and soon won an enviable place as a physi- 
cian, and an especially high rank as a skillful sur- 
geon. On the 19th of July, 1852, he was appointed 
by Governor Ligon surgeon of the Lafayette Light 
Dragoons, a popular volunteer organization of the 
day, and was subsequently appointed surgeon of the 
Eagle Artillery, which was disbanded by the govern- 
ment at the beginning of the war. 

Dr. Dashiell has, as we have said, been a prominent 
and influential member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland since June, 1847, and for many 
years a member of the Masonic fraternity, in which 
he has always taken a deep and active interest, and in 
which he has held many positions of trust and honor. 
Dr. Dashiell is the owner of considerable real estate 
in Baltimore, as well as valuable farms in Dorchester 
and Garrett Counties, and of a tract of two hundred 
and forty acres in Franklin and Cedar Counties, Iowa, 
which was granted to his father, Capt. Henry Dash- 
iell, by Congress for his services in the war of 1812. 
Dr. Dashiell was married, Dec. 20, 1855, to Louisa 
Turpin Wright, daughter of Capt. Turpin and Mary 
(Harris) Wright, of Sussex County, Del., and grand- 
daughter of Maj. Benton Harris, an oflicer in the war 
of 1812. Their children are Henry, Nicholas Leeke, 
George Washington, May Leeke, and Louisa T. Dr. 
Dashiell stands in the front rank of Baltimore physi- 
cians, and is a man of strong and marked individuality 
of character. 

The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is the 
oldest organized institution of the kind in the world, 
and has maintained the leading rank since its origin. 
It was chartered by the Legislature of Maryland in 
1839. The act of incorporation appoints and consti- 
tutes the professors of the college as follows: Horace 
H. Hayden, M.D., to be Professor of Dental Pathol- 
ogy and Physiology; Chapin A. Harris, M.D., to be 
Professor of Practical Dentistry ; Thomas E. Bond, 




@;/. 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



745 



Jr., M.D., to be Professor of Special Dental Pathol- 
ogy and Therapeutics ; and A. Willis Baxley, M.D., 
to be Professor of Special Dental Anatomy and Phys- 
iology, who with their successors are declared by the 
act of incorporation to be a corporation and body 
politic, under the name of the Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery. Section 8 of the act further appoints 
the following board of visitors, to wit : R. S. Stewart, 
M.D., Joshua T. Cohen, M.D., Thos. E. Bond, Jr., 
M.D., Thos. E. Risteau, M.D., Rev. John G. Morris, 
Rev. Beverly Waugh, John H. Briscoe, M.D., Samuel 
Chew, M.D., Rev. George C. M. Roberts, M.D., John 
James Graves, M.D., Rev. Dr. J. P. Henshaw, Rev. 
James G. Hammer, John Fonerden, M.D., Leonard 
Mackall, M.D., and Enoch Noyes. The act also pro- 
vides that the professors of the college shall have full 
power to confer on any student who shall have at- 
tended all the lectures in said college for two terms, 
and others who after an examination shall have been 
found worthy, the degree of Doctor of Dental Sur- 
gery, and also the same degree on any dentist who 
may have rendered service to" the science or distin- 
guished himself in the profession. The following 
gentlemen have served respectively as deans of the 
faculty: Dr. Horace A. Hayden, from 1839 to 1840; 
Dr. Ciiapin A. Harris, from 1840 to 1842 ; Dr. Thos. 
E. Bond, from 1842 to 1849; Dr. Washington R. 
Handy, from 1849 to 1853; Dr. Philip H. Austen, 
from 1853 to 1865. In the latter year Ferdinand J. 
S. Gorgas, the present dean, wa-s elected, and has ren- 
dered most eflBcient service to the college. 

The dental college was first located on Sharpe Street, 
east side, between Lombard and Pratt. It was re- 
moved thence to the present Douglass Institute, and 
then for two years to the Assenibly-Rooms ; from 
thence it was finally located in the spacious structure 
on the southeast corner of Lexington and Eutaw 
Streets, where the very large and excellently lighted 
infirmary and laboratory afford ample room for every 
student, while the central location furnishes abundant 
practice. The building is four stories high. The en- 
tire establishment is thorough and complete in all its 
appointments, and is the finest and best-equipped 
college building in the world devoted exclusively to 
dental surgery, with the highest standard of scientific 
excellence. 

During the years of the existence of this school 
seventeen hundred and eighty students have attended 
the annual sessions, and it has extended relief to 
more than two thousand charity patients every year, 
and has graduated ten hundred and thirty-two students. 
These graduates occupy the highest position in the 
practice and theory of dental surgery, not only in this 
country but abroad, where the diploma of this college 
is a sufficient introduction. The course of study em- 
braces the principles and practice of dental science 
and surgery, anatomy, physiology and pathology, 
therapeutics and materia medica, chemistry, dental 
mechanism, and metallurgy. 



The museum, the growth of years, is a large and 
rare collection of anatomical specimens, the collec- 
tion of skulls and jaws alone numbering many hun- 
dreds.' 

The following gentlemen compose the present fac- 
ulty : 

Professors.— Veri. J. S. Gorgas, A.M., M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Path- 
ology aud Therapeutics; E. Lloyd Howard, M.D., Professor of 
Chemistry and Materia Medica; James II. Harris, M.D., D.D.S., 
Professor of Chemical Dentistry ; James B. Hodgkin, D.D.S., Profes- 
sor of Dental Mechanism aud Metallurgy; Thomas S. Latimer, U.D., 
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology; Richard B. Winder, M.D., 
D.D.S., Professor of Dental Surgery. Demonstrators. — John C. Uhler, 
M.D , D.D.S., Demonstrator of Operative Dentistry ; Thomas Stew- 
art, D.D.S., Demonstrator of Mechanical Dentistry ; William B. 
Finney, D.D.S., Luke J. Pearce, D.D.S., Assistant Demonstrators ; 
Charles F. Beran, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. 

The Baltimore Academy of Medicine was or- 
ganized May 1, 1877 ; its first officers were : 

Prof. Richard McSherry, M.D., president; James Carey Thomas, M.D., 
vice-president; G. L. Taneyhill, M.D., secretary: W. C. Van Bibber, 
M.D., treasurer; Prof. J. J. Chisolm, M.D., P. C. Williams, M.D., 
Prof. A. B. Arnold, M.D., executive committee. 

The officers elected in March, 1880, were : 

President, H. P. C. Wilson, M.D.; Vice-President, A. B. Arnold, M.D.; 
Secretary, B. B. Browne, M.D.; Treasurer, John Morris, M.D.; Re- 
porting Secretary, E. F. Cordell, M.D.; Executive Committee, D. I. 
McKew, M.D., James Carey Thomas, M.D., Samuel C. Chew, M.D. 

No member of the profession is admitted to the 
membership of the society who has not been in 
active practice for ten years. The present members 
of the society are : 

A. B. Arnold, Riggin Buckler, B. B. Browne, J. J. Chisolm, S. C. Chew, 
James H. Curry, J. S Conrad, E. F. Cordell, Frank Donaldson, Wil- 
liam Lee, Richard McSherry, F. T. Miles, John Morris, D. L Mc- 
Kew, Thomas F. Murdock, Charles O'Donovan, John H. Patterson, 
A. H. Powell, P. H. Eeiche, Alan P. Smith, James A. Stewart, G. S. 
Taneyhill, James Carey Thomas, L. McLane Tiffany, T. B. Evans, 
A. F. Erick, H. M. Ewing, George H. Eyster, C. B. Gamble, J. W. 
Houck, William T. Howard, J. H. Hartman, Christopher Johnston, 
John E. Uhler, W. C. Van Bibber, P. C. Williams, H. P. C. Wilson, 
Henry M. Wilson, Caleb Winslow, J. Robert Ward, J. W. Walls, 
William Whitridge, W. G. Eegester, Samuel Theobald, J. E. Atkin- 
son, Joseph L. Clagett. 

The hall of the Academy of Medicine is at 122 
West Fayette Street, and the meetings are held on 
the first and third Tuesday nights of each month. 

Baltimore Medical Association.— On the 26th of 
February, 1866, Drs. Gerard E. Jlorgan, A. A. White, 
James H. Curry, G. H. Dare, John Neff, Charles H. 
Jones, L. M. Eastman, and W. G. Smull met at the 
Health Office, in the old City Hall, on Holliday Street, 
"to take action in reference to the formation of a 
medical association." Dr. Morgan was called to the 



1 As early as 1774, and until 1779, several dentists advertised in the Bal- 
timore papers that " those who have had the misfortune of losing their 
teeth may have natural teeth transplanted from one person to another, 
which will remain as firm in the jaw as if they originally grew there." 
Among these dentists were Dr. Baker, surgeon dentist from Annapohs, 
who advertises this science of transplanting in 1774; Dr. McGinnis, in 
1776; Dr. Fendall, in 1776, and in 1779. Whether the system of trans- 
planting was a success or abandoned for a better is not recorded ; the 
probability is that the transplanting failed because those who had sound 
teeth would not submit to their loss to accommodate those having un- 
sound teeth. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



chair, and Dr. SmuU .appointed secretary of the meet- 
ing. A committee, of which Dr. Jones wiis chairman, 
was appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws, 
and to report at the next meeting on the 6th of March, 
when the constitution and by-laws were amended and 
adopted. At the next meeting, held at the hall of the i 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, at No. 
47 North Calvert Street, near Saratoga, the iissociation 
was organized by the election of the following officers : 

President, Dr. G. E. Morgan; Vice-PreBidents, Drs. James H. Curry and 
G. W. Fay; Eecording Secretary, Dr. L. M. Eastman: Correspond. ' 
ing Secretary, Dr. W. G. Smull ; Reporting Secretary, Dr. J. W. P. 
Bates ; Treasurer, Dr. Jolin Ncfl ; Committee of Honor, Drs. C. H. 
Jones, Tliomns Helsby, and E. G. Waters; Committee on Lectures 
and Discussions, Drs. George H. Dare, A. W. Colburn, and P. C. 
Williams. Soon after an executive committee was elected, consist- 
ing of Drs. A. B. Arnold, B. H. Sterling, and John E. Uhler. 

Up to this time there was no medical society in the 
city, and the applications for admission came in so ! 
rapidly that by the 30th of April the association num- 
bered seventy-four members. On Jan. 14, 1867, a 
committee of seven was appointed to draft a bill 
to regulate the practice of medicine in Maryland ; and 
the bill, which provided among other things for the 
appointment of twelve medical examiners for Balti- 
more City, was passed by the Legislature, and a pro- 
visional board of examiners elected by the association 
March 25th. On February 25th the first anniversary 
of the association wiis celebrated by a banquet, a cus- 
tom that has prevailed ever since. On March 9, 1868, 
the association decided to abandon their Calvert Street 
hall, and secured a room in the Chatard Building, at 
the southwest corner of Charles and Lexington Streets. 
It occupied these quarters until March 28, 1870, when 
it removed to the new hall of the Medical and Chir- 
urgical Faculty of Maryland, at No. 60 Courtland 
Street. On April 13, 1874, the first meeting was held 
in the new hall over the Methodist Book Concern, No. 
122 West Fayette Street. The presidents of the asso- 
ciation have been : 

1806, Dr. Gerard E. Morgan; 1867, Dr. Philip C. Williams; I86S, Dr. 
Andrew Hartman ; 1869, Dr. Charles H. Jones; 1870, Dr. James H. 
Currey ; 1871, Dr. Abram B. Arnold ; 1872, Dr. Thomas S. Latimer ; 
1873, Dr. John K. Uhler; 1874, Dr. G. Lane Taneyhill ; 1875, Dr. 
John T.Dickson; 1876, Dr. L. McLane Tiffany; 1877, Dr. Judson 
Gilman; 1878, Dr. John Neff; 1879, Dr. John Morris; 18S0, Dr. 
John T. Monmonier. 

The Baltimore Medical Association has exhibited 
throughout its career a broad conservatism in all its 
official acts ; has guarded with jealous care the honor 
and dignity of the profession, and has exhibited great 
wisdom, firmness, prudence, and judgment in deal- 
ing with the questions which have come before it. 
The continued success of the association after four- 
teen years of existence, its broad catholic spirit, and 
the steady perseverance with which it has pursued 
the objects for which it was formed, all affisrd assur- 
ance of its permanency. Its present officers are : 

Dr. James A. Stewart, president ; Drs. Joseph T. Smith, A. F. Erich, vice- 
presidents; Dr. E. F. Cordoll, recording secretary ; Dr. W. A. B. Sell- 
man, corresponding secretary ; Dr. G. L. Taneyhill, treasurer. 



The Johns Hopkins Hospital.— If we may esti- 
mate the measure of benefits conferred on the city of 
Baltimore by the amount of money devised and de- 
voted to objects of public utility and philanthropy, 
no name on the record of the State will stand as high 
as that of Johns Hopkins, of Baltimore. 

By will he devised property worth at the time of 
his death (Dec. 24, 1873) six and a half millions of 
dollars to the twin objects of his benevolence, " The 
Johns Hopkins University" and " The Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital.'" 

The letter addressed by him, during his lifetime, to 
the trustees named by him as the almoners of his 
bounty commences thus : 

" B.iLTiMOut, March 10, 1873. 

"To Francis T, Iniv , r ■ "'.-„.( John W. Garrbtt, Hon. Geobge 
W. Dobbin, Gai I i l:M.^s M. Smith, William Hopkjns, 

EiCHARU M. .I,*-. •■ ■ I M LI I iBLD, Francis White, Lewis N. 

Hopkins, Alan V. M i ' -' i 'haelks J. M. Gwinn, Tnitteet of 

' The Johns Hopkins JlospiUii: 

"GENTLkMEN, — I have given you, in your capacity as Tnistees, thir- 
teen acres of laud situated iu the city of Baltimore, and bounded by 
Wolfe, Monument, Broadway, and Jefferson Streets, upon which I de- 
sire you to erect a Hospital." - 

Nine months after sending this letter to the trus- 
tees Mr. Hopkins died, and but little was done to- 
wards the erection of the hospital until the early part 
of the year 1875, when, after several meetings of the 
board of trustees, it was resolved to authorize the 
building committee to confer with five distinguished 
physicians chosen from different parts of the country, 
who had made hospitals their special study, and ob- 
tain from them such advice as might be needed for 
the construction and organization of the proposed 
hospital, and to compensate them for said advice, 
which was solicited in the form of essays. 

The five physicians who were applied to as special- 
ists in hospital matters were John S. Billings, brevet 
lieutenant-colonel and assistant surgeon United States 
army ; Norton Folsom, M.D., Boston ; Joseph Jones, 
M.D., New Orleans ; Caspar Morris, M.D., of Phila- 
delphia ; and Stephen Smith, M.D., of New York ; 
from each of whom essays on the subject of hospital 
construction and organization were received, accom- 
panied by explanatory plates, diagrams, tables, etc., 
the whole constituting a most valuable manual, the 
most complete perhaps ever contributed to the medi- 
cal literature upon hospitals in this or any other 
country. 

These essays were printed by the trustees, and pub- 
lished in a handsome octavo volume of three hundred 
and fifty pages, and will doubtless serve for years to 
come as a text-book on the subjects treated of. As 



1 Both these institutions were projected by Mr. Hopkins some years 
before his death, and were incorporated as early as the 24th of August, 
1867. They were organized on the 13th of June, 1870. Ground was 
broken for the hospital by Francis T. King on the 23d of June, 1877, 
and the first brick was laid on the 13th of October in the same year. 

• Subsequent to his death an addition of nearly another acre, adjoin- 
ing the lot to the south and east, was acquired by the trustees by pur- 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



747 



each essay contained much that the trustees desired 
to avail themselves of, they did not confine them- 
selves to the plans laid down in any one of them, but 
acted on the eclectic principle of adopting a portion 
of the suggestions of each. They then invited Dr. 
John S. Billings, one of the iive essayists, to act as I 
medical superintendent, and director of the buildings ) 
whilst in course of erection, employed John E. Mar- 
shall as superintendent and builder, and entered ac- 
tively into all the matters of receiving proposals for 
materials, etc., for the hospital buildings. Dr. Bil- 
lings was sent to Europe to visit the most noted hos- 
pitals both in England and on the continent, and 
gather all the information he might deem valuable in 
connection with the subject. 

The subjects of drainage and ventilation were care- 
fully studied, and the most approved methods availed 
of irrespective of cost. It was decided to build one 
three-story administration building, flanked hy a two- 
story pay ward on either side, — the north wing for 
males, the south for females, — and to erect to the east 
of these twenty other buildings, comprising common 
wards, an octagon ward, nurses' home, apothecaries' 
building, kitchen, etc., each of which should be iso- 
lated and be reached through connecting, covered 
corridors. The hospital wards are to contain room 
for three hundred beds, and the intention is to admit 
any and every case needing medical or surgical treat- 
ment (except cases of infectious or contagious dis- 
eases). 

The ground ujion which the buildings are being 
erected is one hundred and fifteen feet above tide- 
water. The top of the dome, which is to rise above 
the administration or centre building, will be two 
hundred feet above the ground ; its total height, there- 
fore, above tide-water will be three hundred and fif- 
teen feet. 

Eleven buildings are already under roof, and the 
remaining twelve will rise in the near future, a per- 
petual or at least long-enduring monument to the 
memory and benevolence of their founder. John R. 
Niernsee, of Baltimore, and Messrs. Cabot and Chand- 
ler, of Boston, were elected architects, and E. W. 
Bowditch, of Boston, landscape-gardener. A medical 
school for students, who will have the advantage of 
constant clinical practice under the direction and in- 
struction of the most skillful surgeons and physicians, 
will be attached to the hospital. 

But perhaps the most useful and important feature 
of the hospital will be the " School for Training 
Nurses," designed to train up and fit women for the 
responsible duty of becoming skilled and practiced 
in that most important duty of watching over and ad- 
ministering to the hourly wants of the sick and con- 
valescent in and out of the hospital, a matter quite 
as important as that of a skillful physician. 

Previous to his death, Johns Hopkins designated 
for the executive officers of the hospital Francis T. 
King as president, Joseph Merrefield treasurer, and 



Lewis N. Hopkins secretary ; the former gentleman 
was also one of the executors of his will, and the two 
last relatives. Since then several changes have oc- 
curred in the board of trustees, the first occurring 
through the resignation of Joseph Merrefield to as- 
sume the duties of treasurer, in whose place George 
W. Corner was elected. Subsequently, through the 
death of Richard M. Janney and Thomas M. Smith, 
Messrs. Joseph P. Elliot and James Carey were 
elected trustees in their stead, and the recent decease 
of Galloway Cheston leaves a vacancy yet to be filled. 
On the 1st of January, 1881, John E. Marshall re- 
signed his position as superintendent of construction 
to attend to other pressing business engagements, and 
William H. Leeke, late the assi.stant superintendent, 
was elected superintendent in his place. 

The present value of the funds constituting the 
foundation for the hospital is about three and one- 
third millions of dollars, only the income of which is 
available for the purposes of building and all other 
expenses, as, by the will of the founder, the principal 
is to remain untouched through all future time, as a 
perpetual fountain of benevolence. 

Hebrew Hospital. — The Hebrew Hospital owes 
its existence to the Hebrew Benevolent Society, 
which, in March, 18(5.3, appointed a committee to re- 
port a plan for the establishment of a hospital. The 
corner-stone was laid on the 2.5th of June, 1866, but 
the " Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association" was 
not chartered until Jan. 13, 1868, and in May of that 
year the building, corner of Ann and Monument 
Streets, was completed, at a cost of sixty-three thou- 
sand dollars, and opened for the reception of pa- 
tients. The object of the association is to " afford 
surgical and medical aid, comfort, and protection in 
sickness to the suffering and needy, and to provide an 
asylum for the infirm and destitute, and for all other 
purposes appertaining to hospitals, asylums, and 
dispensaries." The average number of inmates is 
between twenty and twenty-five ; the hospital will 
accommodate thirty-two patients. The income is 
derived from subscriptions, donations, bequests, etc. 
The officers are Joseph Friedenwald, president from 
the beginning until the present time ; Vice-President, 
B. F. Ulman ; Treasurer, A. S. Adler; Secretary, Ig- 
natius Lauer. The Ladies' Hebrew Hospital Associ- 
ation, which was formed in 1868, was dissolved on 
the 7th of March, 1880. It had been largely instru- 
mental in the construction and support of the hos- 
pital. 

The other hospitals, infirmaries, and dispensaries 
in Baltimore are the " Maternite" Lying-in Hospital, 
founded in 1874 ; Marine Hospital, founded in 1845 ; 
Presbyterian Eye and Ear Hospital, organized in 
1877 ; St. Joseph's Hospital, founded in 1864; Balti- 
more Infirmary, instituted in 1822; Baltimore Eye 
and Ear Institute, established in 1871 ; Union Protes- 
tant Infirmary, chartered in 1854 ; Maryland Eye and 
Ear Infirmary, established in 186S ; Baltimore Gen- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 



eral Dispensary, founded in 1801 ; Eastern Dispen- 
sary, incorporated in 1818 ; Western Dispensary, es- 
tablished in 1846; Southern Dispensary, established 
about 1847 ; Special Dispensary, establislicd in 1867; 
City ll.w|,iial: ( 'Inirch Home; Mount I1o|m' KrtivMt; 
.^t.A'jnr-- ll.i-|,,tal; St. Vincent's ll..>|,it:il ; Mary- 
laiiil W'diiian's Iliispital; Homwopathir ]>i>p('ii>ary ; 
Nervous Disesises Disjjensary ; and Noi-tlicastern Dis- 
pensary. 

Distinguished Physicians of Baltimore,— In the 
long array of eminent physicians who have graced 
the profession in this country, there has been none who 
can lay a higher claim to solid distinction and endur- I 
ing fame than the late Prof Nathan E. Smith, of 
Baltimore. Dr. Smith was born at Cornish, N. H., 1 
May 21, 1797, where his father, Dr. Nathan Smith, 
afterwards professor of medicine and surgery at Dart- j 
mouth and Yale Colleges, and one of the most dis- 
tinguished surgeons of his day, had been for ten years 
engaged in the practice of his profession. In that 
town and in Dartmouth he passed the earlier years 
of life, receiving his primary education at the latter 
place, and finishing his course at Yale, where he 
graduated in 1817, at the age of twenty. In his youth 
Prof Smith evinced decided talent for literature, and I 
among his earlier efforts was a comedy entitled " The 
Quixotic Philosopher," written when he was a fresh- 
man at Yale, which was produced at one of the col- 
lege exhibitions and very favorably received, the 
young author performing one of the leading roles and 
winning considerable reputation for his quaint but 
genial humor. After completing his academic course, 
he spent about a year and a half in Virginia as 
classical tutor in the family of Thomas Turner, of 
Fauquier County, and on his return from that State 
began the study of medicine in Yale College, where 
his father then held the chair of physic and surgery, 
and where, in 1823, he received the degree of Doctor 



of Medicine. In 1824, Dr. Smith commenced the 
practice of his profession at Burlington, Vt., where 
he married Miss Juliette Penniman, and in the fol- 
lowing year he was appointed to the professorship of 
surgery and anatomy in the University of Vermont, 
the medical department of which was organized 
mainly through his own exertions, aided by his 
father, who spent some weeks at Burlington as the 
colleague of his son. In the winter of 1825-26 he 
visited Philadelphia, for the purpose of attending the 
lectures and studying the methods of the University 
of Pennsylvania, with a view of better qualifying 
himself for the discharge of his duties at the Univer- 
sity of Vermont. Soon after his arriva.1 there, how- 
ever, he made the acquaintance of Dr. George Mc- 
Clellan, who was at that time engaged, in connection 
with other physicians, in laying the foundations of 
the Jefferson Medical School, and he and his associ- 
ates were so much impressed by the professional ability 
and attainments of Dr. Smith, that they tendered him 
the chair of anatomy, w^hich he accepted and occupied 



for two sessions. Among his pupils at the Jefferson 
School were Samuel D. Gross and Washington L. 
Atlee, who were destined to gain the highest rank in 
their profession, and whose names have since become 
associated with many of the best achievements and 
triumphs of medical art. In 1827 the chair of anat- 
omy in the School of Medicine of the University of 
Maryland became vacant by the resignation of Prof 
Granville Sharp Patterson, and Prof Smith wiis called 
to the position, which he occupied until the death of 
Prof Davidge, in 1829, when he was transferred to 
the chair of surgery. 

In 1838 he was elected a professor in the Transyl- 
vania University at Lexington, Ky., where he lec- 
tured three years, without, however, giving up his resi- 
dence in Baltimore. Upon the reorganization of the 
University of Maryland, after the settlement of the 
questions which had for some time interfered with its 
usefulness, he resumed his chair in that institution 
and resigned his professorship in Kentucky. In 1867 
he visited Europe, where he received great attention 
from distinguished members of the profession, and 
won the especial regard and esteem of Sir James 
Paget, of London, physician to the queen. On his 
return to Baltimore Prof Smith was welcomed with 
a banquet tendered by the whole medical profession 
of the city. On the 1st of March, 1870, he resigned 
his chair in the university and devoted himself ex- 
clusively to private practice, but in 1873 was made 
emeritus professor of surgery and president of the 
faculty, a position which he retained until his death, 
which occurred on the 3d of July, 1877. Prof Smith 
was indefatigable in the discharge of his duties at the 
university, and was rarely absent from his class, 
which he led through the hospital wards at an early 
hour, passing from bed to bed with his brief, clear, 
piquant comments. His lectures were always deliv- 
ered without notes, and his style, while plain, was 
lucid and forcible. In operative surgery he had no 
superior and few equals, and the title first given him 
by the students of the " Emperor of Surgeons" was 
fairly earned. He was one of the boldest as well as 
one of the most skillful operators ever known in the 
profession. Besides numberless operations of every 
variety of character, he performed about three hun- 
dred for lithotomy alone, and with almost invariable 
success. His taste for literature continued through- 
out his whole life, and as late as 1869 he published, 
under the title of " Viator," a volume of legends 
of the South, containing many romantic stories of 
Virginia and Kentucky. Prof Smith was a Demo- 
crat in politics, and in 1861 was president of the 
Democratic State Convention which nominated Gen. 
Benjamin C. Howard for Governor. It is related that 
when the convention, which was held in the Law 
Building, was invaded by roughs, backed by military 
power. Prof Smith, standing by the speaker's table, 
said to them, " You may pierce me with knives, if 
you will, but you cannot move me from this place or 








7 ^^ 



c 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



749 



make me flinch from my duty," and awed by liis 
calm determination the mob withdrew without I'urtlier 
attempt to intimidate him. 

It was soon after Iiis settlement in Baltimore that 
he prepared his work on the '' Surgical Anatomy of 
the Arteries," which brought his name prominently 
before the public and the profession. It was here 
also that he invented his lithotonie and his anterior 
splint, the latter of which he regarded as his most 
important contribution to surgical appliances. His 
last complete publication was a work on " Fractures 
of the Lower Extremities." It has been well said of 
Prof. Smith that "the combination of traits which 
he possessed could hardly be better expressed than in 
a saying of Lord Tenterden about Sir Thomas Wilde, 
afterwards Lord Truro, that ' he had industry enough 
to succeed without talents, and talents enough to suc- 
.ceed without industry.' And yet, with his great gifts 
there was about him a remarkable simplicity of char- 
acter, and a transparent ingenuousness which was as 
incapable of affectation as of falsehood." 

Dr. Charles Richardson was a graduate of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland, and in early life practiced in 
Baltimore, where he rendered very efficient service 
during the prevalence of the cholera in 1832, when 
he was appointed one of the city physicians. He was 
a defender of Baltimore in the war of 1812, and 
assisted in caring for the wounded at the bombard- 
ment of Fort McHenry and at the battle of North 
Point. He was the author of several medical and 
scientific treatises. He subsequently removed to 
Mongomery County, where he died in October, 1871, 
in the seventy-sixth year of his age. 

Dr. Tobias Watkins was born in Anne Arundel 
Co., Md., on the 12th of December, 1780, the only 
child of Thomas Watkins. He graduated at St. 
John's College, Annapolis, in 1798, and after study- 
ing medicine under Dr. Daniel, received his profes- 
sional diploma from the Medical College of Phil- 
adelphia in May, 1802. He commenced practice at 
Havre de Grace, but in a few years removed to Bal- 
timore, and received the appointment of physician 
to the Marine Hospital. He was in active service 
during the war of 1812, and was afterwards assistant 
surgeon-general. At the time of his death Dr. Wat- 
kins was engaged in preparing for the press a history 
of the British invasion of the District of Columbia 
and the capture of Washington. He died in Wash- 
ington on the 14th of November, 1855. 

Joseph Lloyd Martin, M.D., was born in Mon- 
mouth Co., N. J., May 1, 1820, and resides in the city 
of Baltimore. His father, Isaac Martin, Jr., Was born 
in Rah way, N. J., and was the son of Isaac Martin 
and Catharine (formerly White) Martin, who was 
born in Shrewsbury, N. J., the daughter of Robert 
White. 

His father was an eminent allopathic physician, and 
a leading practitioner in the vicinity of Monmouth. 
His parents were members of the Society of Friends. 



His grandfather, Isaac Martin, was a highly-esteemed 
minister of the society. His father died when he was 
quite young, and he was placed under the guardian- 
ship of his uncle, William C. White, of New York 
City, where he received a good education, and much 
against his inclinations and ambitious taste, he com- 

meii 1 the business of a clerk in his uncle's dry- 

gO'MS . -liilii-limcnt. His predilections had been 
direct. .1 iiiwiinl.s his father's profession, and the dry- 
goods business becoming more and more distasteful, 
when he arrived at bis majority he abandoned his. 
desk in his uncle's counting-room and commenced a 
course of medical studies at the Medical Department 
of the University of New York, from which institu- 
tion he was graduated. Dr. Martin's views upon the 
science of riicdicine were not circumscribed to any 
system, but with liberal ideas and investigating mind 
he studied closely the basis and structure of all the 
systems, and adopted as a general rule of practice the 
theory of Hahnemann, which he studied under the 
most able representatives and pioneers of homoe- 
opathy, Drs. John F. Gray and A. Gerald Hull, of 
New York. In 1847, Dr. Martin located in Boston, 
Mass., where he received a diploma from the Massa- 
chusetts Medical Society. He remained in that city 
in active practice for three years. In 1849 the chol- 
era raged with epidemic violence in Boston, and Dr. 
Martin had the honor of demonstrating the superiority 
of his system of practice in abating and checking that 
terrible scourge, and by his noble conduct and self- 
sacrifice through that malady merited and received 
the lasting gratitude of hundreds who were saved 
through his zealous care. His professional reputation 
became commensurate with the great good he accom- 
plished. Dr. Martin married, in 1847, Mrs. Lorana 
D. Metcalf, of Georgia (formerly Lorana D. Cheeru, 
of Boston). In 1861, his wife's health becoming deli- 
cate under the severe cold of a Boston climate, he was 
obliged to give up his fine practice in that city and 
seek a milder climate. He therefore settled in Balti- 
more in the vain hope of restoring his wife's health, 
but she died July 17, 1869, leaving one child, a daugh- 
ter, who married H. C. Longnecker, Esq., a highly- 
respected citizen of Towsontown, Baltimore Co., pro- 
prietor and editor of the Baltimore County Union, a 
weekly newspaper published by him at that place. 

Dr. Martin, since he located in Baltimore, with 
slight interruptions, has engaged in the practice of 
his profession, always having an extensive practice 
among the best classes of society. His present wife, 
to whom he was married Aug. 19, 1879, was Mrs. Eu- 
dora Higgins Vick, of Baltimore, daughter of Capt. 
Asa Higgins and Mary A. Higgins, the former of 
Bath, and the latter of Brunswick, Me. In 1861, 
when civil war interrupted the communications with 
the South, from whence his first wife's and his own 
ample resources were mostly derived, and which by the 
circumstances of war were finally entirely swept away, 
he found himself embarrassed and with a curtailed 



750 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MAllYLAND. 



practice; but nothing daunted in this emergency, he 
threw all his energies into the practice of his profes- 
sion, and soon found himself amply rewarded by a 
large and lucrative business. 

Again in 1805 he sustained another reverse by rea- 
son of impaired health, occasioned by over-mental and 
bodily exertion, and altliough lie obtained the assist- 
ance of another physician, a graduate of a homroo- 
pathic college in Pliiladclphia, his patients became 
scattered, soekihg other physicians. At the end of a 
year, however, Dr. Martin's health becoming much 
better, he resumed practice alone, and soon regained 
what he had lost, and has added to it largely ever 
since. Dr. Martin has performed many wonderful 
cures, some of which had been abandoned by other 
physicians as hopeless, and has justly earned a repu- 
tation ranking him among the leaders of his profession 
in medical skill and ability. Towards his professional 
brethren he lias always been cordial and generous, in 
consultation giving them the benefit of his long expe- 
rience and sound judgment, and to all classes he is 
the urbane and dignified gentleman, enjoying the 
high esteem of the community in which his fortunes 
are cast and his professional and personal interest en- 
gaged. Dr. Martin has been tendered several posi- 
tions of honor and trust in the line of his profession, 
which he has invariably declined, preferring to con- 
fine his energies to private practice. He is in fellow- 
ship with the American Institute of Homreopathy, 
the first and oldest association of homaopathic phy- 
sicians, and is also a fellow in several other societies. 
He is a Master Mason of the order of Free and Ac- 
cepted Masons. Dr. Martin has an inventive mind, 
and in moments seized from his daily practice he has 
perfected and patented several valuable scientific in- 
ventions, the last of which was for organized oxygen 
gas and its compounds, for inhalation in the treat- 
ment of disease as a hygienic agent, and compressing 
the same in water for internal or medicinal use, he 
being the first who has ever opened so widely the 
field of usefulness of these gases in medicine. As a 
physician, Dr. Martin is not confined in his prac- 
tice to creeds or dogmas, believing it to be the duty 
of every hone.st physician to adopt the means best 
calculated to relieve human suffering and save life. 
He is bold and fearless, and yet discreet in practice, 
remarkable as a diagnostician, with perception of dis- 
eases and their treatment amounting almost to in- 
tution. His professional career in Baltimore has 
been one of brilliant success, and he has enjoyed the 
confidence and respect of the community in which he 
lives. 

Dr. James J. Cockrill was born in Baltimore, March 
28, 1815, educated at St. Mary's College, and gradu- 
ated at the University of Maryland in 1837. In 1863 
he was appointed medical military examiner in the 
Second Congressional District, and afterwards was 
sent to Frederick County in the same capacity. He 
also held a medical position at the military hospital in 



Patterson Park in 1863-65, and was chairman of the 
examining board for the discharge of disabled soldiers. 
He was a member of the Medical and Chirnrgical 
Faculty of Maryland from 1842 until his death ; was 
at one time vice-president of the faculty and a mem- 
ber of the board of examiners. He was also a mem- 
ber of the National Medical Society, and held a prom- 
inent position in that organization. He died on the 
13th of July, 1878, in tjie sixty-fourth year of his age. 

Dr. James Higgins was a native of Anne Arundel 
County, and for a number of years held the position 
of State agricultural chemist. He was subsequently 
professor of natural sciences in the Maryland Agricul- 
tural College. He died on the 24th of March, 1870. 

Dr. Thomas G. Mackenzie was a sou of Dr. Colin 
Mackenzie, and a brother of Dr. John P. Mackenzie. 
He was one of the most prominent pharmacists in 
Baltimore, and for forty years was the proprietor of 
the drug-store on the northeast corner of Baltimore 
and Gay Streets, where he conducted a prosperous 
business and associated his name with many widely- 
known and valuable medicines, some of which have 
become standard and continued in use in general prac- 
tice. He died on the 6th of May, 1873, in the seventy- 
first year of his age. 

Dr. Henry Keerl was prominent among the earlier 
physicians of Baltimore. He died on the 16th of July, 
1827, in the seventy-third year of his age, and at the 
time of his death was one of the oldest inhabitants of 
the city. 

Dr. Thomas Shearer was born Aug. 1, 1825, at 
Stonehouse, a town on the river Clyde, Scotland, 
within fifteen miles of Glasgow, and on the parish 
records the family name is borne without a break for 
more than a century and a half His mother, a lady 
of gentle character and simple piety, was of the Bruce 
family, and it was her earnest wish that Thomas 
Shearer, her seventh son, should be educated for the 
ministry of the Presbyterian Church. He commenced 
a classical and theological course, making sucii rapid 
progress that while a mere boy he took, at a public 
examination, a first prize for proficiency in Latin, and 
a second prize for thorough knowledge of the intricate 
forms of the Greek verb. When fifteen years of age 
he entered the University of Glasgow, and graduated 
with honor three years afterwards. Self-inquiry had, 
however, brought him to a point of conviction that 
he could not conscientiously subscribe to the articles 
of faith of the Presbyterian Church as interpreted 
by its clergy, and turning his back upon the pulpit, 
he chose the science of medicine for his profession. 
Three years of study at the University of Edinburgh 
procured for him his diploma, and he accepted a 
position as ship-surgeon on a vessel of the New York 
and Glasgow line of packets. Arriving at New York 
in September, 1848, he purposed to return to Europe 
with his ship, but various circumstances combined to 
induce him to remain in this country, and for thirty 
years he did not again see his native land. In 1854 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



his investigation of the subject resulted in making 
liim a convert to the system of homoeopathy ; and at 
that time it required no small degree of courage in a 
young professional man to attach himself to a new 
school of medicine whose principles were not clearly 
understood, and which was struggling against the 
mighty antagonism of the veteran scientists and prac- 
titioners. Dr. Shearer attended three courses of lec- 
tures at the Homceopathic College of Pennsylvania, 
and graduated in 1858. He then removed to Charles- 
ton, S. C, but just previous to the conclusion of the 
civil war he became a citizen of Baltimore, where he 
now resides. His practice is very large, and his pro- 
fessional reputation is not surpassed in the commu- 
nity. He is eminently successful in the treatment of 
diseases of women and children, and no homoeopa- 
thist has done more than himself to vindicate that 
school of medicine. He married, in 1856, Miss Har- 
riet Fox, daughter of George Fox, of Philadelphia, 
and their children are a son and daughter. The son 
follows in his father's footsteps, and has graduated as 
Doctor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. 
Dr. Shearer is an intelligent patron of literature and 
the fine arts ; he is deeply read, and has purchased 
some exquisite paintings that adorn his home. 

Among the physicians who fell victims to the yellow 
fever in 1819 were Dr. Josiah Henderson and Dr. John 
O'Connor. The former was in the twenty-fourth year 
of his age, and had left his home in Clarksburg, Va., 
to render medical aid during the prevalence of the 
epidemic. Dr. O'Connor was a resident of Fell's 
Point, and contracted the disease in the unremitting 
discharge of professional duty. 

Dr. William J. Williams was a well-known prac- 
titioner of the Thomjjsonian school, and was highly 
esteemed, not only as a physician but as a citizen. 
He died on the 19th of April, 1867. 

Dr. John R. W. Dunbar received his medical edu- 
cation in Philadelphia, and was a practicing physician 
in Baltimore for thirty-five years. He was well known 
as an able practitioner and a skillful surgeon, and was 
at one time professor of surgery in the old Washing- 
ton University. He was also well known in Virginia, 
which was his native State. He was preceptor of a 
large number of the graduates of medicine in this 
city, and many of his pupils have risen to eminence 
in the profession. He died on the 3d of July, 1871, 
in the sixty -sixth year of his age. 

Dr. Colin Mackenzie was for many years one of 
the most prominent physicians of Baltimore. In con- 
nection with Dr. Smyth, in 1808 he leased the Mary- 
land Hospital, which they managed successfully for 
many years. He died on the 1st of September, 1827, 
in the fifty-third year of his age. 

Dr. Gideon B. Smith was many years since editor 
of the American Farmer and Tm-f Register, was well 
known as an entomologist, and at one time was largely 
engaged in the cultivation of the silk-worm. He was 
the originator of several ingenious inventions, and was 



perhaps the highest authority in the country upon the 
subject of the "seventeen-year locusts." 

Dr. A. F. Dulin was born in Fairfax County, Va., 
and graduated at the medical college in Philadelphia 
when about twenty-one years of age. He enjoyed a 
large practice, and for five years was resident physi- 
cianat the Baltimore County Almshouse when it was 
located on the old Franklin road. He was also a 
member of the board of examining physicians, and a 
director of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, and 
was offered, but declined, a professorship in the Uni- 
versity of Maryland. He died on the 25th of Novem- 
ber, 1874, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, after a 
professional career in this city of forty-two years. 

Dr. George L. Robinson, a young physician of great 
talent, was the son of Dr. Alex. H. Robinson, and 
after graduating at the Maryland University com- 
pleted his medical education in Europe. He was one 
of the founders of the Epidemiological Association, 
and at the time of his death occupied the chair of 
operative surgery in the faculty of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. He died on the 10th of 
September, 1873. 

Dr. P. S. Kinnemon was born near Easton, Talbot 
Co., Md., and graduated at the University of Mary- 
land in 1833. He was a member of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty for thirty-six years, and also of 
the executive committee, and was repeatedly elected 
to the ofiice of treasurer. His death occurred on the 
1st of January, 1876. 

Dr. Charles W. Chancellor was born near Fredericks- 
burg, Va., Feb. 19, 1833, of American parentage and 
English ancestry. His father was Maj. Sanford Chan- 
cellor, who served with distinction on the staft' of Gen. 
Madison during the war of 1812. His mother, Fannie 
L. (Pound) Chancellor, who still survives, is a niece of 
the late William Lorman, of Baltimore. His paternal 
grandraotlier was Elizabeth Edwards, of Maryland. 
His primary education w;is obtained at the Fredericks- 
burg Academy and at Concord Academy, Caroline 
County, Va., and his classical and literary education 
at Georgetown College and the University of Vir- 
ginia. In March, 1853, he graduated M.D. from the 
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and subse- 
quently pursued his studies in the hospitals of that 
city. In the latter part of the same year he located 
in Alexandria, Va., where he successfully pursued 
the practice of medicine and surgery until the break- 
ing out of the late civil war, when, warmly espousing 
the cause of the South, he offered his .services to the 
Governor of his native State, and was commissioned 
a surgeon in the provisional army of Virginia, May 
21, 1861. Subsequently he was transferred to the 
Confederate States army, and assigned to duty as 
medical director of Gen. George E. Pickett's cele- 
brated Virginia division, where he achieved a high 
reputation, not only as a surgeon, but as an executive 
officer of great energy and ability. 

Immediately after the close of the war he resumed 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITiT AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the active practice of his profession in Memphis, 
Tenn., where he was soon recognized as one of the 
leading physicians, and won for himself an enviable 
reputation by the conspicuous part he bore in those 
terrible epidemics of cholera and yellow fever which 
visited that city in 1866 and 1867 respectively. In 




1868, Dr. Chancellor was tendered the chair of an- 
atomy in the Medical Department of the Washington 
University of Baltimore, which he accepted, and the 
following year was made dean of the faculty, the du- 
ties of which office he discharged with satisfaction to 
his colleagues and advantage to the institution, which 
soon took rank as one of the leading medical schools 
in the country. He continued in the chair of an- 
atomy until the spring of 1870, when he was trans- 
ferred to tlie professorship of surgery, previously held 
by Prof. Edward Warren. In this po.sition he con- 
tinued several years, until increasing professional and 
public duties compelled him to sever all active con- 
nection with the college, and upon doing so he was 
tendered the honorary position of emeritus professor 
of surgery and president of the faculty. 

In 1871 he was elected commissioner of public 
schools for Baltimore City, a position which he filled 
until elected a member of the First Branch of the City 
Council in the fall of 1872. He soon became a lead- 
ing member of that body, to which he was elected 
four successive years, his comprehensive views of 
municipal matters and his ability in enforcing them 



being recognized throughout the city. In 1876 he 
declined a re-election, but in 1877 was returned from 
the Nineteenth and Twentieth Wards of the city to the 
Second or Upper Branch of the Council, and upon the 
organization of that body was unanimously elected 
president, a position which he filled with signal ability 
for two years. 

Upon the reorganization of the Maryland Hospital 
for the Insane, Dr. Chancellor was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Carroll a member of the board of managers of 
that institution. He was immediately thereafter elec- 
ted president of the board, and devoted much time 
and energy to the work of organizing the hospital. 
His labors in this direction were attended with the 
most gratifying results, but upon the expiration of 
Governor Carroll's term of office he declined serving 
longer on the board of management, and accordingly 
tendered an unconditional resignation to Governor 
Hamilton upon his accession to ofiice in 1880. 

In 1876 he was elected secretary and executive officer 
ofthe Maryland State Board of Health, of which he had 
been an active member since its creation in 1874. Im- 
mediately after his election to the responsible position 
of secretary ofthe board he was directed by Governor 
Carroll to make, in his official capacity, a thorough 
inspection of all the penal and charitable institutions 
in the State, and report their actual condition, man- 
agement, etc., noting especially the number and treat- 
ment of the indigent insane. The report, which was 
completed and issued in August, 1876, covered nearly 
two hundred octavo pages, and has been declared " one 
ofthe ablest papers ever published in the State." The 
filthy condition, entire absence of discipline, cruelties, 
and shocking immoralities which Dr. Chancellor fear- 
lessly and graphically depicted as existing in many 
of the almshouses and prisons of the State astounded 
the community and startled the whole country. The 
report was extensively copied in the papers of both 
this country and Europe, and gained for its author a 
more than national reputation. As might have been 
expected, he was bitterly assailed by culpable officials 
and political freebooters, who declared that the pic- 
ture was overdrawn, but immediately there followed 
a "Vindication," which contained hundreds of letters 
from the most prominent and influential men of the 
State, commending the report and affirming the truth 
of the statements contained therein. 

Few physicians in this country are better versed in 
medical literature and the cognate sciences than Dr. 
Chancellor. He has contributed many valuable and 
scientific papers to various medical journals, and has 
recently published several interesting monographs on 
sanitary subjects, which are remarkable for original 
and independent thought, and show that nature and 
facts have been his teacher rather than theories. At 
one time he was editor and proprietor of a medical 
journal, and subsequently edited the Sanitary Messen- 
ger, a monthly journal issued by the State Board of 
Health. Retiring in 1876 from the active practice of 




ro^yui^^u^ ^jJvt.&LZ.^,£^, 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



medicine, he has since devoted himself exclusively to 
the study of sanitary science, and on all questions of 
hygiene he is quoted as eminent and conclusive au- 
thority. The National Board of Health having de- 
termined to institute a sanitary survey of the city of 
Baltimore, selected Dr. Chancellor to conduct the 
work, which he did in his usually thorough manner, 
giving the results of his investigations in an elaborate 
report. 

In 1879 he visited Europe, and during his stay in 
that country was a close observer of the systems of 
sewerage, drainage, and water supplies adopted by 
the principal cities of England and on the Continent, 
and at the same time gave particular attention to the 
improved methods of heating and ventilating public 
buildings, etc. Upon his return to this country he 
resumed with increased interest the study and prac- 
tice of sanitary engineering. As secretary of the 
State Board of Health, he is now engaged in organ- 
izing subsidiary boards in the various counties, and 
in inculcating practical lessons of hygiene by a series 
of public lectures in the various cities, towns, and vil- 
lages in the State. These lectures have been every- 
where well received, and his original suggestion of 
a plan to extirpate malaria and bring into productive 
cultivation the low-lying and water-logged districts 
of Maryland by a system of drainage, embankments, 
etc., is attracting considerable attention. 

Dr. Chancellor has been twice married, the first 
time to Mary Archer, daughter of Gen. A. G. Talia- 
ferro, formerly of Gloucester County, Va., and Agnes 
H. (Marshall) Taliaferro, a granddaughter of Chief 
Justice Marshall. She died in March, 186.3, leaving 
one child, Leah Seddon Chancellor. In February, 
1867, he married Martha A. Butler, of Jackson, Tenn., 
whose father, Col. Wm. Ormond Butler, is a grandson 
of Gen. Thomas Butler, a direct descendant of Lord 
Dunboyne, Duke of Ormond, and a trusted officer of 
Washington's during the Revolutionary war. Col. 
Butler is the only child of Dr. Wm. E. Butler, one of 
the pioneer settlers of West Tennessee. He is also a 
nephew of the wife of ex-President Andrew Jackson, 
and a cousin of the late Gen. William O. Butler, of 
Kentucky, and of ex-President James K. Polk. By 
this marriage Dr. Chancellor has two children, Mattie 
Butler and Philip Stanly Chancellor, aged respectively 
seven and six years. 

Dr. Thomas E. Bond, more generally known as 
Rev. Dr. Bond, on account of his connection with the 
Methodist Episcopal Church as a minister and relig- 
ious writer, was a son of Dr. Thomas Bond, an old 
and prominent physician of Baltimore, .who resided I 
for many years in a mansion on the corner of Lom- 
bard and Sharpe Streets, the site of which is now 
occupied by a spacious warehouse. Dr. Bond the 
younger studied medicine at the Maryland Univer- 
sity, graduating in his twenty-first year, and prac- 
ticed in this city for about fifteen years. His literary 
tastes subsequently induced him to become editor of 



the Episcopal Methodid, which he conducted with 
marked ability for a number of years. He was after- 
wards connected with the Baltimore Christian Ad- 
vocate, of which he was editor-in-chief. His life 
throughout was one of continued activity and varied 
usefulness, and he frequently exchanged the duties 
of the sanctum and of the medical profession for 
those of the pulpit. His literary efforts were marked 
by rhetorical grace and trenchant force, and one of 
his best and most brilliant performances was a letter 
to the New York Independent in explanation and jus- 
tification of the position of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church South in its national relations. Dr. Bond 
was a brother of Hon. Hugh L. Bond, judge of the 
United States Circuit Court. His death occurred 
Aug. 19, 1872. 

Dr. Samuel Baker was a member of the first faculty 
of the University of Maryland, having been called to 
the chair of materia medica to fill the vacancy 
caused by the declination of Prof Thomas E. Bond. 
He died in October, 1835. 

Dr. Elisha De Butts was a native of Ireland, but 
came to this country in early boyhood. He received 
his medical education at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, and soon after the completion of his course he 
became a resident of Baltimore, and was associated 
with Dr. Davidge and others in fostering the then in- 
fant medical school of Maryland. As he declined to 
engage in active practice, and devoted himself exclu- 
sively to the interest of the university in general, and 
of his own department in particular, it may be said 
without injustice to any of his contemporaries that 
the rapid growth and prosperity of the institution 
were in a large measure due to the untiring assiduity 
and zeal with which he discharged the duties of his 
position. Dr. De Butts was not only thoroughly 
grounded in the great principles of his science, but 
maintained a steady acquaintance with its constantly 
progressive improvements and discoveries. He was 
one of the most brilliant chemists of his day, and 
was probably unequaled in his department by any 
of his contemporaries. He died on the 8th of April, 
1831. 

Dr. John Cromwell was a highly-esteemed physi- 
cian of Baltimore, and a contemporary of some of 
the earliest practitioners of the city. He died of 
the cholera on the 14th of September, 1832, at the 
age of sixty-eight years. 

Dr. James Mclntire was born near Dungannon, 
County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1799, and died in Balti- 
more, April 12, 1879. He obtained a thorough edu- 
cation, and graduated with distinction at the College 
of Belfast. In 1822 he came to this country, residing 
for a short time at Harrisburg, Pa., from whence he 
removed to Baltimore, where he studied medicine, 
graduating at the Washington University in 1834, 
among the first of the graduates of that institution. 
For a few years he practiced medicine, and was having 
much success in that profession, but he relinquished 



754 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



it to accept the chair of mathematics and astronomy 
in the Central High School, now the Baltimore City 
College. In these sciences he had been from his 
early youth a close student, one who not only followed 
the researches and discoveries of others, but also con- 
ducted his own investigations and brought to light 
facts that were of great value. He held his profes- 
sorship for more than thirty-three years, and there 
are at this time many citizens of Baltimore who re- 
call with deep gratitude the days which they spent in 
the class-room witli the learned teacher when they 
were boys and pupils. He had the rare gift of im- 
parting knowledge, of rendering study pleasant, and 
inducing scholars to become interested in their work. 
Unless a pupil was incorrigibly dull, Prof. Mclntire 
could stir him up to an eager thirst for learning, ac- 
complishing this by a method that was as firm as it 
was gentle, and that exhibited the dignity and the 
grandeur of scholarship. His system of teaching was 
the result of much patient thought and practice, and 
he had that correct idea of education which is totally 
antagonistic to the later fashion of " cramming" 
pupils for public examinations. Throughout his life 
he continued his mathematical and astronomical in- 
vestigations. He was the author of several works, 
and his " Astronomy and the Globes" is a text-book 
in schools, and a handy compendium of information 
for any reader or student. It was published in 1868, 
and received highly eulogistic commendations from 
the scientists. 

Dr. Mclntire was a devoted Presbyterian. One of 
the journals of that denomination says of him that, 
"reared in the days when the Bible and Westmin- 
ster Catechisms were almost the only theological 
works studied, he was thoroughly indoctrinated in 
the theology they contained. During all his long 
life the Bible was his daily companion." At the early 
age of twenty-eight he was elected an elder of the 
church, and for over fifty years he exercised this oflice 
with fidelity. He was connected with the Central 
Presbyterian Church, and in every relation of life he 
maintained a character above suspicion, and died 
without a stain upon his memory. He was a member 
of the Association for the Improvement of the Con- 
dition of the Poor, and a trustee of the Baltimore 
Female College. The faculty of the City College, 
the Public School Teachers' A.ssociation, the Poor 
Association, and the Session of the Central Church 
held meetings upon his death, and passed resolutions 
testifying to his virtues as citizen, scholar, and 
Christian, and holding up his life to the imitation of 
future generations. His only son, George M. Mc- [ 
Intire, entered the Confederate army, and was killed 
at the battle of Gettysburg. Dr. Mclntire's widow 
and his daughter are still residing in this city. "The 
Baltimore Astronomer," as Dr. Mclntire was com- 
monly designated in professional circles, was one of | 
the men who make the world better for their having j 
lived in it. 



Dr. John P. Mackenzie was a practicing physician 
of Baltimore for more than forty years. He was a 
' gentleman of the old school, and in the social as well 
as professional walks of life was highly respected by 
all who came into contact with him. He was a 
member of the St. Andrew's Society for forty years, 
and was its physician during thirty-six years of this 
period. He died on the 14th of January, 1864, at 
the age of sixty-three years. 

Dr. William Howard was characterized from his 
earliest years by a taste and genius for almost every 
species of scientific and practical information. He 
discharged with great fidelity and ability the duties 
of an important government office, and was much 
admired for his extensive and varied scientific attain- 
ments. He died on the 25th of August, 1834, in the 
forty-first year of his age. 

Dr. Samuel Chew was born in the early part of the 
present century, and for many years was a member 
of the faculty of the University of Maryland. He 
occupied for a period the chair of materia medica, 
and at the time of his death was professor of the 
principles and practice of medicine. He stood in 
the front rank of his profession, and was greatly re- 
spected for his integrity of character and his many 
charities. He was engaged in the practice of medi- 
cine for thirty years, and died on the 25th of Decem- 
ber, 1863, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. 

Dr. Fred. E. B. Hintz, whose name was for many 
years so familiar to all classes of the community, was 
born at No. 21 South Gay Street, where his father, 
who was a distinguished physician of Baltimore, had 
his residence and office, and where for forty-six years 
the subject of this sketch pursued the same avocation. 
At an early age he determined to adopt his father's 
profession, and graduated at the University of Mary- 
land when only seventeen years old, succeeding to 
his father's extensive practice a few years later. In 
1828, when about twenty-five years of age, he repre- 
sented the Sixth Ward (now the Ninth) in the First 
Branch of the City Council ; he was afterwards 
elected to the same oflice, and subsequently repre- 
sented the Ninth and Tenth Wards in the Second 
Branch, filling both positions with honor to himself 
and to the satisfaction of his constituents. He was 
especially noted for the active and patriotic interest 
which he took in every enterprise relating to the 
prosperity and development of the city. He died at 
the residence of his daughter, in Wilmington, Del., 
on the 12th of October, 1865, in the sixty-fourth year 
of his age. 

Dr. George C. M. Roberts was not only an excel- 
lent physician, but was well known as a minister of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. He stood high in 
both professions, and was at one time professor of ob- 
stetrics in the University of Maryland, and afterwards 
professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and 
children in Washington University. He died Jan. 15, 
1870, in the sixty-lburth year of liis age. 




J. H. SCARFF. 



THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 



755 



Dr. John H. O'Donovan at the time of his death 
was one of the oldest medical practitioners in the city. 
He graduated at the University of Maryland in 1824, 
and was engaged in active practice for forty-five years. 
He died suddenly of apoplexy on the 18th of June, 
1869. 

Dr. Nathaniel Potter settled in Baltimore in 1797, 
and was the associate of Dr. Davidge in founding the 
University of Maryland. He was for many years 
professor of the theory and practice of medicine in 
that institution, and was distinguished both as a lec- 
turer and a physician. He died in Baltimore on the 
2d of January, 1843, greatly regretted both by the 
public and the profession. 

Dr. J. C. S. Monkur was born on the 1st of Janu- 
ary, 1800, was one of the early graduates of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland, and for some time a professor in 
the Washington Medical College. He was widely 
known and respected, and held an enviable place in 
his profession. He died on the 2d of January, 1867. 

Dr. Horatio Gates Jameson, surgeon to the Balti- 
more Hospital, was undoubtedly one of the first sur- 
geons of his day. He was the first surgeon in Balti- 
more to attempt the operation of ovariotomy, and the 
first, either in Great Britain or America, to amputate 
the cervix uteri for scirrhus. In referring to his 
excision of the superior maxilla. Dr. Gross says, 
" America may justly claim the honor of having led 
the way in extirpations of the upper jaw. Small por- 
tions, it is true, had been chipped off in the eighteenth 
and even in the seventeenth century, but the first 
grand and diflicult operation of the kind of which we 
have any knowledge was performed in 1820 by Ho- 
ratio G. Jameson, of Baltimore, who took away nearly 
the entire bone on one side, the roof of the antrum 
alone being left, as it was not involved in the disease. 
As a preliminary step to the operation, the carotid ar- 
tery was ligated, both to prevent hemorrhage and to 
cut off the future supply of blood. The operation was 
successful, and the patient recovered." ' He was a fre- 
quent contributor to the medical literature of the day, 
and published essays on "Stricture of the Urethra 
and its Treatment by Dilatation," " Surgical Anatomy 
of the Neck," "Surgical Anatomy of the Parts con- 
cerned in the Operation of Tying the Arteria Innom- 
inata," and a prize essay entitled " Observations upon 
Traumatic Hemorrhage, Illustrated by Experiments 
upon Living Animals." He also wrote able and ex- 
haustive articles on lithotomy, hernia, fistula in ano, 
stricture of the rectum, aneurism, yellow fever, and 
many other subjects.^ 

Dr. John Henry Scarff" was born on March 17, 1851, 
in Harford County, Md., and comes of a family of 
English origin who made their homes in Harford in 
the early part of the last century. His grandfather, 
Henry Scarff, was one of the Harford men who vol- 
unteered for the defense of Baltimore in the last war 

1 See Browne's " Surgeons of Baltimore." 2 Hjjjj, 



with England. His father was Joshua Hardesty 
Scarff, who was president of the Board of County 
Commissioners and of the County School Commis- 
sioners. His mother was Miss Baldwin, daughter of 
John Baldwin, of Baltimore County, and connected 
with the family of Hon. Charles J. M. Gwinn, attor- 
ney-general of Maryland. Dr. Scarff received an 
academic education in the schools of his native 
county, and continued his studies at the Pennsylvania 
State Normal College. He was introduced to mer- 
cantile life, but not finding it to his liking, he com- 
menced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. M. 
L. Jarrett. After a year spent with Dr. Jarrett he 
entered the Washington University at Baltimore, and 
recieved his diploma as Doctor of Medicine in 1876. 
Since then he has steadily and successfully practiced 
his profession in this city. Under Mayor Kane, and 
again under Mayor Latrobe, he was vaccine physician 
for the Ninth and Tenth Wards, and he made arduous 
research into the general problem of sanitation. In 
a newspaper article he exposed the evil effects that 
were certain to arise from the decomposition of the 
wooden pavements that were then in use, and not 
long afterwards these pavements were stripped from 
the streets. Dr. Scarff is regarded as an expert in the 
diseases of children, and has performed with success 
some very difficult and delicate surgical operations. 
He is treading with quick steps the upward path of 
his profession, and is prominent as a member of the 
medical societies. 

Dr. Eli Geddings was professor of anatomy in the 
University of Maryland from 1831 to 1837, having 
previously resided at Charleston, S. C. Dr. Potter 
speaks of him as " one of the brightest ornaments of 
the school," and declares he was " banished by in- 
trigue, injustice, and envy, never to return and never 
to be rivaled." 

Dr. Granville Sharp Pattison was of Scotch birth, 
and had studied under Allan Burns, of Glasgow, the 
author of the great work " Observations on the Sur- 
gical Anatomy of the Head and Neck." He arrived 
in this country shortly after the removal of Dr. Gib- 
son to Philadelphia, and in 1820 was elected professor 
of surgery in the Univei-sity of Maryland. He was 
afterwards transferred to the chair of anatomy, which 
he filled with great success. After the severance of 
his connection with the University of Maryland, he 
filled the chairs of anatomy in the London University, 
in the Jefferson Medical College, and in the University 
of the City of New York. He was one of the ablest 
teachers of surgical anatomy of the age, and possessed 
the happy faculty of imparting not only instruction 
but enthusiasm to his pupils.'' 

Dr. John Whitridge at the time of his death was 
one of the oldest medical practitioners in the country, 
and held an honored position in the profession. He 
was born at Tiverton, R. I., March 23, 1793, and was 



756- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the tliird son of a family of nine children. His an- 
cestors were of direct English descent on both sides. 
He took a degree at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., 
and graduating in medicine at Harvard University 
in 1819, determined to settle in Baltimore, where he 
arrived on the 1st of January, 1820, a total stranger. 
He soon acquired an extensive practice, and contin- 
ued in active duty until 187.3, a period of fifty-three 
years. During this whole period he devoted himself 
exclusively to his profession, steadfastly declining all 
outside positions of trust and emolument. He married 
Catharine C. Morris, a sister of Gen. William Morris, 
of New York. His death occurred on the 23d of July, 
1878, at his birthplace in Tiverton, K. I. 

Dr. John Buckler was one of the most eminent 
physicians of his day, and his name is still as familiar 
as a household word in the community in which he 
lived and labored so long and successfully. It has 
been well said of him that he was " the architect of 
his own fame and fortune, and himself carved out the 
niche in which his image has been placed." At the 
outset of his career he was entirely dependent upon 
his own exertions, but he brought to the duties of his 
profession energy and talents worth far more than 
either fortune or position. At an early period in his 
professional life he lectured for a season in the Medi- 
cal Department of the University of Maryland, but 
general practice was more congenial to him, and he 
withdrew from the lecture-room to devote himself as- 
siduously for more than forty years to private practice, 
in which he gained not only fortune but distinction, 
both at home and abroad. Although exhausted by 
the unremitting labors of many years and the gradual 
advance of disease, he resolutely refused to abandon 
his professional duties until the summer before his 
death, and even when confined to bis bed continued 
to receive some of his patients in his chamber. He 
died on the 24th of February, 1866, at the advanced 
age of seventy-one years. In the language of Prof. 
Nathan R. Smith, he died " full of years, full of 
honors, full of the love and devotion of his patients, 
and full of the admiration and confidence of his pro- 
fessional brethren." The same high authority pro- ' 
nounced him " the brightest ornament of the profes- | 
sion," and declared that he stood at its " very head." 

Elias C. Price, M.D., the youngest but one of ten , 
children of Samuel and Ann S. Price, was born in | 
Baltimore County on the 16th of April, 1826. His 
ancestors were natives of Wales, and emigrated to 
America long before the Revolution, settling at West 
River, Md. According to tradition, the first repre- 
sentatives of the family in this country were three 
brothers, who settled respectively in New York, Penn- 
sylvania, and West River. Mordecai Price, a de- 
scendant of the Maryland branch of the family, and 
the great-grandfather of Dr. Elias C. Price, was one 
of the pioneer settlers of Baltimore County, to which 
he removed when it was still a wilderness, taking up 
his residence about seventeen miles north of Balti- 



more, his nearest neighbor being nine miles distant. 
His mother's, maiden name was Cooper; she was tin 
third daughter of Thomas Cooper, of Birmingham 
England, who was married to Catharine Gill by Par- 
son Ben (Dr. Bend?), of Saratoga Street, Baltimore, 
on the 6th of October, 1778. 

Dr. Price was educated at the public schools, and 
began his medical studies under the guidance of his 
second cousin, Dr. Mahlon C. Price, in the autumn 
of 1844, teaching school during the year 184-5, and 
graduating from the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland in 1848. After his graduation 
he formed a partnership with his cousin, which con- 
tinued for five years and a half, and wa.s only severed 
through a change in the views of the younger physi- 
cian. After having practiced allopathy for three 
years, his attention was incidentally directed to 
homoeopathy, and he at once determined to investigate 
its principles. The results at which he arrived sur- 
prised him, and he continued his studies and experi- 
ments until he was thoroughly convinced that the 
new practice was founded upon the true principles 
of medicine. After coming to this conclusion he 
dissolved his partnership relations, and formally an- 
nounced himself as a homceopathic physician, the 
only one at that time in the county. Happily the 
change in his medical opinions did not disturb the 
pleasant relations subsisting between himself and his 
professional brethren, and there was but one instance 
in which any of them displayed anything like bitter- 
ness towards him. 

Dr. Price continued to reside in Baltimore County 
until 1865, when he removed to Baltimore, where he 
has won high rank as a physician, and has been re- 
warded by a large and constantly increasing practice. 
His ability and skill were soon recognized by his pro- 
fessional brethren, and the benefit of his counsel and 
assistance, both in obstetrics and the general practice 
of medicine, came to be frequently invoked. On the 
organization of the Baltimore Homeopathic Medical 
Society, on the 2d of September, 1874, Dr. Price was 
made its first president, as he was also of the State 
Homoeopathic Medical Society, which was organized 
on the 16th of December, 1875. In the same year he 
was again nominated for the presidency of the Balti- 
more Society, and declined the honor, but in 1877 he 
was again made its chief executive ofiicer. 

Dr. Price w^as one of the incorporators and found- 
ers of the " Homwopathic Free Dispensary of Balti- 
more City," and labored earnestly for its success. 
For three years he held the position of obstetrical 
editor of the American Observer, a homeopathic med- 
ical journal published at Detroit by Dr. E. A. Lodge, 
general editor and proprietor. Being obliged to pre- 
pare his articles after office-hours at night, he found 
the double labor was making serious inroads on his 
health, and he was compelled with as much reluc- 
tance to give up his position as was the general editor 
to part with his services; the latter withheld the res- 








/^/ /U^,lA ic^ cy^^,J/:^'- 



SECRET SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. 



ignation for several months, hoping that with return- 
ing health Dr. Price might be induced to resume his 
position ; but finding that the resignation was final, 
Dr. Lodge wrote. " I am very sorry indeed that you 
are obliged to give up your department. It was never 
conducted so well by any other editor, and I shall 
find it difficult to get any one to continue it that will 
make it as interesting and practical as you have 
done." Dr. Price is a man of fine presence and pleas- 
ing manners, and is popular both in and out of the 
profession. His high rank and eminent success are 
due not only to his natural ability and aptitude' for 
the medical profession, but to the mental energy and 
unwearied industry which never suffer him to relax 
his professional studies, and which keep him fully in- 
formed as to all the latest developments and results of 
scientific investigations. 

Dr. Price was married on the 18th of November, 
1852, to Martha A., daughter of the late John?. Cow- 
man, of Alexandria, Va. Their only child, Eldridge 
C. Price, is engaged in medical practice in partner- 
ship with his father. Dr. Price is a member of the 
Society of Friends, to which both his own family and 
that of his wife have belonged from time immemorial. 



CHAPTER XLII. 

SECRET SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. 

I 
Masonic Order. — The precise date of the establish- 
ment of the Masonic order in Maryland is not known, 
but a lodge certainly existed in Annapolis as early as 
1750. Under date of the 8th of August, 1765, we find 
a charter granted to the Reverend and Worshipful 
Brother Samuel Howard, W. M., Bros. Richard Wag- 
staff'e, S. W., and John Hammond Dorsey, J. W., to 
constitute "a regular lodge of Free and Accepted 
Masons in or near the town of Joppa, in the county 
of Baltimore, in Maryland." By the authority of this 
charter the lodge at Joppa, on the day of St. John 
the Evangelist, 27th of December, 1765, was opened [ 
in due form, under the style of " No. 1." The officers | 
of this lodge were Samuel Howard, W.M.; Richard 
Wagstaffe, S. W. ; John Hammond Dorsey, J. W. ; 
(acting Treas. until another be chosen); Joseph | 
Smith, Sec; John Wilson, S. D.; Thomas Ward, 
J. D.; Richard Mells, Sword-bearer; John Norris, 
Tyler. Until 1783 the lodges in Maryland were sub- 
ordinate to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, but 
on the 17th of June of that year five lodges met at 
Easton and declared their independence of the Penn- 
sylvania Grand Lodge, and on Tuesday, Sept. 18, 
1787, the Grand Lodge of Maryland was instituted at 
Easton, Talbot Co., with Brother John Coates, M.D., 
Most Worshipful Grand Master.' 



1 At tlie first meeting, in Juhe, 1783, it whs proposed to form a Grand 
Lodge, and on the ."ilst of .July in the same year the Grand Convention 
met at Easton, and elected officers of tlie Grand Lodge, as follows: 
Bro. John Coates, G. M., who was pleased to appoint Bro. Jnnies Kent, 



The Grand Lodge continued to hold its sessions at 
the town of Easton until 1794, when it was removed 
to Baltimore, its first session in this city having been 
held in May of the above-mentioned year. At the 
session of the Grand Lodge held at Talbot Court- 
House, April, 179.3, the Deputy Grand Master 
(Brother Nicholas Hammond) rejiorted that in Jan- 
uary last, in the absence of the Grand Master, he 
had received a petition subscribed by a number (five) 
of respectable brethren in the town of Baltimore, and 
accompanied by a recommendation from the Master 
Wardens and other brethren of lodge No. 3 (the pres- 
ent Washington Lodge, No. 3), praying for a dispen- 
sation to form a new lodge, and which he had granted. 
This action of the deputy was approved, and 

"after the reading of the petition from the Concordia Lodge (U. D.) 
praying for a warrant and returning their dispensation, the prayer of 
the petitioners heiug granteti, it w:is 

"OiAred, That the Graiiil Sr, , . i i n i , i u, ihi- said warrant (Brother 
Henry Wilmans, merchant, \\ . i 'i H , i. i , IJrotlier Rev. George 
Ralph, Senior Warden ; Hii : in i mison, merchant. Junior 
Warden), under the name ^ml ml. I i ii,. Lodge, No. 13." 

The six lodges on the Eastern Shore, as well as 
lodges No. 15 and 16 in the town of Baltimore, and 
lodge No. 35, at Joppa, were all chartered by the Pro- 
vincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, the first two 
previous to the year 1770, and the others between 
that date and the year 1782. After the formation of 
the Grand Lodge of Maryland, lodge No. 15 became 
the present Washington Lodge, No. 3. Washington 
Lodge was chartered by the Provincial Grand Lodge 
of Pennsylvania, June 28, 1770, as lodge No. 15, 
consequently it is now one hundred and ten years old. 
It held its meetings at Fell's Point for many years. 
Even after the hall was built on St. Paul Street it 
continued to meet at the Point, at one time in a house 
still standing on Thames Street, opposite the City 
Passenger Railway stables, at another time on Gough 
Street. On the 16th of May, 1814, the corner-stone 
of the first Masonic Temple in Baltimore was laid with 
imposing ceremonies. 

In September, 1865, a portion of the site of the 
present Masonic Temple was purchased, and in April, 
1866, the remainder was bought. On Tuesday, the 
20th of November, 1866, the corner-stone of the new 
Masonic Temple, on the east side of Charles Street, 
next to St. Paul's church, was laid in the presence of 
an immense assemblage of citizens and Masonic visi- 
tors from all sections of the country. 

In December, 1867, the old Masonic Hall was sold 
to the city for forty-five thousand dollars, and in Jan- 
uary, 1868, the order took up temporary quarters at 

D. G. M.; Bro. Thomas Bourke, Sen. G. W. ; Bro. Wm. Forrester, Jun. 
G. W.; Bro. Charles Gardiner, Grand Sec; Bro. Wm. Perry, Grand 
Treas. It was intended to hold anotlier meeting at Cambridge, June 17, 
1784, but from " accident and other causes" the meeting did not take 
place, nor was there any held until April 17, 1787, when tlie Grand Lodge 
was regularly formed by the election of Bro. John Coates, G. M.; Bro. 
Peregine Letherbury, D. G. M.; Bro. Thomas Bourke, S. G. W:; Bro. 
John Done, Jun. G.W.; Bro. Samuel Earle, G. T.; Bro. Cliarles Gardi- 



758 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



131 and 138 Haltiinore Street. The Temple was com- 
pleted and formally opened in 18()9. 

On the li)th of September, 1871, the Grand National 
Convocation of Knights Templar commenced its tri- 
ennial convention in this city, and on the 21st a grand 
parade and review took place, which was one of the 
most magnificent spectacles of the character ever wit- 
nessed in this or any other city in the country. 

The Grand Lodge was incorporated on the 8th of 
February, 1822, with William H. Winder, G. M. ; 
Benjamin C. Howard, D. S. M. ; William Stewart, 
Sen. G. W. ; William P. Farquhar, Jun. G. W. ; John 
D. Readel, G. Sec. ; Edward G. Woodyear, G. Treas., 
and " the other grand officers and members of the 
Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York 
Masons of Maryland" as incorporators. The charter 
was amended in 1866. 

Maryland Commandery, No. 1, M. K. T., was or- 
ganized 1790, and chartered May 2, 1814. Its stated 
meetings are held at Masonic Temple. It is the old- 
est commandery in the United States, and its mem- 
bership has been composed of the leading citizens of 
Baltimore throughout its existence. The oldest living 
member is Elijah Stansbury, who was knighted March 
24, 1828, and elected Most Eminent Grand Master in 
1834. 

Independent Order of Odd-Fellows.— Odd-Fel- 
lowship in the United States had its origin in Balti- 
more in 1819. In 1817, Thomas Wildey, familiarly 
known as " the father of Odd-Fellowship in the 
United States," emigrated from London to Baltimore. 
During his residence in London he had been initiated 
into lodge No. 17 of the order of Odd-Fellows of that 
city, and served in every office of the lodge from the 
lowest to the highest. His 
zeal for the order was so 
great that he became dis- 
tinguished as a member at 
the early age of twenty- 
three years, and left Eng- 
land with the regrets and 
substantial approbation of 
his brethren. He arrived 
in Baltimore on the 2d day 
of September, 1817, sought 
and soon obtained employ- 
ment. At that time the 
inhabitants of Baltimore 
numbered about sixty thousand, and great prejudice, 
resulting from the war with England, still existed 
against Englishmen. It was quite natural that 
Wildey should seek the acquaintance and association 
of his countrymen, and in this way he ascertained 
that one .John Welch, ji native of England, had been 
an Odd-Fellow in that country, and Wildey made his 
acquaintance. The two Englishmen determined to 
establish a lodge in Baltimore. They therefore in- 
serted in the Baltimore American on the 13th of Feb- 
ruary, 1819, the following advertisement: 




THOMA.S WILDEY. 



■' Notice to all Odd-Fellows. 

" A few members of the society of OiW-Fellows will bo glad to meet 
their brethren for consultation upon the subject of forming a lodge. 
The meeting will be held on Friday evening, the 2d of March, 1819." 

At this meeting John Duncan and John Cheatham 
made their appearance. John Cheatham had been 
initiated in England, and was perfectly familiar with 
the work ; John Duncan was also proficient, but, 
strange to say, claimed to have been initiated into the 
order at a lodge in Baltimore seventeen years pre- 
vious, but could give no clear account of the number 
of the lodge or the place of meeting. He retained 
however, a knowledge of the ancient pass-toord, sign, 
and grip. By ancient usage of Odd-Fellowship five 
were necessary to form a lodge, and not desiring to 
be irregular in the preliminaries or violate a funda- 
mental principle of the order, they resorted to another 
advertisement in the American, appointing as the place 
of meeting the " Seven Stars," a tavern on the south 
side of Second Street, between Market Space and 
Frederick Street, kept by a certain William Lupton, 
at the hour of seven p.m., April 2, 1819. In answer 
to this summons Richard Rushworth, another London 
Odd-Fellow, appeared, and all the necessary arrange- 
ments having been made, those five brothers met at 
the sign of the " Seven Stars" on the 29th of April, 
1819, and instituted a lodge, which they named 
"Washington Lodge of Odd-Fellows." Thomas 
Wildey was installed as noble grand, and John 
Welch as vice-grand. It is not certain how the other 
offices were distributed. This lodge, composed en- 
tirely of natives of England, as far as is accurately 
known, was the first lodge formed in the United 
States. The lodge-room was shortly afterwards re- 
moved from the "Seven Stars" to Thomas Wood- 
ward's, at the sign of the " Three Loggerheads," on 
Frederick Street, near the wharf. 

The Washington Lodge, recognizing the necessity 
of a charter from another lodge, took advantage of 
the arrival in this country of Past Grand Crowder, of 
Pre-ston, Lancaster, England, and upon his return 
home to forward by him an application, to be pre- 
sented to any competent authority of the Indepen- 
dent Order of Odd-Fellows in England, for a dispen- 
sation admitting the lodge into regular fellowship in 
the order, which was granted. At the suggestion of 
some one present in the English lodge, it was added 
" that said lodge, when so established, shall be clothed 
with power and authority to extend the benefits of 
the fraternity throughout the whole land." This 
clause was not at this time considered important, 
and the name of the person who made the suggestion 
that gave the ultimate extension to the order in the 
United States is not mentioned. 

Upon the arrival of Mr. Crowder at Preston he 
presented the petition to the Duke of York's Lodge, 
at that place, and witliin sixty days after the mes- 
senger left Baltimore it was granted. The warrant 
is dated the 1st of Februarv, 1820, but it did not 



SECRET SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. 



reach Baltimore until nine montlis after that time. 
This first charter to an American lodge reads as fol- 
lows : 

" The Original Charter from Duke of York's Lodge — No. 1, Waah- 
ington Lodge, Plnribus Ununi. 

" The Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States of America 
of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, to all whom it may concern : 

*' This Warrant of Dispensation is a free gift from Duke of York's Lodge 
of the Independent Order of Odil Fellowship, liolden at Preston, in the 
County of Lancaster, in old England, to a number of brothers residing 
in the city of Baltimore, to establish a lodge at the house of Brother 
Thomas Woodward, in South Freileriik Street in said city, hailed by the 
title of *No. 1, Washington Lodge, The Grand Lodge of Maryland and 
of the United States of America.' Tliat the said Lodge being the flrat 
established in the United States hath the power to grant a Warrant of 
Dinpenaation to a number of brothei-s of the Independent Order of Odd 
Fellowship in any State in the Union for the encouragement and sup- 
port of brothers of the said order when on travel or otherwise. And be 
it further observed that the said lodge be not removed from the house 
of Brother Thomas Woodward, so long as five brothers are agreeable to 
hold the same. In testimony thereof we have subjoined our names and 
affixed the seal of our lodge this the first day of February, one thousand 
eight hundred and twenty. 

" .James Maudslet, S. M. ; .Iohn Crowder, P. G. ; John Collane, N. S. ; 
W. Sopping, P. G. : Gi orge Nailer, W. G. ; Samuel Pkmber- 
[Seal] ton, p. G.: John Eccles. Sec; Gkorhe Ward, P. S.; John 
Walrosiies, p. G.; George Bell, P. G." 

A few dissatisfied persons, under the leadership of 
Henry M. Jackson, formed Franklin Lodge, hoping 
it would supersede the original lodge. This lodge 
made application to Manchester for a dispensation, 
which was refused. After the refusal of his applica- 
tion Jackson removed from Baltimore, and Franklin 
Lodge received its dispensation from Washington 
Lodge. In August, 1820, the Washington Lodge or- 
ganized the committee of Past Grands. At the same 
time John Pawson Entwisle, a prominent and efficient 
member of the lodge, proposed the improvement in 
the work of the order now designated as Covenmit and 
Remembrance, and, although these were American de- 
grees, they were afterwards adopted in England. 

The Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United 
States was organized by the Past Grands of Washing- 
ton Lodge on the 22d of February, 1821, with the 
following ofiicers : 

Thomas Wildey, of No. 1, Grand Master, coach.spring maker; John 
P. Entwisle, of No. 1, Deputy G. M., printer; William S. Couth, of No. 
1, Grand Warden, currier ; John Welch, of No. 1, Grand Secretary, house 
and ship painter; John Boyd, of No. 1. G. Guardian, mahogany sawyer; 
William LarKain, of No. 1, Grand Conductor, cabinet-maker. 

The Grand Lodge being organized, the first business 
transacted was the adoption of the following: "Re- : 
solved, That a dispensation be presented to Washing- [ 
ton Lodge, No. 1, of Maryland, as a subordinate 
lodge." The Grand Lodge and the Washington ! 
Lodge met in Woodward's house until 1822,' when i 
both lodges removed to a room offered by Wildey, in 
"Still House Lane." The lodges were soon after- 
wards removed to Mathew Blakeley's public-house, 
on the northeast corner of Marsh Market Space and 
Water (now Lombard) Street. Here the accommo- 
dations were more spacious and better adapted to the 



purpose. About this time, May, 1822, the member- 
ship of the Washington Lodge had increased to one 
hundred and seventy-seven members. 

In 1823 the Grand Lodge of the United States at 
Baltimore began to extend its jurisdiction by grant- 
ing a dispensation on the 13th of April to Massachu- 
setts Lodge, No. 1, at Boston. Considerable discus- 
sion arose at this time as to the convivial features of 
the lodges, as it had been regarded as a proprietary 
right for the host at whose house the lodge met to 
solicit custom and distribute liquors in the lodge- 
room. Augustus Mathiot, a member of Washington 
Lodge, presented a resolution to prohibit the intro- 
duction of liquors on the floor of the lodge-room, 
which was adopted, and although this prohibition 
continued for some years, the tavern-keepers main- 
tained the right to keep liquors and refreshments 
near the lodge-room. At this time Franklin Lodge 
also met at the " Three Loggerheads," and had a 
membership as large as that of Washington Lodge. 
The agitation of the liquor question made it neces- 
sary for the lodges to move their quarters to avoid 
the importunities of the landlord. A room was se- 
lected in the second story of a building at the inter- 
section of Cheapside, Calvert, and Water Streets, re- 
moved from the places where liquor was sold, but an 
Odd-Fellow immediately rented a house very near 
and commenced fitting up a bar-room. To check- 
mate him the lodge resorted to the singular remedy 
of fitting up a room in tlie building and becoming its 
own host in the sale of liquors. The first public Odd- 
Fellow's funeral occurred in the spring of 1823, when 
Andrew Walk, a member of Franklin Lodge, No. 2, 
died. The singular spectacle was presented of a 
funeral procession by torchlight and a burial at mid- 
night. In 1823 several members of Franklin Lodge, 
residing in the eastern section of the city, determined 
to form a lodge in that locality, and the following 
members of that lodge applied for a charter: P. G. 
Thomas Scotchburn, P. V. G. Samuel Bickley, and 
Messrs. Saunders, Stewart, Turnbull, Moore, and 
Winn, the lodge to be styled " Columbia Lodge, No. 
3." The grant was made at the session of the Grand 
Lodge, held Nov. 22, 1823, and the new lodge was or- 
ganized Dec. 17, 1823, at "Calvin's Stone Tavern," 
Bridge and Front Streets. All the grand officers were 
present, and after the lodge had been formally insti- 
tuted the grand officers retained the chairs and re- 
ceived proposals for membership. Reports were 
made, and four candidates were unanimously elected, 
whereupon Thomas Charters and Joshua Vansant 
" were brought forward and duly made members." 
The following officers were duly elected and in- 
stalled: P. G. Schotshburn; N. G. Stewart, V. G. ; 
and P. V. G. Bickley, secretary. The following ap- 
pointed officers were also installed : Moore, War- 
den ; Joshua Vansant, Conductor ; Saunders, 

Guardian ; Turnbull, R. H. S. of N. G. ; and 

Thomas Charters, R. H. S. of V. G. Mr. Vansant 



760 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



has passed upward tlirough all the offices of the lodge, 
Past Grand Master and Past Grand Patriarch, and 
Past Grand Representative to the Congress of the 
order, and Grand Treiusurer of the Grand Lodge of 
the United States. 

At a meeting of the "Grand Committee" on tlie 
15th of June, 1823, dispensations were given by the 
Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United States for 
the formation of a Grand Lodge of New York and 
Pennsylvania, Lodge No. 1 at Philadelphia, with an 
additional dispensation to the Past Grands of the latter 
lodge to form the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. 
Grand Master Wildey on a tour through the North in 
1823 had organized also the Grand Lodge of Massa- 
chusetts. So that the Grand Lodges of three States 
now recognized the authority of the Grand Lodge of 
Maryland and the United States as paramount. In 
November, 1823, a constitution of the Grand Lodge 
was adopted, and also a resolution to invite the Grand 
Lodges of other States to send delegates or appoint 
proxies to attend a Grand Committee meeting for the 
purposes of making arrangements for forming a 
Grand Lodge of the United States. At the annual 
session of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the 
L^uited States, the Grand Lodges of Massachusetts, 
New York, and Pennsylvania having accorded to the 
resolution, appointed proxies to form a Grand Lodge 
of the United Stsites. A long controversy ensued, 
especially on the point of making Baltimore the per- 
manent place of holding the annual sessions of the 
Grand Lodge of the United States, which delayed the 
organization of the Grand Lodge until the 15th of 
June, 1825. On the same day the first Grand Lodge 
of Maryland, under its new organization, convened, 
and received its new charter from the Grand Lodge 
of the United States through the hands of Grand 
Master Wildey. It commenced then to hold quar- 
terly sessions. The anniversary of the order was 
celebrated on the 26th of April, 1826. An effort was 
made this year to introduce political features in the 
order, but all action on the subject was carefully ex- 
punged from the record, thus establishing the princi- 
ple of non-interference with the religious and political 
creeds of its members. On the 27th of October, 1832, 
a committee consisting of Past Grands George Keyser, 
McClintock Young, James L. Ridgely, Thomas 
Wildey, and Robert Neilson were appointed by that 
body to obtain a charter for the Grand Lodge of 
Maryland. The charter was granted by the Legisla- 
ture on the 3d of February, 1833, with the following 
title, " An Act for the Incorporation of the Grand 
Lodge of the State of Maryland of Independent 
Odd-Fellows." 

In the mean time the order had grown vastly in 
Raltimore. Lodges multiplied and the order flour- 
ished financially through the able management of the 
treasurer, John IJoyd. About this period, Past Grand 
James L. Ridgely was elected Grand Secretary, and 
afterwards <lev(itcd his fine talents lo tlic mutual re- 



lief feature of the order, for which he forsook his pro- 
fession and the friends of his youth to visit every part 
of this country, and even Europe, in his self-imposed 
and noble undertaking. 

An efl'ort had commenced in 1830 to build a suita- 
ble hall for the use of the lodges of Baltimore, and 
finally a lot wiis obtained on Gay Street, at the inter- 
section of Fayette, and a building committee, com- 
posed of Grand Sire Wildey, Past Grands James L. 
Ridgely, Augustus Mathoit, John Boyd, and Samuel 
Lucas, were appointed, who canvassed the various 
lodges of the fraternity, and on the 26th of April, 
1831, the building having been completed, was dedi- 
cated with becoming ceremonies. This was the first 
building erected by the Odd-Fellows in America and 
gave it great impetus. Many members of the Ma- 
sonic fraternity, who had never before recognized 
Odd-Fellowship, joined the order. 

In 1842 the lot on the south side of the building 
was purchased and the original building greatly en- 
larged. The entire front was advanced and the base 
of the structure made substantial by four columns and 
walls of granite. The basement, lighted by an area 
extending the whole length of the building, was used 
as a school. The first floor had three rooms: the two 
first were used as a library, the third was fire-proof 
and used by the Grand Lodge of the United States as 
a depository of the work of the order and its valuable 
archives. The second floor was arranged for a lodge- 
room, and the third floor as a spacious Grand Lodge- 
room, covering the area of the entire front and depth 
of the building. This part of the building was dedi- 
cated Sept. 19, 1843.^ 

In 1847 a new three-story building was added to 
the original Odd-Fellows' Hall, and was thrown open 
for the first time at the anniversary celebrated on the 
26th of April. 

In the mean time a school for the orphan children 
of Odd-Fellows had been inaugurated and a library 
established. In 1831 a son of Hezekiah Niles, a 
member of Columbia Lodge, died, and his father was 
entitled to thirty dollars. He suggested the inaugu- 
ration of a school for orphans of Odd-Fellows, and 
contributed that amount towards the same. General 
co-operation was sought, and half a cent a week 
was contributed by each member. By this means all 
the children of deceased Odd-Fellows have been edu- 
cated and many supported. On Jan. 15, 1850, the 
surplus of this school fund amounted to thirteen thou- 
sand dollars, which was invested in city and State 
stock. 

At the semi-annual session of the Grand Lodge of 
Maryland in 1857, the mooted question of a sale of 
the Odd-Fellows' Hall property was decided nega- 
tively, and it was determined to improve the building 
and erect a south wing to the hall. This wing was 



SECRET SOCIETIES AND "ORDERS. 



761 



completed and dedicated Sept. 26, 1859, the oration I 
on the occasion being delivered by Wm. H. Young, a 
prominent lawyer of Baltimore. 

On the 19th of October, 1861, the remarkable 
Thomas Wildey, Past Grand Sire and Patriarch of the 
United States Grand Lodge of Odd-Fellows, whose life 
from the time he landed in America had been closely 
identified with the order, not only in this State but 
in the United States, and who had become well known 
as the founder of Odd-Fellowship in this country, 
died at his residence in this city, on the corner of 
Front and Gay Streets, at the advanced age of eighty 
years. His remains were taken to Odd-Fellows' Hall, 
and were viewed by thousands of men, women, and 
children, to whom he had been in many cases a tried 
friend and benefactor. At a session of the Grand 
Lodge of the United States, held at Boston, Mass., 
in September, 1864, a committee was appointed to 
select a spot in Baltimore upon which to place the 
monument that the Grand Lodge liad determined to 
erect to his memory ; $17,995 had been contributed 
and paid into the treasury of the Grand Lodge for 
this purpose. At this meeting also a design for the 
monument had been adopted. The location for the 
monument was left to those members of the com- 
mittee who resided in Baltimore, and the present site, 
on Broadway, above Baltimore Street, was selected. 

On Wednesday, Sept. 20, 1865, representatives of 
Odd-Fellows' lodges from every section of the country 
assembled in Baltimore to unite in the splendid cere- 
monies of the dedication of the Wildey monument. 

Springing from Washington Lodge, No. 1, which is 
now one of the most flourishing lodges of the order, 
Odd-Fellowship has at present more than six hundred 
lodges in the United States, and four hundred thou- 
sand members, expending annually one million five 
hundred thousand dollars for the relief of the sick, 
the education of orphans, and the burial of the dead. 
The Grand Lodge of Maryland meets annually in 
this city, and its present officers are 

Cbniles H. Gatch, M. W. Grand Master ; George A. Keed, E. W. Grand 
Slastev ; C. Dodd McFarlaud, R. W. Grand Warden ; John M. Jones, 
R.W.Grand Secretary; A. L. Spear, R. \V. Grand Treasurer; T. P. 
Porine, R. W. Grand Chaplain ; F. A. Jarrett, R. W. Grand Marshal ; 
Lo'uisVogle, W. Grand Conductor; John F. Piummer, W.Grand 
Guardian ; J. J. Buckley, W. Grand Herald. 

The Improved Order of Red Men.— The order 
of Red Men is peculiarly an American institution, 
having its origin, according to the records of the Great 
Council of the United States of the Improved Order of 
Red Men, in 1812, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., on the Delaware 
River. This fact is denied by Ridgely in his " An- 
nals of Annapolis," in which he claims that societies 
of the order of Red Men had an existence in that city 
as early as 1771.' However this may be, it ranks 
among the oldest protective and benevolent societies 
of the country. The motto words of the order are 
" Freedom, Friendship, and Charity." The St. Tam- 

1 Ridgely*s" Annals of Annapolis," page 148. 



many^ Society of 1771, of Annapolis, Md., which is 
supposed to be the first society of Red Men, celebrated 
the 1st of May in every year as the anniversary of the 
order. This society had its origin, or was an offshoot 
of a society formed in Annapolis, and known as the 
"Sons of Liberty," which took an active part against 
the Stamp Act. The same day was also celebrated for 
many years by the Improved Order of Red Men. It 
was the custom of the members on these occasions 
to clothe themselves as children of the forest and 
perform the " war dance," and to imitate many other 
Indian customs.' The other societies of Red Men 
seemed to have been entirely convivial. One of these 
convivial societies was instituted in Baltimore in 1832 
by William Muirhead, and met at a tavern on Bond 
Street. In 1833 one of the members of this society, 
George A. Peters, afterwards P. G. Incohonee of the 
Improved Order of Red Men of the jurisdiction of 
Ohio, determined to organize a new tribe and elimi- . 
nate the objectionable features of the existing society. 
The members who concurred in his view held several 
meetings at Snike's Temperance House, on Thomas 
Street, Fell's Point, and after some preliminary ar- 
rangements organized the first tribe of Red Men, now 
known as the Logan Tribe, No. 1, of the Improved 
Order of Red Men. It may be said of the two great 
societies, beneficent and benevolent, the order of Odd- 
Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men, that 
they both had their origin in Baltimore, the latter 
absolutely, and the former as far as the United States 
is concerned. 

On the 20th of May, 1835, the Great Council of 
the Improved Order of Red Men of the State of 
Maryland was organized in the city of Baltimore by 
George A. Peters, William F. Jones, Charles Skill- 
man, Jo.seph Branson, and Edmund Lucas.' 

The order grew rapidly under its improved organ- 
ization, and at the celebration of its anniversary, 
May 13, 1842, in addition to Logan Tribe, No. 1, Po- 
cahontas Tribe, No. 3, and Metamora Tribe, No. 4, 
assembled at the " wigwam" of Logan Tribe, on the 
corner of Bond and Lancaster Streets, Fell's Point. 
The celebration was held at McPherson's Gardens, 
where aboriginal games, smoking the calumet of 
peace, and a substantial dinner constituted features 
of the occasion. In 1844 and 1845 Logan Tribe, 
No. 1, erected a handsome hall at the corner of Bond 
and Bank Streets. 

In 1847 Powhatan Tribeerected ahandsome building 
on the corner of Pratt and Bond Streets. It was three 
stories high, fronting seventy feet on Bond and thirty 

2 " Constitution of the Tammany Society or Columbian orders, estab- 
lished in the Moon of Corn," 314 (1805). A copy may be seen in the Mary- 
land Historical Society, Baltimore. 

•' •' Long Talk of John S. Skinner, Esq.," published in the Maryland 
Hepitblican of May 19, 1810. 

*' Tunimany Records of Col. Willett's Narrative," page 112. 

'•Histoiy of North American Indians," by Samuel G. Drake, 386. 

•1 In 1847 the Great Council of the Improved Order of Red Men of the 
United States first met, and elected W. H. Gorsuch, of Baltimore, Great 
Incohonee. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



oil Pratt Street. In the same year the Metamora 
Tribe erected a hall on Lombard near Hanover 
Street for the use of the trJbe. 

In 1855 the different societies of Red Men of Bal- 
timore erected an elegant hall for the use of the Bal- 
timore and Maryland tribes on Paca Street, between 
Lexington and Fayette Streets. The building was 
completed and dedicated with imposing ceremonies 
on the 10th of September, 1856. The ceremonies 
were conducted by William G. Gorsuch, Louis Bon- 
sal, Isaac Petit, E. II. Reip, George W. Lindsay, Wil- 
liam H. Hayward, Samuel Meeking, and Howard 
l^Ieixsell. R. Stockott Matthews was the orator of 
the day. 

The order has continued to grow more rapidly, 
however, in Maryland than in any other State, and 
has done valuable work in educating the orphan chil- 
dren of its deceased members. 

George W. Lindsay, one of the judges of the Or- 
phans' Court of Baltimore, and Supreme Chancellor of 
the World of the Knights of Pythias, and one of the 




"^^-Xr^t-y,^ , ^;/^.^'^vL-^£>^^ 



most distinguished men of the order of Red Men in 
America, was born in Baltimore, May 10, 1826, of 
Irish parents, who had emigrated to this country 
in "the previous year. He was educated in the 
public schools, and learned printing with the house 
of John Murphy & Co. He remained in this busi- 
ness until 18.57, when, his health beginning to fail, 
he gave it up and established a real estate and 
collection agency, which is still conducted as the 
firm of George W. Lindsay & Sou, and is known all 



over the United States and in parts of Europe. For 
fifteen years he was an active fireman and interested 
himself in Democratic politics. In 1871 he was elected 
to the bench of the Orphans' Court, and re-elected in 
1879. He has been a director of the Merchants' and 
Traders' Banking Association, and president of the 
People's Mutual Land Company. His first connec- 
tion with secret orders was with the Odd-Fellows, of 
which he became a member in 1848. The next year 
he joined the Improved Order of Red Men, and in 
1875 was elected to its chief position. In 1803 he 
was initiated as a Mason. In 1869, when the Knights 
of Pythias was a young order, he attached himself to 
Oriental Lodge, No. 18, of Baltimore, and in 1873 
was elected Grand Chancellor of Maryland. He rose 
to be Supreme Representative in 1875, and in 1878 
to be Supreme Vice-Chancellor, the second highest 
office in the order, and in 1880 he took the one possi- 
ble step higher and was made Supreme Chancellor at 
the session of the Supreme Lodge in St. Louis. On 
his return home to Baltimore, on September 3d, he 
was tendered an enthusiastic reception by the lodges 
of the order, which paraded four hundred strong. The 
welcome home was a field-day in Maryland Pythian- 
ism. Judge Lindsay, following the example of his 
parents, is a member of the Episcopal Church. On 
Jan. 10, 1847, he married Miss Elizabeth Aull, of 
Baltimore, and has a family of three sons and three 
daughters. He is strong in the Democratic faith and 
is a power in his party, but he is also invariably 
courteous in his conduct towards political opponents. 

The Independent Order of Red Men.— The Inde- 
pendent Order of Red Men were first organized by the 
withdrawal of Metamora Tribe from the Improved 
Order of Red Men (of which it was a tribe) and es- 
tablishing itself as an Independent Order of Red Men, 
in May, 1850. The Grand Tribe of the Independent 
Order of Red Men was chartered June 11, 1850. The 
co'rner-stone of Metamora Hall was laid in 1847, but 
it belonged to the Improved Order of Red Men, and 
was not occupied by the Independent Order until that 
order was organized in 1850. The character of the 
order is beneficial (like that of the Knights of Pythias 
or the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows) in time of 
need, distress, or sickness ; to give to deceased mem- 
bers Christian burial, and to succor the widows and 
orphans of deceased brethren. The above purposes 
are effected by means of equal subscriptions among 
the members, and from interest on invested capital, 
and from other sources of a legitimate nature. 

Christian Appel was the first Grand Chief of Meta- 
mora Tribe. 

Knights of Honor.— The Maryland Lodge of this 
order was chartered June IS, 1878, and is in a flour- 
ishing condition. 

Royal Arcanum councils were organized in Balti- 
more ill 1N7S. and have a large membership. 

Knights of the Golden Eagle were organized in 
Baltimore in 1873. 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



763 



CHAPTEE XLIII. 

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 
Dwellings — Dress — Amusements — Tobacco — Lotteries — Names o( Streets. 

While the aristocratic planters of tlie lower 
counties and the polished citizens of Annapolis, who 
took their tone from the miniature court that formed 
around the royal or provincial Governors, imitated, at 
some distance, the London fashions and manners, as 
if to show that, if not the rose themselves, they 
" lived near the ro.se," and while the hardy pioneers 
of the backwoods adopted, partly for convenience and 
partly as an expression of forest freedom, many of the 
customs and almost the entire dress of the Indians, 
Baltimore, as a central point, a great mart of inter- 
change, took in most of these things a middle course, 
preferring solid comfort to the extremes of ostenta- 
tion or of rudeness. The planter of Charles coming 
to have his draft on London or Bristol cashed, the 
Buckskin from Frederick, with his load of dressed 
deer-hides, might both feel at ease in the unpreten- 
tious store or under the hospitable roof of the Balti- 
more merchant. 

And these stores and dwellings, though almost as 
far removed from the planter's manorial hall as from 
the backwoodsman's cabin of logs, were yet very sub- 
stantial and comfortable structures of their kind. 
Built of timber and weather-boarded over, — a con- 
struction gradually superseded by brick, with the 
walls firmly bonded by tying with every alternate 
brick, — with high, sloping roofs of shingles or tiles, 
and a rope and windlass outside to hoist up bales and 
casks, these old stores had a solid, business-like ap- 
pearance that seemed to betoken a satisfactory state 
of the lodgers within. Solid as they were, they have 
all, or nearly all, disappeared before the advance of 
pressed-brick fronts, of cast iron and plate-glass; and 
the demolishers have seen with wonder walls that fell 
like masses of rock, instead of tumbling into a litter 
of loose bricks and unadhesive mortar. 

Our ancestors thought with Ruskin that a man's 
working-place was not the place for ornament, and 
their decorative architecture rarely went beyond a 
chequer-work of black bricks among the red, and even 
this, in sober eyes, savored of foppery. But one deco- 
ration they permitted themselves on account of its 
practical utility, and the shop-fronts blazed with signs, 
not merely the name of the tradesman, but the effigies 
or symbol of his business to speak to the unlettered 
eye. The importer of Irish linens announced his 
wares by the sign of the spinning-wheel ; the dealer 
in fancy goods or haberdashery took the golden fan 
or golden umbrella, and the breeches-maker and 
glover, whose raw material came from the Western 
forests, set up the sign of the buck and breeches. A 
public-spirited watch-maker, if his shop faced the 
south, would sometimes put up a sun-dial, from which 
-by, who had no train to catch at an exact 



second, could regulate their leisurely movements or 
verify their own chronometers. Names that were 
afterwards to be famous in American history some- 
times appeared on these modest fronts, and a store 
devoted to the sale of East India and European 
goods, " on Market Street, the second door above the 
market-house," bore the name of Mordecai Gist. 

Business was business in those days, but rest was 
rest also, and the merchant when he had seen the last 
Conestoga wagon,' towering high at stem and stern 
like a Spanish galleon, with its team of six or eight 
horses with jingling bells, take its melodious depart- 
ure, or the last cask of tobacco hoisted out of the 
schooner or pungy and safely stowed, betook himself 
to his home, safe from disquieting telegrams. His 
home, perhaps suburban, was but a short walk's dis- 
tance, and was probably a square structure of two 
stories and a hip-roof, standing back from the street 
or road, with a garden bright in summer with roses, 
pinks, sweet-williams, larkspurs, hollyhocks, and all 
the old-fashioned flowers. Or, if less pretentious, it 
was the modest " salt-box," with balcony at the side, 
sometimes coated on the outside with a conglomerate 
of mortar and coarse gravel, — " pebble-dashed," as 
they called it. In the rear stood the smoke-house, 
where the family bacon was cured, and the great 
" bake-oven" for the loaves, pones, biscuit, and other 
varieties of bread and cake. 

Within, the house showed the same substantiality. 
The ceiling we should now think low, for the great 
chimneys and open fires secured abundant ventila- 
tion. The windows were small, with small panes of 
greenish glass, often set in lead. The walls were 
either painted or whitewashed, wall-papers not coming 
into use till about the close of the century. The 
rooms were warmed in winter by wood-fires in open 
fireplaces, for stoves — the Franklin and the ten-plate 
stove — did not come in until after the Revolution, 
and wood was abundant and cheap. The furniture, 
in houses of any pretense, was of solid mahogany, 
veneering, like many other superficialities, being a 
comparati vely modern device. Heavy straight-backed 
chairs, a dining-table duly polished every day with 
wax and cork until it shone like a mirror, a side-table 
or a buffet, on which stood decanters of Holland gin, 
Jamaica rum, and cognac, with Madeira which now 
would be priceless but was then the vin ordinaire, 
breathed the spirit of hospitality, and every guest or 
caller was expected, as a matter of course, to take a 
glass or two. 

A favorite beverage all over the province was 
punch, in which, it must be confessed, our ancestors 
indulged pretty freely. There is now lying before us 
the bill or score of Capt. John Posey, staying at 
the hostelry of Dame Sarah Flowers in 1769, in which 
"punch, Is.," "sling, Is.," "one bowl of punch. Is. 

1 In 1751 we find that " fifty wagon-loads of flaxseed from the back 
settlements came to Baltimore in two days. The seed was bought by one 
?e shillings the bushel." 



764 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



6rf.," "two nips of punch, 2«.," "club in punch, 3«.," 
follow each other with great regularity. The total 
amount is £27 15s. Grf., Maryland currency of 7s. 6d. 
to the dollar, and the worthy captain's note of hand 
in settlement i.s appended to the bill. In the country 
great quantities of persimmon beer and cider were 
made. An anonymous traveler in Virginia and 
Maryland, recounting his experiences in the Loixinn 
Magazine (1746), speaks of the abundance of persim- 
mon beer, flavored with the leaves of a plant called 
" cassona," possibly wintergreen. Of the fare in 
country-houses of the humbler sort he writes : " Mush 
and milk, or molasses, homine (that called great hom- 
ine has meat or fowl in it), wild fowl, and fish are 
their principal diet, whilst the water presented to you 
in a copious calabash with an innocent strain of good 
breeding and hcartine.ss, the cake baking upon the 
hearth, and the prodigious cleanliness of everything 
about you must needs put you in mind of the golden 
age, the times of ancient frugality and purity." "All 
over the colony an universal hospitality reigns : full 
tables and open doors, the kind salute, the generous 
detention speak somewhat like the old roast-beef ages 
of our forefathers." And he adds in a foot-note, — 

" What is eaid here is strictly true, for their maimer of liviug is quite 
generous and open. Strangers are sought after with greediness as tiiey 
pass the country, to be invited. Their breakfasMaldes have generally 
the cold remains of the former day, hashed or fricasseed, coffee, tea, 
chocolate, venison, pastry, punch, and beer or cyder, upon one board. 
Their dinner, good beef, veal, mutton, venison, turkiea, and geese, wild 
and tame fowls, boiled and roasted, and perhaps somewhat more, as pies, 
puddings, Ac, for dessert. Shipper the same, with some small addition, 
and a good hearty cup to precede a bed of down. And this is the con- 
stant life they lead, and to this fare every comer is welcome." 

The costume was that with which pictures have 
made us so familiar, and which all remember from 
the engravings of Hogarth. A coat sometimes of 
bright, but oftener of sober, color, the broad .skirts 
stiffened with buckram, with great cuffs thrown well 
back to display the rufHes at the wrist ; the waistcoat 
with great flaps reaching half-way to the knee; 
breeches of velvet, plush, corduroy (then called 
" royal-rib"), or buckskin, and, for full dress, a sword, 
which was thought so necessary a part of a gentle- 
man's complete costume that the statute forbidding 
Catholics to wear swords was meant to humiliate 
them by a compulsory singularity. Buckles were 
worn at knee and neck, as well as upon the shoes, 
and were often of considerable value. In the will of 
John Birstall, of Queen Anne's County, executed in 
1768, now lying before us, there is a special legacy of 
"my silver shoe, knee, and stock-buckles." 

The cocked hat at this time was considered the 
mark of a gentleman, and when the wearer was in 
full dress he usually carried it under his arm. As 
the colonists followed, in the main, the fashions of 
England, the description given by a writer in the 
London Chronicle of the styles in vogue in 17(i2 may 
not be out of place. 

"Hats," he says, "are now worn, upon on average, six inches and 
three-fifths broad in the brim. Soniolinvo their hals open likoachurch- 



spout, or the tin scales they weigh flour in; some wear them rather 
sharper, like the nose of a greyhound, and we can distinguish by the 
taste of the hat the mode of the wearer's mind. There is a military 
cock and a mercantile cock ; and while the beaux of St. James's wear 
their hats under their arms, the beaux of Moorflclds-nmll wear theirs 
diagonally over the left or right eye; sailors wear their hats nniformly 
tucked down to the crown, and look as if they carried a triangular apple- 
, pastry upon their heads." 

j The cocked hat had come into fasliion in the days 
of the Stuarts. First one side of the wide soft felt 
was turned up and fastened with a button or clasp, as 
we see it in the pictures of Vandyck ; then two sides 
were thus turned up, and finally three, giving it the 
well-known triangular shape. The Quakers, how- 
ever, refused to conform to this fashion, considering 
that the brim of a hat, if spread out, had the use of 
shading the face, but if turned up, no use at all; so 
they wore their beavers flat. 

The cocked hat, of whatever style, whether plain 
or edged with lace, surmounted the wig, the fashion 
of which varied with the taste, rank, or occupation of 
the wearer. What these wigs were in the first half of 
the eighteenth century we may learn from the adver- 
tisement of Mr. Ward, " peruke-maker, at the sign 
of the White Peruke, west end of Baltimore Town," 
who, as he tells us, " imports English hair and fiir- 
nishes his customers with all kinds of full-dress wigs, 
such as councillors' tye-wigs, parsons' and lawyers' 
bob-wigs, cut and scratch bob-wigs, dress bag-wigs, 
scratch, pomatumed and cue-wigs." Gentlemen in 
the country sent their measures and had their wigs 
made to order. A little later, when Baltimore boasted 
no less than three wig-makers, we find one advertising 
"a lot of fresh bear's grease just received from Ken- 
tucky," perhaps from a bear shot by Daniel Boone. 

The ladies wore gowns, according to their means, of 
velvet, flowered or plain silk, damask, durante, gros- 
grain, calimanco, and many other obsolete fabrics, 
fashioned into styles which it passes our vocabulary 
to name, and sometimes trimmed with fine Mechlin 
lace, which also, falling loose from the arm, set ofl^ to 
advantage a fair wrist and hand. Their coiffures, in 
the reign of George III., were often of great height, 
and quite indescribable in their complexity. In all 
these grandeurs, however, Annapolis went far beyond 
the more sober Baltimore. 

In the matter of amusements, too, the Baltimoreans 
of old times were long behind the gay denizens of the 
capital. Annapolis had had a theatre of its own for 
twenty years before Baltimore enjoyed its first dra- 
matic performance in a warehouse at the corner of 
Baltimore and Frederick Streets, and nearly thirty 
before (in 1781) a permanent theatre was erected. But 
the worthy burghers of those times had sports and 
diversions of other kinds. Besides fishing and crab- 
bing in the streams and estuaries near the town, there 
was shooting in abundance, and that in regions which 
are now in the heart of the city. Fox-hunting was a 
favorite sport with the farmers, and many of the citi- 
zens joined in it, mounted on tough, sturdy horses, 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



765 



not very showy to look at, but capital nags for a gal- 
lop across country. Soon after the peace, we are told, 
Kobert Oliver used every year to turn a bag-fox in 
the region which is now South Baltimore, near the 
" Old Battery," which then was a wilderness abound- 
ing in game. On one of these occasions a French 
gentleman out with his gun in pursuit of " le q>ort" 
saw the fox running, and deliberately shot him, and i 
placed him triumphantly in his game-bag. In the 
next minute he was surrounded by the pack of 
hounds, who sprang upon him, and he would have ' 
had a serious time of it, as it never came into his 
mind to throw them the fox, had not the hunters 
come up in time to rescue him. Social entertain- i 
ments were plenty, and the arrival of a person of dis- 
tinction, or the occurrence of any festival, such as 
the king's birthday, was celebrated with a ball, to 
which the guests came from long distances. Another 
source of amusement was found in fairs, which were 
held in Baltimore from an early period until discon- 
tinued by the Committee of Observation, shortly be- 
fore the outbreak of the Revolution. At these fairs 
horse-racing, cock-fighting, sack-races, climbing of 
greased poles, chasing a pig with soaped tail, and 
many other sports that amused the rustics drew large 
crowds, and we may imagine the scenes they presented 
were not edifying, as the committee call them " a nui- 
sance, debauching the morals of children and ser- 
vants." 

Clubs were long in fashion in Annapolis, but were 
not introduced into Baltimore until the close of the 
century, nor have they ever been numerous. The 
most remarkable of these clubs was the " Delphian," 
founded in the second decade of the present century 
by a company of wits and men of letters, whose ex- 
traordinary and Rabelaisian records, still in existence, 
deserve publication at the hands of a judicious editor, j 

Education, at least that part which comes from 
books, was at rather a low point, but the ignorance of 
the rudiments was not so great as is commonly sup- j 
posed. Many persons looking at lists of signatures ! 
to petitions and the like, and struck by the number of 
" marksmen," infer that a large proportion of substan- 
tial citizens and freeholders could not write. But 
many of these marks are monograms, the use of 
which was by no means confined to branding cattle, 
and even the cross directing the two names does not 
always indicate that these were written by another 
hand. 

The first free-school act was passed in 1723, provid- 
ing for a poll-tax, payable in tobacco, to maintain 
county and parish schools. These were probably, for 
the most part, of very indiflerent quality, but they 
were better than none, while those who could afford it 
joined to support private schools. About 1752 there 
was a school kept by Mr. James Gardner at the cor- 
ner of South and Water Streets in Baltimore, and an 
advertisement of that date in the Maryland Gazette 
says, " A schoolmaster of sober character, who under- 



stands teaching English, writing, and arithmetic, will 
meet with good encouragement from the inhabitants 
of Baltimore Town if well recommended." Such 
schoolmasters were generally in demand, and more 
than one convict or redemptioner found his lot greatly 
improved if he had decent manners and morals and 
was able to teach the rudiments of English to the 
children of his master and the neighbors. In 1769, 
John Stevenson, of Baltimore, advertises a lot of in- 
dentured servants, just arrived, among whom one is a 
schoolmaster. 

About these convicts, too, or " king's passengers," 
as they were termed, it is an error to suppose that 
they were the same class of persons as are now trans- 
ported to penal settlements as a commutation from the 
gallows. In those days men and women were sent to 
the colonies for very trivial offenses, such as stealing 
a loaf of bread to allay hunger or snaring a hare. 
Many of these convicts were merely political offend- 
ers ; Monmouth's rebellion sent a large accession to 
the colonies, and the rebellions of 1715 and 1745 en- 
riched America with numbers of worthy and unfortu- 
nate Scotchmen, whose only crime was devotion to the 
house of Stuart. So, though the colonies greatly dis- 
liked the system, and strenuously protested against it, 
it by no means follows that it was an unmixed evil. 

The " redemptioners," as they were called, were of 
a different class, being persons anxious to try their 
fortunes in the New World, but too poor to pay their 
passage. These covenanted with the owners of the 
ship, or with an agent, who paid their passage for 
them. On their arrival in the colony their services 
were sold to the planters, either as laborers or as me- 
chanics. The term of service, when not fixed by con- 
tract, was limited by the act of 1715 to five years for 
persons over twenty-five, and longer periods for those 
who were younger. George Alsop, who was one of 
them, speaks of their treatment as mild, field-hands 
working only five and a half days in the week. At 
the termination of his servitude the redemptioner 
became a freeman, and received an outfit from his 
master, and, in the earlier days of the province, a 
small farm. This allowance, which varied at differ- 
ent times, was called " the custom of the country." 
One of these indentures is now lying before us, made 
between Peter FoUiott, hair-dresser, and Arthur 
Bryan, the agent, in which the said Peter, " of his 
own free will and consent," covenants to serve the said 
Arthur Bryan or his assigns " from the day of the date 
hereof until the first and next arrival at America, and 
after during the term of three years, . . . according 
to the custom of the country in the like kind." And 
Bryan covenants to pay his passage, to find him in 
meat, drink, apparel, and lodging, "and at the end of 
the said term to pay to him the usual allowance, ac- 
cording to the custom of the country in the like kind." 
But if the said Peter should pay to the said Bryan or his 
assigns " in fourteen days after his arrival in America 
the sum of £11 7s. 6(i. sterling, then the above inden- 



766 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



ture to be void." This, then, was the least sum for 
which Peter's service could be sold: little enough, 
probably, for his three years' service, but surely a 
heavy price for his passage. This indenture is as- 
signed by Bryan to Stewart & PJunket, a Baltimore 
firm trading to Ireland, and bears their indorsement. 
In an inventory of the personal estate of Samuel 
Massey, of Queen Anne's County, dated 1758, we find 
the unexpired time of several of these redemptioners 
thus appraised: Lovell Roberts, twenty months to 
serve, £3 : Evan Thomas, sixteen months, £2 ; Wm. 
Martin, five and a half years, £9 ; Thomas Tregotha, 
five and a half years, £8 ; Elizabeth Hillard, one year, 
£1 10s., all Maryland currency. In the same inven- 
tory we find the following appraisement of negro 
slaves: Csesar (probably old), £15 ; Nancy and Am- 
ber, two women, £36 and £35, respectively ; a negro 
child, five or six years old, £12 10s. ; and another, 
eight months old, £8, all currency. 

The criminal code of the province was nominally 
severe, like that of the mother-country, though the 
statute-book was probably more formidable than the 
practice. The cruel punishments of mutilation, bor- 
ing the tongue, etc., had disappeared from the code 
at an early day in Maryland's colonial history ; but a 
few of the ancient terrors to evil-doers still remained. 
Ofienses now punished by imprisonment, with or 
without labor, were punished here, in the eighteenth 
century, by the stocks, the pillory, the whipping-post, 
or the gallows. When labor formed a part of the 
penalty, it was in the form of the chain-gang, as it 
was called, composed of convicts who worked on the 
public roads, chained by the ankle, under the super- 
vision of overseers. The stocks and pillory in Balti- 
more stood where the Battle Monument now stands, 
being appendages of the old court-house, which then 
stood on a bluif overhanging the Falls. When the 
bank was cut away to open Calvert Street, the court- 
house was left perched upon a high arch, with a central 
column that served for whipping-post below, and for 
pillory above. Our ancestors troubled themselves 
little with the modern humanitarian notions of re- 
forming malefactors; they thought that the object of 
punishment was to punish, and the more disagreeable 
they could make it within reasonable bounds, and the 
more deterrent to others, the better. Hence punish- 
ments were usually public, and a mob always gathered 
to jeer at an incorrigible vagrant with both feet fast 
in the stocks ; a forger with head and hands in the 
pillory, exposed to a pelting storm of dead cats and 
unmerchantable eggs; or a thief handcufled to the 
whipping-post, and howling under the infliction of | 
thirty-nine stripes well laid on with a cowhide in the j 
hand of a muscular deputy sheriff. 

Tobacco, of course, the great staple of the province, 
and for a hundred years almost its only currency, j 
flavors all the earlier history of Baltimore. The 
land on which the houses were built, and the houses 
that were built upon it, subscriptions to public under- 



takings or charitable purposes, fines for ofienses, sal- 
aries of public officers and the clergy were all paid 
in tobacco. Much has been said by enemies of the 
weed of the danger done to the colony by this ex- 
hausting crop ; but it may be answered that the blame 
properly belongs to the careless or injudicious farm- 
ing that over-cropped the land. One thing is certain, 
that the rapid growth of the colony was a consequence 
of its tobacco-culture. There was an incessant and 
always increasing demand in Europe for the leaf. 
Virginia and Maryland for a long time had virtually 
the monopoly of the market ; if tiie crop was a pre- 
carious one, once saved, the planter's troubles and 
risks were over, for it was so much money in hand. 
The number of laborers which its cultivation re- 
quired caused a strong demand for immigrants, who, 
whether freemen or redemptioners, came in shoals, 
and were immediately dispersed throughout the prov- 
ince. We can scarcely see what other crop would 
have produced this result with a similar constancy. 
Wheat and rye were subject to perpetual fluctuations 
in the European markets, and the colonial crop could 
not have competed with that raised at home and in 
the east of Europe, and would, moreover, have ex- 
cited the jealousies of the English farmers, and prob- 
ably been shut out by hostile legislation. For maize 
there was no European market. So that we may 
safely say that whatever the objections now to the 
tobacco-culture, it peopled and enriched Maryland, 
and made possible her rapid subsequent prosperity. 

We may infer that the use of the weed in the way 
of smoking or snuff was very common from the 
earliest days of the colony. Tobacco-boxes and snuff- 
boxes are mentioned in all lists of domestic utensils. 
It was smoked in the clay pipes imported from Eng- ' 
land, cigars not coming into general use until the 
latter part of the eighteenth century. An advertise- 
ment in a Boston paper of October, 1769, speaks of 
them as a novelty, in the following terms : 

" Brought from Havana a box of cigars, a very rare article ! Tlie best 
of tobacco rolled uptuthe size of a small linger, and of about five inches 
in length, for smoking. They are preferred by the Spanish Dous to the 
pipe. Those who wish to enjoy such a luxury will please call and try 

The use of tobacco as currency, though universal, 
was very inconvenient, and there was a chronic 
money-famine, especially for small coins, throughout 
the province, where the use of the Indian shell- 
money, or wampum, never obtained the currency that 
it did in New England. In 1659, Lord Baltimore 
endeavored to supply the want by having dies made 
for a provincial coinage, in shillings, sixpences, and 
groats, or fourpenny pieces. After Fendall's rebel- 
lion an act was passed petitioning tlie Proprietary to 
establish a mint in the province. This it appears 
was never done ; but Lord Baltimore had a quantity 
of coin struck in England and sent out to the prov- 
ince. Specimens of these coins are rare, but some are 
still preserved. In England it was thought that the 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



Proprietary was exceeding the privileges of his char- 
ter, and in 1659 an order in Council was issued for 
his arrest, and the Council for Plantations was in- 
structed to inquire into the matter. The decision 
seems to have been in his favor, as he afterwards con- 
tinued to coin, though never to any great extent. 

In Baltimore the flour-trade soon surpassed in 
importance the trade in tobacco. While the latter 
staple could be shipped more conveniently from 
numerous ports and estuaries on the bay near the 
places of its growth, so that it was said that the 
planters could load their ships at their own back- 
doors, for the manufacture and exportation of flour 
Baltimore had exceptional advantages. She was not 
only the natural outlet for that great wheat-growing 
region to the north and northwest, but the extraor- 
dinary abundance of water-power and mill-sites in 
her immediate neighborhood soon dotted the country 
around her with mills, some of which were built even 
in the town itself At this time wind or water drove 
all the mills in America ; and when as late as 1789 we 
find one Engelhard Cruse announcing a steam grist- 
mill of his own invention, it appears from his descrip- 
tion that he only used the steam machinery to raise the 
water that was to turn the wheel, — a contrivance one 
would have supposed better suited to a level country 
than to a region abounding in streams of rapid fall. 
Howard Street was the Rialto of the flour trade after 
the Revolution, and " Howard Street flour" was 
known and deservedly esteemed all over the civilized 
world. 

For a considerable time the weight and price of the 
bread sold in the markets was fixed by oflScers ap- 
pointed for the purpose. In 1792 we find the penny 
loaf fixed at 6J ounces, if of fine wheat flour, and 9 
ounces, if of rye or middlings ; and advancing by a 
graduated scale to the twelve-penny loaf, which was 
of 5 pounds 22 ounces, and 6 pounds 8 ounces respec- 
tively. 

The rapid growth of Baltimore's prosperity was 
viewed with jealousy and apprehension in one quar- 
ter at least. Family quarrels and rivalries are pro- 
verbially acrid and petty; and Philadelphia, built 
upon Maryland soil, and, if justice had prevailed or 
contracts been kept, really a Maryland city, notwith- 
standing her fifty years' start in the race, from the 
first regarded her younger sister with dislike, and 
grudged her (we are writing of events a hundred 
years ago) her fairly-won prosperity. A correspond- 
ent in the Pennsylvania Chronicle (1772) undertakes 
to reassure his fellow-citizens on this point, and bids 
them be of good cheer, for Baltimore is going fast to 
ruin. He writes,— 

" It has been given as a reason for the late very observable diminution 
of our wheat and flour trade that immense quantities of these articles 
are now carried to Baltimore, in Maryland ; that not only all the inhab- 
itants to the westward of Susquehanna, but also a large tract of the 
country adjacent on the cist side of said river, transport their commodi- 
ties to that growing town, and that great numbers of our industrious 
farmers and others are continually deserting'thifl province and removing 



to Maryland, by which means Baltimore is become a dangerous rival of 
Philadelphia in her foreign trade. These, I confess, are evils which, if 
true, ought in sound policy to be diligently attended to. 

" Being somewhat interested in the affair, I determined not to tmst to 
uncertain report, but to inform myself of the true state of things by ac- 
tual observations on the spot. For this purpose I made a tout- lately to 
the westward as far as Pennsylvania is inhabited, and returned by way 
of Baltimore to Philadelphia. The result of this journey and my dis- 
coveries in it I will now lay before the public. 

"Baltimore, so far from rivaling Philadelphia, in my opinion has al- 
ready arrived to herneijiws iiifra. The reasons which induce me to be 
of this opinion are the following ; Firsts the roads leading from our back 
settlements to that town are at all times inconceivably bad, sometimes 
wholly impassable. Obvious as this is, yet it is generally thought, and 
it is the universal complaint of the people through that country that no 

sudden reform in this matter is likely to take place The delegates 

of Maryland are chietly gentlemen planters and lawyers who, from the 
uuiltiplicity of other business, in which they apprehend a majority of 
their cunstitneuls to be more immediately interested, are said not to pay 
that attention to these roads which the importance of the matter would 
seem to require, so that it is probable no effectual improvement will be 
made in the article of roads. 

" Secondly, the town of Baltimore itself is so inconveniently situated, 
both as to land for building on as depth of water for shipping, that no 
extensive foreign trade can ever be carried on at that port. So great and 
almost insurmountable is this obstruction, that although wharfs, by the 
amazing industry and perseverance of the inhabitants, have been ex- 
tended near four hundred yards towards what is called the channel, yeta 
vessel drawing five feet of water cannot either discharge or receive her 
load at these wharves. The expense, delays, and uncertainty of lighter- 
age we know will baffle all industry. 

"But, Thirdly, the merchants of that province themselves do com- 
plain, and it is said very justly, that many of their laws are unfriendly 

tn cnmliieire; nay. that RolilR of tli--ni iilii.iuiit :ilnn)St to a tntal prollibi- 

1i"M "f It. <i|. li ;M'' tliM-.H i i\ in- ..II ii...i\ \ II n. I . .'tl I v i In imlitic duty 

III .ill |. I. i_ii I . ir.;i,~ I i.i.. ■! 1^ ,1 ■■ I . '. .'I 1. 1. . I II. if Strangers 

the jealousy with which its giowth is viewed by many of the towns in 
tliat province. However strange and unnatural this may appear, yet, if 
my infurmatiun can be "depeniied on, this passion operates strongly 
against It, even at the metropolis. 

" Fiftlily, the number of navigable rivers and good harbors which 
everywhere abound iu this province, so equally dividing its trade, and 
the utter impossibility of Baltimore being ever erected into a port by 
law, will, I conceive, always keep it at its present state of mediocrity." 

The prophet prophesied pleasant things, but if he 
raised any hopes, they were doomed to speedy disap- 
pointment. In the next year the inland trade of the 
town had so increased that a line of packets running 
to the head of Elk, and stage-coaches thence to Phil- 
adelphia, had become a necessity. In 1774 the Leg- 
islature appropriated no less than eleven thousand 
dollars for repairing the great roads leading to the 
town ; and in another year the hostility felt by the 
Legislature and by other towns — if it ever had any 
existence beyond the imagination of the letter-writer 
— was burned away in the flame of Revolutionary 
patriotism. 

In making the improvements which her growth and 
increasing business demanded, Baltimore had to con- 
tend vi'ith unu.sual diflSculties. Her safe little harbor, 
the Basin and its channel, suffered from the silt 
brought down by the falls, and the more the woods 
were cleared and the land cultivated in the valley of 
that stream, the heavier was the alluvium brought 
down by its waters. To the east of the town lay ex- 
tensive tracts of marsh, on which no firm foundation 
could be had but by driving piles, while to the north 



768 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



were hills and deep ravines not easy to level. To 
raise money by voluntary subscription for necessary 
or desirable public improvements was not always an 
easy matter, and our ancestors at an early day had 
recourse to the favorite device of the time, the lottery. 
This form of gaming, though perhaps in its effects 
the most pernicious of all, was approved even by 
those whose principles forbade them the use of cards 
or dice. Probably the fact that the profits inured 
not to private gain but to public advantage seemed 
to place lotteries on a dift'erent footing from other 
forms of gaming; and we find the most staid, and 
even the most pious citizens recommending lotteries 
to the public and officiating as managers. 




The ease with which considerable sums were raised 
in this way blinded men's eyes not only to the evil 
effects of lotteries in fostering a spirit of gaming, but 
also to the inequality and real injustice of their opera- 
tion. A lottery for any public purpose is simply a tax 
laid upon the more simple, credulous, and imprudent 
part of the public, and usually falls the heaviest upon 
those who can least affbrd it; and the fact that it is 
voluntary, while it removes the feeling of hardship, 
does not diminish the injustice. 

As early as 1753 a lottery was resorted to for the 
purpose of raising four hundred and fifty pieces of 
eight (Spanish dollars), to build a public wharf. 
Messrs. John Stevenson, Richard Chase, John Moale, 
Charles Croxall, William Rogers, Nicholas Rogers, 
John Ridgely, N. R. Gay, William Lux, and Brian 
Philpot were the managers, and the drawing took 
place in .Vnnapolis. Another lottery, for the purpose 



of raising five hundred pounds currency to complete 
the market-house, buy two fire-engines, and build a 
'. new wharf, was drawn in 1763, and another in 17<)7. 
Other lotteries we find "for straightening Jones' 
Falls," "for deepening the Bason and preventing its 
j filling up," " for deepening Pratt Street dock," " for 
making a canal and buying a town clock," etc. The 
Presbyterians got up a lottery in 1789 to build a new 
! church, and in 1790 we find a lottery advertised the 
I object of which is to provide funds " to be in readi- 
ness for any undertaking early in the spring." 

Several of these lotteries were for paving and im- 
proving the streets. Baltimore from the first had 
trouble with her streets, which were liable to be 
brought to a premature end by 
a bluff, a marsh, or a ravine. 
An instance of this ha.s already 
been given in Calvert Street, 
and there is scarcely any of the 
older streets some period of 
whose existence has not been 
marked by a similar struggle. 
Calvert Street itself waited for 
about sixty years before it clove 
tlirough Court-House Hill and 
passed the Falls, then leisurely 
advanced northward, to be met 
at the end of seventy more years 
by Belvidere Hill and the Falls 
again, and to conquer them both. 
This slow advance of Balti- 
more made her a historic town, 
— a town not sketched out from 
the start and left for other gen- 
erations to fill in the outlines, 
but a town whose'growth and 
development kept pace with and 
was conformed to the events of 
her history. 

For a long time the streets of 
Baltimore had no signs indica- 
ting the names, which, like the Homeric poems, were 
preserved by oral tradition. Nor were the houses 
numbered until 1796, when J. L. Walker, being about 
to publish a directory, found that it would be neces- 
sary, to give that work full efficiency, to put up signs 
and number the houses, which was done, the citizens 
paying for the numbers. 

Happily for Baltimore, her authorities in those days 
had the good sense to eschew that stupidest of all 
nomenclatures which goes to the arithmetic for its 
designations. Nearly all her old street names have a 
historical significance or some association with the 
past, and serve as landmarks to show the changes of 
thought and feeling accompanying the growth and 
history of the city. Calvert and Charles Streets per- 
petuate the names of the proprietaries ; Sharp (which 
should be Sharpe) and Eden bear the names of the 
proprietary Governors ; the first played an active part 




JV ^iyU^^'t S'T-^j3i:^arr-''ryr 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



769 



in the French and Indian war, and the other saw 
the fall of proprietary rule. Loyalty to the royal 
family of England was shown in King George, 
Queen, Prince, and survives in Frederick, Caroline, 
Cambridge, and Hanover. A reminiscence of the 
Seven Years' war is preserved in Granby, and of the 
conquest of Canada in Montgomery and Wolfe. But 
the Revolutionary epoch brought new ideas and new 
names. First we have Liberty, as the echo of the 
universal aspiration ; then Washington, Franklin, 
Greene, Howard, Eager, Fayette, and Paca bear the 
names of heroes and patriots; while Lexington, Sara- 
toga, Camden, Eutaw commemorate famous fields of 
war, and gratitude to English statesmen who defended 
the American cause is recorded in Barre, Burke, 
Pratt, and Conway, to which formerly were added 
Chatham and Wilkes. The war of 1812 gave us 
Barney and McHenry. Late justice has been done to 
Smallwood, Bentalou, Pulaski, Lawrence, and Perry. 
While we praise the authorities for giving, in more 
recent times, the names of Porter, Decatur, Hull, and 
Towson to new streets in South Baltimore, and even 
dropping, as it were, a memorial tear upon the tomb 
of the hapless Andre, one would have thought that 
before they fell back exhausted upon the arithmetic 
and numbered the streets from First to Ninth they 
might have remembered Gist, the hero of Long 
Island ; Boyle, the blockader of Great Britain ; Wil- 
liams, of Eutaw ; Key, of the Star-Spangled Banner ; 
our gallant allies, De Grasse and Rochambeau, and 
the brave De Kalb and Steuben. 

Tender memories of old London were kept alive in 
Cheapside, Thames, Leadenhall, and Lombard Streets ; 
the series of Presidents gave the names of Washing- 
ton, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Jackson ; the 
first mayor of Baltimore that of Calhoun ; and es- 
teemed Baltimore merchants those of Bowley, Ais- 
(juith, Hoffman, McKim, McElderry, and many others. 

Among the large mercantile houses of this city that 
have materially aided to build up the present great- 
ness of Baltimore is that of William Wilson & Sons. 
William Wilson, the founder of this great mercan- 
tile and shipping firm so long prominent before the 
business community of Baltimore, originally known 
as William Wilson & Sons, was born in 1750, in 
Limerick, Ireland. His paternal ancestor was James 
Wilson, a native of Scotland, who first located in 
London, but finally permanently removed to Lim- 
erick. In 1770, William emigrated to America, and 
in 1773 he married Miss Jane Stonebury, of Balti- 
more County, Md. By the exercise of his hereditary 
energy and prudence he succeeded in accumulating 
suflicient capital, after the close of the Revolutionary 
war, to commence the shipping business, and as the 
senior member of the firm of Wilson & Maris, estab- 
lished in 1790, he also became an importer of goods. 
The house had a most enviable reputation. In 1802, 
Mr. Wilson admitted his two sons, James and Thomas, 
into business with him, under the firm-name of Wil- 



liam Wilson & Sons. The firm became the owners of 
a large number of vessels, and were prominent among 
the founders of a foreign trade sustained by those 
fast-sailing clippers that gave fame to Baltimore 
throughout the world of commerce. The firm en- 
gaged in an extensive business with England, Hol- 
land, the East Indies, Brazil, and the west coast of 
South America, as well as with China, Calcutta, and 
Batavia. Their ships whitened every commercial 
port in the known globe, and poured into the lap of 
Baltimore the products of every country. This ex- 
tensive trade was continued by this house for sixty 
years with an unquestioned integrity, and in 1862 the 
members retired from active business with the uni- 
versal respect of their contemporaries at a time when 
not only capital but broad mercantile ability was 
necessary. Although selling their ships, the seniors, 
David S. and Thomas J., retained their firm-name, 
while the juniors are engaged in other pursuits. 

The founder, Wm. Wilson, was highly esteemed as 
a citizen. While upright in all his dealings, he was 
foremost in material aid to all worthy benevolent en- 
terprises. He was an actjve member of the Baptist 
Church, and contributed largely to the erection of 
the First Baptist church, on the corner of Sharpe 
and Lombard Streets. Mr. Wilson exhibited his 
patriotism for his adopted country by liberal-handed 
contributions to the army in 1812-14. In the latter 

I year, when no funds could be obtained to meet the 
obligations of the government, Mr. Wilson tendered 
James Beatty, the navy agent, a loan of fifty thou- 

! sand dollars, and at the time of its repayment re- 
fused interest, remarking that " the money was lying 

I idle, and it was just as well that the government 
should have the use of it." William Wilson was a 
member of the Legislature for one term, having been 
nominated on the morning of election day, on account 
of his popularity, to replace a candidate withdrawn. 

He died March 30, 1824, leaving three sons and one 
daughter. For seventeen years he was president of 
the Bank of Baltimore, and a leading member of 
other corporations. His family, one of the most re- 
fined and highly educated in the State, became widely 
connected with the most honorable families of which 
it is Maryland's pride to boast. The great-grandsons 
of William, James G. Wilson, who was a member of 
the old firm of Wm. Wilson & Sons, and David S. 
Wilson, are partners in the banking-house of Wilson, 
Colston & Co., Baltimore. William Wilson Corco- 
ran, the great banker and distinguished philanthro- 
pist and patron of art, of Washington, D. C, is named 

I for his grand-uncle, William Wilson. 

Mr. Wilson's eldest son, James, was born Dec. 3, 

I 1775. He married Mary, daughter of David Shields, 
of Chester County, Pa., whose mother, Jane McKim, 
of Delaware, was the sister of the Hon. Alexander Mc- 
Kim, member of Congress from Baltimore during and 
after the war of 181 2, and was the aunt of the Hon. Isaac 
McKim, a most prominent and pronounced Democrat 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of the Jackson school, who twice represented Baltimore 
in Congress, and who died in Washington in 1838. 
James was actively engaged in business with Wm. 
Wilson & Sons until his death, Feb. in, 1851. He 
was a director in the Bank of Baltimore, and acting 
president during the protracted ill health of the 
president, William Lorman, at whose death he de- 
clined the presidency on account of the failure of his 
own health. He was president of the Board of Trade 
and of the Baltimore- General Dispensary. .He was 
a member of the Baptist Church. He was a member 
of the Committee of Vigilance and Safety during the 
attack of the British on Baltimore in 1814. He was a 
member of the City Council in 1819. He had ten 
children. 

His eldest son, David S. Wilson, studied law in the 
office of Judge Purviance, and was admitted to the 
bar, but preferring commercial pursuits, entered the 
firm of William Wilson & Sons in 1824, soon taking 
an active and prominent part in its affairs and becoming 
its senior member at the death of his father. As a 
young man he took much interest in the volunteer [ 
military, being an officer of the First Baltimore 
Hussars, and afterwards of the City Horse Guards. 
The latter body were composed of the solid men of j 
the city, and was organized after the Bank of Mary- | 
land riots in 1835 to sustain the authorities in the en- j 
forcement of the laws. While, like his father and j 
grandfather, holding aloof from public positions gen- ' 
erally, he has long been associated with the Bank of 
Baltimore, of which he has been a director for thirty 
years, the presidency of which has more than once 
been offered to him, but declined, first on account of 
his pressing business engagements, and later because 
of his frequent absence in foreign lands. He is the 
oldest director of the conservative old Baltimore Fire 
Insurance Company, is also a director in various 
other corporations, and is one of the original trustees 
of the Peabody Institute, having been an intimate 
friend of its liberal founder. 

He made an extended tour of Europe in 182G and 
1827, long before the days of ocean steamers, when 
the splendid fast-sailing packets of the " Black Ball" 
and other famous lines were thought the height of 
comfort, safety, and speed, and when friends crowded 
to the wharf to see the traveler off on his distant and 
perilous journey, as it was then considered. After- 
wards he traveled frequently and extensively in this 
country, and since his retirement from active com- 
mercial pursuits has passed much of his time in ex- 
tended travel abroad, having made numerous voyages 
to Europe, exploring all its countries and searching 
out the points of interest, besides visiting portions of 
Asia and Africa, making last year a tour of Syria and 
the Holy Land, as well as of Spain and Germany, 
having in previous years visited Egypt and ascended 
the Nile. His children are Isaac G. and William B. 
(founder of the banking-house of Wilson, Colston & 
Co.), and one daughter, Mary 15. His wife, Mary 



Hollius, was a daughter of William L. Bowley, and 
granddaughter of Daniel Bowley, one of the town 
commissioners previous to the incorporation of the 
city, and after whom Bowley's Wharf was named. 
The other children were Jane S., of Baltimore 
County, who married Robert P. Brown, a merchant 
of Baltimore, son of Dr. George Brown, an eminent 
Irish physician, who came to Baltimore during the 
yellow fever scourge; Eliza McKini, who never mar- 
ried ; William C, who devoted himself to agricul- 
tural and horticultural pursuits, and who was one of 
the first Maryland importers of Alderney or Jersey 
cattle, was never married, and died April 20, 1878; 
Mary L., who married Henry Patterson, son of Wil- 
liam Patterson, and brother of Madame Bonaparte; 
Anne R., wife of Frederick Harrison, of Baltimore 
County, formerly of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Mr. Har- 
rison was a graduate of West Point, belonged to the 
United States Topographical Engineers, and was one 
of the party to make the first reconnoissance for the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1827, and to locate 
the road from tide-water to Ellicott's Mills in 1828. 
Thomas J., a member of the firm of William Wilson 
& Sons, married Maria d'Arcy, who died at Ryde, in 
the Isle of Wight, England ; Henry R., also a mem- 
ber of the same firm, who married Sallie Skinner, of 
Talbot County, Md. ; James, who died at the age of 
eleven years; and Melville, who died at twenty-nine. 
William Wilson's second son, Thomas Wilson, was 
born in 1777. He married Mary Cruse, of Alexan- 
dria, Va., and died Feb. 12, 1845. His children were 
James Hamilton, who married Margaret M. Marriott, 
and died in 1853, leaving three children ; William 
Thomas, who married Henrietta d'Arcy, and died in 
1852, also leaving three children ; Emma, who mar- 
ried Thomas M. Teackle, and died in 1861, leaving a 
daughter ; Mary Cruse, who married J. McKine Mar- 
riott, and died in 1856, leaving four children ; and 
Franklin Wilson, who married Virginia Appleton, of 
Portland, Me., and has been the well-known pa-stor of 
.several Baptist churches in Baltimore. William Wil- 
son's third son was William Wilson, Jr. 

He was born in 1779, and married for his first wife 
Anne Carson, of Alexandria, Va., by whom he had 
two daughters, — Ann, who never married, and Jane, 
who married Mr. Sanford. His second wife was Mary 
Knox, daughter of the Rev. Samuel Knox, president 
of the old Baltimore College, on Mulberry Street, 
opposite Cathedral Street, now the University of 
Maryland. By this marriage he had i.ssue as follows : 
Isabella, who married Lancaster Quid, of Baltimore; 
William K., of St. Louis, who married Miss Wise, of 
Alexandria, Va. ; Samuel, died in St. Louis ; James 
Thomas, died young in 1839 ; Fayette, of St. Louis, 
now in Baltimore, married Miss Slingluff; Mary E., 
wife of Charles M. Keyser, of Baltimore; Martha, 
married Alexander Kelly, deceased; Hannah, second 
wife of Alexander Kelly ; and Lewis, now living in 
St. Louis. Thomas and' William Wilson, Jr., sons of 




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//'mU^^^^-^ 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



William Wilson, Sr., belonged to the " Independent 
Blues," of the Fifth Maryland Hegiment, commanded 
by Capt. Aaron R. Levering. William was a lieu- 
tenant of the company, and they were both with the 
regiment at the battle of Bladensburg, and in the 
vanguard at the battle of North Point, where Gen. 
Ross met his death. Hannah, the daughter of Wil- 
liam Wilson, Sr., was born about 1781, and died May, 
1854. She married Peter Levering. Her only sur- 
viving children are Thomas W. Levering and Louisa 
S., widow of William W. Lawrason. 

Another of the old mercantile and shipping houses 
of the city is that of Fitzgerald, Booth & Co. Wash- 
ington Booth, the surviving member of this emi- 
nent firm, was born in Baltimore, Sept. 20, 1814. 
His father, Wm. Booth, was of EnglLsh birth, and 
was among the earliest botanists, florists, and seed- 
men in the United States. He laid out some of the 
finest gardens attached to the old mansions in and 
around Baltimore, including that of the Ridgely 
estate at Hampton. His own grounds on West Bal- 
timore Street extended to Pratt on the south, and 
were celebrated for the care and exquisite cultivation 
with which they were kept. He lived in the open, 
hearty, generous style of his day, kept his own 
hounds, and was a keen sportsman and lover of the 
chase. His wife was Margaret Fitzgerald {n^e Curry), 
the widow of Richard Fitzgerald, by whom she had 
two sons, — John and Richard. By her second mar- 
riage she had two sons, — William, who died young, 
and Washington Booth, the subject of this notice. 

Washington Booth was educated at private schools 
in Baltimore, and attended Prof. Mclntire's college 
on Sharpe Street, near Saratoga, and after he left 
school served a regular apprenticeship of five years 
with Henry Stevenson in the tanning and currying 
business. After the expiration of his apprenticeship, 
when about twenty-one years of age, he entered into 
partnership with Mr. Stevenson, with whom he re- 
mained for several years, when he opened a'lottery and 
exchange office at the northwest corner of McClellan's 
Alley and Baltimore Street. About 1840 he relin- 
quished this business, and at the request of his brother, 
Capt. Richard B. Fitzgerald, who was taken ill in 
Baltimore, went with him as supercargo on the brig 
" Canada," of which Capt. Fitzgerald was owner and 
master, on a trading voyage to the west coast of South 
America. After making several successful voyages, 
about 184G, Mr. Booth and Capt. Fitzgerald formed a 
partnership, under the style of Fitzgerald, Booth & 
Co., Capt. Fitzgerald remaining in Baltimore in 
charge of the home department of the business, and 
Mr. Booth representing the house in South America. 
His headquarters for a long period were in Lima, 
Peru, where he remained about twenty years, paying 
an occasional visit to Baltimore. In 1864 he returned 
to this city to settle up the business of the firm in 
consequence of the failing health of his partner, and 
afterwards made another voyage to South America to 



wind up the affairs of the house in that quarter, re- 
maining away about ten months. The house during 
its existence carried on a large and successful busi- 
ness, and the firm built and purchased some of the 
finest vessels that ever sailed from Baltimore. They 
were the owners of the brig " Canada," the barks 
" George and Henry" and the " Eliza," and built 
in Baltimore the ships "Susan L. Fitzgerald" (named 
after Capt. Fitzgerald's wife, who was a daughter of 
Capito, a merchant of Baltimore), " Washington 
Booth," "Louis Philippe," "Duchess d'Orleans," 
and the bark " Lamar." 

Mr. Booth's first political appointment was as trus- 
tee of the almshouse, under Mayor Sheppard C. Lea- 
kin, who, like himself, was a member of the old Whig 
party. He was subsequently, much against his wjll, 
made the Republican nominee for Congress, in oppo- 
sition to Hon. Thomas Swann, an;! after the close of 
the war he was elected president of the Union Club. 
In 1873 he was made collector of the port of Baltimore 
by Gen. Grant, and after serving nearly three years, 
resigned in August, 1876, on account of ill health. 
The duties of the responsible position were discharged 
with great efficiency and intelligence, and his retire- 
ment was a source of sincere regret to all classes of 
the business community. The appointment was not 
sought by Mr. Booth, and he consented to accept it 
only after personal and repeated requests from Gen. 
Grant. Mr. Booth is a director in the Maryland In- 
surance Company, vice-president and director of the 
Ore-Knob Copper Company of North Carolina, di- 
rector in the Conrad Hill Gold and Co[)per Company 
of New York, and vice-president and director in the 
Chesapeake and York River Steamboat Company. 
While he is a member of the Republican party, Mr. 
i Booth is in no sense of the word a politician, and has 
been brought forward prominently rather by his high 
standing in business circles and his achievements in 
the commercial world than by any personal desire of 
his own to take part in political affairs. His sagacity, 
energy, and success have placed him in the front rank 
of Baltimore merchants, and as such it is his ambi- 
tion to be known and remembered.' 

Another of the old business houses of Baltimore is 
that of the Tysons. Isaac Tyson, Jr., was born in 



1 Capt. Fitzgerald died on the 14th of March, 1869. Ho made his first 
voyage in 1830, as master in a topsail scliooner, to the river La Plata. 
On his return to Bitltimore, in the fall of that year, he took charge of 
the clipper brig " SeIina,",owned by Christian Keener, and made a voyage 
to Valparaiso, returning to Baltimore in August, 1831. He subsequently 
commanded the splendid clipper brig "Canada," then belonging to Mr. 
Keener, taking command of her on the resignation of Capt. Robert Har- 
die. In the " Canada" Capt. Fitzgerald made a successful voyage to the 
South Pacific, and on his return to Baltimore took charge of a small 
brig in the South American trade, in which he made only one voyage. 
He then established the house in which Mr. Booth afterwards became a 
partner, and became extensively engaged in the same trade in which he 
had made his first voyage in the "Canada." Subsequently the house 
became ownera of this vessel, as well as of the four others already men- 
tioned, all five of them being employed at the same time in the service 
of the firm. Capt. Fitzgerald was a man of great energy, and took a 
lively interest in every thing pertaining to the advancement of the city. 



772 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Baltimore in 1792, and died in this city in November, 
1861. He was the son of Jesse Tyson and Margaret 
Hopkins, both natives of Baltimore. The first of the 
family in this country was Renier Tyson, who settled 
at Germantown. He was a per.son of intelligence and 
property. The records of Germantown exhibit him iis 
one of the chief burgesses and a gentleman of note in 
the early days of that borough. The name of Kenier 
Tyson and tlie names and births of his descendants, 
except the Baltimore branch, are all recorded at 
Abington, Pa., to which the family removed from 
Germantown. Renier Tyson was a member of the 
Society of Friends, was one of the founders of the 
meeting at Germantown, and .successively an over- 
seer and elder. His children, who were all born at 
Germantown, were Matthias, Isaac, Elizabeth, John, 
Abraham, Derrick, Sarah, Peter, and Henry. Isaac, 
the second son, left ten children, — Elisha, Tacey, 
Enos, Jacob, Nathan, Sarah, Betsy, Jesse, Dalby, and 
George. 

Isaac Tyson, Jr., the subject of this memoir, com- 
menced life with his father as a grain merchant, but 
soon became engaged in the manufacture of chemicals 
at Locust Point. During the summer he resided with 
his father, near Bare Hills, in Baltimore County, and 
while there his attention was one day attracted by an 
old man digging for what on inquiry he ascertained 
was chrome ore, a mineral at that time known to but 
few. Learning its value, Mr. Tyson soon discovered 
other deposits, and for many years supplied the 
markets of the world, thus accumulating a handsome 
fortune. 

Mr. Tyson subsequently commenced the manufac- 
ture of bichromate of potash, being the first person 
to enter this field of enterprise in Baltimore, and in 
the face of many difficulties soon supplied the 
markets of the whole country. Mr. Tyson was one 
of the best practical chemists of his time, and a man 
of untiring energy, and he was thus able to accom- 
plish what perhaps few others could have done. He 
also became interested in copper-mining, and, besides 
others, opened and developed the " Bare Hill" and 
" Springfield" copper-mines of this State, from which 
large quantities of excellent ore have been obtained. 
He also became largely interested in mining opera- 
tions in the State of Vermont, where he developed 
mines that have since proved of great value. He also 
built and operated a large iron-furnace in Windsor 
County, Vt., turning the product into stove-plates, 
which at that time commanded a large price. 

Mr. Tyson was a man of vigorous health and ex- 
cellent constitution, but of a somewhat anxious dis- 
position, and was prematurely broken down by over- 
exertion and anxiety. Not fond of money " for its 
own sake," he preferred keeping it actively employed 
in various enterprises, usually rather out of the "gen- 
eral run," and was fond of looking into new enter- 
prises, many of which, through his aid, have since 
developed into large interests and industries. 



A consistent member of the Society of Friends, he 
I avoided public life, not participating in political 
affairs except so far as to cast his vote, which was 
I always with the Whig party. He was vigorously 
' opposed to slavery, but felt bound to obey the laws. 
A loving and tender husband and father, he was 
never so busy as to forget or neglect his duties to his 
family, even in the smallest matters. The various en- 
terprises in which he was engaged necessarily took 
him much from home, but he always parted from his 
household with a heavy heart. 

Mr. Tyson came of a family whose name is inti- 
mately associated with the earliest commercial and 
industrial interests of the city and State. Celebrated 
from their earliest settlement in Maryland for energy, 
business sagacity, and enterprise, its members have 
always contributed signally to the welfare of the com- 
j munity, and its representatives to-day can justly claim 
a large share in the progress and prosperity of the 
present. 

The brief review which has been given of the use- 
ful and honorable career of Isaac Tyson, Jr., strikingly 
presents the prominent family characteristics. Pub- 
lic-spirited without being partisan, charitable without 
ostentation, enterprising but careful, progressive but 
not reckless, energetic but not boastful, imbued with 
high religious principle that showed itself not in pa- 
rade or in seeming, but in being and doing, Mr. Ty- 
son's life flowed on in quiet power, silently accom- 
, plishing its beneficent results. Members of a society 
; which regards war as contrary to the teachings of the 
Christian faith, the Tysons have won those victories 
of peace which form the highest triumphs of history, 
as well as the only enduring basis of prosperity and 
greatness. 

Mr. Tyson married Hannah A. Wood, of Philadel- 
phia, whose ancestor, James Wood, settled in that city 
j about 1690, and whose family are among its most 
prominent citizens. The family was of English ori- 
gin, of high social standing and wealth, and, like the 
Tysons, members of the Society of Friends. James 
Wood, the American head of the family, was born in 
Bristol, England, Dec. 15, 1671 ; Jane, his wife, was 
born in London, Sept. 24, 1671. Their son, Richard 
Wood, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 31, 1694, and 
married Priscilla Bacon, daughter of Benjamin Bacon. 
J Richard Wood, Jr., the son of Richard aforesaid, was 
born at Cohansey, or Greenwich, N. J., Jan. 18, 1727, 
and married Hannah Davis, of Salem County, N. J. 
James Wood, the fruit of this marriage, was born at 
Greenwich, N. J., Aug. 30, 1765, and married Ruth, 
daughter of Samuel Clement, of Haddonfield, N. J., 
by whom he had Hannah Ann Wood, born in Phila- 
delphia, Nov. 24, 1797, who, as already said, became 
the wife of Isaac Ty.-*on. Mr. Tyson left four sons — 
Richard W., Jesse, James W., and Isaac — and one 
daughter, Hannah, who married into the Morris 
family of Philadelphia. 
Mr. Isiuic Tyson was essentially a modest and re- 




ISAAC TirSOW^JJBi. 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



773 



tiring man, avoiding demonstration or display, but 
at the same time he was a man of extensive learning 
and great taste in literature, with which he employed 
his leisure, and which he took pains to recommend to 
his sons and those coming under his influence. He 
was a fair illustration of the gentleness and firm faith 
of the Christian gentleman. The business aflTairs of 
life with him were not merely colored but controlled 
by the spirit of Christian responsibility, and with 
him everything in life was subordinate to the higher 
object of as complete a service as he could render to 
God. If there was anything that might be called con- 
spicuous it was that purity of Christian life that was 
too earnest to be hid under a bushel. His deep in- 
terest in religious matters and the earnestness with 
which he attempted to cultivate a similar spirit is 
illustrated by the following extract from a letter 
written to one of his sons, then a young man : 

"... Oh, may the Father of mercies preserve thee in this, may it in- 
crease yet more and more till tliou feelest thyself to be absorbed into 
His very essence which is all purity and loveliness, and thus thou wilt 
be led safely and quietly along through time, and receive preparation 
for a world of purity hereafter!" 

This extract is from a business letter of instruction, 
and the sentences quoted are incidental, but showing 
that the object of the writer's life was, in his own 
language, " to be absorbed into His (God's) very es- 
sence." The letter is like all others written by him 
to liis children ; it concludes as follows : 

" Devote thy evenings and spare time to reading useful worH",— I do 
not think thou will And politics much profit or pleasure,— works calcu- 
lated to improve the mind and principles and heart." 

The wife of Isaac Tyson, Jr., was the fourth daugh- 
ter of John and Elizabeth Thomas Hopkins, and was 
a woman of lovely character, amiable, gentle, and 
benevolent. 

No city in America can boast of more beautiful 
suburban residences than Baltimore. " Woodley," 
on Lafayette Avenue extended, has long been known 
as one of the most beautiful within the city limits. 
Its grove of grand old oaks and its fine situation 
upon the brow of a picturesque hill overlooking the 
city and the Chesapeake Bay have made it always 
one of the most attractive and delightful of coun- 
try homes. It forms part of a tract called " Chats- 
worth," which was patented before the Revolution, 
and was afterwards owned by the Dorsey family, 
from one of whom it was purchased in 1813 by Fred- 
erick Lindenberger. The latter built the first house 
upon it, which remained down to 1868. In that year 
the property was bought by its present occupant, 
Thomas M. Keerl, and the mansion greatly enlarged 
and improved. As the city has now extended to 
its gates, ere long the fine old trees will be felled, 
the buildings destroyed, the elevations leveled, and 
the whole sixty acres of property absorbed by the 
steady municipal growth. Mr. Keerl's family has 
been identified with the history of Baltimore ever 
since the Revolution. His paternal grandfiither. Dr. 



Henry Keerl, was descended from a noble Bavarian 
family, and, his studies completed, came to America, 
settling in Baltimore as a physician about the year 
1782. Dr. Keerl was a man of high character and 
professional skill, and married a daughter of Jacob 
Myers, who was one of the prominent merchants of 
his day, and one of the founders of the German Pres- 
byterian Church which stood for many years at the 
corner of Baltimore and Front Streets. Dr. Keerl 
died July 16, 1827, in the seventy-third year of his 
age. Their son, George Henry Keerl, was also an 
enterprising merchant. He married Susan Mundell, 
of Prince George's County, Md., daughter of Thomas 
Mundell, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, 
a pupil of Dugald Stewart, and a descendant of Gen. 
Leslie, the famous Scottish commander in the seven- 
teenth century. Thomas Mundell's father, Alexander 
Mundell, was a cousin of Sir Walter Scott's solicitor 
of the same name, and was a neighbor and warm 
friend of Sir James Kirkpatrick, the ancestor of the 
Empress Eugenie. Susan Mundell's mother was a 
Miss Eversfield, whose mother was a Miss Bowie, and 
who was descended from the Rev. John,' of the an- 
cient family of Eversfield, of Sussex, England, a 
clergyman of ability and wealth, who emigrated to 
this country, and was the uncle of Bishop Claggett, 
the first bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
in Maryland. The Bowies and the Eversfields inter- 
married, and the descendants are quite numerous. 

Thomas M. Keerl graduated at the College of New- 
Jersey (Princeton) with high honors, and for some 
years was a practicing lawyer in this city. He mar- 
ried a daughter of Judge Donnell, of Newberne, 
N. C. This lady is the granddaughter of Richard 
Dobbs Spaight, of that State, the Revolutionary 
patriot, who when in his twentieth year was aide-de- 
camp to Governor Caswell at the battle of Camden, 
and afterwards a member of the convention that 
framed the Constitution of the United States, Gov- 
ernor of North Carolina, and member of Congress. 
Their only living son is Eversfield Eraser Keerl, a 
youth, now pursuing his collegiate .studies, having lost 
their oldest child, John Hubert Donnell, a noble and 
gifted youth, in the fifteenth year of his age, by a stage 
accident in the mountains of New Hampshire, and 
their second child, Richard Dobbs Spaight, at the 
I age of fourteen months, in North Carolina. Besides 
George Henry Keerl, Dr. Henry Keerl's sons were as 
follows : John C, who at the age of sixteen was sent to 
Germany, and finished his studies there, receiving from 
the professors the highest testimonials to his character 
and attainments. He began life as a merchant; was 
at the battles of Bladensburg and North Point, and 
retired from business in middle life. Samuel Keerl, 
another son, was a director in the Firemen's Insurance 
Company, and was president for a long period of the 
first Baltimore Hose Company, composed entirely of 



' See Sprague's " Annals of the American Pulpit,' 



774 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



leading young men of Baltimore, and especially of ' 
representatives of the principal Quaker families. He 
also participated in the war of 1812. Joshua S. 
Kcerl was a merchant, and died wlien quite a young 

\h. William Kcerl, aih-r pursuing his medical 
studies in I'aris, married Ellen Doughiss, of Mary- 
land, a daughter of Col. Dougla-ss, of the Revolution, 
and afterwards moved into the neighborhood of 
Charlestown, Va. Several of his sons were in the 1 
Con federate army under "Stonewall" Jackson, and one 
was killed at the battle near Frederick, Md. Tlie I 
Myers family, into which Dr. Henry Keerl married, 
is no longer represented in Baltimore in the male | 
line. It is connected with the Eichelbergers of ' 
Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the mother of Rev. , 
Dr. John G. Morris, so well known in science and 
literature, was a sister of Mrs. Dr. Henry Keerl. ; 
One of her brothers built and occupied for some time 
the fine old-fashioned mansion at the corner of HoUi- i 
day and Lexington Streets, whose site is now taken 
up by Hoen's business edifice. Harriet, a daughter 
of this Mr. Myers, married Rev. J. Edward Jackson, 
a native of England. Their eldest son, Rev. William 
Myers Jackson, was rector of the leading Protestant 
Episcopal Church in Norfolk at the time of the yel- 
low fever epidemic, and fell a victim to the disease. 
His wife was Miss Hopkins, a granddaughter of the 
orator of the Revolution, Richard Henry Lee. An- 
other son, Samuel Keerl Jackson, married a Miss 
Calvert, of Virginia, and is the father of Rev. Mel- 
ville Jackson, one of the most eloquent and popular 
preachers in Richmond, Va. Dr. Samuel K. Jackson 
had another son, who, a mere youth of sixteen, served 
on a Confederate vessel in Albemarle Sound, and was 
mortally wounded in a conflict with a Federal man- 
of-war. He refused to leave his ship until borne off 
by the enemy, and the Federal surgeon who attended 
him until he died wrote a touching letter to his father, 
which was indorsed by other officers, warmly com- 
mending his fortitude and bravery. Two brothers of 
Rev. J. Edward Jackson were also ministers of the 
Episcopal Church. The clergymen of the Jackson 
family were prominent men in the church, and were 
moderate churchmen. On the maternal side they 
were descended from the Congreves, and very nearly 
related to Sir William Congreve, the poet. Sir Wil- 
liam's inkstand was in the possession of Rev. J. Ed- 
ward Jackson. A daughter of George H. Keerl mar- 
ried a son of Bishop Atkinson, of North Carolina, 
and had a son and a daughter. The son is a gradu- 
ate of the University of Virginia. The daughter 
married Thomas M. Nelson, of Clarke County, Va., 
a descendant of Secretary Nelson. His mother's 
sister, Evelyn Page, married the present Richard 
Henry Lee, grandson of the Revolutionary patriot 
and orator. The coat-of-arms of the Keerl family 
is very old, and the genealogical tree in their pos- 
session, which is not the oldest extant, dates from 



1550. A distinguished representative of the family 
recently resided at Schloss Lieberstein, near Augs- 
burg, Germany. Other members and descendants 
were not many years ago living at Nuremberg, and 
heartily welcomed the American relatives who visited 
them. Thomas M. Keerl is passing a retired life 
in the care of his property interests and in the com- 
pany of books. He and his wife and son are com- 
municants of the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch. 

Henry Nicholas Bankard, who has largely con- 
tributed towards building up the suburban portion 
of the city, was born in the city of Baltimore, Md., 
on the 23d of December, 1834. He is the son of 
Nicholas Dill and Mary Ann (Snodgrass) Bankard, 
and the grandson of Peter and Catherine (Dill) 
Bankard. His griMidfather on the paternal side was 
pf German descent. His mother was the daughter 
of William and Catherine (Hart) Snodgrass, and of 
Irish parentage. The ancient name of the Snod- 
grass family was Snuggrass, but the branch of the 
family residing in Ohio, with a regard for euphony, 
had it changed to Snodgrass. Mr. Bankard's academ- 
ical advantages were comparatively few, considering 
his present acquirements. He is a self-made and self- 
educated man, and his attainments strongly attest the 
superiority of the latter mode of training. His father 
was one of the best known master-builders in Balti- 
more, and desiring his son to follow his occupation, as 
he had early developed fine mechanical talent, im- 
parted to young Bankard the thorough knowledge of 
an artisan. Always active, energetic, and quick, he 
became master of all the details of a builder, and 
while quite a youth he was equal in mechanical exe- 
cution and finish to the best workmen. During his 
employment with his father he also acquired a 
thorough knowledge of the value of real estate in 
every part of the city of Baltimore and county, which 
subsequently gave him such advantage in the conduct 
of his present business, that of a real estate broker. 
Mr. Bankard's knowledge of property and the success- 
ful conduct of several large real estate negotiations 
determined him to adopt that profession. In 1856, 
Mr. Bankard opened a real estate ofiice at his present 
offices. No. 5 St. Paul Street, and at once succeeded 
in gathering about him a number of customers of sub- 
stantial real estate owners. These have annually in- 
creased, and his judgment and integrity, still holding 
his old customers and acquiring new, has given him a 
safe, solid business of proportions not exceeded by 
other leading brokers and rarely equaled. His experi- 
ence of twenty-five years in the business has made 
him an authority in his profession, upon which his 
customers rely without further inquiry. With quick 
decision, familiarity with all forms of conveyance, he 
conducts his business most satisfactorily to those who 
employ him. In 1869, Mr. Bankard connected with 
him in the real estate business a very clever young 
lawyer, Mr. Munson, but the partnership was dissolved 
bv the death of the latter. 




^ 



Vf'//' 



A'/'^ /'/■C'^ 



'^ 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



Mr. Bankard's political opinions were formed after 
close reading, observation, and reflection, quite inde- 
pendently of all local influence, when' he became a 
man, and are conscientiously entertained. At a time 
when it was dangerous to a gentleman's social position 
in Maryland to entertain and express opinions favor- 
able to the emancipation of slaves in the State, Mr. 
Bankard not only entertained these sentiments but 
fearlessly expressed them. More than that, yielding 
to the personal solicitations of his friend, the Hon. 
Henry Winter Davis, he became a candidate for the 
Legislature on the first Emancipation ticket ever voted 
for in Maryland, and polled over six hundred votes. 
At a later period, when the alarm of civil strife 
sounded from the guns of the gallant Anderson in 
defense of Fort Sumter, and the city of Baltimore 
was under the temporary control of men inimical to 
the Union, when men who have since made politi- 
cal capital on loud boasts of loyalty were so intimi- 
dated that they hauled down the nation's flag, the 
"red, white, and blue" floated from no other flag-stafl' 
than that of Mr. Bankard's. So pronounced was his 
loyalty and so conspicuous his work in cheering up 
and infusing some of his own courage into the hesi- { 
fating and doubting in behalf of the Union he loved I 
so well that his residence in Baltimore County was 
only protected from the Confederate torch by the 
strategy of a tenant, a woman, who told the mob that 
she " was as good a rebel as any of them." 

Later, when the invading forces of the enemy 
threatened Baltimore, Mr. Bankard shouldered a 
musket and served in the memorable campaign of 
" seven days on Brown's Hill," and materially aided [ 
the Union oflicers in the works of intrenchment and 
defense. 

In 1874, Mr. Bankard was unanimously selected by 
the Republican party of his ward as, a candidate for 1 
the First Branch of the City Council, and although ! 
counted out by the party holding the machinery of 1 
elections in Baltimore, he was believed to have been 
fairly elected and entitled to the seat. He has been | 
a member of the Mechanics' Lodge of Odd-Fellows 
for twenty years, and also a member of the Monu- j 
mental Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons. He i 
has taken an active interest in all works of public j 
improvement, philanthropy, and charity, and has 
been and yet is a helpful friend of the deserving 
poor. 

Mr. Bankard has held many prominent positions 
of honor and trust. He was secretary and director 
of the Newington Building Association of Baltimore 
from its origin until its successful close of business. ; 
For the past ten years he has held the same responsible 
position in the Newington Land and Loan Company i 
of Baltimore, distributing its entire earnings, aggre- 
gating nearly a million dollars, to the entire satisfac- | 
tiou of all concerned. He was installed treasurer of 
the Chesapeake Council, No. 307, Royal Arcanum, on [ 
the 12th of January, 1S79, and regent of the same on 



the 8th of January, 1880, and past regent and trustee 
of the same council on the 13th of January, 1881, 
and has since been elected a member of the Grand 
Council of the Royal Arcanum of the State of Mary- 
land, and one of its trustees. On the 5th of November, 
1880, he was elected a member of "The Maryland 
Historical Society," which is composed of the most 
learned men of the State. He was a member of the 
grand jury of the City of Baltimore at the September 
term of the Criminal Court, 1880, and was a member 
of the committee of the grand inquest charged with the 
important duty of reporting to the court the condition 
of the prisoners and the jail in whicR they were con- 
fined.. In 1867, his health becoming impaired, in 
company with the Rev. Dr. Backus and his estimable 
wife, and the Rev. Dr. Sewell, of Baltimore, he visited 
and spent a portion of the winter in the island of 
Cuba, and returning home in the spring reinvigorated 
in body and mind, he engaged actively in business. 

Mr. Bankard's religious proclivities have a par- 
tiality for the Methodist Church, influenced largely 
by the teachings of an eminently pious mother ; but 
his opinions on denomiuations are exceedingly lib- 
eral, believing that every church or denomination is 
necessary to the propagation of religious truth. 

While Mr. Bankard is a practical, systematic busi- 
ness man, he is affectionate and warm-hearted, and 
has a large circle of warm and cultivated friends. 
His manners are genial and kind, and his nature 
quick, active, and energetic. He married Caroline 
A. Horn, and has had ten children, six daughters 
and four sons. One of his sons, George Louis, died 
in 1877. The names of his surviving children are 
Mary Regina, Clara Virginia, Edgar Howard, Caro- 
line Lincoln, Henry Nicholas, Florence Reppert, 
Charles Sumner, Margaret Snodgrass, and Elizabeth 
Dill. Mr. Bankard is the author of a number of 
articles on the public questions of the day, — reform 
in the local administration of the city government, 
opposition to the system of irredeemable ground- 
rents* inequality of taxation, and other practical 
matters aflTecting the public welfare. He writes in a 
terse but lucid and bold, vigorous style. The produc- 
tions of his pen attract attention and discussion from 
the thoughtful. He is now in the very prime of life, 
firmly established in a large and profitable business, 
relieved by the association and attention to the edu- 
cation of his interesting family, and respected by the • 
public for his strict integrity and many excellent 
traits of social character. 

Louis McMurray was born in Baltimore (now Car- 
roll) County, twenty-eight miles northwest of Balti- 
more City, on the 27th of February, 1823. He was 
the son of Samuel and Sarah McMurray. His father 
was a farmer, and continued farming until 1832, when 
he moved to Baltimore. John McMurray, father of 
Samuel, came to this country from Ireland with his 
wife, and went to Virginia in 1788, where a daughter 
was born, — Anne McMurrav. Her mother brought 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



lier to Baltimore, where slie was baptized at the ca- 
thedral iu 1789 by the Kcv. John Carroll, afterwards 
Archbishop of Baltimore. Anne McMurray married 
John Little, brother of Peter Little, who was a repre- 
sentative in Congress for twenty-one years. Shortly 
before her deatli she was confirmed by Archbishop 
Gibbons. She was thus baptized by tlie first Arch- 
bishop of Baltimore and confirmed by the last, who 
still fills the office. 

Samuel McMurray, father of Louis, was born on 
his father's farm, in Baltimore County, in 1792. 
This farm was purchased in 1789. Samuel McMur- 
ray came to Baftimore in 1813-14, and took an active 
part in defending tlie city during the war of 1812. 
At the termination of the war he returned to his farm. 
He married, in 18ir), Sarah Sellman, daughter of 
Vachel and Eleanor Sellman. John Sellmau, of 
William, father of Vacliel, Jonathan, and Johnzee, 
came to this country in 1750, and established the 
furnace or iron-works situated about two miles west 
of Westminster. These have been worked, with 
longer or shorter intermissions, to the present time. 

Vachel Sellman married, in 1793, Eleanor Gill, of 
Baltimore County, whose father resided near Black 
Kock, and was one of the leading farmers in his sec- 
tion. 

Louis McMurray has three sisters, — Catharine, Ann, 
and Caroline McMurray. Catharine married twice, 
her first husband being Adolphus Dellinger, who was 
a prominent merchant in Baltimore, and afterwards 
in Cincinnati, Ohio. He died in 1844. In 1846 she 
married Ira S. Holden, a merchant of New Orleans. 
They are both now deceased and buried in Green- 
mount Cemetery. 

Ann S. McMurray married Micajah Young, a na- 
tive of Baltimore County, but a resident of Mont- 
gomery, Ala. 

Caroline McMurray married Charles E. Houghton, 
a merchant of Cincinnati, Ohio, now a resident of 
Baltimore. 

Samuel McMurray and family moved to Balt'more 
in 1832, where he engaged in the hotel business as 
proprietor of the Western Hotel, corner of Howard 
and Saratoga Streets. He retired from the Western 
Hotel in 1838 to a residence on Pearl Street. In 
1840 he commenced keeping a restaurant, and his son 
Louis engaged in the business with him. He con- 
tinued in that business until his death in 1850. 

In 1851, Louis McMurray was married to Jane 
Monica McDermott by the Rev. Alexius Elder, at the 
residence of her uncle, Thomas Smith. She is the 
daughter of Francis McDermott, of York, Pa., a dis- 
tinguished classical teacher in his day. Mrs. Mc- 
Murray, on the mother's side, is a niece of the late 
Rev. Andrew Smith, of Georgetown College, and Rev. 
John Smith, for many years pastor of St. James' 
Church, New York City. 

Louis McMur ay continued' in the restaurant busi- 
ness about one year after his father's death, when, in 



the fall of 1851, he commenced in a small way pack- 
ing hermetically sealed goods. After packing the 
goods they were. consigned U) Ira S. Holden, of New 
Orleans, La. The goods were sold at enormous 
prices. Previous to this time Mr. McMurray had 
had no knowledge of the packing business, and he 
had to grope his way in the dark. He was confident 
that hermetically sealed goods would come to be used 
in every household, and this caused him to make 
special efforts to be one of the successful packers. The 
profits arising from the first shipment dazzled his eyes, 
and, as Mulberry Sellers says, he thought " there were 
millions in it." But he was somewhat disappointed, 
not in the profits, but in the keeping of the packed 
goods, particularly oysters, of which he packed a con- 
siderable quantity. The losses and difficulties were 
many and great, as the method of packing was not 
very perfect. At that date very little was known 
about the use of steam iu the preparation of oysters. 
Many experiments were tried to ascertain the temper- 
ature necessary to keep oysters, peas, and the difl!er- 
ent kinds of vegetables. After various trials it was 
found that a higher temperature was required than 
the boiling-point of water, 212°, and after various 
exjjeriments Mr. McMurray discovered that the 
proper temperature could be obtained by a solution of 
calcium potash, or salt. This discovery enabled him 
to pack oysters and vegetables so that they would 
keep with but a small percentage of spoilage, and he 
shipped the goods readily to all parts of the world. 
Mr. McMurray soon found it necessary to enlarge his 
I business, and commenced building extensive factories 
on the property purchased of Sellman Shipley and 
others, the heirs of Johanzee Sellman. The factories 
were built of such dimensions as to enable Mr. Mc- 
Murray in the busy season of fruit to employ, as he has 
frequently done, eight hundred to a thousand hands 
in preparing peaches and other fruits and vegetables. 
In the winter season the oysters were packed in the 
same factory and required about three hundred hands. 
These extensive accommodations enabled him to pack 
large quantities of goods to meet the demands both 
of the foreign and home markets. He also built his 
! dwelling, 268 West Biddle Street, adjoining the factory, 
' where he now resides. In 1868, owing to the failure 
of the peach crop in Maryland, Mr. McMurray went 
to Cincinnati that season to pack peaches. There he 
became familiar with the taste of sugar-corn. Pre- 
vious to that he had very little knowledge of sugar- 
corn, as the corn packed in the Baltimore factory was 
what is termed field-corn, and not of that delicious 
sweetness which sugar-corn retains after packing. 
For a few years Mr. McMurray had for partners 
Messrs. Alexander B. Ellis and Charles E. Houghton. 
Mr. McMurray consulted them about the packing of 
sugar-corn, with which he was very much delighted. 
In the fall of 1868 he paid a visit to Frederick City 
to make arrangements for the raising and packing of 
sugar-corn and other vegetables. After consulting 



;'iiS£C 




^2ccJ, 



We^4A 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



777 



the people and viewing the location, he thought it 
was a good opportunity to commence business at that 
point. On his return home he consulted Messrs. 
Ellis and Houghton, but they decided not to have 
anything to do with that enterprise. 

This made Mr. McMurray very ambitious to put 
into execution his own views and show them the re- 
sults. He bought a lot of four acres from Peter 
Manse to build the factory upon. This lot is in the 
city of Frederick, and opposite the residence where 
the illustrious Chief Justice Taney once resided. In 
the spring of 1869, Mr. McMurray commenced the 
erection of his factories at Frederick, which were con- 
structed for the packing of corn and other vegetables 
and fruits. 

He contracted with the farmers of the vicinity at 
high prices to raise several hundred acres of corn, 
and one hundred acres of tomatoes and peas were 
planted out. One of the good, honest old farmers 
of the region called on Mr. McMurray and said, 
" Mr. McMurray, don't you think you are doing very 
wrong? No sane man would plant that much corn 
and tomatoes ; they would not be used in Frederick in 
all your life." Mr. McMurray replied that it would 
be all right, as he thought he could dispose of it in 
other places. Twenty-five practical tinners from Bal- 
timore were sent to Frederick, and commenced work 
in good earnest, making cans to have in readiness for 
the corn, etc. ; but the farmers who had agreed to 
raise corn for him by the acre thought it was a wild- 
goose speculation, and gave very little attention to 
the corn-fields and cultivation, conseqtiently the crops 
were poor, and there was very little corn to pack. 
This was the cause of a very heavy loss the first year. 
But this did not deter Mr. McMurray, or discourage 
him at all, as he knew sugar-corn could be raised suc- 
cessfully in Maryland. He accordingly consulted I 
Thomas H. Smith, his foreman, as to the manner I 
of proceeding the following year. After consulting 1 
they concluded that they must commence farming the 
lands themselves to make a success. Though they ; 
were aware that their knowledge of farming was i 
limited, they determined to undertake the enterprise 
and make it a success by constant attention and hard j 
labor. The first year or so Mr. McMurray rented the 
land, and afterwards commenced purchasing farms as ! 
they were offered for sale, the land, of course, being 
selected with reference to its adaptability to the culture 
of sugar-corn. The farmers generally did not meet 
him with much liberality in renting lands, as in their 
opinion his enterprise was destined to be a failure, 
and their opinion was indorsed by a good many lead- | 
ing men of Baltimore in the hermetically sealed 
goods business, for instance, Thomas Kensett, whose 
father was the pioneer of the canned goods busi- 
ness in America. Thomas Kensett was a particu- [ 
lar friend of Mr. McMurray, and they frequently in- 
terchanged views with mutual pleasure and profit. 
He said, "Mr. McMurray, you had better burn down 



your factory in Frederick, and you will make money 
by stopping the corn business." Mr. McMurray smiled 
and thanked him, but told him he would stick it out 
to the last. Mr. Kensett said there could be no sugar- 
corn raised equal to that raised in Maine, but Mr. 
McMurray has proved to the contrary. In 1870, the 
second year of Mr. McMurray's Frederick enterprise, 
the men w'ho did the sealing up of the cans, and who 
had contracted with him to the end of the packing 
season, business becoming a little slack for a few 
days, became restless and wanted to return to Balti- 
more. Mr. McMurray immediately set to work to 
devise some plan which should free him from such 
embarrassments in the future, and invented and ob- 
tained a patent for a machint: for sealing up the cans 
by unskilled labor. This enabled a boy of sixteen 
years of age to seal up twice as many cans as could 
be formerly done with the old capping-iron and skilled 
labor. This is the principle used in nearly all the 
factories in the United States. Mr. McMurray also 
invented a stove for heating the irons which are used. 
He also obtained several other patents for soldering 
devices, which he uses in his factories. With the 
help of his invention, thirty unskilled boys, who 
have never capped a can before, can cap up one hun- 
dred thousand cans a day. Without this it would 
require fifty men skilled in the art of tinning to do 
the same amount of work. Mr. McMurray has pur- 
chased one thousand acres of land of Miss Emily 
Harper, being part of " Carrollton Manor." This 
land is especially adapted to the growing of sugar- 
corn, consisting of sandy and loamy soil, with a sub- 
soil of clay and plenty of limestone. With other 
farms previously purchased, Mr. McMurray now owns 
two thousand five hundred acres of land in Frederick 
County, which is regularly cultivated in connection 
with his canning business. His agricultural opera- 
tions are conducted with his own teams and under 
the foremanship of Thomas H. Smith, and it re- 
quires three millions of cans to contain the corn thus 
raised. When in full operation this season from 
eighty to one hundred thousand cans were packed 
each day, and eleven hundred and fifty hands em- 
ployed in the various departments of the Frederick 



Encouraged by Mr. McMurray's success, corn- 
packing factories are rapidly springing up in Mary- 
land and other States, which are receiving a fair share 
of public patronage, and it is safe to say that the 
packers of corn in Maine will not be able to compete 
with the Maryland packers. Mr. McMurray's success 
has been recognized, not only by the increasing de- 
mand for his goods, but by the awards of several 
international expositions. At the Centennial Ex- 
position in 1876 he received the highest medal and 
diploma for canned sugar-corn, and also the highest 
diploma and medal for canned oysters. At the Paris 
Exposition in 1878 he received a gold medal and a 
diploma, the highest awards of the Exposition, for the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



superiority of his corn and the excellence of his 
oysters. These awards were naturally very gratifying 
to Mr. McMurray, and uiay be regarded as definitely 
proving the superiority of Maryland sugar-corn. It 
may be added that Mr. McMurray can justly claim to 
be the first person to raise and pack sugar-corn to any 
large extent in Maryland. In 1872, Mr. McMurray 
purchased a lot at the foot of Cross Street, Baltimore, 
from Charles M. Dougherty, where he had erected ex- 
tensive factories for the packing of oysters, fruits, etc. 
Soon after, Mr. Ellis died, and Mr. Charles E. Hough- 
ton withdrew from the business. The Baltimore 
factory fronts seven hundred and fifty feet on Cross 
Street, employing during the oyster season from four 
hundred to five hundred hands, canning four thou- 
sand bushels per day, and during the fruit season 
from six hundred to seven hundred hands. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

MO lis AND UIOT.S. 

First Klectlon Riot— Whig nul> Mol>— Gen. Clmiies Lens Mob— The Em- 
bargo Riot— The Burnt Gin Riot- Tlie Mob of 1812- Tlie Bank of 
Maryland Mob— The Nunnery Riot— Know-Nothing Election Riot« 
—The loth of April, 1861, Riot— The Railroad Strike of 1877. 

About fifty years ago any speaker or writer who 
wished to cast reproach on the city of Baltimore had 
always at hand one favorite epithet, the name of 
"Mobtown." It was no use for an indignant Balti- 
morean to argue or protest against the stigma as out- 
rageously false and unjust; there was enough justice 
in it to make the name stick like a burr to the pleasant 
town on the Patapsco. It is true that what passed for 
mobs in the earlier period of the town's history would 
be thought small affairs now ; but there were also 
tumults that assumed formidable proportions and 
wrought atrociou.s wrong and cruelty. 

The First Election Riot.— Most persons doubtless 
imagine that the exciting scenes witnessed at some of 
our elections at the present day are without a parallel, 
but an examination into our early records proves the 
contrary. As an evidence of this may be mentioned 
an election held at .Toppa, the county-seat of Balti- 
more County, on March 2, 17.02, for four representa- 
tives of Baltimore County in the House of Delegates, 
in the place of William Govane, Thoma-s Franklin, 
Lloyd Buchanan, and Charles llidgely. These gen- 
tlemen had been elected to the Assembly, but their 
seats were contested by John Paca, Walter Tolly, 
William Smith, and John Matthews, and they were 
dismissed from the House and a new election ordered. 
The following petition of the contesting delegates 
will give an insight into the mode of carrying an 
election in Maryland over a century and a quarter 
ago: 

" That \\m. Govane, one of the gentlemen who stood a candidate at 
the said then onsuiug election, in order to procure liiniKcIf and other 



gentlemen who promoted his interest in said election, gave orcaused to 
be given a great quantity of rum punch and other strong liquors to the 
people In several parts of the country, In order to secure the votes of the 
said people for himself and his friends; and when the said people were 
wai-mod and intoxicated with strong liquors, engaged their promises to 
vote for him, the said Govane, and his friends. That the said William 
Govane, the better to hold the people to their promisee, procured great 
quantities of runt and punch and other strong liquors to be lodged in 
the way of the people to the said election, and gave the same to the peo- 
ple; and at the court-house before the election, and at the Inking of the 
poll, procured so much strong liquor to be given to the people that many 
of them were made drunk and not capable of giving their votes with 
prudence and discretion or agreeably to what tfaey would have done hod 
they been sober." 

It was further recited that the voters finally became 
so disorderly that it was found necessary to adjourn 
Jthe voting, which greatly delayed the election. It 
was also charged that the sheriff shut the court-house 
doors for two hours, " and thereby kept out several 
of your petitioners and their friends, by means whereof 
several of your petitioners' friends were prevented 
from going to vote, and your petitioners were pre- 
vented from objecting to the votes of several unquali- 
fied voters." It was also stated that the clerk who 
kept the polls was not sworn as required by law. 

The flection to fill the seats of those dismissed from 
the House came off in due time, and proved a very 
exciting affair. There were " more people present 
than ever before," and the election continued three 
days, during which time there was considerable fight- 
ing, and two men were killed. At the end of the 
three days there were but nine hundred and ninety- 
two votes cast, r&sulting in the re-election of William 
Govane, Thomas Franklin, Maj. Charles Ridgely, 
and Lloyd Buchanan. 

The Whig Club Mob. — Baltimore had been a town 
for almost fifty years before any tumult occurred with 
which the staff of the constable by day or the espan- 
toon of the watchman by night was not able to cope. 
Indeed, the first mob of which any record is preserved 
was hardly a mob at all, being only a violent proceed- 
ing against a single person, though at the time it was 
thought a very serious matter. 

The townsmen had entered into the war of inde- 
pendence with ardent patriotism, and nowhere were 
there more devoted supporters of W^ashington, their 
confidence and affection never wavering, even in the 
dark days of Long Island and White Plains. But 
here as elsewhere there were some who doubted the 
success of the patriotic cause, and looking with alarm 
at the consequences of failure began to turn a wistful 
eye to the tempting terms offered by Lord Howe. To 
check the growing spirit of defection and support the 
patriotic cause the "Whig Club," apparently com- 
posed of the more radical members of the old " Com- 
mittee of Observation," was organized early in 1777. 
The members seem to have lost sight of the fact that 
they were no longer an official body but a voluntary 
association, and were inclined to carry matters with a 
very high hand indeed. Each member swore to use 
his utmost diligence to " detect all traitors and dis- 
cover all traitorous conspiracies against the State." 



MOBS AND RIOTS. 



More than this, the club was disposed to erect itself 
into a sortof Vehmgericht, one of its rules providing 
" that no person accused as an enemy to America 
shall be convicted thereof without being heard in his 
defense," and another, that by a vote of tw6-thirds an 
accused person might be " adjudged an enemy to his 
country." Thus in the infant State of Maryland 
there was a sort of anticipation of the Jacobins' club 
of Paris a few years later. Happily the assumption 
that patriotic zeal was justified in placing itself above 
the law was promptly checked, as we shall see. 

On Feb. 25, 1777, a card signed " Tom Tell-truth" 
appeared in the Maryland Journal, published in Bal- 
timore by William Goddard and his sister, eulogizing 
in extravagant phrase the terms of peace offered by 
Lord Howe. It seems to us now that the writer's 
meaning must have been ironical, but the Whig Club 
took the matter up seriously, and a summons, signed 
" Legion," was sent to Mr. Goddard, citing him to ap- 
pear before them and answer such questions as they 
should ask. As he showed no signs of compliance, 
on the next day (March 4th) Nathaniel Kamsey, 
Robert Buchanan, Benj. Nicholson, Hugh Young, 
aud other leading townsmen, members of the club, 
some of whom were armed, went to his office, and by 
threats of violence compelled him to go before the 
club, where he was subjected to a close examination. 
He stubbornly refused to name his correspondent, 
and as a punishment for his contumacy was ordered 
to leave the town in three days. This also he would 
not do, so the club, after some delay, proceeded to 
carry out its own orders. The proceedings are thus 
detailed in Goddard's memorial to the Legislature : 

"On Tuesday morning lost (March 26tli), about nine o'clock, a com- 
pany of men, some of them armed with swords and some having sticks,' 
came to my house aud took possession of the doors and staircases, after 
which several gents, headed by Com. Nicholson, came up-stairs into 
the printing-office where I then was. The gents remained on or 
near the staircase. Com. Nicholson entered the room and seized me, on 
which a struggle ensued. The door was shut by a workman of mine, 
which was burst open by the gents who stayed behind, and who were 
now pressing forward to assist Com. Nicholson. Several of the company 
seized me, and whilst in that situation I received several blows given 
with their fists. My workmen in the office were treated in the same 
manner, thrown down aud much injured. . . . I was then dragged down- 
stairs, when Com. Nicholson, being apprehensive of firearms, searched my 
pockets. The names of the persons who entered my house were Com. 
James Nicholson, Beujamin Nicholson, Col. Nathaniel Ramsey, James 
Cox, David Stewart, David Plunkett, George Turnbull, Daniel Bowley, 
John Gordon, George Welsh, Mark Alexander, Hugh Young, John Mc- 
Clure, David Poe, Daniel Lawrence, and Capts. Hallock and Campbell." 

There was a strong disposition to apply a coat of 
tar and feathers, and a cart was brought up for that 
purpose, but happily Goddard's assailants did not 
proceed to that extremity. Miss Mary Goddard, who 
had a full share of her brother's courage and resolu- 
tion, tried to induce Capt. Galbraith, commanding 
the town guard, to rescue him ; but the captain swore 
that " if his commission was worth ten thousand a 
year he would throw it up before he would fire on 
those gentlemen." In fact, this mob was composed 
of the leading citizens of the town : Capt. Nicholson 



was the commander of the Maryland ship-of-war " De- 
fense," and besides those mentioned above we find 
the names of Benjamin Griffith, Capt. Nathaniel 
Smith, Lieut. Thomas Morgan, John McCabe, Cor- 
nelius and Job Garratson, James Smith, William 
Aisquith, Murdock Kennedy, David McMechan, and 
others well known iu Maryland history. 

Mr. Goddard, being thus violently brought before 
the tribunal of the Whig Club, was offered the choice 
of leaving the town in six hours or being " subjected 
to suffer their original designs," to which he natur- 
ally replied that before making his election he would 
be glad to know what their original designs were; 
but on this point they refused to enlighten him. See- 
ing that resistance was impossible, he left Baltimore 
for Annapolis, and laid a statement of the matter be- 
fore the Legislature. 

The Legislature saw at a glance that proceedings like 
these must be checked at once, and promptly passed 
resolutions censuring the Whig Club, and pronouncing 
its action " a most daring infringement and manifest 
violation of the Constitution of this State . . . tend- 
ing in its consequences (unless timely checked) to the 
destruction of all regular government." They further 
requested Governor Johnson to give Mr. Goddard the 
protection of the law. The Governor at once issued 
a proclamation declaring all associations presuming 
to exercise any of the powers of government, or as- 
suming authority over the persons or property of any ' 
of the citizens of the State, unlawful assemblies, 
who should be held to a severe account. Thus the 
matter was settled : Mr. Goddard was allowed to re- 
turn to Baltimore under the protection of the law, 
and the freedom of the press was for the first time 
vindicated in republican Maryland. 

Gen. Charles Lee's Mob.— The troubles of the 
unlucky Mr. Goddard were not yet over, however, 
for about two years later his editorial imprudence 
occasioned what is known as the " Lee Mob." Most 
persons know the story of the traitor Gen. Charles 
Lee, whose disappointed ambition and thirst for 
vengeance found vent in malicious charges against 
Washington, laying the disasters to the American 
arms at the door of the commander-in-chief, and in- 
sinuating that his aim was to secure arbitrary power 
by getting rid of dangerous rivals. At this day it is not 
easy to judge the effect these charges had upon minds 
rendered uneasy and suspicious by repeated disasters, 
not yet knowing the real character of Washington, 
and entirely overestimating that of Lee. 

In the Maryland Journal of July 6, 1779, appeared 
" Some Queries, Political and Military, humbly offered 
to the Consideration of the Public," aimed at the char- 
acter and abilities of Washington, and at the recent 
French alliance. The animus of these queries, which 
were twenty-five in number, may be seen from the 
following extracts : 



" IX. Whether it is salutary or dangerous, consistent with or abhor- 
ont from the principles and spirit of Liberty and Republicanism to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



iuculcnte and cncourago In tlio people an idea that their welfare, safety, 
and glory depend on one muu? whether they really do depend on one 

" X. Whether, amongst ttio Inte warm, or rather loyal, addressee in this 
city [tlie paper was dated from Philadelphin] to His Excellency Gen. 
Washington there was n single mortal, one gentleman excepted, who 
could possibly be acquainted with his merits? 

"XI. Wliethor this gentleman excepted does really think his Kxcel- 
ioncy a great man, or whether the evidence conld not bo produced of 
his sentiments being quite tlie reverse?** 

Comparisons were then drawn between the acliicve- ! 
ments of the Northern armies under Gates and Arnold 
and that under Washington in Pennsylvania; the 
loss of Fort Washington and the defeat at White 
Plains were by implication attributed to the inca- 
pacity of the commander-in-chief; and it was insinu- 
ated that the finding of the couit-martial on Gen. 
Lee was directly in opimsiiidn lo ihc evidence, and 
influenced by the malice oi' W'a-liin-tdii. | 

The publication of these (^mrir^ eiuised great ex- j 
citement. A party of armed men forced their way ! 
into Goddard's house at night, whose proceedings we I 
give in part, from his own narrative: 

** A hand of rufliium, composed of Continental recruits, mulattoes or 
negroes, fifers and drunimei-H, to the number of about thirty, headed by 
Thomas Cromwell, Jolm Bayley, and Stephen Sherrodine, Continental 
officers, were detached from the headquarters of your memorialist's prose- 
cutors to invade the sanctuary of his dwelling and seize on his person. 
Under the shade of night, on the 8th [JulyJ instant, at a late hour, when 
nature seemed hushed in silence and repose, this motley crew burst into 
the house of your memorialist, and entering his bedchamber, demanded 
his surrender and appearance before their main body, then assembled at 
the coffee-house, for the trial and punishment of your memorialist. Your 
memorialist had only time to snatch a sword from its scabbard and take 
a proper position for defense when he was pressed upon by this lawless 
band, wlio added insult to injury. Your memorialist, Icnowing tiiniself 
to be answerable to no illegal tribunal, refused to obey the menacing 
summons he liad received, and . . . entreated Capt. Cromwell, the 
leader of the party, not to put him to the fatal necessity of laying him 
dead at his feet, which should be his or any man's fate who ventured to 



This fatal necessity was happily spared him. A 
" convention," as he terms it, was agreed upon, and 
the party withdrew on his pledge to present himself 
at the cofl'ee-house the next morning. On the follow- 
ing morning, therefore, Mr. Goddard sallied forth, 
with his good sword, and calling upon William 
Spear, George Lindenberger, Abraham Vanbibber, 
and James Calhoun, the magistrates of the town, 
demanded their protection. Justices Spear and Lin- 
denberger promised to protect him if he would lay 
aside his sword, which he did ; but Justice Calhoun, 
in front of whose house a crowd had assembled, or- 
dered him from his door, and the crowd immediately 
laid hold of him. A cart was brought up, on which 
they proposed to cart him through the town with a 
halter about his neck. Seeing no chance of escape 
he yielded, gave up the name of the author of the 
obnoxious queries, who was no other, of course, than 
Lee himself, and signed a humble apology, asking 
pardon of Gen. Washington and of the public for 
having published " a piece so replete with the non- 
sense and malevolence of a disappointed man." By 
this prudent submission he saved himself; but two of 



his friends who expressed their .sympathy too strongly 
were, as he says, "dragged (amidst the din of insult- 
ing music) in carts through the streets, with halters 
about their necks, and occasionally cudgeled for the 
diversion of the inhuman part of the spectators." 

This affair led to a challenge from Col. Eleazer 
Oswald, Mr. Goddard's partner, to Col. Smith, the 
alleged leader of the mob (afterwards distinguished 
in Maryland history as Gen. Samuel Smith, whose 
gallant services in repressing another mob we shall 
mention later), but no duel was fought. The in- 
domitable Goddard a few days later retracted his 
apology in tlie eohiiiuis of his paper. 

The Embargo Riot.— As a reprisal for the con- 
tinued invasion of dur neutral rights by the French 
and English, then at war, Congress, in March, 1794, 
declared a general embargo of thirty days. The 
news was received with great satisfaction in Balti- 
more, where a strong war-feeling prevailed. At the 
expiration of the embargo, Capt. Ramsdell, who had 
hoisted his ship's flag at half-mast, and a young man 
named Sentorn were seized and tarred and feathered 
by a mob on Fell's Point. David Stodder, captain 
of the artillery company, and a man very popular 
with the Fell's Pointers, was a leading actor in both 
transactions, and he, with John Steel, Capt. William 
Reeves, Robert Townsend (one of the captains of the 
night watch at Fell's Point), Thomas Trimble, Morris 
Job, John Weaver, a Mr. Raborg, and others were 
arrested on a warrant from Judge Samuel Chase. A 
great crowd of sympathizing persons, with drums and 
fifes and with colors flying, followed Stodder, Reeves, 
and Steel, the ringleaders of the riot, to the court, 
exhorting them to refuse security, and declaring that 
if they were sent to jail they would tear the jail 
down to have them out, and would demolish the 
house of Judge Chase. The persons arrested refused 
to give security to appear at the next court. "Then," 
said the judge, " you must go to jail." Robert Oliver 
and John Smith, two of the most opulent citizens, 
proposed themselves as surety to Mr. Stodder, but 
the prisoner refusing to accept their otter the judge 
ordered the sheriff to take him to prison. The 
sheriff replied that he could not take him ; the 
judge then told him to summon the posse comUatus to 
his assistance ; the sheritt' responded that he could 
get no one to serve; the judge then said, "Summon 
me, sir: I will be the posse comiialvs, I will take him 
to jail." A number of influential gentlemen then 
addressed the judge, advising him to pass over the 
affair, and intimating that they apprehended his life 
and property were in danger. " God forbid," was his 
emphatic reply, 

"that my countrymen should ever be guilty of so daring an outrage; 
but, sir, with the blessing of God, I will do ray duty. They may destroy 
my property, they may pull down my house from over my head; yea, 
they may make a widow of my wife, and my children fatherless. The 
life of one man is of little conscquonce compared to the prostration of 
the laws of the land. With tlie blessing of God, I will do my duty, b« 
the cuuseijiiences what they may." 



MOBS AND RIOTS. 



781 



He gave the parties time to reflect upon the im- 
portance and propriety of yielding, and appointed 
the next day, May 4th, to meet them. It was ob- 
served that the morrow would be Sunday. " No 
better day," replied Judge Chase, " to execute the 
laws of our country ; I will meet you here, and then 
repair to the house of my God." Not obtaining 
security for their appearance on Sunday, he sent an 
express to the Governor and Council on that day 
calling for the support of the State, as the militia of 
the town were disaffected and refused to obey their 
commanding officers. On Monday he was waited on 
by Messrs. O'Donnell, Oliver, Smith, and others of 
the most wealthy and respectable citizens of Balti- 
more, to request him to desist and give up the point 
of compelling the prisoners to join in with the sure- 
ties to appear at the next term of court for trial, ap- 
prehending serious consequences to the city. He 
replied to them with great warmth, asked if they 
meant to insult him by supposing him capable of 
yielding the law to two obstinate men. They left him, 
and a few hours after, as the judge was going to court, 
the persons charged met him in the street and con- 
sented to give the security, and thus the disturbance 
was quieted without any, serious mischief being done. 

The troubles with Judge Chase, however, did not 
cease with the suppression of the riot. When the 
court met the grand jury refused to find a bill against 
the parties accused, and delivered a presentment 
against Judge Chase. The presentment comprised 
two specific charges: first, of having insulted them 
by openly censuring the sheriff for having returned 
so bad a jury ; and, secondly, of having violated the 
Bill of Eights by accepting and executing at the 
same time two different offices, that of chief judge 
of the Criminal Court and chief judge of the General 
Court of the State. 

The reply of Judge Chase was marked by temperate 
moderation and firmness. He gently reminded the 
grand jury how much they had gone beyond the 
proper sphere of their duties in meddling with such 
subjects as the holding of two offices, and justified his 
censure of the sheriff as well founded. In conclusion 
he said to the jury, "You will, gentlemen, continue 
to do your duty, and I shall persevere in mine ; and 
you may be assured that mistaken opinion of yours 
or resentment against me will not prevent my having 
respect for you (i.s a body." In the succeeding De- 
cember his tenure of the twofold judicial station be- 
came the subject of a debate in the House of Delegates, 
and an attempt was made to procure his removal from 
the judgeship of the General Court. The attempt did 
not succeed, but although the vote was forty-one to 
twenty in his favor on the question of removal, yet a 
majority concurred in the resolution that the Consti- 
tution was infringed by the simultaneous tenure of 
the two offices.' 

1 Judge Chase at tliia time had adopted the plan of combiuing die- 
quisitioDs oii the politics of the day with his charges to the grand juries 
50 



Gin that had Paid Tribute.— In 1808, while the 
popular mind was inflamed against Great Britain by 
the constant insults and aggressions of that power, 
an English shoemaker of Baltimore named Beattie 
used some offensive expressions concerning the United 
States. In the excited state of public feeling the 
slightest cause was sufficient to kindle indignation, 
and the people accordingly seized the unfortunate 
shoemaker, tarred and feathered him, and rode him 
in a cart from the corner of South and Baltimore 
Streets to Fell's Point and back again, followed by 
the mayor and a number of citizens who attempted 
to rescue him. Several of the guilty parlies were 
arrested, tried, fined, and imprisoned, but were all 
pardoned by the Governor and their fines remitted. 

On the 30th of September, 1808, the indignation of 
the people was again aroused by the appearance of 
the following address " To the people of Maryland," 
which appeared in the daily press : 



of his circuit, and as lie was a zealous Federalist this custom naturally 
gave great offense to the Democrats. Two-thinis of the House of Rep- 
resentatives in 1804 were of the latter party, and one of their leaders 
was the eccentric John Randolph, who was so indignant at Judge Chase's 
conduct that in January, 1804, lie moved for a committee to inquire into 
the judge's official acts and character, and determine whether there was 
not ground for an impeachment. On the 26th of March the committee 
reported six articles of impeachment, though in order to find sufficient 
grounds they had to go back to acts done nearly five years before, and 
during the Federal administration, his conduct in the case of John Fries 
and James Thompson Callcnder, tried in 1800 under the odious "Sedi- 
tion Act," being selected by the committee as his most vulnerable point. 
An impeachment was ordered by a vote of about two to one, notwith- 
standing the earnest opposition of tiie Federalists, who regarded the 
whole proceeding as mere party spite and vengeance. The session closed 
on the 27th of March, leaving the trial to the following session. On the 
2d of January, 1806, Judge Chase appeared at the bar of the Senate, and 
the 4th of February was assigned for his trial. On this occasion the 
Senate chamber was fitted up in an appropriate manner, and with places 
for various otBcial dignitaries. Judge Chase's counsel were Luther 
Martin, who, like Chase himself, hadorigiuaUy opposed the Constitution, 
but who had become long since a warm Federalist; Charles I.ce, late At- 
torney-General of the United States; Robert Goodloe Harper, the former 
distinguished Federal leader in the House ; and Joseph Hopkiusou, who, 
though then but a young man, acquired for himself an exalted reputa- 
tion in this case. " For these," says Mr. Hildreth, " the ablest advocates 
in the Union, to lake no account of Chase, who was a host in himself, 
the managers on the part of the House were no match. Martin's mas- 
sive logic and Lee's and Harper's argumentative eloquence, directed al- 
ways to the point, stood in striking contrast to the tingling but desultory 
surface strokes of Randolph, upon whom the main burden of the prose- 
cution fell." The managers ou the part of the House were Messrs. Ran- 
dolph, Rodney, Nicholson, Clarke, Campbell, Boyle, and Early. Aaron 
Burr, who had returned from his flight southward for the killing of 
Alexander Hamilton on the 11th of July, 1804, and with an indictment 
for murder hanging over his head, presided with all his accustomed self- 
possession, dignity, and grace at the trial. It lasted until the 1st of 
March, when thejudge, notwithstanding the strong Democratic majority 
of the Senate, was acquitted on five of the eight charges against him by 
decided majorities, on one of them unanimously. On the three other 
articles, two relating to Callender's trial, and the third to Chase's charge 
to the Maryland grand jury in 1803, a majority of the senators present 
held him guilty, but as it required two-thirds of the whole to concur in 
a conviction, he was acquitted on all ttie charges. 

Soon after the acquittal of Aaron Burr of treason, a large number of 
the people of Ballimore expressed great dissatisfaction with the result of 
his trial. On the 2d of November, 1807, they paraded the streets of 
Baltimore with the effigy of Chief Justice LuUier Martin, then a resi- 
dent of the city, and one of the counsel of Burr and Blennerhasset, 
which they afterwards committed to the fiames. 



782 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



"Thia day, the 30tb of September, arrived in Balllmore the brig 
'Sophia,' of Baltimore, Samuel Carman master, from Bottordam, by 
the way of Harwick (England), having been sent into that port in con- 
sequence of the llrltish Orders in Council of Nov. 11, and there compelled 
to pay duty or TmniiTE ond all port or other charges, as If the said 
master hod voIuHtarily carried his vessel into the port of lia^^vicll afore- 
said, us by the following Incontestible documents may fully appear." 

Then follows the proof, consisting of the clearance 
and permission of the English collector of customs, 
specifj'ing the cargo its six puncheons, containing 
seven hundred and twenty gallons of Geneva gin, on 
which export duty had been fully paid. The impor- 
tation of this cargo of gin created the greatest ex- 
citement, because it had paid "an infamous tribute," 
and a town-meeting having been called, it was de- 
cided to burn it on Hampstead Hill. The owner, to 
escape the fury of the populace, gave his consent that 
the gin should be " condemned to the flames." 

It was determined to burn this unlioly gin with all 
the pomp and ceremony demanded by so important 
an occasion, and accordingly, on the 4th of October, 
1808, tlie houses were deserted, and the city gave 
itself up to the celebration of the event. A monster 
procession was formed, which moved about two 
o'clock in the afternoon, and which was led by a 
beautiful barge on wheels, adorned with flags and 
streamers, and manned by masters of vessels. From 
her rigging floated flags eloquent with such patriotic 
inscriptions as "No Gag Bills," "No Stamp Act," 
" Bunker Hill Forever !" " No Tribute," " Liberty of 
the Sea-s, Huzza !" This was followed by twelve hun- 
dred horsemen, preceded by a trumpeter, and the 
horsemen by a banner bearing the motto " God Speed 
the Plow." Next came more than four hundred 
sailors, with an American ensign and a white flag 
labeled " A proof that all the American seamen have 
not gone to Halifax," an allusion to the seizure of a 
number of the crew of the frigate " Chesapeake." 
After the sailors came a car bristling with national 
mottoes, followed by about five hundred citizens in 
platoons the width of the street; and after another 
vessel beautifully decorated came another large body 
of citizens, the whole procession marching to the pa- 
triotic and inspiring strains of " Yankee Doodle." 
The procession moved through the chief streets of the 
city, and arrived at Hampstead Hill, the place where 
the gin was to be destroyed, " at early candle-light." 
A general illumination of the whole vicinity lighted 
up the scene; the citizens on horseback formed an 
immense circle, and the tributary gin was fastened 
to a sort of gallows in the centre, to which was at- 
tached a flag inscribed " British Orders in Council." 
At length the fagots were kindled, and the pro- 
scribed liquor blazed to heaven amidst the discharge 
of cannon and the applause of fifteen thou.sand citi- 
zens met to show their love for independence, and to 
burn gin that had paid tribute to England. 

The Mob of 1812. — This most atrocious and cruel 
affair was the chief cause of the evil repute into 
which Baltimore fell, and at the time sent a shudder 




of horror through the country. Party spirit was then 
running high between the Federals and the Demo- 
crats, the latter being strongly in tlie majority in Bal- 
timore. The declaration of war with Great Britain 
was the exciting question of the day, and the Demo- 
crats in public meetings were urging its necessity, 
and inflaming the minds of the people until they 
grew to look upon those "who 
disapproved that extreme 
measure as traitors of the 
blackest dye. 

War was declared on June 
18th, and on the 20th an ar- 
ticle appeared in the Federal 
Republican strongly censur- 
ing the measure, and avowing- 
deep hostility to Presiil. m 
Madison and his administra- 
tion. The enraged populace, 
who idolized Madison, at- 
tacked the office of the paper, 

which Wits then situated on the northwest corner of 
Gay and Second Streets, on the following Monday, 
threw the presses, type, and paper into the street, and, 
not satisfied with this, tore the building itself to the 
ground. One man, in forcing out an upper window- 
frame, lo.st his footing, fell to the ground and was 
killed. The editors fled from the city. The mob also 
wreaked its vengeance upon various obnoxious per- 
sons, and dismantled several vessels lying at the docks 
loading for Portugal and Spain, which it was reported 
were to sail under British licenses. 

Matters rested so until July 26th, when Alexander 
Contee Hanson, one of the editors, returned to Balti- 
more with a party of friends in the dusk of the evening, 
and taking possession of a brick house on South 
Charles Street, near Mercer, began to put it in condi- 
tion to resist an attack. They were a resolute body 
of distinguished gentlemen, well provided with mus- 
kets and ammunition, and under the leadership of 
Gen. Harry Lee (" Light-Horse Harry," the father of 
Gen. Robert E. Lee), supposed that they could 
make good the post against any force that could be 
brought against them. The rest of the party were 
Gen. James M. Lingan, Alexander C. Hanson, the 
editor, and William Schroeder, John Thompson, 
William B. Bend, Otho Sprigg, Henry Kennedy, 
Robert Kilgour, Henry Nelson, John E. Hall, George 
Winchester, Peregrine Warfield, George Richards, 
Edward Gwinn, David Hoftman, Horatio Bigelow, 
I'^phraim Gaither, William Gaither, Jacob Schley, 
Mark U. Pringle, Daniel Murray, and Richard S. 
Crabb. Thus fortified and g.arrisoned, Mr. Hanson 
felt secure, and the next day printed and circulated 
through the city a copy of his paper containing a 
sharp invective against the citizens and municipal 
authorities, with a declaration of his resolve to pub- 
lish his paper at all hazards. 

About dark the same evening an angry crowd 



MOBS AND RIOTS. 




<1 outriKht am 



gathered about the house. Stones were thrown, the 
windows dashed to pieces, and the front doors burst 
in. The party in the house, after repeated warnings, 
fired two blank cartridges from the upper windows, 
which made the mob recoil in alarm, only to return 
more angry and bold when they found no harm was 
done. The windows being all shattered, the defend- 
ers had drawn back from the front room, and the mob 
prepared to storm the house. 

The garrison resolved to defend thsmselves to the 
utmost. They barricaded the entry, and posted men 
with muskets on the stairs so 
as to command the front door 
from within, while others at 
the windows stood ready to 
fire upon any that might ap- 
proach it from the street. 
Presently a storming column, 
headed by a Dr. Gale, sepa- 
lated itself from the main 
body of rioters and made a 
lush at the door. It was 
met by a fire of musketry 
from the windows and stair- 
case, by which Gale was 
number wounded. Dismayed 
at this the mob fled in every direction, carrying the 
body of their leader with them. 

One would have supposed that Hanson's party 
would have taken this opportunity to make good 
their escape, but witli a strange infatuation they im- 
agined that they had effectually broken the courage 
of the mob, and remained in the house. Towards 
morning the mob, which had been gathering in angry 
groups all night, appeared before the house in greater 
force than ever, bringing with them a nine-pounder 
field-piece. The whole town was now in a ferment. 
Maj. William Barney, with a troop of cavalry, had 
come on the ground, and used all his influence to 
prevent violence, even throwing himself upon the 
cannon that it might not be fired. After much par- 
leying and persuasion, Hanson's party, seeing resist- 
ance hopeless, surrendered to Mayor Johnson and 
Gen. Strieker, and were placed in the jail for protec- 
tion. While proceeding thither under military es- 
cort the mob which lined the streets breathed furious 
threats of vengeance, and threw volleys of stones, 
wounding several of the prisoners. They were locked 
up in a strong room and the key taken away. In- 
credible as it might seem, the promise of some of the 
rioters to make no further attempt was confided in, 
and the jail left unguarded at nightfall. 

When the militia had dispersed the attack on the 
jail began. The outer door was forced, then a second, 
and then the assailants were before the strong grating 
of iron which closed the room in which the prisoners 
were confined. These at first resolved to hold together 
and sell their lives dearly, but Mr. Hanson proposed 
that as soon as the door gave way they should rush 



upon the mob, put out the lights, and as many as 
could, try to escape in the general confusion. 

At last the door gave way, — some of the witnesses 
say it was opened with the key, — and a rush on both 
sides followed. Nine or ten of the prisoners escaped 
in the confusion with little ( 
named Mum ma, a 
butcher, who during i- 
the day had ob- 
tained admission to 
the room where tlu 
prisoners were aii<l 
closely scrutinizcil 
their faces, stood in 
the lobby and pointed 
them out to the riot- 
ers. Hanson, Lee, 

Gen. Lingan, Hull, Nelson, Kilgour, Warfield, and 
some others were thus pointed out, and were fright- 
fully beaten by the mob and thrown down the steps 
of the jail. There they lay in a heap for nearly three 
hours. 

According to the statement published in the Federal 




"during the whole of this time the mob continued to tortnre their man- 
gled bodies, beating first one and then tlie other, aticlting penltuives into 
their faces and hands, opening their eyes and dropping liot candle-grease 
into them, etc. . . . Msg. Musgrave was the last who remained in the 
prison-room when the mob broke in. While the slaughter of his friends 
was going on in the passage in his view he calmly walked about the 
room, waiting for a fate which he saw no probability of averting. At 
leugtli one of the assassins came and called him out. He went, and was 
attacked in the entry, knocked down, and beaten till he was supposed to 
be dead. . . . The brave Gen. Lingan lost his life by his endeavors to 
save it. He so much mistook the character of the monstei-s as to sup- 
pose them capable of some feelings of humanity. He reminded them 
that he had fought for their liberties throughout the Revolutionary war, 
that he was old and infirm, aud that he had a large and helpless family 
dependent on him for support. . . . Every supplication was answered 
by fresh insults and blows. At length, while he was still endeavoring 
to speak and to stretch out his hands for mercy, one of the assassins 
stamped upon his breast, and struck him many blows in rapid succession, 
crying out, ' The damned old rascal is hardest dying of all of them !' 
These blows put an end to his torment and his life.i While Gen. Lee 
lay exposed upon the hare earth one of the monsters tried to cut off bis 
nose, but missed his aim, though he gave liim a bad wound. Either the 
same person or another attempted to thrust a knife into his eye as he 
raised himself up. Tbe knife glanced on the cheek-bone, and the gen- 
eral, being immediately by the side of Mr. Hanson, fell with his head 
upon his breast, where he lay for some minutes, when he was either 
kicked or knocked off." 2 

" During these horrid scenes several of the gentlemen— Mr. Nelson, Dr. 
Warfield, Messrs. Kilgour, Hull, and Hanson— perfectly retiuned their 
senses. They sustained without betraying any signs of life or gratify- 
ing their butchers with a groan or murmur all the tortures that were 
inflicted on them. They heard without showing any emotion the de- 
liberations of the assassins about the mauuer of disposing of their bodies. 



1 Gen. Lingan was born in Maryland about 1752, fought in the Revo- 
lution, and at the time of his death was one of the most exemplary men. 
After having received the fatal blow he reached out his hand to one of 
his companions, saying, " Farewell, I am a dying man ; make your escape ; 
return home and take care there," no doubt referring to his wife and 
fatherless children, wlio, it is said, he left in destitute circumstances. 

2 He was the commander of "Lee's Legion" in the Revolution, and 
while in Congress, in 1799, delivered the eulogy on Washington in which 
occurs the celebrated phrase, " First in war, first in peace, and first in 
the heaits of his countrymen." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



AC one lime ic was proposea 10 throiv thorn nil into the sink of the jail. 
Others thought it best to dig a hole and bury them all together imniedi- 
uloly. . . . Others were for tarring and Teuthering them, and directed a 
cjirt to l*e brought for that |nir|H>Be. Otiiers insisted upon cutting all their 
throats upon the spot. And lastly, it was rceolvcd to hang them next 
morning and have them dissected." 

John Tliompsou, another of the victims, publislied 
!i grapliic account of the outrage and of his own suf- 
ferings, from which we make an extract : 

*' Mr, Murray and myself made our way thi^ugh the passage and hall 
without injury till I was at the front outer door, when I was struck on 
the back of my head with a heavy club by some man I had passed, 
wliich threw me forward from the head of the stops, and I felt headlong 
down about twelve feet. There I saw a gang of nifhans armed with 
clubs ready to destroy whomsoever should puss down the steps, and six 
or seven of them instantly Bssaulted me while down, and beat me about 
the head until I was unable to rise. Some of tliom dragged me twenty 
or thirty yards, while others were beating me with clubs. They theu 
tried to make me stand on my feet. . . . They dnigged me along, and 
it was proposed to tar and fcath'cr me, and as I went along they contin- 
ued to strike me with sticks and clubs. One fellow struck at me with 
an axe, who missed me. When they had dragged me a considerable 
distance and into Old Town they met with a cart and put me into it, 
and drugged it along themselves to a place where they got tar. I had 
left my coat in the jail, and they tore my shirt and other clothing and 
put the tar on my bare body, upon which they put feathers. They 
drew me along in the cart in this condition, and calling me traitor and 
Tory and other scandalous names, they did not cease to beat me with 
clulw and cut me with old rusty swords. I received upon my head, 
arms, sides, thighs, and back upwards of eighteen cuts of the sword. 
On my head one cut was very deep, besides which my head was 
broken in more than twelve places by sticks and clubs. I received a few 
blows in my face, and very many severe bruises iu different parts of my 
body. My eyes were attempted to bo gouged, but were preserved by 
means of the tar and the feathers, though they were much injured. 

" While I was lyiug iu the cart a fellow struck both of my legs with a 
bar of iron, swearing, * Damn your eyes, I will break your legs I' I drew 
my legs up, and he was led to think and to say he had broken them. 
Shortly after I received a blow with a club across my eyes, upon which 
I lay OS if dead, supposing it would stop their further beating me. Re- 
maining so for some time, I was struck upon my thighs, which I bore as 
if dead. A villain said he would see if 1 was dead, and he stuck a pin 
into my body twice, at which I did not flinch. Another said he would 
show if 1 was dead : he pulled a hatidful of tar and feathers, set firetu 
it and stuck it on my back, which put into a blaze what was on my back. 
I turned over suddenly and rolled upon the flame, which put it out be- 
fore it reached too great a height, but I was burnt in several parts. I 
then raised myself npon my knees and addressed them : ' ior God's sake 
be not worse than savages; if you want my life take it by shooting or 
stabbing.' Often I begged them to put an end to it. Upon this one 
said ' Don't burn him;' another said, ' We will hang him.' One in the 
shafts of the cart turned round and said to me, 'If you will tell the names 
of all in the house and all you kuow about it we will save your life.' 
Believing all the damage was done which could be done by them, I did 
not hesitate to say I would." 

And after several further propositions to hang him 
or to behead liim, he was finally taken to the watch- 
liouse, where his wounds were dressed, and then to 
the hospital, where kind friends took him in charge 
and sent liim to York, Pa., for safety. 

Those who were left for dead at the jail were saved 
through the benevolent stratagem of a Dr. Hall. 
Persuading the mob that the men were really dead, he 
obtained their permission to take charge of the bodies, 
which hehad conveyed into thejail, where their wounds 
were privately dressed by himself and other physicians. 
A large part of the mob followed Mr. Thompson, and 
tlie doctor persuaded the rest to retire, when tlie vic- 
tims were conveyed to places of safety. They all 
recovered of their wounds. 



A general feeling of horror and indignation was 
aroused throughout the State and the whole country 
by tills atrocious affair. A political revolution placed 
the Federal party in power in JIaryland, and Mr. 
Hanson became a member of Congress, and in 1816- 
19 a United States senator. Baltimore for many a 
year felt the consequences of the shameful deed, 
which fi.xed upon her an enduring reiiroach and the 
opprobrious name of "Mobtowii." 

The Bank pf Maryland Mob.— The violence of 
the check given to public feeling by the mob of 1812 
may be judged from the fact that more than twenty- 
three years elapsed before the people of Baltimore 
again attempted to redress by violence any real or 
imagined wrongs. And this time there was certainly 
j great reason for their indignation, for an outrageous 
wrong was done, which fell heaviest on tho.se who 
were least able to bear it. 

The Bank of Maryland, chartered in 1790, had 
always stood high in public favor, and enjoyed a very 
large circulation. Its stock consi-sted of one thousand 
shares, at a par value of three hundred dollars each, 
I but quoted constantly in the market at five hundred 
j dollars. Although in 1824 it was found necessary 
to reduce the capital stock to two hundred thousand 
dollars, in consequence of Icsses, this reduction had 
no perceptible effect on the credit of the bank. 
Down to May, 1832, the business of the bank went on 
satisfactorily, and to all appearance it was in a most 
flourishing condition. 

Early in 1832, Evan Poultney, the president, 
Messrs. Reverdy Johnson and John Glenn, the bank's 
counsel, with Messrs. E. T. Ellicott, D. M. Perine, and 
H. McElderry, all gentlemen of the highest standing 
in the community, formed themselves into an associa- 
tion foi; the purpose of holding nine hundred shares 
of the capital stock of the bank, which would give 
them a controlling interest, and enable them to shape 
its policy. This stock cost, at the market price, four 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and it was alleged 
that the' funds for its purchase were furnished by the 
bank itself, which discounted the notes of the associa- 
tion. Under this control the bank ventured on a 
bold policy, and embarked in various enterprises 
which overtaxed its strength. Possibly it might have 
stood but for a blow from without. In September, 1833, 
the public funds were withdrawn by President Jack- 
son from the Bank of the United States, and a finan- 
cial panic followed. The Bank of Maryland, already 
laboring heavily, could not stand this additional blow, 
and on March 22, 1834, it closed its doors and placed 
its affairs and assets in the hands of Thomas Ellicott, 
John B. Morris, and R. W. Gill, trustees. 

And now began a war of pamphlets and news- 
papers which lasted for eighteen months with ever- 
increasing violence. Charges and countercharges, 
not only of mismanagement but of downright fraud, 
were bandied about ; secret transactions were exposed 
and placed in the most odious light, until the public, 



MOBS AND KIOTS. 



which had lost heavily both in deposits aud on the 
bank's notes, and borne the losses with wonderful 
])atience, grew to believe the whole affair a gigantic 
swindle, and the excitement reached sucli a point that 
it could no longer be controlled. 

On Thursday, Aug. 6, 1835, a small knot of men 
gathered before the house of Roverdy Johnson, at the 
northwest corner of Fayette and Calvert Streets, and 
began to break the windows with stones. The mayor 
of the city, Jesse Hunt, was a worthy man, but un- 
equal to cope with such a state of things as had now 
arisen. He persuaded the mob to disperse, but very 
unwisely called a town-meeting at the Exchange for 
the next day to take measiires to preserve the peace. 
This open declaration that a riot was feared and that 
no measures to prevent or suppress it had yet been 
determined on was the very way to invite such a re- 
sult. The meeting assembled, with Mayor Hunt as 
president ; S. C. Leakin, Wm. Krebs, C. O. O'Don- 
nell. Dr. T. E. Bond, and William G. Read as vice- 
presidents; and William H. Norris, secretary; and 
passed several resolutions, which did no good, and 
adjourned. Again the mob gathered, and again they 
were persuaded to disperse ; but it was quite plain 
that the disposition to violence was increasing, and 
that more serious work might be expected on the fol- 
lowing Saturday night. The mayor dreaded the use 
of the military, so he had a private interview with a 
number of leading citizens on Saturday afternoon, 
and it was resolved to appoint six hundred guards, 
distinguished by badges on the arm, and armed with 
truncheons of light wood, to protect Monument 
Square. About thirty of these guards were mounted. 

At dark an immense crowd had gathered, and pres- 
ently the attack began. Volleys of stones and bricks 
were thrown at the guards, and from time to time 
furious charges were made to break their ranks. The 
guards stood their ground firmly, and lacking arms, 
held well together. As the mob had no personal feel- 
ing against the guards, in whom they recognized 
neighbors and friends, they seem to have restrained 
themselves more than could have been expected ; but 
this form of passive resistance only strengthened their 
determination and gave them confidence. A party 
detached itself from the main body and went to attack 
Mr. Glenn's house on North Charles Street. Here 
they found the doors barricaded, and at once began 
an attack. The windows were shivered to atoms 
almost instantly, when a party of mounted guards 
charged upon the assailants, dispersing them for a 
few moments, when they returned and assailed the 
house more furiously than ever. The rear of the mob 
skirmislied with the guards, while the front fiercely 
battered at the strong door and thick walls. At last 
an entrance was forced, and the work of destruction 
began. Everything in the house was shattered to 
pieces or thrown into the street. Even a part of the 
front wall was thrown down, and the house would 
have been torn to the ground but for the arrival, be- 



tween two and three o'clock on Sunday morning 
(August 9th), of the foot-guards, now armed with 
muskets, and reinforced by numbers of armed citizen 
volunteers. They cleared the house, and while on their 
way to the watch-house with eight or nine prisoners a 
violent assault was made on them in Lexington Street 
near Charles with stones and brickbats, which was re- 
turned by a volley of musketry. The rioters then 
dispersed, leaving two of their wounded on the street. 
Throughout the whole night skirmisliing was kept 
up, and firearms freely used on both sides. 

Sunday was a day of anxious suspense. The riot- 
ers continued their depredations at Mr. Glenn's 
house the whole day without any interruption, and 
at night Mr. Johnson's house was again attacked, 
entered, and its contents, including a valuable library, 
thrown into the street, where a bonfire was made of 
them.' The marble portico was demolished, and a 
great part of the front wall thrown down. In the 
same way they sacked the liouses of John B. Morris, 
Mayor Hunt, Evan T. Ellicott, Capt. Bentzinger, 
and Capt. Wiley. Yet they were not actuated by 
blind fury. In the course of their destruction both 
Johnson's house and Morris' took fire, upon which 
they promptly suspended their proceedings, and bring- 
ing up the fire-engines, extinguished the flames, that 
no harm might come to the adjoining property. They 
attacked the new house just built for Mr. McElderry, 
but on the appearance of the builder, who told them 
that the house had not yet been delivered to the 
owner, and that the loss would fall on him, they de- 
sisted. Dr. Hintze's house was assailed, but on his 
wife assuring them that the house belonged to her, 
and not to her husband, they withdrew. 

Thus it went on all night, with shouts, alarms, vol- 
leys of musketry, fierce combats, rushes and charges 
to and fro, the crashing of walls and windows, and 
the lurid glare of bonfires, no one knowing what the 
end would be. On Monday the mayor posted a 
placard, saying that the use of firearms had not been 
by his order. This was equivalent to the surrender 
of the city to the mob. The municipal authorities 
having proved themselves incapable of restoring 
order, the citizens saw that the time had come to take 
the matter into their own hands, before the city was 
laid in ashes, for the fury of the mob had now cast off 
all restraint. 

Their movements were prompt and decisive. At 
an immense meeting held at the Exchange, old Gen. 
Samuel Smith, then in his eighty -third year, but still 
possessing all the energy and decision of youth, was 
chosen their leader. Putting himself at their head, 
he called upon all who were willing to defend the 



1 It is said tliat a quantity of valuable articles had been concealed 
behind ranks of fire-wood, at the back of the cellar, while wine and 
furniture were left in front. The mob fell to drinking the wine and 
smashing the other articles, and probably would have retired had not a 
clock, which nobody had remembered t« stop, struck the hour behind 
the ranks of wood. In an instant the wood was torn do\vu, andthe 
hidden treasures sent flying into the street. 



786 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



city to niarcli with liiiii to Howard's Park. A great 
concourse followed, and their numbers, as well as the 
determination expressed in their looks, sent a chill to 
the hearts of the rioters. At the park they were 
briefly addressed on the necessity for vigorous action, 
and were told to arm themselves and repair to the 
City Hall. The mayor resigned, and Gen. Anthony 
Miltenburger took his place, acting in concert with 
Gen. Smith. As the citizens assembled under arms 
they were formed into companies and stationed at 
various points. About three thousand responded to 
the call of Gen. Smith, and all that night quiet pre- 
vailed, broken only by the tramp of bodies of armed 
men moving from point to point. The spirit of the 
mob was quelled, and when the United States troops 
arrived from Washington and Annapolis they were 
no longer needed. 

Thus was order restored by a simple display of res- 
olution and discipline. Those who had fled from the 
city returned. The ringleaders of the mob were fined 
and imprisoned, and the payment by the State, the 
next year, of over one hundred thousand dollars dam- 
ages' to the sufferers closed the last act of the Bank 
mob. 

The Nunnery Riot. — Great excitement was occa- 
sioned in Baltimore on Sunday, Aug. 18^ 1839, in 
consequence of the escape of an insane nun named 
Isabella Neale from the Carmelite nunnery which 
formerly stood on the site of the present German 
Orphan Asylum in Aisquith Street. The novel sight 
of a female dressed in monastic garb running through 
the streets begging for protection attracted an im- 
mense crowd, and the excitement, being fomented by 
religious bigots and evil-disposed persons eager for a 
riot, soon became intense. The only cause Miss Neale 
assigned for her conduct was that she wanted to get 
out, though she acknowledged she was well treated in 
the institution. She took refuge in the house of Mr. 
Wilcox, and Mayor S. C. Leakin being sent for, re- 
paired to the spot and made an address to the crowd, 
urging the preservation of the peace. At his request 
the nun was sent to the Washington Medical College 
under escort. In consequence of the exaggerated 
rumors which had arisen it was feared by some that 
an attempt would be made during the night to destroy 
the nunnery, for a large crowd had collected in the 
afternoon, and there were some indications of a riot- 
ous spirit. But the mayor, with that promptitude and 
energy for which he was justly distinguished, called 
upon the City Guards, Col. C. 0. O'Donnell, and 
several volunteer corps, which promptly repaired to 
the institution, and held themselves in readiness to 
act on the first emergency. Their presence, and two 
hundred armed special policemen and many volun- 



1 The indemnity to the siifTorers was na follows: Revcrdy Joliiison, 
S40,C32.60; .fuhn B. Morris and L.vdiii HoUingiiwol'th, $16,825.92; Kviin 
T. EUlcott, »47«.55; Elc»nor Bond, S10«.44; John Glenn, 37,270.65; 
Elizabeth P»ttem.u, 5400; J. J. Audubon, $12U; E. L. Finloy, S012 76- 
■dcil, 8102,65.i.82. 



teer citizens, completely overawed all who were dis- 
posed for mischief, and the night passed away quietly. 
In the early part of the evening, when the crowd was 
most dense and acts of violence supposed to be inevi- 
table, the mayor, Judge Worthington, and John B. 
Seidenstricker addressed the multitude. The two 
former, at the request of Rev. Mr. Gildea, superin- 
tendent of the convent, together with Henry Myers, 
were appointed a committee to thoroughly examine 
the building and question the inmates about their 
treatment. They reported that, after a careftil ex- 
amination, " No one of the nuns declared herself to 
be kept there through restraint, but all expressed 
themselves to be content with their lot ; and no con- 
sideration or inducement could make them abandon 
the mode of life they had chosen." The excitement 
continued intense during the whole of the next day, 
and as threats were openly made that the building 
would be torn down at night, the mayor issued a proc- 
lamation which did much to allay the excitement. 
He warned all peaceable and well-disposed citizens, 
other than those who had been appointed to aid in 
the preservation of peace and the protection of the 
convent, " not to approach the said convent or vicin- 
ity," and to prevent injury to children, requested their 
parents to keep them at home after sunset. The mili- 
tary and other guards assembled in strong force at the 
convent during the evening, but the night passed 
without the commission of any serious acts of vio- 
lence. 

At the request of Col. Brent, a relative of the nun, 
the following certificate, signed by gentlemen of un- 
doubted medical knowledge, set at rest all doubts re- 
specting the insanity of the lady who caused the ex- 
citement. 

"We, the undersigned, members of the Faculty of Mediciue of the 
Washington University of Baltimore, having been applied to by Col. 
William Brent for our opinion in reference to the case of Sister Isabella, 
who was placed in this institution by the mayor of the city on August 
ISth.stale as follows: 

"That we have visited her several limes, and from the general tenor 
of her couversatiou we are clearly of opinion that she is not of sane 
mind ; there is general feebleness of intellect, and we are unanimous in 
the belief that she is a monomaniac. We also feel it an act of justice to 
state that she made no complaint of her treatment while in the convent, 
other than having been compelled to take food and medicine. J. H. 
Miller, M.D., president; P. Chatard, M.D., Samuel K. Jennings, M.D., 
J. C. S. Monltur, M.D., William W. Handy, M.D., Edward Foreman, M.D., 
John 11. W. Dunbar, M.D." 

The Know-Nothing Election Riots.— The Knnw- 
NotliiiifT, or American party, which had been gradually 
gaining strength in Baltimore from the time of its 
formation, felt itself strong enough in 1854 to place 
a ticket of its own in the field for the mayoralty and 
other municipal offices. At the polls it was successful, 
its candidate, Samuel Hinks, being elected mayor by 
2744 majority, and a number of other offices were 
carried. In the next year the party, after a severe 
contest, triumphed in the State. Whatever element 
of good there may have been in the principles of the 
party, the fact that it was a secret order undertaking 



MOBS AND KIOTS. 



the control of politics, and that the operation of its 
priniiples involved the proscription of a large part of 
the population and tended to arouse religious hate, 
seemed full of danger to thoughtful and lil)eral men. 
In Baltimore the most turbulent and lawless elements 
of the community gathered about it, in clubs whose 
names of " Plug-Uglies," " Rough-Skins," " Rip- 
Raps," " Blood-Tubs," " Black-Snakes," " Tigers," 
etc., reflected their character. On the day of elec- 
tion these clubs were rampant; they took posse-ssion 
of many of the polls, and by their violent proceedings 
drove or frightened off a great part of the naturalized 
citizens.' 

Governor Ligon drew the attention of the Legisla- 
ture to the facts, and opposing reports were made by 
the partisans and opponents of the order, with the 
result of increasing the irritation and uneasiness. 

The election of Oct. 8, 1856, was a frightful scene 
of disorder. The police were, to a great extent, affili- 
ated to the Know-Nothing order, or intimidated by 
it, and shamefully failed in their duties. In various 
parts of the city pitched battles raged all day ; mus- 
kets and pistols were freely used, and even cannon 
brought out into the streets. Nightfall alone put a 
close to a scene more like the storming of a town than 
a peaceful election, and in which more men were 
killed than were lost on the American side at the 
battle of Palo Alto, in the war with Mexico. At the 
Presidential election in November it was even worse, 
and the whole city was terrorized. The Governor 
had appealed to the mayor, but the latter had refused 
to co-operate in any measures to protect the freedom 
of elections. The clubs felt that the city was given 
up to them, and the day closed on eight men killed, 
and over two hundred and fifty wounded.^ 

Matters went on from bad to worse, and the city, 
unable to wrest herself from the clutch of ruffianism, 
grew more and more demoralized. The ill-fame of 
Baltimore went abroad, and the state of things, bad 
enough in itself, was exaggerated to her injury. She 
was spoken of as a murderers' den, where no man's 
life was safe for an hour, and merchants from the 
West and South who used to deal with her now took 



1 From one of these exploits the Blood-Tubs took their name. They 
brought to the polls tubs of blood from neighboring butchers' establish- 
ments, and whenever a luckless German or Irishman approached he 
was seized, dragged to the tubs, a sponge filled with blood wna squeezed 
over his head and face, and he was then set at liberty. Renders can im- 
agine the horror excited by the appearance of these gory spectres rush- 
ing through the streets, and the shrieks and hysterics of the poor Biddies 
and Minnas when they saw sons, husbands, and fnthere returning in 
such awful plight. 

- The first Republican meeting held in Maryland assembled at the 
Temperance Temple, Baltimore, on the evening of Sept. 11, 1856. The 
meeting was organized by the selection of F. S. Cockrau chairman, and 
William E. Coie, Jr., secretary. After the reading of " an address to the 
Republicans of Maryland" the meeting adjourned. Upon leaving the 
room Messrs. Cockran, Gunnison, and others were rudely jissaulted by a 
mob of several hundred persons that had gathered on the street. The 
mol) then repaired to the office of the Werter, the German Republican 
papei-, which they assailed with stones, and only by the intervention of 
the police was it saved from being sacked. 



roundabout ways to Philadelphia and New York or 
fled swiftly by rail through her perilous streets. 

In 1857 there was a sharp correspondence between 
Governor Ligon and Mayor Swann,-' the latter, like 
his predecessor, refusing to act with the Governor 
to protect the November elections. The Governor 
ordered the militia to hold themselves in readiness, 
and the partisans of the mayor began to arm and 
organize. There was every prospect of a bloodier 
aff"ray than any yet seen, when a number of leading 
citizens ottered their mediation. To them the mayor 
showed a proclamation he had drawn up, placing the 
polls under strict and impartial police control. Con- 
fiding in this and in the mayor's assurances, the Gov- 
ernor renounced his intention of using the military. 
The result was that the election was a more shameful 
mockery than any before, violence and bloodshed 
being the order of the day. The polls were entirely in 
the hands of the clubs, and Thomas Holliday Hicks, 
Know-Nothing candidate for Governor, was declared 
elected by an overwhelming majority. The same 
scenes of blood and violence and the same impunity 
for ruffianism marked the October election of 1858. 

Affairs had now reached such a pass that it was 
plain that nothing but organized and concerted action 
of all law-abiding citizens could save the city. In 
November, 1858, the City Reform Association was 
formed, headed by the most respectable citizens, men 
whose interests were identified with the prosperity of 
the city, who banded together, without reference to 
party, with the determination to restore law and order 
at any cost. The movement met with a ready response, 
and the organization was perfected in the next year, 
when, at a mass-meeting in Monument Square, on 
September 8th, they declared the objects of the move- 
ment and the means by which it was proposed to at- 
tain them, and invited the co-operation of all good 
citizens. 

As an answer to this the clubs assembled in Monu- 
ment Square on Oct. 27, 1859, carrying banners and 
emblems of the most brutal and defiant character. 
Prominent among these were enormous models of 
shoemakers^ awls, which they were in the habit of 
using to stab unfriendly voters as they advanced to 
the polls through lines of ruffians drawn up for the 
purpose. Clinched fists, with the motto, " With this 
we will do the work," bleeding heads labeled " Head 
of a Reformer," and other atrocious devices were dis- 
played. The Hon. Henry Winter Davis, who had 
assumed the championship of the clubs, made them 
an inflammatory address. Behind him on the stand 
were ranged the banners and transparencies, over his 
head hung a gigantic awl, and before him was a 
blacksmith's forge in full blast making awl , which 
were distributed among the crowd to be used at the 
next election. Thus, placed in a framework of out- 
rage and murder, stood one of the most eloquent ora- 



i History of Maryland, 



. 252,< 



788 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tors of Hiiltimore, the holder of a high and responsi- 
ble oflSce, haranguing the congregated ruffianism of 
the city, and cheering them on to tlieir ferocious work. 
The effect was seen at the election of November 2d. 
The clubs felt that the reign of anarchy would not be 
tolerated much longer unless by some supreme etfort 
they struck terror into the hearts of all their oppo- 
nents, and on this day they did their utmost. The 
polls were surrounded by infuriated crowds, but the 
Reformers made a manful stand. The following ex- j 
tract from the testimony of George B. Kyle, before 
the House of Delegates, will give an idea of the scenes 
at the polls : 

"I went to the polls at lialf-past eight o'clock a.m., and wne within 
two feet of the window; remained there about five minutes with my 
brother. I iiad a bundle of tickets under my arm, and one uiaii walked up 
to me and asked me what it was that I had. I told him tickets ; he mode 
a snatch at them, and 1 avoided him and turned round. As I turned I , 
heai-d my brother say, ' I am stnick, George !' At the same time I saw my 
brother raise his stick and strike at some one. At that moment I was 
struck from behind a severe blow on the back of the head, which would 
have knocked me down hut the crowd which hud gathered round us, some 
thirty or forty in a cluster, was so dense that I was, as it were, kept up. ■ 
After I received this blow I drew a dirk-knife. I then felt a pistol placed 
right close to my head, so that I felt the cold steel upon my forehead. ! 
At that moment I made a little motion of my head, which caused the 
shot of the pistol to glance. . . . The discharge of the pistol, which 
blew off a large piece of the skin of my forehead and covered my face 
with blood, caused me to fall. When 1 arose I saw my brother iu the 
middle of the street, about ten feet from me, surrounded by a crowd, 
who were striking at him and firing pistols all around him. He was 
knocked down twice, and at one time, while he was down, I saw two 
men jump on his body and kick him. He bad no other weapon in his 
hand than his slick. In the mean time T drew my pistol and fired into 
the crowd which was immediately in front of nie, every man of whom 
seemed to liave a pistol in his hand, aud was firing as rapidly as he 
could. In this crowd there were fully from forty to fifty persons. I saw 
at the second'Story windows of the Watchman engiue-bouse building, in 
which the polls were held, cutH)fr muskets or large pistols proti-udiug, 
and observed smoke issuing from the muzzles, as though they were being 
fired at me. I then turned towards my brother, and endeavored to get 
to him. When within a few feet of him I saw him fall, placing his liand 
on his groin, as if badly hurt; at the same moment a shot struck me in 
the shoulder, which went through my arm and penetrated into my 
breast. I transferred my pistol from my right hand, which was disabled, 
to my left hand, and holding it in front of me backed down towards Lee 
Street, the crowd following me. A fellow ran out a musket from under 
a shed, and I pointed my pistol at bim» which made him change his po- 
sition a little. A brick struck me in the breast, and I fell ; just at that 
moment the musket was discharged, and the ball whizzed over me as I 
was falling. While I was retreating the crowd was firing at me con- 
stantly. There were seven bnllet-holes in my coat, and the coat was cut 
as if by knives in various places; the pantaloons had also the appearance 
of having been cut by bullets. During all this time I saw uo police- 
officers My brother died that night from the effects of his in- 

The election was carried, but it wiis the death-blow 
totheclubs. Their violence had overreached itself, and 
the indignation of an outraged community could no 
longer be evaded or defied. At the next session of 
the Legislature all the facts were brought out in de- | 
tail. The members elected by such means were de- j 
prived of their seats ; the Reform Bills were passed ; 
a new Police Board was appointed, and other changes 
made in the city government. The old and ill-famed ; 
police-force was disbanded and a new force organized. 
Some resistance was offered by the mayor and City 
Council, but all saw that it was too late. The whole ' 



strength of public opinion was with the Reformers, 
and the triumph was complete. The clubs disbanded, 
and the leading ruffians fled from the city of which 
they had so long been the terror. At the next elec- 
tion, on the 10th of October, 1860, not a shot was 
fired, not a knife drawn, not a brawl disturbed the 
quiet of the streets when a Reform mayor and City 
Council were lifted into power by overwhelming and 
legitimate majorities. 

The Affray of April 19, 1861.— Tims redeemed 
from ruffianism, Baltimore seemed justified in calcu- 
lating upon a long era of peace and good government. 
The best men of both parties had been the leaders in 
the Reform movement, and partisan politics seemed 
to have been entirely expelled from municipal aflairs. 
The new mayor, the Hon. George William Brown, 
was a man of eminent talents, spotless character, 
great administrative ability, and dauntless courage. 
Col. George P. Kane, the 
new marshal of police, was 
perhaps the best man in the 
city for the task confided to 
him ; and the new force or- 
ganized by him, uniformed 
and thoroughly drilled, was 
the best and most efficient 
the city had ever known. 
Old abuses were done away 
with, and the citizens began 
to look back upon the period 
of ruffian rule as a terrible 
nightmare. And this state ,.i ..i;.,i i . k ink. 

of things might have long 

continued but for that terrible catastrophe which 
shook the country to its foundations. 

The events which followed the election of Presi- 
dent Lincoln — the secession of South Carolina and the 
Gulf States, the rapid rise of the flames of wrath on 
both sides, the ineffectual effi)rts to bring about a 
peaceful settlement — were watched in Baltimore with 
intense excitement. The majority of the citizens 
sympathized with the South, but of these scarcely 
more than a handful advocated the secession of the 
State. Devotion to the Union under the Constitution 
was the prevailing sentiment. But as events hurried 
on, parties became more divided, and men began to 
side with the North or the South. The attack on 
Sumter raised the excitement to fever-heat; knots of 
eager and angry disputants might be seen everywhere; 
and so dangerous seemed the public temper that the 
mayor, on April 17, 1861, issued a cautionary proc- 
lamation. 

On the 18th of April the first Northern troops 
passed through the city, a force of about six hundred 
Pennsylvanians. The route of their march from the 
depot at the intersection of Cathedral and Howard 
Streets to Mount Clare Depot was lined with an 
excited crowd, who hooted and yelled, but were kept 
from violence by the efficiency of the police arrange- 




MOBS AND KIOTS. 



ments. The danger was seen to be increasing so 
rapidly tliat a dispatch was sent by the Northern 
Central Railroad Com])any to Governor Curtin of 
Pennsylvania warning him of the peril of repeating 
the attempt. Governor Hicks and Mayor Brown issued 
a proclamation adjuring the people to refrain from 
violence. 

Thenextday, the 19th, came the news of the destruc- 
tion of the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and soon after 
information that a large body of Northern troops on 
their way to Washington would soon arrive at the Phil- 
adelphia Railroad Depot. The police had received no 
intimation of this, and Marshal Kane hastily called 
out a force to protect their passage through the city. 
About eleven o'clock a train of thirty-five cars arrived 
at the depot, containing about two thousand troops 
belonging to the Sixth Regiment of Massachusetts, the 
First and Fourth of Pennsylvania, and the Washington 
Brigade of Philadelphia. The Massachusetts men had 
some apprehensions that they might have trouble, 
and had received six rounds of ball-cartridge per man, 
with orders to load with ball. Mayor Brown and Col. 
Kane, the marshal of police, had gone to the Camden 
Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where a 
train was preparing to take the men to Washington. 
Here, as a change of cars would take place, it was 
thought there was the most danger of an attack, and 
a strong police force had been assembled. 

The whole line of the route, about a mile in length, 
from the Philadelphia Depot to Camden Station was 
bordered with an excited crowd, some ready for 
violence, but the most part only curious and anxious 
spectators. About half-past eleven the first car, con- 
taining Massachusetts men and drawn by horses, 
started, and was presently followed by eight others. 
The crowd, which increased every moment, groaned, 
yelled, and hooted, but offered no violence. Their 
appearance, however, was so alarming that in some of 
the cars the soldiers placed themselves on the floor so 
that none could be seen from the outside. These nine 
cars reached the Camden Station in safety, and though 
there was a larger and angry crowd assembled there, 
the men were safely transferred to the Washington 
train. But the tenth car which started from the 
Philadelphia Depot had gone but a little distance 
when some derangement of the brake caused a stop- 
page. A stone was thrown at it by some one in the 
crowd, and in an instant a shower of stones and bricks 
was flying. The terrified driver in haste detached his 
team, and hitching it to the rear, drove rapidly back 
to the depot. 

The word now ran through the crowd that no more 
cars should pass. At Gay Street crossing and other 
points they tore up the track and removed the bridges 
over the gutters. A cart coming by with sand was 
emptied upon the track and loose paving-stones piled 
upon it. Some one espied a lot of large anchors on a 
neighboring wharf, and soon a score of excited men 
were about them. A number of negro sailors lent 



their aid, grinning and hurrahing in high glee at the 
police, and the anchors were laid across the track 
amid loud cheers. The passage of the cars was now 
impossible ; and as a report spread that the troops at 
the Philadelphia station were about to give up the 
attempt and take an eastward-bound train, the people 
grew more quiet, and many went away, thinking all 
the trouble over for the time. 

Presently the word ran from mouth to mouth that, 
instead of going back, the troops were actually pre- 
paring to march through the city. In an instant 
there was a rush to the depot. Sure enough, there 
were the soldiers, and preparations were evidently 
making for a march. The crowd gathered fast, and 
its anger seemed to rise with the delay. There were 
several movements to break into the cars, which were 
only checked with great difficulty by a strong force of 
police. After a while six car-loads of soldiers left 
the cars, and despite the threats and bustlings of the 
crowd succeeded, with the help of the police, in 
forming in double file by the side of the depot. At 
this moment a party of men appeared bearing a Con- 
federate flag, which was saluted with deafening cheers. 
Some one rushed among them, and pulling down the 
staff nearly tore away the flag, upon which he was 
seized by the throat and would have been killed had 
not the police rescued hira. Indeed, throughout this 
whole day nothing was more remarkable than the 
admirable behavior, discipline, and courage of the 
police, and the respect with which the mob regarded 
them. Amid all the excitement they were never 
directly attacked, not even when they drove the furi- 
ous mob back inch by inch or tore men by force out 
of their hands. 

The order to march was now given, but the crowd 
blocked the way in solid mass and would not allow a 
step forward. The troops then wheeled and tried to 
move in the opposite direction, but the crowd again 
headed them off. At last they were formed into col- 
umn four abreast, with an escort of police at front 
and rear, and the crowd reluctantly giving way the 
march began. They had not proceeded far when a 
volley of stones was thrown into their ranks, knock- 
ing down a soldier, who was roughly handled by the 
crowd until the police forced their way to him and 
carried him ofi". The troops now quickened their 
pace to a run, holding down their heads to avoid the 
flying stones and bricks. The police did their utmost, 
but it was no use to arrest men when they could not 
spare a single man from their own force to carry them 
off. Their presence, however, was of great service, 
and they were able to protect from further violence 
two other soldiers that fell. The crowd made no at- 
tempt to use the muskets taken from the fallen men, 
but handed them over to the police. 

Thus running, amid yells and peltings and occa- 
sional furious rushes of the crowd, which were man- 
fully beaten back by the police, the soldiers kept up 
Pratt Street. Near the bridge which crosses Jones' 



790 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Falls at East Falls Avenue they were joined by Mayor 
Brown, who, thinking his presence might restrain the 
mob, at great risk to liis life placed liiinself at the 
head of the column and marched with them, exhort- 
ing the mob to refrain from violence. When the head 




of the column reached the crossing of CoiniiKrce 
Street their march was checked by a dense crowd, 
completely blocking the way, who gave vent to their 
wrath in a furious yell, and showered a volley of 
paving-stones upon the troops. The crisis seemed to 
have come: they could neither advance nor retreat, 
and the mob gave triumphant shouts at the sight of 
their dilemma. At this moment the commanding 
oflScer gave the order to fire, and at the first discharge 
a citizen fell. An irregular fusillade was now kept 
up on the crowd, killing and wounding a number of 
persons, several of whom were inoffensive spectators, j 
One citizen was forced by the rush of the crowd close 
to the troops. A soldier, raising his musket, took de- 
liberate aim at him, but the piece missed fire, on 
which the citizen sprang upon him, wrenched the 
musket from his hands, and plunged the bayonet 
through his body. 

The firing struck terror into the mob, who were al- 
most entirely unarmed ; they opened to the right and 
left, and the troops again pressed forward at a run, 
still firing occasionally, the crowd closing in behind j 
them. Near Light Street Marshal Kane threw a i 
picked body of police, with drawn revolvers, across 
the street, and checked the further advance of the j 
mob. Their rear thus guarded, the troops reached 
Camden Station in safety, where they found the de- j 
tachment that had first passed through in the Wash- [ 
ington cars only waiting their arrival to start. They 
sprang on board the train, and as it moved off they 1 
opened fire from the windows upon the" crowd, and | 
fired up and down the cross streets as they passed 
them, killing and wounding persons who were in no 
way connected with the affray. But nothing excited 
more horror than the deliberate murder of R. W. 
Davis, a well-known Baltimore merchant. Mr. Davis 
had gone with a fi-iend that morning to look at some 
land on the line of the railroad on tlie outskirts of i 
the city, and knew nothing of what had happened. 
Seeing the train going out, he stood and looked at it, 
when a soldier observing him took aim at him from 
a window and shot him dead. 

The Pliiladelphia voluiitcrs liail icmuiiRMl at tlie 
station when the Massacliusctts r(''rim''nl niarcliod. 



A rumor having got abroad that the New York 
Seventh was expected, a crowd of eight or ten thou- 
sand men assembled at the depot at about half-past 
two, and finding the Philadelphians there began to 
stone the cars, wounding several men. By the assist- 
ance of the police some were removed to freight-cars 
for greater safety, and a part were taken to the sta- 
tion-house for protection. At about half-past two 
they were sent back to Philadelphia by a special 
train. 

In the whole affray four soldiers and twelve citizens 
were killed outright, and a number wounded on both 
sides, some of whom afterwards died of their wounds.' 
For several following days all business was suspended. 
The feeling at the North was intense, and the furious 
threats of the press of that section knew no bounds. 
Nothing Wiis talked of but blasting a way through 
Baltimore with cannon, laying the city in ashe.s, and 
so forth. The citizens were determined to protect 
themselves to the utmost, and companies were en- 
rolled and drilled everywhere, and all possible meas- 
ures taken for defense. To prevent a bloody conflict 
it was resolved by the aulhorities to destroy the 
bridges to the north and east of the city. In this 
way time was gained, and a body of Pennsylvania 
troops who were coming down by the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway on the 21st of April were stopped at 
Cockeysville by the destruction of the bridge. At 
this time the mayor and several leading citizens were 
in Washington representing the situation to the Presi- 
dent, who ordered the Pennsylvania troops to return 
to Harrisburg, and issued orders forbidding the pass- 
age of any more troops through the city, which con- 
tinued in force until the city was entirely in the hands 
of the Federal authorities. 

Deeply as this affray was to be regretted, it did not 
justify the rage and hatred which was manifested 
towards Baltimore at the North. The actual assail- 
ants were comparatively few in number, the enormous 
majority of the crowd being composed of curious, 



1 The citizens Itilled were Robert W. Davis, Philip S. Miles, John Mc- 
Cann, John McMahon, William R. Clark, James Carr, Francis Maluney, 
Sebastian Gill, William Maloney, William Reed, Michael Murphy, and 
Patrick Griffith; soldiers, Addison 0. Whitney, Luther C. Ladd, Cliarlea 
A. Taylor, and Sumner H. Needham. The Legislature of Maryland, 
"anxious to do something to efTace that stain from the hitherto untai^ 
nished honor" of the SUte, on the ath of March, 1862, passed a bill, in- 
troduced by Hon. John V. L. Findlay, of Baltimore, appropriating seven 
thousand dollars " for the relief of the families of those belonging to the 
Sixth Regiment of Massiichusotts Volunteers who were killed or disabled 
by wounds received in the riot of the 19th of April in Baltimore." Gov- 
ernor Andrew of Massachusetts was made the trustee for the distribution 
of the money, which was promptly paid after the adjournment of the Leg- 
islature. To commemorate the death of Ladd and Whitney, the State of 
Massachusetts and the city of Lowell erected in Merrimac Square, Lowell, 
Mass., a monument of Concord granite, which was formally dedicated 
on the 17th of June, ISKi, in the presence of nearly twenty thousand 
people. At the conclusion of the ceremonies Liout.-Col. Thomas J. 
Morris, of Governor Bradford's staff, presented to Governor Andrew, for 
the State of Massachusetts, a magniticent silk flag, made by the ladles of 
Baltimore. On the staff was a silver plale bearing the arms of Mary- 
land and MHSsaclniselts and the words " Maryland to Massachusetts, 
April I'.i, ISC.-.. May the Union and Friendship of the Future oblitemt* 



the / 



rho r« 



MOBS AND RIOTS. 



791 



though doubtless excited, spectators. The small 
amount of injury inflicted on the soldiers proves this 
fact. Had it been, as was alleged, a preconcerted 
affair the people would have been armed, and not a 
soldier would have escaped alive. Col. Jones, com- 
manding the Massachusetts regiment, and Oapt. Dike, 
of the same command, have both borne testimony to 
the courageous efforts of the mayor, the marshal, and 
the police to restrain the mob and protect the soldiers 
from violence.' 

The RaQroad Strike of 1877.— The period of in- 
flation and factitious prosperity that immediately suc- 
ceeded the war was followed, as all painfully know, 
by a long term of depression. The burden naturally 
fell heaviest on the working classes, among whom pri- 
vation begat discontent and distress, which were taken 
advantage of by interested agitators to arouse angry 
feelings towards the persons and interests by which 
they imagined themselves oppressed. 

The great lines of railroad, of course, sufiered with 
the rest in the general stagnation. To afford all the 



> Col. Jones, ill hia offlcial report of the affair to Gen. Butler, dated at 
Washington, April 22, 1861, says, " The mayor of Baltimore placed him- 
self at the head of the column, beside Capt. Follansbee, and proceeded 
with them a short distance, assuring him that he would protect them, 
and begging him not to let the men fire ; but tlie mayor's patience was 
soon exiiausted, and he seized a musket from the hands of one of the 
men, and killed a mau therewith [this statement Mayor Brown has since 
denied], and a policeman, who was in advance of the colunin, also shot 
a man with a revolver." In a letter to Marehal Kane he said : 

" Headqi'aeters Sixth Kecimext M. V. M., 
" WiSHlxoTo.N, D. C, April 28, 1801. 
"Marshal Kane, Baltimore, Md.: 

" Please deliver the bodies of the deceased soldiers belonging to my 
regiment to Murrill S. Wright, PJsq., who is authorized to receive them 
and take charge of them through to Boston, ami tbereby add one more to 
the many favors for which, in connection with this matter, I am, with my 
command, mttch indebted to you. Many, many thanks for the Chrijttiayi 
conduct of ilif. authorities of Bidtimore in this truly unfortunate affair. 
I am with much respect your obedient servant, 

"EnWARD F. Jo.SES, 
" Colonel SilUi Eegimenl M. V. M." 
The following card of Oapt. John H. Dike, who commanded Company 
€ of theSixth Massachusetts Regiment, is taken from tlie Boston Courier : 
"Baltimore, April 26, 1861. 
" It is but an act of justice that induces me to say to my friends who 
may feel any interest, and to the community generally, that in the affair 
which occurred in this city on Friday, tiie 19th iust., the mayor and city 
s should be exonerated from blame or censure, as they did all in 
I far as' my knowledye e:rtetids, to tjuell the riot, and Mayor 



Brow 



! the t 



regiment safely through the city by marching at the head of its column 
remaining there at the risk of hix life. Candor could not permit me t' 
less, and a desire to place the conduct of the authorities here on th 
casion in a riglit position, as well as to allay feeling, urges me to thi 
of sheer justice. 



H.DIKE 



' Captain Co. C, 1th Itegl., 



On the 2.'ith of April Governor Hicks had occasion to send a message to 
the Legislature at the opening of the special session, in which he said, 
"On Friday last a detachment of troops from Massachusetts reached 
Baltimore, and was atlticked I'l/ mt irrt'>ij>Qn^iblr mob, and several persons 
on both sides were killed. 'I'l:, - , - >»./ I '!>' e Board gave to the Mas- 
sachusetts troops all the pr'l'-' ■', "Cling wHJt tlie utmost 
promptness and bravery. Hint- , .i j ^ i l'->s to restrain the mob. 
Being in Baltimore at the tiiin. 1 . i n.au.l with the ma.vor to the full 
extent of my power in his etiortti." 



facilities in their power to the manufacturers and 
producers, they reduced their freight charges to so 
low a point as scarcely to cover the cost of transpor- 
tation. The force of hands employed at this time by 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was about three 
times as large as was nece.ssary for tlie business of the 
road, and with the greatly reduced revenue of the 
line it was absolutely necessary to make some re- 
duction in this branch of expense. This could easily 
have been done by discharging the superfluous hands, 
but in view of the great suffering that such a step 
would cause it was thought better to keep on as large 
a force as possible and reduce the wages, and it was 
hoped that the men themselves would see it in tiiat 
light. 

On July 11, 1877, a circular was issued by the road 
(after the other great competing lines had taken the 
same action) giving notice that the wages of all hands 
earning more than a dollar a day should be reduced 
ten per cent, from July 16th. At this the brakemen 
and firemen of the freight-trains began to make 
preparations to resist, and on the appointed day 
they refused to work along the whole line. At once 
applications were made in Baltimore by men out of 
work to take their places, and though a disposition 
was shown to drive off these men, they were protected 
by the police, and the freight-trains were moved out 
of Baltimore. The passenger-trains were not inter- 
fered with on that day. 

Martinsburg, W. Va., was one of the company's 
principal relay-stations, where the hands and engines 
of the freight-trains were changed. The population 
was to a large extent composed of employes and 
dependants of the road, and in sympathy with the 
strikers. When the trains from Baltimore reached 
this point all the firemen abandoned them. Others 
offered to take their places, but these were' forced 
from the engines by the strikers, who openly declared 
that no more freight-trains should be run until the 
former scale of wages was restored. 

As the Martinsburg authorities were powerles.s, 
Vice-President King, of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, telegraphed to Governor Matthews, of West 
Virginia, asking his assistance to suppress the riot. 
The Governor ordered his aide, Col. Faulkner, to 
take the necessary steps ; but the latter soon found 
that the Berkeley Guards, whom he had called out, 
were too much in sympathy with the rioters to be 
depended on for any efficient service. Governor 
Matthews then telegraphed to President Hayes for 
the assistance of the United States forces. The Presi- 
dent at first hesitated, doubting whether the emer- 
gency justified Federal interference; but on receiving 
a dispatch from President Garrett, of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, showing the serious character of 
the disturbance and the rapidly-increa.sing danger, 
he issued a proclamation commanding the rioters to 
disperse, which was printed in hand-bill form, and 
distributed all along the line. At the same time 



r92 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



he ordered eiglit companies of artillery, serving as 
infantry, under the command of Gen. French, to 
proceed from Fort McHenry and Washington to 
Martinsburg, wliere they arrived on the morning of 
the 19th. The presence of the military overawed the 
strikers and prevented violence. The trains might 
now have been sent on had not the threats of the 
strikers so intimidated those wiio would have served 
that they were afraid to come forward, and only two 
trains were moved that day, one eastward, which ; 
reached Baltimore in safety, and one westward, which 
was again stopped at Keyser. 

By this time the strike had e.xtended to the Ohio 
Division of the road, and alarming reports were re- 
ceived as to the intentions of the men on the Pitts- 
burgh and other Western roads, among the rest the 
Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Lake Shore, Michigan 
Southern, Ohio and Mississippi, etc. The Western 
Division of the Pennsylvania was blocked, and there 
was trouble on the Eric. Troops were called out in 
both Pennsylvania and New York. The apparently 
vast extent of the combination caused extreme alarm, 
and there was an almost total paralysis of trade in 
Baltimore and the towns along the road. The direct 
loss was also very great, many of the cars detained 
being loaded with perishable goods, and others with 
live-stock that were dying of hunger and thirst. 

Thus far no act of malicious violence had been j 
done, and it is probable that, beyond the stopping of 
the trains, none was originally intended, and even i 
this design was confined to a part of the whole force. 
But, as is always the case, the turbulent and unruly, 
the vicious and idle gathered around the strikers, 
swelled their forces, and could not be restrained from 
violence and outrage. In Cumberland a mob collected 
around the iissembled trains, broke them open, and 
did much mischief, threatening to destroy all the 
railroad property there. The aspect of things was so 
alarming that Governor Carroll on the 20th ordered 
Gen. James R. Herbert, of the Maryland National 
Guard, to proceed to Cumberland with the Fifth Regi- 
ment of militia. 

On receipt of this order Gen. James R. Herbert 
ordered that regimen l to assemble at its armory and 
be ready to march at six o'clock. The Si.xth Regi- 
ment, Col. Clarence Peters, was also notified to be in 
readine-ss at its armory in case of need. To hasten 
the assembling of the men, at about six o'clock the 
military call (1 — 5 — 1) was sounded from the City 
Hall and fire-bells. The streets were at this time 
thronged with people, and at the alarm-signal great 
crowds rushed to the armories, showing by their ac- 
tions and shouts their sympathy with the strikers. 

The Fifth Regiment, turning out about two hun- 
dred and fifty men, filed out of their armory about 
seven o'clock, and took up their line of march for 
Camden Station. They were a fine-looking body of 
men, of most soldierly bearing, always favorites with 
the Baltimoreans, and on their starting were greeted 



with applause by the assembled crowd. As they pro- 
ceeded, however, a different temper began to show 
itself, the crowds on the sidewalk hooting and insult- 
ing them. At the corner of Eutaw and Lombard 
Streets there was an immense and angry throng that 
received them with a volley of bricks and stones, 
which was kept up for about two squares. Capt. 
Zollinger, the officer in command, gave orders not to 
fire, and with admirable discipline the men remained 
cool and marched as if on parade under a rain of 
missiles by which several were badly hurt. At the 
corner of Camden Street the street was blockaded by 
a crowd of roughs determined to allow no passage. 
The men halted for a moment, by order, and fixed 
their bayonets. Capt. Zollinger, drawing his sword, 
ordered the crowd to open and let his men pass, but 
he was answered by a volley of bricks. The next 
moment the men with leveled bayonets charged at 
the double-quick, and clove their way right through 
the throng into the station, where they entered the 
cars which were ready for them. During this march 
about twenty-five of their number had been injured. 

At about the same hour, seven p.m., the armory of 
the Sixth Regiment, at the northwest corner of Fay- 
ette and Front Streets, was surrounded by an excited 
crowd, which in about half an hour blocked up the 
streets leading to it with a dense mass of shouting 
men and boys. From time to time those nearest the 
building let fly a volley of stones at the windows 
amid loud hurrahs. Col. Peters, wishing to protect 
the guard at the door, withdrew them into the build- 
ing, and the mob, looking on this as a mark of fear, 
renewed their attack with increased fury. OflScers 
and men endeavoring to make their way to the ar- 
mory were knocked down and very roughly handled. 
The windows by this time were all shattered, and the 
audacity of the mob was increasing every moment. 
A large police-force came upon the ground, but soon 
saw that they could do nothing against such a host. 

Three companies, however, — B, Capt. Duffy, F, 
Capt. Fallon, and I, Capt. Tapper, — which had been 
detailed for duty, determined to make the attempt at 
all hazards to force their way to Camden Station. 
With muskets loaded they descended the stairs ; the 
doors were thrown open for them to march out, when 
they were saluted with such a furious storm of stones 
and bricks that they were driven back into the ar- 
mory. Again they ventured out, and again they were 
met by a storm of missiles, severely injuring several 
of the men. Upon this they opened fire upon the 
mob, which recoiled before the bullets and allowed 
them to pass. Companies I and F took the way of 
Front and Baltimore Streets, and B by way of Front 
and Gay, thus dividing the force. 

Companies I and F were followed and accompanied 
by a dense and infuriated crowd that repeatedly at- 
tacked them, the soldiers replying by an irregular fire, 
so that the rattle of musketry, the crash of broken 
windows, and the yells of the crowd mingled in fright- 



MOBS AND RIOTS. 



793 



fill dissonance. Here and there lay wounded and 
bleeding men along the line of march, and more than 
one corpse was stretched on the sidewalk. Of the 
crowd, ten were killed and about twenty-five wounded.' 
The soldiers had about twelve wounded before they 
reached the station. 

The excitement wiis now so great that, at the re- 
quest of the mayor, Governor John Lee Carroll re- 
voked the order for the military to proceed to Cum- 
berland, and they remained at the depot, which was 
surrounded by an immense and raging crowd, furious 
for revenge, and shouting "Hang them!" "Shoot 
them !" " Burn them out !" with storms of oaths and 
curses. The police were mustered in force and sta- 
tioned on the streets surrounding the fence of the 
depot, where they did good service in keeping back 
the mob. As has been before noted, there was seen a 
certain reluctance on the part of the rioters to at- 
tack the police, though their rage at the soldiers was 
indescribable. The latter were drawn up on the plat- 
forms, aware of the danger, and ready to meet it. 

About ten o'clock eye-witnesses estimated the 
crowd at about fifteen thousand persons. The spirit 
of mischief was rapidly rising. They had already 
destroyed several engines and burned three passenger- 
cars. Presently they set fire to the south end of the pas- 
senger platform. The alarm was sounded, and the fire- 
engines hurried up and began pumping, but several of 
them were attacked and driven off by the mob. It was 
a most critical moment. Had the fire gained a little 
more headway the whole station, with an immense 
amount of property in cars and merchandise, would 
have been destroyed. The soldiers, in desperation, 
would have been compelled to attack the mob with 
both lead and steel, and the blazing buildings would 
have lighted up a scene that one shudders to imagine. 
The police, however, did manful service, driving back 
the crowd at the muzzles of their revolvers, and the 
firemen, who also had shown great courage and dis- 
cipline, succeeded in extinguishing the flames, though 
not before much damage had been done. A consider- 
able part of the roof and one of the small oflBces were 
burned, as well as three passenger-cars and a locomo- 
tive, creating such a blaze that great alarm was ex- 
cited in the city, where it was feared that the attempt 
might be made to produce a general conflagration. 
Scarcely had the depot been extinguished when a 
tire-alarm was sounded in South Baltimore, where a 
switch-house and several cars were burned. The mob 
here resisted the police and firemen, and several per- 
sons were wounded in the skirmish. 

While the depot was burning and alarm was at its 
highest Governor Carroll telegraphed to President 
Hayes, asking the assistance of the United States 
forces. The President promptly responded, and or- 
dered Gen. Vincent, assistant adjutant-general, to 

1 The following persons were kiUed : TliomasV. Byrne, Wm. Hauraud, 
Patrick Uill, Cornelius Murphy, Lewis Zwarowitch, John H. Frank, 
George McDonald, Otto Mauecke, John Kiueliardt, a[id Mark .1. Doud. 



summon troops and artillery from Fort McHenry. 
Troops were also ordered from Fortress Monroe, Fort 
Columbus, and Washington to report to Maj.-Gen. 
Hancock, at Baltimore, to act under the orders of 
Governor Carroll. During the night, however, the 
mob dispersed, and it became evident that the State 
and city authorities, with the force under their imme- 
diate command, would be sufficient to preserve the 
peace, and this fact was communicated to Secretary 
of War McCreary. 

The uneasiness, however, and apprehension still 
continued. During the night there were frequent 
alarms of fire, kindled by detached parties of the riot- 
ers. An attempt was made to burn one of the com- 
pany's barges at Fell's Point, and about midnight a 
train of oil-cars a little beyond the city limits was 
burned. Early on Sunday morning a lumber-yard 
and sash-factory in the southeastern part of the city 
was entirely consumed. 

About ten o'clock on this (Sunday) morning a 
crowd numbering several thousand again assembled 
at Camden Statioa. A large police force was sum- 
moned, which at once charged the mob under a 
heavy fire of pistol-shots and a rain of missiles, and 
captured a number of the most conspicuous rioters, 
who were taken into the station and placed in charge 
of the military reserve there under arms and ready 
to repel an attack. These charges were repeated from 
time to time, and about two hundred ruffians were 
thus secured. No railroad men were among them. 
The station at this time presented a most exciting 
scene, with the furious cries and attacks of the mob, 
the charges of the police, the struggles and resistance 
of their prisoners, and the frantic attempts of their 
friends to rescue them. Before the disciplined cour- 
age and coolness of the police the mob finally gave 
way and dispersed. The force.at the station had been 
increased by a battalion of United States marines 
from Washington and a small battery of artillery, 
but they were not called into action, though as a 
guard they did good service. 

Gen. Hancock and his staff" reached Baltimore on 
Sunday morning. During that and the previous day 
nearly two thousand United States troops, with about 
six hundred marine.s, were concentrated in the city 
under his orders, and, in addition, the Fifth and Sixth 
Maryland Regiments were ordered to recruit to their 
maximum strength of one thousand men each. Two 
new regiments and a battery of artillery were organ- 
ized and equipped within a few days. Five hundred 
special policemen were appointed. A guard was sent 
from Fort McHenry to protect the custom-house, 
post-office, and bonded warehouses. The revenue 
cutter " Ewing," with a battery of Gatling guns and 
a detachment of infantry from the fort, protected the 
railroad elevators at Locust Point. 

These efficient measures paralyzed the rioters, and 
the strike, which had begun on the 16th, was at an end 
in Maryland on the 28d, having lasted just a week. In 



794 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



other parts of the country far greater excesses were 
committed, but with them we have uotliing to do. A 
slight disturbance was attempted on the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal, but it was promptly checked, and 
by the 28th of the month the traffic of the city was 
renewed without interruption. 

Much, and to some extent undeserved, censure was 
cast upon the Si.xtli Regiment (afterwards disbanded) 
for their firing upon the mob, and their conduct was 
contrasted with the admirable self-restraint and cool- 
ness of the Fifth. Certainly the latter regiment be- 
haved most gallantly, and won universal praise. The 
excellent conduct of the police also entitled them 
to the gratitude of the citizens, and justified the offi- 
cial letter of commendation of the Governor. It is 
true the damage done by the rioters and the costs 
incurred in suppressing the riots amounted to a large 
sum, but still so small, when compared with what 
might have been the case, that Baltimoreans consid- 
ered that they escaped at a cheap rate from a terrible 
peril. 



CHAPTER XLV. 

I!AI,T1MURE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY.! 

The following is a record of prominent citizens of 
Baltimore City and County who have died during the 
past century : 

Albert, Hon. Wm. J., Teh. 29, 1879, ill his 6.i<i year. 

Appletoii, Georgiana L. F., wife of Wm. Stewart Appleloii, July 25, 1878, 

in her 6lBt year. 
Armstrong, James, soap manufactiirnr, Oct. 31, 1877, iu his 81st year. 
Alard, Col. Thomas B., Jan. 27, 1877, aged G.'i. 

Adams, Rev. George F., of the Baptist Church, April, 1877, aged 74. 
Armistead, Christopher Hughes, Feb. U, 187G. 
Ahrens, Gen. Adolph, sugar importer, etc., April 17, 1875, aged 31. 
Alexander, exJudge Win., of tlie Circuit Court, Feb. 14, 1874, in his C2d 

Ames, E. R., bishop, April 24, 1879, aged 73. 

Anderson, David, blacksmith, Aug. A. 1873. 

Addison, Wm. Meade, lawyer, July 26, 1871, aged about 60. 

Alexander, Thomas S., lawyer, December, 1871, aged about 69. 

Atkinson, Joshua J., treasurer Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, May 1, 1869. 

Armstrong, T., dry-goods and notions merchant, Nov. 14, 18G8. 

Alexander, Prof. John H., topographical engineer, etc., March 2, 18C7, 

aged .54. 
Allen, Capt. Geo., ship-master, June 1, 18C7, aged 55. 
Anspach, Rev. Frederick R., D.D., of the Lutheran CliurCh, Sept. 17, 

1867, in his 4»th year. 
Ablwtt, Thomas M., July 17, 1866, in his 6Ut year. 
Aborcroniblo, D., Sr., periodical dealer, March 4, 1664, iu his 49th year. 
Addison, Geo. C, boot and shoe dealer, Oct. 6, 1863. 
Armstrong, Robert G., publisher, Jan. 6, 1862. 
Arthur, Hugh, eminent millwright, June 21, 1802. 
Albert, Jacob, hardware merchant, March 5, 1854, in his 67th year. 
Albinson, John, hotel proprietor, May 6, 1854, aged 69. 
Appold, George, merchant, Jan. 22, 1853. 
Aler, Reuben, contractor, Nov. 24, 1848. 

Archer, Chief Justice Stephenson, of the Court of Appeals, June 26,1848. 
Amclung, J. P. W., Aug. 10, 18:i7, In his 41et year. 
Amelung, Sophia, wife of Frederick L. £., April 28, 18:>6, aged 67. 
Alcock, Edward J., Doc. 28, 1830. 



A nderson, (^ol. Richard, officer of the Revolution, June 22, 1836, aged 74. 

Allendcr, Dr. Joseph, Feb. 8, l*i4, in bis 64th year. 

Ackerman, George, Oct 26, 18:t4, in his 6.")lh year. 

Allen, Prof. John, A.M., Professor of Mathematics In the University of 

Maryland, Marsh 16, 1830, in his Tlst year. 
Allen, Paul, Aug. 19, 1826. 
Allen, Robert D., Aug. 5, 1823. 
Andiews, Drs. Thomas and Kphroim, Dec. 20, 1783. 
Anderson, Joseph, merchant, March 29, 1789, aged 39. 
Aniolung, John Frederick, glass manufacturer, Nov. 21, 1798. 
Anspach, Henry N., merchant, June 20, 1799. 
Allison, Rev. Dr., of the First Presbyterian Church, Sept. 11, 1802. 
Aisqulth, Wm., May 7, 1804. 
Agnew, Edward, April 27, 1804. 
Altken, Dr. Andrew, late U. S. navy, April 9, ISH-j. 
Armour, David, Nov. 11, 1810. 
Aisqulth, Edward, Feb. 2;t, 1815, aged 30. 

Asbury, , May 19, 1816. 

Augustine, Henry, Jan. 31, 1818, in his 71st year. 

Allston, Henry, Nov. 9, 1820, aged 40. 

Anthony, Rev. Maik, Feb. 2, 1881, aged 71. 

Adair, Robert, Oct. 12, 1768. 

Addison, Robert, Mnrcli 26, 1881. 

Adrian, Wm , March 16, 1881. 

Armstrong, George B , May 23, 1881. 

Bennett. F. W., auctioneer, Feb. 14, 1880, in his 6lBt year. 

Block, John, wholesale druggist, Jan. 30, 1880, in his Olst year. 

Bevan, Samuel, dry -goods merchant. May 10, 1879, aged 76. 

Boone, Col. Wm. M., Jan. 23, 1879, aped 42. 

Burns, Francis, Sr., president of Eut«w Saviug«.Bank, Dec. 28, 1879, io 

his 88th yeai-. 
Brown, J. Huruian, register of wills, Nov. 23, 1879, in his 7l8t year. 
Barry, Gen. Wm. F., U.S.A., July 18, 1879, in his 6l8t year. 
Baker, Heury J., druggist and manufacturer, February, 1878. 
Brown, John 8., cily librarian, March 21, 1878, in his 68th year. 
Brune, Frederick W., lawyer, July 18, 1878, aged 65. 
Ball, Rev. Dabney, of the M. E. Church South, Feb. 15, 1879, in his 57th 

year. 

Baker, 11 • i . t > i I i t Ti-l .ruary, 1878 ; born in 1808. 

BhuRlcit : I \> I, .\ug. 29, 1877, in hU 49th year. 

Bishu]., 1' : i III — liun Race-course, March 30, 1877. 
Bayley, A. I i i, i I , , 1; , of the Catholic Church, Oct. 3, 1877. 
Belt, S. SpngK, i;is]iiir of the Franklin Bank, Aug. 2, 1877, aged 45. 
Blumenberg, Gen. Leopold, Aug. 12, 1876, aged 49. 
Brasheare, Z. D., secretary Poor Association, Aug. 12, 1876, in bis 74th 

Brand, Alexander J., merchant, Nov. 8, 1876, aged .60. 

Brown, Jos., late secretary Gas Company, Jan. 11, 1876, in his 79th year. 

Buchanan, Hon. Jas., lawyer, Aug. 23, 1876, in his 79th year. 

Burrilmm, Capt. Eiujcli, ship-master, March, 1876, aged 84. 

Boyd, Wm. A , tobacco merchant, Sept. 19, 1875, in bis 60th year. 

Banks, Daniel B., merchant, Jan. 28, 1876, in bis 81st year. 

Bull, Ednuinil, journalist, Dec. 22, 1875, aged 06. 

Baird, Rev. Thomas D., November, 1875; born in 1819. 

Boyd, F. H. B., May 16, 1875, in his 65th year. 

Brooke, Rev. John D. (colored), bishop of the African M. E. Zion Church, 

. Feb. 28, 1875, in his 08th year. 
Batcnmn, Heury L , theatrical manager, March 23, 1876, in his 65th year. 
Hose, Williiim, journalist, Dec. 22, 1876, in his 79tli year. 
Burnett, Capt. Jos. P., ship-master, April 11, 1874, in his 72d year. 
Bcaclmm, John S., ship-builder, Feb. 18, 1874, iu bis 62d year. 
Bailey, Capt. Edwin, ship-master, Aug. 30, 1874, in his 78th year. 
Bartlett, George, merchant, Feb. 15. 1874, aged 82. 
Bateman, Judge A. W., Aug. 11, 1874, aged about 60. 
Brown, Frank, actor, Juno 5, 1874. 

Bon/.iuger, Col. Matthias, July 15, 1874, in his 75th year. 
Bolton, Hugh, merchant, Apnl 9, 1874, aged 75. 
Buchanan, Jas. E., lawyer. May 21, 1873, in bis 60th year. 
Blent, Robert J., lawyer, Feb. 4, 1872, in his Olst year. 
Barney, Mary Chase, widow of Wm. B. Harney, and daughter of Samuel 

Chase, June 30, 1872, in hor SKtIi year. 
Bowers, Ciipt. Thomius, commanded " Law Grays," Dec. 22, 1872, in lila 

Broughton, Capt. Joseph D., Bhi|>-iniistor, April 8, 1872. 
Busk, John, journalist, April 17, 1872, aged 87. 
Bond, Dr. Thomas E., Aug. 20, 1872, in his 6»th year. 
Boyd, Jidin, merchant, Aug. 30, 1871. 



BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



Brady, Samuel, ex-mayor, Dec. 8, 1871, aged 82. 

Breckenridge, Rev. Eobt. J., December, 1871, in liis 72d year. 

Blake, Rev. Samuel Vinton, of the M. E. Church, May 9, 1871, aged 58. 

Byrne, William, politician, April 8, 1870. 

Beltzhoover, Col. Daniel, mueician and army officer, November, 1870. 

Berry, John W., lawtyer, Nov, 5. 1869. 

Briine, John W., dry-goods merchant, March 5, 1868. 

Buchanan, James, Aug. 8, 1868, in his 79th year. 

Brandt, ('apt. Frederick 11., brewer, Sept. 28, 1868, aged about 60. 

Burnet, Elder D. S., for ao years pastor of the First Christian Church, July 

11,1867. 
Beacham, John, merchant, Aug. 13, 1867. in his 58th year. 
Brown, George, merchant, Jan. 21, 18G7, in his 8Gth year. 
Beale, Capt. Wm. E., builder, Feb. 5, 1867, aged 56. 
Baker, William, hardware merchant, Feb. 4, 1867, aged 67 
Baker, William, manufacturer, March 0, 1867, aged 86. 
Bayly, llichard P., journalist, Jan. 28, 1S67, aged 56. 
Barnum, Ann Kirby, wife of David Barnum, Nov. 14, 1866, in her 92d 

Bond, James, Dec. 28, 1866, in his 76th year. 

Brufr, Jas. M., dry-goods merchant, July 22, 186G, aged 42. 

Buckler, Dr. John, Feb. 24, 1806, aged 71. 

Barry, .John L., "Old Defender," Oct. 19, 1866, in his 73d year. 

Baughner, Josiah L., merchant, Dec. 2, 1866, aged about 53. 

Bend, Mary Boiidinot, wife of Rev. Jos. G. J. Bend, Oct. 29, 1804. 

Brown, Elizabeth, wife of Valentine, May 25, 1809. 

Brown, James. Jan. 31, 1811. 

Buchanan, Anilrew, merchant, Oct. 3, 1811. 

Brown, John Dixon, July 28, 1811. 

Brown, Sarah, wife of Stewart, Aug. 23, 1811. 

Bolaskie, Henry, June.ll, 1811. 

Baxley, Mary, wife of John Baxley, Nov. 20, 1812. 

Bend, Rev. Jos. G. J., rector of St. Paul's Church, Sept. 15, 1812, aged 51. 

Boyd, Mary, wife of Andrew Boyd, Aug. 31, 1813, aged 76. 

Bankson, Col. John, an officer of the Revolution, June 5, 1814. 

Baker, William, merchant, Dec. 30, 1816, in his 68th year. 

Buchanan, Eljzabetb, wife of James A., Aug. 21, 1815. 

Bigger, Gilbert, jeweler, Nov. 6, 1816, in his 66th year. 

Brown, Maj. Moses, Sept. 13, 1817. 

Becker, Rev. Dr. Cliriitian L., July 12, 1818, in his 63d year. 

Bollman, Thomas, Aptil 17, 1819, aged 44. 

Brice, John, July 2U, IS20, aged 82. 

Bryden, James, April 11, 1820, aged 50. 

Biays, Col. Joseph, Oct. 4, 1820, aged 68. 

Bankson, Mrs. Elizabeth, June 29, 1821. 

Burueston, Isaac, Oct. 14, 1821. 

Baird, Prof. Thos. D., LL.D., Principal and Professor of Moral Philosophy 

in Baltimore City College, July 10, 1873, aged 54. 
Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon, June 17, 1870. 
Brune, Frederick W., 1860, aged 84. 

Brune, John Christian, first prest. Maryland Sugar Refinery, Dec 7, 1863. 
Buchanan, Andrew, March 12, 1796. 

Buchanan, Dr. George, one of the Board of Commissioners, May, 1750. 
Buchanan, William, of George, Dec. 19, 1824. 
Buchanan, William, Revolutionary army, Sept. 19, 1804, aged 72. 
Baldwin, Thomas, Aug. 22, 1881, aged 60. 
Bonaparte, Mrs. Susan A., Sept. 16, 1881. 
Beckett, Thomas, July, 4, 1881. 
Baldereou, Jacob, Aug. 26, 1881. 
Baldwin, Thomas P., Aug. 21, 1881. 

Barrotti, Rev. Felix, of St. Augustine's Church, March 2, 1881. 
Brown, Wm. A., March 26, 1881. 
Block, M. 0., Jan. 30, 1880. 
Brown, George, banker, Aug. 26, 1859. 
Brown, Stewart, Feb. 2, 1880. 

Brown, John A., Philadelphia banker, Feb. 28, 1873. 
Brown, James, banker, Nov. 1, 1877. 
Bliss, Maj. Horace, Nov. 4, 1878. 
Brewerton, Gen. Henry, April 17, 1879. 
Barrett, John M., Oct. 16, 1819. 
Boggs, Samuel S., Oct. 24, 1879. 
Bowen, Hon. Levi, Aug. 1, 1871. 
Brian, James, Dec. 17, 1812, aged 89. 
Wm., Dec. 20, 1824. 
, Susan, May, Sept. 18, 1881. 
Brown, .Samuel J., May 16, 1881. 
Brocchus, Perry E., judge, Aug. 5, 1880. 



Black, James, April 5, 1881. 
Brune, Fred. W., July 19, 1878. 
Bland, Chancellor, Nov. 18, 1846. 
Bell, Dr. Ephraim, Angust, 1875. 

wife of Johl 



BentJilon, Col. Paul, I , S. marshal and late of Pula«ki Legion. Dec. 10, 

1821). 
Benson, Capt. James, July 19, 1826, aged 61. 
Barry, George, sou of Standish, Nov. 27, 1826, in his 3.id year. 
Boyle, Capt. Thomas, November, 1825. 
Buck, Mrs. Dorcus, April 7, 1824, aged 77. 
Bantz, Dr. William, March 10, 1823, in his 34th year. 
Buchanan, Lloyd, Dec. 16, 1823, in liis 50th year. 
Brazer, Samuel, one of the editors of the Ptilriot, Feb. 24, 1823, in his 40th 

year. 
Bennett, Capt. Thomas B., ship-master, April 24, 1822. 
Barry, Lavallin, June 17, 1822, in his 53d year. 
Brown, Josiah, merchant, April 30, 1822, in his 67th year. 
Buchanan, Archibald, merchant, August. 1785. 
Buchanan, Hon. Andrew, March 12, 1786. 

Brereton, Capt. Thos., insurance broker and notary public, Nov. 15,1787. 
Biddle, Elizabeth, wife of Hon. Edward B., of Pa., Aug. 8, 1789. 
Brown, George, second son of Alexander Brown, Aug. 26, 1859. 
Bowley. Elizabeth, wife of Richard, Jan. 21, 1793, in 68th year. 
Bowley, Ann, wife of Daniel, Jan. 8, 1793, aged 36. 
Belt, Walter, ciiptain, Feb. 12, 1798. 
Buckler, John, merchant, June 4, 1799. 
Butler, Ann, Aug. 4, 1804. 
Buchanan, Ann, wife of .\ndrew, and daughter of Thomas McKean, 

Governor of Pennsylvania, May 27, 1804. 
Barney, Rebecca, wife of William B., Feb. 16, 1807. 
Bowley, Daniel, Nov. 12,1807, aged 63. 
Barney, Ann, wife of Com. Barney, July 26, 1808. 
Brown, Valentine, Oct. 3, 1810, in his 78th year. 
Bantz, John, Oct. 27, 1810, aged 60. 
Buchanan, Capt. George, Nov. 12, 1810, aged 70. 
Barnaby, Elius, June 26, 1812. 
Bosley, Greenbury, April 1, 1814, aged 76. 
Barry, Col. Standish, Assistant U. S. Treasurer, Oct. 20, 1806, in his 70th 

year. (His elder brother, John L. Barry, died the day before, in his 

73d year.) 
Brune, John Christian, njerchant, Dec. 7, 1865. 
Barnum, Jenus, civil engineer, April 6, 1865, aged 55. 
Baudel, George S., February, 1864. 
Breckenridge, Mrs., the mother of John C, Oct. 8, 1864. 
Benteeu, F. D,, music publisher, Jan. 22, 1864, aged 51. 
Bull, Lieut. Randolph, of U.S.V., May, 1864. 
Benjamin, Park, author, Sept. 12, 1864, in his 55th year. 
Burns, Bishop Francis (colored), of the M. E. Church, April, 1863. 
Bradenbaugh, Charles, president of the Mercantile Library Association, 

April 16 (?), 1862, in his 43d year. 
Bowers, Capt., June, 1862. 

Byra, Col. Francis Otway, " Old Defender," May, 1862, in his 70th year. 
Baker, Charles, '■ Old Defender," Oct. 28, 1862, in his 70th year. 
Barling, Jos., one of the publishera of the Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1861, aged 74. 
Brewer, George G., June S, 1861, about 60. 
Boyd, Joseph C, lawyer, Aug. 6, 1861, aged 43. 
Balderstou, Hugh, merchant, June, 1860, in his 78th year. 
Brune, Frederick William, merchant, Nov. 9, 1860, in his 85th year. 
Bier, Jacob, president of the Marine Bank, March 6, 1859, in his 7Sth 

Bevane, Isaac H., lawyer, Dec. 7, 1859. 

Buruap, Rev. G. W., pastor of the First Unitarian Church, Sept. 8, 1859. 

Boyd, Samuel, Sr., ex-city commissioner, Nov. 26, 1858. 

Burke, Col. Nicholas, an "Old Defender." Oct. 9, 1858, in his 77th year. 

Barney, Hon. John, ex-member of Congress, Jan. 26, 1857, in his 72d 



Babb, Col. Peter, of the First Maryland Rifle Begin 

1857. 

Blakeney, A. R., ex-city commissioner, Jan. 26, 1856. 
Baltzell, Philip, merchant, July 20, 18,56, aged 65. 
Boggs, Alexander L., merchant, Aug. 12, 18!i6, in his 64th y 
Berry, Col. John, "Old Defender," Oct. 17, 1856, in his 65th 
Baker, Wm. George, lawyer, Oct. 10, 18.65, in his 46th year. 
Bland, Sarah, wife of the chancellor, Feb. 11, 1854. 
Birckhead, Hugh, merchant, Jan. 22, 1S63, in his 65th year. 



militia, Aug. 16, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTy, MARYLAND. 



Boyle, Wm. K., Aug. 2U, IMS. 

Bwtli, Junius BrutuB, actor, Dec. 3, 1852; liorn May I, 1796. 

Beatty, James, morclianl, Oct. 6, 1851, aged 81. 

Broadbent, Kev. Stephen, of tlie M. E. Churcli, March 0, 1849, aged 82. 

Beltslioorer, Georgi-, liutel-kcoper, Nov. 25, 1848, in bis '5111 year. 

Bucl<, BeiOaniin, mercliaut, Oct. 14, 1848, about 68. 

Bloxham, Winsboro, formerly one of llie editors of tlie Sun, AngUMt, 1848* 

Barnuiu, Maj. E. Kirby, U.S.A., Dec. 1, 1847, aged 51. 

Bland, Hon. Thoodoriolt, chancellor of the State, Nov. 10, 1846, born Dec. 

6, 1776. 
Barrow, Hon. Alex., U. S. senator from Louisiana, Dec. 29, 1846. 
Baruum, David, proprietor of Ilarnum's Hotel, May lU, 1844, in his 74th 

Barry, Col. Standish, jeweler, Nov. 6, 1844, aged 81. 

Bultzell, Thonuis, merchant, March 4, 1843, in his 6;)d year. 

Baker, Dr. Samuel G., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in 

the University of Maryland, Aug. 10, 1841. 
Birckbead, Dr. Solomon, Nov. 3U, 1836, in his 77th year. 
Burrel, Charles, May 3, 1836, in his 73d year. 

Burrel, Chas., ex-postmaster of Baltimore, May 2, 1836, in his 73d year. 
Baker, Dr. Samuel, eminent physician, Oct. 16, 1835, aged 50. 
Brown, Alexander, April, 1834. 

Bedell, Kev. Gregory T., D.D., of the Episcopal Church, August, 1834. 
Brown, Stewart, October, 1832, in bis 64tb year. 
Buchanan, Lieut. Thomas McKean, U. S. navy, Nov. 4, 1832. 
Buchanan, H., wife of the late William, Nov. 4, 18;J2, in her 63d year. 
Boyle, Daniel, postmaster, Dec. 5, 183U, in his 66th year. 
Barry, Matilda, wife of Standish, Jr., late of Baltimore, Oct. 12, 1830. 
Bouldin, Col. John, May 5, 1830, in his 70tb year. 
Birckbead, Jane, wife of Dr. Birckbead, Sept. 14, 1S29, in her 72d year. 
Baltaell, Mary, wife of Jaci>b, Aug. 26, 1829, aged 77. 
Brown, William, Oct. 2, 1829, in his 55th year. 
Barney, Margaret, wife of Wm. B., Aug. 31, 1829. 
Bolte, Uenrj-, Nov. 1, 1827, in his 6l6t year. 
Brice, James E., consul of Cape Haytien, Aug. U, 1827. 
Clayton. James W , public official, Feb. 8, 1880, aged 45. 
Cohen, Col. Menilez I., retired banker, May 7, 1879, aged 83. 
Canfield, Im C, jeweler, Dec. 6, 1879. 
Cusbing, Joseph, Jr , publisher, July 6, 1879. 
Carpenter, Kev. L. B., pastor of Jackson Square M. E. Church, Nov. 20, 

1S79, born in 1839. 
Carson, David, builder. May 27. 1878. 

Chase, Algernon S., dry-goods merchant, June 13, 1878, in his 70th year. 
Cockrill, Dr. James J., .luly 13, 1878, in his 64tb year. 
Carroll, Henry, Aiuil 7, 1877, aged 80. 

Chandler, Col. I). T., librarian of Law Library, Oct. 13, 1877, aged 57. 
Carey, Wilsmi M., Jan. 9, 1877, in his 7l8t year. 
Callaway, Rev. Charles M., of the Episcopal Church, April II, 1877, in 

Campbell, Kuss, dry-goods merchant, March 

Carroll, Mary Lee, wife of Kobt. Goodloe Ha 

Clarke, Daniel, lawyer. May 1, 1876, aged 41. 

Crichton, William, merchant. Dec. 28, 1875, aged 62. 

Cohen, Israel, banker, June 3, 1875, in his S5th year. 

Chappell, Philip S., prest. 3d Nat. Bank, May 21, 1875, in his 45th year. 

Counselman. Col. J. U., of First Maryland Cavalry, February, 1875. 

Crowley, Kev. Wm. S., of the Baplisl Clmrcli, Jan. 1875; born in 1825. 

Creery.Prol. Wm. Kufu8,supt. ol m nu n i,, M.,v I, I s7.i, in bis 51st year. 

Clackner, Capt. Job., ship-mast- 1^ ^ n > _ I . l, m bis 97th year. 

Croat, Hezekiah, tiuner, Oct. J ' i i i>.;ir. 

Colton, William, real estate bruk- . n, i. jt,^ i -ti^ i,i his 64th year. 

Caton, Louise, Duchess of Leeds, and daughter of the late Klchard Caton, 

April 8, 1874. 
Colt, Koswell L., soniii-law of the late Robert Oliver, Nov. 23, 1873. 
Carroll, James, ex-congressman, January, 1873,. aged 81. 
Cummiskoy, Eugene, lawyer, Nov. 6, 1873, in his 45tli year. 
ColviD, Richard, Dec. 10, 1872, in his 54tli year. 
Cator, Benj. F., merchant, Jan. 4, 1872, in his 50th year. 
Cooper, Col. Jas. M., October, 1872, in bis 05th year. 
Choae, Daniel, shipping merchant, July 26, 1872, aged 70. 
Carter, Chas. H., July 15, 1872, aged 68. 

Casaady, Rev. Francis Stunsbury, of the M. E. Church, Nov. 22, 1872. 
Coskery, Very Rev. Dr. Henry Benedict, Feb. 27, 1872, aged 65. 
Conine, William C, merchant. May 25, 1871, aged 70. 
Clark, Wm. U., local editor of the Suu, May 21, 1871. 
Cleoim, BIrs. Maria, the mother-in-law and aunt of Edgar Allen Poe, 

Feb. 16, 1871, in her 81st .vear. 



gh, Capl. Robt. C, shi|>-master, Nov. 2, 1871, aged 62. 
{ (>>wpland, Capt. Wm. S., ship-master, Dec. 10, 1871, aged 81. 
: Cbesnut, Wm^ grocery merchant, Jan. 3, 1871, in bis 65lh year. 

Coates, John, lumber merchant. .Sept. 24, 1871, in his 72d year. 
I Cannon, Capt. Jamea, steamboatman, April 22, 1871, aged about 66. 
I Cummins, Jonathan P., Sept. 7, 1871. aged about 50. 
j Clark, Capt. Ray S., ship-master, Aug. 2:<, 1870. 

Carroll, Cliarles R., Aug. 12, 1870, in his 71st year. 
, Carriss, Sampson, Dec. 22, 1870, in his 67th year. 
' Cooper, Hugh A., ship-builder. Nov. 11, 1870, in his 60tb year. 
' Connolly, John F., marble-worker, Jan. 12, 1809. 

Carson, Tliomas J., banker and merchant, filay 11, 1869. 

Cochran. Thomas J., ico merchant, April 20, 1869. 

Carroll, St. John, merchant, Dec. 28, 1669. 

Cohen, Jacob I., president of the Baltimore Fire Insurance Co., April 7, 
I 1869. aged 80. 

Cook, Capt. James H., Feb. 22, 1869, aged 58. 

Car}-, William F., merchant, Sept. 23, 1868. 

Claggett, William Brewer, March, 1868. 

Campbell, James Mason, lawyer, June 21, 1868, aged about 60 yean. 

Campbell, Col. John Turfman, June 8, 1867, aged 84. 

Carson, Jos., provision merchant, Aug. 12, 1867. 

Cole, Col. Wm. H., public officer. May 4, 1867, aged 52. 

Conkling, Capt. Wm. H., ship-master, Dec. 1, 1867, aged 79. 

Clark, Jolin, president of the Citizens' Bank, June, 13, 1867, aged 80. 

Crane, Wm., leather merchant, Sept. 28, 1866, aged 77. 

Cassell, James, builder, Dec. I, 1866, aged 86. 

Caugbcy, Jlichaei, June 16, 1866, in bis 75th year. 

Cochran, Judge Morris, of the Court of Appeals, Dec. 16, 1866, in bis 47th 
year. 

Child, Capt. Samuel, mariner, Sept. 19, 1866, in hie 75th year. 

Cook, John F., printer, March 30, 1806, in his 85th year. 

Couain, Louis, president of the French Society, Feb. 11, 1865. 

Chase, Thorndike, Oct. 5, 1864. 

Coloney, Maj. J. B., Ist Maryland Infantry, killed at Petersburg, Va., 
Oct. 9, 1864. 

Cockey, Charles, April 23, 1821, in his 62d year. 

Coulter, Mary, wife of Dr. John, July 21, 1822, aged 56. 

Chamier, Daniel, ox-sheriff, Nov. 27, 1778. 

Carroll, Miss, only child of Charles Carroll, barrister, 1780. 

Corntliwait, Mary, wife of John, Feb. 12, 1781. 

Croxall, Charles, June, 1782. 

Carroll, Charles, of Mount Clare, barrister, March 23, 17S3, aged 69. 

Cromwell, Stephen, April 9, 1783. 

Courtenay, Sarah, wife of Herculea, September, 1785. 

Croxall, Richard, May 11, 1785. 
i Carroll, Rachel, wife of Daniel, a merchant, Dec. 18, 1788. 
j Cohen, Benjamin I., Aug. 18, 1845. 

Crockett, Benjamin, merchant, April 22, 1792. 
! Cradock,Katlierine,widowof Rev.Thos.Cradock,of St. Thomas' pariah, 
Baltimore County, Aug. 19, 1793. 

Colvin, Patrick, Dec. 3, 1796. 

Claybind, Thos. E., Dec. 4, 1797. 

Casenove, Stephen, merchant, July 27, 1797. 

Claypoole, Septimus, proprietor Dailtj Advertiser, Oct. 15, 1798. 

CouaUble, George, merchant, July 29, 1799. 

Calhoun, Ann, wife of James, mayor of BalUmore, March 4, 1799. 

Cox, Catherine, wife of James, Feb. 10, 1799. 

Cruse, Jacob, April 20, 1799. 

Cruse, Rosina, wife of Christopher, June 27, 1799. 

Colvin, Daniel, M.D., April 10, 1803. 

Cuddy, Rev. Michael, Catholic, St. Patrick's Church, Oct. 5, 1804. 

Carroll, Henry Hill, Oct. 26, 1804. 

Cromwell, Richard, Aug. 25, 1804. 

Carson, Richard, July 8, 1805, aged 80. 

Crane, licnjaniiii, merchant, October, 1804. 

Craft, Charles II., journalist, Oct. 22, 1864, in his 35th year. 

Campbell, Archibald, June 13, 1863, aged 67. 

Carroll, Judith Carter, wife of Richard Carroll, Jan. 13, 1863, in her 89th 
year. 

Cooper, Brig.-Gen., March 28, 1863, aged 60. 

Courtney, Rev. Patrick, of the Catholic Church, March 0, 1863, aged 7S. 

Chabot, G. II., Oct. 2, 1863. 

Chew. Dr. JNimuel, Dec. 25, 1863, in his .">8th year. 
I Child, William, merchant. February, 1862, in hU 83d year. 
I Canton, Rev. KJ., of St. Agnus' Church, CatousTille, June 4, 1862, in 



BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



Cousin, Hon. John M. S., lawyer, Jan. 3U, 1861. 

Crow, Mary E,, wife of John T. Crow, and daughter of Capt. Jonas 

Owens, of Cecil County, Sept. 11, 1860. 
Cotterell, Capt. Henry W., " Old Defender," July, 1860, in his 82d year. 
Carter, John H., hanker, March 12, 1859. 

Clark, Rev. Stephens (colored), of the M. E. Church, April 30, 1859. 
Cloud, Jessie, July 12, 1858. 
Canhy, James, May 24, 1858, in his 74th year. 
Cassard, Gilbert, Sr., nierchanl, Nov. 16, 1857, in his 75th year. 
Cruse, Henry Stansbury, editor, Dec. 29, 1857, in his 62d year. 
Crawford, Rev. John, pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Sept. 

■i, 1866, in his 29th year. 
Cappeau, Joseph, Nov. 1 6, 1855, 

Clarke, Wm. B. C, ex-State senator, April 14, 1856, aged 38. • 
Constable, Judge Albert, Aug. 22, 1855. 
Campbell, Col. B. U., banker, April 28, 1865, aged about 60. 
Carr, Dabney S., naval officer, March 24, 1854, in his 52d year. 
Chanibera, John Thomas, journalist, March 18, 1854, aged 26. 
Cochran, Wm. H., importer of ice, Nov. 24, 1853. 
Clark, Nelson, merchant. May 11. 1852, in his 57th year. 
Chappell, Philip S., manufacturer. May 12, 1852, in his 52d year. 
Gushing, Joseph, publisher, Aug. 3, 1852, aged 71. 
Crawford, Alfred, of the P. W. & B. R. li., July, 1851. 
Cook, Kev. Jas. M., pastor of Calvert Universalist Church, Aug. 14, 1850. 
Calder, James, Aug. 11, 1808, iii his 79th year. 

Christie, Gabriel, collector of the port, April 1, 1808, in his 57th year. 
Colver, Capt. Stephen, Feb. 9, 1809. 
Carnan, Charles, Jan. 19, 1809. 
Connor, Rebecca, wife of Daniel, merchant, Oct. 15, 1810, in her 39th 

Chase. .Samuel, .signer i>f the Declaration of Independence and Judge of 
llir 1 . - 111. ml r.iint, June 20, ISIl. 

Cani| I 1 I I .l^inies, July 19, 1812. 

Clark, 1. ,11,1, h,-,-. li, 1812. 

Cockfj, ill .111.1- Ji:.n. A|iril3, 1813, aged 51. 

Cocke, Di. James, rnjfcasor of Anatomy in the University of Maryland, 
Oct. 2.5, 1813. 

Clark, James, April 30, 1814, aged 80. 

Comegys, John, merchant, July 9, 1814. 

Coale, John, Jan. 11, 1817, aged 34. 

Cooke, William, July 24, 1817, aged 71. " 

Coale, William, Jan. 5, 1817, aged CI. 

Chalmers, John, late sheriff, June 19, 1817, aged 67. 

Calhoun, James, first mayor of Baltimore, Aug. 12, 1816, aged 73. 

Caldwell, Dr. John, March 20, 1820, aged 26. 

Cole, Samuel, July 21, 1821. 

Cockey, Col. Joseph F.. Oct. 9, 1821. 

Chew, Dr. Samuel, eminent physician, Dec. 26, 1863. 

Canby, E. K., journalist, Nov. 9, 1880. 

Caton, Richard, who married the eldest daughter of Charles Carroll, 
May 19, 1845, aged 82. 

Claxton, Com. Ale.\auder, March 7, 1841, at Talcahauna, on board the 
U. S. ship " Ci.nstitution." 

Carroll, Charles, at Annapolis, May 29, 1782. 

Cooper, Dr. Lehman A., at Raton, N. M., May 28, 1881 ; interred in Green- 
mount Cemetery, in tlie lot of his sister, Mrs. Gen. J. W. Tyson. 

Cugle, Edwin, Sept. 26, 1881. 

Cothus, Wm. H., June 3, 1881. 

Cornelius, Nicholas, March 4, 1881. 

Cheston, Galloway, March 16, 1881. 

Carver, William V., March 17, 1881. 

Cockey, Miss^ary, April 14, 1881. 

Cockey, Dr. John T., May 2.1, 1881. 

Cole, Wm. P., April 2, 1881. 

Collins, Wm. Handy, June 2, 1881. 

Cassard, Lewis, April 3(1, 1881. 

Clayton, James W., Feb. 8. 1880. 

Crack, Henrietta (colored), December, 1875. 

Clendinen, Dr. Wm. Haslett, Nov. 6, 1839. 

CornthwaiU John, merchant, Sept. 0, 1782. 

Cockey, Maj. Joseph C, Feb. 8, 1831. 

Campbell, William, Oct. 1, l!>19,aged 65. 

Carman, John, merchant, Dec. 1, 1761. 

Cassard, Lewis, April 30, 1881. 

Cochran. Charles, July 16, 1881. 

Claggett, Capt. Charles, Jan. 31, 1763. 

Cohen, Benjamin I,, banker, Sept. 22, 1845. 
51 



Claxton, Cornelius, March 7, 1841. 

Cohen, Kilty, wife of Benjamin I., April 26,1837. 

Cornthwait, John, May 2, 1837, in his 60th year. 

Coyne, Thomas, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Blarylaud, 

Jan. 16, 1837. 
Caman, Robert Nathaniel, May 12, 1837, in his 80th year. 

aged 75. 

Coleman, John, Sr., Feb. 19, 1833, aged 60. 

Coker, Rev. Abner, of the M. E. Church, Nov. 8, 1833, aged 66. 

Carroll, .Richard, Aug. 24, 1832, in his 58th year. 

Coale, Edward J., Nov. 16, 1832. 

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, the last survivor of the signers of the 

Declaration of Independence, etc., Nov. 14, 1832. 
Clagett, Hezekiah, merchant, Nov. 8, 1832, in his 78th year. 
Carroll, James, of Mount Clare, Jan. 27, 1832, in hie 71st year. 
Cromwell, Dr. John, Sept. 14, 1832. 
Carroll, Thomas, Aug. 18, 1831, in his 66th year. 
Corcoran, Thomas, Jan. 27, 1830, aged 7G. 
Cruse, Mary, wife of Jacob, Aug. 28, 1829. 
Chase, Jeremiah Townley, lawyer and judge. May 11, 1828, in his 80th 

Coulter, Alexander, Oct. 3, 1828, in his C8th year. 

Cole, George, soldier of the Revolution, Aug. 21, 1828, in his 72d year. 

Carman, Maj. Phineas, Feb. 24, 1827, in his 65th year. 

Carroll, Aquilla, Feb 26, 1820. 

Courtonay, Mary, wife of the late Hercules Courtenay, June 3, 1826. 

Crook, Charles, Dec. 7, 1826, aged 51. 

Cockey, John, Oct. 22, 1824, in his 67th year. 

Courtenay, Wm., November, 1824, in hia 42d year. 

Courtenay, Elizabeth J., wife of Henry, Oct. 4, 1823. 

Coulter, Dr. .Tohn, May 24, 1823, aged 72. 

Carroll, Dr. Chas., son of Daniel, of Duddington, Dec. 11, 1819. 

Davis, Geo. A , builder, April 28, 1880. 

Dryden, Maj. Joshua, merchant, Feb. 15, 1879, in his 87th year. 

Doll, Rev. Penfield, of the M. E. Church, Sept. 9, 1879. aged 62. 

Dorsey, Hon. John A., Nov. 10, 1879, in his 60th year. 

Dukehart, Robert W., merchant, Jan. 20, 1879, in his 69th year. 

Dukchart, John, Deo. 17, 1878, aged 78. 

Dubreul, Rev. Dr. Joseph Paul, superior of St. Mary's Seminary, April 20, 

1878, in his 64th year. 
Devries, Wm., dry-goods merchant, Nov. 27, 1877, aged 64. 
Donaldson, Thomas, lawyer, Oct. 4, 1877, aged 62. 
Denison, Gen. Andrew W., liito postmaster, Feb. 26, 1877, in his 46th 

Denmead, Talbot, machinist, March 27, 1876. 

Denison, Marcus, grocery merchant, Jan. 26, 1875, in his 75th year. 

Durocher, Auguste H., April 23, 1874, aged 78. 

Dannels, Judge Bolivar D., of the Orphans' Court, March 1, 1874, in hia 

49th year. 
Dulin, Dr. A. F., Nov. 25, 1874, in his G8th year. 
Day, Ishmael, officer in Canton House. Dec. 27, 1873. 
Daucls, John D., grocer, Dec. 18, 1873. 

Drakeley, Henry W., provision merchant, Sept. 25, 1873, aged 62. 
Dean, Wm., secretary and treasurer of the Canton Company, July 10, 

1873, aged 64. 
Darby, Benj., candy manufacturer, Blay 23, 1872, in his 72d year. 
Dukehart, Capt. John M., Dec. 17, 1872, aged 35. 
Dunbar, Dr. J. K. W., July 13, 1871, in his 66th year. 
Deford, Benjamin, leather merchant, April 17, 1870, in his 71st year. 
Dobaker, Adam, butcher, Dec. 26, 1870, in his 86th year. 
Dolan, Rev. James, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Jan. 12, 1870, born 

about 1814. 
Dunning, Rev. Halsey, of First Constitutional Presbyterian Church, Jan. 

11, 1869. 
Davis, Geo. Lynn Lackland, commissioner of the land-oflice and author, 

Dec. 24, 1869. 
Duff, Capt. Henry, ship-master, March 16, 1869, in his C7th year. 
Dalrymple, Dr. Wm. H , April 13, 1867, aged 49. 
Dodge, Geo. B., flrat provost-marshal of Baltimore in 1861, Aug. 9, 1866, 

aged 58. 
Donaldson, John Johnston, prest. of Franklin Bank, Sept. 1866, aged 78. 
Dalrymple, Wm. F., banker, Aug. 2, 1866, aged 68. 
Dukehart. Henry, " Old Defender," Dec. 8, 1866, in his 73d year. 
Donaldson, Samuel J., lawyer, Nov. 26, 1865, aged 81. 
Dyr, Phoeby (colored woman), June 27, 1864, aged 116. 
Davis, John, merchant and contractor, Aug. 2, 1864, aged about 95. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



t tho battle o 



, Aug. 10, 18G4. 
, Col. Nathan T., of l»t Maryland Rcgt., killed 
the Weldon Itailroad, Ya., Aug. 21, 18(!4. 

Dobbin, R. A., Journalist, Dec. 7. 18G4, In his 29th year. 

Dorbacker, Wni., hotel-keeper, Au(£. 15, 18G.'), aged 67. 

DulKuy, Grafton L., lawyer. May 10, 1863, aged about 68. 

Dolphin, Francis, meat-packer, Oct. 16, 1803, in his 7l8t year. 

Dobbin, Archibald, journalist, Aug. 16, 1862, In his 66th year. 

Diggs, Capt. Beverly, " Old Defender," Oct. 10, 1862, aged 79. 

Donovan, Joseph S., slavenlailer, April 16, 1861, in his OOth year. 

Davidge, Francis H., lawyer and Journalist, Sept. 19, 1861, aged about 66. 

Duer, John, Sr., Dec. 26, I8G0, aged 88. 

Dunkin, Bev. J. McKim, Jr , of the Presbyterian Church, March 28, 
1860, aged about 40. 

Damphoux, Rev. Edward, D.D., of the Catholic Church, Aug. 8, 1860. 

DeFord, Charles D., tobacco merchant, Feb. 13. 1858. 

Daviee, Col. Jacob G., ex-niayor, etc., Dec. 7, 1857, in his 62d year. 

Dallum, Francis J., ex-city collector, etc., April 30, 1857, in his 70th year. 

DiffenderfTer, Charles, June 27, 1857, aged 76. 

Docwra, Edwin H., lawyer, Aug. 9, 1856, in his 38th year. 

Dunlap, Rev. G. W., of Pre«b)terian Clmrcli, February, 1856. 

Done, John H., late master of transportation B. 4 0. R. R., July 26, 
1856. 

Dannols, Com. J. D., Oct. 29, 1865, in his 73d year. 

Dorsey, Thomas Baker, formerly chief judge of Court of Appeals, Dec. 
26,1855. 

Dugan, Wre. Cumberland, June 18, 1852, in her 90th year. 

Duncan, Uev. John Jlason, D.D., April 30, IMI. 

Dennis, Ci.l. Jacob, August, I8.W. 

Davey, Capt. Hugh, ship-master, August, 1849, aged 73. 

Dolan, Capt. Lawrence, November, ,1848. 

Dallam, J. Wilner, lawyer and author, August, 1847. 

I;onuell, Ann, wirV of James S., April 25, 18:19. 

Dugnn, Cunil.erluuci, Nov. 1, 1836, in his 90th year. 

Davis, Phim-as, locomotive inventor, Sept. 27, 1835. 

Ducatcl, Eiline, Nov. 19, 1833, aged 77. 

DeButls, Dr. Elialia, professor- in University of Maryland, April 3, 1831. 

Delajtortc, Fredeiick, merchant, Nov. 6, 1797. 

Dulnriy, Daniel, lawyer, March 19, 1797. 

Donneil, Joseph, merchant, Nov. 11, 1798. 

Donaldson, Jusepli, June 1(1, 17'.I9. 

Dorsey, Richard, May 15, 1799. 

Dobbin, Arehibald, Sr.. May 19, 1808, in hjs 72d year. 

Dugan, George, Oct. 1, 1813. 

Dawes, James, late cashier Franklin Bank, March 12, 1815. 

Dawson, Capt. Philemon, Aug. 12, 1816, aged 56. 

Dulany, Col. Daniel, Nov. 2, 1818. 

Diffendorfer, Daniel, April 16, 1819, in his 73d year. 

Dawson, William, consul of Great Britain, Oct. 7, 1820. 

Deal, Charles, July 28, 1820, aged 79. 

Deford, Benjamin, April 17, 1870. 

Davies, Col. Jacob G., late mayor of Baltimore, Dec. 28, 1867. 

Deye, Thos. Cockey, May 7, 1807, at an advanced age. 

Denkiu, Capt. Wm. N., July 27, 1881. 

Dunlap, William, April 4, 1881. 

Dosh, Kev. J. H. C, M.E. Church, April 18, 1881. 

Dorsey, Capt. Basil, Aug. 20, 1783. 

Davidge, John Beall, A.M., M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University 

of Maryland, Aug. 23, 1829, aged 01. 
Domitt, Richard, Juno 4, 1827, in his C7th year. 

Donneil, John, president of the Branch of the U. S. Bank, Nov. 9, 1827. 
Duffle, Bev. Cor. R., rector of St. Thomas' P. E. Church, Aug. 2, 1827. 
Donaldson, Caroline, wife of John, April 1, 1825. 
Denmead, Adam, Feb. 13, 1823, in his 56th year. 
Didier, Henry, Sept. 11, 1822, in his 75th year. 
Dashiell, Dr. Wm. Augustine, of tho Maryland line, Dec. 12, 1780. 
Davidson, John, Aug. 29, 1802. 

Delaporto, Elizabeth, widow of Frederick, merchant, July 27, 1603. 
Dickinsou, Capt. Biltiugham, June 24, 1808. 
Dall, James, merchant, Sept. 18, 1808, iu his 54lh year. 
DIffcnderfer, Michael, April 9, 1809. 
Dorsey, Col. John, Jan. 2, 1810, in his 76th year. 
Donellan, Thomas, Sept. 11, 1810, in his 84th year. 
Dobbin, George, part owner of tho American, Dec. 3, 1811. 
Deagle, Cnpt. Simon, for thirty years commanded a lino of packets from 

Norfolk to Baltimore, Aug. 21, 1812, aged 53. 
Denison, John M., merchant, .\ug. 1, 1813, aged 51. 



Delozier, Daniel, late surveyor port of Baltimore, Nov. 6, 1813, ag«d 63. 
Donaldson, Mi^, Jaa. Lowry, ex -member of Congress, a native of Ulster, 

Ireland, March 28, 1814, aged 64. 
Despeaux, Joseph, Sept. 30, 1820, aged 62. 
Day, Ishnmel, Dec. 27, 1873, aged 82; born March 20, 1792. 
Dobbin, Robert A., Aug. 16, 1862. 
Davis, Ilenry Winter, Dec. .10, 1865. 

Del.oughery, Mm. Susannah, a venerable lady, March 29, 1881. 
Eichelberger, Otho W., liquor merchant, Jan. 30, 1879. 
Edwards, John S., lawyer, June 8, 1878, in his 67lh year. 
Edwards, Joseph H., noted character. May 15, 1874, in his 48th year. 
Eaton, George N., merchant, July, 1874, aged 62. 

Eddy, Rev. Thomas M., of the M. E. Church, Oct. 7, 1874, in his .->3d year. 
Elzey, Gen. Arnold, Feb. 21, 1871. 
ficaville, Jos. B., Doc 31, 1870, aged 45. 

Ellicott, George, mayor of Ellicotfa City, Dec. 16, 1809, aged 71. 
Elder, Basil S., merchant, Oct. 13, 1869, aged 96. 
Evans, Hugh Davey, author and lawyer, July 16, 1868. 
Emory, Col. Sabiue, lawyer, March 24, 1868, aged 34. 
Elder, Allen, Aug. 29, 1867, aged 67. 
Ellicott, Evan T., Dec. 21, 1866. aged 74. 

Ensey, Lot, grocery merchant, Aug. 21, 1864, in his 69th year. 
Ensey, John H., Jan 8, 1864, in his 78th year. 
Evans, Hugh W., piesidentof the Union Bank, Dec. 6, 1863, in his 76tb 

Egerton, Charles Calvert, Sr., May 27, 1862, In his 66th year. 

Ely, Gen. Hugh, the founder of Elyavllle, BalUmore Co., Doc. 14, 1862, 

Eisenbrandt, Christian H., musical instrument maker, March 10,1861, 

Eccleston, Judge, of Court of Appeals, Nov. 12, 1860. 

Edmondsou, Capt. John, " Old Defender," November, 1860, aged near 80. 

Ellicott, Edward T., March 29, 1856. 

Eastman, Jonathan S., merchant, Dec. 9, 1856, in his 70th year. 

Edmoudson, Dr. Thomas, at " Harlem," Nov. -U, 1856, in his 49th year. 

Eichelberger, Wm., formerly editor of GazeUe, Aug. 15, 1854, in his 64th 

Ellicott, Andrew, Jr., July 15, in his 61st year. 

Eccleston, Archbishop, April 22, 1851 ; born June 27, 1801. 

Ellicott, Bev. Samuel ( colored), of African M. E. Church, November, 1848. 

Etting, Solomon, merchant, Aug. 8, 1847, aged 83. 

Ettiug, Hetty, Sept. 13, 1847, in her 7»th year. 

Eichelberger, Louis, insolvent commissioner, Nov. 15, 1836, in his 48th 

Eichelboiger, Wm. George, of Baltimore GtaelU, May 16, 18.36. 

Emory, Bishop, of the M. E. Church, December, 1835. 

Egerton, Charles Calvert, merchant. May 14, 18:t3, aged 59. 

Edes, Gen. Beiviamin, Sept. 5, 1832. 

Eichelberger, Jacob, merchant, Oct. 25, 1832, in his 89tli year. 

Escaville, Joseph, of the Exchange Booms, June 10, 1828, in his 48tb 

Ellicott, Ellas, merchant, Oct. 10, 1826, in his 68tli year. 

Elliott, John, Dec. 8, 1825, in bis 105th year. 

Ellicott, Andrew, Jan. 18, 1823, in his 48th year. 

Elbert, Dr. Joseph Sadler, April 7, 1822. 

Ellis, Bev. Beuben, of the M. E. Church, March 23, 1796. 

Evans, John, Oct. 2, 1804. 

Evans, William, proprietor Indian Queen Hotel, June 29, 1807, aged 56. 

Ellicott, Judith, wife of .loseph. May 26, 1809, aged 79. 

Esmenard, John Frances, March 13, 1813. 

Evans, John, l>er. 2, 18l;j. 

Ellicott, ,l"lii., .1; . .1 ui . , 1-M. 



4, 1819. 



r .Mathematics at West Point, Aug. 28, 1880, 



Ellicott, ll.r, , \ 

Ellicott, Jam. -, Jiil.v U, I- 
Ellicott, Andrew, Professor 

aged 67. 
Etting. Solomon, Aug. 0, 1847, in his 83d year. 
Hall, Mother Elionc, Sifiler of Charity, March 30, 1872. 
Emory, Hon. D. C. H., March 19, 1881. 
Edes, Liout.-Com., Sept. 17, 1881. 
Ensor, Abram, "Old Defender," April 29, 1881. 
Fite, Conrad B., merchant, September, 1879. 
Foley, Bishop Thomas, Fob. 18, 1879, aged 6G. 
Fulton, Eddington, journalist. May 13, 1878, iu his GOth year. 
Fickcy, Frederick, Juno 15, 1877, aged 82. 
Fisher, James I., merchant, July 30, 1877. 



BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



rallB, Moor N., late prest. Bay Line of Stenmere, April 7, 18"i 

Fuller, William, tin-plate dealer, June 8, 1876, in his 57th year. 

France, Spencer L., mercliaut, Dec. 1, 1876, in his 42(1 year. 

Fuller, Rev. Dr. Richard, pastor ot the Eutaw Place Baptist Gliurch.Oct. 

20,1876, in his 72d year. 
Folger, Capt. Edward F.,June », 1875, aged 52. 
Flack, Thomas J., liquor merchant, March 6, 1874. 
Fowler, Robert S., ex-State treasurer, etc., March :!, 1874. 
Fowler, Hon. Robert, merchnnt, March :!, 1874, in his 62d year. 
Frazier, John M., lawyer, Kcbruaiy, 1870. 
rianuigan, Andrew, ship-builder, June 21, 1870. 
Frick, Dr. George, brother of Judge Frick. 
Fulton, Emily J., wife of Charles C, July 20, 1869. 
Frnsh, Jacob, June 19, 1869, aged 79. 

Fitzgerald, Capt. Richard B., merchant, March 14, 1809, in his 62d year. 
Fields, James, merchant, May 25, 1867, aged 76. 
Fisher, William, banker, Jan. 18, 1867, aged 69. 
Fardy, John T., ship-builder, July 22, 1867. 
Foley, Matthew, merchant, Oct. 5, 1806. 
Frazier, (-'apt. James, ship-master, July 18, 1866, aged 84. 
Freeman, Rev. Father, a missionary preacher, Feb. 28, 1862, aged 70. 
Freuscli, Adam, Nov. 2,5, 1861. 

Frey, Edward S., wholesale druggist, Nov. 22, 1801, aged 52. 
Fricse, Philip R. J,, niercliant. Sept, 20. 1857, in his 82d year. 
Freilet, Rev. Peter, professor in St. Mary's College, Jan. 2, 1856. 
Freitag, Augustus 0. H,, IA..I\, Professor of the German Langtiage it 



his 71st Gatchfll, Hon. Wm. H., judge of Appeal Tax Court, April 27, 1878, i 



idow of Robert and mother of John W., July 17, 1877, 



Fergn 



lol, Dec. 27, IS,-.,-,, 

liaui Boyle, prest. of Howard 



Norfolk, Sep- 



Frick, Hon. William, judge of Superior Court, July 29, 1855, in his 65th 

Fricse, Henry F,, lawyer. May 24, 1853, aged 42. 

Fulton, Thomas H,, cotton manufacturer, Jan. 12, 1851. 

Feinour, Charles, Aug. 10, 1849, in his 70th year. 

Frisby, Col. Richard, March 24, 1845. 

Finley, Col., June, 1839. 

Foy, Frederick, Sr., April 29, in bis 66th year. 

Frick, Ann B., wife of Peter Frick, April 1, 1S3G, aged 84. 

Francis, Sister Mary, of cholera while waiting on the sick in the hospi- 
tals, Aug. 30, 1832. 

Fite, Peter, Aug. 8, 1S29, aged 84. 

Frazier, Capt. Solomon, an officer of the Revolution, March 3, 1826, in 
his ^id year. 

Ferguson, John F., and Israel Denny, two pirates, executed April 13, 1823. 

Focke, Frederick, mercliant, June 16, 1822. 

Fulford, Capt. John, of the artillery, by accident, October, 1780. 

Fitzgerald, George, merchant, Oct. 13, 1785. 

Flanagan, John, merchant, Sept. 10, 1785. 

Fell, William, proprietor of Fell's Point, Oct. 6, 1786, aged 27. 

Frick, William, judge Superior Court of Baltimore City, July 29, 1855. 

Falls, Abigail, wife of Dr. Moore Falls, of Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1789. 

Fortune, James, Nov. 6, 1797. 

Floyd, Rev. John, of the Catholic Church, Sept. 8, 1797, 

Fulford, Thomas, March 19, 1799. 

Furneval, Alexander, Sept. 14, 1807, aged 55. 

Foltz, William, March 1, 1810. 

Foard, Capt. Jeremiah, Revolutionary officer, March 9, 1812. 

French, Hannah, wife publisher Patriot, Nov. 9, 1813. 

Fuselbaugh, John, Jan. 19, 1814, aged 46. 

Fulford, Mre. Eleanor, Nov. 1, 1815, aged 78. 

Foreman, David, July 22, 1817, aged 72. 

Fonerdeu, Adam, Oct. 20, 1817. 

Frick, John, in his 38th year. 

File, Anna, wife of Jacob, June 10, 1819. 

Finley, David B., September, 1820. 

Fowler, Robert, State senator, March 3, 1873. 

Fletcher, Samuel J., Aug. 19, 1881. 

French, Gen. William H,, May 21, 1881. 

Fitzhugh, Dr. Daniel Hughes, April 25, 1881. 

Fisher, William, broker, Jan, 18, 1807. 

Gill, W. L., cashier of the Merchants' Bank, January, 1880, in his 83d year. 

Gill, Noah, merchant, Jan. 5, 1879, in his 56th year. 

Giles, Hon. Wm. Fell, ex-judge U. S. Courts, March 21, 1879, in his 72d 

Gittings, John S., banker, Dec. H, 1879, in his 82d year. 
GiSbrd, Thomas, ex-deputy marelial of police, Feb. 3, 187.3. 



Garrett, Eli/i 

in her 80th year. 
Ganibrill, Ljuincelot, banker, etc., Feb, 22, 1877, aged 68 years. 
Goldsliorongli, Hon. Wm. T,, statesman, Jau. 23, 1876, in his 08th year. 
Gore, Rev, James, of the Catholic Church, November, 1876, aged 32. 
Gaitlier, George R., merchant, Sept. 18, 1876, in his 80th year. 
Gover, Samuel H., anclioneer, April o, 1875, in his 73d year. 
Griflith, Capt. John R., steamboatinan, April 19, 1875, aged 57. 
Griffith, Allen, hardware merchant, April 18, 1875. 
Gilmor, Robert, farmer, Jan. 30, 1875, in his 67th year. 
Gale, Levin, lawyer, April 28, 1875, in his 51st year. 
Gobright, Wm. H,, journalist, Jan. 23, 1875, in his 69tli year. 
Glenn, Capt. Samuel T., an "Old Defender," January, 1875, aged 81. 
Goodwin, Chas., cashier of the Franklin Bank, Aug. 7, 1874, in 77th year. 
Gaddes, Alexander, marble-worker, April 9, 1873. 
Gelston, Hugh, merchant, Aug. 5, 1873, in his 75th year. 
Glendy, Com. Wm. H., U.S.N., July 16, 1873, aged about 72. 
Gallagher, F. H., president of Commercial College, March 31, 1872. 
Goddard, Charles, "Old Defender," Nov. 1,5, 1872, aged 78. 
George, Samuel K., merchant, June 30, 1871. 
Greaner, Wm., " Old Defender," Dec. 29, 1870. 
George, James B , Feb, 1, 1869. 
Girnan, James, merchant, March 3, 1869. 
Gambrill, Charles A., miller; Feb. 20, 1869. 

Gloss, John J., auctioneer, March 22, 1869, in his 72d year. 

Garrett, Henry S., merchant, Oct, 10, 1867, aged 60. 

Gilmor, Charies S., Sept, 21, lS66,«ged 48. 

Gallagher, Capt. Francis, lawyer, Dec. 10, 1866, in his 51st year. 

Goodwin, Richard B,, ship-builder, June 23, 1864. 

Graham, Capt. Wm., ship-master, Dec. 26, 1804, in his 78th year. 

George, James, merchant, Dec. 2, 1863. 

Guy, William, hotel-keeper, Feb. 22, 1862, in his 46th year. 

Gaskius, Samuel S., ex-shorifr, Jan. 22, 1802, in his 52d year. 

Guiteau, Rev. R., of the Presbyterian Church, October, 1862. 

Gray, William, hotel-keeper, Feb. 22, 1862. 

Giles, John R., founder of Giles' Hotel, March 5, 1861, aged about 50. 

Gilman, Charies, Sept. 9, 1861, in his 68th year. 

Griffith, Capt. John, ship-master, Nov. 28, 1861, in his 71st year. 

Gallagher, Capt. Le.«lie, Nov. 23, in his 82d year. 

Gould, Alexander, Sr., April 6, 1859, aged 80. 

Guy, John, Jr., hotel proprietor, April 29, 1857, aged 37. 

Garrett, Robert, merchant, Feb. 4, 1857, aged 74. 

Gilmore, Col. Charies H,, Jan. 2, 1856. 

Gibson, William, teacher. Sept, 10. 1866, aged 73. 

Guy, John, hotel proprietor. May, 1856, aged 71. 

Gregg, Andrew, merchant, Aug, 13, 1855. 

Gill, Jabez, Jan. 8, 1865, in his 65tli year. 

Gwynn, William, lawyer and journalist, Aug. 8, 1854. 

Glenn, Judge John, of the U. S. District Court, July 8, 1853, aged 68. 

Gill, R. W., lawyer and clerk of Court of Appeals, January, 1852. 

Gosnell, Greenbury, May 19, 1848, in his 94th year. 

Gilmor, Robert, merchant, Nov. 31, 1848, in his 75th year. 

Gildea, Rev. John B., of St. Vincent's Church', Feb. 18, 1845, aged 41. 

Gadsby, John, May 15, 1844. 

Gittings, Henrietta, wile of Lambert, Feb. 18, 1839. 

Giraurd, Dr. John James, March 23, 1339, in his 85th year. 

Gwiun, Charles, Jan. 26, 1837, aged 62. 

Gill, Mary Ann, wife of George- M,, March 1, 1835. 

Gibson, Wm., clerk County Court, April 29, 1832, iu his 79th year. 

George, Sister Mary, of the cholera, while waiting on the sick in the 

hospitals, Sept. 19, 1832. 
Graybell, Capt. Philip, Nov. 27, 1831, in his 69th year. 
Gittings, Richard, Jan. 30, 1830, in his 67th year. 
Grobp, Rev. John G., Sr,, pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 

May 27, 1829, iu his "0th year. 
Gilmor, William, Sept. 6, 1829. 

Gwynn, Eleanor, widow of the late Wm. Gwynn, July 30, 1829, aged 77. 
Gorsuch, Robert, Jan. 18, 1828, in his 72d year. 
Garts, Catherine, wife of Charles, Fob. 4, 1828, iu her 83d year. 
Gilmor, Louisa, wife of the late Robert, Nov. 9, 1827, in her 83d year. 
Gillingham, Dr. Ezra. Feb. 19, 1825. 

Grundy, George, importing merchant, Feb. 14, 1826, in his 70th year. 
Graff, Henry, Jan. 24, 1825, aged 72. 
Gatchell, Jeremiah, hospital steward, Aug. 26, 1822, aged 42: 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Gough, Prudonco, wife of Hurry Dorsoy Guugli, Juno 23, 1822. 

Gilmor, Robert, niorchuiit, Jan. H, 1822. 

Giles, Edwurd, March, 1783. 

Govane, James, Jtinuiiry, HM. 

Giles, Anue, wife of Jnuira and mother of Wm. Fell, April 15, 1780. 

Geroch, Mrs., wife of Kev. George, Seigfried Geroch, minister of tlie Ger- 
man Lutheran congregotion, April 25, 1787. 

Geroch, Kev. George Seigfreid, poator of the Gernion Lutheran Church, 
Oct. 25, 1788, aged C6. 

Glenn, Judge Elios, Jan. 0, 1840. 

Gray, Sr., John, April 22, 179'.1. 

Giendy. Elizabeth, wife of Rev. John Glendy, Juno 13, 1804. 

Glen, Eli/Ji, wife of John W., merchant, Aug. 30, 1805. 

Grifflth, Nallian, Oct. 12, 1806, aged 07. 

Gough, Harry Dorsey, of Perry Hall, Baltimore County, May 4, 1808. 

Gray, Geo. L., editor of the Anli-Democrai of Baltimore, March 24, 1808. 

Gill, Stephon, Nov. 29, 1811. 

Gratz, Charles, merchant, Aug. 24, isll. 

Gilman, John H., March 7, 1811. 

Garrett, Martha, wife of Robert, and daughter of A. B. Banna, Oct. 2, 
1812. 

Garrett, Andrew, Nov. 19, 1812, oged 88. 

Gist, Col. Thomas, Nov. 22, 1813, aged 73. 

Giles, Rebccco, Sept. 5, 1814, aged .57. 

German, Philip, July 11, 1814, aged 66. 

Grant, Daniel, liotel proprietor, June 29, 1816, in his 83d year. 

Goddard, Mary Katharine, late of the Maryland Journal, Aug. 12, 1816, 
aged 80. 

Ghequire, Charles, Aug. 12, 1818, aged 64. 

Gatchell, Maj. Samuel H , Nov. 16, 18^9, in his 01st year. 

Graybill, Capt. Philip, Sr., Oct. 20, 1819, in his 86th year. 

Goddard, Capt. Lemuel, Sept. 25, 1819, in his 79tli year. 

Graw, Henry, June 18, 1820, aged 46. 

Gray, Frances, artist, Aug. 12, 1820. 

Grifflth, Samuel G., Dec. 14, 1820, aged 40. 

GittingB, James, Jr., of Long Green, March 9, 1819, aged 60. 

Glenn, William Wilkins, newspaper proprietor, and son of John Glenn, 
of United States District Court, June 25, 1876. 

Gelston, Hugh, Aug. 5, 1873. 

Gary, James Sullivan, manufacturer, March 7, 1870. 

Grifflth. Thomas W., author, June 9, 1838, in his 72d year. 

Garrett, Robert, Feb. 3, 1867, in his 74th year. 

Gill, Wm. L , January, 1880. 

Green, Richard. May, 18G1, aged 05. 

Gwynn, Miy. Wm., Oct. 1, 1819. 

Gellott, John. May 25, 1827. 

Glenn, Judge Elian, Jan. 6, 1840. 

Glenn, Hon. John, July 8, 1853. 

Gobrighl, Lawrence A., May 15, 1881. 

Gault, Cyrus, Jan. 16.1881. 

Grundy, Geo. Carr, March 19, 1881. 

Gesner, Charles H., Feb. 25, 1865. 

Gist, Mordecai, Aug. 2, 1792, ut Cliarlealon, S. C. 



sth i 



73d yei 



Hurst, John, presl. N .: l I . n I., April 12, 1 

Hatcheson, B. 0., :m i! i Tsili year. 

Horner, Joshua, ni;uMii I till . I , i.i ! 1, I.sT'J. 

Henderson, James A., V'-h. 13, l.sTO, in his 73d year. 

Higgins, Capt. Asa, Aug. 27, 1879, born 1701. 

Hurst, John J., merchant, June 27, 1878, in his 39th year. 

Hunt, William, ship-builder, Feb. 18, 1878, in bis 60th year. 

Hollins, Com. George H., Jan. 18, 1878, aged 79. 

Holliday, Rev. W. H., pastor of Harford Ave. M. E. Church, March 23, 

1879, in his 44th year. 
Howlnnd, John D., clerk of the U. S. Court at Indianapolis, Dec. 5, 1877. 
Harvey, James, merchant, Sept. 19, 1877, in his 80th year. 
Hamilton, J. Douglass, lawyer, March 19, 1877, in hi« 39th year. 
Hayward, Col. William H., poetical writer, etc., Oct. 25, 1876. 
Howard, Capt, George, July 5, 1870, aged 65. 
Hack, Andrew A., merchant, Dec. 18, 1875, in his 66lh year. 
Harrison, Thomas, dry-goods merchant, March 7, 1874, aged 86. 
Howard, Dr. Henry, Prof of Medicine, University of Va., March 2, 1874. 
Hillen, Solomon, Jr., ex-mayor, June 20, 1S73, in his 63d year. 
Hooper, James, Jr., merchant. May 26, 1873, aged 72. 
Harrison, Siimnol, architect, Feb. 14, 1873. 

Holmes, Rcul>eu A., supt. of the Gos Company, Aug. 16, 1873, aged 61. 
Hutter, Rev. E. W., journalist, Sept. 21, 1873, in his Olst year. 



Harder, Rev. Wm., pastor of Emory M. E. Cliurch, Nov. 9, 1873, aged 

about 46. 
Hopkins, Johns, banker, Dec. 24, 1873, in his 79th year. 
Hunt, Jesse, ox-mayor, Dec. 8, 1872. 
Hall, Thomas, merchant, Oct. 1, 1872. in his 79lh year. 
Henderson, John, merchant, Feb. 3, 1872, in his 08tli year. 
Hope, W. H., Journalist, April 14, 1872, in his 60th year. 
Howard, Gen. Benjamin C, March 6, 1872, born Nov. 6, 1791. 
Huntemillor, Herman F., tobacco shipper, July 4, 1871. 
Hamilton, Dr. Charies, of City College, July 7, 1871. 
Hilary, Sister, of the Lombard Street Infirmary, Doc. 16, 1871, aged 68. 
Holmes, A'ictor, Baltimore County, Nov. 19, 1870. 
Hugg, Capt. Jacob, ship-master, Feb. 26, 1870. 
Hoover, Francis, president Butchers' Association, etc.. May 15, 1870, in 

his 60th year. 
Harris, Samuel, stock broker, June 12, 1870, aged 59. 
Habliston, Kev. Houry N. B., of the German Reformed Church, April 2, 

1870, aged 70. 
Howard, James, ex-president of Franklin Bank, March 19, 1870, in bis 

Higgins, Dr. James, March 26, 1870, aged about 60. 

Hines, Samuel, hatter, June 7, 1870. 

Howard, Charles, ex-president of police commissioners, June 18, 1869. 

Hopkins, William S., cloth merchant, February, 1869. 

Haupi, Rov. Iloratius 11., of the Catholic Church, July 18, 1809, aged 

about 83. 
Hickey, Rev. John F., of the Catholic Church, Fob. 15, 1869; born In 1789. 
Ileald, William. Nov. 10, 1808. 
Herring, Henry, lumber merchant, March 7, 1868. 
Hui>it, Wm. R., dry-goods merchant, June 14, 1868, in his 3Gth year. 
Houston, Col. Samuel T., hotel proprietor, July 15, 1868. 
Harvey, William Charles, retired merchant, July 27, 1868. 
Hammond, John S., May 12, 1868, aged 81. 
Hickman, Col. Charles, bookseller, March 12, 1868. 
Hodges, Bejijamin M., tobacco merchant, July, 1867, aged 93. 
Hollowiiy, Kchvard, lawyer, April 20, 1866. 
Hudson, Diivi.l W., Oct. 30, 1860, in his 76th year. 
Hayward, Jonas 11., manufacturer. May 25, 1806, in hU 51st year. 
Heald, Jacob H., merchant, November, 1806. 
Howard, Robert, merchant. May 12, 1865. 
Hedian, P. J., publisher. May 14, 1865, in his 41st year. 
Hintz, Dr. Kn-d.-rick E. li.. ii.t. 12, l.sG5,in his 64th year. 
HewloK, ,1.1:11 li I, ,ihi I 1. ilii. N .1 ,i. 1S64, in his C9th year. 

Hink8,( liiii I' i II 1 I, .M.Dec. 11,1863. 

Holton, 1,11 111 I I 1 I \ .1 III, III Mil I bind Infantry, died intheLlbby 

Prison, Kaliiiionil, Va., Ili-ieniI.er, 1803. 
Heiner, Kev. Elins, .>f the Gorman Reformed Church, Oct. 20, 1863. 
Harris, Richard, a noted character, February, 1862. 
Howard, Mrs. Cornelia A., wife of the late John E., Dec. 28, 1863, in her 

65th year. 
Howard, Maj. John Eager, lawyer, Aug. 12, 1862. 
Howard, Kev Charles K., D.D., of the P. E. Church, March 2, 1862. 
Hatch, Samuel T., July 1 1, 1881. 
Hess, Nathan, Aug. 31, 1881. 
Hoffman, Isaac 1'., Feb. 16, 1880. 
Huret, John, April 12, 1880. 
Huger, Gen. Benjamin, Dec. 7, 1877. 

Hopkins, Sarah, consort of John Hopkins, Jr., March 8, 1812. 
Hiudman, Col. James, Feb. 18, 1830, in his 89th year. 
Hyde, George, April 25, 1842. 
Hampson, A. J., April 9, 18S1. 
Hainian, Prof. William, March 17, 1881. 
Harvey, Capt. William H., Sept. 12, 1881. 
Harper, Robert Goodloo, Jan. 14, 1826. 
HofTmau, Peter, Sr., Sept. 13, 1810. 
Howard, Charles, June 18, 1809. 
Heath, Hon Judge Upton S., of the District Court of the United States for 

the District of Maryland, Feb. 21, 1852. 
Howard, Dr. E. Lloyd, by drowning, Sept. 7, 1881. 
Hopkins, Wm., one of the philanthropists of Baltimore, May 28, 1881. 
Hodges, l!,-n.|an.ii. M„ March 19. 1881. 
Humbl,-i,.i,,^,iiiii.ii M II n,, 1S81. 



ily, Nov. 27, 1700. 
lie Dartn 



nors, June i 



1881. 



BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



HopkinsoD, Francis, son of the signer, Sept. 29, 1823. 

Hopkins, William, Teb. 20, 1823, in his 42il year. 

Hopkins, Miy. Davj'i, U. S. army, FeL. 27, 1822, in his T.'itli year. 

Harrison, Thomas, Oct. 16, 1782. 

Haslett, Dr. Moses, Feb. 29, 1796. 

Hopkins, Gerard, caliinet-maUer, April 28, 1800. 

Howard, John, Fel). 18, 1805, aged 06. 

Hodgson, Joseph, May 20, 1805. 

Hunt, Job, Feb. 18, 18(19. 

Harris, David, bank cashier, Nov. 16, 1809. 

HoUins, William. Oct. 19, 1810. 

Hollins, Mary, wife of William, Nov. 8. 1810. 

Hough, Robert, merchant, Jan. 16, 1810. 

Hoffman, Peter, mereliant, Sept. 13, 1810, in his 68th year. 

Hollingswortb, Jesse, Sept. 30, 1810, in liia 79th year. 

Hendon, Henry, Oct. 2, 1810. 

Hoffman, Mrs. Peter, April 6, 1811. 

Hopkins, Col. Henry, Oct. 28, 1811. 

Howard, Dr. Ephraim, Aug. 1, 1811, aged 27. 

Hall, Mrs. Josias Carvil, Marcli 1, 1812, in her 60th year. 

Hughes. Christopher, captain of tlie Independent Artillerists. 

Hutchins, John, late sheriff, July 15, 1813. 

Heathcote, John, merchant, April 6, 1814, aged about 64. 

Hollingswortb, Thomas, merchant, Sept. 6, 1816, in his 69th year. 

Hoffman, John, Nov. 25, 1815. 

Hall, Col. Aquilla, Feb. 22, 1815, in his 67th year. 

Harrison, William, Nov. 10, 1816, in his 69th year. 

Harris, Joseph, actor, Oct. 16, 1810. 

Herring, Ludwig, Jan. 7, 1817, aged 55. 

Howard, Dr. Henry, July 18, 1817, aged 44. 

Heigli. B. M., lawyer, Nov. 20, 1861, in his 52d year. 

Harris, Dr. Chapin A., M.D., LL.D., founder of the College of Dental 

Surgery, author, etc., Sept. 29, 1860, in his 59th year. 
Hoffman, Samuel Owings. merchant, Sept. 28, 1860, in his 59th year. 
Hersh, Kev. C. H., pastor of the Second Lutheran Church, Nov. 22, 1859. 
Hawkins, John H. W., temperance lecturer, August, 1868. 
Harris, Samuel, banker, June 6, 1858, aged 84. 
Hager, Geo. W., builder, October, 1868, aged 43. 
Holloway, John M., jeweler, Dec. 2, 1858, aged 35. 
Hopper, Washington, lieut. in Mexican Volunteers, April 23, 1857. 
Hooper, Thomas, shipping merchant, June 27, 1857, aged 54. 
Hollins, John Smith, ex-mayor, etc., Nov. 28, 1856, in his 70th year. 
Howell, Louis, president of Ocean Mutual Insurance Co., Sept. 23, 1864. 
Heath, Hon. James P., ex-congressman, June 12, 1854, aged 78. 
Howell, John B., merchant, Nov. 7, 1854. 
Hinkley, Edward, lawyer, June 28, 1864, in his 64th year. 
Hoffman, David, author and lawyer, Nov. 11, 1854, aged 70. 
Heath, Judge Uptou S., of the U. S. District Court, Feb. 21, 1852, in his 

Henshaw, Bishop J. P. K., of the P. E. Church, July 20, 1862. 

Hilliard, Betsy, old fortune-teller, Feb. 28, 1860, aged about 70. 

Harker, Saml., editor and proprietor of the Republican, November, 1850. 

Hughes, Hon. Christopher, diplomat, Sept. 19, 1849. 

Hill, Thomas G., president of Sunday-school Society, Dec. 30, 1849. 

Howard, W. Govane, Nov. 17, 1848. 

Healy, Rev. John, pastor of Second Baptist Church. June 19, 1848, aged 

about 85. 
Hall, Dr. Richard Wilmot, Sept. 14, 1847, in his 62d year. 
Hall, Simeon, celebrated police-officer, Sept. 1, 1847, in bis 63d year. 
Harbersett, Henry, May 2, 1846, in his 63d year. 
Harris, Col. David, Feb. 4, 184.5, in his 75th year. 
Harden, Samuel, Feb. 10, 1841. 
Hillen, Solomon, Sr., July, 29, 1841, aged 71. 
Hudson, Samuel, Sept. 7, 1841, in his 78th year. 
Hillen, John. Aug. 11, 1840, in his 79th year. 
Hawkinsou, William, May 16, 1818, aged 64. 
Henry, Dr. Josiah, of the cholera, Oct. 21, 1819, in his 24th year. 
Hanson, Alexander C, U. S. senator, April 23, 1819. 
Hollingswortb, Rachel Lyde, widow of Jesse, March 6, 1819, in her 71st 

year. 
Hillen, Catherine, wife of John, Aug. 13, 1820. 
Handy, Col. George, register of wills, July 17, 1820, aged 64. 
Hazlehurst, Andrew, June 29, 1820, aged 40. 

Heath, Brig.-Gen., of the 14th Brigade Maryland Militia, Dec. 12, 1821. 
Hopkins, Johns, founder of Johns Hopkins University, Dec. 24, 1873, in 

the 79th year of his age. 
Howard, Chew, third son of Col. John Eager Howard, March 6, 1872. 



Howard, Charles, youngest son of Col. John Eager Howard, June 18, 

1869. 
Howard, Cornelius, at an advanced age, 1777. 
Hollingswortb, Samuel, May 8, 1830, in his 74tli year 
Hofl'man, Henry, April 7, 1839, in his 71st year. 
Hyser, John, fireman of Sun printing-office. April, 1839. 
Hanson, Rebecca Dbrsey, wife of Hon. Charles W., September, 1H37. 
Hooper, James, Sept. 28, 1837, in bis 08th year. 
Hemphill, Rev. Andrew, of M. E. Church, Aug. 27, 1837, aged 60. 
Hoskins, Rev. John H., vice-president of St. Mary's College, Baltimore, 

Jan. 11, 1837, aged 29. 
Hoffman, Peter, May 12, 1837, in his 63d year. 
Hopkins, Johns, Aug. 28, 1837, In his 74th year. 
Harper, Charles Carroll, June 23, 1837, aged 36. 
Howard, Col. Beale, Dec. 26, 1835, in his 65th year. 
Hurst, Ann Eliiabeth, wife of Jolin, and daughter of Maj. Joshua Dry- 
den, March 27, 1835. 
Hoffman, George, February, 1834. 
Howard, Dr. William, Aug. 26, 1834, in his 41st year. 
Hughes, Laura Sophia, wife of Christopher Hughes, the diplomat, Aug. 

7, 1832. 
Hollins, Jane, wife of John, Oct. 17, 1832, iu her 70th year. 
Hollingswortb, Samuel, merchant. May 9, 1830, In his 74th year. 
Hoffman, George Frederick, Jan. 27, 1830, aged 70. 
Hall, Levin, July 20, 1829, in his 60th year. 
Hollins, John, April 23, 1827, in his 68th year. 
Higinbotham, Ralph, March 14, 1827, in his 68th year. 
Hanna, Alexander B., Dec. 10, 1827, aged 72. 
Hale, Cubel, Dec. 17, 1827, in bis 80th year. 
Howard, Col. John E., ex -Governor, etc., Oct. 12, 1827, aged 75. 
Hindman, Col. Jacob, U.S.A., Feb. 17, 1827, in bis 78tb year. 
Hughes, Mrs. Priscilla, wife of Jeremiah, of the Maryland Bepublican, 

Nov. 8, 1826. 
Hook, Frederick, July 24, 1826, aged 64. 
Hughes, Peggy, wife of Christopher Hughes, Aug. 4, 1826. 
Howard, Margaret, wife of Col. John E., May 29, 1824, in her 64th year. 
Hughes, Christopher, Sept. 7, 1821, in bis 80th year. 
Hollingswortb, Zebulon, formerly associate judge of the Sixth Judicial 

District, Sept. 7, 1824, aged 63. 
Harrison, Joseph, Oct. 18, 1824, in bis 70tli year. 
Irelan, C. Davis, Feb. 12, 1879. 

luglis. Judge John A., of the Orphans' Court, Aug. 26, 1878. 
Irvin, Capt. Robert, civil engineer, Jan. 13, 1873. 
Irwin, James, stage-driver. May 16, 1871, in his 95th year. 
Inglis, William C, June 5, 1826. 
luglis, James, Feb. 8, 1826, aged 88. 
Inglis, Mre. Jane, wife of Rev. Dr. James Inglis, of Firet Presbyterian 

Church, Sept. 2, 1816. 
Inglis, Bt. Eev. Charles, D.D., first Protestant Bishop of Canada. 
Inglis, Rev. Jae., D.D., of the First Presbyterian Church, Aug. 15, 1819. 
Ii-vine, Alexander, merchant, April 2, 1821. 
Johnson, Dr. Edward, Sept. 24, 1797. 
Johnston, Samuel, lawyer, July 30, 1810, in his 84th year. 
Johns, Sarah, wife of Richard, Jan. 21, 1793. 
Jordan. Dominic, merchant, Sept. 24, 1816, aged 77. 
Jenkins, Hugh, merchant, Dec. 1, 1863, in h« 65th year. 
Jenkins, Col. J. Strieker, April 8, 1878, in his 47th year. 
Johnston, Rev. Wm. Tilghman, rector of St. John's M. E. Church, Hunt- 

iugton, Baltimore Co., Jan. 3, 1878 ; born Oct. 24, 1820. 
Jenifer, Col. Walter H., April 9, 1878, in his 56th year. 
Jenkins, M. Courtenay, lawyer, Feb. 11, 1877, in bis 69tb year. 
Jones, Rev. Jos., of the Independent Methodist Church, April 23, 1877 ; 

born in 1833. 
Johnson, Hon. Eeverdy, statesman, Feb. 10, 1876, in his 86th year. 
Johns, Bishop John, of the P. E. Church, April 6, 1876. 
Jenkins, Alfred, merchant, Aug. 17, 1875, in his 66th year. 
Jackson, Samuel, cutler, Sept. 2, 1874, aged about 64. 
Jones, Samuel, Jr., merchant and financier, April 22, 1874. 
Jillard, William H., April 26, 1874, aged 46. 
Januey, Richard M., merchant, Dec. 13, 1874, in his 69th year. 
Johnson, Mary M., wife of Hon. Reverdy Johnson, March 20, 1873, in 

-her 72d year. 
Joseph, Rev. Alexis, of the Catholic Church, Jan. 20, 1871, in his 79th 

year. 
Jarrett, Lefevre, president of Board of Police, Feb. 25, 1870. 
Johnston, William, boot and shoe merchant, July 7, 1868. 
Jones, Joshua, journalist, March 23, 1865. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Johnston, Finley, poetical writer, April 27, 18G4, aged 63. 

Jerome, Hon. John U. T., ex-mnyor of Baltimore, Jan. 25, 1803. 

Jtnkiiie, Hugh, merchant, Dec. 1, 1803, aged 05. 

Jamison, C. C, prest. of the Bank of Baltimore, Sept. 9, 1803, ta Tid year. 

Johnson. Wm. Fell, April IS, 1802, aged 04. 

Jackson, H. F., late jirop. of tlio Eiituw House, Dec. 13, 1802, aged 50. 

Jams, Surg. Nathan S., U.S.A., May 12, 1862; born in 1801. 

Jamart, Michael, Feb. 5, 1800, aged 8ii. 

Johnston, Capt. Zachary F , U.S.N., Ularch 17, 1859. aged about 55. 

Johns, Bev. H. V. D., D.D., rector of Emmanuel P. E. Church, April 22, 

1859, in bis 56th year. 
Jackson, A. J. W., prest. of the Baltimore Typographical Union, June 

20, 1858, aged 77. 
Jones, Wni. R., sec. of Biuitable Insurance Co., April, 1857, aged 71. 
Jerniugham, Klizabeth, widow of the seventh Baron of Stafford, and 

daughter of Richard Caton, Nov. 19, 1856. 
Johnson, Hon. John, lawyer and ex^jbancellor of the State, Oct. 4, 1850. 
Jarvis, Leonard, November, 1855. 
Jennings, Rev. S. K., M.D., ex-professor of Washington College, Oct. 9, 

1854, aged 81. 
Johnston, Thomas D., banker, June 30, 1851. 
Jones, Joseph, " Cheese Joe," May 25, 1850, aged 90. 
Johns, Richard, merchant, Feb. 2, 1847, in his 57th year. 
Jaubert, Bev. Hector, Nov. 5, 1843 : born in 1777. 
Jenkins, Wm., merchant, Feb. 21, 184:1, in his 77th year. 
Jennings, Thomas, lawyer, April 9, 1836, aged 70. 
Johnson, Christopher, Sept. 2, 1830. 
Jones, Talbot, merchant. May, 18:54 ; born in 1771. 
Johnson, Henry, July 6, 1833. aged 04. 
Jenkins, Edward, April 12, 1833, aged 00. 
Jenkins, Louis Williaui, lawyer, Sept. 24, 1833, aged 3.3. 
Jenkins, .^li' l< ■' i [m< i< i< mt. <>f ctiolera. Sept 8, 18.32, in liis 54th year. 
Jefferson,.! : , ,, it Hiirrisburg, Aug. 4,1832,inhi857th year. 

Jenkins, n-v - ;' i : , ill his 4Ctli year. 

Jenkins, lliiJi^ „„ , . h,,i,i, 1,1863. 

Johns, Sarah, wife of Ricliard, Jan. 21, 1793. 

Johnston, Christopher, March 0, 1819, in his 09th year. 

Jenkins, Charity, widow of Michael, Oct. 10, 1820. 

Jenkins, Wm., born at " Long Green," Harford Co., died Sept. 21, 1843. 

Johnson, Edward, April 18, 1829, in his G2d year. 

Jenifer, Mrs. Eliza, wife of Daniel Jenifer, Jan. 24, 1831. 

Jakes, Henry (colored), caterer, June 23, 1881. 

Johns, John T., Aug. 17, 1881. 

Jacobson, Eugene Philip, April 12, 1881. 

Jamison, Alexander, a well-known musician, Feb. 23, 1880. 

Keeports, Jacob, March 8, 1792. 

£eene,Eleonora, wife of Ricliard Raynall Keeuu, and daughter of Luther 

Martin, Nov. 10; ls07, aged 21. 
Keller, John, Dec. 20, 1812, aged 02. 
Kimmel, Anthony, Sr., May 16, 1817, aged 72. 
Keyser, Elizabeth, wife of Derick, Oct. 15, 1819. 
Kirkland, Alexander, merchant, March 1, 1873, aged 89. 
Kennedy, Hon. John Pendletou, Aug. 18, 1870, at Newport, B. I. 
Kenner, William C, Sept. 22, 1881. 
Kane, Dr., arctic explorer, Feb. i!. 1857. 
Knight, Dr. Samuel T., Jan. 21, 1881. 
Kurtz, T. Newton, publisher, Jan. 10, 1881. 
Kernan, Thos. P., May 10, 1881. 
Krebe, John Wesley, April 19, 1881, aged 75. 
Kilty, Rear-Admiial, U.S.N., Nov. 1(1, 1879 ; born in 1807. 
Kane, Col. George P., ex-mayor, June 23, 1878 ; born in 1820. 
Kelso, Thomas, merchant, July 26, 1878 ; born Aug. 28, 1784. 
Kensett, Thomas, oyster and fruit-packer, Sept. 6, 1877, aged 03. 
Kroh, George L., paper manufacturer, March, 1877, in his 49th year. 
King, Thomas, circus-leaper, Oct. 25, 1877. 
Klnnemon, Dr. P. S., Jan. 1, 1876, aged 67. 
Kirkus, Kev. Wm., of the P. E. Church, May, 1876. 
Kelly, (Vimelius A., postmaster at Govanstown, Dec. 21, 1876, in his "Ist 



Kyle, Maj. George H., merchant, Feb. 23, 1875, in his 46tli year. 

Keyser, Charles M., Aug. 2, 1874. 

Kirwin, Capt. Wm. B., steamlwatman, April 16, 1874, aged about 52. 

Koechling, Dr. Henry M., Feb. 8. 1874, in his 74th year. 

Kilbourn, E. G., lawyer. Starch 13, 187.). 

Kennedy, Capt. Wm., ship-master ajid merchant, Oct. 4, 1873, aged 72. 

Kennedy, John A., supt.of N. Y. [Kilice, June 20,1876, in his 70th year. 

Knell, Henry, butcher, Dec. 23, 1872, in his 59th year. 



Kummer, Miss S. Agnes, instnlctreas, Nov. 14, 1872. 

King, John, merchant, Nov. 22, 1872, in his 89th year. 

Kalkraan, Von Hollen, July 5, 1S72, aged about 66. 

Kirk, Samuel, jeweler, July 7, 1872. 

Kitts, John, Sept. 18, 1870, aged lUS. 

Kimborly, Charles W., journalist, June 1, 1870, aged about 45. 

Kyle, Adam B., merchant, April 12, 1869. 

Kemp, Edward D., lawyer, Feb. 11, 1868, aged about 63. 

Krebs, Jacob, Oct. 10, 1867, in his 93d year. 

Kelly, Timothy, tailor, April 13, 1867, aged 87. 

Kernan, James, flour merchant, April 12, 1807, aged 76. 

Key, Francis, lawyer, son of Francis S. Key, author, etc., April 4, 1866. 

Krebs, ex-Judge Wm. George, of the Circuit Court, April 24, 1806, in hU 

C4th year. 
King, Joseph, merchant, Oct. 28, 1865. 
Kurtz, Kev. Dr. Beiij., of the Lutheran Church, Dec. 29, 1865, in hU 7Ut 

Kauffelt, John B., merchant, July 17, 1864. 

Kennedy, Capt. Philip Clayton, U. S. JIarine Corps, Aug. 21,1864,in hU 

27th year. 
Knabe, Wm., piano manufacturer. May 21, 1804, in his 6Ist year. 
Kettlewell, John, Sept. 12, 1803, in his 5otli year. 
Kipp, John, Sr., merchant, Feb. 14, 1862, aged 90. 
King, Capt. George W., April 21. 1802, aged over 70. 
Kennedy, Edward, April 29, 1861, in his 73d year. 
Keener, Christian, temperance advocate, etc., Oct 23, 1800, in hU 66th 

Key, Mary Taylor, widow of Francis S. Key and mother of Philip B. 

Key, May 18, 1859, aged 75. 
Key, Philip Barton, lawyer, February, 1859. 

Kiblin, Hev. B. S., pastor of Ascension P. E. Church, Aug. 10, 1853. 
Kell, Thomas, judge of County Court, March 8, 1846. 
King, Rev. Jacob, of the M. E. Church, JIarch 13, 1844, in his 86th year. 
Keyser, Maj. George, Sept. 19, 1837. 
Kent, Emanuel, register of the city, Oct. 21, 1835. 
Kemp, Right Bev. James, bishop of the P. E. Church, Oct 28, 1827. 
Kperl, Dr. Henry, July 16, 1827, in his 73d year. 

Kemp, Elizabeth, wife of Bishop Kemp, of the P. E. Church, Aug. 14, 1826. 
Kennedy, Mrs. J. P., October, 1824. 

Kenrick, Archbishop Francis Patrick, July 8, 1863; born in 1797. 
Lanagan, Michael J., actor. May 17, 1879, aged 45. 
Latrobe, B. H., civil engineer, Oct 19, 1878, in his 72d year. 
Lucy, Prof. Thus., A.M., of Baltimore. Female College, April 0, 1878, in 

his Olst year. 
Lazear, Oen. Jesse, merchant. Sept 2, 1877, in his 74th year. 
Lewis, Abraham J., merchant May 12, 1877, aged 86. 
Lupiis, Edward, architect, Feb. 23, 1877, aged 43. 
Lusby, Edward R., morchaiit May 1, 1874, in his 50th year. 
Lilly, Capt. Richard, April 20, 1874, in his 08tli year. 
Lee, Miss E. (Sister Mary Ramie, Sister of Charity), April 13, 1874 ; bom 

in 1825. 
Latimer, Com. Wm. R., U.S.N., March 15, 1873, in his 70th year. 
Lynch, Mother Antionia, superior of the Carmelite Nuns, and sister of 

Bishop Lynch, of Charleston, S. C, April 2, 1873, aged about 52. 
Lester, James M., merchant, Dec. 25, 1S72, in his 61st year. 
Lornian, Alexander, merchant, Jan. 15, 1872, aged 78. 
Leslie, Capt. Robert ship-master, Jan, 16, 1872, aged 79. 
Lucas, Henry A., type-founder, July 7, 1872, in his 67tli year. 
Lowry, L. D., December, 1871, in his .52d year. 

Lewis, Martin, consul for Denmark, Swedeu, and Norway, March 17, 1870. 
Lougnecker, John H., proprietor of the Baltimore County Uiiioit^ Nov. 

11, 1870, in his 6.3d year. 
Levering, Samuel S , merchant, April 27, 1870, aged 40. 
Lipscomti, Rev. Philip, of the M. E. Church, Jan. 4, 1870, aged 72. 
Lucas, Jumes, printer, Dec. 8, 1870, in bis 79tli year. 
Lewis, Edward, formerly one of the edit<ir8 of the Palriol, May 4, 1867. 
Leakin, Geu. Sheppard C, ex-mayor, etc., Nov. 20, 1867. 
Long, Col. Henry K., Nov. 20, 1867, in his 80tli year. 
Lurman, Gustav W., merchant, July 8, 1860, in his 57lh year. 
Leveriug, F. A., nierchaut, July 3. 1866, aged 55. 
Lynch, Commander, C.S.N., Oct 17, 1865. 
Lynch, Lieut Wm. F., U.S.N., Oct 17, 1865, in his 64th year. 
Lemnion, Wm. P., merchant, etc., March 8, 1804. 
Leakin, Sheppard A., lawyer, Sept. 8, 1864, in bis 39th year. 
Lai-oque, Dr. J. M., druggist. Match 20, 1864, aged 77. 
Lloyd, Col. Thomas, hotel-keeper, Jan. 3, 1862, in his 72d year. 
Luwe, Tllos. W., prlulor, Nov. 9, 1862, aged 60. 



BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



Linhard, Wm., musician, April 13, 1»62, aged 33. 

Lux, Agues, widow 6f Wni. Lux, and only child of Dr. Georgo Walker, 

first clerlt of the town, March 4, 1783, aged 52. 
Levely, William, tavern.keeper, Sept. 14, 1787. 
Law, James 0., mayor of Baltimore, June G, 1847. 
Lux, Catherine, wife of George, and daughter of Hon. Edward Biddle, 

of Pennsylvania, Feb. 9, 1790. 
Lux, Col. Darby, April 10, 1795. 
Lincli, Maj. John, Dec. 4, 1796. 
Langworthy, Edward, Nov. 1, 1802. 
Levy, David, Sr., Jan. 8, 1804. 
Long, James, May 10, 1807. 
Lee, Kichard, Nov. 3, 1809. 
Lefarer, Nicholas, Nov. 30, 1811, aged 80. 
Littlcjohn, Dr. Miles, Dec. 23, 1815, aged 57. 
Legrand, Eleanor, wife of Capt. Samuel D., Jan. 12, 1818. 
Lawson, Diana, wife of the late Eichard, Nov. 19, 1818. 
Lucas, Rev. Thomas, of the M. E. Church, Jan. 11, 1819. 
Linderberger, George, Oct. 22, 1820. 
Levering, John, merchant, Oct. 30, 1820. 
Leonard, Capt. Joseph, Feb. 12, 1820, aged 64. 
Leypold, Frederick, Aug 7, l,S2l. 
Love, Dr. Thomas, March 1, 1821, aged 60. 
Lormaii, Alexander, Jan. 14. 1872. 
Lux, Capt. Darby, Oct. 14, 1750. 
Lanilis, Capt. David C, March 27, 1878. 
Little, Col. Peter, Feb. 6, 1830. 
Luddington, Wm. J. C, April 8, 1881. 
Lanier, Sidney, poet, Sept. 9, 1881. 
Lawson, Alexander, October, 1760. 
Lewis, Capt. Wm. Charles, April 11, 1881. 
Linhard, Prof. John, Nov. 21, 1876. 

Lawson, Ephraim (colored), Ames M. E. Church, Aug. 17, 1881. 
Lanibdin, John, at Padner Park, Baltimore Co., February, 1872. 
Laroiiue, Dr. Francis Edward, dentist, Feb. 17, 1861, aged 66. 
Legiaud, Chief Justice John Carroll, of the Court of Appeals, Dec. 1861. 
Lefevre, Abraham, printer, June 3, 1860, in his 80th year. 
L'Honime, Rev. Francis, superior of St. Mary's Seminary, Oct. 27, 1860. 
Lee, Judge Z. Collins, of the Superior Court, Nov. 22, 1859, aged 54. 
Linhard, George, nuisiciau, Jan. 7, 1859. 
Lovegrove, James, eminent fireman. Aug. 9, 1858, aged 75. 
Logue, Col. John C, school-teacher, Dec. 2, 1856, aged 37. 
Lowe. Capt. Cornelius, ship-master, Aug. 22, 1855, aged 94. 
Lucas, Fielding, Jr., publisher, March 12, 1854, aged 74. 
Lucas, Fielding, June 7, 1853, in his 4l8t year. 
Levering, Aaron E., merchaut, June 24, 1852, in his 68th year. 
Levering, Aaron, commanded the Indept. Blues in 1814, June 26, 1852. 
Lee, Josiali, banker. May 12, 1852, aged 51. 
Lemmon, Richard, merchant, Jan. 2'.), 1849. 
Leslie, Maj. Robert, Jr., shipping merchant, November, 1849. 
Law, George, Dec. 17, 1848. 
Long, Robert Carey, architect, June 30, 1848. 
Law, Maj. James O., ex-mayor, Juno 6, 1847. 
Lorman, Wm,, merchant, Dec. 9, 1841, aged 77. 
Levering, Nathan, June 16, 1834, in his 64th year. 
Loper, J. M., prompter. May 3, 1833. 
Long, Eohert Carey, eminent architect, Feb. 21, 1833. 
Lalrobe, Margaret C, wife of John H. B., Jan. 5, 1831. 
Law, James, May 14, 1830. 

Lorman, Mary, wife of Wm. Lorman, Jan. 14, 1830, in her 59th year. 
Little, Col. Peter, Feb. 5, 1830. 

Long, Anna S., wife of Robert Carey Long, July 20, 1826, aged 42. 
Lundy, Esther, wife of Benj. Lundy, editor of the Genitu of Universal 

EmavcipalUm, of Baltimore, April 4, 1826. 
Lindeuberger, Jacob, June 14, 1825, in his 45th year. 
Lawson, George, Oct. 21, 1823, in his 63d year. 
Long, Col. Kennedy, Feb. 24, 1822. 
Lux, Wm., May 10, 1778. 
Long, Robert, Jan. 31, 1779. 
Larch, Valentine, Jan. 21, 1780. 

Mayer, Charles F., a prominent lawyer of Baltimore, Jan. 3, 1863. 
Matthews, Thos., Feb. 7, 1792. 
McCandless, George, Jan. 25, 1793. 
Marlin, Judge R. N., July, 1870. 

Mackenheimer, Col. John, Maryland militia, Oct. 19, 1823. 
McPhail, William, hatter, Feb. 28, 1880. 
Martin, David, Jan. 10, 1879, in his 84th year. 



Murdock, Alexander, dry-goods merchant, Jan. 7, 1879, in his 79th year. 
McJilton, John F., proprietor of the Palriol, Juno 18, 1879, aged 74. 
Melchior, Nathan, manufacturer, Sept. 15, 1879. 

Mayer, Col. Brant/,, paymaster U. S. army, Feb. 2:), 1879, in his 70th year. 
Morgan, Prof. James A., of Baltimore City College, Nov. 30, 1879, in his 

out year. 
McKim, William, banker, Sept. 11, 1879; born Dec. 21, 1808. 
Mitchell, Capt. John, Sept. 26, 1879, in his 76th year. 
Merritt. William K., merchant, Nov. 12, 1878. 
Mitchell, Lawrence, merchant, June 3, 1878, in his 82d year. 
Meredith, Hannah, wife of Jonathan Meredith, Nov. 16, 1878, in her 95tli 

McPherson, William, "Old Defender," June, 1878, in his 83d year. 
McWilliams, John J., Dec. 7, 1877. 

Marden, Jesse, manufacturer of scales, June 23, 1877, aged 71. 
Munsey, Rev. Wm E., D.D., of the M. E. Church South, Oct. 23, 1877, 

aged alKjut 40. 
McElroy, Rev. John, of the Catholic Cliurch, Sept. 12, 1877, aged 95. 
Muller, Bev. Peter L., of the Catholic Church, Sept. 26, 1877, in his 57th 

year. 
Maccubbin, Samuel, city comptroller, July 9, 1876. 
Mackenzie, Colin, merchant, Feb. 17, 1876. 
Middleton, John A., niercliuiit, (lit. 7, 1876, aged 51. 
Mayberry, Rev. .1 .liii . l i.iM i: Church, March 23, 1876. 

Mueller, Eev. .In. ii < 1 1 u rch, Feb. 24, 1876, in his 67th year. 

Milholland, Jas , n : . i t, 1.S75, in his 63d year. 

McJilton, Rev. J.. Iiii N.-i il- I' I :, Cliurch, author, etc., April 13, 1875, 

aged 70. 
Morris, Eliza Hay, wife of Eev. John G. Morris, July 16, 1875. 
Morris, John B , lawyer, Dec. 24, 1874, in his 90th year. 
McPhail, Jaa. L., provost-marshal of Baltimore, Oct. 6, 1874. 
Marean, Silas, merchant, Sept. 12, 1874, in his 94th year. 
Mattingly, Miss Elizabeth (Sister Mary Ursula, Sister of Cliarity), April 

7, 1874 ; born about 1803. 
Mace, Alford, politician, Dec. 5, 1873. 
Mason, John Thomson, lawyer, March 28, 1873. 
Mason, Eichard C, cracker manufacturer, March 26, 1873, aged 90. 
Matthews, Thomas R., Sept. 3, 1873, in his Slst year. 
Marburg, William A , Sr., tobacco manufacturer, July 16, 1873, aged 60. 
McCoy, Stephen, Feb. 12, 1S73, in his 86th year. 
McLaughlin, Patrick, lawyer, Oct. 8, 1873, aged about 58 years. 
Mackenzie. Dr. Thomas S., May 6, 1873, in his 71st year. 
Macartney, Eev. Francis, pastor of the Seamen's Union Bethel Church, 

Oct. 7, 1873, aged 71. 
Myers, Rev. Henry, of the Catholic Church, July 21, 1873, aged 68. 
McClymont, Wm., coal-dealer, April 1, 1872. 
Mathiot, August, furniture-dealer, July 12, 1872. 
Meredith, Jqnathan, lawyer, Feb. 25, 1872, in his 88th year. 
Morris, Thos. H., prest. of the Union Club, Feb. 10, 1872, aged about 52. 
Mudge, Abner E., retired merchant, April 12, 1872. 
Miles, George H., author, poet, and lawyer, July 24, 1771. 
McGill, Dr. Samuel Ford, Gov. of Cape Palmas, Liberia, June 26, 1871. 
McConkey, William, March, 1871, aged 76. 
Miller, Daniel, dry-goods merchant, July 25. 1870. 

Myers, Col. Henry, ex-judge of Appeal Tax Court, July 8, 1870, aged 75. 
Mcintosh, John, hotel proprietor, June 8, 1870. 
Moore, Charies, cloth merchant, Nov. 4, 1870, in his 46th year. 
Martin, Judge E. N., July 20, 1870, aged about 73. 
Mahan, Eev. Dr. Milo, of St. Paul's M. E. Church, September, 1870. 
Mitler, Daniel, merchant, July 25, 1870. 
Mullen, Jonathan, sexton of cathedral, Jan. 20, 1869. 
Martin, Wm., merchant, Jan. 10,1869. 
Marley, Eichard, treasurer of Grand Lodge of Maryland, I. O. 0. F., May 

7, 1869. 
McLean, W. W., tobacco merchaut, Nov. 8, 1869. 
Mowell, Peter, manufacturer, Nov. 7, 1869, in his 64th year. 
Muller, Rev. Wm. R., of the M. E. Church, Dec. 19, 1869. 
Martin, Gen. Wm. E., Nov. 11, 1869, in his 66th year. 
Miltenberger, Gen. Anthony F. W., merchant, March, 1869, aged 80. 
Mason, Capt. Wm., merchant, etc., Feb. 21, 1868, aged 68. 
Monsonat, Nicholas, druggist, Nov, 6, 1868. 

Magraw, Hod. James C, chief judge of Orphans' Court, July 3, 1868. 
McTavish, Charles Carroll. March 13, 1868. 
McTavisb, Emily, wife of John McTavish, and daughter of Eichard 

Caton, Jan. 26, 1867, aged 74. 
Moss, Samuel, "Old Defender," June 2, 1867, in his 73d year. 
Monkur, Dr. J. C. S., Jan. 2, 1867, aged 66. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Hbj, S. Henry, Inwyer an<l stiilMmon, Sept. 25, 18C6, In liie 50th year. 

Uagruw, Robert M,, merclmnt, June 12, 1806. 

Uenyman, Benjiiniiu, Muy »0, 1814, aged 75. 

McCandleas, George, Jan. 26, 179:1, aged 72. 

Merrynmn, John, Fob. 14, 1814, aged 77. 

Morrynian, Benj., May 30, 1814, aged 7fi. 

McCreey, Wm., ex-congressman, native of Ulster, Inland, March 28, 

1814, aged 04. 
Hagnider, Rebecca I)., wife of Dennis P , June 9, 1815. 
McCannon, James, niercliant, April 25, 1815, aged 62. 
McCulluli, Isabella, wife of Dr. Samuel, Feb. 10, 1816, in her 4l8t year. 
Merryman, Sarah, wife of the late John Merrynian, Aug. 21, 1816. 
McHeury, Jas., Secretary of War under Washington, May 3, 1816, in his 

63d year. 
Moore, Col. Nicholas Ruxton, ex-member of Congress, Oct. 7, 1816, In his 

Miller, Capt. Robert, Sept. 18, 1818, aged 73. 

McNulty, John, Dec. 21, 1818, in his 4Cth year. 

Middleton, Dr. James, Dec. 15, 1818. 

McKini, John, merchant. May 1, 1819. 

Matthews, William, merchant, Nov. 23, 1819, aged 67. 

Moore, Capt. Thos., Nov. 17, 18:20, aged 74. 

Merryman, Margaret, wife of Job M., Jan. 28, 1820, aged 40. 

McDonald, Mary, wife of Alexander, May 30, 1820, aged 54. 

McHenry, Julia Elijabeth, wife of John McHenry, and eldest daughter 
of Col. John E. Howard, May 8, 1821. 

McDonald, Sarah, wife of Geu. William, Oct. 2, 1821, in her 63d year. 

McMahon, John Van Lear, distinguished lawyer, June 15, 1871, at Cum- 
berland, Md. 

McKim, Isaac, April 1, 1838. 

McLane, Hon. Louis, Oct. 7, 1857, in his 74th year. 

McDonald, Gen. William, Aug. 18, 184.''), in his 87th year. 

Moale, Richard, Feb. 22, 1786. 

Moale, John, July 5, 1798. 

McPhail, Wm., Feb. 28, 1880. 

Mahood, Gen. James, Dec. 20, 1876. 

McElderry, John, May 22, 18:!0. 

Morris, Governeur, U. S. Marine Corps, Dec. 27, 1865. 

Montgomery, Dr. Wm. T., Sept. 3, 1881. 

Murdock, Thos., May 10, 1881. 

Macgill, Dr. Charles, May 6, 1881. 

McHenry, James, April 15, 1881. 

May, Hon. Henry, Sept. 26, 1866. 

McCrou, Kev. John, April :W, 1881. 

Magruder, Hon. Richard B., Feb. 12, 1844. 

Merrilat, Dr. J. C, Sept. 20, 1881. 

Marshall, Thos., sou of Chief Justice Marshall, June 27, 1835. 

Meyer, Conrad, piano-maker. Jan, 14, 1881. 

McHenry, Daniel, merchant, November, 1782, aged 57. 

Moore, Elizabeth, wife of Nicholas B. Moore, Nov. 17, 1784. 

Moale, Bichai-d, Feb. 12, 1786. 

Myers, Jacob, Oct. 2, 1787. 

Messonnier, Elizabeth, wife of Henry, November, 1787. 

McHenry, John, May 7, 1730. 

Martin, Maria, wife of Luther Martin, Nov. 2, 1796. 

McKoekey, Alexander, March 14, 1798. 

Merryman, Elijah, July 3, 1799. 

Machenheimer, Peter, Sept. 22, 1801. 

Moores, Rev. Daniel, Sept. 11, 1802. 

Moncrief, Archibald, Jan. 6, 1803. 

Mather, Bov. Ralph, of the New Jerusalem Church, Sept. 24, 1803. 

Meyers, Mrs. Margaret, June 20, 1804. 

Hoore, David, May 2, 1607, aged 66. 

Mayer, Capt., an old Revolutionary officer, Marcli 4, 1807. 

McDonogh, Elizabeth, wife of John McDonogh, June 16, 1808, aged 
62. 

Morion, Nathaniel, Jan. 22, 1808, in his 43d year. 

Merryman, Samuel, Sept. 25, 1809, In his 88tli year. 

McDonogh, John, Revolutionary soldier. Fob. 19, 1809, aged 75. 

Martin, Alexander, a native of Boston, and founder of the ^morieon 
newspaper, October, 1810. 

MoBlderty, Thomas, Slate senator. May 28, 1810. 

McGowan, John, Feb. 16, 1810, aged 04. 

Matthews, George, Fob. 7, 18II. 

Meredith, Jonathan, at Jonkintown, near Philnilclphia, Pa., Aug. 211, 



1811, 



8 71st 3 



Mickle, John, Jlay 9, 1813. 



McDonald, wife of Alexander, Aug. 17, 1813. 

Merryman, John, Feb. 14, 1814, aged 77. 

Miller, George C, cashier Bank of Commerce, May 24, 1866. 

Mayhew, Wm. E., dry-goods merchant, Aug. 30, 1865. 

McKIm, John S., Jon. 11, 1806, in his 65th year. 

Morilt, Henry M., lawyer, December, 1865. 

Morris, Brig.-Gen. W. W., U. S. army, Dec. 11, 1866, In his 64th year. 

Mattiugly, John F., telegrapher, Aug. 15, 1866, in his 44th year. 

Meyers, Cliarles H., merchant, Jan. 15, 1864. 

Moale, Randall H., July 11, 1864, in his 82d year. 

Mullen, Capt. James, July 31, 1804. 

McDowell, Robert, carpet merchant, aged about 55, 

Mankln, Josiah, merchant, April 14, 1864, aged 85. 

Matthews, Thomas, lumber merchant, Oct. 1, 1864, in his 84th year. 

Malcolm, James, lawyer. May 10, 1864, aged about 45. 

McDonald, William, Of " Guilford," Sopt 6, 1804, In his 35th year. 

Mackenzie, Dr. John P., Jan. 14, 1864, aged 63. 

Monroe, Bov. Thoma« H. W., postor of the Fayette M. E. Church, July 

28, 1804. 
Murray, James, ex-city commissioner. May 29, 1863. 
McLaughlin, Andrew, proprietor of Baruum's Hotel, Jan. 29, 1863, in bis 

6l8t year. 
Mayer, Clinrli.s F., h.wyi r, Jan. 3, 180.3. 

Myers, Cli.i- lu-i p:. if, [,i ,,f ISutcbere' Association, etc., June 4. 1862. 
Metcalf.-, v^ >i i th,- Criminal Court, Feb. 11, 1862,aged 75. 

Miles, (i.ii I' II I - iiuv, killed at Harper's Ferry, Sept. 15, 1802. 

McBlair, i i- 1 i l,;ii,i, !>,.,;. 15, 1801, aged 86. 

McLean, Corm-lius, law j<T, June 16, 1862. 

McCuUough, James W., banker and lawyer, June 17, 1801, in hU 73d 

Mitchell, Wm. P., linguist, Nov. 22, 1861, aged about :i4. 

McFarland, Rev. Mr., of the P. E. Church, Dec. 15, 1851, aged about 66. 

Mayhew, Wm. E., dry-goods merchant and president of Farmers' and 

Planters' Bank, April 10, 1860, in his 80th year. 
Manley, Stephen H., ex-deputy marshal of police, Oct. 23, 1860. 
Murphy, Thomas, journalist. May 16, 1860, aged 80. 
Maguire, Gen. J. L., Ang. 28, 1860, iu his 56th year. 
Miller, William, machinist. May 8, 1859, aged about 62. 
Mitchell, Col. George E., U.S.A., and late member of Congress, June 28, 

1832. 
McMechin, Hon. Wm., judge of the City Court, Nov. 4, 1832, in his 60th 

McKini, Hou. Alexander, ex-member of Congress, Jan. 18, 1832, aged 84. 

McDonogh, Wni.,8on of John, of New Orieaus, Nov. 3,1832. 

McDonald, Elizabeth, wife of Alexander, Oct. 4, 1831, aged 67. 

Mayer, Henry, Aug. 28, 1831, aged 62. 

Mactier, Alexander, Dec. 2, 1831, aged 74. 

Merryman, Job, June 27, 1830, aged 60. 

Meredith, Thomas T., lawyer, September, 1830. 

Moale, Frances, wife of Robert M., Sept. 11, 1829. 

Miller, Jacob, Oct. 18, 1829, in his 71st year. 

Mackejihcimer, Mrs. Catherine, July 22, 1829, aged 70. 

Myers, Maria, wife of George Myers, Feb. 28, 1829. 

Maccubbin, John C, Sept. "24. 1829. 

McPhail, Daniel, Oct. 23, 1829, in his 49th year. 

Montgomery, John, ex-mayor and attorney-general of Maryland, July 
28, 1829, in his 64th year. 
I Martl'chal, Archbishop, Jan. 29, 1828 ; born in 1768. 
j Merser, Jacob, Feb. 14, 1827, aged 114. 

McCausland, Marcus, Aug. 6, 1827. 
j Moale, Anna, wife of Col. Samuel, Sept, 14, 1827, in her 52d year. 

Mackenzie, Dr. Colin, Sept. 1, 1827, iu his 53d yoor. 

Martin, Luther, lawyer and statesman, July 8, 1826, in his 82d year. 

Middleton, Gilbert, Doc. 13, 1826, In his 75th year. 

Mosher, James, Jr., Oct. 28, 1825. 

McCluro, John, merchant, June 2, 1826. 

Marsh, Joshua, Nov. 6, 1826, in his 78th year. 

Murray, Henry M., lawyer, April 28, 1824, aged about 35. 

Moranville, Dr. John Francis, of the Catholic Church, May 17, 1824, 
aged 62. 

Mantz, Francis, May 22, 1823. 

Mackenheimer, Col. John, a soldier of the Revolution, Oct. 19, 1823, Iu 
his 70th year. 

McHenry, John, Oct. 8, 1822, In his 32d year. 

Myell^ Jacob, Sept. 20, 1822. 
ilholland, Robert D., May 19, ISim. in his 7l8t year. 

Mason, Richard, cracker merchant, Jan. 21), 1859, aged 50. 



BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



805 



McDonald, Capt. Wm., ship-master, July 15, 1859, aged 59. 
Munroe, Col. Isaac, journalist, Dec. 22, 1869, aged 76. 
Marriott, Gen. Wm. H., May 13, 1857, in liis 62d year. 
McNally, Micliael S., teacher, Oct. 28, 1866, aged 72. 
McEIderry, Hugh, merchant, Oct. 10, 1866, in lii8 64th year. 
McDonald, Samuel, merchant. July 11, 1S65, in his UStli year. 
Matchett, Richard J., printer, Oct. 23, 1854, in his 64th year. 
Meredith, Thomas, president of the Conimerciu] and Farmers' Bank, 

Dec. 20, 18.53, aged about 70. 
Millikin, Rohert, Sr., merchant. Aug. 17, 1851, aged "9. 
McJilton, Rev. Daniel, June 19, 1851, in his 70th year. 
Millenion, George, architect and huilder, Dec. 8, 1860, in his 78th year. 
McDonogh, John, merchant, in New Orleans, Oct. 20, 1850, aged 72. 
McDonald, Gen. Wm., merchant, Aug. 18, 1845, 
Mosher, Col. James, president of Mechanics' Bank, March 27, 1845, in 

his 85th year. 
Moore, Col. Samuel, July 24, 1846. 

McCurley, Felix, Sr., "Old Defender," June 12, 1845, in his 69th year. 
Myers, Samuel, for many years secretary to the mayor, Aug. 27, 1844. 
Mayer, Christian, president of Neptune Insurance Company, Sept. 14, 

1842, aged 79. 
McColgan, Edward, July 15, 1842, in his 87th year. 
McKim, John, Jr., Jan. 10, 1842, in his 76t!i year. 
Medtart. Gen. Joshua, March 2, 1S41. 
Moore, Capt. Stephen H., March 29, 1841. 
McDoTiald, Alexander, Sr., May 20, 1840, in his 95th year. 
McKim, Hon. Isaac, membei- of Congress, April 2, 1S38, aged 63. 
McDonald, Alexander, merchant, July 27, 1836. 

McCuUoch, James II., collector of the port of Baltimore, Nov. 10, 1836. 
McKim, Wm. D., merchant, Nov. 9, 1834, aged 65. 
Moore, Philip, April 28, 1834, in his 65th year. 
Meyer. Charles, July, 1833, in his 80th year. 
McDonald, Alexander, Teh. 16, 1832, aged 80. 
Nelson, John, Jan. 18,1860. 
Nicholson, Hon. Benjamin, March 18, 1792. 
Norris, Wm. E., merchant, Feb. 15, 1809. 
Norris, John, March 9, 1814. 
Nagot, Rev. Francis Charles, first president St. Mary's Seminary, April 

9, 1816, aged 82. 
Nicholson, Joseph Hopper, of the Court of Appeals, March 4, 1817, aged 47. 
Neale, Eev. Leonard, archbishop, June 18, 1817. 
Nicholson, Com. James, 1804, in his 69th year. 
Nicholson, Wm., 1745. 

Nicholson, Benjamin, chief judge of Baltimore Town, 1791. 
Norris, Richard, Jr., merchant, Aug. 1, 1879, in his 61et year. 
Nicholson, John S., Sr., banker, Aug. 18, 1879, in his 75th year. 
Nicodemus, Josiah, provision merchant. Feb. 27, 1878, in his 69th year. 
Norris, Richard, locomotive-builder, June 3, 1874, in his 68th year. 
Neale, Francis, merchant, Dec. 14, 1872, aged 80. 
Norris, Capt. Isaac, ship.ma8ter, Jan. 16, 1872. 
Nicholson, Col. Jos. Hopper, lawyer, in his 66th year. 
Nickerson, Thomas, hotel-keeper, June 6, 1871. 
Nicholson, Jacob C, merchant, Dec. 20, 1868. 
Norris, Chas. H., merchant, Jan. 7, 1864. 
Norris, Edward, Sr., "Old Defender," May 3, 1862. 
Needham, S. H., private of the Olh Mass. Volunteers, April 27, 1861. 
Naff, Franklin H., prominent fireman, April 16, 1860. 
NoriiB, Richard, merchant, Jan. 21, 1859, aged 70. 

Neilson, Thos. N., prop'r of the Marine Observatory, Dec. 1, 1859, aged 77. 
Nesbit, Judge Alexander, of the Criminal Court, Nov. 23, 1857, aged over 

80. 
Niles, William Ogden, journalist, July, 1867. 
Ninde, Col. James C, lawyer, Juno 30, 1856. 
Nicholson, Saml. F., April 19, 1855, in his 56th year. 
Nowlan, Francis, hotel-keeper, June 30, 1845. 

Kevins, Rev. Wm., D.D., of the Firet Presbyterian Church, Sept. 1835. 
Nolle, John Martin, Oct. 31, 1832, in his 69th year. 
Norris, .lohn, merchant, Oct. 16, 1829, in his 55th year. 
Nurser, Jacob, March 27, 1827, aged 114. 
Niles, Anna, wife of Hezekiah, June 3, 1824, aged 44. 
Nind, Rev. Wm., rector of St. Stephen's parish, Sept. 13, 1822, aged 45. 
Owens, William H., merchant, Jan. 11, 1877, aged 56. 
O'Donnell, Charles Oliver, merchant, Aug. 12, 1877, in his 55th year. 
Orem, John M., cloth merchant, April 25, 1876, in his 67tb year. 
Oelrichs, Henry, merchant, June 28, 1875, in his 66th year. 
O'Donnell, Gen. Columbus, president of the Gas Company, May 26, 1873, 

in bis 80th year. 



O'Con , 1;i-!m.|. Mi li.n I. Oct. 18,1872; born in 1810. 

0'Dui,.i,,„, Ih I I,!, n June 18, 1869. 

Owens," I <. I'i I iian, Jan. 12, 1868. 

O'l-aiiulihii ^ln tin I . iivieted as a conspirator in the assassination of 

Pri-»ideiit I.iiiirolii, Sept. 23, 1807. 
Owens, Dr. James S., March 6, 1860. 

Oldfield, Granville Sharp, merchant, June 28. 1860, in his CCth year. 
Oliver, Robert, merchant, Dec. 28, 1834, in his 77th year. 
Owen, Dr. John, Oct. 18, 1824. 
Ogleby, James, June 24, 1823, in his 79th year. 
Oliver, John, merchant, June 4, 1823. 
Oliver, Elizabeth, wife of Robert, Sept. 17, 1823. 
O'Donnell, John, merchant, April 28, 1805, aged 56. 
Orrick. John, Nov. 14, ISIO. 

Owens, John Cockey, Feb. 3, 1810, in his 75th year. 
Owings, John C, April 28, 1813. 
Otterbine, Rev. William, Nov. 17, 1813, aged 88. 
O'Brien, Rev. Mathew, D.D., Oct. 20, 1815, aged 00. 
Owings, Ssmupl, judge of Orphans' Court, March 17, 1816. 
Owings, Caleb, Feb. 20, 1816, aged 84. 
O'Connor, Dr. John, of the cholera, Oct. 21, 1819. 
Oudesluys, Adrian, July 6, 1820. 
Onion, Stephen, Baltijnore County, Aug. 26, 1754. 
O'Donnell, John, Oct. 5, 1805. 
Plumer, Rev. William Swan, D.D., LL.D., a distinguished Presbyterian 

clergyman, Oct. 23, 1880. 
Pugh, Dr. Arthur, at "Tomora," Howard Co., Sept. 26, 1881. 
Purvis, James F., banker, April 23, 1880. 
Power, Capt. Edward, Aug. 8, 1876. 
Pomplilz, August, organ.builder, Feb. 3, 1877. 
Purviance, John, judge and prominent jurist, contemporary of Harper, 

Piukney, and Wirt, September 22, 1854, in his Slst year. 
Price, Maj. Jacob, of Maryland line, Dec. 25, 1789. 
Porter, Rebecca, wife of Capt. David. Aug. 21, 1801. 
Polk, Dr., merchant, Apnl 28, 1804. 
Prestmaa, Frances, wife of George, Jan. 20, 1805, aged 60. 
Porter, Capt. David, June 24, 1808. 
Patterson, William, Jr., Oct. 20, 1808, in his 29th year. 
Presbury, Elizabeth, wife of George G., Dec. 13, 1808, aged 63. 
Price, James, March 31, 1814, aged 60. 
Prestnian, George, Aug. 17, 1819, in his Slst year. 
Pise, M. Louis A., Nov. 20, 1822, aged 60. 

Pasquiet, Rev. John, president of St. Mary's College, July 25, 1821. 
Plowman, Jonathan, merchant, Oct. 7, 1762. 
Polk. Col. James, Dec. 6, 1868. 
Poultney, Philip, Aug. 10, 1869. 
Philips, Brian, February, 1780. 
Parker, Com. Foxhall Alexander, June 10, 1879. 
Pennington, James, March 26, 1881, aged 90. 
Parkhurst, Jared, July 15, 18SI. 
Poe, George, merchant, Jan. 10, 1879, in his 72d year. 
Pabisch, Rev. Dr. Francis Joseph, of the Catholic Church, Oct. 2, 1879. 
Purviance, Miss Margaret, April 17, 1879, in her 71st year. 
Piquett, John T., formeriy street commissioner, etc., April 21, 1878, in 

liis 03d year. 
Pinkney, Capt. Robert F., formeriy of the C. S. navy, March 14, 1878, in 

liis 67th year. 
Price, William, Jan. 2'2, 1877, in his 85th year. 
Pendleton, P. P., president of Valley Railroad, Dec. 9, 1877, aged 61. 
Phelps, Capt. J. W., late conductor on B. & 0. Railroad, Jan. 9, 1877. 
Pratt, Trueman (colored), Dec. 1, 1877, aged 102. 
Pizarro, Prof. Don Jose Antonio, ex-consul for Spain, etc., July 7, 1875, 

aged 92. 
Piet, John, merchant, April 3, 1875, in his 84th year. 
Poor, l^ol. William A., Feb. 16, 1874. 

Parry, Capl. Cyrus B., ship-master, March 18, 1874, in his 80th year. 
Pennington, Josias, lawyer. May, 1874, in his 78th year. 
Parke, Maj. Lloyd B., May 6, 1874. 
Pinkney, Frederick, lawyer, June 13, 1873, aged 09. 
Purviance, Rev. George D., of the Aisquith Presbyterian Church, April 

7, 1873. 
Page, George, machinist, Jan. 4, 1873, aged 73. 
Porter, Lieut. Henry 0., May, 1872, in his 47th year. 
Poe, Edgar Allen, poet, scholar, and critic, Oct. 7, 1872, in his .38th year. 
Parrish, Capt., formeriy of C. S. navy, September, 1872. 
Parker, Joseph, actor, Dec. 31, 1871. 
Price, Augustus M., ex-city collector, July 20, 1870. 



806 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Pasaano, Louis, notion merchant, April 26, 1870, in lil»52d yoar. 

Payne, Benjamin M., of Baltimore County, Feb. 26, 1870, aged 63. 

Piggott, Dr. A. Snowden, author and chemist, Feb. 13, 1809. 

Pearce, Nathaniel, Jul}', 1869. 

Pratt, Thomae G., ex-Governor, Nov. 9, 1809, In Ilia 06tll year. 

Peabody, George, philanthroplet, Nov. 4, 1869 ; born Feb. 18, 1795. 

Parker, E. L., tin-plate merchant, Sept. 5, 1868. 

Piggott, Thomas, Journalist, March 15, 1868, In his 39th year. 

Peudercrast, Capt. Wm., Sept. 11, 1807. 

Purnell, Chares B., teiuperanco advocate, April 20, 1866. 

Purvlanco, R<ibert, Jr., lawyer, August, 1866, aged 65. 

Phillips, Capt. Samuel, ship-master, Dec. 8, 1866, aged 43. 

Patterson, EdwanI, one of the ownera of the Anhland Iron Furnace, Sept. 

24, 1805. 
Perine, Maulden, potter. May 29, 1865. 

Proud, John G., insumuce agent, July 12, 1805, in his 89th year. 
Patterson, William, Doc. 18, 1874, in his 74th year. 
Pitts, Charles H.. lawyer, Aug. 14, 1864. 
Poumairiit, Charles H., April 30, 1863, aged about 43. 
Pendleton, Robert W., dry-goods merchant, April 17, 1801. 
Peregoy, Jos. M., journalist, Dec. 28, 1860. 
Poe, Jacob, July 24, 1800, in his 8.5th year. 
Peale, Kembrandt, artist, Oct. 4, 1800, in his 83d year. 
Purviani e, Robert, May, 1858. 

Purvlance, Robert, Sr.. April 3, 1858, In his 79th year. 
Poultnoy, Ann, wife of the late Thomas Poultney, Feb. 4, 1858, in her 

87th year. 
Patterwm, John, merchant, March 9, 18.57, in his 70th year. 
Pawley, James, Sr., late of " Pawley's M\iseum," March 9, 1857. 
Purviance, Fanny, wife of Robert Purvlance, Sr., Oct. 22, 1856, in her 

Pratt, Horace, Journalist, April 1(1, 1855, In his 48th year. 

Purvlance, Judge John, Sept. 22, 1854, in his 81st year. 

Pinkney, Col. Wm., eldest son of Hon. Wm. Pinkney, Oct. 8, 1853, in his 
64tb year. 

Pechin, Col. Wm., Journalist, August, 1S49, aged 76. 

Pinkney, Ann Maria, sister of Com. John Rodgers, and wife of Wm. 
Pinkney, the statesman, June. 1849. 

Pratt, David Guerney, merchant, Nov. 23, 1S48. 

Purviance, Samuel, merchant, March 2, 1847. 

Poe, Virginia E., wife of Edgar A. Poe, at Fordham, Westchester Co., 
N.Y.,Jan.31,1847 

Payson, Henry, merchant, Dec. 26, 1845, in his-04th year. 

Potter, Pmf. N., M.D., one of the founders of the University of Mary- 
land, Jan. 2, 1843. 

Poultney, Evan, Nov. 19, 1838, in his 45th year. 

Poplein, Nicholas, Dec. 5, 1837. 

Post, Priscilla Ridgely, wife of Eugeue, May 5, 1837. 

Purviance, James, merchant, June 14, 1830. 

Poe, Elizabeth, wife of Geu. David, July 7, 1835, aged 79. 

Pinkney, Clias., editor, March 25, 1835, aged 39. 

Pinkney, Anu, sister of the late Wm. Pinkney, April 30, 1835, aged 80. 

Pinkney, Mrs. Margaret Hile, Sept. 21, 1834, in her 89th year. 

Powell, Dr. Thomas. Fob. 14, 1834, in his 74th year. 

Phillips, William, Sept. 3, 1832, iji his 54th year. 

Poe, Thomas, Feb. 13, 1832, aged 73. 

Pechin, Catherine, wife of Col. Wm. Pechin, Aug. 3, 1830. 

Pattore>,n, Joseph, Aug. 26, 1829, aged 40. 

Pijikniy, Edward C, poet, April 11, 18i8. 

Peali-, c liarles Wilson, artist, Feb. 27, 1827, in his 801h year. 

Penniiigtuu, Henry, Aug. 19, 1825, in his 61st year. 

Pascault, Lewis, May 31, 1824, in his 76th year. 

Peachy, Fanny H., wife of Thomas O., Feb. U, 1822. 

Prcsbury, George G., Jan. 16, 1822. 

Philpot, John, Juno 7, 1778. 

Presbury, Elizabeth, wife of George Goldsmith Prosbury, May 27, 1785. 

Price, Miy. Jacob, of the Maryland Hue, at Savannah, Ga., Dec, 25, 1788. 

Pennington, Timothy Hanson, merchant, Sept. 20, 1805. 

Purviance, Kobt., Oct. 9, 1806, aged 74. 

Patterson, George, March 11, 1808. 

Price, Frederick, lawyer, Dec. 8, 1813. 

Purviance, Eliza, wife of James, Aug. 5, 1815. 

Poe, David, native of Ireland, but 40 years resident of Baltimore, Nov. 
17, 1816. 

Pennington, Capt. Charles, 
9, 1817. 

Pringle, Mark, nierchaul, J 



! of the defenders of Fort McHenry, Dec. 



Purvlance, Frances, wife of the late Robert, March 2, 1821. 

Patterson, William, Feb. 7, 1835. 

Philpot, Bryan, officer of the Revolution, March 11, 1812, aged 87. 

Qulnlan, Leonard G., hotel proprietor, March 13, 1876, aged 74. 

Quail, George K., hatter, March 2, 1804. 

Rogers, Rebecca, wife of Philip, Oct. 19, 1818. 

Ridgely, Charles, Jr., of Hampton, July 19, 1819. 

Ready, Samuel, founder of the "Samuel Ready Asylum" for female 

orphans, Nov. 28, 1872, in hie 8:)d year. 
Read, George, April 7, 1840. 

Raborg, Goddard, oyster and fruit-packer, June 18, 1879, in his 74th year. 
Ralne, William, journalist, Jan. 15, 1879, aged 80. 
Rogers, Henry J., telegrapher, Aug. 20, 1879, in hi» 69th year. 
Raisin, Robert Wilson, real estate broker, Feb. 8, 1878. 
Ryan, William H., broker, April 6, 1878. 
Robblns, Horace W., manufacturer, Aug. 11, 1878. 
Road, William George, Jr., lawyer, Feb. 19, 1878, In hia 5l6t year. 
Rhett, Gen. Thomas Grimke, July 28, 1878, in his 67th year. 
Robinson, George, clerk of the Superior Court, Feb. 8, 1878, in his 46th 

Robinson, George N., merchant, July 25, 1878. 
Ridgely, Andrew Sterett, lawyer, June 28, 1877, aged about 55. 
Richardson, Beale H., Journalist, Jan. 4, 1877, iu bis 78th year. 
Richey, Rev. Joseph, rector of Mount Calvary P. E. Church, Sept. 21, 

1877; born in 184.3. 
Bice, Jacob, butcher, July 28, 1876. • 

Renwick, Robert, furniture manufacturer, April, 1876, in his 67th year. 
Rowe, Joseph A., printer, Jan. 2, 1876, in his 40th year. 
Rohu, Mrs., the "fat woman," weighing 583 pounds. May 2«, 1876. 
Reese, Itev. Daniel M., of the M. E. Church, April 7, 1875, aged about 70. 
Raudoljih, John W., cashier of the 2d National Bank, May 3, 1874. 
Rheim, Josiah, "Old Defender," June 18, 1874; born in 1788. 
Rusk, Wm., butcher, April 4, 1874, in his 84th year. 
Rosa, Robert F., March 27, 1873. 
Robinson, Dr. George L., Sept. 10, 1873, aged 29. 
Reese, Giorge L., banker, April, 1872. 
Ridgely, Charles, of Hampton, Feb. 29, 1872. 
Reilly, George, vice-president Hibernian Society, September, 1872, iu his 

02d year. 
Russell, Mrs. Thoniason, caterer, Oct. 9, 1871. 
Rost, George, brewer, Dec. 4, 1871. 
Ricards, John R., merchant, Dec. 28, 1870. 

Rieman, Robert G., coal merchant, Dec. 20, 1870, in his 39th year. 
Roberts, Rev. Dr. George, I.L.D., of the M. E. Church, June 16, 1870, 

Russell, Capt. G. W. , ship master, March 17, 1869, aged 58. 

Rolando, Commander Henry, U.S.N., March 20, 1809, aged 49. 

Reynolds, Henry R., builder, Dec. 28, 1868. 

Richardson, Edward J., insurance agent, Aug. 29, 1868. 

Ridgely, Com. Daniel B., U. S. navy, May R, 1869. 

Rogere, Hortensia M., wife of Lloyd, Dec. 10, 1834. 

Reese, David, June 12, 1833, aged 70. 

Ridgely, Nicholas, Jan. 19, 1830. 

Rogers, Henry W., lawyer, Sept. 3, 1830. 

Ridgely, Nicholas G., merchant, Dec. 27, 1829. 

Reiman, Daniel, Aug. 1, 1829, aged 75. 

Ridgely, Chas., of Hampton, ex-Governor, July 1", 1829, in his 70th year. 

Roberts, Rev. Dr. George, president of the free schools, Dec. 2. 1827, in 

his 63d year. 
Reeve, Judge Tappin, December, 1823. 
Roystun , John. Sr., Sept. 11, 1822, aged 60. 
Rice, Patrick, merchant, March 7, 1789. 
Ridley, Matthew, merchant, Nov. 6, 1789. 
Ridgely, Capt. Chas., of Baltimore County, June 28, 1790. 
Ridgely, Maj. Henry, June 30, 1791. 
Roberts, George, merchant. Sept 10, 1797. 
Ridgely, Ann, wife of Nicholas, Feb. 29, 1804. 
R11II1I...11C, Wni., merchant, Feb. 11, 1809. 

1. , M. .. ,1, i, r, theatrical manager, Sept. 21, I8011, in his G2d year, 

1: I : , May 11, 1810. 
M > HHler, Nov. 27, 1810, in his 36th year. 
- ' III , t NV Ml., Sept. 27, 1810, aged 00. 
■kcr, C.jnr.iil, merchant, April 14, 1810, in his 44th year. 
I Roe, Thos. Lee, broker, April 20, 1811. 

' Rogers, Kleanor, wife of NIch.daa Rogers, ..f Druid Hill, Jan. 4, 1812. 
J Ralph, Rev Geo., I'mlcisor of llheloric, Inlvei-sity of Maryland, May 
17. 1813. 



BALTIMOEE CITY AND COUNTY NECROLOGY. 



Eldgdy, Mhj. John, June 27, 1814, aged 6(1. 

Kaborg, Chiistoplier, Sr., June 16, 1815, aged 70. 

Reioecker, John, merchant, Aug. 16, 1815, 

Ricard, Benj., nifrcliant, Si-pt. 22, 1815. 

Ramsey, Col. Nathaniel, Oi;t 24. 1817. 

Rochrock, Jacob, Jan. 6, 1817, in hie 76th year. 

Rogers, Nicholua, at an advanced age, in 1822. 

Kidgely, Henry, in Anne Arundel, June 22, 1811. 

Eisteau, Geo., Jr., March 11, 1789. 

Rogers, Nicliolns, May 9, 1758. 

Riggs, Elisha, July 11, 1881. 

Read, Mrs. Sophia Catlierine, Nov. 27, 1880. 

Rogers, William, June 17, 1861. 

Ridgely, Nicholas 0., June 27, 1828. 

Riston, John A,, June 4, 1881. 

Ridgely, John, of Hampden, July 16, 1867, in liis 7Ctliyear. 

Robb, John A., ship-builder, Jan. 28, 18G7, aged 76. 

Reynolds, Josiah, builder. May 29, 1867, iu his 60th year. 

Rosa, David J., prominent Mason, April 20, 1866. 

Rider, Edward S., of llider's Switch, N. C. R. R., Nov. 26, 1866, aged 77. 

Register, Samuel, March, 1865, in his 8Sth year. 

Rieman, Henry, provision merchant, April, 1865, in liia 79th year. 

Rogers, Seth, druggist, April 5, 1865. 

Reinhardt, Charles C, Feb. 20, 1864. 

Raw, John C, merchant. May 1, 1864, in his 81st year. 

Renshaw, William, March 13, 1864, in his 72d year. 

Rankin, Robert, Aug. 30, 1863, aged 94. 

Robinson, Gen. Joseph. March 17, 1863, aged 73. 

Raborg, Christopher, Sr., Jan. 19, 1862, in his S3d year. 

Randall, Geo. Hubner, printer, March 1, 1862, aged 48. 

Ruse, Rev. John, of the M. E. Church, March 25, 1862, aged 79. 

Rodgers, John, engineer, builder, Nov. 23, 1861, aged 76. 

Reese, John, president of the Firemen's Insurance Company, July 26, 



Rogers, Lloyd N., owner of Druid Hill Park, Nov. 12, 1860. 

Rogers, Nathan, shipping merchant, Jan. 2, 1858. 

Roberts, Edward P., March, 1858, in his 66th year. 

Rankin, Samuel, Dec. 19, 1857, aged about 70. 

Bust, Geu. George, banker, Sept. 15, 1867. 

Reeder, Charles, Sr., machiuist and marine engine builder, Feb. 15, 1855, 

aged 68. 
Reese, Rev. Dr. John S., of the M. P. Church, Feb. 15, 1855. 
Ross, Benjamin C, March 4. 1865. 
Ropes, Col. Archer, Oct. 2, 1855. in his 48th year. 
Readel, Dr. John D., May 31, 1854. 

Richardson, Attorney-General George R , Feb. 10, 1851, aged 49. 
Ridgely, Com., February, 1848. 
Read, Wni.Geo., lawyer, April 8, 1846. 
Reister, Peter, of Reisteretown, Aug. 26, 1846. 
Rice, Rev. John, of the M. E. Church, Sept. 9, 1840. 
Reed, Rev. Nelson, of the M. E. Church. Oct. 20, 1840, in his 87tb year. 
Reinecker, George, Aug. 16,1838. in his 85th year. 
Rogers, Philip, Aug. 16, 1836, in his 88th year. 
Simpson, Jaa. Alexander, artist, May 4, 1880, aged 76. 
Snyder, Ciil. Henry, public official. May 27, 1879, in his 77th year. 
Scott, Townseud, stock broker, Oct. 12. 1879, iu his 77th year. 
Steritt, Samuel, merchant, Sept. 28, 1879, aged 64. 
Sewell, Miss Mary A., known as Mother Theresa, the oldest member of 

the Carmelite Nuns, Feb. 11, 1879, in her 81st year. 
Sargeant, Rev. Tlios. Bartow, D.D., M. E. Church South, Aug. 14, 1879, 

in his 75th year. 
Spiller, Robert M., mej-chant, Jan. 10, 1878. 
Small, John, Jr., lawyer, Oct. 26, 1878. 
Snowden, Richard H., conveyancer, Dec. 15, 1877. 
Stansbury, Eliza, wife of e.v-Mayor Elijah Stausbury, Dec. 12, 1877, in 

her 78th year. 
Selby, John S., actuary of the Maryland Institute, Dec. 5, 1877, aged 74. 
Slothower, George, cotton manufacturer. May 26, 1877, in his 75th year. 
Seipp, Charles, prest. of Buerger Schuetzen Assn., Jan 9, 1877, aged 43. 
Stewart, John D., Feb. 9, 1877, in his 48th year. 
Smith, Prof. N. R., July 3, 1877, aged 80. 
Swann, Eliz. Gilmor, wife of Hon. Thos. Swann, April 24, 1876, iu her 

Sangston, Lawrence, merchant, Nov. 7, 1876, in his 63d year. 

Starr, John, Aug. 28, 1876, in his 70th year. 

Suter, James S., civil engineer, July 14, 1875. 

Small, Philip Albright, merchant, April 3, 1875, aged 78. 



Sanderson, Thomas Nelson (known as Nelson Seymour), minstrel, Feb. 

2, 1875; born Junes, 183.5. 
Stevens, Samuel S., furniture manufacturer, Dec. 1, 1874. 
Spence, Dr. Robert T., July 4, 1874. 

Sinclair, Robert, manufacturer, March 18, 1874, in his 68tli year. 
Slicer, Rev. Henry, of the M. E. Church, April 23, 1S74, in his 74tli year. 
Sanlsbury, Andreiy .)., merchant. Nov. 28, 1873. 
Stonebraker, Samuel, merchant, .Iiine 17, 1873. 
Standiford, James R.. judge of Orphans' Court in Baltimore County, Aug. 

5, 1873, aged about 70. 
Sachse, Edward, lithographer. May 20, 1873. 
Stouffer, Capt. George Close (who distinguished himself in January, 18.54, 

by rescuing 250 passengers and crew of the ill-fated steamship " San 

Francisco), May 5, 1873, aged 51. 
Shock, Thomas A., U.S.A., January, 1873, aged 41. 
Schley, William, lawyer, March 20, 1872, in his 73d year. 
Smith, William Prescott, master of transportation B. & 0. R. R., Oct. 1, 

1872, in his 48th year. 
Streeter, Sebastian F., author, etc., Aug. 24, 1872. 
Sniueker, Rev. Samuel S., of the Lutheran Church, July 26, 1872. 
Spalding, Archbishop Martin John,D.D., Feb. 7, 1872; born May 23, 1810. 
Seemuller, August, tobacco merchant. May 25, 1871. 
Schumacker, Albert, merchant, June 26, 1871, iu his 70th year. 
Smith, Job, lumber merchant, Oct. 1, 1871. 
Shaffer, Frederick Litlig, capitalist, Oct. 1, 1871. 
Slingluff, C. D., grocery merchant, Nov. 17, 1871. 
Spri'gg, Daniel, cashier of the Merchants' Bank, Jan. 21, 1871, in his Slst 

Stewart, Capt. James E., of the Mexican war, Sept. 6, 1870. 

Stafford, Capt. Wm. J., ship-master, April, 1869, aged about 35. 

Smith, John C, tobacconist, Dec. 10, 1868. 

Spilker, Charles, merchant, March 2, 1868. 

Swain, Wm. M., one of the proprietore of the Sun, Feb. 16, 1868. 

Simms, Jos., manufacturer, Jan. 25, 1868. 

Snowden, Col. Henry, "Old Defender," December, 1868. 

Swan, Wm., merchant, April 15, 1867, aged 80. 

Stewart, Gen. George H., lawyer, Oct. 22, 1867, in his 77th year. 

Smith, Dr. Gideon B , March 24, 1867, aged 74. 

Starr, Wesle.v, merchant. May 9, 1866. 

Smith, Gen. John Spear, president of Maryland Historical Society, Nov. 

17, 1866, in 80tli year. 
Slattery, Rev. Michael, pastor of St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Oct.3, 1866. 
Sherwood, Wm. S., printer, June 7, 1866, in his 52d year. 
Sherwood, Richard P., hotel proprietor, Nov. 14, 1866, in his 68th year. 
Seth, Robert L., Nov. 2, 1865. 

Smith, Matthews, merchant, July 11, 1865, in his 86th year. 
Stump, Hon. Henry, ex-judge of Criminal Court, Oct. 29, 1865. 
Slicer, Col. Andrew, " Old Defender,' June 20, 1865, in his 91st year. 
Stouffer, Ann Clair, wife of the late Jacob Stouffer, Nov. 9, 1864, in her 

75th year. 
Sterett, James, Nov. 1, 1864. 
Sauerwein, George, merchant, Oct. 3, 1864. 
Streeter, S. F., August, 1864. 

Spicer, Thomas, clerk of the U. S. Court, March 12. 1864. 
Sergeant, Rev. Sanil. R., of the P. E. Church, Nov. 12, 1864, in his6l8t year. 
Stone, Jas. H., banker, Aug. 21,1863. 
Starr, William, July 4, 1819, in his 4l8t year. 
Steiger, Maj. Jacob, of the .39th Regt. State Militia, aged 55. 
Sower, Samuel, Oct. 12, 1820. 

Swan, Gen. John, an officer of the Revolution, Aug. 21, 1821. 
Smith, Wm , January, 1821. 

Sterett, Geu. Joseph, of the Maryland militia, Jan. 18, 1821. 
Scott, T. Parkin, chief judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, 

Oct. 13, 1873, in his 70th year. 
Stansbury, Gen. Tobias A., Oct. 26, 1849, in his 93d year. 
Smith, Robert, December, 1842, in his S4th year. 
Stiles, Capt. George, late mayor of Baltimore, June 16, 181U, in his 59th 

Spence, Capt. Robert Trail, of the United States navy, Sept. 26, 1826. 

Smith, John, one of the framers of the Constitution, June 9, 1794. 

Stephens, Dr. Albert, at Hancock, Washington Co., Md., July 28, 1881. 

Shaw, Samttel H., Aug. 16, 1881. 

Seldener, Louis, Sept. 9, 1881. 

Small, Philip Albright, April 3, 1875. 

Sproston, Lieut., June 19, 1862, 

Schmuck, Capt. Jacob, at San Augustine, April 8, 1835. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



StorlinK, Win., July 13, 1881. 

Schetfer, Wni. J., July 11, 1881. 

Sollera, Tlioiuiis 0., July 2:1, 1881. 

Sheplierd, Poter, Nov. 12, 1787. 

Sterrel, John, Jan. 1, 1787. 

SteveuBon, Dr. John, eldest son of Dr. Henry S, Not. 21, 1789. 

Spear, William, merchant, Dec. 28, 1789, aged 08. 

Spry, Rev. Francis, of the M. E. Church, May 23, 1789. 

Slump, Herman, of Hiirford County, Sept. 20, 1801. 

Sterett, John, April 28, 180.5. 

Soniervill, Jamee, July 5, 1806, aged 01. 

Salmon, George, September, 1800. 

Sloan, Dr. Charles, son of James Sloan, Nov. 15, 1809. 

Sterrott, John, April 28, 1809. 

Shaw, Dr. John, Professor of Chemiirtry in the University of Maryland, 

Jan. 10, 1809, aged 31. 
Seekamp, Albert, merchant, Jan. 27, 1811. 
Smith, Dr. Wm. Kilty, Sept. 20, 1811. 

Snowden, Eleanor, wife of the late Francis, June 12, 1812, aged 03. 
Stansbury, Jacob, merchant, Feb. 22, 1812. 
Shipley, Benjamin, Feb. 22, 1812, aged 61. 
Sterett, wife of Samuel, May 17, 1812. 
Scott, Joliu, chief justice Court of Oyer and Terminer, Unltimore, July 

,1,5, 1813. 
Sterett, Miy. Clement, Uovolutionury officer, May 18, 1813, aged 70. 
Stoddard, Betyaniiu, late Secretary of the Navy, Dec. 24, 1813. 
Stevenson, Dr. Henry, March 29, 1814, aged 93. 
Smith, Wm., Morch 27, 1814, aged 86. 
Spcddeu, John, April 2;i, 1815, aged 07. 

Strieker, Martha, wife of Gen. John, Nov. 4, 1810, in her 53d year. 
Stewart, Sarah, Aug. 5, 1817. 
Stewart, David, June 8, 1817, aged 71. 
Stevenson, Bev. Sater, of M. E. Church, Doc. 2, 1817. 
Smith, M^. Wm. R„ Juue 1(1, 1818. 
Sleiger, Peter, merchant, July 29, 1818, aged 43. 
Skinner, Dr. Henry, U.S A., Oct. 21, 1819, in his 34th year. 
Stephens, Alexander, Sr., " Old Defeuder," May 12, 1863, aged 69. 
Smith, David C, Dec. 29, 1862. 

Staylor, Henry, Sr., builder, Jan. 2, 1802, in his 70th year. 
Stafford, Lady, second daughter of Richard Caton, December, 1802. 
Sharpley, Rev. John, of the M. E. Church, Aug. 4, 1802, in his 83d year. 
Sproston, Lieut. John Glendy, U.S.N., killed at Maysport Mills, Fla., June 

8, 1862. 
Stieff, Charles M., piano manufacturer, Jan. 1, 1862, in his 67th year. 
Smith, Rev. Henry, of the M. E. Church, Doc. 8, 1862, in his 94th year. 
Skinner, Jeremiah, ship-builder, December, 1801, iu his 45th year. 
Stansbury, Dr. James B., druggist, Jan. 15, 1800, in his 70th year. 
Sherwood, George W., clerk of the City Circuit Court, Oct. 3, 1860, in his 

49lh year. 
Sadtler, Philip B., March 3, 1800. 

Simmons, Cephas, merchant, Oct. 15, 1859, aged about 70. 
Sauerwein, Peter, merchant, Sept. 22, 1858, in his Olst year. 
Stewart, David, lawyer, Jan. 5, 1858, in his 57th year. 
Soran, Charles, poetical writer, etc.. May 2, 1857, in his 46th year. 
Sewell, Tliomai, Sr., tanner, Aug. 23, 1857. 
Sheppard, Moses, merchant, Fel.. 1, 18.57, aged 84. 
Scott, Sirs Julia, last sui viviii|- child of Luther Martin, June, 1856, at an 

advanced age. 
Stiuecke, Dr. Henry A., I'.S.A . Doc. 22, 18.55. 
Schriver, John .<., mercliHiit aud president of several steamboat lines, 

Jan. 19, 1855, aged 67. 
Sanderson, Col. Henry S., ox-sherilT, Oct. 14, 1855. 
Skinner, John S., journalist, April, I8.M. 
Stewart, Mrs. Gen. George H., Sept. 8, 1864. 
Stapleton, Joseph K., March 31, 1863, aged 75. 
Schnauffor, Charles Henry, journalist, Sept. 4, 1853. 
Speed, J. J., lawyer and financial writer, July, 1852. 
Schaub, Jacob, " Old Defender," Sept. 15, 1852, aged about 73. 
y. Col. J. E., Oct. 4, 18.51. 
■r, John S., editor, etc., March 21, 1861, aged 70. 
I, wife of Dr. Henry, July 8, 1792. 
Stouffor, Henry, merchant, Sept. 24, 1835, in his 74th year. 
Sterett, Samuel, merchant, July 11, 1833, aged 77. 
Smith, Rev. Roger, pastor of the Cathedral, April 3, 183.3, aged 43. 
Schley, Mia. Catharine, March 5, 18.30, aged 77. 
Sinclair, Bev. William, D.D. 
Stewart, Ann, wife of the late Dr. Wnj. S., Jan. 4, 1829. 



Stevens, Capt. Richard, Oct. 23, 1829. 

Strieker, Cliariotte, daughter of Gen. Strieker, Aug. 24, 1828. 

Solomon, Levi, merchant, March 8, 1827, in liis 79th year. 

Symington, .lames, Sr, Dec. 12, 1827, in his 70th year. 

Smith, Rev. Jamea, of the M. E. Chyrcli, Ai.ril 9, 1820. 

Stewart, Robert, Oct. 29. 1826. 

SchBpffer, Rev. Geo. E., rector of church, Anne Arundel County, Dec. 

26, 1826. 
Swan, EliJUiheth, wife of the late Gen. John, March 9, 1825, aged 63. 
Strieker, tien. John, president of Bank of Baltimore, June 23, 1825. 
Schaeffer, Fred. G.^ate editor of the Federal Jiepublican, Nov. t, 1823. 
Schaeffer, Eloanoro, wife of Baltzer, Feb. 26, 1823, in her 64lh year. 
Steiger, Mary, one of the first inhabitants of Baltimore, and the wife of 

Andrew Steiger. She was born near York, Pa., aud came to Baltimore 

with her husband when only 17 years of age. Her parents came 

from Germany. Sept. 27, 1823, aged 88. 
Stewart, Richardson, Jan. 16, 1822, in hie 70th year. 
Schmitt, Wm. L., merchant, Aug. 11, 1822. 
Smith, Mary B., wife ofThorogood Smith, late mayor of Baltimore, Nov. 

14, 1822. 
Spear, Mis. Wm., October, 1780. 
Sterett, Moj. Wm., Aug. 17, 1782. 
Sollera, June, 1782. 

Sellers, Thomas, late naval oflicer, January, 1783. 
Smith, Elizabeth, wife of Hon. Wm. Smith, Oct. 4, 1784. 
Stevenson, Dr. Jolin, March 23, 1786. 
SlauBl.iii V. i:,-n, Tobias E., Oct. 26, 1849, aged over 93. 
^ii'.l,i,< I I liii H., May 2, 1848, inhisgethyear. 
-I I I . I I iiiiis, April 8, 1848, aged 71. 

-I. I .11. 23, 1846,in hi802dyear. 



his father, Beutencod for 18 y€ 
19, 1845. 
Smith, Margaret, widow of Gen. 



umstantial evidence of the murder of 
•8, in 18;i9, to the penitentiary, July 



. Smith, Dec. 22, 1842, in her 84th 



Scharf, Wm , May 6, 1840, in his 70th year. 

Snodgraes, Sarah M., wife of Wm. Snodgrass, Oct. 8, 1840. 

Stewart, Col. Wm., Feb. 12, 1830, aged 68. 

Smith, Gen. Saml., ex-mayor and U. S. senator, April 22,1839, in his 

87th year. 
Stouffer, Barbara, wife of the late Henry Stouffer, Jan. 10, 1839, aged 74. 
Staylor, Wm., Oct. 27, 1838, in his 57th year. 
Stansbury, Ann S, wife of Gen. Tobias E., July 9, 1838. 
Schaeffer, Baltzer, an officer of the Revolution, September, 1838. 
Sterrett, Mrs. M., wife of the late Gen. Jos., July 13, 1838, in her 37th 

Schaeffer, John, a Revolutionary soldier, Dec. 14, 1838, in hie 90th year. 
Stone, Right Bev. Wm. Murry, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal 

Church in Maryland, Fob. 25, 1838. 
Stran, Tlios. P., March 3, 1837, aged 40. 
Strieker, John, only sou of Gen. John, Dec. 24, 1837. 
Swanu, John, Jan. 28, 1837, aged 52. 
Stockton, Richard C, Nov. 2, 1837, in his .50th year. 
Stansbury, Elijah, Sr., Aug. 21, 1837, in his 81st year. 

I, Jane, wife of the late Sinclair Sutherland, and widow of Jas. 

Lowry Donaldson, who was killed at the battle of North Point, 

March 22, 1837. 

r, merchant, Sept. 11, 1836, iu his 76th year. 
Slingluff, Jesse, merchant, July, 1836, aged over 61. 
Shaffer, Geo., May 10, 1881. 
Slade, Nelson W., May 26, 1881. 
Sheredine, Col. Thos., May 28, 1762. 
■, Daniel, April 7, 1703. 
Mrs. Matilda, June 24, 1881. 
Shutt, Col. A. P., July 11, 1881. 
Salmon, Edwanl W., April 30, 1881. 
Share, Ricliard,Junel7, 1881. 
Sullivan, Dr. John McKew, April 29, 1881. 
Sykcs, James, June 1, 1881. 
Scofleld, James, April 8, 1881. 
Simms, Wm. C, April 11, 1881. 
Sheppard, Moses, who endowed the asylum near Baltimore with 8600,000, 

Feb. 1,1857. 
Sterett, James, Nov. 4, 1790. 
Staick, Capt. John, May 14, 1797. 
Salmon, Mrs. George, Sept. 21, 1797. 
Solomon, Isaac, merchant, Jau 10, 1798. 



BALTIMOEE CITY AND COUNTY NECKOLOGY. 



, Col. Joshua, May 20, 1799. 
Smitli, Alexander H., shipmaster, June 2, 1799. 
Stoddard, Rebecca, wife of the late Benjnmiu, Secretary United States 

uavy, Feb. 10, 1802. 
Stewart, John, second son of David, March 1, 1802. 
Swan, Joseph, merchant, March 1, 1802. 
Stark, John, proprietor Indian Queen, Oct. 5, 1.S03. 
Sequin, John, May 1.% Iwi3. 

Stevenson, Anil, wiT ■! I'l tl'm^ sl.veTisoii, Oct. 16, 180G, aged 54. 
Stoddert, Miij. 1>;.M - I i^-^il ,i8. 

Skinner, Janiee, I - i . I -, i *'. 

Smith, Peter, S.-pi ^, I-", ' 'H' .vear. 

Stansbury, , wife of Tobiiis 0. Slansbury, April 21, 1809. 

Thompson, Gen. Henry A., president of Bank of Baltimore, March 12, 



Turner, Lewis, Jr., butcher, Nov. 25, 1879, in his 44th year. 

Tiffany, Comfort, merchant, March 15, 1879, aged 81. 

Tyson, Philip T., geologist and chemist, Dec. 16, 1877, in hii 

Travers, Wm. R., Sept. 1, 1877. 

Tyson, Henry, late president of Baltimore City Passenger Railway, Sept. 



1 year. 



1, 1877. 
Taylor, Col. Wm. H., Oct. 15, 1877, aged 45. 
Tsclieubeus, Rev. Francis X., of the Catholic Church, May 10, 1877, in 

Taylor, Col. John McLean, U.S.A., Nov. 21, 1876. 

Toy, John D., printer, Feb. 4, 1875, in his Slst year. 

Tilghman, Gen. Tench, merchant, Dec. 22, 1874, aged about 65 years. 

Teackle, St. George N,, lawyer, March 26, 1874, in his 66th year. 

Tilyard, Dr. H. W., dentist, Jan. 4, 1872, in his 70th year. 

Trego, Wm. H., chemist, Nov. 2, 1872, in his 77th year. 

Thomas, George F., merchant, February, 1872, aged 70. 

Twiner, Wm., real estate agent, June 24, 1871. 

Tucker, Henry R , shipping merchant, Dec. 15, 1870. 

Thompson, Thomas, dry-goods importer, Dec. 9, 1868. 

Tyson, Nathan, merchant, Jan. 6, 1867, aged 80. 

Trotten, Thomas, merchant, March 15, 1S67, in his 68th year. 

Tlionias, F. W., author, April 27, 1866, aged 56 years. 

Thomas, Sterling, butcher, Jan. 11, 1865. 

Tyson, Isaac, retired mei-chant, Jan. 30, 1864, in his 87th year. 

Thomas, David E., Oct. 18, 1864, in his 73d year. 

Turner, Capt. John D., September, 1864, in his 68th year. 

Tyson, John S., lawyer, Oct. 2, 1864, aged 69. 

Tuttle, Wm. M., journalist, June 17, 1864, in his 58th year. 

Thomas, Evans, April 25, 1863, aged 82. 

Tumblinson, Wm., " Old Defender," April 26, 1863. 

Toner, Michael, Aug. 2, 1862, aged 82. 

Thomas, Philip E., first president Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Sept. 1, 
1861, aged 85. 

Tyson, Isaac, chrome manufacturer, Nov. 25, 1861, in his 70th year. 

Thomas, Dr. Richard H., formerly professor of obstetrics in the Univer- 
sity of Maryland, Jau. 15, 1860. 

Thomas, Thomas, " Eating Tom," July 4, 1860, in his 88th year. 

Talbott, Wm. A., lawyer, March 1, 1859. 

Taylor, Isaac, Sr., September, 1859, aged 88. 

Thompson, Wm., alias " Country," a noted character and politician, Jau. 
14, 1S57. 

Turner, Col. Joshua Mayberry, butcher, Dec. 7. 1857, in his 53d year. 

Turner, Nathau, butcher, April 18, 1855, in his 82d year. 

Towson, Gen. Nathan, U. S. army, July 20, 1854, aged 71. 

Tiffany, Osmond C, merchant, June 11, 1851, aged 57. 

Torrey, Rev. Chas. T., died in the Maryland Penitentiary, being sentenced 
for six years for Qnticiug away slaves. May 9, 1846. 

Tucker, Elizabeth Carroll, wife of Dr. A. B. Tucker, March 22, 1842. 

Tennant, Col. Boyce, March 1, 1839. 

Thomas, Elizabetli, wife of Philip E., Oct. 18, 1837, in her 60th year. 

Tennant, Col. Thomas, Jan. 10, 1836, aged 69. 

Thomas, Isaiah, son of Isaiah, Juno 1835, aged about 70. 

Thompson, William, July 22, 1833, aged 111. 

Taylor, Wm. W., Aug. 11, 1832, iu his 63d year. 

Trippe, Capt. James, June 13, 1826. 

Thompson, Hugh, merchant, Nov. 1, 1826, aged 66. 

Toy, Mary, wife of Rev. Joseph, Maich 10, 1825, in her 75th year. 

Tyson, Elisba, philanthropist, February, 1824, iu his 75th year. 

Tiffany, Otis, merchant, Aug. 31, 1822. 

Tolly, Col. Walter, Sept. 21, 1776. 
Tolley, Walter, September, 1782. 
Tolley, Walter, April 2, 1783. 



Tolley, Delia, wife of Edward, March 14. 1783. 

Tilghman, Col. Tench, April 20, 1786, aged 42. 

Taylor, Lieut.-Col. Robert, March 14, 1803. 

Tyson, Margaret, wife of Jesse, June 20, 18(M. 

Towson, Wm., of Baltimore County, Sept. 18, 1805, aged 40. 

Taylor, Richard, Oct. 23, 1805, aged 40. 

Towson, Ruth, wiilow of Ezekiel, Dec. 1, 1808, in her 60tli year. 

Thomas, Philip, April 3, 1809. 

Temple, Benj. L , prominent lawyer of Philadelphia, March 29, 1881. 

Travers, Capt. Robt. M., May 3, 1881. 

Thayer, Nathaniel, March 24, 1881. 

Thomas, Dr. J. Hanson, an old and distinguished citizen of Baltimore, 

July 16, 1881. 
Tchudy, Nicholas, May 25, 1810. 
Tyson, Elizabeth, wife of Isjiac, May 12, 1812. 
Tower, Capt. James, of the privateer "Comet," April 8, 1813. 
Trimble, Isaac, merchant. Dec. 13, 1^13. 
Tinger, Charles, Feb. 14, 1816, in his Slst year. 
Thomas, Luke, merchant, Jan. 3, 1816, aged 64. 
Trimble, Hannah, wife of William, Dec. 24, 1816. 
Tyson, Sarah, wife of Jesse, Sept. 18, 1816, aged 51. 
Tolly, William, merchant, Jan. 7, 1818, in his 50lh year. 
Tyson, George, Oct. II, 1819. 

Tyson, Nathan, merchant, March 15, 1819, in bis 63d year. 
Thornbnrg, Joseph, Feb. 2, 1820. 
Tyson, Jesse, Aug. 20, 1821. 

Tyson, Elishn, at an advanced age, in 1824, a friend of the African. 
Thomas, J. P., Aug. 31, 1881. 
Thompson, Harry, Aug. 29, 1881. 
Talbott, Charles Augustus, April 26, 1881. 
Tipton, Jonathan, Jan. 21, 1757, aged 118. 
Thompson, Dr. I. D., June 15, 1881. 
Tyler, Charles, July 16, 1881. 
Taney, Roger Brooke, lawyer and chief justice of the Supreme Court of 

the United States, Washington, D. C, Oct. 14, 1864, in his 88th year. 
Umban, M. Herbert, formerly publisher of the "Cotton Plant," May, 

1869. 
Uhler, Philip, Dec. 11, 1855, aged 87. 
Uhlhorn, Rev. J., pastor of Zion Lutheran Church, March 22, 1834, aged 

about 38. 
Upton, Scott, Aug. 3, 1881. 
Van Bibber, wife of Isaac, May 17, 1796. 
Vaughan, IJeut. George, a soldier of the Revolution, Dec. 2, 1820, in his 



Vansant, Mary j 






Hon. Joshi 



July 2, 1S77, aged 



Vickers, George R., grain merchant, July 5, 1875,aged 66. 

Vollandt, John M., nnisician, Jan. 24, 1866. 

Volandt, Christopher, musician, Ang. 31, 1863. 

Vickers, Joel, merchant, Dec. 2, 1860, aged 87. 

Venable, Proctor A., hardware merchant, Jan. 15, 1860, in his 80th year. 

Vollandt, Prof. Frederick, musician, July 11, 1861. 

Valiant, Wm. H., hatter, Nov. 17, 1860, in his Slst year. 

Vansant, Mrs. Joshua, Aug. 29, 1841, aged 32. 

Von KapB, J. B., merchant, July 30, IS28, in his 58th year. 

Van Bibber, Isaac, April 21, 1826, in his 90th year. 

Van Bibber, Dr. Abraham, Aug. 23, 1805, aged 61. 

Van Ness, Eugene, May 28, 1862. 

Waugh, Bishop, M. E. Church, Feb. 9, 1858. 

Wilson, James, merchant, Nov. 10, 1851. 

Winning, John, July 10, 1789. 

Wynkoop, Dr. James, M.iy 15, 1791. 

West, Rev. Dr. Wm., rector of St. Paul's P. E. Church, March 30, 

1791. 
Weisenthal, Dr. Andrew, Dec. 2, 1798. 
White. John Campbell. Oct. 5, 1803. 
Winchester, James, late judge of the District Court of Maryland, April 

5, 1806. 
Whitehead, Rev. James, late of St. Paul's P. E. Church, Aug. 21, 1808. 
Wright, Sanil., merchant, from a wound received in a duel, .\.pril 19, 1811. 
Winchester, William, April 24, 1812, in hia 62d year. 
Wilson, George, ship-joiner. May 19, 1816, iu his 47th year. 
Winder, Maj.-Gen. Levin, soldier and statesman, born 1757, and died 

July 1, 1819. 
Winchester, Richard, June 18, 1819. 
Williams, Ebenezer. April 10, 1819. 
Warfleld, Capt. David, Sept. 1, 1821. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Worthlnpton, Thomas, May 3, 1821. 

Walker, Noali, merchant, Feb. 2, 187.1. 

Whllrldge, Horalio, Feb. 11, 1873. 

Winchester, Jamee, judge of tlio U. S. District Court, April 6, 1806. 

Wood, William Maxwell, surgeon-general U. S. navy, March 1, 1880, in 

his 72d year. 
Warner, Michael, late prreldi'iit of the Mechanics' Bank, Aug. 29, 1879, 

In Ills 8011. year. 
Wilkons, Wllllnm, curled hair mannfoctnror, July 12, 1879, In his 62d 

year. 
Winder, William II., banker, Oct. 18, 1879, aged 71. 
Wright, Bobert Clinton, merchant, Nov. 12, 1879, in his 07tli year. 
Wilson, Thomns, merchant, Sept. 2, 1879, In his 91st year. 
Whiltinghara, William Rollins, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of the P. E. Church 

of Maryland, Oct. 17, 1879, In his 74th year. 
Wyatt, Rev. Christopher B., D.D , of the P. E. Church, Nov. 8, 1879, In 

bis 55th year. 
Williamson, Charles A., merchant, Dec. 14, 1878. 
Winans, Tliomaa, inventor, June 10, 1878, in bis 68th year. 
Wilkius. Col. Edward, late collector of the port, Dec. 28, 1878, about 65. 
Whitridge. Dr. John, July 23, 1878, born March 23, 1793. 
Wiley, John F., printer, etc., Nov. 18, 1877. 
Winans, Ross, inventor and machiuist, April, 1877, aged 81. 
Wiley, Rev. John, of the P. E. Church, Feb. 19, 1877, in Ills 71st year. 
Watkinson, Bev. W. K., of Baptist Church, Sept. 20, 1877, aged 54. 
Webster, Capt. John A., U. S. Revenue Marine, July 14, 1877, aged 91. 
White, Miles, capitalist, Marcli if, 187C, in bis 48th year. 
Washington, Frankie (colored), Jan. 19, 1876, aged 115. 
Wilson, Luther, merchant, Sept. 26, 187G, in his 74th year. 
Williamson, Rev. Dr. J. D., Nov 26, 1S76. 

Wailes, Charles A., insurance commissioner, Jan. 31, 1876, aged about 88. 
Wolf, Marcus, merchant, Aug. 21, 1875, in his 76th year. 
Wheelwright, Jeremiah, paper-dealer, June 16, 1875. 
Wilson, Capt. Isaac, steiimboatman, April 17, 1875, in his 73d year. 
Whitney, Milton, lawyer, Sept. 13, 1875, in his 62d year. 
Whitridge, Horatio L., shipping merchant, Feb. II, 1874. 
Walker, Noah, clothing merchant, Feb. 2, 1874. 
Waters, Somerset R., Slate oflicer, Nov. 3U, 1874. 
Weems, Capt. Ma«ou Locke, steamboat proprietor, Oct. 13, 1874, in his 

6l8t year. 
Wilson, Robert Y., merchant, July 1, 1874, aged 73. 
Wilson, Robert, July 15, 1874, aged 87. 
Wigfall, Gen. Louis T., Feb. 18, 1874. 
Webb, James, merchant, Dec. 28, 1874, in his 50th year. 
Williams, Henry H , merchant, December, 1873. 
Wilson, Robert, merchant, of cholera, Sept. 6, 1832, in his 63d year. 
Wilkinson, Capt. Shubie, Dec. 17, 1832, in his 68th year. 
WaiTen, William, actor, Oct. 20, 1832, in his 60th year. 
Walsh, Robert, Jan. 9, 1831, in his 81st year. 
Williamson, David, Jan. 28, 1831, aged 87. 
Warner, George, June 21, 1829, aged 61. 

Waters, Col. Richard, a Kevolntionary soldier, Ang. 25, 1829, aged 75. 
Williams, Charles, Jan. 2, 1828, aged 79. 
Ward, Hon. Wm. H., associate judge of the Sixth District of Maryland, 

July 26, 1827. 
Wyatt, James, son of Rev. Dr. Wyatt, Feb. 7, 1826. 
Wagner, Jacob, Jan. 17, 1825. 
Wellesley, Mrs. Long, October, 1825. 

Winder, Gen. Wm. U., lawyer and soldier. May 24, 1824, aged 60. 
Wilkins, William, Ang. 21, 181i3, in his 87th year. 
Wall, Jacob, Sr., Oct. 14, 182i, in his 55tli year. 
Welch, Dr. John, May 15, 1822, aged 47. 
Wilson, Wm., president of the Bank of Baltimore, March 30th, in his 

75th year. 
Whelan, Catherine, wife of Richard, Sept. 5, 1785. 
Wilson, Stephen, merchant, Sept. 10, 1794. 
Whelan, Capt. Richard, April 20, 1804. 

Woisenthal, Elizabeth, wife of the late Dr. Charles ¥., July 2, 1805. 
Warfield, Dennis, Oct. 9, 1806. 

Warren, Ann, wife of Willioni, of llolliday St. Theatre, Juno 28, 1808. 
Weatherburn, John, president Mechanics' Bank, April 21, 1811. 
WIgnell, James, March 21, 1814, aged 83. 

Walker, Rev., archbishop of the E|)i8c<ipal Church, Nov. 7, 181S. 
WIlliamB, Mre. Martha, mother of Nathaniel S., March 11, 1815, In her 

81st year. 

While, Francis, son of Gide May 5, 1819. 

Williams, Otho Holland, July l.\ 1794. 



Wyman, John, " the Wizard," Ang. 2, 1881. 

Warden, James, March 30, 1881. 

Winder, William H., May 24, 1824. 

Wilniot, John, March, 1858. 

Winder, Chartee S., Jnly 2, 1858. 

Wynne, Mother Mary Catherine, superioress of the Sisters of Mercy, 
Sept. 28, 1801. 

Wilson, Capt. Francis N., Oct. 28, 1871. 

Wethered, Samuel, June, 1878. 

Winder, Charles H., A|)ril 11, 1881. 

Willi ,nis, Eleanor Gittings, wife of G. Hawkins, May 21, 1881. 

Wilson, James, Feb. 10, 1861. 

Waugh. Bev. Dr. J. W., M.E. Church, July 7, 1881. 

Warron, Leander, flnancial editor GazrUe, June 25, 1881. 

Walls, Dr. J. William, May 21, 1881. 

Wise, Gen. George D., March 21, 1881. 

West, Eli, June 4, 1881. 

Walker, Henry, July 16, 1881. 

Wirt, William, the author and attorney, Feb. 13, 1834. 

Worthington, Samuel, 20 years treasurer Baltimore County, Dec. 19. 1857. 

Wylie, Robert, merchant, March 28 (?), 1873, in his 70th year. 

Wilhelm, Samuel, live-stock dealer, April 5, 1873, in his 65th year. 

Woolley, Gen. John, late provost-marshal of Baltimore, April 4, 1873, 
about 51. 

Waters, Wm. S., lawyer, Sept. 8, 1873, aged 56. 

Waters, James S., publisher, June 14, 1873, in his 54th year. 

Walker, Chas. W., fireman, June 3, 1873. 

Wonderly, Wm. S., March 26, 1872, in his 56th year. 

Wiesenfeld, Moses, clothing merchant, Feb. 24, 1871, in his 52d year. 

Willson, Fi-ancis W., underwriter, Oct. 28, 1871 ; born in 1810. 

Wltnnin, John H., superintendent of the police and fire-alarm tele- 
graph, March 25, 1817, in his 50th year. 

Watkins, Gen. John, N., Jan. 2, 1871, in his 81st year. 

Wheeler, Lewis H., lawyer, Jan. 7, 1871. 

Wilson, Samuel J., author and journalist, April, 1370. 

Wells, John, machinist, Feb. 3, 1870, aged 64. 

Whistler, Maj. George W., engineer, January, 1870. 

Warner, Capt. Adam G., jeweler, Jan. 16, 1870, in his 80th year. 

Wallace, Capt. Wm., ship-master, Dec. 26, 1869. 

Wheatley, John F., grain and produce merchant, March 10, 1868. 

West, Wm , late lumb 

White, Joseph, held ni 
10, 1867, aged 76. 

Wright, Clayton, 

Warfield, Daniel, flour 

Wilson, Greenbury B., 

Wright, Luther, Jan. 21 



, February, 1868. 
- positions of honor and public confidence, Nov. 



, Nov. 4, 1867. 

June 21, 1867, aged 84. 
April 12, 1867, in his 75tli year. 
1867, aged 68. 
Williams, Dr. Wm. J., AprillO, 1867. 

Williams, Rev. Stephen, of the Presbyterian Church, Dec. 15, 1866. 
Walter, Jacob, jeweler. May 12, 1865, in bis 81st year. 
Walsh, Hon. Thomas Yeates, lawyer, Jan. 20, 1865, aged about 66. 
I Winder, Gen. John H., C.S.A., February, 1865, aged 65. 
Wilson, Col. John W., of Finst Maryland U. S. Vols., killed at Hatcher's 
Run, Va., Feb. 6, 1865 ; on February 14lh his brother, Lieut. Robert 
Wilson, died from wounds ; his brother, Capt. Malcomb Wilson, was 
I killed at Uuriiside's Bridge, at the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862; 

two other brothers were in the First Maryland Vols. 
j Williams, Nathaniel F., ex-collector of the port, Dec. 25, 1864, in his 

85th year. 
I Williams, Nathaniel, lawyer, Sept. 12, 1864, in his 83d year. 
Williams, Edward, cattle-dealer, Feb. 4, 1864. 
Ware, Nathaniel H., Feb. 4, 1864, aged about 63. 
Wright, Wm. H. DeCoursey, coflee merchant, March 25, 1864, In his 09th 

year. 
Wyatt, Rev. Wm. E., D.D., of the P. E. Church, June 24, 1S74, aged 75. 
Watson, Thomas A., father of Col. Wm. H., killed in Mexico, March 4, 

1804, in his 8Ist year. 
Woodville, William, Sr., banker, Sept. 23, 180:1. 
Walker, J. Wesley, ex-sheriff, etc., Doc. 26, 1863, aged 72. 
Woods, Hiram, Sr., sugar refiner, March 15, 1862. 
Warner, Miy. Jos. P., merchant, Sept. 30, 1862, in his .Mst year. 
Wells, Kev. Joshua, of the M. E. Church, Jan. 25, 1862. in his 98tb year. 
Winans, Mrs. Thoe., March 19, 1861, In her 33d year. 
Wildey, Thonios, founder of ludependent Order of Odd-Fellows in the 

United States, Oct. 19, 1861, in Ins 82d year. 
Watkins, Thomas, merchant, March 29, 1860. 
WilliuniB. Col. ShuiI. M., nierchsnt and banker, Sept. 13, 1858, aged 65. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 



Warner, George C, jeweler, Aug. 6, 1858, in his 43d year. 

Wallaclt, Brig.-Gen. J. B., U.S.A., June 10, 1857, in his 9l8t year. 

Worthington, Judge W. G. D., April 20, 1866, aged 74. 

Winchester, Samuel, banker, Nov. 8, 1855, in his 78th year. 

Wilson, Jolin, Jan. 29, 1865, in his 76th year. 

Weyl, Rev. Chas., pastor of St. Matthew's Gei-man Evangelical Churcli, 

Aug. 21, 1855, in his 63d year. 
Wellesley, Marchioness of, daughter of the late Richard Caton, Dec. 17, 



Wilson, James, merchant, February, 1851. 

Wiuaus, Julia, wife of Ross, May 24, 1850, in her 43d year. 

Whistler, Miy. G. W., civil engineer, April 7, 1849. 

Warner, Michael, May 31,1848, in his 74th year. 

Webb, Nelly, a noted character, November, 1846. 

Welsh, Adam, May 16, 1841, in his 78th year. 

Watts, Thomas, May 23, 1837, in his 76th year. 

Williams. John, April 17, 1836, aged 79. 

Winchester, David, merchant, May 18, 1835, aged 65. 

Whitfield, Archbishop James, Oct. 19, 1834, born Nov, 3, 1770. 



Webster, John Ski; 



, of Baltimore County, May 6, 1834, in liis ! 



Warren, Hester, widow of Wni. Warren, theatrical manager, March 28, 
1834, aged 58. 

Whitney, Milton, eminent lawyer, Sept. 3, 1875, 
I Yerger, Col. E. M., journalist, April 22, 1875, in his 49th year. 
I Young, James, printer, March 6, 1872, in his 60th year. 

Yellott, Hon. Coleman, July 28, 1870, aged 49. 
' Young, William H., lawyer, June 22, 1864, aged about 46. 

Young, Benjamin, soldier of Revolution, Aug. 13, 1828, aged 76 

Young, Capt. Philemon, September, 1782. 

Young, Hugh, May 9, 1791. 

Yellott, Jeremiah, merchant, Feb. 3, 1805. 

Yates, Joseph, Nov. 8, 1813, aged 61. 

Yates, Thomas, mnjor of the Revolution, Nov. 16, 1815. 

Yellolt, Geo., April 7, 1818, in his 41st year. 

Yeates, George, Feb. 2, 1819. 

Zwanger, John A., brewer, March 14, 1868. 

Zawn, Jas. J., Hour merchant, Jan. 16, 1858. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 

Baltimore County is one of the largest in size 
and the most important in population and wealth in 
the State. It is bounded on the south by the Chesa- 
peake Bay, the Patapsco River, and Baltimore City ; 
on the west by the north branch of the Patapsco 
River and Carroll County ; on the north by the Penn- 
sylvania Hue ; and on the east by Harford County and 
Little Gunpowder Falls. Its area, Including Balti- 
more City, is 642.18 square miles ; exclusive of the 
city it is 630.98 square miles. Its population by 
the census of 1880 was 83,334, divided as follows : 
Males, 41,648 ; females, 41,786 ; natives, 73,468; for- 
eign-born, 9866; whites, 72,773; colored, 10,561, one 
Indian being included in the latter designation. In 
1870 the population was 65,336, showing an increase 
of 17,998 in ten years. The principal crop produc- 
tions in 1879 were 393,752 bushels of wheat from 
28,639 acres; 1,219,898 bushels of corn from 39,438 
acres; 314,060 bushels of oats from 16,264 acres; 
49,821 bushels of rye from 4990 acres ; 9467 bushels 
of barley from 17 acres ; and 9601 pounds of tobacco 
from 12 acres. The surface of the country is varied 
and uneven, low and marshy on the bay and river 
shores, but gradually rising westwardly towards the 
eastern foot-hills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, thus 
presenting a beautiful and picturesque diversity of 
topographical appearance. On the rolling hill-sides 
and in the river valleys are situated many of the 
finest and most valuable rural estates and farms of 
Maryland, whose history runs back into the colonial 
period. The waters of the Chesapeake Bay wash the 



shores of the county from the Patapsco River north- 
east to the Gunpowder, and between these two tribu- 
tary streams are such lesser ones as Gwynn's Falls, 
Jones' Falls, Herring Run, Bear Creek, Back River, 
Middle River, Saltpetre Creek, and Bird River. The 
Patapsco River has its sources in Parr's Ridge, the 
upland dividing line between Carroll and Frederick 
Counties ; the sources of the Gunpowder are to be 
found in the hill country of Northern Harford ; the 
other streams all have their head-waters in Baltimore 
j County, and with the exception of Bird, Back, and 
I Middle Rivers, and Saltpetre Creek, which are merely 
inlets of the upper Chesapeake, they have a descent 
to tide that affords valuable water-power, which is 
availed of by flour, cotton, and other mills situated 
on their banks. The soil, except in the marshy dis- 
tricts contiguous to the bay, is fertile and easily tilled, 
while the farmers, who, as a rule, are skilled scientific 
agriculturists, have brought it to a high state of cul- 
tivation. 

An excellent soil has been produced in some parts 
of the county by the decomposition of hornblende 
! rocks, forming what are called red lands, which are 
I especially adapted to the raising of luxuriant wheat 
crops. The climate is mild, with an average temper- 
ature of about 56° Fahr. The upper section of the 
county is remarkable for its salubrity of atmosphere 
I and the health fulness of its people. Besides the agri- 
] cultural staples above mentioned, great quantities of 
I garden-fruit and vegetables are grown for the city 
markets, and the yield of grapes and berries is a 
source of much profit. Oak, hickory, chestnut, fir, 
maple, dogwood, cedar, ash, locust, and pine are the 
! chief varieties of timber. In recent years the evil 



812 



HISTOUY OF BALTlMORii CUT AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



effects of n wholesale destruction of the forests have 
been acknowledged, and the tendency now is towards 
replanting and tree-culture. Tlie mineral deposits 
are valuable, and are e.xtensively worked. There are 
several varieties of building-stone, including gneiss 
and marble; much limestone, iron-ore, pipe-clay, 
chrome, manganese, and ochre ; abundant brick-clay ; 
beds of marl on the river and bay shores; and veins 
of copper that furnish material to the works of the 
Baltimore Copper Company. There are, near Balti- 
more City, many cotton, woolen, and flour-mills, 
iron-furnaces, foundries, machine-shops, tanneries, 
breweries, and distilleries. The shores of the Chesa- 
peake and its estuaries on the southern and south- 
eastern sides of the county are largely used for gun- 
ning and fishing-grounds, wliere as good sport may 
be found as anywhere in the country. Excellent 
roads lead from the city down to these shores, which 
are owned or leased by clubs or individual sportsmen. 

The county is now constituted of thirteen election 
districts. The first division was made in 1779, and 
up to that time all elections were held by the sheriff 
a't the court-house, or place of meeting of the County 
Court. He called together three or more justices of 
the court, who, with the clerk of the court, were re- 
quired to sit as a court, and during their sitting the 
sheriff was to make, or cause to be made, a public 
proclamation requiring all free residents who had a 
freehold of fifty acres of land or a visible estate of not 
less than forty pounds sterling to appear at the court- 
house at a certain date for choosing deputies and del- 
egates to the General Assembly. This system was 
continued down to the year 1799 or 1800. In the year 
1766 the county was divided into four parishes,— St. 
Paul's, St. Thomas', St. John's, and St. George's ; and 
the levy list of that year gives the names of the hun- 
dreds and the number of taxable polls in the county, 
as subjoined : 

St. Paul's Parish, Baltimore Town, West Hundred, 
405 taxables ; East Hundred, 151 ; Patapsco, Lower 
Hundred, 371; Patapsco, Upper Hundred, 320; 
Middlesex, 194; Back River, Lower Hundred, .301. 
Total, 1742. 

St. Thomas' Parish, Back River, Upper Hundred, 
649 taxables ; Soldier's Delight, 568; Delaware, 300 ; 
Pipe Creek, 219. Total, 1736. 

St. John's Parish, Middle River, Lower Hundred, 
480; Gunpowder, Lower Hundred, 266; Middle 
River, Upper Hundred, 277 ; North Upper Hundred, 
231 ; Gunpowder, Upper Hundred, 486 ; Lower Hun- 
dred, 220. Total, 2740. 

St. George's Parish, Spesutia, Lower Hundred, 004; 
Spesutia, Upper Hundred, 450; Susquehanna Hun- 
dred, 431 ; Deer Creek Hundred, 318 ; Upper Deer 
Creek, 234. Total, 2038. 

This was a grand total for the county of 8256 
taxable residents, who were assessed seventy pounds 
of tobacco each in the year 1766, making 577,920 
pounds, which at three and one-third cents per 



I pound, the legal value, amounted to $19,264.00, or 
nearly $2.34 for each taxable inhabitant. By the 
act "of 1798, ch. 115, Baltimore County was laid 
out into seven election districts outside of Balti- 
more City, and the city was subdivided into eight 
districts, which subsequently became known as wards, 
in accordance with legislative enactment. By the 
act of 1799, ch. 50, commissioners were appointed in 
all the counties of the State to lay them off in elec- 
tion districts, and Richard Johns, Zachariah McCub- 
[ bin, Josiah Pennington, William Gwynn, Nicholas 
I Merryman, Francis Snowden, Charles Jessop, George 
Nace, Jr., and Beale Owings, of Christopher, were 
appointed for Baltimore County, and they also fixed 
the polling-place in each district. At this time the 
official designations of parishes and hundreds were 
dropped. The first County Court was held at the 
house of Capt. Thomas Howell in the year 1661. Its 
exact location is not known, but it was in what is 
I now Cecil County. In 1698 the division lines be- 
I tween Baltimore and Anne Arundel Counties were 
I established, with the southern boundary of Baltimore 
County at Bodkin Point, near the mouth of the Pa- 
tapsco. In 1726 an act was p.assed transferring the 
section south of the Patapsco River to Anne Arundel 
County ; in 1774, Harford County was formed out of 
a portion of Baltimore County, and in 1836, Carroll 
County was established out of Baltimore and Fred- 
erick Counties. In the year 1695 the first public post 
i was established, to run from the Potomac River by 
way of Annapolis to Philadelphia. The route was 
by what is now known as the Old Philadelphia Road, 
eight trips a year being made, for which fifty pounds 
! sterling was paid out of the public treasury. In 1776 
there were 7707 taxable residents in Baltimore County, 
and the population was about 12,000, including that 
of Baltimore Town. During the Revolution the 
people felt the necessity of fostering the manufacture 
of various articles of prime necessity. The proceed- 
ings of the convention at that time show many peti- 
tions from all parts of the State for bounties to indi- 
viduals to enable them to start manufactories, to be 
returned in goods. 

The separation of Baltimore City and County finally 
took place in 1854, and by a final vote of the people 
the county-seat was located at Towsontown, now 
called Townson. The affairs of the county are regu- 
lated by a Board of County Commissioners, three in 
number, who are elected every two years on the gen- 
eral ticket. The following have been the incumbents 
since the separation of the county from the city : 

1851.— Pleasant Hunter, Wm. C. Gont, John W. Triplet. 

1853.— Tho8. C. Bosley, J. W. Triplet, VVm. Hiitcliiiis. 

1855.— ElisliaS. Johnson, Kichard Herbert, Nicholas Parker. 
I 1867.— Jno. M. Hayfleld, Ellsha S. Johnson, Michael Whartman. 

1839.— S. B. Lauronson, Wm. Hutchins, Charles Tinianus. The latter 
! was killed Sept. 4, ISW, and was succeeded by Charles Gore, 

i who served for the unexpired term. 

18C1.— Joshua F. Cockey, James Bnttuu, Christian Gore. 

1803.— Joshua F. Cockey, James Button, Daniel J. McCauley. This board 
was re-elected in 1865. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 



1867. — Samuel Bradley, Francis C. Fossitt, Benjamin Gorsuch. 

1869.— F. C. Fossitt, Beiij. Goreuch, Daniel J. McCauIey. 

1871.— Daniel J. McCanley, Edward Elder, Benjamin F. Jordan. This 

board was re-elected in 1873. 
1876.— Pleasant Hunter, Kobert S. Corse, Isaac Crowther, .<!r. 
1877.— Wm. Carmicliael, Edwin T. Stiefel, John H. Mlllan<lor. This 

board was re-elected in 1879. 

There is a county treasurer, who is elected on gen- 
eral ballot. This office has been filled as follows : 

1 851 -.'i5, John L. Stansbury; 18.')5-57, Thomas T. Nelson ; 1867-62, John 
Bosley, of William; 1862-63, George W.Fisher; 1863-66, George 
Gore; 1865-67, William Foster; 1867-69, Jacob Uoshall; 1869-71, 
Amo8.\. Harryman; 1871-73, Jacob Hoshall; 1873-75, John T. B. 
Bartlett; 1875-77, Jabez Armacost; 1878-81, Henrv C. Hiitchins. 

John Crowther, Jr., for many years connected with 
the commissioner's office, is at present special auditor. 

The common school system of the county is in a 
flourishing condition, offering to all pupils the benefits 
of free education. During the decade ending in 1881 
the yearly average increase in the number of scholars 
has been 355. In 1880 six new school-houses were 
completed, and since 1871 over $140,000 has been ex- 
pended in such buildings. In 1869 the estimated value 
of school property was $53,011, and in 1881, $250,000. 
The school finances were never more prosperous. 
Formerly it was the custom to levy for school pur- 
poses a certain number of cepts on the hundred dol- 
lars of assessment, payable to the school commissioners 
when collected and subject to all abatements. It 
usually took about four years to close up a levy, and 
the schools lost about ten per cent, for abatements on 
account of erroneous assessments. The county com- 
missioners now pay over to the school board the whole 
sum during the year of the levy, and the latter thus 
know exactly how much money they have to spend 
and can systematize their work accordingly. The 
subjoined statistics are for the school year ending 
Sept. 30, 1880. Number of school-houses, 166 ; male 
teachers, 107; female teachers, 129; male pupils, 
6534 ; female pupils, 5508. Total receipts for school 
purposes were $156,986.12, of which .$66,461.29 was 
raised by county levy ; total expenditures, $148,533.43, 
including $88,649.02 for teachers' salaries. The corps 
of teachers is highly efficient, and the commissioners 
are selected by the judges of the Circuit Court from 
among citizens most deeply interested in the cause of 
public education. 

The following circular was issued Nov. 16, 1830 : 

" To THE Inhabitants of Baltimoue County : 

"Whereas an act that passed December session (ch. 162) to establish 
free schools throughout the State of Maryland was adopted by a ma- 
jority of voters in Baltimore County, and thereby became a law of this 
county : Section third of said law requires the Levy Court annually to 
appoint nine commissioners and not more than eighteen inspectors: ap- 
pointments have hitherto been made of persons who, it is notorious, never 
performed any part of their duty. The object of this circular is there- 
fore respectfully to advise and invite the inhabitants to present petitions 
from every part of the county to the Honorable Board of County Com- 
missioners at their next meeting, on the first Tuesday in December, 
praying them immediately to appoint school commissioners and in- 
spectors as the law requires." 

The board was therefore flooded with petitions, to 
the astonishment of the venerable public functionaries 



composing it, but who in deference to the public de- 
mand made excellent appointments. From that day 
to this the schools have advanced step by step until 
they have now reached a grade hardly excelled by 
those of any county in the land. Ample provisions 
are made for the colored youth in separate schools, 
which are well attended, and have proved highly 
valuable. 

The members of the Board of School Commission- 
ers have been as follows. It will be noticed that by 
the law of 1870 the number was reduced from thirteen 
to five : 

1853.— Thomas Lansdale, Eobt T. Spence, Dr. .1. T. Councilman, Rev. 
Joab Bernard, Benjamin Gorsuch, Thomas T. Nelson, John T. Kauf- 
man, John Scott, Abel J. Hopkins, Levi Curtis, Dr. Walter T. Allen- 
der, Alfred P. Amos, Thomas Kandall; Joab Bernard, president; 
George H. Carmon, treasurer. 

1855.— Dr. E. J. K. Hand, Wm. K. Mitchell, John S. Turner, Joseph 
Weller, Jabez Armacost, Dr. Reuben E. Jones, Wm. H. Kohler, John 
Scott, Samuel Pickering, Jackson Wilson, Joshua Jessop, Alfred P. 
Amos, Michael K. Wartnian ; .John Scott, president; Geo. H. Car- 



1867.— Charles Shipley, Gerard Emmart, John L. Turner, Joseph Wel- 
ler, Benjamin Gorsuch, Henry M. HofTacker, Wm. K. Koller, John 
Scott (president), Benjamin F. Cole, Nathan Nelson, Thomas Bald- 
win, Daul. S. Burgan, John C. Whartman, W. Horace Soper, treas- 

1859.— L. Van Bokkelin, Walter I. O'Dell, John L. Turner (president), 
Joseph Weller, Thomas Hale, Dr. R. E. Jones, Thomas Cooper, John 
H. Ensor, Dr. W. E. Munroe, Jackson Wilson, Thos. Baldwin, Danl. 
S. Burgan, E. J. Levering, W. Horace Soper, treasurer. 

1861.— L. Van Bokkelin, Walter I. O'Dell, John L. Turner (president), 
Joseph Weller, Thomas Hale, Dr. B. E. Jones, Stephen Miller, Wm. 
T. Mark, Lewis J. Roberts, Benj. T. Anderson, Dr. David King, Wm. 
Fenby, Elias Smarden, W. Horace Soper, treasurer. 

1863.— L. Van Bokkelin,! John Zimmerman, J.L.Turner, Wm. Gam- 
brill, Thos. Hale, Dr. R. C. Jones, Micajah Meredith, Wm. T. Mark, 
Lewis J. Roberts, Benj. T. Anderson, Dr. David King, Nicholas 
Bryiin, Elias Smarden, W. Horace Soper. 

1868.— Columbus Shipley, John Codling, Micajah Rodgers, Wm A. Slade, 
Thos. J. Gorsuch, Lysander McCnllough, Stephen Miller, Dr. John 
W. Waugh, Geo. H. Gorman, Jackson Wilson, Albert M. Brown, 
Herbert M. Kennedy, Perry G. Mitchell ; Geo. H. Carmon, presi- 
dent; Samuel Kepler, treasurer, secretary, and examiner. 

1870.— Mark Mellor, W. M. Isaac,2 Miciyah Rodgers, Wm. A. Slade, Thos. 
J. Gorsuch, Dr. R. E. Jones, Stephen Miller, John H. Ensor, George 
H. Carmon, Jackson Wilson, Albert M. Brown, John E. Swift, Wes- 
ley B. Coursey ; Geo.H. Carmon, president; Dr. Samuel Kepler, sec- 
retary, treasurer, and examiner. 

1872.— Wm. M. Isaac, president; Wm. M. Slade, James Hall, W. S. 
Keich, John E. Swift, Dr. Samuel Kepler, treasurer, secretary, and 

1874.— W. M. Isaac, president ; H. Louis Gies, James Hall, O. P. MacGill, 
John E. Swift, Dr. Samuel Kepler, secretary, tre.isurer, and exam- 

1870.- Wm. M. Isaac, president; Samuel Gore, Daniel Jenifer, O. P. 
MacGill, John E. Swift, Thos. C. Bruff, secretary, treasurer, and ex- 
aminer; Thos. Kutledge, assistant examiner. 

1878.— W. M. Isaac, president; Samuel Gore, Daniel Jenifer, O.P.Mac- 
gill, John E. Swift, Thos C. Bruff, secretary, treasurer, and exam- 
iner ; Thos. Rutledge, assistant examiner. 

18S0.— Daniel Jenifer, president; Samuel Gore, Wm. S. .Keech, Dr. 0. 
G. W. Macgill, John E. Swift, Thos. C. Bruff, secretary, treasurer, 
and examiner ; Thos. G. Eutledge, assistant examiner. 

Other county ofiicers at the present time are as fol- 
lows : 



1 Rev. L. Van Bokkelin was appointed State superintendent, and Dr. 
Hand succeeded him. 
- Appointed in place of John Codling, resigned. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



County Doputles, R. E. Hook, Wm.H. Roller, F. A. Clillcoat, W. L. 
Burke, John D. BwlforJ, J. F. Price. 

Court Crier, Lewis Voglo. 

Interpreter, John J. Pilert. 

Court BoiliBs, 0. W. Soipii, Wni. Morfoot, J. H. I.inney, Somuel W. 
Storm. 

Warden of Jail, William Todd. 

Physician to Jail, Dr. Jackson Piper. 

Watchman of Jail, Thomas M. McDonald. 

Keeper of Court-IIouse, George L. Stockdale. 

Superintendent of Almshouse, H. J. Zouck. 

Physii-iiiii lo Ahii.Ii. ■„.,., Dr. C. \V. Norris. 

Resiil.rii n,w, 11,1, \ii,,.|, ,,,-,, |>,. T. K.Galloway. 

Bn(;ir„," . ,-., • -1 -.,,IH, 
County-, I , I \'. iM..ri, .John Wheeler, J. D.O'Dell, 

WillL,.,, }l ~l,,,i,. «ill,,ii„ l:..i,s,.y,Charie8B. McClain. 
State Att.irueyH, ls-,1-55, Llo.vd W. Williams; 18S6-63, Richard J. Git- 

tlngs; 1863-67, John T. Ensor ; 1867-71, Wm. 8. Keech ; 1871-75, 

Jervis Spencer; 1879, D. G. Mcintosh. 

Baltimore County Sheeiffs from 1687 to 1881. 
1687, Thomas Long; 1B94, John Thomas; 1697, James Maxwell; 1725, 
Wm. Smith ; 1729, Thomas Sheredin ; 173(1, John Hall ; 1734, Ed- 
ward Hall ; 1736, William Hammond ; 1738, Nicholas Ridgely ; 1742, 
John Ridgely; 1743, William Dallam; 1744, John RIsteau ; 1748, 
Roger Boyce; Hiii, Thomas Sheredine; 1753, William Toung; 
n.-in. nuirlcs riirlstie: 1757, David McailiimBll ; 1760, Roger 
l!..v, , . 1-1 I, A.|uil , II:iII; 1705, Rohert Adair ; 1768, Daniel Chai- 
nii.'i :"^ I I , l: il lliiiay; 1776,Rol)ertChristie,.lr.; 1777,Henry 
Sf.'iil, : 1 i I'll Baxter; 1780, Job Garrilson; 1782, Wm. 

Mcl.Hu^ , 17- J, I liiiiind Ford; 1780, PhilipGraybill; 1788, Wm. 

GibBoii; I7M.'<, Tb i» Butter, Jr.; 1791, Robert Gorsnch ; 1794, 

Henry Steph.-iison ; 18()0, James Wilson ; 1803, Thos. Bailey ; 1805, 
Jacob Grounds; 1809, Wm. Merryman; 1812, John Hutchins; 1815, 
Matthew Murray ; 1818, John Stevenson ; 1821, Sheppard C. Leakin ; 
1824. Standish Barry ; 1827, Wm. Bale ; 1830, Henry Green ; 1833, 
Henry S. Sanderson ; 1836, John W. Walker; 1839, Wm. DeBall ; 1842, 
Nicholas Tracy ; 1845, John Kettlewell ; 1848, Joshua F. Hynes ; 
1851, Samuel Storm; 1853, Pleasant Hunter; 1855, Wm. Pole; 1857, 
Richard W. Hook; 1859, Francis J. Wheeler; 1861, Joseph Walker; 
1863, D. S. Armstrong, died Nov. 9, 1864 : 1864, James Thompson; 
1865, John K. Harvey; 1867, Thomas Baldwin; 1869, Nicholas 
Burke; 1871, Samuel J. Robinson; 1873, Samuel F. Butler; 1875, 
Steven Barton ; 1877, Sanmel W. Worthington ; 1879, Wm. A. 



Baltimore County is in the Third Judicial Circuit 
of Maryland, as established by the constitution of 
1867. The court-house is at Towsontown, where all 
the sessions of the court are held. Before the adop- 
tion of the constitution of 18.')1 the sessions of the 
Baltimore County Court were held in Baltimore City, 
and for several years afterwards, until the completion 
of the court-house at Towson. 

Since 1851 the Baltimore County judiciary has been 
as follows : 

1851-64, John H. Price; 1864, Henry Stockbridge; 1804-67, D. C. H. 
Emory; 1867-82, Richard Grason, chief judge; George Yellutt and 
Alfred Bateman, associates. Judge Batemau resigned, and George 
Maynardier was appointed to fill the vacancy until James D. Wal- 
ters, present incumbent, was elected and took his seat. 

CouNTV Clerks, 1659 to 1871. 

1669-65, John Collett; 1665-1700, Thomas Hedges; 1700-«, H. Wri- 
othesley; 1708-36, .John Stokes: 1736-41, 1. Wells Stokes; 1741-46, 
Thomas Bresowood (died Dec. 22, 1746); 1746-53, Talbott Kisteau 
(died Nov. 23, 1703); 1763-69, Boale Bordley; 1769-77, A. Lawson; 
1777-1832, William Gibson; 1832-39, A rad Israel; 1839-44, Thomas 
KoU ; 1844-51, A. W. Bradford ; 1851-57, Henry M. Fitzhugh ; 1867- 
63, George H. Carnion; 1863-07, John H. Longneckor; 1867-73, Ed- 
ward H. Ady ; 1873-79, John Bacon ; 1879, William M. Isaac. 
Beoisters of Wills, 1771 to 1881. 

1777, Thomas Jones ; 1778, Nicholas Mather ; 1826, David M. Porlne ; 1861 , 
James L. Ridgely (resigned); 1802, Saninel F. Butler (a|ipointed); 



1863, John Phllpot; 1807, O. P. Macglll; 1873, Joseph B. MItcheU; 
1879, William H. Roller (deceased) ; 1881, Thom«» Phllpot (appointed 
by the court). 

JunoF.8 OF the Orphans' Court, 1777 to 1881. 

Upon the formation of the State government in 
1777 the following were appointed judges of the 
Orphans' Court : 

1777.— Andrew Buchanan, John Moale, Benjamin Rogers, William Bu- 
chanan, William Spear, Thomas Sollors, John Beale Howard. 

1779.— James Calhoun, Isaac Van Bibber. 

1783.— James McHonry, Charles Ridgely, of Wm. 

1784.— John Merrynuin, Wm. Russell, Lyde Goodwin. 

1786.— John Moalo, George G. Prosbury, Isaac Van Bibber, Lyde Good- 
win, Wm. Russell, John E. Howard. 

1787.-Charles Ridgely, of Wm. 

1789.— James Calhoun. 



1792.— Nicholas Rogers, Wm. McLaughlin, George Salmon. 

1794.— George Goldsmith Presbiiry. 

1796.— Andrew Wiesenthal. 

1799.— Charles Ridgely, of Wm., George G. I'li-sbury, Kandolph B. Lati- 

1800.— Owen Dorsey, vice Latimer. 

1803.— Thomaii Rutter, vice Ridgely. 

1805.— George C. Presbury, Owen Dofsey, Thomas Diison. 

1810.— Cornelius H. Gist, vice Dixon. 

1812. — Samuel Owings, of Stephen, Owen Dorsey, C. H. Gist. 

1814.— Cornelius Howard, rice Gist. 

1810. — James Carroll, Jr., vice Owings. 

1820.— Alexander McKim, Beal Randall, Stephen H. Moore. 

1829.— Alexander McKim, Peter Little, James Harwood, Henry Payson, 

lice Little. 
1832.— Benj. C. Bridgate, vice McKim. 
18;n.— James Harwood, Benj. C. Bridgate, John H. Ward. 
1838.-James Can-oil, Wm. Baker, James B. Price. 
1839.— John H. Briscoe, vice Carroll. 

1845.— Edward D. Kemp, C. J., Peter Leary, John D. Readel. 
1848.— Charles Howard, C. J., John H. Briscoe, John Burns. 
1861.— Joshua H. Hynes, C. J., Isaac Taylor, Jr., Wm. Kirwood, Nicholas 

Gatch, vice Hynes, who resigned Oct. 2, 1856. 
1855 —Joshua F. Cockey, C. J., Joshua Merryman, Jonathan Tracey. 
1869.— Vachel W. Baseman, C. J., Benj. Payne, John B. Holmes. 
1863.— Stephen W. Falls, C. J., James A. Standiford, Hanson P. Rutter. 

Mr. Rutter died March 1, 1804, and Joseph Merryman was appointed 

by Governor March 22d lo fill the unexpired term. 
1867.— James C. »l. Gr.iii, f. J., C. Howard Owings, Thomas Rutledge. 

Mr. .MHiiiui ,lh .1 .III I II,- the summer of 1868, and was succeeded, on 

Sept.!,, I , M : 1 -!,,,,, K. Cockey. 
1871.— .1-1 I I .('. H. Owings, Thomas J. Rutledge. 

1875.— .r.,-li,,,, I I „i,.>,i .I.,SamueIK. Griffith, Luther! 

Oct. 3, IvTi;, .\ll.eil 1\1. Brown, rice Grifflth, deceased. 
1879.— Joshua F. Cockey, C. J., John Goutrum, Jesse Daily. 



Collectors of Taxes. 
8.— 1st Dist., John C. Wartman; 2d, Samuel B. Mettam; 3d, 1 

M. Scott ; 4tli, Thomas Cross; 6th, Aired P. Amoss. 
D.— Ist Dist., John C. Wartman ; 2d, Samuel B. tlutlam ; 3d, I 

M. Sett ; HI., Til. .1.111" i'r..sB; 6th, Alfred P. Amoss. 
i)._l„i I.,., I 1.., . « ,i,„i;ui; 2d,Samnel B. Mettam; 3d, 1 



1862.- Ist Dj8t.,Gf...L, 11 » 
L. Ridgely; 4lli. i , i I 
William Fost.-i . • - 
James B. McC, 1.1 , 

1863.— 1st Dist., G. H \( ■ 
Ridgel.v,Jr.; 411,. i i 

William Foster; l: \l . 

James B. McCoiniiM ; Kith, 

1804.— Ist Dist, G. H. Wliitte 



>d, Samuol B. Mettam ; 3d, Thomki 

i T ;:, K Harvey; 3d, James 

I It,,,,., v.. Wautland; 6th, 

II I.I. V L. Bowon; 9th. 

11 , , ; iili. Jesse Fowler. 

I : K ll.i. vey ; 3d, James L. 

1 I ,, , K. Wantlnnd; 6th, 

ll.liiii..n; mil, Jesse Fowler. 
2d, John Harvey; 3d, James L. 



Ridgely ; 4th, Jacob Beckley ; 0th, Benjamin B. Bush ; 6th, Willi. 
Foster; 7th, Abrain Jessop; 8th. Henry L. Bowen ; 91b. .1. 11. M.( 
mas; 10th, J. U. Onion ; lllh, William Bullou. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 



815 



1865— iBt Di8t., G. H. Whittemore; 2d, J. K. Harvey ; 3c1, .1. h. Ridgely, 
Jr.; 4tli, Jacob Beckley; 5th, Benjamin B. Bush; 6th, William 
Foster; 7th, Abram Jessop; 8th, Henry L. Boweu ; 9th, J. B. Mc- 
Comas; 10th, J. H. Onion; lllh, William Button. 

I860.— l8t Dist.,G. H. Whittemore; 2d, J. Dixon O'Dell ; 3d, James L. 
Eidgely, Jr.; 4th, Jacob Beckley; 5th, Benjamin B. Bush; Bth, 
Thomas E. Ensor ; 7th, Abrara Jessop; 8th, Henry L. Bowen ; 9th, 
James B McComas; 10th, James H. Onion; lltli, William Button. 

1867.- 1st Dist, John W. McCauley; 2d, J. D. O'Dell; 3d, James L. 
Ridgely, Jr.; 4th, Jacob Beckley; 5th, Richard C. Tracey ; 6tli, 
Martin Conn ; 7th, Abram Jessop; 8th, Nelson Cooper; 9th, Richard 
Hutchins; 10th, James H. Onion ; 11th, John S. Hays. 

1888.- 1st Dist., John W. McCauley ; 2d, J. D. O'Dell ; 3d, J. L. Ridgely, 
Jr.; 4th, Jacob Beckley; 5th, K. C. Tracey; 6th, Martin Conn ; 7th, 
Abram Jesaop ; 8th, Nelson Cooper; 9th, Richard Hutchins; 10th, 
J. H. Onion; 11th, John S. Hays. 

1869.— 1st Dist., J. W. McCauley ; 2d, Thomas P. Phillips ; 3d, Thomas H. 
Moore ; 4th, John E. Crout ; Sth, Wm. H. Tracey; 6th, Z. Alban; 
7tli, Martin Conn; Sth, Thomas M.Scott; 91h, 0. S. Ta.vlor ; 10th, 
T. A. Elliott; nth, Samuel Higle; 12th, John S. Biddison; 13th, 
Wni. T. Randall. 

1870.— 1st Dist., John W. McCauley ; 2d, Thomas P. Phillips; 3d, Thomas 
H. Moore; 4th, John E. Crout; Sth, Wm.H. Tracey; 6th, Zachariah 
Alban ; 7th, Martin Conn ; Sth, Thomaa M. Scott ; 9th, Caleb S. Taylor ; 
10th, Thomas A. Elliott ; 11th, Samuel Higle ; 12th, John S. Biddison ; 
13th, William T. Randall. 

1871.— l6t Dist., John W. McCauley ; 2d, Thomas P. Phillips ; 3d, Thomas 
H. Moore; 4tli,Jolin E. Crout; .5th, Abraham Bossom ; 6th, Zacha- 
riah Alban; 7th, Marl in Conu; Sth, Thomas M. Scott ; 9th, Caleb S. 
Taylor; loth, Thomas A. Elliott; 11th, Samuel Higle; 12tli, John 
S. Biddison; 13th, William T. Raudall. 

1872.— Ist Dist., Wm. T. McCauley; 2d, T. C. Worthington; 3d, John 
Baseman ; 4th, John E. Crout ; Sth, Abraham Bossom ; 6th, Daniel 
Stabler; 7th, William Rutledge; Sth, Hugh O'Couner; 9th, J. C. 
Harrison; loth, H. C. Hutchins; 11th, C. T. Haile; 12th, G. W. 
Doreey ; 13th, William T. Randall. 

1873.- Ist Dist., Wm. T. McCauley; 2d, T. C. Worthington; 3d, John 
Baseman; 4th, W. A. Slade; 5th, A. Bossom; 6th, Daniel Stabler; 
7th, Wm. Kutledge; Sth, Hugh O'Conner; 9th, J. C. Harrison; 
10th, H. C. Hutchins; 11th, Chas. T. Haile; 12th, G. W. Dorsey; 
I3th, W. T. Randall. 

1874.— 1st Dist., Columbus J. Shipley ; 2d, T. C. Worthington; 3d, John 
Baseman; 4th, Wm. A. Slade; 5th, Abraham Bossom; 6th, Daniel 
Stabler; 7th, William Rutledge; Sth, Hugh O'Connor; 9th, James 
C. Harrison; 10th, H. C. Hutchins; 11th, Charles T. Haile; 12th, 
George W. Doreey ; 13th, William T. Randall. 

1875.— Ist Dist,, Columbus J. Shipley ; 2d, L. M. Widerman ; 3d, John 
Baseman; 4th, Wm. A. Slade; 5th, Abraham Bossom; 6th, Daniel 
Stabler; 7th, William Rutledge; 8tb, Hugh 0'C<mnor; 9th, J. M. 
Watkins; 10th, Henry C. Hutchins; 11th, Charles T. Haile; I2th, 
George W. Dorsey; 13th, William T. Raudall. 

POPULATION or BALTIMORE COUNTY IN 1880. 



ists. Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Native. 


For'BU. 


White. 


Col'd. 


10,908 


6,396 


5,512 


9,160 


1,858 


9,886 


1,322 


2 3,760 


1,983 












1 8,761 


4,170 


4,585 


7,839 


922 


7,745 


1,016 


4,294 




2,145 


4,108 


186 






5 2,241 


1,142 


1.099 


2204 


37 


21162 


79 






1.168 


2.228 








3,174 


1,568 


1.506 


3,0.37 


37 


2,770 


304 


1 6,001 


3,046 


2,955 


6,383 


618 




887 


1 21,414 


10,037 


11,377 


19,172 


2,242 


isisss 


2,531 


1 2,374 


1,216 


1.159 


2,-ZOO 


168 






4,681 


2,346 


2,235 


4,022 


659 


3,902 


679 


2 10,286 


6,448 


4.838 


8,011 


2,276 




1,317 


3 3.314 


1,884 


1,430 


2,815 




2,563 





83.334 41.648 41,7 



73,468 9,866, 72,773 10.561 



The population of Baltimore County, independent 
of the town or city, has been as follows : 

Year. Population. 1 Year. Population. 

1790 25.4:i4 I 1840 32.006 

1800 32.916 ! 1860 '. 41,592 

1810 40.227 1860 64,136 

1820. 33,463 1870 63,142 

1830 40,245 | 1880 83,334 

The assessed value of property in the county was, 
in 1867, $43,604,134; in 1876, $41,071,777; in 1877, 



$58,191,703; in 1878, $49,121,170, and in 1881, .$59,- 
170,151. For tlie current year taxation was fixed at 
55 cents on every $100 of assessed property for county 
purposes, and 18} cents on the $100 for the State, — a 
total of $322,838.21 for the county, and $94,399.16 for 
the State. Among the various items of e.xpenditure 
were $24,000 for the Circuit Court. $15,000 for interest 
on debt, $27,000 for the support of the poor, the in- 
sane paupers, and the jail, $82,838 for road and bridge 
account, $15,000 for police force, $86,000 for public 
schools, $15,000 for lamps, oil, and gas account, $3000 
for station-house and fire department, and $25,000 for 
contingent account. 

The county is penetrated by the Baltimore and 
Ohio, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, 
the Western Maryland, the Northern Central, the 
Baltimore and Hanover, and the Baltimore and Poto- 
mac Railroads, and by the Baltimore and Delta Nar- 
row-Gauge Railroad, the latter being now in course 
of building. The horse-railroads are the Baltimore 
and Towsontown, the Baltimore and Powhatan, the 
Baltimore and Catonsville, the Peabody Heights, and 
the Hall's Spring roads. By means of these lines 
nearly all sections of the county are brought into 
cheap and quick connection with the city, increasing 
the value of property for suburban homes, and greatly 
facilitating business transactions. 

The newspaper press comprises the Maryland Jour- 
nal, the Baltimore County Herald, and the Baltimore 
County Union, all published at Towsontown ; the 
Woodberry News, published at Woodberry ; the Balti- 
more County Press, published at Powhatan ; and the 
People's Voice, published at Reisterstown. These are 
all weekly journals, and they are worthy of their po- 
sitions, circulation, and influence in a highly cul- 
tured, progressive, and prosperous community. 

Early Notes on the County. 

The exact date of the establishment of Baltimore County is not known, 
but it was about the year 1659. In 1683, Moj. Thomas Truman patented 
a tract of land called " Truman's Acquaintance," on the north side of 
the aouth branch of Gunpowder River. 

On a Sunday in October. 1753. Rev. Mr. Craddock, rector of St. Thomas' 
Church, preached an excellent sermon on the irregularities of some of 
the clergy before the Governor and both Houses of the Assembly at An- 
napolis. 

In June. 1745, Benjamin Tasker had an iron furnace called the Pa- 
tapsco Iron-Works. 

May 6, 1749. — The Latin and Greek languages were taught by Thomas 
Craddock, of St. Thomas' parish, who both taught and boarded young 
gentlemen for twenty pounds currency a year. 

May 28, 1750. — William Smith was elected a representative to the 
General Assembly in the place of Dr. George Buchanan, deceased. In 
May. 1751, Capt. Darley Lux, a member of the Assembly, died, and 
Thomas Sheredine resigned to accept the office of sheriff. Mr, Mat- 
thews and Mr. Tolley were elected at a special election to fill these va- 
cancies, but Mr. Tolley was found to be ineligible, and Capt. Thomas 
Franklin, who was next highest on the poll, was sworn in. 

Nov. 24. 1763.— The dwelling-house and kitchen of Rev. Andrew Len- 
drum, rector of St. George's parish, were burnt to the ground. 

April 15. 1754.— Very considerable damage was done by the firing of 
the woods. The wind came at northwest, and blew fresh, and was at- 
tended with a great mist or smoke, and continued for about a week (the 
woods being on fire from the southeast and northwest to the north of 
Joppa), and the fire continued for some days after, so that the people 
were constantly employed in endeavoring to prevent its spreading to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



thoir iilantAtioiib, and few dnred Icnvo their homes. Rw. Mr. Deans had 
his cornflehl fonce burned, and about six hundred cords of wowl, cut for 
Mr. Lawson's iron-wurk.*), and a largo quantity of Mr. Onion's were 
thereby deutroyed. Many small cottages in the back parts, belonging to 
poor people, were also burned. It wos supposed the fire began in the 
barrens, about twelve niiletj from Joppa. 

1760.— Laucash ire Forge, u|K>n Ueor Crook, about twelve miles from 
the head of Iluali Kivor, and seven miles from the nearest navigable parts 
of the Susquehanna, won ufTerod for sale by Corbin Lee, at Nottingham 
Forges, upon the Great Falls of Gunpowder River. 

June, 1704. — AugnMt Ilorrl and Daniel Keuly opened a boardlng*school 
for boys at Mount Pleasant, where Mr. Giles resided. In their adver- 
tisement they said " they would teach Latin and Greek Languages with 
the classical authors thereunto belonging." 

January, 1764.— Mr. John Howard laid out a part of his land, called 
Howard's Range, lying on Patapsco River, near Elk Ridge Landing, into 
a town called Korfolk. A plot of the towu was to he seen at Klk Ridge 
Landing, at the store of Henry Griffiths. 

1765.- Nicholas Peddicord lived upon a tract of land called Peddicord's 
Hope, on tlie main Falls of Fatapsco, containing sixty acres, good mill 
property, etc. 

176G.— The following communication was addressed to the Maryland 
OiaeUe^ published at Annapolis, on May 22d : " The inhabitants of Balti- 
more town and county desire to infoi-m the neighboring counties that 
they have raised by subscription upwards of four hundred pounds in 
three days, and doubt not of collecting a sufficient sum in a short time 
towards purchasing a genteel statue to be erected in Baltimore town m 
honor of the glorious and truly patriotic William Pitt, Esq., as an ac- 
knowledgment for the innumerable services (not only) done to this 
Province and Continent, but to the Loversof Liberty in general. 

[Signed] " Henry Stevenson." 

Oct. 22, 1768.— Robert Adair, one of the representatives, died. 

1772.— Capt. Charles Ridgely's residence was called "Sportsman's 
Hall." 

1773.— Dr. John Stevenson kept a doer park on or near the Falls of 
Patapsco. 

July 15, 1783.— Portland, a new town, was laid out in lots at tlie Ferry 
Branch of the Patapsco, otherwise known as Moale's Point, one mile 
soutliwestof Baltimore, where -there was twenty to forty feet of water. 
The main road to Annapolis and the Southern States led through that 
place, where there was a public ferry. 

March 4, 1787.— The electors of Baltimore County were requested to 
meet at Reisterstown " for the purpose of consulting together in a public 
manner, and forming such instructions to our repreHentatives as may 
most probably tend to alleviate their distress at this critical juncture,and 
at thesame time evince their attachment to our excellent Constitution." 

June 12, 1789.— "The subscriber, in order to settle his affairs, offers 
for sale upon the most reasonable terms that very valuable property 
situated on Herring Run, four miles from Baltimore, on the main road 
leading to Philadelphia. This tract contains upwards of six hundred 
acres, one-half of which is as good bottom or meadow-land as any in 
the State, the residue chiefly woodland, in good thriving timber, and 
well adapted tu farming and grazing. The excellency and great advan- 
tages of this land are not to be enumerated within the compass of an 
advertisement. In general it is rich and level, finely watered, and 
pleasantly situated. What more can be wished? within half an hour's 
ride of one of the first market-towns on the continent, and that a , 
town, too, which under the auspicious commencement of our general I 
government, and a just and equal administration, and from its peculiar 
local advantages, promises soon to arrive at a degree of opulence un- 
rivalled on this side of the Atlantic. 

"Robert Long." j 

March 8, 1793, Baltimore County accounts audited by the following I 
persons : James Gittings, Daniel Rowley, William Owings, Philip Rogera. 

1803. — The question of improving the turnpike road out of Baltimore 
was the subject of much controversy and excitement. 

In November, 1807, Thomas Johnson was chosen a State senator, vice 
John T. Worthington, resigned. 

August, 1809, a camp-meeting was held on the Harford road, eleven I 
miles from Baltimore city, attended by about ten thousand persons. | 
About four hundred and eighty carriages passed over Gay Street Bridge, 
then called Griffiths', in Baltimore City. 

1S14.— A camp-meeting was held on the landsof John Ward, living on | 
the Liberty road, about one mile from Allen's Mill and fourteen from i 
Baltimore City, " free to all who quietly submitted to the government I 
and regulations of the meeting." 



', 1814.— Travelers between Philadelphia and ] 
the Lancaster and York roads were gratified to hear that the bridge 
across the Susquehanna at Columbia, a mile or two above the old ferry 
at Baltimore City, was so far completed as to have been passed with car- 
riiiges on December 19tli and since. It was five thousand six hundred 
and ninely<«ix feet long, or one mile, twenty-six rods, and four and one- 
half feet, the longest in America except the one across tlie Potomac. 
Mr. Burr, of Connecticut, was the architect. 

Jan. 20. 1820, the Patapsco Cotton-Factory, nine miles from Baltimore, 
was burned to the ground. 

Jan. 9, 1822, the Governor and Council made the following appoint- 
ments for tho county: Justices of the Orphans* Court, Alexander Mo- 
Kim, Iteale Randall, Stephen H. Moore; and justices of the Levy Court, 
Robert Gorsuch, John II. Barney, John Buck, John Berry, Nathaniel 
Childs, Jacob G. Smith, George Ebaugh, Job Smith, John G. Walker, 
William Brown, and William Curtis. 

At a meeting held at Waterloo, Oct. 19, 1831, for Anne Arundel, Bal- 
timore, and Prince George's Counties, of persons friendly to the **ptx>- 
tectjon of domestic industry," Governor George Howard presided, as- 
sisted by Edward Gray and Jacob Hollingsworth as vlct^presidents, and 
Nathaniel II. Ellicott and Benjamin Brown, secretaries. Ten delegates 
were appointed from each county to attend the convention in New York 
on October 2Cth following. Those selected from Baltimore County were 
N. H. Ellicott, John Ridgoly, of Hampton, John Wethered, H. V. Som- 
merville, Hugh Ely, George Patterson, Gen. Jamieon, Judson M. Duck- 
ett, W. H. Freeman, William F. Johnson. 

A public meeting was held at the '* Franklin Hotel." in tho village of 
Franklin, Jan. 26, 1833, for the purpose of taking into consideration the 
bill then before Congress in regard to a "tariff." John C. Dishon was 
called to the chair, and Anthony Kennedy appointed secretary. The 
object of the meeting being stated by John Pendleton Kennedy, a com- 
mittee of five was chosen, who drew up and presented resolutions ia 
favor of a tariff for protection to "American Industry," and which 
were unanimously adopted. The Baltimore Sun^ Oct. 7, 1842, was en- 
abled by extritordinary express to lay before its readers, in an extra, the 
complete returns of the election in the county, which was never before 
done in such a short time. Nicholas Tracy was elected sheriff by 2l9a 
majority over Mr. Chose, the next highest candidate. 

Sept 8, 1843, Sheriff Tracey, accompanied by Officer Fuller, pursuant 
to a writ issued by the BaUiniore County Court, proceeded to the United 
States arsenal, seven miles out of Baltimore City, to effect the arrest of 
Capt. Charles May, of the United States army, who was supposed to be 
about to meet Philip B. Key, for the purpose of fighting a duel; at the 
arsenal Mr. Tracy encountered a gentleman whom he took to be Capt. 
May, from the description fnruiiihed him and having once seen him in 
Baltimore himself. The gentleman, however, denied that he was Capt 
May, but stated that his name was May. While in conversation a dog 
came up and begun to play about them, and Mr. Tracy, on glancing at 
the collar of the dog, discovered thereon the name Capt. Charles May. 
With tills evidence unexpectedly thrust upon him, Mr. Tracy expressed 
a desire that the gentleman should accompany lilm to Baltimore. He 
gave his word of honor that he would appear forthwith at court. On 
appearing before Judge Archer, he stated his name was Henry May, and 
that he was a brother of Capt. May. Judge Archer observed that be 
knew Mr. Mny, but did not know his Christian name. He therefore 
asked proof on that point, whereupon Robert J. Brant, Esq., of tho bar, 
identified Mr. May, and he was honorably and promptly discharged. 
The cause of the difference between Cnpt May and Mr. Key was their 
rival claims to the affections of a fair and amiable young lady. 

May 8, 1848, Jamieson's Powder-Mills, near Franklin, were blown up. 
A German workman was killed, and much property destroyed. 

July 19, 1851.— The Upper Paper-Mill, owned by Petor B. Hoffman, 
was burned; a workman named James Smeaton perished in the flamefl. 

Aug. 21, 1862.— The commissioners ordered the issue of bonds of the 
county to an extent of not more than five thousand dollars, to constitut« 
abounty<fnnd to aid enlistments in the Union army, and to avoid the 
necessity of a dmft in the county. 

Feb. 15, 1856.— Rev. Dr. Reese, of the Methodist Protestant Church 
died at his residence in the county. 

Jan. 25, 18(j2.— Rev. Joshua Wells, the oldest clerg>'man of the Metlio- 
dist Episcopal Church, died at tho residence of William Fite, aged ninety- 
eight years. 

Nov. 4, 1863.— Shortly alter the opening of the |>olls in the county, 
George H. Carman, R. E. Hook, and Richard Groson. independent candi- 
dates for clerk, sheriff and States attorney, were arrested by tho mili- 
tary authorities and taken to Baltimore, but released in tho afternoon, 
tho charges against thoni not being made public. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 



817 



Nor. 5, 18 



!.— Tl 



the Indepemleiil i r . i I 
rested for disli)>,ili' , i i i i ■ 

July 25, 1864.-I'..>i-' il.u, -iinll 
ground, causing a Iuss of thirty liv.- 

Aug. 10, 1869.— Pliilip Poultney, 8 



•cl on tlie 4th, was ar- 
oatli of allegiance, 
'ills, W118 burnt to the 

sident of the county, 



In 1871 the old almshouse property on the Franklin road was bought 
by A. S. Abell, A. B. Patterson, Williani S. Rnynor, and Thomas G. 
Scharf, to be divided into building sites. The property comprised one 
hundred and seventy six acres. 

Jime 20, 1873.— Mount Vernon Mills, No.l,on the Falls road, was de- 
stroyed by fire. 

February, 1881. — The Woodlawn Cemetery Company was incorporated 
by Messrs. George W. Dobbin, William F. Frick, Charles Marshall, 
Nicholas G. Penniman, William Keyser, Charles F. Mayer, W. W. 
Spence, Robert A. Dobbin, S. G. B. Cook, and John Gill, with a capital 
of three hundred thousand dollars. The cemetery is on the Lake Roland 
road, on the property formerly belonging to Hiram Woods. 

March 20, 1881, the corner-stone of the hall of the Target Association 
of Baltimore County was laid at Darley Park. The society bad two hun- 
dred members. 

On Dec. 11, 1875, Henrietta Crack (colored), formerly a slave in the 
family of Daniel Jenifer, of Baltimore County, died at the reputed age 
of one hundred and fifteen years. Mr. Jenifer stated that she was for- 
merly from the Kastern Shore of Maryland, and that ninety years pre- 
viously to her death she came to Baltimore County as a nurse for his 
great-grandmother, at which time she was at least twenty-five years old. 
She was able to move about until within a few weeks previous to her 
death. There can be little doubt that when she died she was the oldest 
person in the United States. 

Military Commands.— In June,' 1846, a volunteer 
rifle company was raised in the Eighth District of 
the county, and was named the " New Texas Greens." 
The officers elected were Joshua M. Bosley, captain ; 
Edward Brown, first lieutenant; George Corrick, sec- 
ond lieutenant; Edward Dougherty, ensign; and 
Edward Dawn, first sergeant. 

At Reistertown, in the Fourth District, about the 
same time, the " Union Riflemen'' and the " Balti- 
more County Troop" were formed. The oflicers of 
the riflemen were S. P. Storm, captain ; Alfred Love, 
first lieutenant; John W. Triplett, second lieutenant; 
and J. M. Lowe, first sergeant. The company num- 
bered forty men. The officers of the troop were Ed- 
ward Philpot, captain ; A. W. Baseman, first lieuten- 
ant; and Samuel Worthington, second lieutenant. 

The " Independent Riflemen" were organized in 
June, 1846, in the neighborhood of White Hall, aud 
on July 4th they elected the following officers : Cap- 
tain, John M. McComas ; First Lieutenant, Josiah 
Pearce ; Second Lieutenant, James Lytle ; Ensign, 
Henry Stabler. 

The " Huntingdon Riflemen" were formed in the 
same month, four miles from Baltimore City, on the 
York turnpike, with the following officers: Captain, 
Wm. E. Baden ; First Lieutenant, John D. Nicholl ; 
Second Lieutenant, Charles Dames ; Third Lieuten- 
ant, John G. Carter ; Ensign, Bobert G. Blatchley ; 
First Sergeant, George M. Shaw. 

The " Mechanicsville Riflemen" were organized at 
Mechanicsville, in the neighborhood of Woodberry 
Factory, in June, 1846, with fifty-three men and the 
following officers : Samuel Hall, captain ; Richard 
Armacost, first lieutenant; Amos Cox, second lieu- 
tenant. 



The " Rough aud Ready Rifle Corps" of fifty men 
was raised in August, 1846, at Wiseburg, and had the 
following officers: Captain, Pleasant Hunter; First 
Lieutenant, James Mullen ; Second Lieutenant, James 
Young ; Ensign, Benjamin Rutledge. 

In the neighborhood of Brooklandville, in Septem- 
ber, 1846, the " Eagle Rifle Corps" was organized with 
Wm. H. Smith," captain ; Edward H. Ball, first lieu- 
tenant; Frederick Wright, second lieutenant; Hugh 
Armstrong, third lieutenant; James Good, ensign. 
This company was attached to the Fifty-third Regi- 
ment, commanded by Col. Nicholas. 

In January, 1861, the " Baltimore County Horse 
Guard," a cavalry company, was formed and chose 
the following officers : Captain, Charles Ridgeh', of 
Hampton ; First Lieutenant, John Merryman, of 
Hayfields ; Second Lieutenant, George H. Carman ; 
Third Lieutenant, Richard Grason ; Surgeons, Dr. E. 
R. Tydings and Dr. Nicholas Ridgely ; Ensign, John 
R. Ghent ; Quartermaster, Thomas R. Crane ; First 
Sergeant, George Merryman ; Second Sergeant, 
Charles Cockey ; Third Sergeant, Zeph. Poteet ; 
Fourth Sergeant, Thomas B. Gatch ; First Corporal, 
Rezin Worthington, Jr.; Second Corporal, George 
Pearce, of Wm. ; Third Corporal, Henry Gilmor; 
Fourth Corporal, Wm. H. Taylor; Secretary, J. R. 
D. Bedford ; Treasurer, Dr. G. M. Bosley ; Buglers, 
R. E. Hook and Wm. H. Ruby. 

At a meeting in Towsontown, on May 7, 1861, of 
the officers of the Forty-sixth Regiment Maryland 
Volunteer Militia, the following field-officers were 
chosen : Lieut.-Col. John C. Cockey to be colonel, 
vice Thomas J. Lee, resigned ; Maj.' John Wright to 
be lieutenant-colonel; and Capt. John Sommers to 
be major. 

May 11, 1861, the " Union Riflemen, a company 
from the vicinity of the Warren factory, tendered 
their services for three months to the Federal govern- 
ment, which were accepted. They were commanded 
by Capt. John Willis. Their uniform was red flannel 
shirt trimmed with black, and black pantaloons 
with side stripe. 

In the same month Capt. J. G. Cockey, of Cockeys- 
ville, and Capt. Wilson brought two companies to 
the service of the Federal government. At '' Blue 
Ball," in the Twelfth District, a cavalry corps called 
the " Orangeville Horse Guards" was organized under 
Capt. Gustavus A. Pheltz, First Lieut. Thomas Green, 
Second Lieut. F. D. Teal, Ensign J. Buchanan Wills, 
and Orderly Sergt. Robert Moore. The company was 
organized for the protection of the country in the 
neighborhood. 

In the autumn of 1861 a large number of volun- 
teers were raised to protect the property of the State, 
and not to go beyond its limits. John C. Holland, 
of the First District, recruited two companies of ninety 
men each. Capt. McAllister's company, of White 
Hall, " Union Guards," were mustered into the Fed- 
eral army. J. Israel Yellott, of Dulaney's Valley, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



raised a company, and Tilghman Schofield raised one \ 
in the neigliborliood of the lower toll-gate on the 
York road. Uobert A. Wilson, of Cockeysville, re- 
cruited a company of cavalry. These were in addi- 
tion to two companies in the First Maryland (Federal) 
Regiment, then in service on the Upper Potomac, 
commanded by Ca[>ts. John W. Wilson and F. Wal- 
temyer, and one company in the Second Regiment, | 
commanded by Capt. Malcolm Wilson. There was a ] 
total of eiglit comj)anics furnislied by Baltimore ; 
County to the Union army up to September, ISCl. j 

Agricultural Societies, Race-Courses, etc. — The i 
Baltimore County Agricultural Society held its first 
annual meeting at Govanstown in October, 1841. 
The next year the society selected for exhibition 
grounds a large field opposite the hotel and grounds 
of Robert Ramsey, and displayed the finest selection 
of cattle that had been seen there up to that time. 

In the spring of 1858, William McCann, owner of 
the "Central Course" (formerly Herring Run), four 
miles fnmi Baltimore, on the Philadelphia turnpike, 
expended eighty thousand dollars in improving and 
beautifying it. An entire new track, a mile in length 
and forty feet in width, was constructed, and new 
pavilions were put up. The course was thus made 
one of the best in the country, and some notable 
races were run upon it. 

The old society having died out, in December, 1878, 
the Agricultural Society of Baltimore County was 
organized. Its objects, as stated in the charter, are 
"to promote, protect, and improve agriculture in all 
its branches, and to hold fairs and exhibitions." It 
is a joint-slock association, with a capital of ten 
thousand dollars, divided into two thousand shares. 
The management for the first year was placed in the 
hands of twelve corporators, who were named as fol- 
lows : Dickinson Gorsuch, Samuel Brady, Samuel 
N. Rankin, Charles W. Semmes, Samuel M. Shoe- 
maker, Daniel Jenifer, William D. Brackenridge, 
John Ridgely, of Hampton, Benjamin F. Taylor, 
James L. Sutton, William B. Sands, and Thomas B. 
Todd. No agricultural society had existed in Balti- 
more County since 1861, and though much talked of, 
it was only when the success of other county organi- 
zations was apparent that an active effort was made 
to revive such a useful local institution. On March 
2, 1879, the grounds of the society were laid off at 
Timonium, distant about twelve miles from Baltimore 
City,' on the Northern Central Railway, and not far 
from the geographical centre of the county. A race- 
track, exhibition buildings, stables, pens, etc., were 
constructed. The outlines were laid off by W. H. 
Shipley, under the direction of a committee of the 
association, comprised of Samuel Brady (president), 
Samuel N. Rankin, Thomas B. Todd, H. B. Holton, 
and John Ridgely, of Hampton. The location is 
very convenient, and the site embraces thirty-seven 
acres, which the society leases from Dr. G. M. Bosley, 
with the privilege of purcha-se. 



A Farmers' Convention was held on the Fair 
Grounds May 19, 1881, at which C. Lyon Rogers was 
elected president; Samuel M. Price, Thomas Crad- 
dock, Granville Matthews, John A. Conkling, C. 
Howard Shipley, Gottlieb Stengel, and Rev. Jacob 
Shamberger, vice-presidents ; William Fell Johnson 
and William B. Sands, secretaries. Letters were 
read from the Gunpowder Farmers' Club and the 
Glencoe Grange, the latter in favor of establishing a 
hog and produce market in Baltimore City, under 
control of the farmers. 

Under the head of the various districts of the 
county there will be found treated at length the 
matters of local history, only a few of which have 
been touched upon in the above general sketch of the 
county and in that portion relating to Baltimore 
City. 

The Fire Department.— The commissioners of 
Baltimore County having declined to pay for the ser- 
vices of the Baltimore City Fire Department in extin- 
guishing conflagrations beyond the city limits, such 
services were withdrawn, and the county commis- 
sioners, in June, 1881, made a contract with Charles 
T. Holloway to organize a fire department, to be fur- 
nished with his chemical engines. There were to be 
seven companies, located as follows: No. 1, Frederick 
road and Garrison Lane ; No. 2, Retreat Street, be- 
tween Hookstown road and Madison Avenue; No. 
3, Maryland Avenue, between Fourth and Fifth 
Streets ; No. 4, Waverly Station-house ; No. 5, Belair 
road, near the toll-gate ; No. 6, Highlandtown ; No. 
7, Canton. 

Members or the House of Deleoatos feob Baltimore County. 

1669.— Maj. Samuel Gouldsniith, Godfrey Bailey, FrencisStockettiGoorg* 
GouldsDiitb. 

1661.— Thomas Stockett, George Utye. 

1662— Col. Nathaniel Utye, Capt. Thomas Stockett. 

1663.— Maj. Samuel Gouldsmilh, Thomas Stockett, Francis Wright, Rich- 
ard Bennett. 

1604.— Francis Wright, Lewis Stockett, George Goldsmith, Nathaniel 
Utje. 

1606.— Capt. Thomas Howell, Col. Nathaniel Utye. 

1669.— John Vanhack, Col. Nathaniel Utye. 

1671.— Capt. Thomas Howell, John Vanhack, John Waterton, James 

1674. — Capt. Thomas Howell, Jolin Vanhack, Joseph Waterton, Capt. 

Thomas Todd. 
1683-84.— Henry Johnston, Miles Gibson. 
1093.— George Ashman, Edward Boolhliy, Francis Watkins, Thomas 

Stalcy. 
1694.— Edward Boothby, John Ferry, James Maxwell, Francis Watkins. 
1095.— Edward Bootliby, Francis Watkins, James Maxwell, John Henry. 
1096.— Edward BooUiby, James Maxwell, John Henry (Watkins dead). 
1697.— Edward Boothby, John Ferry. 

1698. — Thomas Staley, George Ashman, John Hull, John Ferry. 
1699.— John Hall, George Ashman, Thomas Staley, Jolin Ferry (d<^ 

1701.— John Hall, Edward Dorsey, Samuel Sicklcmore. Thomas Ham- 



1702.— Edward Dorsey, Samuel Collins, John Hall, Thomas I 

1700.— Col. Edward Dorsey, James Maxwell, James Phillips, Francis 

Dallahide. 
1708-9.— James Phillips, Aquila Paca, Richard Colgate, James Maxwell. 
1712.— Bichard Colgate, Edward Stevenson, William Talbott, Thomas 

Hammond. 
1714.— Col. James Miixwell. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY AND DISTRICTS. 



819 



1715.— Col, James Maxwell, Miy. James Phillips, Capt. Franins DallahiJe, 
Richard Colgate. 

1710.— Col, James Maxwell, Capt. Francis Dallahide, Peter Bond, Richard 
Colgate. 

1718.— Col. James Maxwell, Capt. Francis Dallaliiile. 

1719.— Col, James Maxwell, Capt. Richard Colgate, Capt. Francis Dalla- 
hide, Col. James Phillips. 

171iO.— Col. James Maxwell, Maj. Richard Colgate. 

1721.— Thomas Tolley, William Hamilton, John Taylor, Col. Thomas 
Hammond. 

1722.— Thomas Tolley, William Hamilton, John Taylor. 

1728.— Roger Matthews, Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, Wm. Hamilton. 

1729.— Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, Wm. Hamilton. 

1730.— Roger Matthews, Thomas Tolley, Daniel Scott, Wm. Hamilton. 

1731.— Thomas Tolley, Wm. Hamilton. 

1732-33.— Roger Matthews, Daniel Scott, William Hamilton, Thomas 
Sheredine. 

1734-30.— Thomas Sheredine, William Ilamilti.n, John Moale, Roger 
Matthews. 

1737.— Thomas Sheredine, Wm. Hamilton, John Moale. 

1738-40.— Thomas Sheredine, John Moale, Roger Matthews, Capt. Rich- 
ard Caswell. 

1741.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine, Capt. Richard Gist, Roger Matthews 
(deceased). 

1742.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine, Capt. Aquila Paca, Daniel Scott, Capt. 
Richard Caswell. 

1744.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine. 

1745-47.— Capt. Thomas Sheredine, Col. John Hall, Dr. George Buchanan, 
Capt. John Paca. 

1748— Capt. John Paca, Col, John Hall. 

1749,— Dr. George Buchanan, Capt. John Paca, Mig. Thomas Sberedin 
Capt, Darby Lux. 

1750,— John Puca. 

1751.— William Govane, Capt. Thomas Franklin, Lloyd Buchanan, Maj. 
Charles Ridgely. 

1752-53,— Wm. Gorman, Thomas Franklin, and Lloyd Buchanan. 

1754-55. — Capt. John Paca, Wm. Govane, Lloyd Buchanan, Waltei 
ley. 

1756.— John Paca, Walter Tolley, William Govane. 

1737-5S.— Wm. Govane, Capt. Thomas Cockey Doye, Capt. John 
mond Dorsey, Samuel Owiugs. 

1761-03. — John Paca, Thomas Cockey Deye, John Hammond Dorsey, 
Corbin Lee. 

1704-65.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Corbin Lee, John Hall, Jr., James 
Heath. 

1706.- Thomas Cockey Deye, John Hall. 

1767,— John Ridgely, Thos. Cockey Deye, John Moale, Robert Adair. 

1708. — Thomas Cockey Deye, John Hall, Jr., James Heath, Corbiu Lee. 

1771.— Samuel Owiugs, George Kisteau, John Moale, Thos. Cockey Deye. 

1773.- Charles Ridgely, Thos. Cockey Deye, Aquila Hall, Walter Tol- 
ley, Jr. 

Members of the Pkovincial Conventions. 

June 22, 1774.— Capt, Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, Bon of John, 
Walter Tolley, Jr., Thos. Cockey Deye, Wm. Lux, Robert Alexan- 
der, Samuel Purviance, Jr., John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, George 
Risteau. 

April 24, 1775.— Capt. Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, Walter 
Tolley, Jr., Charles Ridgely, son of John, Robert Alexander, Samuel 
Purviance, Benjamin Nicholson, Darby Lux, Jeremiah Townley 
Chase, George Risteau, Thomas Harrison, John Moale, Andrew Bu- 
chanan, William Lux, Samuel Worthiugton. 

Members of House of Delegates. 

Dec. 7, 1775.— Robert Alexander, Benjamin Nicholson, John Moale, Wal- 
ter Tolley, Jr., Jeremiah T. Chase. 
Slay 8, 1776.— Benjamin Nicholson, Walter Tolley, Jr., Jeremiah T. Chase, 

John Moale. 
June 21, 1776.— Jeremiah T. Chase, Walter Tolley, Jr., John Moale. 
Aug. 14, 1776.— Charles Ridgely, Thomas Cockey Deye, John Stevenson, 

Peter Sheppard. 
1777,— Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, John Stevenson, Peter 



1773-80.- Thomas Cockey Deye, John Stevenson, Bezin Hammond, 
Charles Ridgely. 

1781, — ThomasCockeyDeye, Charles Ridgely, Samuel Worthington, John 
Beale Howard. 

1782.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, of William, Samuel Worth- 
ington, John Craddock. 



1783-86.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Charles Ridgely, of William, John Ste- 
venson, Capt. Charles Ridgely. 

1780.— Thomas Cockey Deye, Samuel Owings, Edward Cockey, Capt. 
Charles Ridgely. 

1787.— Harry Dorsey Gough, Edward Cockey, Thomas Cockey Deye, 
Capt. Charles Ridgely. 

1788.— Capt. Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, of William, Thomas 
Cockey Deye, Edward Cockey. 

1789 —Capt, Charles Ridgely, Charles Ridgely, of William, James Git- 
tings, Richard Owings. 

1790.— Charles Ridgely Carnan, Charles Ridgely,of William, Harry Dor- 
sey Gough, Richard Owings. 

1791-92.— Charles Ridgely, of William, Charles Ridgely, Harry Dorsey 
Gough, Thomas Deye Cockey. 

1793.— Charles Ridgely, of William, Charles Ridgely, John Tolley Worth- 
iugton, Cornelius Howard. 

1794-95.— Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, John Tolley Worthington, 
Charles Ridgely, of William, Elijah Merryman. 

1796.— Elijah Merryman, Jolin Tolley Worthington, Charles Ridgely, of 
William, James Carroll. 

1797.— Elijah Merryman, James Carroll, John Tolley Worthington, Elias 

1798.- Elijah Merryman, Elias Brown, Charles Ridgely, of Wm., James 

Carroll. 
1799.— Alexis Lemmon, Elias Brown, James Carroll, Thomas Love. 
1800.— John Tolley Worthington, Alexis Lemmon, Tobias E. Stansbury, 

Thomas Love. 
1801-2.— Tobias E. Stansbury, Nicholas R. Moore, Alexis Lemmon, Thos. 

1803. — Tobias E. Stansbury, Alexis Lemmon, Moses Brown, Charles 

Ridgely, of Wm. 
1804. — Tobias E. Stansbury, Alexis Lemmon, Moses Brown, George 

1805. — Tobias E. Stansbury, Amos Ogden, Alexis Lemmon, Geo. Harry- 

1806.— Tobias E. Stansbury, Peter Little, Moses Brown, Geo. Harryman. 
1807. — Peter Little, Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harryman, Moses 

Brown. 
1808-11.— Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harryman, Beale Randall, Moses 

Brown. 
1812-13, — Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harryman, George Warner, Beale 

Randall, 
1814,— Beale Randall, George Warner, Tobias E. Stansbury, Geo. Harry- 

1815.— Beale Randall, Peter Little, Tobias E. Stansbury, George Harry- 

1816. — George Warner, George Harryman, Abraham H. Price, Adam 



H. Price, Adam Showers, John B. Snowden, Thomas 
Johnson. 

1818.— Adam Showers, John B. Snowden, Ehenezer S. Thomas, Edward 
Orrick. 

1819.— Edwaid Orrick, Tobias E. Stansbury, Abraham H. Price, Adam 
Showers. 

1820-21.— Tobias E. Stansbury, Adam Showers, John B. Snowden, Ed- 
ward Orrick. 

1822.— John T. H. Worthington, William F. Johnson, Tobias E. Stans- 
bury, Edward Orrick. 

1823.— John T. H. Worthington, Tobias E. Stansbury, William F. John- 
son, Hugh Ely. 

1824.— Adam Showers, J. T. H. Worthington, A. H. Price, James Turner. 

1825.— Job n T. H. Worthington, Adam Showers, James Turner, James W. 
McCuUoch. 

1826.— Abraham H. Price, James M. Buchanan, James Turner, James H. 
. McCulloch. 

1827-29.— James Turner, Abraham H. Price, Adam Shower, Hugh Ely. 

1830.— James Turner, Hugh Ely, John B. Holmes, Zachariah H. Worth- 

1831-32.— Jas. Turner, Hugh Ely, Z. H. Worthington, John B. Holmes. 
1833.— Thos. J. Price, Solomon Hillen, Jr., Hugh Ely, John H. Carroll. 
I 1834.— Hugh Ely, John C. Orrick, John M. Wise, Jacob Shower. 
1835.— Hugh Ely, Elias Brown, John H. Carroll, Wm. S. Winder. 
1836.— Hugh Ely, John T. H. Worthiugton, Jacob Shower, Thomas C. 
Risteau. 
I 1837.— John C. Orrick, Thomas C. Risteau, Hugh Ely, James Turner. 
! 1838 —Dr. Thomas C. Risteau, Dr. John C. Orrick, James Turner, Marxjus 
R. Hook, Henry M, Filzhugli. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Welsh, Tho 



Risteuu, Six 



1839.— Philip Poultucy, Robert 

Stunsbury, John B. Holnicii. 
1840.— John B. Holmes, Philip Poiiltney, John C. Orrick, Robert 8. 

Welsh, Thoulus B. W, RanJall. 
1841.— Joseph Walltor, Thomas C. Risleuu, Pliilip Poultney, Marcus R. 

Hook, Tliomas B. W. Rouilall. 
1842.— Joseph Walker, Thomas C. BUleaii, Robert S. Welsh, Bcale Ran- 
dall, Thomas L. Hall. 
1843.— Joseph Walker, Robert S. Welsh, Philip Poultney. 
184+.— Joseph Walker, Carvill S. Stansbury, Beale Randall, Nathan H. 

Ware. 
1845.— James Carroll, Jr., John B. Holmes, Natlmu H. Ware, Levi K. 

Bowen, Thomas L. Hall. 
1846.— John M. McConins, Benjamin A. Payne, John C. Orrick, Joseph 

Walker, Thomas C. Ilisteau. 
1847. — Samuel Worthington, Charles R. Howard, of James, James Car- 
roll, Jr., Samuel Brady, Joshua Hutchins. 
1848.-J. M. McComas, B. M. Payne, John C. Orrick, Joseph Walker, 

Thomas C. Risteau. 
1849.— Thomas J. Welsh, Oliver P. Macgill, Samuel Worthington, Joshua 

Hutchins, Joseph Walker. 
1850.— Joseph Walker, Thomas J. Welsh, Joshua Hutchins, Oliver P. 

Macgill, S. Worthington. 
1851-53.^Iohn M. Wise, John T. Ford, Charles A. Buchanan, Philip 

Poultuey, Levi A. Slade, John Bosley. 
1854.— Ephraim Bell, Samuel Worthington, John T. Ford, Thomas T. 

Hutchins, William Thomas, James Turner. 
1855-50.— John C. Holland, Aquilla Chilcoat, .Samuel M. Rankin, Joseph 

H. Wright, Nelson Cullings, H. W. Heath. 
1857-58.— Joseph Walker, W. Hamilton Smith, Dr. Walter T. Allender, 

John Thomas Ford, Dr. A. A. Lynch, J. Summerfield Berry. 
I860.— John T. Ford, Thomas C. Worthington, Robert M. Dennison, 

Pleasant Hunter, Leonard G. Quinlan, Thomas W. Renshaw. 
1861. — Extra session in April, at Frederick, the same members. 
1861 {December S«»ion).—Reverdy Johnson, John H. T. Jerome, John S. 

■ Berrj', John S. Given, John T. Ensor, John B. Peurce. 
1864.— William H. Hoffman, Zephaniah Poteet, James H. Wright, John 

B. Pearce, David K. Lusby, James M. Lester. 

1865.— William H. Hoffman, George Slothower, Nicholas H. Parker, Ed- 
ward S. Myers, David Lnsby, David King. 

1866.— George Slothower, David King, William H. Hofl'man, Nicholas H. 
Parker, Zephaniah Poteet, D. K. Lusby. 

1867.— James C. Clarke, Daniel W. Cameron, William H. Hutchins, 
Samuel T. Shipley, John T. Ford, Charles H. Nicolai. 

1868.— Charles H. Nicolai, C. Bohn Slingluff, Charles P. Montague, Zeph- 
aniah Poteet, Victor Holmer, John S. Biddison. 

1870.— E. W. Choate, Lewis Turner, Jr., Daniel W. Cameron, Columbus 
T. Shipley, Thomas B. Gatch, John N. Carroll. 

1872. — George Letzinger, Samuel T. Shipley, Lewis Turner, Jr., Andrew 
Banks, Jervis Spencer, Jr., Sylvester Ford. 

1874.— Robert Fowler, John Merryman, Charles A. Buchanan, D. M. 
Mathews, Lewis Tumor, Jr., William S. Keech. 

1876'.— James E. Hooper, Oliver P. Baldwin, Jr., William Wbitelock, 
William H. Curtis, Robert S. Smith, James J. Given. 

1878.— Wilson Townsend, Dr. J. Wolf Burton, Malcolm H. Johnston, 
John I. Yellott, George H. Williams, Andrew Banks. 

1880.— John C.Sullivan, H. Clay Bidgely, Christopher C. Slade, J. Ed- 
ward Ward, Benjamin F. Foard, Oregon R. Benson. 

State Senatoes pkom Baltimore County. 

1811-20, Levi Hollingsworth ; 1821-;)6, Gen. John Strieker; 1836, Eliaa 

Brown; 1838-45, Hugh Ely; 1846-50, Wilson M. Gary; 1851-64, 

Hugh Ely; 1855-59, James Turner; 1860-62, Andrew A. Lynch; 

1863-64, John S. Given ; 1805-67, Edward P. Philpot ; 1868-70, James 

C. aarke; 1872-74, T. Sturgis Davis; 1876-77, Edward B. Freeman; 
1880-82, George H. Williams. 



CHAPTER XLVIL 

FIRST DISTKICT. 

The First District is limited in area, covering only 
2828 square miles, but it has a population of 10,908. 
In 1870 the population vviis 940r). Tlie district is lo- 



cated just west of Baltimore City, on both sides of the 
Frederick turnpike, and is bounded on the we-st by 
Howard County, on the north by the Second and 
Third Districts, on the east by Baltimore City and 
the Thirteenth District, and on the south by Howard 
County. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends 
along the southwest border for a distance of ten miles, 
and the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad intersects 
the ea-stern portion. The Baltimore and Catonsville 
horse railway extends from Baltimore to Catonsville, 
and the Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Railway 
passes through the northern part of the district. The 
Frederick turnpike and the old Frederick road, the 
Windsor road, the Franklin road, the Sulphur Spring 
road, and Wilkens Avenue are all fine thoroughfares. 
The surface is rolling and beautifully diversified. 
Numerous merchants of Baltimore City have their 
country residences near Catonsville, and in the central 
and eastern parts of the district. AVater-jJOwer is 
abundant on the Patapsco River and Gwynn's Falls, 
and is largely improved for manufacturing purposes. 
Tlie portion of the district adjoining the city line is a 
thickly-built suburb of Baltimore. The Union Man- 
ufacturing Company own a large tract in the north- 
west part. The Glenn Estate in the eastern part covers 
over 1100 acres. The Mount de Sales Academy of 
the Visitation, the Maryland State Insane Asylum, 
the Maryland Industrial School for Girls, St. Joseph's 
Passionist Monastery, the Johns Hopkins Colored Or- 
phan Asylum, the Baltimore City House of Refuge, 
Maryland Industrial School for Girls, and Mount St. 

I Joseph's College are all located in this district. 

j Among its prominent places are the villages of Ir- 
vington, Carrollton, Franklin, and Wetheredville, but 
the most considerable is Catonsville, a beautiful and 
thriving village. That portion of EUicott City east 
of the Patapsco River is also in this district, the re- 
mainder being in Howard County. The cemeteries 
are Loudon Park, Mount Olivet, the Western, and 
Bonnie Brae. 

.SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 
Trustees. 
School No. 1.— 

No. 2.— T. W. Punett, Samuel W. Owens, and Wm. Gemig. 
No. 3. — Daniel J. McCauIey, Joshua Uptou, and James Johnson. 
No. 4. — Joshua H. Hynes, Peter Link, and Andrew J. Burger. 
No. 5.— David Kalb, Caleb Emmart, and W. T. Faithful. 

No. 6.— (i T. Luuriiis, \V. J. Dickey, and Joshua Zimmerman. 

No. 7.— II' ' iiMi. 1 I'm 1, I. .III! V, Horn, Jr., and John Beaumont. 
No. 8.- \ I 1 hn Loeber,and Philip D. Oopeland. 

No. 9.- KM I II .lames Holden, and Mark Mellon 

No.Kl. I i" II 1 ^^ Ml I 1, Wm. H. Sadtler, and John Teipe. 
No. 11.— William Martin, Alex B. Johnson, and B. Wilton. 
No. 12.— Jacob Freund, John Zehner, and Geo. W. Ebeling. 
No. 13. — Ernest Horst, Geo. Maonger, and Frederick Waunerwitch. 

Teachers. 
No. 1. — George M. Ettinger, principal, 16;J North Strieker Street ; 



Sarah Guyton 
No. 2.— D. P. Barnette, priticipal, Catonsville; Sallle A. Ebaugh, Clara 

Owens, and Sadie M. Pole, 
No. 3.— Amy Fisher, Ellicott City. 
No. 4.— M. A. McBee, Catonsville. 
No. 5.— Daniel T. Hanly, Catonsville. 




(il'-Zylyi^ 



A 



FIRST DISTRICT. 



821 



No. 6.— Charles A. Read, Wetlierecivillo. 
No. 7.— David G. Bntteifielii, Powhatan. 
No. 8.— William Grilfitli, principal, II South Gilmor Street; Mary E. 

Piatt, assistant. 
No.9.— Sallie 0. Phillips, principal, Ellieotl City; Mary K. Holden, 

assistant. 
No. 10.— William R. Will, principal, Carroll; Doro Stiefol anil Lizzie 

Schofield, assistants. 
No. 11.— Kose B. Pearce, Ilchester. 
No. 12.— E. W. Rau, principal, Catonsville; Susie Heidelbaugh, as- 

No. 13.— F. O.Lang, principal, 46 Granby Street, Baltimore; Jennie 
R. Price, Lydia McGee, Olevia Harrison, A. Herring, and J. 
H. Kuuker, assistants. 

Teachers of Cox.ohed Schools. 

No. 1. — Josephine Jones, Catonsville. 

No. 2.— John E. Camper, 199 Pearce Street, Baltimore. 

No. 3.— William U. Butler, Ellicott City. 

No. 4.— Susie Dobson, 70 Moore Alley. 

Catonsville^ is situated nearly in the centre of the 
district, and is reached by the Baltimore and Catons- 
ville Passenger Railway, 
built in 1861-62, at a cost 
of $100,000. It is six miles 
distant from the city, and 
lias a population of 1712. 
Located'upon an elevated 
plateau five hundred and 
fifty feet above tide-water, 
surrounded by noble forests 
and highly cultivated es- 
tates, and drained by gen- 
tle slopes toward the Pa- 
tapsco River south and 
1,1,11 ,i,i, , (1,,^ west and Gwynn's Falls 

north and east, it is one of 
the most beautiful and healthful villages in the State. 
It enjoys so great a reputation for salubrity that it has 
been chosen as the site of four educational institutions. 
The scenery is charming, embracing views of the city 
and the Chesapeake Btiy as far south as Annapolis, 
the dome of the State-House being visible in a clear 
atmosphere. There are four churches in Catonsville, 
Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Lutheran, 
and Baptist; Providence Lodge, No. 116, Independent 

' Catonsville owes its name to Richard Caton, an English gentleman, 
who came to this country in 1785, and won the heart of Elizabeth, the 
eldest daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and the most fascinating 
woman of her day. Caton was not rich, and her father opposed the match ; 
but she would not give up her lover, although Mr. Carroll called in his 
friend, Thomas Cockey Oeye, and induced him to argue the matter with 
hei". Mr. Deye informed Mr. Carroll of the young beauty's determination, 
and the latter said, " Go and ask her who will take him out if he gets 
into jail?" She raised her hands, and with a beaming countenance 
answered, " These hands shall take him out." Mr. Carroll resisted no 
longer. The marriage took place in 1786, andhegave theyoungcouple a 
splendid estate, which embraced the present site of Catonsville. They 
were the parents of " The American Graces," the famous and lovely 
Mary, Louisa, and Elizabeth Caton, who turned the heads and captured 
the hearts of the English male aristocracy early in the century, and be- 
came respectively the Marchioness of Wellesley, the Duchess of Leeds, 
and Lady Stafford. 

The oldest inliababilant in this neighborhood is John S. Wilson, horn 
in New Jersey in 1787, and who removed to near Catonsville in 1803, 
where he has since resided. He lives in a house with his fourth genera- 




Order of Odd-Fellows ; Steuben Lodge, No. 41, U. O. 
G. B. ; Catonsville Lodge, No. 164, Good Templars ; 
a military company, the Bond Guards; and the Ca- 
tonsville Library and Literary Association. 

This association was organized in 1877, and its 
building was completed and opened June 22, 1878. 
It occupies a prominent location in the centre of the 
town, and its unique architecture catches the eye from 
every point of view. It has a front of forty feet and 
a depth of ninety feet, and contains a spacious library- 
room, besides separate reading-rooms for ladies and 
gentlemen. In the rear there is a fine hall with seat- 
ing capacity for five hundred persons. 

On June 16, 1873, the corner-stone of the Odd- 
Fellows' Hall, a building thirty by sixty feet, was laid 
with imposing ceremonies, and the dedication took 
place Aug. 3, 1874. At the dedication the ofiicers of 
the lodge were Samuel C. Hurd, N. G. ; Augustus 
Schaub, V. G.; D. A. Bohlkin, R. S. ; E. J. Hill, P. 
S. ; Jacob Freund, Treas. ; J. S. Wilson, sitting P. 
G. ; Jacob Zennes, Albert Smith, and Samuel W. 
Owens, trustees. 

On July 29, 1872, St. Timothy's Hall, a massive 
structure of stone and wood, seven stories in height, 
was totally destroyed by fire, causing a loss of thirty 
thousand dollars. It was opened in 1854 by Rev. Dr. 
L. Van Bokkelen as a military school, and for some 
years sustained an enviable reputation. At the time 
of the fire it was occupied as a summer boarding- 
house. An adjoining storehcttise for goods was also 
swept away by the flames. 

A cavalry company called the" Maryland Mounted 
Guard" was organized in April, 1861, with headquar- 
ters at Catonsville. Its officers were Talbot J. Taylor, 
captain ; William Parker, first lieutenant; B. D. Mul- 
likin, second lieutenant; O. C. Zell, third lieutenant. 
The company numbered thirty-two members, all of 
whom were men in the prime of life. 

The Argils is the title of a semi-monthly paper 
published at Catonsville by Edwin G. Farber, editor, 
and Eugene Carrington, business manager. It began 
in August, 1881, and is "devoted to music, the drama, 
and general information." 

Among the most prominent citizens of this section 
of the county is Anthony Kennedy, who was formerly 
one of the leaders in Maryland politics, and occupied 
many positions of public trust and responsibilit)-. 
Mr. Kennedy is a native of Baltimore, and was born 
in 1811. His father, John Kennedy, bprn in London- 
derry, Ireland, was of Scotch descent, and came to this 
country while a boy with his elder brothers, Andrew 
and Anthony, who became very prosperous merchants 
of Philadelphia before the Revolutionary war, and 
contributed largely of their means towards the assist- 
ance of the States in their struggle against Great 
Britain. A branch house was established in Balti- 
more, which they placed in charge of their younger 
brother John, who subsequently married Ann Clayton, 
' daughter of Philip Pendleton, of Berkeley County, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Va. He died at an advanced age, leaving four 
sons, — John P., Andrew, Pliilip P., and Anthony 
Kennedy,— all born in Baltimore. When ten years 
of age Anthony Kennedy removed with his father to | 
an estate inherited by his mother in Virginia, and 
received his education at Jefi'erson Academy, at 
Charlestown, Jefi'erson Co., in that State. After his 
graduation he commenced the study of the law, but 
abandoned it to engage in other pursuits, and marry- 
ing early in life, turned his attention to agriculture 
and the improvement of his property, in which he 
always took much interest. In those days it was 
almost impossible for a Virginia country gentleman 
of position to avoid participation in active politics, 
and it was not long before Mr. Kennedy was drawn 
into the service of the Whig party, becoming one of 
its leaders in this section of the State, and represent- 
ing his county in the Legislature from 1838 to 1842. ' 
He also filled for more than ten years the position of | 
magistrate on the bench of the County Court under 
the old constitution, a position which at that time 
was one of dignity and honor. In 1847 he was unan- 
imously nominated by a Whig convention over several 
prominent competitors for Congress in the then Tenth 
District, comprising the six upper counties of the 
Valley of Virginia, at that time represented by the 
Hon. Henry Bedinger, and only failed of an election 
by a small vote, after a hotly-contested canvass upon . 
the issues of that period. In 1850 he was tendered i 
by Mr. Fillmore the consulship to Cuba, as the sue- j 
cessor of Gen. Campbell, of South Carolina, but de- 
clined the appointment, and in the following year 
married his second wife. Miss Hughes, daughter of 
the late Christopher Hughes, and took up his perma- 
nent residence in Baltimore. His ability at once gave 
him prominence and influence in State politics, and 
in 1856 he was elected to the House of Delegates from 
Baltimore, and was chosen by the General Assembly i 
United States senator from Maryland for a full term, • 
from 1857 to 1863,to succeed the Hon. Thomas G. Pratt. 
He made an excellent record in that body, serving on 
the committees on Naval Affairs, District of Colum- 
bia, Private Land Claims, and other committees, and 
commanding the respect and esteem both of his con- 
stituents and associates by his conscientious and able } 
discharge of duty. He became an earnest supporter 
of Mr. Buchanan's administration, and has ever since 
beeq a member of the Democratic party. In 1867 he 
was elected to the Constitutional Convention from 
Baltimore County, and took a leading part in the i 
framing of that important instrument. Since that 
period Mr. Kennedy has withdrawn entirely from ac- 
tive participation in political afl'airs, residing quietly 
on his farm near Ellicott City, a calm but not unin- 
terested observer of passing events. 

St. Timothy's P. E, Churcll. — The corner-stone of 
St. Timothy's Protestant Episcopal church was laid 
Sept. 12, 1844, and the building was consecrated June 
5, 1851, by the late liight Rev. Bishop Whittingham, 



assisted by Rev. A. A. Miller and Rev. Dr. Van Bok- 
kelen, the pa.stor. Rev. Messrs. Hall, Leakin, and 
Baker were also present. The church is of stone, in 
the Gothic style, and cost ten thousand dollars, of 
which amount five thousand dollars was subscribed 
by John Glenn, of Baltimore City. Its dimensions 
are twenty-eight by one hundred feet, and it will seat 
four hundred and fifty persons. The stained-glass 
windows are very rich, and the organ is remarkable 
for its power and delicacy. The present rector of St. 
Timothy's is Rev. T. W. Prunnett. On Feb. 13, 1870, 
a Sunday-school chapel attached to the church was 
dedicated. It is fifty-five feet long and twenty-eight 
wide, and cost two thousand eight hundred dollars. 
One of its features is a stained-glass window, de- 
signed as a memorial of eight deceased children of 
members of the congregation. 

The corner-stone of an African Methodist Episco- 
pal church was laid by Bishop Paine Sept. 20, 1880. 
This church is the one formerly occupied by Rev. 
John F. Goucher, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
at the corner of Mulberry and Gilmor Streets, ordered 
removed by the mayor. It was bought by the Catons- 
ville congregation, taken down, removed, and re- 
erected on its present site. 

Mount de Sales, the Academy of the Visitation, a 
school for young ladies, under the charge of the Sis- 
ters of the Visitation, was opened Sept. 1, 1852, and 
is now known all over North America as one of the 
foremost educational institutions on this continent. 
It is situated upon a high ridge just east of Catons- 
ville, commanding a view of an immense expanse of 
land and water. Its walls and towers are visible from 
every point of the compass for miles. Contiguous to 
it is the Catholic church of St. Agnes, the corner- 
stone of which was laid Oct. 28, 1852, by the Most 
Reverend Archbishop Kenrick, assisted by Revs. H. B. 
Coskery, Augustine Verst, Stanislaus Ferk, Edward 
Caton, and B. J. McManus. The church was conse- 
crated Aug. 21, 1853. It is Gothic in style of archi- 
tecture, thirty-four by sixty feet, and built of the 
rough stone of the neighborhood. The lot was do- 
nated by Dr. Augustine Piggott, and the building 
committee were Messrs. Piggott, Somerville, Fus- 
ting, Boyce, and Lynch. 

Rev. John C. Lyon died suddenly at his residence 
in Catonsville, May 21, 1868, in the sixty-seventh 
year of his age. He was the founder of the German 
Methodist Church in America, and had been a min- 
ister for forty years. He was a man of fine intellect, 
an excellent scholar and linguist, and was celebrated 
as a powerful doctrinal preacher. As theological au- 
thor and translator he was extensively known in this 
country and Europe. 

The extensive curled hair and bristle manufactory 
of William Wilkens & Co. is situated on the Frederick 
road, a few hundred yards west of the city limits. 
In 1847 the late William Wilkens located his estab- 
lishment at this [>oint, which has been enlarged time 



FIRST DISTRICT. 



823 



and again, until now a tliriving village crowns the 
location, which was but a few years ago a barren plat 
of ground. The factory employs about seven hundred 
operatives, and turns out about forty thousand pounds 
of manufactured goods per week. 

The elegant residence of Louis Wilkens, the son of 
William Wilkens and one of the members of the firm, 
is situated on the Frederick road, about five miles 
from Baltimore, in a region of country full of historic 
associations and abounding in beautiful scenery. It 
lies in the centre of the district, midway between the 
Patapsco and Gwynn's Falls. 

Spring Grove Asylum for the Insane.— The 
Maryland State Asyliyii for the Insane, situated near 
Catonsville, was founded by an act of Assembly of 
the 20th of January, 1798, which, after reciting that 
" there are frequently in many parts of this State, 
poor, distempered persons, who languish long in pain 
and misery under various distempers of body and 
mind, and who cannot have the benefit of regular 
advice, attendance, etc., but at an expense which they 
are unable to defray," directed the treasurer of the 
Western Shore to pay to the mayor of the city of Balti- 
more the sum of eight thousand dollars for the estab- 
lishment of a hospital. 

In furtherance of this purpose, on the 20th of 
February following, the City Council passed "an 
ordinance for the establishment of a hospital for the 
relief of indigent sick persons and for the reception 
of and care of lunatics," by which the mayor was 
authorized, " by and with the advice and consent" of 
Jeremiah Yellott, Richard Lawson, and Alexander 
McKim, to purchase a suitable site and erect a hospi- 
tal thereon. 

In pursuance of this authority a tract of land at 
the present intersection of East Monument Street and 
Broadway, containing about six and one-quarter acres, 
was purchased from Jeremiah Yellott on the 18th of 
May, 1798, for the sum of six hundred pounds, and 
the erection of the hospital was begun under the su- 
perintendence of the mayor and Messrs. Yellott, Law- 
son, and McKim. In the following year the General 
Assembly appropriated the sum of three thousand 
dollars for the completion of the hospital, the erection 
of which was also aided from time to time by, private 
contributions from the citizens of Baltimore. It was 
many years, however, before the institution was entirely 
completed, and in the mean time it passed through 
numerous changes of management and experienced 
many vicissitudes of fortune. 

In 1817 a committee of the State Senate was ap- 
pointed to investigate the affairs.of the hospital, and 
in their report took occasion to refer at some length 
to the history of the institution. They said that 
" Some time after the purchase" (of the site from 
Jeremiah Yellott) " a house was built on the lot, but 
the ordinances of the city of Baltimore are silent as 
to this subject and afford no light to show how any 
additional funds were raised, nor do they provide any 



system of government for the institution, or in any 
manner that the committee are aware of provide for 
the application of the building to the purpose con- 
templated by the Legislature in making the above 
appropriation. The committee are inlbrmed, how- 
ever, that seventeen thousand dollars was added to 
the appropriation of the State, partly by private do- 
nations, but principally by the corporation of the city 
of Baltimore. Your committee are led to believe 
that no precise or definite system for the government 
of the institution was adopted or practiced, but that 
its uses were designated by the various circumstances 
of the moment and the occasional temper and views 
of the corporation of the city of Baltimore. It is, 
your committee believe, not to be doubted that the 
institution, thus loosely and casually managed, was 
productive of very little benefit, even as a local estab- 
lishment, and was nearly, if not entirely, useless as a 
common State hospital." 

This " loose" and "casual" management continued 
until 1808, when the City Council passed an ordinance 
leasing the hospital to Drs. Colin Mackenzie and 
James Smyth for the term of fifteen years. Some 
exception seems to have been taken to the fact that 
the institution was designated in the ordinance as the 
" City Hospital," as well as to the proprietary manner 
in which the municipal authorities had seen fit to deal 
with it from the date of its foundation. Little notice, 
however, was taken of this objection or of the State's 
interest, and the City Council proceeded to contract 
with Drs. Smith and Mackenzie without reference to 
the commonwealth's claim of superior title. 

The ordinance was approved on the 25th of June, 
1808, and required the lessees to covenant " that the 
said buildings be exclusively appropriated as an hos- 
pital or infirmary for the reception of maniacs and 
diseased persons of every description, and that they 
will receive all city patients that may be placed under 
their care, or sent to the said hospital by the commis- 
sioners of health or other persons authorized by the 
corporation, and provide for them board, nurses, and 
medical attendance, at the rate of fifty cents each per 
diem ; or, should the number exceed thirty, at such 
lesser sum as shall be agreed on between them and 
the commissioners of health ; or it shall be optional 
with the mayor to furnish all necessary nurses, sup- 
plies, provisions, and medicines for the said patients, 
which the said lessees shall cause to be faithfully 
administered ; the corporation, in case of the death of 
any of their patients, to defray the funeral expenses." 
The lessees further covenanted that they would " use 
their best endeavors to obtain from the Legislature of 
the State of Maryland a grant of a sum of money, or 
a law authorizing a lottery to raise a sum, for erecting 
additional buildings and improvements on the said 
grounds for the purposes aforesaid ; and if they were 
successful, that all moneys so obtained should be 
faithfully laid out and expended in erecting such 
buildings and improvements as should be approved 



824 



niSTOllY OV BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



by the mayor and the visitors to tht' h(is|)ital, to lie 
appointed as hereafter directed." The visitors were 
to be elected annually by a joint ballot of both 
branches of the City Council, and were re<iuired to 
visit the hospital "once in every month, or oftener if 
necessary," and to make an annual report to the 
mayor and City Council. In compliance with the 
conditions of the lease, application was made to the 
General Assembly for assistance, and Drs. Mackenzie 
and Smyth, in conjunction with James Hindman, 
James Calhoun, Jr., George Brown, Samuel McKim, 
John Walraven, Stewart Brown, James Bosley, Nich- 
olas Brice, Edmund Ducatel, and Peter Chatard, were 
authorized by the act of Dec. 24, 1808, to propose a 
lottery or lotteries for the benefit of the ho.spital, to 
raise a sum of money not exceeding forty thousand 
dollars. The lotteries seem to have proved only par- 
tially successful, and in 1811 we find Drs. Smyth and 
Mackenzie applying to the Legislature for aid to com- 
plete the building.s, which, " for want of funds, remain 
in an unfinished state." Their application was favor- 
ably received, and by an act of Jan. 4, 1812, the treas- 
urer of the Western Shore was directed to pay to them 
the sum of five thousand dollars annually for three 
years.' 

Thanks to the aid thus received, the visitors in 
1812 were able to report the completion of the centre 
building, sixty-eight feet long by sixty-one feet 
deep, and four stories in height, and the addition of 
a wing fifty-six feet long by thirty-eight deep. The 
medical staff of the institution was composed at this 
period of Drs. Colin Mackenzie and James Smyth, 
attending physicians ; Dr. William Gibson, attend- 
ing surgeon ; Drs. George Brown, Miles Littlejohn, 
John Coulter, John Campbell White, John Craw- 
ford, Solomon Birkhead, P. Chatard, John Cromwell, 
and Ashton Alexander, consulting physicians. The j 
visitors of the hospital at this period were John Hil- 
len, James Mosher, William McDonald, William 
Ross, and Jacob Miller. In 1816 an additional ap- 
propriation of thirty thousand dollars, with the privi- j 
lege of raising twenty thousand dollars more by lot- ! 
tery, was granted, and sixty thousand dollars was 
realized from this scheme, which was contributed to 
the enlargement of the hospital, making its cost up to 
this period one hundred and thirty-four thousand 
dollars. 

The buildings, as has already been indicated, were i 
situated on the very brow of East Monument Street 
and Broadway, and were surrounded by extensive and 
beautiful grounds. The massive centre building, four 
stories in height, surmounted by a large dome, was i 
flanked by three-story wings, each of which was also j 
ornamented by a dome at its extremity. The hos- | 



1 The value of the [ncreased accommodAtioiis tliiis secured was at once 
shown in the Kenerol operations of the ioslitution, and was especially 
illustrated after the battle of North Point, in 1814, when its managers 
were enabled to receive and care for a much larger number of the 
wounded than would have otherwise been possible. 



pital afforded accommodations for several hundred 
patients, and at the time of its completion was con- 
sidered one of the finest structures of its character in 
the country. The site is now occupied by the build- 
ings of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. 

About the year 181(i the hospital contained about 
one hundred and ninety patients, forty of whom were 
lunatics, and the remainder suffering with general 
diseases. On the 29th of January, 1817, the institu- 
tion was incorporated under the name of the Mary- 
land Hospital, with Henry Payson, James Hindman, 
John Hillen, Wm. Lorman, James Mosher, William 
McDonald, David Winchester, George Warner, Wil- 
liam Ross, James Wilson, Daniel Rowland, and 
James Carnigham as incorjwrators. The act directed 
" that all that lot, piece, or parcel of ground here- 
tofore, on the 18th day of May, 1798, conveyed by 
Jeremiah Yellott to the mayor and City Council of 
Baltimore, together with all the buildings and im- 
provements and appurtenances thereon and thereto 
belonging, should be vested in the president and vis- 
itors of the Maryland Hospital and their successors 
forever, for use as a common State hospital." 

It was provided, however, that the powers of the 
new corporation should be suspended until the expi- 
ration of the lease which had been made to Drs. Mac- 
Kenzie and Smyth. The Legislature having retained 
the right to alter the charter, the institution was re- 
incorporated on the 14th of March, 1828, under the 
name of the president and visitors of the Maryland 
Hospital. The incorporators representing Baltimore 
were Alexander Fridge, George Hoffman, Upton S. 
Heath, Joshua I. Cohen, Charles Howard, J. J. Don- 
aldson, John Scott, David Keener, Hugh McElderry, 
William Huboard, and Evan T. Ellicott. The man- 
agement, however, was not assumed by the president 
and visitors until 1834, Dr. Mackenzie's lease not ex- 
piring until that time. Between 1834 and 1840 the 
number of lunatic patients had increased beyond the 
capacity of the accommodations. Accordingly, the 
Legislature granted the sum of thirty thousand dol- 
lars for the purpose of extension. It was at the same 
time provided that the hospital should be devoted ex- 
clusively to the treatment of lunatics. Its entire cost 
up to this time was one hundred and sixty-four thou- 
sand dollars. In 1847 a house was built for the med- 
ical superintendent, at a cost often thousand dollars, 
and a lot of three acres of land adjoining the hospital 
was purchased for six thousand dollars. 

In 1852 an act was passed by the Legislature author- 
izing the appointment of a commission to select a site 
for the erection of a new hospital, and Dr. R. S. Stew- 
art, Benj. C. Howard, Richard Potts, Washington Du- 
vall, and Dr. C. Humphreys were appointed to dis- 
charge this office. The site known as Spring Grove, 
near Catonsville, Baltimore Co., was selected by the 
commissioners, which was purchased for the. sum of 
fourteen thou.«and dollars; of this sum, twelve thou- 
sand three hundred and fortv dollars were contributed 




4 

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FIRST DISTRICT. 



by citizens of Baltimore, and in 1856 the Legislature 
appropriated fifteen thousand dollars towards the con- 
struction of the buildings. In 18.58 another appropria- 
tion of twenty-five thousand dollars was granted ; in 
1859 still another of twenty-five thousand dollars, and 
in 1865 another of one hundred thousand dollars. The 
commissioners proceeded with the work, and at the 
beginning of the year 1861 had nearly completed the 
north wing; the centre building was also raised to 
the second floor, and the foundation of the south wing 
laid. The progress of the building was arrested by 
the civil war, and in 1862 a new commission was ap- 
pointed by the Legislature, consisting of Gen. John 
S. Berry, Alexander Randall, Dr. John Whitridge, J. 
Reese, and A. G. Waters, who decided not to proceed 
with the work at that time. They therefore covered 
in all the exposed portions of the building, and em- 
ployed watchmen to protect the premises, for which 
purpose another appropriation often thousand dollars 
w.as made. In 1864 tlie General Assembly made an- 
other appropriation of one hundred and seventy-five 
thousand dollars to complete the building. By an 
act of the General Assembly, approved March 7, 1868, 
the commissioners who had been removed in 1862 
were reinstated, and on the 22d of April, 1868, they 
reorganized with Dr. R. S. Stewart as president. In 
1870 the president and visitors were authorized to sell 
the old hospital property on Broadway and appropri- 
ate the proceeds to continue the building in course of 
construction at Spring Grove. 

The old hospital property was purchased by the 
late Johns Hopkins for $33,318.67, and upon its site 
is being erected the magnificent hospital founded by 
his princely endowments. The commissioners ex- 
pended all the money in hand, and, anticipating fur- 
ther appropriations from the Legislature, proceeded 
with the work, and so far completed the building that 
the patients were transferred from the old hospital to 
Spring Grove in October, 1872. The debt incurred 
was three hundred and thirty thousand dollars, which 
the Legislature of 1872 provided for by appropriation. 
This sum, however, was found to be insufficient, and 
in 1874 the president and board of visitors petitioned 
the Legislature for an additional appropriation of 
$53,153.08 to cover an existing deficiency to that 
amount. 

The patience of the Legislature being at last ex- 
hausted, the application was not granted, and the 
president and visitors, in order to carry on the opera- 
tions o'f the hospital, mortgaged the property to the 
extent of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
The Legislature of 1876 authorized the Governor to 
appoint a new board of managers, and appropriated 
the sum of one hundred and thirty-five thousand dol- 
lars to relieve the existing mortgage, and a further 
sum of fifteen thousand dollars annually for two years 
ir.r the maintenance of the hospital. The new board 
of managers, consisting of Dr. C. W. Chancellor, ex- 
Governor A. W. Bradford, Hon. Barnes Compton, 



Hon. Henry D. Fernandis, Dr. Thomas R. Brown, 
John W. McCoy, Francis White, James McSherry, 
and L. W. Gunther, organized and assumed control 
of the institution on the 7th of July, 1876. Immedi- 
ately after its organization the board elected Dr. J. 
S. Conrad medical superintendent and treasurer, and 
Dr. R. G. B. Broome assistant physician. The hos- 
pital buildings are among the most complete of their 
kind in the country, and will accommodate about 
three hundred and twenty-five patients. 

The country-seat of Mr. D. C. Howell, on the Fred- 
erick road, six miles from Baltimore, and a mile east 
of Catonsville, commands the attention of all visitors 
to the neighborhood, of which it is a chief adornment. 
The villa is large and elegant, while the surrounding 
grounds display all the resources of nature and art. 
In a region of splendid rural residences, this is one of 
the finest of all, and testifies to the taste and refine- 
ment of its owner. 

Carrollton.— This village is three and a half miles 
from Baltimore, on the line of the railroad to Catons- 
ville. It has a population of 897. About 1810, Rich- 
ard Caton laid out the site, and on Sept. 11, 1816, 
W. G. Hands & Co. sold at auction lot No. 3, which 
had on it a two-story frame building. The annual 
ground-rent was $54.30. On Nov. 12, 1874, a meet- 
ing of the citizens of Carrollton, Mount Pleasant, and 
the junction of the Calverton and Frederick roads 
was held at the school-house of St. John's Church, 
where a fire company was organized, with J. J. Schatt, 
president ; E. Schiller, secretary ; and E. Hurst, treas- 
urer. Carrollton is a pleasant village, having a high 
location, and being surrounded on all sides by finely- 
wooded cemeteries and the grounds of charitable and 
reformatory institutions. Much of the property 
within its limits still belongs to the Caton estate. 
There are three churches. Catholic, Protestant Epis- 
copal, and Methodist Episcopal-. 

Irvington, a mile and a half from the city limits, 
lying between the Frederick turnpike and the old 
Frederick road, is a development of city extension 
and the popular desire for suburban homes in a salu- 
brious and easily accessible neighborhood. It is a 
part of the Schwartz estate, and has been opened 
and laid off in building-lots, in conformity with the 
city streets, by C. Irving Ditty, who has graded three 
seventy-foot avenues running through from the pike 
to the old road, and having an aggregate frontage of 
nearly six thousand feet. Fine residences are being 
built upon these lots. Surveys have been made for 
the purpose of introducing water and gas, and Irving- 
ton is rapidly growing in population and importance. 

St. Joseph's Monastery, of the order of the Pas- 
siouist Fathers, is situated on the Frederick road, 
directly opposite Loudon Park Cemetery, and ad- 
joining Irvington, in Baltimore County, about three 
miles from the city limits. The order was intro- 
duced in Baltimore in 1865 by Father Anthony Cal- 
andria, with the cordial approbation of Archbishop 



826 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Spalding. The corner-stone of the monastery was 
laid by Very Rev. Thomas Foley, chancellor of the 
archdiocese, in July, 1867, and during the following 
year the structure was formally dedicated. The mon- 
astery property comprises about five acres, and the 
building is one of the finest of its character in the 
United States. It is of solid granite, and is sur- 
mounted by a handsome stone tower, containing a 
fine-toned bell. The clergy also attend St. Mary's In- 
dustrial School, and St. Agnes' Church, Catonsville, 
Baltimore County. The first rector of St. Joseph's 
Monastery was Very Rev. Victor Carunchio, C.P., 
who was succeeded in 1870 by Rev. Charles Lang. 
In December, 1880, the erection of a church known 
as St. Joseph's was begun on the monastery grounds 
to take the place of the former chapel. The corner- 
stone was laid on June 19, 1881, by Archbishop Gib- 
bons. It was due to the untiring efforts of Father 
Benedict, rector of the monastery, that the building 
of the church was begun. It is a handsome structure 
in the Romanesque style of architecture, and will seat 
about six hundred persons. The Church of the Most 
Holy Passion, situated on the Frederick road, near 
the monastery, was consecrated April 28, 1867. 

Loudon Park Cemetery— This cemetery is so 
called from the name of Loudon, by which the 
grounds were known before they passed into the 
hands of the present owners, and from the fine park 
of forest-trees which adorns the landscape at the en- 
trance and contributes so much to its beauty. The 
Loudon Park Cemetery Company was incorporated 
on the 27th of January, 1853, and the grounds were 
dedicated on the 14th of July of the same year, the 
address on the occasion being delivered by Hon. 
Charles F. Mayer. The cemetery comprises one 
hundred acres of land fronting on the Frederick 
turnpike, about three miles from the western limits of 
the city. The incorporators were James S. Primrose, 
Elias Livezey, John Q. Ginnodo, John McDonnell, Jr., 
William E. Coale, Henry A. Thompson, Isaac Coale, 
Jr., James Carey Coale, George Ross Veazey, William 
Elias Coale, Jr., and James Carey. Loudon Park 
Cemetery is the burial-place of two thousand three 
hundred Union soldiers and two hundred and seventy- 
five Confederates. The ground in which the former 
are interred was purchased by the government in 
1861, and is known as the government lot. It is 
under the control and supervision of the government, 
and a sergeant is stationed there who resides in a cot- 
tage near the lot. The Confederate section is adorned 
by an elegant monument, surmounted by the statue 
of a Confederate soldier, the production of the dis- 
tinguished sculptor Volck. There are also buried at 
Loudon Park the bodies exhumed from the old St. 
Peter's, Whatcoat, and Zion Church graveyards in 
Baltimore City, — three thousand from the first, six 
hundred from the second, and four hundred and fifty 
from the last. Its present secretary and treasurer is 
William F. Primrose. 



Mount St. Joseph's College.— The Xavierian 

Brothers' novitiate at Mount St. Joseph's, formerly the 
Lusby estate, a short distance west of Loudon Park 
Cemetery, was opened with imposing ritual on Nov. 
27, 1873. The order of the Xaverian Brotherhood 
was established in the United States at Louisville, 
Ky., in 1853, through the influence of Bishop Spald- 
ing. This institution is the central one of the order 
in this country. 

Mount Olivet Cemetery, situated on the Frederick 
road iiniiieiiiately biyond Gwynn's Falls, and formerly 
the country-seat of Edward Patterson, Esq., was ded- 
icated on July 16, 1849. In the presence of a numer- 
ous company of ladies and gentlemen. Rev. Dr. E. 
Dorsey opened the exercises, and was followed by 
Rev. Dr. H. V. D. Johns, who read the 90th Psalni. 
Ailer the Light Street Methodist Episcopal Church 
choir, under their leader, S.Burnett, had furnished 
some music. Rev. Dr. W. S. Palmer invoked the 
blessing of God upon the cemetery, and then an orig- 
inal hymn, composed by a young lady of Baltimore, 
was sung by the choir. J. H. B. Latrobe was then 
introduced to the audience and delivered an interest- 
ing and eloquent address. 

Mount Olivet Mission Chapel of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, opposite the cemetery, was dedi- 
cated July 7, 1867. Addresses were delivered by 
Hev. Drs. W. M. Ryan, A. E. Gibson, and S. A. 
Wilson. 

House of Refuge. — As early as 1812 some of the 
leading citizens of Baltimore resolved to establish a 
" Home of Industry" for the care of deserving females 
and needy children and young street vagrants. The 
first public meeting with reference to this design was 
held on the 14th of February in that year, at which 
Edward Johnson presided, with Philip E. Thomas as 
secretary. It was the unanimous sense of the meet- 
ing that an institution of this character was needed in 
Baltimore, and before its adjournment an organization 
was effected and a constitution adopted. It was de- 
termined that " a suitable building for the reception 
and maintenance of deserving females in distress and 
of needy children" should be erected in or near the 
city with all convenient speed, and that the institution 
should be called the "Baltimore House of Industry." 
It was also provided that the construction of the 
building and the management of the establishment 
should be under the control of the following persons: 

Edwiirii Johnson, John E. Howard, Klias Ellicott, Janies A. Buchanan, 
John Oliver, James H. McCnlloh, James Carroll, James Carey, Luke 
Tiernan, James McHenry, Janies Purviance, Jamoe Ellicott, Lemuel 
Taylor, Hubert Gilnior, Jr.. John Kelso, Charles Carroll, John 
Hoffman, James Wilson, Gerard T. Hopkins, George Decker, Thomas 
Ellicott, Hezekiah Waters, Thomas Tennant, John Trimhle, George 
Warner, Georjte Roberts, Abner Ncale, Isaac McPherson, David 
Williamson, Elisha Tyson, Henry Schroeder, William H. Dorsey, 
Christopher Johnson, Isaac Burneston, Janies Biays, Philip E. 
Tliomas, and Richard K. Heath. 

It wa.'! further provided that, if the funds should 
admit of it in the future, the trustees might receive 



FIRST DISTRICT. 



827 



into the institution aged or infirm men who might 
appear to deserve its benefits. The following gentle- ] 
men were appointed by the meeting to solicit sub- 
scriptions : R. K. Heath, John Oliver, George War- 
ner, David Williamson, James Purviance, Baltzer | 
ShaeflFer, Isaac McPherson, P. E. Thomas, George j 
Roberts, John Trimble, James Ellicott, Thomas Elli- 
cott, Henry Schroeder, Hezekiah Waters, Luke Tier- 
nan, James Biays, William Norris, John R. Kelso, 
Robert Gilmor, Jr., and Abner Neale. 

It was resolved that the mayor of the city should 
be ex officio president of the Board of Trustees, and 
that John Oliver and James Wilson should be ap- 
pointed treasurers to receive the ftmds that might be 
collected. Large subscriptions were received, but the 
work was suspended by the war until 1814, when by 
act of Assembly the trustees were authorized to raise 
$30,000 by lottery to erect a suitable building for 
their purpose, and they accordingly purchased a large 
tract of land on Forest Street, opposite the peniten- 
tiary, known as the Bowers' and Goodwins' lots, for 
$5500. This tract, however, was abandoned, and the 
old almshouse property was purchased from the city 
for $15,550. After many fruitless efforts, the trustees 
succumbed to the obstacles in their way, and on the 
1.3th of January, 1826, transferred their assets in real 
estate to the city treasury. Five years afterwards a 
new movement was made for the establishment of a 
similar institution of less comprehensive scope, which 
resulted in obtaining the original charter of a House 
of Refuge for juvenile delinquents. The incorpora- 
tors were David Hoffman, E. L. Finley, Alexander 
Fridge, Charles F. Mayer, Christian Keener, Jesse 
Hunt, and John H. B. Latrobe, of whom the last- 
named gentleman is the only survivor. After strug- 
gling ineffectually for more than ten years to accom- 
plish its benevolent object, the association formally 
disbanded in 1842, and with the consent of the sub- 
scribers and by authority of the General Assembly 
the funds in hand were appropriated to the cause of 
temperance. Notwithstanding this second failure, the 
public mind was still dwelling on the project, and in 
the year 1845 the city register was authorized to bor- 
row ten thousand dollars to be applied to the erection 
of a House of Refuge on the Calverton Almshouse 
grounds. Nothing practical, however, resulted from 
this' step, for the time at least. 

In 1847, Wm. George Baker, an earnest friend of 
the proposed institution, endeavored to reawaken in- 
terest in the matter by an effort to obtain individual 
subscriptions, and though his name and that of 
Richard Lemmon are the only ones that appear on ! 
the subscription list, the movement served to keep 
the subject before the public. 

In 1848 the mayor called attention in his annual 
message to the need of a House of Refuge, and in 
1849 this portion of his message was referred to a 
joint select committee of the two branches of the City 
Council. Through this committee a memorial was 



presented to the Council, Feb. 16, 1849, signed by 
several gentlemen in behalf of many citizens, and 
asking for the establishment of such an institution 
at the hands of that body. On the 6th of March 
the committee made a report, which resulted in the 
repeal of the ordinance of 1845, before referred to, 
and the passage of a resolution making a direct ap- 
propriation of ten thousand dollars for the erection 
of a House of Refuge, and also directing the sale of 
certain property known as Bower's lot, the remnant 
of a large lot purchased in 1814 for this same purpose. 
The proceeds of the sale of this remnant, amounting 
to about ten thousand dollars, were appropriated for 
the special purchase of a site for the proposed build- 
ing. It having been decided that the original act of 
incorporation was still valid, it was determined at 
once to reorganize the board under its provisions, 
and the Governor and mayor each made the required 
appointments of managers to represent the State and 
city in the board. On the 19th of June, 1849, the 
organization of the board was completed by the elec- 
tion of George Brown as president, Wm. Baker as 
treasurer, and Dr. John J. Graves as secretary, all 
of whom held the same positions until the death of 
Mr. Brown, in 1859. In 1865 advancing years com- 
pelled Judge Baker to resign, but he remained one 
of the managers until his death, in 1867. 

Upon the death of Mr. Brown, Charles M. Key- 
ser was elected president, and retained the posi- 
tion until his death, in 1874. Dr. John J. Graves, 
who was elected as his successor, still fills the office 
of president, and alone remains on duty of the origi- 
nal associates and managers of 1849. Within two 
weeks after its organization the board purchased the 
present site of fifty-five acres, and March 7, 1850, ob- 
tained the passage of a supplementary act amending 
the original charter in certain particulars, and on the 
27th of October, 1851, the corner-stone was laid with 
appropriate ceremonies. The Legislature refusing 
pecuniary aid, and having in 1853 dissolved the 
State's connection with the institution, application 
was made to the City Council, and to aid the suc- 
cess of the appeal, the president, George Brown, of- 
fered to add ten per cent, to any appropriation the 
City Council might make. This generous offer caused 
the City Council to make an appropriation of fifty 
thousand dollars, and on the 5th of December, 1855, 
the first minor was received, and within six weeks 
twenty more had been ad,mitted.' 
• In the original charter minors, without reference to 
sex, were admitted to the refuge, and after delibera- 
tion it was determined to erect a separate building for 

1 Mere words of ordinary eulogy cannot express tlie well-earned grati- 
tude of the coDinuinity for tlie personal interest manifested ^y Mr. 
Brown in the measures to establish the House of Refnge, and for the 
zeal and liberality with which he helped on the work to completion. 
His whole heart was devoted to the institution ; he infused into it a largo 
share of its vitality, and until his death was its firm and liberal patron. 
A man of few words, of strictest integrity, and systematic business habits, 
his was no spasmodic or showy philanthropy. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



girls outside of the indosure. To this object Mrs. 
Isabella Browu, the venerated widow of the late presi- 
dent, in his own beneficent and philanthropic spirit, 
promptly contributed ten thousand dollars, and other 
subscriptions being received, the building was con- 
structed and opened for the reception of female in- 
mates on the 5th of December, 1861. The establish- 
ment of other institutions designed especially for 
females soon so reduced the number of female inmates 
that it was considered expedient to employ this build- 
ing for the use of the younger boys. From the open- 
ing of the institution to the first day of September, 
1880, 3008 inmates have been received under legal 
form, of whom 2756 have been released to the care of 
guardians, parents, etc., leaving at the same date 2.52 
inmates still under discipline. 

The House of Refuge is situated on Gwvnn's Falls, 
a short distance from Frederick Avenue, about a mile 
west of the city, and is built of gneiss from quarries 
on the ground. Its officers at present are Dr. John .1. 
Graves, president; W. W. Spence, vice-president; 
■George S. Brown, treasurer; Wm. Reynolds, secre- 
tary; and R. J. Kirkwood, superintendent. The 
managers on the part of the City of Baltimore are 
L. A. Birely, Wm. Reynolds, Wm. S. Rayner, Levi 
Weinberger, John T. Morris, Dr. J. G. Linthicum, 
Asa H. Smith, Charles L. Oudesluys, Joshua Lever- 
ing, Rev. Dr. E. A. Dalrymple, Samuel Smith, and 
Dr. J. R. Ward. 

Franklintown. — The picturesque village of Frank- 
lintown, or Franklinville, lies in the northea-stern por- 
tion of the district, on the Franklin turnpike, and is 
five miles distant from the city. It has a population 
of 268, and is in the midst of a fertile and populous 
region. St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal church was 
formally opened Sept. 25, 1873, with appropriate ser- 
vices, conducted by Rev. Drs. Hodges, Rankin, John- 
.son, and Coale. It is a neat frame structure, thirty 
by sixty feet, and is erected upon a lot valued at 
^000, which was donated by W. P. Webb. Its cor- 
ner-stone was laid on the previous 15th of April. 
This church was an outgrowth from St. Luke's parish 
of Baltimore City, and was placed in charge of Rev. 
Wm. A. Coale, who, with Dr. P. S. Field, Wm. P. 
Webb, Wm. Price, and Kirk Crosby, constituted the 
building committee. Other contributors to it were 
Benjamin Arthur, Wm. L. Lazear, Richard Snowden, 
Prof Frank Donaldson, R. Q. Taylor, Henry C. Turn- 
bull, Dr. F. Johnson, Henry Webb, and S. M. Ham- 
ilton. The handsome brass altar cross was presented 
by W. L. Lazear, as a memorial to his departed son, 
the Bible and prayer-books by Rev. Dr. E. A. Dal- 
rymple, the communion service by Wm. R. Webb, 
and the altar and lectern apparels by the ladies of the 
congregation.' 



> On March 0, 18M,g flonr-Diill near Franklin was burned. The build- 
ing belougeil to B. A. Vickors, whoso loM was twonty-two thousand dol- 
lars. It was leased and operated by McConkey A- I'nrr, who lost five 
■thousand doltai-s on their stock. 



Wetheredsville.— This is a thriving village situa- 
ted on Gwynn's Falls, five miles from the city of 
Baltimore, and has a population of 316. The stream 
takes its name from Mr. Gwynn, ancestor of Hon. 
Charles J. M. Gwynn, attorney-general of Maryland, 
who had a mill upon the Falls. Wetheredsville is sur- 
rounded by bold and romantic hill scenery, through 
which the stream rushes with impetuous force. It 
was first built up by the Franklin Company, com- 
posed of William Wilson & Sons, the Leverings, 
Henry Payson, James Dall, and others, who erected 
a factory and paper-mill about the year 1812. In 
1829 they sold the property out to the Wethered 
Brothers, who changed it into a woolen-mill. For 
many years their goods seldom failed at the State 
fairs to take the highest premiums over the exhibits 
of Northern and Eastern manufacturers. A great 
freshet, which carried away the Powhatan dam, 
covering fifty acres, damaged the Wethered mills 
to the extent of one hundred thousand dollars. The 
name of Wetheredsville, as distinguished from the 
adjacent village of Franklin, was conferred upon the 
place in compliment to Hon. John Wethered. 

The Ashland Manufacturing Company, of which 
William J. Dickey is president, and William A. 
Dickey superintendent, was organized i>y Mr. Weth- 
ered. The mills are just below the village, and em- 
ploy two hundred and ten hands in the manufacture 
of cotton yarn and warp, which are sent to Philadel- 
phia to be made into linseys, ginghams, etc. There 
are three mills, with forty-nine looms, operated by 
steam and water-power. On Dec. 7, 1854, the Ash- 
land cotton-factory was burned to the ground. The 
building was the property of the Wethered Brothers, 
but the machinery and stock belonged to the com- 
pany. On Sept. 9, 1873, the Ashland woolen-mill was 
also destroyed by fire. 

There are Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian 
churches in the village. The Methodist Episcopal 
church is a handsome edifice of rubble stone, built 
in 1849 upon a lot presented by the Wethered Broth- 
ers. It has a library connected with it, and a school 
free from denominational control. 

Constitution Lodge, No. 78, I. O. O. F., which was 
chartered Jan. 16, 1852, and Ashland Division, No. 
10, Sons of Temperance, are the local societies. Sam- 
uel Wethered, one of the founders of the mills, died 
June 17, 1878. 

Mont Alto Church. — Mont Alto Presbyterian 
church is situated on the Franklin road, about five 
and a half miles from the city. That entire region of 
country was improved some fifty years ago by W. H. 
Freeman, who built the village of Franklin and the 
turnpike road. A Presbyterian church was at that 
time erected, but after being used by different sects it 
fell into decay. The present Mont Alto church was 
partially erected by another denomination and was 
sold to the Presbyterians, who commenced services in 
it on Oct. 1, 1876. For a year previous they had wor- 




"MEADC 

RESIDENCE O 

POWHATAN, BA 




^RIVI." 

i. B. HOLTON, 

»RE CO., MD. 



U, Evirts, ruHi: 




.-MEADOW FARM. 



RESIDENCE^°!:,H-^B.HOLTON, 




JtmJMGU 



FIRST DISTRICT. 



shiped in the public school-house at Wetheredsville, 
the leading families of the congregation being those 
of Gen. Jesse Lazear, William J. Dickey, George F. 
Loomis, and E. D. Freeman. Here the services were 
conducted by ministers of the Baltimore Presbytery, 
and by Rev. J. G. Hamner, evangelist, of the Presby- 
tery, to whom the building up of the church is 
largely due. The first pastor of Mont Alto was Rev. 
C. P. Coit, of New York, who was followed by Rev. 
J. W. Mcllvaine, and he by Rev. S. S. Shriver, the 
])resent pastor, who took charge May 1, 1877. The 
church cost five thousand dollars, of which amount 
fifteen hundred dollars was subscribed by the Presby- 
terian Association of Baltimore City. 

Immediately in front of Mount Alto church is the 
magnificent stock farm of Hart Benton Holton, 
familiarly known in this section as "The Meadows." 
Mr. Holton, the genial proprietor of this fine estate, 
was born about seven miles from Elkton, Cecil 
Co., Md., Oct. 13, 1835. He is the son of Thomas 
Holton, whose father came to this' country from 
Ireland in the latter part of the last century and 
settled at Oxford, Chester Co., Pa. His mother was 
Mary Alexander, a descendant of a Scotch family 
which settled in Cecil County early in the eight- 
eenth century and became identified with the in- 
terests and history of that locality. Mr. Holton 
attended the public schools in the vicinity of his 
home when very young, and finished his education at 
Hopewell Academy, Chester, Pa. At the early age 
of eighteen he taught school, and continued that oc- 
cupation for four years, during which time his charac- 
ter was strengthened and solidified, and his habits of 
thought and action systematized. He then removed 
to Baltimore, and entered into the employ of James 
S. Gary, a leading manufacturer in Maryland. He 
soon acquired a thorough knowledge of the business, 
and rose rapidly in the estimation of his employer. 
He was subsequently, in 1862, transferred from Bal- 
timore to Howard County, where he became superin- 
tendent of the Gary Manufacturing Company, in 
which he was a large stockholder. He married Pa- 
melia A. Gary, the daughter of James S. Gary, Aug. 
27, 1861. At the breaking out of the civil war he 
became a zealous supporter of the Union, and jn 
1862 was chosen by the Unconditional Union party 
to represent Howard County in the Senate of Mary- 
land. He served in that body until 1867, and won an 
enviable reputation as an energetic and intelligent 
business member. Upon all party questi()ns he voted 
with his party, but he was an ac{iv6^ ad'VOOate of such 
enterprises as he deemed conducive to the interests 
of the State, no matter with which party they origin- 
ated, and the passage of the charter of the Baltimore 
and Potomac Railroad was mainly due to his advo- 
cacy and vote, as was also the charter for the State 
Agricultural Association, by means of which it ac- 
quired its fine grounds at Pimlico. 

Mr. Holton had no taste for public life, and upon 



the expiration of his term of service in the Senate he 
abandoned politics and devoted his attention entirely 
to his private business. He imbibed a fondness for 
farming in his youth in Cecil County, and he deter- 
mined, if opportunity offered in later life, he would 
gratify his inclination. Having become po.ssessed of 
a handsome estate in Baltimore County, he began the 
raising of improved breeds of horses. In 1877 he re- 
moved to "The Meadows," and has since then de- 
voted himself exclusively to its improvement and 
the supervision of his splendid collection of horses. 
"The Meadows" is in the First District of Baltimore 
County, about six miles from Baltimore City, and one 
mile from the village of Powhatan. It contains three 
hundred and thirty-six acres of beautifully rolling 
land, and is a fair illustration of what may be accom- 
plished by energy and good taste. The mansion- 
house or residence of Mr. Holton is a very handsome 
building of the modern composite style of architec- 
ture, and embellished with all the luxurious acces- 
sories which a cultivated taste can suggest. The 
grounds about the house are simply but tastefully 
laid out, and the whole suggests the home of a cul- 
tured country gentleman. The farm is a model of 
neatness and cleanliness. The fields in grass present 
the appearance of closely-shaven lawns. Not a this- 
tle or brier is to be seen, and the aspect of the grain- 
fields denotes the most careful and intelligent culti- 
vation. Mr. Holton has given much time and study 
to the improved breed of trotting-horses, and has one 
of the finest stock-farms in this country. He con- 
siders the Hambletonian strain of horses the best for 
breeding, and he has secured several of the finest 
specimens of these animals for this purpose. 

Mr. Holton's stables are in keeping with the gen- 
eral management of the estate. That set apart for his 
trotting-horses is one hundred and sixty feet in length 
by fifty feet wide, with a hallway running the entire 
length twelve feet in width. The box-stalls are on 
either side of the hallway, and are spacious and lux- 
uriously fitted for horses. The building has a nice 
wood floor throughout, and a stream of fresh spring- 
water is conveyed through pipes to the anteroom. 
Besides the accommodations for blooded horses, there 
is outside stabling for one hundred and twenty ani- 
mals. The barn, which is a short distance from the 
stable, is one hundred feet long by sixty feet wide, 
and is provided with all the modern improvements for 
handling and raising grain and agricultural produce. 
Mr. Holton has been engaged in stock-raising but a 

j short time, and has already found it very profitable. 

i He seldom enters his horses at the trotting courses of 
the country, though he sometimes exhibits them at 
agricultural fairs. He raises horses to .sell, and con- 
siders it far more profitable than racing. He and his 
family are Presbyterians in religious belief, and are 
members of the Mont Alto Churcii, which is imme- 
diately in front of "The Meadows," on the road to 
Powhatan. Mr. Holton is pleasant in manner, refined 



830 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



in his tastes, youthful in appearance, and in the 
prime of life and usefulness. Though no politician, 
he takes a lively interest in the questions of the day, 
and especially in matters which may affect beneficially 
the interests of his county. He is and always has 
been a steady advocate of public improvements, be- 
lieving that they arc an advantage to the whole com- 
munity, and that the people are entitled to them 
when there is a restsonable probability of their proving 
beneficial. 

Other Churches, Etc.— On Sept. 7, 1857, the new 
Methodist Episcopal church at Grove Chapel, a short 
distance from the city, was dedicated, Kevs. Thomas 
Sewell and Isaac P. Cook conducting the services. 

Aug. 19, 1867, the corner-stone was laid of the 
Evangelical Lutheran church and school-house on 
the Frederick road, near Calverton. The attending 
ministers were Revs. L. D. Meir, J. H. Brandan, C. H. 
A. Schloegel, and C. A. Stork. Two thousand per- 
sons witnessed the ceremonies. 

The corner-stone of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church South church, near the first toll-gate on the 
Frederick road, was laid Oct. 17, 1869. The clergy 
taking part were Rev. Drs. Huston, Poisal, Linn, and 
Hall, the latter the pastor of the new church. It was 
erected mainly through the efl^orts of Charles Shipley. 

On Sunday, June 9, 1870, the congregation of Zion 
German Lutheran Church bade farewell to the edifice 
in which they had worshiped and consolidated with 
St. John's Reformed Church, on the Frederick road. 

Oct. 17, 1870, the new Methodist Protestant church 
situated on the Baltimore County side of Ellicott 
City was dedicated by the pastor, Rev. William J. 
Floyd, and Rev. J. J. Murray. 

April 21, 1872, the corner-stone of a new Evangel- 
ical church was laid at Mont Alto. Rev. Franklin 
Wilson made the church a gift of the ground upon 
which it stands. 



schools are numerous, and are well attended. The 
McDonogh Institute and Woodstock College are in 
this district. 'Water-power is abundant on the Pa- 
■ tapsco Falls. Randallstown, Harrisonville, North 
Branch, Rockdale, Granite, Powhatan, Elysville, and 
Alberton are the principal villages. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 

' TllUSTKES. 

School No. 1. — Benj. ZiDimerniiin. H. Clay Rldgely, aDd Jolin Kolp. 
No. 2.— Gerard Emmart, Phineae Hartley, and Israel R. Heacock. 
No. 3.— John T. Isaac, Philip N. Troxell, and Nimrod Gosnell. 
No. 4.— Geo. W. Bailey, Wm. C. Odell, and JustuB H. Eliler«. 
No. 6.— Andrew Harvey, Wm. W. Frozier, and Tlios. Birkett. 
No. e.^Chas. Griswold, John Frederick, and Levi Biddlngcr. 
No. 7.— John Williams, Wm. P. Bennett, and Wm. 0. Underwood. 
No. 8.— Ur. T. W. Jamison, Caleb J. East, and Matliias Hohman. 
No. 9.— Thomas C. Worthington, Stephen Griffin, and Edward S. W. 



No. 10.— Henry S. Courey, 1 
gerding. 



. Stansfleld, and Henry C. Lutt- 



Tkac 



CHAPTER XLVIII. 

SECOND DISTRICT. 

The Second District is in the western part of the 
county, adjoining Howard and Carroll Counties, which 
bound it on the west. It is bounded on the north by 
the Fourth District, on the east by the Third District, 
and on the south by the First District. It has an area 
of 44.79 square miles, and a population of 3760. In 
1870 the population was 3127. The "\\' estcrn Mary- 
land Railroad runs along its eastern border, and the 
Baltimore and Ohio along its western side. The Lib- 
erty turnpike passes through it from east to west for 
a distance of seven and a half miles. The surface is 
rolling and the soil fertile. Large and well-cultivated 
farms are numerous. Great quantities of granite are 
obtained in the southern .section, and extensive chrome 
mines are worked in the western iiart. Churches and 



No. 1.— Alice A. Jean, Harrisonville. 

No. 2. — - — , Randallstown. 

No. 3.— Silas Berryman, Granite. 

No. 4.— Nalilla Hall, Harrisonville. 

No. 5. — Robert B. Chapman, Randallstown. 

No. 6.— L. D. Bullette, Beistei«town. 

No. 7. — James A. Zepp, Powhatan. 

No. 8.— Belle Chapman, Rockdale. 

No. 9. — George Harrison, Harrisonville. 

No. 10 —Kathleen McVeigh, North Branch. 

Teachees of Coloued Schools. 
No. 1.— Henry W. Hewlett, Buudallstowu. 
No. 2.— Addison L. Minor, Granite. 

Granite. — This village of two hundred inhabitants 
is in the southwestern section of the district, distant 
fourteen miles from Baltimore City. It takes its 
name from the great granite-quarries in the vicinity, 
from which a first-class quality of building-stone is 
obtained in inexhaustible quantity. The population 
is mostly engaged in quarrying, which is furnishing 
steady work and good pay. There is a connecting 
line of railroad between the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road and the quarries. With the Granite Presby- 
terian Church there has been united Mount Paran 
charge, whose church was opened to public worship 
in 1815. The Granite Church was organized in 1848. 
Its pastors have been T. B. Spottswood, J. P. Carter, 
T. W. Simpson, B. F. Meyers, Henry Matthews, N. 
F. Chapman, and Robert H. Williams. Two present 
members of the United States Senate, Henry G. 
Davis, of West Virginia, and Arthur P. Gorman, of 
Maryland, were pupils in the Mount Paran Sunday- 
school. The corner-stone of the Methodist Episcopal 
church was laid June 7, 1878, Rev. Win. E. Curley, 
pastor in charge, conducting the services. The build- 
ing committee were J. B. Sumwalt, Dr. George W. 
Bailey, Louis Ehler, John T. Isaacs, B. J. Dorsey, and 
Rev. J. H. C. Dosh. The edifice is of stone, thirty by 
forty feet, and is surrounded by a burial-ground. 

Randallstown is on the Liberty road, about seven 
miles distant from the city, and has a population of 
150. It has a Methodist Episcopal churdi (Mount 



SECOND DISTRICT. 



Olivet) and a German Lutheran church. It was for- 
merly reached by the Baltimore and Kandallstown 
Horse Railway, which was offered for sale Feb. 3, 
1874, but withdrawn on a bid of thirteen thousand dol- 
lars. The road proved unprofitable, and was after- 
wards sold and the rails taken up. Rev. J. Shrigly 
opened a free church in Randallstown Sept. 12, 1853. 

The McDonogh Institute and Farm-School. — 
John McDonogh, a native of Baltimore, but a citi- 
zen of New Orleans from the time of the cession of 
Louisiana to the United States, died on the 27th of 
October, 1850, at his residence at McDonoghville, 
near Algiers, opposite New Orleans. The value of 
his property at the time of his death was estimated at 
two million dollars. By his will the bulk of this es- 
tate was bequeathed to the two cities of Baltimore, 
Md., and New Orleans, La., in trust for the purpose 
of establishing at or near both places farm-schools for 
the education of the children of poor parents of both 
cities who otherwise could not obtain educational ad- 
vantages. 

The City Council of Baltimore passed a resolution 
on the 9th of January, 1851, accepting the legacy on 
behalf of Baltimore, and pledged the faith of the city 
that it would " abide by and comply with the wishes 
and directions of the said McDonogh, as expressed 
in his last will and testament." 

Many of the provisions of the will it was impossi- 
ble CO carry out; others ojierated in a way very differ- 
ent from that designed, and entailed heavy charges on 
the estate. Much tedious and expensive litigation } 
grew out of the condition of the property, and out of 
the various successive attempts made to set aside the 
will or to establish the validity of codicils to it. The 
last important suit of the latter kind (that of Moses 
Fox, involving over three hundred thousand dollars) 
was not finally decided until 1872. It was found 
necessary and expedient to divide the estate, and the 
city of Baltimore proceeded to sell the portion falling 
to her, in order that the funds might be invested in 
some more manageable and profitable shape. While 
the estate was in process of liquidation the war put a 
stop to all progress and materially lessened the value 
of the real property yet unsold. After the close of 
the war the agents of Baltimore continued their la- 
bors, and in 1868 the present board was constituted. 
.Mr. McDonogh contemplated an endowment of 
$3,000,000 for the organization of the school near 
Baltimore, but the fund realized up to the present 
time amounts only to .$878,170.05. In July, 1872, the 
trustees, finding themselves for the first time free 
from serious litigation, purchased the present site for 
the location of the school. The farm contains eight 
hundred and thirty-five acres, well watered and 
wooded, lying on the Western Maryland Railroad, 
twelve miles from Baltimore, in the Second District. 
The improvements at the time of the purchase con- 
-sisted of a large brick dwelling-house and customary 
outhouses. 



All necessary repairs and improvements were made, 
and an addition of sixty feet front made to the main 
building. The school was opened Nov. 21, 1873, with 
twenty-one pupils. W. Allen is the principal, and is 
assisted by D. C. Lyle, S. H. Lee Sellers, and H. L. 
Gantt. A new building is progressing rapidly under 
the superintendence of Messrs. S. H. & J. F. Adams, 
builders, and Messrs. Dixon & Carson, architects. 
The structure, which is of brick, dressed with granite 
strips, brownstone, and terra-cotta, is composed of a 
centre building, ninety feet frontage, having a base- 
ment and three stories, and two wings seventy-three 
feet front each, with two stories and basement. The 
entire frontage of the building is two hundred and 
thirty-six feet. There is to be another wing in the 
rear of the centre building, which has not been com- 
menced as yet. Connecting this wing and the centre 
building will be an annex, which will be surmounted 
by a tower. The tower building will contain the 
staircases and the large water-tank, which will hold 
ten thousand gallons. Above the tank in the tower 
will be the observatory. Brownstone steps and porch 
are in front of the centre building, and lead into a 
vestibule. On one .side is the reception-room, and 
on the other the clerk's office. Adjoining this latter 
on the front is the principal's room, and adjoining 
the reception-room is the matron's room. Handsome 
circular bay windows of brownstone and terra-cotta 
will project from each of these rooms, and serving 
and clothes-rooms are also on this floor. A large hall 
runs directly through the centre building to the stair- 
case hall in the tower building. Corridors run at 
right angles to this hall through the wings. Large 
verandas are located back of the centre building, and 
also around the back of the wings, and lead to the 
class-rooms. The fund has been largely increased 
by the economical management and judicious in- 
vestments of the trustees. The principal of five 
hundred thousand dollars of the amount bequeathed 
cannot be used, and is set apart as a permanent 
fund. The terms of admission to the school are 
regulated by the board of trustees, who have sought 
to conform, in the rule established on this subject, 
to the wishes of the founder. Applicants for admis- 
sion must be " poor boys, of good character, of re- 
spectable associations in life, residents of the city of 
Baltimore." Appointments are made for the current 
scholastic year only, all of them terminating on the 
1st of June next succeeding the date of entrance, 
but those who improve their opportunities are eligible 
for reappointment at the end of that time. The pu- 
pils enter at an average age of twelve years, and may 
remain until they are sixteen years of age. Special 
merit may win an additional year of residence. The 
number of scholars during 1880-81 was fifty-one. 
The trustees are Samuel H. Tagart, president ; Wil- 
liam A. Stewart, vice-president; H. Clay Dallam, 
secretary and agent ; David L. Bartlett, German H. 
Hunt, Charles H. Mercer, and Robert T. Baldwin. 



832 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Harrisonville.— This place is si I ii:iti. I (.III lio Liberty 
turupilve, twelve miles from l!aliiiii"iv ( 'iiy ami fifteen 
from Towsoiitown. It contains rruU>iaiii Ivpiscopal, 
Methodist Episcopal, Presbvteriiin, liaptist, and Cath- 
olic churciies. The latter church was dedicated by 
Archbishop Gibbons on September 11, 1881. The 
public school building is forty feet square, built of 
granite, and is an ornament to the village. Mount 
Paran Lodge, No. 162. A. F. and A. M ; Shiloh Lodge, 
No. Ill, I. O. O. F. ; Beulah Encampment, No. 30, 
I. O. O. F. ; and Wheatland Grange, No. 64, Patrons 
of Husbandry, are the established orders. V. W. Ro- 
seman is Master, and W. ('. O'Dell secretary of Wheat- 
land Grange. 

Among the oldest and most estimable citizens of 
this district is Rezin Hammond Worthington, who was 
born June 28, 1794, and resides with his son, Thomas 
C. Worthington, on his farm near Harrisonville, Bal- 
timore Co. His father, Thomas Worthington, was born 
May 2, 1739, and was married, the first time, on Aug. 
21, 1761, to Elizabeth Hammond. He was the second 
time married, April 9, 1786, to Marcella, daughter of 
Joshua and Mary Owings, by whom Rezin Hammond 
was born. She was born July 5, 1748. John Worth- 
ington, the paternal grandfather of Rezin H., was 1 
born in England, Jan. 12, 1689, and died Dec. 12, '] 
1763. The subject of this sketch first attended 
school some twelve months in Frederick County, and 
subsequently one about five miles from his home in 
Baltimore County. During the civil war he was a 
prominent Democrat, and in 1864 was arrested by the 
Federal military authorities and incarcerated for 
a short period. In the war of 1812, Mr. \Vorth- 
ington responded to the general call for volunteers, 
and although ju.st recovering from a broken leg, he 
departed for Baltimore to assist in the deiense of that 
city. After the death of Gen. Ross he was discharged 
on account of his limb. He has been a successful 
farmer, and has been twice married. By his first wife 
he had only one child, Thomas Chew Worthington, 
with whom he resides. By his second wife he had 
nine children, four sous (all deceased) and five daugh- 
ters. Mr. Worthington's fine estate of thirty-five hun- 
dred acres lies in the northern part of the district. I 

Although in his eighty-eighth year he is a man of 
wonderful memory, with a great knowledge of Amer- 
ican history, and well read in the current events of 
the day. He is a fine type of the old-school gentle- < 
man, whose dignity and courtesy are specially pro- 
verbial in the State of Maryland. 

Powhatan. — This attractive village is situated at 
the terminus of the Baltimore and Powhatan Rail- 
way, four and a half miles from the city, where the 
First, Second, and Third Districts join. It has a pop- 
ulation of 300. There are a Methodist Episcopal and 
a Presbyterian church, a public school, Powhatan 
Lodge, No. 23, Independent Order of Mechanics, and 
Asbestos Grange, No. 172, Patrons of Husbandry. 

Patapsco Mission of the Methodist Protestant 



Church is two and a half miles beyond the village, 
and was dedicated Oct. 17, 1869, Rev. R. S. Norris 
officiating. The Methodist Episcopal church in the 
village was destroyed by a wind-storm on March 29, 
1873. It had just been finished, and the builders 
were on the premises when the disaster occurred, nar- 
rowly escaping with their lives. The wind knocked 
into a heap of d6bris what had been a handsome 
frame chapel thirty-six by fifty-five feet, and played 
many curious pranks in the neighborhood. Revs. W. 
T. D. Clemm and J. J. Haslup were the joint pastors 
of the church at the time, and by appeals to the mill 
operatives and help from various city congregations 
they were able soon to rebuild it. 

Powhatan had been for many years famous as a 
manufacturing centre, but the mills suffered severely 
in the panic of 1873, when work was suspended. On 
Oct. 31, 1876, both of them, the Powhatan and the 
Pocahontas, were sold by order of Robert Moore, 
trustee, at auction, and were purchased for thirty-five 
thousand dollars by William Bayne and Charles M. 
Roache for the estate. The Powhatan mill is one 
hundred and forty by forty-five feet, five stories high. 
The Pocahontas mill is two hundred and forty-four 
by forty-five feet, three stories high. In February, 
1877, Messrs. Ross Campbell & Co., of Baltimore 
City, took charge of the mills and set them at work 
again, producing a superior quality of drills and 
sheetings. They run one hundred looms and four 
thousand spindles. The resumption of work infused 
new life into the village and was made the occasion 
of public rejoicing. 

Rockdale. — This is a village of 200 inhabitants on 
the Liberty turnpike, five miles from the city. The 
Windsor road also passes through it. April 23, 1848, 
a new Baptist church was dedicated, a great throng 
being present from the factories and the surrounding 
country. The edifice was erected by Rev. Franklin 
Wilson entirely at his own expense. There are two 
Methodist Episcopal churches in the village, one of 
which is attended bv a congregation of colored peo- 
pie. 

Elysville and Alberton.— Tliese two villages are 
virtually one. The former is the railroad station and 
the latter the seat of a heavy cotton manufacturing 
business. It extends on both sides of the Patapsco, 
and a portion of Elysville is in Howard County. The 
town is eighteen miles distant from Baltimore by the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, but only about twelve 
miles by the country roads. The great cotton-mills 
are the property of the firm of James S. Gary & Son, 
who also own a large store and nearly the whole town 
of Alberton, comprising seventy houses, occupied by 
their operatives. The entire area of their property 
is eight hundred and twenty acres, making a tract of 
land over a mile and a quarter square. James S. 
Gary gave the place and the mills the name of Al- 
berton, in honor of his son, James Albert Gary. 
The factory and ncarlv all of the bouses are built of 




7^ ^^r^.'^^^z^ 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



stone. The factory proper is three hundred and forty 
feet long, fifty feet wide, and four stories high. The 
first story is used as a carding department, the second 
as a spinning department, the third as a weaving de- 
partment, and the fourth as the dressing department. 
From eiglit thousand to nine thousand spindles and 
two hundred and twenty-eight looms are used in the 
factory, and all the machinery is of the newest and 
most approved character. The preparing department, 
a stone building sixty-eight by tliirty-two feet, is 
situated some distance from the main building, with 
which it is connected by an iron gangway eighty feet 
in length. In the rear of the mill is the drying de- 
l>artment, a brick building thirty-two by fifty feet and 
three stories high. Adjacent to this is the cotton- 
house, where the raw material is received and stored, 
which is a building having a capacity of about fifteen 
hundred bales of cotton. The firm have also a gas- 
house near the factory, and manufacture the gas con- 
sumed in the mill and other buildings. All of the 
buildings are constructed upon a harmonious style of 
architecture, and present a neat and tasteful appear- 
ance. The factory is said to be as well arranged in 
all its departments as any similar institution in the 
South. The town covers an area of about eighteen or 
twenty acres. About three acres are embraced within 
the factory inclosure. The lawn around the factory 
and the mansion is handsomely embellished with or- 
namental shade-trees, rare flowers, and macadamized 
walks, three fountains of pure water adding to the 
beauty of the scene. 

Among the more prominent improvements at the 
place is the construction of an immense reservoir at 
an elevation of one hundred and seventy-eight feet 
above the town, which has a capacity of seventy 
thousand gallons, foe supplying water to the inhabi- 
tants and for use in case of fire. The entire value of 
the town and improvements is estimated at about 
six hundred thousand dollars. 

The principal fabrics manufactured at the factory 
are cotton ducking and drills, and the Alberton 
brands of these articles are favorably and extensively 
known throughout the country. The town has 
schools, churches, etc., and is a live, active place.' 

The corner-stone of St. Joseph's Catholic church 
at Elysville was laid June 1, 1879. The edifice is of 
Gothic architecture, fifty-four by seventy-five feet, 
and is built upon a lot donated by James A. Gary. 
In return for this handsome gift, Mr. Gary was pre- 
sented by the Catholic operatives with a gold-headed 
cane. 

Woodstock College, under the direction of the So- 
ciety of Jesus, was established in this district in 1869 
by the transfer of the scholasticate of the order for- 

1 On Oct. 30, 1849, there was sold at auction aU the propelty of the 
Okisko manufacturing company, consisting of a tliree-story granite fac- 
tory building, and a number of houses for workmen, at Klysville, or 
" Ellisville." as it was tiien spelt. Mr. Hugh Eli became the purchaser 
at a bid of twenty thousand dollars. 



merly connected with Georgetown College, D. C. The 
establishment of the Jesuits in Maryland dates back 
to the settlement by Lord Baltimore in 1634. Wood- 
stock College is a general house of study, embracing 
a thorough course of philosophy and theology lasting 
seven years. The faculty consists of Rev. Joseph 
Perron, rector, and twelve professors selected by the 
superior-general of the order from the most learned 
of his subordinates. The college building is situated 
upon a high hill overlooking the Patapsco River, four 
hundred feet above the sea, and about a quarter of a 
mile from Woodstock Station, on the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, twenty-five miles from Baltimore. 
The property embraces two hundred acres partly 
under cultivation. The buildings occupy a fine pla- 
teau on a hill surrounded by ornamental grounds. 
The main edifice is of granite from the quarries near 
by, and is built in the form of the letter H, three 
stories high, and three hundred and ten feet in its 
greatest length, with wings each one hundred and 
sixty-seven feet long. It contains two hundred rooms. 
The library occupies half of one of the wings, and 
contains about twenty thousand volumes of rare and 
valuable books, embracing complete sets of the Greek 
and Latin fathers, and original parchment manuscripts 
of the Scriptures in the Hebrew language. The 
chapel is very beautiful, finished in the Roman style 
with frescoes and pilasters. Over the altar is a copy 
by Brumidi of Murillo's " Holy Family." The altar 
rail is from a church in San Domingo, and is over 
three hundred years old. In the basement are work- 
shops where several industries are carried on, and a 
thoroughly-equipped printing-oflice, where the daily 
lectures of the professors are printed. At the end of 
the year they are bound, and each student is pre- 
sented with a copy. A cabinet and laboratory are 
fitted up with the best styles of apparatus for the use 
of the students of science. The college is one of the 
most important institutions in America for the train- 
ing of young men for the priesthood. 

On April 9, 1879, Rev. Angelo M. Paresco died at 
Woodstock College, aged sixty-two years. In 1861 
he was appointed Provincial Superior of the Jesuits, 
and the college was completed under his administra- 
tion. He became its first rector, and when disease 
had forced him to retire from active duty his counsel 
was daily sought by his successors. He was a man 
of commanding intellect and abstruse scholarship in 
philosophy, science, and theology. 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

THIRD DISTRICT. 

The Third District is a very large and important 
one, having an area of 39.55 square miles and a popu- 
lation of 8761. In 1870 it was 6149. It adjoins Balti- 
more City on the northwest, between the Ninth and 



834 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Second Districts, which bound it on the east and west, j 
On the south it is bounded by tlie city and the First 
District, and on the north Ijy the Fourtli and Eightli , 
Districts. Tlie Western Maryhmd, the Northern 
Central, and the Green Spring Branch Railroads, and 1 
the Arlington and Pimlico branch of the Western 
Maryland Railroad intersect the district. The Balti- 
more and Keisterstown turnpike passes through it 
and as far out as Pikesville, eight miles distant from 
the city limits; each side of the road is like a contin- 
uous village. The Baltimore and Pikesville Horse 
Railway extends to the latter town, while the Balti- 
more, Calverton and Powhatan Railway crosses the 
southern part of the district. The Liberty road, the 
old Liberty road, the Pimlico road, the old Court road, 
the Falls turnpike, and numerous avenues, together 
with the railroads, afford all the necessary facilities 
of communication in every direction. Near to the 
city the whole region is taken up with elegant resi- 
dences of wealthy citizens, and farther out is a suc- 
cession of grand old homesteads and farms, whose 
broad and well-tilled acres yield luxuriantly of the I 
fruits of the soil. A generous hospitality is exercised j 
by the proprietors of these splendid estates, and the 
tone of society is highly refined. The surface of the 
district is undulating, with numerous bold elevations, i 
Gwynn's Falls border it on the west, and Jones' Falls j 
on the east, and numerous other tributary streams 1 
assist in fertilizing and rendering more picturesque the ; 
beautiful valleys. Among the towns and villages are j 
Pikesville, Mount Washington, Woodberry, Howard- j 
ville, Green Springs, Calverton, Druid Park Heights, j 
Mount Carroll, Highland Park, Clifton, and Arling- 
ton. Woodberry, Mount Washington, and Calverton 
embrace mills and factories, and Clifton is one of the 
finest suburbs of Baltimore. Druid Hill Park, Mount 
St. Agnes Agademy, and Mount Hope Asylum for 
the lusane are all within this district. Here also are 
the Pimlico Fair Grounds, and the race-course and 
buildings of the Maryland Jockey Club. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 

TEACUEIia. 

No. 1.— Addie Moruingbtar, Pikesville. 

No. 2— Elias U. Keed, principal, Pikesville; Rebecca Sheridan, assis- 
tant. 

No. 3. — John S. Stansbury, Arlington. 

No. 4. — E. G. Cover, principal, 175 CarroUton Avenue ; Louisa Caseell 
and Ida Barton, assistants. 

No. 5.— Ira S. Tallin, principal, Woodberry; Rachel E. Prill, Anna 
Cullington, Belle Bankhead, Anna Pilson, and Adelaide Dough- 
erty, assistants. 

No. 6.— Jeanette (!ole, Brooklandville. 

No. 7.— T. R. Wolfe, Stevenson's Station. 

No. 8.— Perley R. Lovejoy, principal. Mount Washington; Nora Pat- 

Tkaciiers or Coloukd Schools. 
No. 2. — Jennie Massio, Stevenson's Station. 
No. 3.— James H. Scott, OU North Dallas Street. 
No. 4.— S. R. Hughes, 493 Pennsylvania Avenue. 

Trustees. 
School No. 1.— Charles L. Rogers, Dr. J. T. Councilman, and Thomas 



No. 2.— P. II. Walker, Samuel B. Mettam, and Henry Davis. 
No. 3.— Joshua Parsons, Albert Gallagher, and Frank Sanderson. 
No. 4.— William Carmichael, Alexander Megary, and William H. Ca»- 
sell. 
No. 5.— James E. Hooper, Robert Poole, and Thomas McCreo. 
No. 0, — George Scott, Angnst Hoffman, and Eli S. Kclley. 
No. 7.— D. W. Cross, Adolphus D. Cook, and William Stump. 
No. 8.— H. W. Huntmiller, Dr. J. S. Bowen, and John M. Carter. 

Pikesville is situated on the Keisterstown turnpike, 
eight miles from Baltimore and one mile from Pikes- 
ville Station of the Western Maryland Railroad. The 
cars of the Baltimore and Pikesville Horse Railway 
run to the village. The population is about 175. 
The location is admirable for residences, and the land 
is fertile. Pikesville was a military post, the United 
States arsenal established in 1819 being now in charge 
of the State, to whom it was given by the government. 
It is an enclosure of fourteen and a half acres of good 
land, abundantly shaded by fine old trees of different 
varieties, and is fitted up with officers' quarters, bar- 
racks, a largo magazine, stables, offices, and, in brief, 
all the outbuildings necessary for an arsenal. With 
one or two unimportant exceptions all the houses are 
built of brick and painted yellow. Mount Hope 
Retreat, an institution for the insane, conducted by 
the Sisters of Charity, under the supervision of Drs. 
Stokes and Thompson, is within two miles of the vil- 
lage. There are one Methodi.st Episcopal church, one 
Protestant Episcopal, a Baptist, and a Catholic, sev- 
eral public schools, a Catholic parochial school, and 
a private academy of high repute. The orders are 
Waverly Lodge, No. 52, Knights of Pythias, Mount 
Zion Lodge, No. 87, I. O. O. F. (chartered April 7, 
1853), and Garrison Forest Grange, No. 15, Patrons 
of Husbandry, Geo. H. Elder, Master; C. B. Rogers, 
Overseer ; and F. Sanderson, Secretary. 

Charles Lyon Rogers was born Dec. 16, 1831, on 
the old Von Kapp property, at that time a part of 
Baltimore County, but now Newington Park, in Bal- 
timore City. He was the son of Micajah Rogers, 
who came to Baltimore from Massachusetts in 1816. 
His father's family settled in the vicinity of Boston 
at an early period in the history of the colonies, and 
many of the descendants still reside in and near that 
city. The mother of Mr. Rogers was Mary Lyon, 
the daughter of Maj. Robert Lyon and Susan Lyon. 
Maj. Lyon was the son of Dr. William Lyon, a Scotch- 
man, who came to this country in the eighteenth cen- 
tury, and for some years practiced medicine in Balti- 
more, but subsequently purchased a tract of land in 
Baltimore County, known as Wester Ogle, and removed 
to it, upon a portion of which Mr. Rogers now resides. 
Dr. Lyon was a physician of prominence in Baltimore 
during the last century. His office bordered on the 
City Spring, at that time the most fashionable portion 
of the town, and it is said he presented to the First 
Presbyterian Church the land on which the United 
States court-house now stands. 

Mr. Rogers obtained his education at Sandy Spring, 
Montgoinory Co., Mil., but at an early age manifested 




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THIRD DISTRICT. 



such strong predilections for agriculture that he was | 
taken from school and put to work on Wester Ogle, 
the estate where three generations of his family had 
lived and died. In this way he acquired a thorough, 
practical knowledge of the occupation he had elected 
to pursue in life, and doubtless the training he re- 
ceived was of incalculable advantage to him when 
by inheritance he assumed control of that portion of 
Wester Ogle known as " Forest View." He married 
Rebecca Grogan, May 18, 1848, and by her has had 
ten children, three of whom — C. Lyon Rogers, Ken- 
nedy Grogan Rogers, and James Lyon Rogers — are 
now living. 

Forest View, the present residence of Mr. Rogers, 
is in the Third District of Baltimore County, about 
nine miles from the city, and one and a half miles 
from Pikesville. It is beautifully located amid gently 
swelling hills and smiling valleys in a region noted 
for its fertility and the refinement and culture of its 
people. The place embraces about two hundred and 
five acres of land, all, with the exception of a splendid 
grove of old forest-trees, under the highest state of 
cultivation. The dwelling-house is a substantial 
structure luxuriously fitted, and suggesting in its ap- 
pearance and surroundings the old-time hospitality 
for which Maryland farmers and planters are so justly 
proverbial. The barns and outhouses are all of the 
most durable character, and possessed of every con- 
venience which the march of improvement has so 
lavishly introduced into this branch of industry. 

Mr. Rogers when he began farming on his own ac- 
count was not content to sit down and do simply as 
his ancestors had done before him. He is a man of 
excellent judgment and more than ordinary intelli- 
gence, and he saw that to follow in the old ruts was 
to drop behind and be distanced by his neighbors in 
the race of life. He studied the character of the soil 
he had to till, and the changes of climate, together 
with the best manner of producing crops with the 
minimum of exhaustion. He kept himself abreast of 
the scientific information which was multiplying with 
the rapid increase of journals devoted to the science 
of agriculture; he advocated and aided in promoting 
all associations and combinations which had for their 
object the elevation of the agricultural classes and 
improvement in tillage. He has always been one of 
the most active members of the State Agricultural 
Association, and when the Grange movement was in- 
augurated to protect the farmer from the exactions 
of the middlemen and corporations he became one of 
its most energetic supporters. He is a Past Master in 
his own Grange, Master of the County Grange, and a 
member of the Maryland State Grange, and has a 
profound belief in the efficacy and useftilness of the 
order if managed in accordance with the principles 
upon which it was founded. The advantages he has 
derived from his practical study of farming are mani- 
fest in the condition of Forest View, which, for per- 
fect tillage and excellent management, will compare 



with any estate in Baltimore County. Mr. Rogers is 
also a member of the Independent Order of Odd-Fel- 
lows. In politics he has always been a conservative 
Democrat. He has never sought public office, — in fact, 
has always had a distaste for it, — but during his whole 
life he has taken an active interest in politics, and has 
been fearless in the expression of his political opin- 
ions at the polls, even when many more prominent 
men of his party have failed to assert themselves, es- 
pecially during the civil war, when terrorism and 
military domination prevailed to some extent at the 
elections in Baltimore County. He was a first lieu- 
tenant in the Garrison Forest Rangers, a troop raised 
in his neighborhood at the breaking out of the civil 
war, and because of his connection with this organi- 
zation was persecuted to some extent by the ruffians 
and hangers-on which attach themselves to all suc- 
cessful parties, though he does not attribute his 
troubles at that time either to the party leaders or the 
military authorities. He has filled a number of minor 
positions of trust but not of profit, and has filled them 
well. By thrift and intelligence he has greatly added 
to his inheritance, and is to-day one of the most pros- 
perous and influential gentlemen in his neighborhood. 
He has given special attention to the raising of an 
improved breed of cattle known as the Holsteins, 
celebrated for their milking qualities, and has been 
very successful. His herd took the premium at the 
last State fair for their purity and excellence. Mr. 
Rogers is striking in appearance, genial and courteous 
in manner, and devotedly attached to home-life and 
its responsibilities and pleasures. 
Pikesville Catholic Church.— The first building 

. used for a Catholic church in the vicinity of Pikes- 
ville was erected on the premises of William George 
Read, then living near that place. Rev. Dr. White, 
who had been pastor of the cathedral, was invited by 
Mr. and Mrs. Read to take up his residence in their 
family, and officiate in the chapel, and was appointed 
by the archbishop to take charge of it. The congre- 

! gation soon became too large for the chapel erected 

1 by Mr. Read, and two acres of ground were purchased 

j near the Beisterstown pike, opposite the United States 

; arsenal, and the erection of a new edifice commenced. 
The corner-stone was laid on the 16tli of July, 1848, 
by Rev. Alexius Elder, Dr. White preaching the ser- 
mon. Rev. Father White remained in charge of the 
congregation till the fall of 1857, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. F'ather Meyers, who, after a pastorate 

: of two and a half year.s, was followed by Rev. E. Q. S. 
Waldron, who has remained in charge of the parish 

{ from that time till the present, a period of more than 

I twenty years. 

! The church was dedicated Sept. 10, 1849, by Arch- 
bishop Eccleston, under the patronage of St. Charles 

; Borromeo. On the night of Nov. 17, 1856, it was 
robbed of nearly all the valuable vessels of the altar, 

\ the priestly vestments, carpets, etc. 

St. Mark's P. E, Church.— The Protestant Epis- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



copal Church is known as "St. Mark's on the Hill," 
and the congregation was organized in 1876 by a few 
families who resided at too great a distance to attend 
the parish church of St. Thomas. The building had 
been erected by the Presbyterians in 1869 as a place 
of worship, tliey selling it to the Southern Methodists, 
from whose hands it passed into those of the Episco- 
palians. The site had been given by James Howard 
McHenry to the Presbyterians, who gave the church 
the name of his estate, "Sudbrook." The Episcopa- 
lians added to the edifice a large chancel, a belfry, and 
a bell ; and in 1878 built a rectory at a cost of three 
thousand dollars. Since its opening the rector of St. 
Mark's has been Rev. Richard Whittingham, a brother 
of the late bishop of this diocese. The present war- 
dens are Charles Rodgers and Eugene Blackford; 
Vestry, C. K. Harrison, Dr. J. B. Councilman, Dr. J. 
Pattison, P. H. Walker, Adgate Duer, and Z. Feel- 
meyer. There is a chapel of ease under construction 
at Arlington for the use of this congregation. 

PikesviUe Baptist Church.— The congregation of 
Pikesville Baptist Church was organized in September, 
1835, the corner-stone of the church edifice having 
been laid in the preceding October. Rev. Joseph 
Mettam has been in charge since that time to the 
present. He was ordained Sept. 24, 1835, by Elders 
John Ely, John F. Jones, and John Healy. A Sun- 
day-school was instituted in the same year. 

Waverly Lodge, No. 52, Knights of Pythias, is lo- 
cated at Pikesville. It received its charter Feb. 11, 
1870, having among its charter-members T. A. 
Schwatka, Nathaniel Watts, Asbury Watts, Philip 
Watts, George C. Winterode, Franklin Slade, Caleb 
Butt, George W. Evans, and John Joyce. 

The present officers are : P. C, B. B. Gemmell ; C. C, 
John W. Wagner; V. C, Thomas Keely; Prelate, 
Arthur Chenewith ; M. of E., A. Watts ; M. of F., 
George W. Bowersox ; K. of R. S., N. Watts; M. of 
A., Gilbert Bunn ; J. G., Henry Debus. The lodge 
holds its meetings in the Odd-Fellows' Hall, and 
financially is in a very flourishing condition, and is 
one of the foremost lodges of the county. 

Mount Zion Lodge, No. 87, I. 0. 0. F., was in- 
stituted April 17, 1853, with the following charter- 
members : John S. Gibbons, John L. Turner, Joshua 
Caven, Thomas Parish, Washington Buckman, and 
William Hook. The officers for 1881 are Edward 
Lockard, N. G. ; John Rodgers, V. G. ; Chas. Bush 
and Philip Watts, secretaries ; and Henry Davis, treas- 
urer. The Odd-Fellows' Hall, a tasteful building, 
was erected in 1855 at a cost of sixteen hundred dol- 
lars, and was dedicated in the (iill of that year. The 
lodge has one hundred and thirty members. 

On March 17, 1813, Rev. George Ralph died at 
Pomona, near Pikesville, aged sixty years. He was 
distinguished as a teacher and as a clergyman, and 
shortly before his death he had been appointed to the 
chair of rhetoric in the University of Maryland. 

Woodberry. — This bustling manufacturing town. 



having a population of 980, is on the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway, two miles distant from the city. The 
name is derived from that of an old miller, who many 
years ago had a grist-mill on Jones' Falls, to which 
the people of the surrounding country carried their 
grain to be ground. The beautiful situation and its 
advantages for a manufacturing centre attracted the 
attention of capitalists, and now it is the seat of very 
extensive cotton and iron manufactures, and fairly 
hums with prosperous industry, giving employment 
to some three thousand operatives, who reside in 
Woodberry and the adjacent villages of Hampden and 
Sweet Air, and at the Clipper Mills, all of which are 
claimed as offshoots of Woodberry. In this vicinity 
there are fully six thousand people dependent upon 
the mills and factories. The water-power of Jones' 
Falls undoubtedly had much to do with causing the' 
erection of the original establishments, but they have 
grown too vast to depend upon it, and it is now merely 
used as an auxiliary to steam. Standing upon any one 
of the verdure-clad eminences of the neighborhood a 
glorious view may be had of smiling villages and 
great factories, that house and feed and employ a 
happy and thrifty population. Prior to 1847 the late 
Horatio N. Gambrill owned and operated the old 
Woodberry Mill, and in that year the firm of Gam- 
brill & Carroll ran that and the White Hall and 
Mount Vernon factories in the production of cotton 
duck. Wm. E. Hooper was also associated with Mr. 
Gambrill, and the business grew so rapidly that the 
Park Mill was built. When they dissolved partner- 
ship, Mr. Gambrill erected the huge Druid Mills in 
1865, fitted them up with the most improved ma- 
chinery, and sent to the market a quality of cotton 
duck that quickly obtained a world-wide reputation. 
Mr. Gambrill was born in Anne Arundel County, 
Md., Dec. 1, 1810. After serving an apprenticeship 
with the Savage Manufacturing Company, he became 
the superintendent of the spinning and carding-rooms 
of their mills; he later became superintendent of 
Jericho Mills, Baltimore County. In 1836 he began 
business for himself, engaging in the manufacture of 
cotton yarns at Stony Works, near Baltimore. In 
1839, with others, he built Whitehall Factory, with 
five looms. In 1842 he purch.ased the Woodberry 
property, and the following year built the Woodberry 
Mills, of which he soon doubled the capacity. In 
1847 he erected the Laurel Mill on Jones' Falls, and 
soon afterwards the Mount Vernon Mills, No. 1. He 
subsequently built the mills known as Clipper, Park, 

i and Druid, the last of which he was operating with 
his sons for a number of years previous to his death, 

I which occurred Aug. 30, 1880. The origin of the 
great cotton-duck interest in Baltimore is undoubtedly 
due to Mr. Gambrill, and he was largely instru- 

j mental in developing what has grown to be not only 

I the leading manufacture of this county, but one of 
the greatest industries in the world. 
These mills are now operated by his successors, the 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



837 



firm of Gambrill, Sons & Co. This is the proper 
place to say that at least one-half of all the cotton 
(luck used in tlie world is made at Woodberry, and 
the manufacturers have made their brands such a 
guarantee for the superiority of the article that they 
are virtually without competition. Mr. Hooper estab- 
lished the firm of William E. Hooper & Sons, whose 
properties now comprise the Woodberry, Park, Clip- 
per, and Meadow Mills, the latter erected in 1877 for 
the manufacture of seine twines. Messrs. Poole & 
Hunt have their extensive machine-shops at this 
place, ernploying 700 hands, and turning out every- 
thing in the line of iron manufacture. Altogether 
there is about ten millions of dollars invested in the 
mills, factories, and attached property in this vicinity. 

The comfortable condition of the mill employes, 
and the harmonious relations existing between them 
and their employers are not the result of chance, but 
of a comprehensive system founded upon mutuality 
of interests and confidence. The controlling idea is 
to furnish the operatives with pleasant homes at the 
smallest possible cost to them, and it has been carried 
into execution with remarkable success. All of the 
mill-owners hav« erected neat cottages, in which due 
regard to sanitary arrangements has been paid, and 
which are rented to the hands as nearly as possible at 
the rate of one dollar per room per month. Each 
cottage has a small strip of land adjoining, to be used 
as a garden. They are mostly occupied by separate 
families, each member of which working in the mills 
pays his or her proportion of rent, which is deducted 
from the pay-rolls. A few years ago the Messrs. 
Hooper erected, at a cost of thirty-five thousand dol- 
lars, a hotel for unmarried women and girls in their 
employ. Wages of operatives run from twelve up to 
seventy-five dollars per month, and it is no uncom- 
mon thing for a family to save, without stinting them- 
selves, five hundred dollars in from three to five years. 
Thrift, sobriety, and neatness characterize all the sur- 
roundings, and this cluster of manufactures is fre- 
quently spoken of as an illustration of the truth that 
capital and labor may go peacefully hand in hand. 
Strikes are unheard of, and the only labor demonstra- 
tion that has taken place in many years was a re- 
joicing, on Feb. 19, 1874, over the passage by the 
Maryland Legislature of a law forbidding the em- 
ployment of children under sixteen years of age 
longer than ten hours a day. In 1872 the question of 
incorporating in one town the villages of Woodberry, 
Hampden, and Sweet Air was discussed, but the pro- 
ject was abandoned as being too expensive, altlrough 
the proposed town would have included 12,000 in- 
habitants, and would have been the most important 
municipal corporation in Maryland outside of Balti- 
more. 

Although Hampden and Sweet Air are partially 
within the Ninth District, they should receive men- 
tion here because of their close connection with 
Woodberry and the manufacturing interests of wiiich 



it is the focus. They are handsome villages, the for- 
mer of 2962 and the latter ol 970 inhabitants, accord- 
ing to the census of 1880, mostly occupied by mill 
employ6s, although there is quite a number of fine 
residences of gentlemen having country estates. 
Events in their history are recorded with those in the 
Woodberry annals. The latter town has churches of 
various denominations, public and private schools, a 
market-house, and a public hall. The societies are 
J Druid Lodge, No. .53, Knights of Pythias; Pickering 
Lodge, A. F. and A. M. ; Hampden Lodge, No. 24, 
L O. O. F.; Alpha Lodge, No. 11, Independent Order 
of Mechanics; Bias Lodge, No. 23, ofHeptasophs; and 
Dennison Post, No. 8, Grand Army of the Republic. 
In 1872 a weekly newspaper, the Waverly Gazette, was 
established by Messrs. Gambrill & Gross. It was pub- 
lished for a short time and sold to William Baker, he 
transferring it in 1874 to F. L. Morling, who changed 
its title to that of the Woodberry News. He has made 
a sprightly and valuable paper of it, devoting it 
especially to the growth and prosperity of the com- 
munity in which it is published. 

On May 12, 1867, the corner-stone of the Catholic 
Church of St. Thomas Aquinas, between Hampden 
and Woodberry, was laid, and on its completion Rev. 
J. Malloy was appointed to its charge. It was dedi- 
cated June 18, 1871, by Archbishop Spalding. It is 
a pure Gothic edifice 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, 
and cost $20,000. Connected'with it is a commodious 
parsonage. On March 11, 1874, the feast of St. 
Thomas Aquinas, a festival took place under the di- 
rection of the pastor. Rev. Francis P. Duggan, and 
was attended by thousands of people from the coun- 
try around. 

The Methodist Episcopal church at Hampden was 
dedicated, with services by Rev. Dr. J. J. G. Webster 
and Rev. Thomas Ward. It is situated opposite the 
Hampden reservoir, and has a front of fifty and a 
depth of seventy feet. 

On July 2, 1867, the corner-stone of the new Meth- 
odist Episcopal church was laid at the northern end 
of Woodberry, on an eminence adjoining the resi- 
dence of Mr. Poole. Rev. Drs. Henry Slicer, Long- 
acre, and Lanahan, ofiiciated. It was dedicated Dec. 
18, 1870, Bishop Ames, and Rev. Messrs. J. B. Stitt, 
David H. Carroll, and Thomas Eddy conducting the 
exercises. On this occasion sixteen thousand dollars 
was raised in a few moments to free the church from 
debt. It is a splendid structure of bluestone, in 
Gothic architecture, one hundred and three by forty- 
five feet, and seats seven hundred persons. 

May 6, 1872, the corner-stone of the Sweet Air 
Mission chapel of the United Brethren in Christ 
was laid by Rev. S. A. Colstock, presiding elder. 

On Sept. 12, 1873, was laid by Bishop Whittingham 
the corner-stone of the Protestant Episcopal church, 
midway between Woodberry and Hampden. It is 
known as St. Mary's, and was erected on the sjiot 
where stood the old frame church which was burned 



838 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



during the occupation of Woodberry by Federal 
troops in 1861, and for which the government made 
payment. The congregation worshiped in the school- 
room of Col. John Prentiss, at Medfield, until the 
new church was built. The site for the church and a 
parochial school was the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Henrj' 
Mankin. Rev. George C. Stokes was the rector. 

The factory boarding-house for the unmarried fe- 
male employes of William E. Hooper & Sons was 
formally opened Nov. 27, 1873. 

On Dec. 6, 1874, the Woodberry Baptist church 
was dedicated, the congregation having been officially 
recognized by the Baptist Council on the previous 
20th of April. At the dedication the services were 
participated in by Rev. Dr. J. W. M. Williams, Rev. 
O. F. Fliijpo, and Rev. G. W. Sunderlin, of the Bap- 
tist Church, Rev. Franklin Wilson, and Rev. Mr. 
Lane. The church is a frame structure, sixty by 
thirty feet. The first pastor was Rev. Dr. J. H. 
Barnes, and the building committee were D. B. Wil- 
hehn, John Freeland, Harrison Watson, and William 
Davis. 

On Feb. 22, 1S74, the Methodist Protestant church 
between Hampden and Woodberry was dedicated, 
with services by Rev. S. B. Southerland, J. T. Murray, 
and W. H. Lane. 

May 27, 1877, the Hampden Presbyterian church 
was dedicated, with services conducted by Rev. Dr. 
J. C. Backus, Rev. R. H." Fulton, and Rev. John Fox, 
the pastor. It is a Gothic structure, built of Balti- 
more County marble, sixty by forty feet, and cost 
sixteen thousand dollars. The building committee 
were Rev. Dr. Backus, Robert Poole, J. C. Ammidon, 
T. D. Anderson, and William B. Canfield. The site 
Wiis donated by Mr. Anderson. 

A fine hall for the use of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association of Woodberry was dedicated at Hamp- 
den, on Feb. 8, 1880, by Henry P. Adams, general 
secretary of the association. Dr. James Carey Thomas, 
and Revs. John Fox and H. E. Johnson. 

Mary Orem died at the advanced age of one hun- 
dred and five, in February, 1881. Her death took 
place at the residence of her son-in-law, Mr. Ephraim 
Hare, in Hampden. Mrs. Orem had resided in the 
neighborhood of Woodberry for over a half-century. 
Her maiden name was Mary Peake. She was born 
April 22, 1776. Her father was an Englishman named 
Robert Peake, who came to this country with the 
British army, deserted, and went as a drummer in the 
American army at the age of sixteen years. She mar- 
ried Cooper Orem in 1805. Mrs. Orem had twenty- 
five grandchildren, and fifty-one great-grandchildren. 
She was familiar with many of the events of the Revo- 
lution, and her husband served in the war of 1812. 

In 1865 the first building association was started by 
Messrs. William J. Hooper, L. P. D. Newman, F. L. 
Morling, and Henry Mankins, the capital stock of 
which, one hundred and four thousand dollars, was 
taken by the citizens in less than a month, and the 



result was in less than five years over one hundred 
persons were living in their own houses, all paid for 
by loans from the association. 

Poole & Hunt's. — Thirty years ago, in the year 
1851, the firm of Poole & Hunt was established, and 
from what was then a modest beginning, their ma- 
chine-shops have grown to dimensions not excelled 
elsewhere in the United States. Robert Poole had 
previously been connected with the Lanvale and the 
Savage factories; and in 1843 he and William Fergu- 
son, as the firm of Poole & Ferguson, were manu- 
facturers of machinery on North Street, in Baltimore 
City. Mr. Ferguson retired in 1851, and German H. 
Hunt then became a member of the new firm. In 
1853 their works in the city were destroyed by fire, 
and they decided to rebuild at Woodberry, although 
until 1858 they continued an auxiliary establishment 
in Baltimore. The Woodberry works, known as the 
Union Machine-Shops, employ 700 men and lead the 
iron manufacturing industry in Maryland. They turn 
out portableand stationary steam-engines, steam-boilers 
of all dimensions, the Leffel American double turbine 
water-wheel, circular and gang saw-mills, Ebaugh's 
patent crusher for minerals, mining machinery, grist- 
mills, flouring-mill machinery, presses, shafting, pul- 
leys and hangers, machinery for white-lead works, 
cotton-seed and other oil mills. The factory premises 
cover twenty acres of ground, upon which are the 
iron foundry, pattern and machine-shops, melting- 
house, brass foundry, storage lofts, and all the other 
buildings connected with the immense business done. 
Specimens of the work of the firm are to be seen in 
the iron columns .supporting the dome of the Capitol 
at Washington, and the columns of the custom-house 
at New Orleans. They have constructed several of the 
iron-pile light-houses which the government has set 
up for the aid of navigation. More than seven thou- 
sand of their LefTel's turbine water-wheels are now. 
in use, and they have daily orders for them. 

The elegant residence of Robert Poole is on beautiful 
grounds bounded by Union Avenue, and Cross and 
Sycamore Streets. It is situated east of Jones' Falls 
and in the Ninth District. Its location and surround- 
ings are among the most delightful in the county, 
and from Mr. Poole's mansion a splendid view is ob- 
tained of the country around. 

Mount Vernon Mills. — These mills are located on 
Jones' Falls, just below the village of Hampden, and 
are the property of the Mount Vernon Manufacturing 
Company. They produce cotton duck and felting, 
the latter being used in making paper, and give em- 
ployment to a sufficient number of operatives to make 
up a village of 800 inhabitants. The company was 
organized in 1847, having then one mill, to which a 
second was added in 1853, the two running ten thou- 
sand spindles. The value of buildings, plant, etc., is 
four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and they 
turn out about one million dollars' worth of goods 
annually. The late Wm. Kennedy was president of 





v^^ 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



839 



the company from the time of its organization until 
his death, Oct. 4, 1873, and was succeeded by his son- 
in-law, Col. W. M. Boone, who died Jan. 23, 1879. 
No. 1 mill was burned to the ground June 20, 1873, 
involving a loss of two hundred and fifteen thousand 
dollars, but by the following September a new and 
very much larger structure was erected. Albert H. 
Carroll is now the superintendent of the mills, and 
Richard Cromwell is president of the company. His 
father, David Carroll, one of the proprietors of Mount 
Vernon Mills, died July 30, 1881, in the seventy-first 
year of his age. Mr. Carroll was born May 30, 1811, 
at Elkridge, Anne Arundel (now Howard) County, 
where he spent his youth, receiving what education 
the country schools could afford. 

On Feb. 21, 1881, the ground was broken at Mount 
Vernon for the erection of a new cotton-duck mill. 
This mill is intended for an addition to the northern 
end of the old Mount Vernon mill, one hundred and 
seventy by fifty-five feet, and three stories high, with 
a packing-house eighty by forty-five feet. The build- 
ing when completed will cost, with the machinery, be- 
tween three and four hundred thousand dollars. This 
mill, with the other Mount Vernon mills, will give em- 
ployment to .sixteen hundred hands. North of the mill 
now being constructed (1881), and close to the Mount 
Vernon Methodist Episcopal church, on a high loca- 
tion, Mr. Carroll commenced the work of a large res- 
ervoir, the supply of water for which is to be forced 
from Jones' Falls. This reservoir is intended for pro- 
tection against fire to Hampden village and vicinity. 

Prior to 1847 there was a silk-factory on Jones' 
Falls, near Mount Vernon, and in that year it was 
bought by Mason & Johnson, who converted it into 
an establishment for the manufacture of ravens and 
duck, using two thousand spindles. On Feb. 25, 1855, 
the mill, then owned and operated by L. D. Tongs & 
Co., was destroyed by fire, causing a loss of over 
seventy thousand dollars. 

The Northern Central Railway Company have very 
extensive shops at Mount Vernon, giving employment 
to about five hundred hands. All the wood and iron 
work and painting of rolling-stock, both for the North- 
ern Central and Baltimore and Potomac roads, is done 
here. 

On March 20, 1879, the Methodist Episcopal church 
at Mount Vernon was dedicated. The clergymen 
participating were Revs. W. S. Edwards, D. S. Mon- 
roe, Arthur Foster, J. W. Cadden, J. B. Stitt, and 
Peter Vondersmith, the pastor. The church is built 
of Falls road granite, seats six hundred and fifty 
persons, and cost twenty thousand dollars. The lot 
was presented by David S. Carroll, one of the owners 
of the mills. 

Mount Vernon Cemetery was dedicated June 4, 
1852. Revs. Wm. S. Plummer, B. H. Nadal, Thomas 
Atkinson, and G. W. Musgrave ofliciated. 

Woodlawn Cemetery is situated at Lake Roland, 
and was the former residence of Hiram Woods. 



Mount Washington. — This village is situated on 
the Northern Central Railway, five miles from Balti- 
more, is partly in the Third and partly in the Ninth 
District, and has a population of 1061. The sur- 
rounding.s are hilly and romantic, and the neighbor- 
hood is much in demand for summer resorts. The 
churches are the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Catholic), 
St. John's (Protestant Episcopal), one Presbyterian, 
and one Methodist Episcopal. Mount St. Agnes 
Academy is clo.se by, and in the neighborhood are the 
Bare Hill Copper-Mines. In the town are a public 
hall, three public schools, aseminary foryoung ladies, 
and Champion Lodge, No. 84, Knights of Pythias. 

Henry Moore Ewing, M.D., was born in Little 
Britain township, Lancaster Co., Pa., Oct. 5, 1832. 
His paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish, his father, 
Kirkpatrick Ewing, being de.scended, on his mother's 
side, from the Campbells of Scotland. The mother of 
Dr. Ewing, Malvina Moore, is a descendant of the 
Moores of Moore Orchard. Her father was the vic- 
tim of a lamentable plot in his own family, which 
occasioned at the time great scandal, some of his rela- 
tives having conspired to defraud him of his inheri- 
tance by shutting him up in a private mad-house in 
Baltimore City. A timely exposure prevented any 
evil consequences, and the conspiracy recoiled on the 
heads of its authors. Dr. Ewing attended the public 
schools of Lancaster County when very young, and 
at the age of eleven was sent to Strasburg Academy, 
where he pursued his studies for two years. His 
parents then removed to Franklin, and he was matric- 
ulated at Franklin College. He cho.se the healing 
art as his profession, and entered the office of Dr. 
Benjamin Sides, a distinguished physician of Lan- 
caster County, where he fitted himself for the severer 
duties of the lecture-room. In 1855 he began a thor- 
ough course of study in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, and graduated from that institution in 1857. 
The only event of note which occurred during his 
stay at the university was the death of Dr. Elisha K. 
Kane, the great Arctic explorer. The news was re- 
ceived with profound regret by the students, and in 
addition to the imposing obsequies which accompanied 
the remains in Baltimore and other cities, the univer- 
sity went into mourning for her favorite son, the stu- 
dents wearing crape on their arms for thirty days. 
Dr. Ewing, after graduation, came immediately to 
Baltimore County, and in July, 1857, settled at Mount 
Washington, where he has ever since remained. He 
may be said to have literally grown up with the town. 
Mount Washington at that time was an obscure little 
village with one factory and a few operatives; it is 
now a beautiful suburban town with a thrifty popu- 
lation, and the surrounding hills crowned with ele- 
gant private residences, not the least beautiful among 
which are the dwelling and grounds of the doctor. 
On the 16th of November, 1858, Dr. E\Ying married 
Margaret Ann Johnson, daughter of Dr. Samuel 
Johnson, of Harford Countv, Md., bv whom he has 



840 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



had ten children, five of whom are living, as follows: 
Ella J., William J., Frank Kirk, Henry Purcell, and 
Guy Ewing. 

Dr. Ewing's ancestors, as may be inferred, were 
Presbyterians of the strictest character, but he and 
his immediate family are consistent members of the 
Episcopal Church. In politics the doctor has always 
been a Democrat. He hiis taken a lively interest in 
public affairs, but has never sought office. He 
belongs to the Knights of Pythias, has passed all 
its chairs, and is a Past Chancellor. He is at pres- 
ent, and has been for some years, treasurer of the 
Democratic E.xecutive Committee of the county, and 
was for si.t years physician to the almshouse. He 
has also been frequently one of the trustees of the 
public schools. In all enterprises for the benefit of 
the county or town in which he resides he has mani- 
fested a practical interest, and his quiet influence has 
been of imi)ortance in shaping the character of the 
little hill-bound town so near the great city of Balti- 
more. His career is a fair illustration of what may be 
accomplished by thrift, energy, and probity. He 
began with little beyond his professional acquire- 
ments, and has built up a large practice, a beautiful 
house, and an excellent n.ame among his neighbors. 
Dr. Ewing is a member of the Academy of Medicine 
of Baltimore, and a member of the Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Society. His parents, at an advanced age, are 
still living in Baltimore County. By his ability, suav- 
ity of manner, integrity, and industry, he has built up 
a most successful practice, and is one of the leading 
practitioners of the county. 

On March 16, 1810, the Washington Cotton Manu- 
facturing Company informed the public that their 
works were in operation. It is said to have been the 
first cotton-mill in Maryland driven by water-power, 
and started with two hundred and eighty-eight spin- 
dles. Its dyer was engaged from Europe. The par 
value of the shares was fifty dollars, and they were 
sold by John Hagerty, treasurer. Its manager and 
proprietor, Thomas H. Fulton, who also owned the 
Phoenix Factory, died Jan. 12, 1851. All the old 
mill property is now owned by William E. Hooper & 
Sons, who have converted it into a factory running 
fifteen hundred spindles. 

On May 30, 1855, the corner-stone of St. John's 
German Reformed church was laid, with services con- 
ducted by Revs. Elias Heiner, A. P. Freese, J. G. 
Ganterbine, William B. Stewart, and B. Kurtz. This 
church is now occupied by the Methodists. 

May 5, 1856, Mount Washington Female College 
was dedicated. Rev. Dr. Heiner, Rev. Dr. J. T. 
Smith, Rev. Dr. Johns, and Prof. L. H. Steiner par- 
ticipated. It was a large four-story brick building, 
which, with its furniture, cost thirty thousand dollars. 
On Dec. 15, 1860, the college, twenty-oue acres of 
land, and tlje adjoining church were purchased at 
auction by Rev. George L. Stalcy for fifteen thousand 
four hundred dollars. On April 18, 1808, the whole 



j property was sold again to Rev. A. S. Vaughan, for- 
merly president of Catawba College, North Carolina, 
for twenty thousand dollars. Two years later it was 
once more on the market, and was purchased for 
nineteen thousand dollars by Rev. J. A. McCauley, 
Rev. J. W. Hedges, and Dr. J. J. Moran, on the part 
of a joint stock company, who continued its use as a 
female educational institution. In 1867, Mr. Charles 
M. Dougherty bought it for the Sisters of Mercy, who 
opened on the premises a day and boarding-school 
for young ladies. 

On April 29, 1869, the corner-stone of St. John's 
Episcopal church was laid, and on October 3d follow- 
ing it was opened for divine service by the rector. 
Rev. George C. Stokes. 

Mount Washington Presbyterian church was dedi- 
cated May 23, 1878. Rev. Dr. W. U. Murkland 
preached the sermon. The church is connected with 
the Southern Presbyterian Assembly, is a handsome 
frame edifice, and cost four thousand five hundred 
dollars. 

Champion Lodge, No. 84, Knights of Pythias, was 
established in 1870 by the following charter-mem- 
bers : N. M. Ewing, Joseph Jenkins, Jacob Eusor, 
Wm. J. Johnson, T. Williams, Lewis Stansey, and 
others. The officers for 1881 are Levi Haines, C. C. ; 
John Smith, P. C. ; Wm. Wellman, Prelate ; Adam 
Reiber, M. A. ; Wm. J. Johns, K. R. S. ; Joseph Jen- 
kins, M. E. ; J. Ensor, M. F. 

The corner-stone of Mount St. Agnes Academy was 
laid June 10, 1872, by the Very Rev. J. Dougherty, 
administrator of the archdiocese, assisted by others 
of the clergy. The academy is in charge of twenty- 
two Sisters of Mercy, and averages about a hundred 
pupils, who come from every part of the land. It is 
a stately edifice of marble and brick, crowning a 
lofty hill, and is seventy-six by forty-six feet, with a 
near building nineteen by twenty-three. 

Calverton.— On May 3, 1820, J. Meredith, as trus- 
tee, offered for sale "Calverton," the late residence 
of D. A. Smith, Esq., then about two and a half miles 
from the city, on the Frederick turnpike, embracing 
three hundred and twenty acres. On this spot arose 
the village of four hundred people and the extensive 
stock-yards, where an immense traffic in cattle is car- 
ried on. On Jan. 17, 1881, the certificate of incorpo- 
ration of the Calverton Stock and Droveyard Com- 
pany of Baltimore County was filed in court at 
Towsontown, by Joseph J. Martin, Alfred S. Rosen- 
thal, August Rieser, and Lewis Myers. The capital 
stock is two hundred thousand dollars. Calverton is 
one of the greatest cattle-markets of the Southern 
States, and the business is increasing annually. 

In 1879 was commenced the erection of St. Edward's 
Catholic church, a beautiful edifice of ninety by forty 
feet, on a lot one hundred and sixty-eight by one 
hundred and fifty-seven feet. The lower portion of 
the building is devoted to education, and the chapel 
is above. It was erected under the supervision of 




cfr^^^ C^-L^ L. ^ Cc<:-^^C^ 




RESIDENCE OF THOMAS CRADOCK, 
KEISTERSIOWN SOAD, BALTIUORE CO., MD. 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



841 



its pastor, Rev. O. B. Corrigan. and was consecrated 
Sept. 19, 1880, by Archbishop Gibbons. 

Hebrew Orphan Asylum.— In February, 1872, a 
meeting of Israelites of Baltimore was called by the 
Hebrew Benevolent Society, for the purpose of in- 
itiating active measures for the establishment of a 
home for orphans, and on the 25th of that month a 
large number of prominent citizens assembled at 
Raine's Hall. The object of the meeting secured 
the hearty indorsement of the assembly, and a tem- 
porary organization was effected by the selection of 
the following officers: Emanuel Hess, president; 
Moses Cohen, treasurer; William Schloss, secretary. 
These gentlemen, with Messrs. Joseph Friedenwald, 
Abraham Nachman, and A. S. Adler, were appointed 
to draft a constitution and by-laws and to prepare for 
permanent organization, and on the 26th of May the 
following permanent officers were elected : Alfred J. 
Ulman, president; Joel Gutman, vice-president ; Wil- 
liam Schloss, treasurer ; Moses Cohen, Dr. A. Frie- 
denwald, Henry Soimeborn, Bernard Cohn, Goody 
Rosenfeld, Moses R. Walter, Jonas Goldsmith, Lewis 
Sinsheimer, Lewis Rosenburg, Jacob Meyer, Alex- 
ander Frank, and David Ambach, directors. Subse- 
quently David Weisenfeld was elected secretary. 
On the 11th of June, 1872, the institution was incor- 
porated under the name of the " Hebrew Orphan 
Asylum of. Baltimore City." The sum of eighteen 
thousand dollars was raised by the 27th of June, and 
on the 1st of November Mr. and Mrs. William S. 
Rayner presented the institution with a handsome 
and capacious building and grounds, situated at Cal- 
verton Heights, formerly used as the Baltimore 
County almshouse. On the 18th of May the institu- 
tution was dedicated with imposing ceremonies and 
formally opened with twelve orphans. On the 12th 
of November, 1874, the whole building was consumed 
by fire, but prompt steps were taken to repair the 
loss, and on the 22d of October, 1876, the present 
asylum building was dedicated.' The new building, 
with its outfit and equipments, cost fifty-four thou- 
sand dollars, and to clear off the indebtedness of 
seventeen thousand dollars a fair was held at the 
Concordia Opera-House, from the 10th to the 20th of 
November, 1878, by which the handsome sum of 
twenty-nine thousand dollars was realized. The 
institution at present shelters thirty-five children, 
;ui<l has room for one hundred and twenty-five. ' It 
li:is a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars, and the 
Orphan Asylum Society numbers five hundred and 
twenty-five contributing members. The present offi- 
cers are Joel Gutman, president; William Schloss, 
vice-president ; Henry Straus, treasurer ; and J. 
Goldsmith, secretary. The lot on which the asylum 
stands has a front of one hundred and seventy-five 
feet, and a depth of two hundred and sixty-eight feet. 



The new building was constructed by Edward Brady, 
contractor, from designs prepared by Messrs. Lupus 
& Roby, architects. It is designed in the Roman- 
esque style of architecture, and consists of a main 
building one hundred and fifty-six feet in length and 
sixty-nine feet in width, and a detached kitchen 
building forty feet square, connected with the main 
structure by a corridor thirty feet long. The central 
portion of the building is three stories in height, and 
the wings two stories. The centre is ornamented 
with two octagon towers, while the wings are adorned 
with four turrets. The front and sides are built of 
pressed brick, with Ohio sandstone trimmings. The 
entrance is protected by a handsome portico, with 
richly- carved columns and massive granite steps. 
The cornices throughout areofgalvanized iron, painted 
to correspond with the stone-work. The main build- 
ing is surmounted by an octagonal tower, situated over 
and lighting the principal staircase, and also assist- 
ing in the ventilation of the building. 

Green Springs.— This place, situated on the Green 
Springs branch of the Northern Central Railway, 
twelve miles from Baltimore, was for many years oc- 
cupied as a summer resort, several mineral springs 
being located upon the property. In 1856 it was 
bought by the Mount Hope Institution, as the site for 
an asylum for the insane, but the design was aban- 
doned, and in 1869, S. S. Clayton purchased it for 
a country residence. The Green Spring Methodist 
Episcopal (colored) church was dedicated Aug. 28, 
1881. The building is situated near the line of the 
Western Maryland Railroad, about ten miles from 
Baltimore, near the grove of Thomas Cradock, and 
is of frame, twenty-two by forty-three feet, one story 
in height, and cost one thousand dollars. Rev. 
E. W. S. Peck is presiding elder, and Rev. Alfred 
Young preacher in charge. The trustees of the 
church are Rev. Alfred Young (minister in charge), 
Isaiah Carrington, Daniel Wall, Nelson Figge, Jar- 
rett Davis, and H. Snowden. The little village of 
Stevenson's Station is a mile distant. 

Thomas Cradock was born May 16, 1819, on the farm 
he now owns in Baltimore County, near Green 
Springs, within the boundaries of the Third Dis- 
trict. He was the son of Dr. Thomas Cradock 
Walker and Catherine Cradock Walker, but in 1825, 
by an act of the General Assembly, his name of 
Walker was changed to that of Cradock. The Wal- 
ker and the Cradock families have been connected 
by intermarriages. The ancestor of the Walker 
family in this country was Dr. James Walker, who 
was born at Peterhead, Scotland, in the year 1705, 
came to Maryland. m.arried, in 1731, Susannah, 
daughter of John Gardner, of Patapsco, and died 
in 1759. They had ten children, among whom 
was Charles Walker, born Nov. 9, 1744, and who 
married Ann Cradock, the only daughter of the Rev. 
Thomas Cradock, the first rector of St. Thomas' 
parish. George Walker, a brother of Dr. James 



842 



HISTORY OF BALTiMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Walker, was one of tlie commissioners who laid off 
the site of the city of Baltimore. Rev. Dr. Thomas 
Cradock married Catherine, daughter of John Risteau, 
a Huguenot refugee, who .settled in Maryland after 
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. 
They had a son. Dr. John Cradock, who was a niajor 
in the Revolutionary war, and who married a daugh- 
ter of John Worthington. The present Thomas 
Cradock's father served with distinction in the war of 
1812. Thomas Cradock was married on Oct. 22, 1862, 
to Sallie Carroll, daughter of ex-Governor Thomas 
King Carroll and Julia Ann Steven.son, and a grand- 
daughter of Dr. Henry Stevenson. He was educated 
at St. Thomas' parsonage, is a member of that con- 
gregation, and has been one of its vestrymen for many 
years. He is a Democrat in politics, a Mason, a 
leading member of the Baltimore County Agricultural 
Society, and an exceedingly successful farmer. His 
children are Catherine Julia, Stevenson, Thomas, 
Arthur, and Agues Walker. His third child was the 
fifth Thomas who has lived on the Cradock fariji, and 
the fourth who was born on the Trentham estate. 

When Rev. Thomas Cradock married Catherine 
Risteau her family were so well pleased with her 
marrying a Protestant clergyman that they gave them 
one hundred and seventy acres of the present Cra- 
dock estate, and this gift they named Trentham. 
Before her marriage it was the property of her ances- 
try, the Augs. Dr. Thomas Cradock, the son of the 
parson, was the next owner of the estate. Then 
Thomas Cradock Walker, grandson of the Rev. 
Thomas Cradock, obtained possession and added to 
the estate some acres. It is now owned by Thomas 
Cradock, who has increased its area. The beautiful 
mansion was erected by the present owner in 1861, 
on the site where in 1746 Rev. Tliomas Cradock occu- 
pied a one-room house, and where in 1750 a new 
house was built, which stood until superseded by the 
present structure, erected in 1861. The Cradock 
homestead lies in the southwestern part of the dis- 
trict, and on the Reisterstown turnpike, ten miles 
from the city. 

Hookstown, a village having 100 inhabitants, is 
four miles out from Baltimore, on the Reisterstown 
turnpike. On July 18, 1869, the corner-stone of a 
new edifice of the Methodist Episcopal Church South 
was laid. A sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. L. D. 
Huston, and Rev. Messrs. Linn, Weltz, and Boyle as- 
sisted in the services. The church is a fine building 
in the Elizabethan style of architecture. 

Rev. Henry Smith died at " Pilgrim's Rest," near 
Hookstown, Dec. 8, 1862, in the ninety-fourth year of 
his age. He had been a minister of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church for sixty-eight years. 

Rockland, in the eastern corner of this district, and 
located on Jones' Falls, was, i)rior to 1844, the seat of 
the Maryland Calico Print- Works, the first of tiie kind 
in the State. They were built by the Messrs. Comly, 
who manufactured the madder prints, and gave em- 



ployment to ninety hands. The factory was burnt 
down on Oct. 21, 1857, at which time it wa-s owned by 

j Richard Hook & Co. 

Howardville. — This is a village on the Western 
Maryland Railroad, six miles from Baltimore. On 
June 21, 1846, there was opened a house for religious 
worship, which had been built by Robert Howard for 
the accommodation of the employes at his iron- 
works. It was free for services of all religious de- 
nominations. 

I Clifton is one of the suburban villages adjoining 
the limits of Baltimore City, and binds on the south- 
ern side of Druid Hill Park. It is mainly constituted 
of the residences of city men who desire a home away 
from the noise and heat and other inconveniences of 
life in the crowded streets. Embraced within its 
boundaries are many fine villas and cottages. It has 
a population of 500, a public school, and a church of 
the LTnited Brethren, of which Rev. J. Wetter is 
pastor. 

Mr. Hook's Bequest— In 1874, Henry VV. Hook, 
a native of Baltimore County, but for many years a 
wealthy resident of Philadelphia, died in the latter 
city. By the provisions of his will he bequeathed to 
the city of Baltimore for use as a public park a tract 
of land comprising one hundred and twenty-one acres, 
situated six miles distant from the city and fronting 
upon the Falls and the Pimlico roads. . The Hook 
family owned considerable property in this district, of 
which the bequest formed a portion. It was subject 
to the condition that the family burial-ground, occu- 
pying thirty acres of the proposed park, should never 
be infringed upon or disturbed. Although the land 
is beautifully adapted for park purposes, being finely 
wooded and embracing picturesque hills and dales, 
the municipal authorities felt compelled to decline 
the gift because of its distance from the city. 

Bare Hill Copper-Mines. — A mile north of Mount 
Washington Station are situated the mines of the 
Bare Hill Copper-Mining Company. They had been 
worked previously to 1864, but in that year the com- 
pany began its most active operations. The officers 
were William H. Keener, president, and Dr. A. F. 
Dulin, J. Hall Pleasants, John W. McConkey, C. 
Oliver O'Donnell, and George T. Coulter, directors. 
The capital stock was five hundred thousand dollars 
in one hundred thousand shares. Few mining com- 
panies have commenced operations under circum- 
stances so favorable as those which characterized the 
Bare Hill. The richness of the vein was shown in 
the statement of an expert, who reported that in the 
six hundred feet level the ore was one hundred and 
eighty feet long, sixty feet high, and three feet thick. 
The dimensions in the five hundred feet level were 
thirty by eighty by two and a half feet, and in the 
four hundred and fifty feet level eighty by thirty by 
two and a half feet. At this time there was in sight 
eighteen hundred tons of ore, worth at ruling prices 
one huiulrcil and fortv thousand dollars, and the en- 




^//J^ CJ i^<^^^t-t/ 



THIED DISTRICT. 



843 



gineer added that his only regret was "to find a mine 
with such masses of ore exposed worked on too small 
a scale, and to meet a few miners where scores could 
find profitable employment." Another engineer cal- 
culated that nine thousand dollars of ore per month 
could be sent to the market, and more recent investi- 
gators have given the opinion that the richest and 
largest deposits have never really been touched. The 
mines were profitably operated until 1873, when legis- 
lation by Congress in the special interest of the com- 
panies owning the Lake Superior Copper-Mines forced 
the Bare Hill corporation to suspend work. 

Charles T. Cockey's elegant estate of four hundred 
and fifty-five acres, called " Garrison," is on the Reis- 
terstown turnpike, ten miles from Baltimore. The 
mansion was erected in 1833, and is beautifully situ- 
ated jn Sater Hill, which commands a grand view of 
the surrounding country. The residence was built 
by Thomas B. Cockey, and the whole property was 
inherited by his nephew, Charles T. Cockey, who 
also owns in Worthington Valley four hundred and 
fifty acres of as choice farming land as there is in the 
State. This farm is called " Prospect," and is managed 
by Edward A. Coekey. Both estates are in the highest 
state of cultivation, and produce profuse crops. The 
family dates back to Charles Cockey, one of the early 
settlers in the county, who was born in 1761, and mar- 
ried Urith Cockey, who was bom in 1753. He died 
April 23, 1823, and his wife the year following. His 
two sons succeeded to his estate. Of these, Thomas 
B. was born in 1787, and died April 27, 1867. He 
was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was distin- 
guished for his gallant services in the battle of North 
Point. He married Mary Ann Worthington, who 
was born Feb. 25, 1791, and died Dec. 3, 1859. The 
other son, Edward A. Cockey, was born in Worthing- 
ton Valley about 1792, and married Urith C. Owings, 
born July 3, 1796. She was the daughter of Samuel 
Owings, of Green Spring Valley, and is now living 
in Baltimore, a hale and hearty old lady. She is a 
cousin of the present Eichard Cromwell. Their son, 
Charles T. Cockey, was born Dec. 6, 1829, on the four 
hundred and fifty acre tract of his father. He mar- 
ried, in March, 1852, Susannah D. Brown, daughter 
of William and Ann Brown, of Carroll County, who 
is the great-grandniece of his grandfather, Charles 
Cockey, and a niece of Elias Brown, formerly a promi- 
nent congressman from Maryland, and a Presidential 
elector on the Jackson ticket. Her father, Wil- 
liam Brown, was an officer in the war of 1812 at 
the age of eighteen. The children of the subject of 
this sketch are Edward Augustus, Anna Olevia, 
Thomas Beal, Urith Cromwell, William Brown, and 
Charles Cockey. 

Charles Thomas Cockey was born in the Worthing- 
ton Valley, Baltimore Co., Dec. 6, 1829. He is lin- 
eally descended from William and Sarah Cockey, who 
came to this country and settled in Anne Arundel 
County, Md., about the year 1679. Thev were from 



Somersetshire, England, and probably belonged to the 
family of the same name at Frome, in that shire. 
Among the land records at Annapolis is a patent, 
dated Oct. 14, 1679, to William Cockey of one hun- 
dred acres of land lying on the north side of the Ma- 
gothy River. The records also show that he pur- 
chased a tract of land containing one hundred and 
fifty acres, for which he paid to Mr. Hansley one 
hundred and fifty guineas, — a rather high price at that 
time, when guineas were worth much and acres very 
little. The latter transaction occurred in 1681, just 
two hundred years ago. John Cockey, the eldest son 
of this couple, married Elizabeth Slade, of Baltimore 
County (at that time a portion of Anne Arundel), 
and moved to Green Spring Valley, where he pur- 
chased a place known as Summerfield. He raised 
a large family, and became the possessor of immense 
tracts of land lying between the present city of Balti- 
more and the Gunpowder River. From John Cockey 
are descended all the Cockeys in Maryland, who were 
originally from the Western Shore. Thomas Cockey, 
his second son, married Prudence Gill, by whom he 
had eight children. Charles, the fifth child, married 
Urath Cockey, his cousin, by whom he had three 
children,— Thomas Beal Cockey, Edward Augustus 
Cockey, and Ellen Cockey. 

Edward Augustus Cockey married Urath Owings, 
a lineal descendant of the founders of the family in 
Maryland, and by her had five children, two sons and 
three daughters, one of the former being Charles 
Thomas Cockey, the subject of this sketch. The 
blood of the Cockeys is extensively intermingled 
through marriage with many of the most prominent 
families on the Eastern Shore and the Western Penin- 
sula of Maryland, and the descendants of the first 
pair who came to this State, if numbered, would 
prove a formidable aggregation. The Owingses, 
Deyes, Browns, Cromwells, DeCourceys, Coles, and 
Hammonds have allied themselves at various times 
with the family, and Gen. Mordecai Gist, of Revolu- 
tionary fame, selected a Cockey for his wife. They 
have seldom taken a leading part in the direction of 
events, but their influence has been quietly though 
vigorously exerted for the best interests of Maryland. 

Charles Thomas Cockey attended a number of ex- 
cellent private schools in his youth, and finished his 
education at the Pennsylvania State College, at Get- 
tysburg. He developed early in life a taste for agri- 
culture, and having inherited a fine estate, he deter- 
mined, when he left school, to give his whole time to 
its improvement. In March, 1852, he married Su- 
sannah D. Brown, a daughter of William and Ann 
Brown, of Carroll County, Md. Mr. Brown was one 
of Gen. Jackson's Presidential electors, and figured 
conspicuously in the politics of the State, having at 
different times represented his county in the Legisla- 
ture, and his district in the Congress of the United 
States. His marriage strengthened Mr. Cockey's re- 
solve to devote himself to agriculture, and he found 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



a willing helper in his wife. He was not content to 
settle down to the methods then in vogue for the til- 
lage of the soil. He was thoroughly practical in his 
ideas, but he at the same time caught the spirit of 
progress then manifesting itself as well in farming as 
in other pursuits, and he first tried new theories and 
machinery, and, if found useful, adopted them. He 
W!vs eminently successful as a farmer, and his example 
was of great value to his neighbors. He took no ac- 
tive part in politics, but has always been a consistent 
Democrat. At the breaking out of the civil war his 
sympathies were enlisted with the South, and in 1864, 
shortly after a raid of Confederate troops into Mary- 
land, Mr. Cockey was forcibly taken from his bed at 
midnight and carried under an armed guard to Bal- 
timore, where, for some fancied violation of the military 
laws which then prevailed in the State, he was tried by 
a military commission, and sentenced to pay a fine of 
one thousand dollars and to be imprisoned in Fort 
Warren for five years. This was a crushing blow to 
his young wife and children, and also to his many 
friends. Petitions were presented to the President 
for his release, signed not only by the most prominent 
Southern men in the State, but by the leading Union 
men as well, and his distressed wife added her un- 
ceasing appeals for executive clemency in vain until, 
in a fortunate hour, she met Miss Annie E. Carroll 
in one of the anterooms of the White House. Her 
tale was quickly told, and Miss Carroll wrote a short 
note to the President of the United States, which 
proved to be the '' open sesame" to unlock the prison- 
doors for Mr. Cockey after he had undergone a tedious 
incarceration of twelve months' duration. 

In 18C8, Col. Thomas Beal Cockey, the uncle of 
Mr. Cockey, died. Col. Cockey was an officer in the 
United States army during the war of 1812. He 
married early in life but left no direct heirs, and willed 
his splendid property to Charles Thomas Cockey. 
His estate, known as " Garrison," situated about one 
mile and a half from Pikesville, and consisting of five 
hundred acres of land, had been sadly neglected during 
the latter years of his life. Its beautifully-rolling 
fields were unkempt and covered with a rank growth 
of weeds and underbrush. Mr. Cockey removed with 
his family to Garrison, and determined to make its 
restoration the pride of his life. How well he has 
succeeded the velvet-clad fields, closely-trimmed 
lawn, commodious barns, and luxuriously-fitted man- 
sion-house abundantly attest. Garrison is delight- 
fully located in the most picturesque and beautiful 
portion of Baltimore County, but the unsurpassed 
tillage of the estate is the chief attraction. to the eye 
of the visitor. Such care and neatness would be ex- 
pected on the circumscribed grounds which surround 
villas in the vicinity of a great city, but are seldom 
seen on a farm of five hundred acres at a distance of 
ten miles from Baltimore. 

As was intimated above, Mr. Cockey is an enthusi- 
astic farmer. He is constant in his efforts to elevate 



. the standard of agriculture. He is an active member 
of all agricultural as.sociations and an assiduous 
Granger. He is one of those who study carefully 
the variations of soil from year to year and the cli- 
matic changes which bear upon them, and modify 
their systems of tillage accordingly, — a class whose 
extension is greatly needed in Maryland. He is a 
man of fine intelligence, genial manners, whole-souled 
in disposition, and is surrounded by an interesting 
family of six children, — lour boys and two girls. 

Pimlico and Other Fairs. — The first agricultural 
fair in Baltimore Town of which we have any ac- 
count was held upon the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Oc- 
tober, 1745. The judges and managers were William 
Hammond, Charles Ridgely, and Darby Lux. On 
the first day a horse-race was run, three half-mile 
heats, for a purse of ten pounds current money, each 
horse entering to carry one hundred and twenty-five 
pounds weight. On the second day three half-mile 
heats were run on the same conditions for five pounds, 
the winning horse of the first day being excluded. 
On the third day a similar race was run for three 
pounds, the winning horses on the preceding days 
being barred. The entrance fee was ten shillings for 
each horse the first day, and seven shillings the second 
day, and half a crown on the third day, to be paid 
either to William Hammond or Darby Lux. Other 
amusements diversified the racing programme. On 
the second day a hat of the value of twenty-five shil- 
lings and a ribbon were prizes for cudgeling, and a 
pair of London pumps was offered for the victorious 
wrestler on the third day. This fair was held and 
the races run on the grounds of Col. John Eager 
Howard, on Green Street, near the present location 
of Lexington Market, which at that time was not in 
the corporate limits of the town, and fairs continued 
to be held there until about 1752 or 1753. The com- 
missioners of Baltimore Town, on the 8th of Septem- 
ber, 1747, advertised that 

" Whereas there is a fair appointed by act of asseml>ly to t«? held in Bal- 
timore Town Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in October yearly, the 
commissioners of 8)iid town hereby give notice that whoever brings to 
said fair on the fifth day thereof the best steer shall receive eight pounds 
current money of the realm; also a bounty of forty shillings over and 
above the said eight pounds; the said steer afterwards on the same day 
to be ran for by any horse, mare, or gelding not e.\ceeding five yeai-s old, 
three heats, a quarter of a mile each heat." 

The owner of the winning horse to be entitled to the 
steer or eight pounds in money, at his option. On 
the third day a white shift was run for by negro girls. 
All persons were exempted from arrest on the day of 
the fair, except for a felony or breach of the peace. 
The old-time fairs at last began to be attended with 
considerable disorder, and the following address, issued 
on the 16th of April, 1775, by the Committee of Ob- 
servation for Baltimore County, shows that it had be- 
come high time to abolish them : 

"The Commitlee of Observation for Baltimore County, reflecting on 
the many mischii'fa and disorders usually attending the fairs held in 
Biiltinioro Town, and willing iji all things strictly to observe the rcgula- 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



tione of the Ckintinental Congress, who in the eighth resohitioii have ad- 
vised to discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and 
dissipation, especially horae-racing, cock-flgliting, etc., unanimously re- 
commend to the good people of the county not to attend, or suffer their 
families to attend, or in any way encourage the approaching fair at Bal- 
timore Town, and desire that no oue would eiect booths or in any man- 
ner prepare for holding the said fair. In making this request, they felt 
persuaded that the inhabitants of the town in particular would see the 
propriety of the measure and the necessity of enforcing it, as the fairs 
have lieen a nuisance long before complained of by them, as serving for 
no other purpose than debauching the morals of their children and ser- 
vants, affording an opportunity for perpetrating thefts, encouraging riots, 
drunkenness, gaming, and the vilest immoralities." 

Oil the 3d of March, 1786, a number of gentlemen 
of Baltimore, as well as from other portions of the 
State, met at Grant's Tavern, and organized a society 
with more comprehensive agricultural objects. Harry 
Dorsey Gough was made president, and Zebulon Hol- 
lingsworth secretary. A feature of this society was 
the reading of essays on experiments in different 
branches of agriculture. Among those participating 
in the organization were Daniel Bowley, Richard 
Ridgely, Benjamin Nicholson, and Samuel Purviance. 
This association was succeeded in 1818 by another, 
which was instituted by the agriculturists of the sev- 
eral counties of Maryland at Gadsby's Tavern, and 
numbered as its members Robert Smith, John Mc- 
Henry, Henry Maynardier, John F. Mercer, William 
Campbell, John S. Mason, Robert Smith, Tench 
Tilghman, John E. Howard, Jr., Judge Hanson, Geo. 
Calvert, Thomas S. Lee, Dr. James Stewart, Edward 
Lloyd, Robert Goldsborough, Samuel Owings, Rich- 
ard Frisby, William E. Williams, and J. E. Howard. 
At this meeting the following officers were elected: 
Robert Smith, president; Edward Lloyd, vice-presi- 
dent; John Eager Howard, Jr., secretary; James E. 
Cox, treasurer ; Joseph Haskins, of Easton, assistant 
treasurer ; Ezekiel Forman, assistant secretary ; Cura- 
tors for the Eastern Shore, Robert H. Goldsborough, 
Nicholas Hammond, Tench Tilghman, Robert Moore, 
William B. Smith, and Thomas Emory ; Curators for 
the Western Shore, George Calvert, Richard Caton, 
.Tames Sterett, James Stewart, Henry Wilkins, and 
Elisha De Butts. Hon. Robert H. Goldsborough was 
elected president of the Board of Curators, and Geo. 
Calvert vice-president. This society was called the 
" Maryland Agricultural Society," and provided in 
its organic law for subordinate or auxiliary societies 
in the counties of the State. The meetings were 
semi-annual. At the exhibition, June 7, 1820, Gen. 
Ridgely, William Patterson, Henry Thompson, Wil- 
liam Gibson, George Rusk, and others, exhibited a 
great variety of fine cattle, some full-blooded and 
-some mixed, of the Alderney, Devonshire, and best 
Dutch and Irish breeds. The exhibition of ma- 
chinery was also extensive and interesting, and em- 
braced plow.s, a threshing-machine worked by hand, 
and capable of cleaning about sixty bushels of wheat 
a day, various wheat-fans, a straw-cutter, described as 
"simple in its mechanism and powerful in its execu- 
tion," a turnip and potato-cutter, calculated to pre- 
54 



pare with ease these roots for stock, a mill for grind- 
ing corn for cattle and worked by hand, a turnip- 
drill, a machine for sowing clover " with exactness, 
facility, and economy," an "American Cultivator," 
for keeping clear and in good condition corn, pota- 
toes, and all drill crops, and a great variety of other 
valuable implements of husbandry. There were also 
on exhibition samples of wheat from the neighbor- 
hood of the Black Sea ; from Smyrna, Ireland, and 
Tuscany ; barley from England, and rye from Smyrna. 
The farmers exhibited every variety of cereals and 
vegetables, butter, cheese, etc. The semi-annual ad- 
dress was delivered by the president, Robert Smith. 

A fair and cattle show was held by the society on 
the 7th and 8th of June, 1821, at the Maryland 
Tavern, four miles from Baltimore, on the Frederick 
road. At this fair there were farmers present with 
exhibits from every part of Maryland, and also from 
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Delaware. The com- 
mittee on horses consisted of Edward Lloyd, Robert 
Lyon, and Frisby Tilghman ; on asses and mules, 
Edward Lloyd, Robert Lyon, and James Nabb ; on 
neat cattle, bulls and cows, Edward Lloyd, J. 
Wooden, of John, Roger Brooke, and James Nabb ; 
on oxen, Roger Brooke, William Gibson, and John 
Yellott, Jr. ; on hogs, George Calvert, James Stewart, 
and B. W. Hall ; on sheep, Samuel Owings, Thomas 
Emory, and W. R. Stewart; on implements of hus- 
bandry, John Mason, J. H. Powell, and Samuel 
Owings. Robert Smith was re-elected president, and 
Edward Lloyd vice-president in this year. 

The Baltimore County Agricultural Association 
held its first meeting at Govanstown on the 19th and 
20th of October, 1841. This fair had at that time the 
feature common to English fairs, the sale of cattle, etc. 
The annual exhibitions were held at Govanstown for 
some years. On the 24th of November, 1845, the 
Maryland Farmers' Club was organized at the office 
of John Glenn, in Baltimore, a constitution was 
adopted, and Professors Bear, of Sykesville, and Du- 
catel, of Baltimore, were appointed geologists. Sam- 
uel Sands was elected corresponding, and Daniel 
Bowly recording secretary. It was not until 1848 that 
a permanent organization was formed and grounds 
purchased and improved for the purpose of holding 
fairs in the county. 

On the 5th of September, 1848, a general conven- 
tion of gentlemen interested in agricultural pursuits 
was held in Baltimore, at the Maryland Institute. 
This convention was called to order by Charles B. 
Calvert, who had been instrumental in assembling 
the convention, and who nominated Judge John 
Glenn, then the president of the Maryland Farmers' 
Club, as chairman. An organization was effected of 
the " Maryland Agricultutal and Mechanical Asso- 
ciation" by the election of the following officers: 
President, Charles B. Calvert, of Prince George's 
County ; Vice-Presidents, H. G. S. Key, John G. Chap- 
man, Horace Capron, G. W. Weems, John N. Som- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



erville, Charles Carvell, of Howard ; Allen Bowie 
Davis, David W. Naill, William Dodge, Dr. Samuel 
P. Smith, George Patterson, William M. Carey, 
Alexander Norris, Rev. James Mclntyre, G. S. Hal- 
liday, James T. Earle, N. Goldsborough, T. R. Stew- 
art, Dr. J. E. Muse, W. H. Jones, and J. Stevens, all 
of Maryland ; Joseph H. Bradley, of the District of 
Columbia ; Joseph C. Halcomb, of Delaware ; J. W. 
Ware, of Virginia; and Adron Clements, of Pennsyl- 
vania ; Corresponding Secretary, Samuel Sands; 
Treasurer, James McNeal, Jr. ; Curators, W. W. 
Bowie, N. B. Worthington, J. Carroll Walsh, James 
B. Cox, and Charles R. Howard, of Baltimore City, 
and Mortair Goldsborough. The early growth of the 
society was slow and discouraging, and it is stated 
that, owing to the want of funds to offer adequate 
premiums and defray the expenses of the first exhibi- 
tion, its energetic president hesitated to announce a 
" cattle show" for the first year. It was not done 
until Judge John Glenn, with his characteristic lib- 
erality and public spirit, ottered to guarantee the suc- 
cess of the exhibition, -and to a.ssume on his personal 
responsibility the payment of any deficiency, either 
in premiums or expenses, which might result from 
the lack of funds. It was under these auspices that 
the first State Agricultural Fair was held at " Fair- 
mount Garden," on North Broadway, commencing 
Nov. 9, 1848, and lasting two days. The fair was en- 
tirely successful, and was gratifying to the oflicers 
and the citizens of the State generally. There was a 
fine display of stock, agricultural productions, farm 
implements, etc. Wilson M. Carey, of Baltimore 
County, delivered the annual address. The second 
exhibition, in the fall of 1849, was held in "Carroll's 
Woods." The grounds covered about six acres, and 
were near the present Mount Clare shops of the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad. They were inclosed, and 
were arranged for the convenience of exhibitors, with 
pens for sheep and hogs, and two or three hundred 
stalls for cattle. In the centre a building was erected, 
109 feet long by 30 feet wide, devoted to the products 
of the dairy, honey, fruits, flowers, vegetables, bacon, 
hams, and household manufactures. This second ex- 
hibition was attended by President Zachary Taylor. 
The address was delivered by the Hon. James Alfred 
Pearce, United States senator from Maryland. The 
fair lasted three days, and was more successful than 
the preceding one. The third annual " Cattle Show 
and Agricultural and Horticultural Exhibition" was 
also held in " Carroll's Woods," Oct. 23, 1850. The 
annual address was delivered by the Hon. Wil- 
loughby Newton, of Westmoreland County, Virginia. 
The success of these agricultural fairs stimulated 
the merchants and business men, hotel-keepers, and 
other citizens who had theretofore manifested little 
interest in their welfare, and they oflered liberally to 
assist the managers in their work. On the 28th of 
May, 1851, a meeting was held in Baltimore, at which 
it was resolved to raise twenty-five thousand dollars 



in shares of fifty dollars each, to be invested for ten 
years in a property a few hundred yards north of the 
city limits, at the then terminus of Charles Street 
Avenue, and about midway between the York turn- 
pike and the Falls road. These grounds have been 
covered by the march of improvement with streets 
and residences, but some famous exhibitions were held 
there, and during the civil war they were known as 
Camp Bradford, where the government recruited and 
mustered in many thousands of Union soldiers. When 
the Agricultural Society prepared to occupy the 
grounds, it was agreed that the cost of the improve- 
ments should not exceed five thousand dollars. A 
committee was appointed to procure subscriptions, 
and a meeting of the subscribers was held on June 
12, 1851. It was reported to this meeting that six 
hundred and forty-four shares had been taken, whose 
value amounted to thirty-two thousand five hundred 
dollars, or seven thousand five hundred dollars more 
than had been asked for. At this meeting the share- 
holders formed an association, and appointed five 
trustees to purchase and hold the property and carry 
out the objects of the society. The committee con- 
sisted of Chauncey Brooks, Johns Hopkins, Zenus 
Barnum, Alexander Murdoch, and William Devries, 
who collected the subscriptions, purchased the prop- 
erty, and made the necessary improvements for the 
use of the State Agricultural Association. The fourth 
annual exhibition was held in 1851, on the newly-ac- 
quired Charles Street grounds, which were substan- 
tially inclosed and provided with all buildings neces- 
sary for the purpose of the exhibition. The annual 
address was delivered by the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, 
United States senator from Illinois. 

The exhibition was remarkably successful, and the 
display of stock was said to exceed any collection 
ever exhibited in this country up to that period. The 
fifth exhibition was held in October, 1852. This was 
also very successful. The oration was delivered by 
B. R. Johnson, the commissioner from the State of 
New York to the World's Fair in London. The sixth 
exhibition was held in 1853, and lasted three days. 
The President of the United States, Franklin Pierce, 
visited the grounds, and was received by Charles B. 
Calvert and Col. John Carroll Walsh, of Harford 
County. Chauncy P. Halcomb, of Delaware, deliv- 
ered the annual address. The seventh annual fair 
was held Oct. 2, 1854, and continued four days. Chas. 
B. Calvert, who had been annually elected president 
since the formation of the society, declined a re-elec- 
tion, and James T. Earle, of Queen Anne's County, 
was chosen in his place. Rev. Stuart Robinson de- 
livered the annual address. The eighth annual ex- 
hibition was held in 1855. Hon. E. F. Chambers 
delivered the annual address. This exhibition was a 
brilliant one, more than fifty splendid horses being 
upon the trotting course at the same time. The light 
artillery from Fort McHenry, under command of Maj. 
French, exhibited one afternoon the rapidity of their 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



84T 



evolutions and firing. More than twenty thousand 
people visited the grounds and witnessed the military 
display. The ninth annual exhibition was held in 1856. 
Ramsey McHenry, of Harford County, was elected 
l)resident in place of Jas. T. Earle, who declined re- 
election. Mr. Earle delivered theannual address. The 
tenth annual exhibition was held in 1857. John 
Merrynian,of Hayflelds, was elected president in place 
of Ramsey McHenry, who declined a re-election. The 
address was delivered by Rev. Dr. Balch, in the absence 
of B. Johnson Barbour, of Orange Co., Va., who had 
been invited, and could not attend on account of sick- 
ness. Three members of President Buchanan's cab- 
inet — Hons. Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, 
John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, and Jacob Thomp- 
son, Secretary of the Interior — attended the exhibition 
and received much attention. The eleventh annual 
exhibition was held in 1858. At this fair Denton 
Oll'ult, the celebrated horse-tamer, was present and 
exliibitnl his skill. The Frederick County Agricul- 
tural Society offered the State society the use of its 
grounds for the next exhibition, and also offered to 
pay any deficiency in the receipts necessary to defray 
the expenses. These terms were accepted, and the 
twelfth annual exhibition, in 1859, was held upon the 
old armory grounds at Frederick City, the county so- 
ciety co-operating. The exhibition was successful, 
and realized more than enough to pay all expenses. 
Rev. John G. Morris, D.D., of Baltimore, delivered 
an address upon " the Connection between Agriculture 
and Natural History." The thirteenth annual exhi- 
bition was held in 1860, at the Charles Street grounds, 
and lasted five days. The General Assembly rendered 
timely assistance by passing the bill making the ap- 
])ropriation previously asked for. The exhibition was 
not successful, in consequence of stormy weather. It 
was the last held by the society. In 1861 affairs were 
revolutionized by the war, and the soldiers of the 
government occupied the grounds of the society until 
the return of peace, when they were sold by trustees 
for building purposes and the proceeds distributed 
among the stockholders. 

On the 14th of November, 1866, John Merryman, 
of Hayfields, called a meeting in Baltimore City of 
the old. .stockholders and others, at which A. Bowie 
Davis presided. At this meeting a new agricultural 
society was formed, and Ross Winans was elected 
president. A committee, consisting of John Merry- 
man, William H. Purnell, and George R. Dennis, 
was appointed to obtain a charter from the next 
General Assembly. By the act of 1867, ch. 128, 
" The Maryland State Agricultural and Mechanical 
Association was chartered, with twenty-nine corpora- 
tors, consisting mainly of leading agriculturists from 
the different counties of the State. This new charter 
conferred ample powers and privileges upon the asso- 
ciation and appropriated twenty-five thousand dollars 
to purchase ground for holding the exhibitions. The 
corporators were appointed the trustees to hold the 



property in trust for the benefit of the association, 
with a provision that should the society at any time 
dissolve, or hold no exhibitions for three successive 
years, the trustees should convey the property to the 

I State. The association also made application to the 
City Council of Baltimore for an appropriation of 

j twenty-five thousand dollars (contingent upon its ob- 
taining private ..subscriptions to the same amount) to 
aid it in the purchase and improvement of suitable 
grounds. An ordinance was passed and approved 
June 2, 1868, making the appropriation asked for. 

! The conditions of the ordinance not being acceptable, 

I the City Council repealed it by an ordinance approved 
March 24, 1868, which provided for an appropriation 
of twenty-five thousand dollars to the " Maryland 
Agricultural and Mechanical Association," to be in- 
vested in land and improvements suitable for the pur- 
poses of that association, which land and improve- 
ments were to be held by trustees to be appointed by 
the mayor, and were to revert to the city of Balti- 
more exclusively in the event of the extinction of 
said association, the amount to be paid to the associa- 
tion upon the order of the trustees. The following 
trustees were subsequently appointed by the mayor: 
Dr. John R. Crozier, William H. Jillard, Henry W. 
Jenkins, John A. Robb, and William Emmet Banks, 
upon whose order the city appropriation of twenty- 
five thousand dollars was paid to the association. 
Ross Winans having declined to serve as president, 
the association organized in the same year, with Wil- 
liam Devries as president, and a vice-president from 
each county and one from the city, as follows : Balti- 
more City, Henry M. Warfield ; Baltimore County, 
W. Gilmor, Jr. ; Alleghany, Dr. S. P. Smith ; Anne 
Arundel, Dr. R. S. Stewart; Carroll, S.T. C. Brown; 
Caroline, Daniel Fields; Calvert, T. B. H.Turner; 
Cecil, W. M. Knight; Charles, John W. Jenkins; 
Dorchester, Col. James Wallace ; Frederick, Col. 
George R. Dennis; Harford, Ramsey McHenry ; How- 
ard, John Lee Carroll ; Kent, D. C. Blakiston ; Mont- 
gomery, A. Bowie Davis; Prince George's, Charles 
B.Calvert; Queen Anne's, Dr. W. H. DeCourcey; 
Somerset, Dr. George R. Dennis; St. Mary's, Col. 
Chapman Billingslea; Talbot, Col. Edward Lloyd; 
Washington, William Dodge ; Worcester, W. J. 
Aydelotte. Edmund Law Rogers was elected corre- 
sponding secretary, and Benjamin H. Waring general 
secretary. The executive committee was constituted 
of the president and the corresponding secretary ex 
officio, John Merryman, chairman, Oden Bowie, James 
T. Earle, Edward Wilkins, Edward Shriver, Charles 
M. Dougherty, A. B. Worthington, Ezra Whitman, 
and E. G. Ulery. The committee on improvement of 
the fair grounds was William Devries, Oden Bowie, 
and John Merryman, on the part of the association, 
William H. Jillard, on the part of the city, and Jo- 
seph H. Rieman, as the representative of the citizen 
subscribers. Gen. John Ellicott was engineer and 
architect, and Col. Walter H. Jenifer, marshal. 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The association held numerous meetings to consider 
the purchase of grounds for the holding of the State 
fairs. The three principal sites proposed wore the 
Herring Run race-course, the Linthicum estate, four 
miles distant from the city, on the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, and the Pimlico property, three miles 
from the northwestern limits of the city. After a 
great deal of discussion at protracted meetings, the 
advocates of Pimlico triumphed, and the location, 
embracing seventy acres, was purchased from Robert 
•Wylie for twenty-three thousand five hundred and 
forty dollars. Seven additional acres were subse- 
quently purchased for three thousand dollars. The 
total cost of the grounds and the necessary improve- 
ments was fixed at one hundred thousand dollars, and 
to make up the deficit subscriptions were invited. 
The first fair at Pimlico commenced Oct. 26, 1869, 
and lasted three days. It was moderately successful, 
but the same thing cannot be said of its successors of 
1870-72. Most of the counties of the State had agri- 
cultural associations of their own, which gave annual 
exhibitions, and the farmers naturally preferred to 
exhibit at the fairs pf their own neighborhood, in 
which they were personally interested. The State fairs 
at Pimlico consequently became comparative failures. 
The last was held in 1881. The society to avoid the 
surrender of its property under the terms of its charter, 
has often adopted the plan of coalescing with some 
one of the county societies and joining in its ex- 
hibition. That policy was maintained from 1873 to 
1881, and the Pimlico grounds have been leased to 
the Maryland Jockey Club. 

Horse-Racing and Jockey Clubs.— Horse-racing 
was always a fiivorite amusement in Maryland. So 
common in fact were scrub and quarter races at every 
gathering of the people that they had to be prohibited 
by special act of the General Assembly, on Sundays, 
on Saturday afternoons, and at Quaker meetings. 
Regular matched races between pedigreed horses, in 
the English style, were frequent in most of the prin- 
cipal towns and villages in the province from a very 
early period. The purses varied in amount for many 
years from fifteen to forty pounds, and the best horses 
were entered for the matches. The races were pa- 
tronized by the Governors of the province, and were 
encouraged by many of the most distinguished char- 
acters of the time. Governors, counselors, legislators, 
clergymen, and gentlemen were engaged in the fas- 
cinating sports of the turf, and it is particularly pleas- 
ing to recur to these "piping times," when the blooded 
horse held such a high place in the estimation of the 
people, when men the most distinguished for their 
wealth, their talents, or patriotism were seen vying with 
each other in the importation and raising of blooded 
stock. Before the Revolution the aristocracy of Mary- 
land rivaled the nobility of the mother-country in 
the sports of the turf and other similar amusements. 
Col. Benjamin Tasker was at the head of the turf in 
Maryland, and in 1752 vanquished his distinguislied 



competitor in the colonies, the princely Col. Bird, of 
Virginia. Col. Tasker, with his unequaled Selima, 
by the celebrated Godolphin Arabian, perhaps the 
only one of his get ever imported, at Gloucester, Va., 
beat Col. Bird's Tryall, that defied the whole conti- 
nent, in a match for five hundred pouud.s, four miles. 
Tasker's Selima was invincible on the turf, and became 
equally distinguished as a breeder, as, with her sire 
in England, " her blood flows in the veins of almost 
every race-horse of distinction that has ever run in 
this country from her day to the present."' 

It has been stated that Col. Tasker had such an un- 
interrupted career of success, both in Maryland and 
Virginia, that Maryland-bred horses were excluded 
from the Jockey Club purses in the latter colony. To 
evade the regulation he sent his mares to foal in Vir- 
ginia, and in the course of a few years successfully 
renewed his contests with Virginia-bred horses. 
Prince George's County was then, as it is now, " the 
race-horse region," and Bel Air, the famous seat of 
Governor Samuel Ogle, and afterwards of Benjamin 
Tasker, was the finest stock-farm in America, and its 
stately mansion a model of liberality, aristocratic 
ease, and convenience, not surpassed by any in the 
province. Gov. Ogle was one of the earliest to import 
thoroughbred English stallions,^ and his example 



1 *' She is supposed to have beeu own sister to Babrabam. She was the 
dam of tlie niatiailess Sclini, Brent's Ebony, ' reniarltable for speed and 
bottom' (the dam of Chatham and Nantoalie), her own sister Stella, never 
trained, but the best brood mare of her time (the dam of Primrose and 
Thistle, by imp. Dove, botli famed winnera, and of Harmony, by imp. 
Figure, the tleetest animal of her day), and the g. g. grandam of the 
famed Cincinuatus, Tulip, and Tippoo Saib, by Lindsay's Arabian, etc. 
Of Selima's produce, Seliui, Ebony, and Stella were got by imp. Othello 
(son of Crab), Black Selima (Bellair's grandam), by imp. Fearnaugbt 
(sou of Kegnliis), Ariel, Partner (Mark Antony's sire), und a brood mare 
by imp. Traveler {sun ..f Cioffs riirtiic-r), uii^l ..f Hal,i;iliani by imp. Ju- 
niper (sou of Babncliun riiijii >. Iiiiii ,11. ii ml..: l.v .^rlim, Ogle's 

Badger, and amuij^: . :. v ;. 1, l-y Ameri- 

can Eclipse; f'roin r .1 i i , ; , . , i .. i.. l.i-viathan, 

and sire of Collect..]. - 1. .^ I .. . ,..i, - ~ i 1:... i.i,,l I, .i... -[..indsire to 

Annette (by imported Sliaik), the dam uf the Maid nf the Oaks and 
Nancy Air ; from which haveitprung Marshal Duroc (sire to Count Piper), 
Cinderella (Celeste's dam), Goliah, Medoc, Midas, Transport, Little Ve- 
nus, Bertrand Junior, Julia, and others of renown ; the famed gelding 
Cumberland, also by Partner; more recently Virginia Cade, grandsire to 
Amanda, dam of Duroc (sire to American Eclipse and Sir Lovcll), ances- 
tor to Gohanna, Annette, Mary Randolph, etc.; from Black Selima, Bel- 
lair, and his famed descendants, Minerva, Surprise, Haynie's Maria, Cup 
Bearer, Timoleou, Sally Walker, Sir William, Muckle Johu, Henry, Alice 
Giey, Trilie, etc. ; from the Traveler mare, the famed Tulip (an extraoi^ 
dinary runner, by Lindsay's Arabian, her dam by imp. Othello), Edeliu'a 
Floretta, etc.. besides others of fame unnecessary to recapitulate." — Amer- 
icmi Tjirf Itegieter, vol. vi. p. 56. 

-' During his administration (1732 to 1742, and 1747 to 1752) he im- 
ported the laiiiuus Spat li, presented to him by Lord Baltimore, then at 

the Ilea. I. . I ih. Iiii, I Wales' party iu Parliament. Gov. Sharpe im- 

porte.1 II h !. ntliello, sou of Crab, dam of the Hampton 

Court I In: 1 .. were the earliest imported stallions of re- 

nown in .11 II.. 1,1, L .J ilj..ll,ji;ot Samuel Galloway's Selim out of Tasker's 
Selima, wliicli was the Lest horse of his time, and mauy other famous 
racers. Governor Eden also imported some fine blooded stock. In this 
the " golden age" of the turf in Maryland its most prominent patrons 
were Dr. Hammond, of Aunapolis, Col. B. Tasker, Col. Edward Lloyd, 
Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, Governors Samuel Ogle, H. Sharpe, Robert 
Eden, Benjamin Ogle, George Plater, Samuel Galloway, Walter Bowie, 
Fitzlmgh, Daniel Dnlany, Charles Carroll of CarroUton, the Duckettg. 
DilVJiUs, and uiuiiy others of equal prominence. 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



was soon followed by others. The Maryland Jockey 
Club wiis formed in 1745, and from this time the turf in 
Maryland became more fashionable; and Annapolis, 
the abode of elegance and refinement, was resorted to 
from all sections of the province at its regular race- 
meetings. The usual subscription-purse at Annapolis 
was one hundred guineas. The races lasted a week, 
and were invariably closed with a ball at the As- 
sembly - Rooms, while Hallam & Henry's dramatic 
company generally managed to be on hand. Those 
races were great gatherings always. The ladies were 
present in force, and many fine old Virginia gentle- 
men used to drive up in their coaches and bet their 
negroes on the result.' Courts were adjourned and 
schools dismissed when the hour for the race arrived, 
and the negroes were apt to get or contrive a holi- 
day. Endurance rather than extraordinary speed 
was the fj^uality expected of the racers. They were 
wanted for service far more than for dash. The idea 
of entering two-year-old colts never occurred to our 
people, but, on the contrary, horses of the cla.ss now 
styled " aged" were matched, as a rule, in four-mile 
heat races. 

Public races began in Baltimore at a very early, 
period, and were, in fact, contemporaneous with those 
held at Annapolis, Chestertown, Upper Marlborough, 
and other large towns in the province. At one time 
there was a track at Whetstone Point (now Locust 
Point), and another on grounds owned by Col. John 
Eager Howard in the vicinity of Pine Street and the 
Lexington Market. 

At the latter point the commissioners of Baltimore 
Town were authorized to hold a fair in 1747, and 
racing was of course one of the attractions of the 
occasion. Two years later, on the .30th of September, 
1749, there was a spirited contest on the Baltimore 
course between Governor Samuel Ogle's bay gelding 
and Col. Plater's gray stallion, which was won by the 
former. There was another race on the same day, in 
which there were six contestants, which was won by 
Mr. Water's horse Parrott. 



1 Judging from tho accoant-books of Washington he i 
at Annapolis in grand style, and while there used to spend his money 
like a '* gentleman." He was a constant contributor, too, to the famous 
Annapolis "clntjs," of which there were a great many. He bet on the 
horses and bet on cards. He went to the theatre and took his friends 
with him, and he apparently enjoyed himself to the full. The following 
ija transcript of his acconntof expenses at the Annapolis races In 1702: 
'* Travelling expenses, £2 10a. lid. ; servants in trip, 17«. ; snndry tickets 
to the play there, £1 ; sundry tickets to the ball there, 12». ; two boxes 
of claret, £25 in Maryland currency, £20 14«.; horse, £50 in Maryland 
currency, £40 ; charity, £2 3«. ; cash lost on the races, £1 6s. ; cash paid 
for a hat for Miss Cnstis, £44<. ; cash to Miss Custis, at Annapolis, £2 I4j " 

This was an unusually large amount of money for Washington to 
spend even after he had deducted " £13 won at cards." The next year 
the races took place two weeks earlier, and Washington was promptly on 
hand in his post-chaise with four horses and his retinue of servants and 
money to spend, though with not so large an amount as he scattered the 
year before. His account this year stood ; " For travelling expenses 
£4 16s. lod.; snndry play tickets, £5 16«. ; ticket to the boll, 6«.; card 
and racing, £3 16«.; servants, £1 15a. Zd." He was probably restrained 
by the presence of young Sir. Custis, who made his first sppearance at 
the races, and who«e expenses amounted to £'J, not itemi7.ed. 



At the fair held on these grounds, commencing May 
1, 17-51, there was a noted race of two miles and a half, 
for sixty guineas, between Ignatius Diggen's bay 
hor.se Vendome and Harrison's gray horse Beau. 
The race was won by Vendome. In August, 1700, a 
most extraordinary race, terminating in Baltimore, 
but starting at Frederick Town, took place. The whole 
distance run was seventy-five or eighty milts; the 
contest was between a large horse mounted by a man 
and a small mare mounted by a boy. It was won by 
the horse in exactly eleven hours. Races were con- 
tinued on this course for a number of years, the pre- 
miums being gradually increased from five pounds to 
twelve and fifteen hundred pounds.^ 

In 1820, Martin Potter established the first regular 
course near Baltimore, the course near the Lexington 
Market having been a part of the fair grounds, and 
the racing entirely under the management of its 
officers. The new course was located on the Phila- 
delphia turnpike, about three miles from the city, to 
the right of the residence of the late Judge Kell, and 
for some years was a fashionable resort for the lovers 
of the turf. John Ridgely, of Hampton, R. Stockton, 
of the great stage-coach firm of Stf>ckton, Falls & Co., 
and many other gentlemen, long since deceased, were 
among its patrons. It was on this ground that the 
celebrated mare Flying Childers made the extraordi- 
nary time that gave her such celebrity in the racing 
world. After a few years the course was abandoned, 
and another track was made near the water, at Canton, 
known as " Potter's course," which subsequently passed 
into the hands of the late James Kendall. Here for 
some years the principal racing men and the swiftest 
steeds in the country were in the habit of meeting, 
and it was here that the great horses Boston and Blue 
Dick, owned by James Long, of Washington, and 
Col. W. R. Johnson, of Virginia, became famous. 

The site of this course is now owned by the Canton 
Company. The last occasion on which it was used 
for public purposes was during the Harrison campaign 
of 1840, when it was the scene of the great Whig rally 
of that year. Another course, established in 1831 by 
the Jockey Club on the old Frederick road, known as 
the "Central," was the most prominent and popular 
of all the race-courses about Baltimore, and here 
for many years the most noted thoroughbreds ap- 
peared. 

The last great contest on this course was between 
the horse Indu.stry, belonging to Col. Juke, of Wash- 
ington, and a bright bay gelding raised in Maryland, 
and owned at that time by Martin Potter. These 
were at that time the two most prominent four-mile 
horses in the country, and more money changed hands 
on the result than had ever been known before. The 



* One of the famous Maryland racers of those days was the Cnb mare, 
foaled in 1762 on the farm of John Lee GilHon, of Harford County. She 
was by Dr. Hamilton's imported horse Figuje out of an imported mare 
called Cub. She won many victories, and was finally killed on the race- 
course by collision with another horse. 



850 



HTSTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



late John S. Skinner, who was postmaster of Balti- 
more at tlie tiirie, and also editor of the American 
TurJ Re.(;ister, was one of the judges of this race, as 
was also the late Col. John Campbell. After some 
years the "Central" was abandoned, and Col. John 
Campbell, of Baltimore, and James Garritson, of 
Norfolk, Va., purchased the course at Tinionium, 
about seven miles from Baltimore', which in the course 
of a few years was in its turn deserted. 

Col. Campbell had in the mean time added to his 
stables the great horse Wagner, who had beaten Sarah 
Bladen at New Orleans for the largest purse ever 
known, on which occasion entire cotton crops, plan- 
tations, slaves, etc., changed bands. Although Col. 
Campbell raised his stock in Kentucky, on account 
of the superiority of the celebrated blue grass of that 
State, he determined to have a course near Baltimore, 
where he resided. 

In 1858, therefore, in conjunction with Mr. Wm. 
McFaren, Col. Campbell purchased the Herring Run 
property, on the Philadelphia road, and inaugurated 
the course which afterwards bore the name of the 
stream that ran through it. It was here that such 
celebrities as Boston, Blue Dick, Brown Dick, Sue 
Washington, Wild Irishman, Rube, Red Eye, High- 
lander. Little Arthur, Jacob Gamble, Lena Spilman, 
and others added new laurels to their fame. Col. 
Campbell's prolonged absence in the South with his 
Maryland and Kentucky stables caused the track to 
fall into disuse as far as racing was concerned, and it 
has since been mainly employed for trotting i)ur- 
poses. H^ 

Racing Associations and Clubs.-^n 1823 an 
" as.sociation" was formed at Barnum's Hotel "for the 
improvement in the breed of horses." The first offi- 
cers of the association were: President, Thomas Ten- 
ant; Vice-Presidents, Edward Lloyd, Samuel Sprigg, 
Frisby Tilgman, Joseph Gales, Wm. H. Winder; 
Treasurer, B. I. Cohen; Secretary. E. L. Finley; 
Managers, John S. Skinner, W. G. D. Worthington, 
James Howard, Thomas Kell, James Clark, B. D. 
Mullikin, Jas. L. Hawkins, John Thomas, Jacob G. 
Davies, Wm. Frick, John McPherson (of Frederick), | 
and Charles Worthington; Committee of Elections, 
John Glenn, U. S. Heath, John Merriman, Charles 
Tiernan, and S. C. Leakin. This organization was 
called the "Maryland Association for the Improve- 
ment of the Breed of Horses," and the first races 
occurred on the Canton course, commencing the 21st 
of October, 1823, and continued for three days. The 
principal race, four-mile heats, took place on the third 
day, between Gen. Winn's sorrel horse Sumpter, Col. 
Johnson's mare Betsy Richards, and Mr. Howard's 
brown horse Jim Crack, for a purse of one thousand 
dollars. The race was won by Col. Johnson's mare; 
first heat in eight minutes and five seconds, second 
heat in eight minutes and eight seconds. 

"The Maryland Association for the Improvement 
of Horses" wius merged into tlie Maryland Jockey 



I Club, formed in Baltimore in 1829-30. The rules 
and regulations of this club went into force on the 
3d of June, 1830. The rules provided for the election 
of a president, two vice-presidents, a corresponding 
secretary, a recording secretary, a treasurer, and five 
stewards, with two meetings annually, to be called 
the Spring and Fall Meetings, the Spring Meeting 
commencing on the last Tuesday in May, and the 
Fall Meeting on the last Tuesday in October. The 

I officers of the club were: President, Gen. T. M. For- 
man; First Vice-President, Henry Thompson; Sec- 

I ond Vice-President, S. W. Smith ; Treasurer, B. I. 
Cohen ; Recording Secretary, John Thoma.s ; Corre- 

j spending Secretary, J, S. Skinner; Stewards, C. S. W. 
Dorsey, J. G. Davies, U. S. Heath, W. Hindman, J. 
S. Donnell ; Timers, John Glenn, John Ridgely, and 
Lyde Goodwin. The course adopted by the club was 
known as the "Central," about five miles from Balti- 
more, on the old Frederick road. It was well adapted 
in all respects to the purposes of the club. The 
course was slightly undulating throughout, calculated 
to give relief to the horses, with two perfectly straight 
parallel quarter stretches, and the whole line in full 
iview from any part of the stand. 

The first meeting of the club was held on the 25th 
of October, 1831. The first day's programme com- 
prised a two-mile heat race for a purse of three hun- 
dred dollars, and was won by Virginia Taylor, who 
beat Celeste, Malinda, Bachelor, and Gen. Brooke.' 
The stakes on the second day amounted to four thou- 
sand dollars, and the entries were Col. Johnson's 
Virginia Taylor, Col. Winn's James Cropper, Dr. 
Minge's Eliza Reiley, J. C. Stevens' Black Maria, 
Gen. Irwin's Busaris, and Mr. White's Collin. The 
amount of the purse, together with the concourse as- 
sembled to witness the race, gave to it an interest 
scarcely inferior to that excited by the contest be- 
tween Henry and Eclipse. Trotting races closed the 
fall season of the club. One item of the week's 
amusement was the introduction of a new feature in 
the history of racing in Maryland, a grand ball, at 
which the beauty and fashion of the whole country 
was represented. The managers of the ball were S. 
Moore, C. Carroll, J. G. Davies, S. W. Smith, H. V. 
Somerville, H. E. Ballard, J. S. Donnell, G. Russell, 
Joshua Barney, J. R. Fennick, C. G. Ridgely, C. R. 
Carroll, M. C. Payne, John Ridgely, George Cook, R. 
Gilmor, Jr., J. S. Nicholas, and H. Pinkney. 

The importation of horses from England had so 
improved the breed of racers that the highest qualities 
of endurance and swiftness had been developed. The 
blood of the Arabian Godolphin, Flying Childers, the 
Darley Arabian, Eclipse, and of Barbs and Turks, 
mingled in double tides in the veins of Maryland 
horses, and in this way a long line of magnificent 
thoroughbreds were raised in the State. Among 
them were Badger, a descendant of Flying Childers, 
and a Barb mare, owned by B. Ogle, Esq., Brilliant, 
a descendant of the Godolphin Arabian, the iirojierty 






o O 
to O 
W 

> 




THIRD DISTRICT. 



of James Ringgold, of Annapolis, Chatham, Timo- 
leon, Don Carlos, Sussex, King Hiram, Spark, Lib- 
erty, Sterling, Selim, Fenella, Aristotle, Cincinnatus, 
Young Ebony, Tom Jones, Dolly Chester, Nancy 
Bywell, Othello, Bell-Air, Hamlet, Oscar, True Briton, 
Yorick, Lee Boo, Post Boy, Oscar, Florella, many 
of them raised and run by Sir Robert Eden, Col. 
Tiisker, Governor Ogle, Col. Lloyd, Mr. Galloway, 
and the Ridgelys, Taylors, Formans, Duckets, the 
Bowies, and other early supporters of the turf. This 
period has been termed "the golden age of the 
American turf." About this time Marylanders owned 
the whole or a moiety of such racers as Polly Hop- 
kins, Sally Walker, Bet.sy Robinson, Kate Kearney, 
P'lorida, the Duke of Orleans, Sussex, Dashall, and 
others. The Central course, under the management 
of the club, became in a few years one of the princi- 
pal courses in the Union, and races continued to be 
run over the course until the club was dissolved by 
the civil war of 1860. 

On the 14tb of May, 1870, a meeting was held in 
Barnum's City Hotel, composed of leading merchants 
and bankers of the city and influential gentlemen 
from various parts of the State, for the purpose of 
organizing the " Maryland Jockey Club." On motion 
of Governor Bowie, who had been mainly instru- 
mental in calling the meeting, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas 
was called to the chair, and Henry E. Johnson ap- 
pointed secretary. A committee of five, consisting of 
Governor Bowie, W. W. Glenn, Alexander D. Brown, 
E. Law Rogers, and James L. McLane, was appointed 
to suggest permanent officers of the organization. 
The committee reported in favor of a president, two 
vice-presidents, one from the Eastern and one from 
the Western Shore, a clerk of the course, secretary, 
treasurer, and five race stewards, the stewards to have 
sole control of all races and the course, to appoint 
judges, timers, etc. On motion, the following commit- 
tee was appointed to nominate officers: John Merry- 
man, Philip T. George, and Dr. McPherson, and the 
following officers were nominated and elected : Presi- 
dent, Governor Oden Bowie ; Vice-Presidents, Wash- 
ington Booth and Col. Edward Lloyd ; Secretary, 
James L. McLane ; Treasurer, Henry Elliott John- 
ston ; Race Stewards, J. D. Kremmelburg, F. M. Hall, 
George Small, and F. B. Loney. In the remarks 
made by Governor Bowie, he stated that the " Mary- 
land Jockey Club" originated at Saratoga in 1868, 
when thirty subscribers were obtained at one thou- 
sand dollars ench for the first race, the " Dinner-Table 
Stakes." The officers of the Jerome Park course had 
ottered a bonus of five thousand dollars, provided the 
raoe was run over their course ; but the offer was de- 
clined and Baltimore named as the place. 

At a subsequent meeting on June 21st, at Barnum's 
Hotel, a constitution was adopted, and the arrange- 
ment made by a committee with the Maryland Agri- 
cultural and Mechanical Association for the use of 
their race-course at Pimlico was confirmed. The 



main feature of this arrangement was the payment 
by the Jockey Club of the sum of ten thousand dol- 
lars for the use of the grounds for ten years, the so- 
ciety granting to the club for that sum the exclusive 
use of the grounds for the months of May and Oc- 
tober, and at all times for improvements. The elec- 
tion of permanent officers for the year resulted in 
the re-election of the provisional officers heretofore 
named and the following executive committee : 
William Devries, T. H. Morris, J. Hanson Thomas, 
Jacob Brandt, Jr., Robert Garrett, Edward Patterson, 
Jr., John Ellicott, and F. Raine. At another meet- 
ing, which was held on the 4th of July, Edmund Law 
Rogers was elected superintendent, and J. D. Fer- 
guson, clerk. 

The first meeting of the Maryland Jockey Club 
was held on the Pimlico course, commencing Oct. 25, 
1870. It was estimated that twelve thousand persons 
witnessed the races on the first day. The club was 
chartered by an act of the Legislature at the session 
of 1871-72, and it became necessary to reorganize 
under that charter. A general meeting of the club 
was held May 1, 1872, at their office. No. 25 St. Paul 
Street, for that purpose. The reorganization was ef- 
fected, and the following officers were chosen : Presi- 
dent, ex-Governor Oden Bowie ; Vice-President, Col. 
Edward Lloyd; Secretary, J. D. Ferguson; Treas- 
urer, Henry E. Johnston ; Executive Committee, J. 
L. McLane, J. Hanson Thomas, William Young, E. 
A. Clabaugh, Alexander D. Brown, Frank M. Hall, 
Louis McLane, Edward Patterson, Jr., E. Law 
Rogers, and John Lee Carroll. The club was by this 
time an assured success. It had paid ten thousand 
dollars to the agricultural society, had made all 
necessary improvements, including grand stands, 
judges' stand, stables, quarters for attendants, etc., 
and had two hundred and fifty members. 

The Jockey Club is composed of gentlemen gener- 
ally the descendants of the old patrons of the turf, 
and its races have always been distinguished by the 
fairness of decision, the becoming order on the 
grounds, the large attendance of ladies and gentle- 
men from every part of the country, and the fleetness 
of the thoroughbred horses that contend for its liberal 
premiums. It is now in the eleventh year of its ac- 
tive existence, is established on a firm basis with a 
high character, and will no doubt continue to attract 
to Pimlico semi-annually the lovers of the turf. 

In May, 1881, the Western Maryland Railroad com- 
pleted a branch road running from the main stem at 
Arlington to the Pimlico grounds. The road is a 
mile and a quarter long, and the cars stop at a plat- 
form erected close to the grand stand. The time from 
Hillen Station to Pimlico is about twenty-five minutes. 
The completion of this improvement offers excellent 
facilities for reaching Pimlico, as the Western Mary- 
land Road will always during the races make ample 
provision for the accommodation of the public. The 
club has made an arrangement with the railroad com- 



852 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



pany by which the fare is limited to fifty cents for the 
round trip. ! 

"The Plains" is the name given to the Sander- 
son estate of one hundred and sixty-nine acres, 
lying on the Reisterstown turnpike, six miles from 
Baltimore. This farm has been in the Sanderson 
family over thirty years, and belongs to the heirs of 
Thomas Sanderson, who married Hannah A. Pierson. 
It is now cultivated by their son, Francis Sanderson, 
and is one of the finest estates in the county. 

Situated near Highland Park is the beautiful coun- 
try residence of Jesse Slinglulf. Mr. Slinglutl'is the 
head of the present firm of SlinglutT & Co.', and 
was born in Carroll County, Md., in 1814. The ' 
name Slingluff means devouring wolf, as stated by 
Prof. Vilmar, of Geissen, in his book of names. The 
ancestors of the family were Dunkers, or German 
Baptists, who settled in the duchy of Hanan, in 
Hesse-Darmstadt, and in the principality of Waldeck- 
Pyrmont. Their religious principles made them non- 
combatants, and in the latter part of the seventeenth 
century one branch of the family was driven out of 
Germany by the invading French armies. They took 
refuge in London, and Luther Slingluff, or Schlinglof, 
as the name was then spelt, emigrated to this country, 
and settled in the neighborhood of Philadelphia 
about the year 1720 as former and weaver, pursuits 
frequently combined in those days. He was an asso- 
ciate judge under the Penn colonial administration. 
Among his friends and neighbors were the ancestors 
of the Keysers, the Rittenhouses, the StoufFers, the 
Weavers, and other families well known in Baltimore 
to this day. During the war of the Revolution they 
remained quietly at home, except when their houses 
were plundered, after the battle of Germantown, by. 
the British and Hessians under Knyphausen. Jesse 
Slingluff', the founder of the Maryland family of that 
name, was born near Philadelphia, Jan. 1, 1775. He 
married Elizabeth Deardorff, of York County, Pa., 
in 1799, having removed to Baltimore in 1793, where 
he and Charles Bohn went into the flour and commis- 
sion business as Bohn & Slingluff, at the corner of 
Howard and Market (now Baltimore) Street. They 
were careful business men and accumulated wealth. 
Mr. Bohn retired from the firm, and Mr. Slingluff 
brought in his brother-in-law, Derrick Fahnestock. 
During the war of 1812 he bought a valuable landed 
estate in Wakefield Valley, Carroll County, to which 
he removed his family. He did not inherit the non- 
belligerent principles of his progenitors, for he was a 
member of Capt. Thompson's troop of American 
horse. 

As Mr. Slingluff" advanced in years he withdrew from 
the business, which was continued by his eldest son, 
Charles Deardorff Slingluff, and Lot Ensey, under the 
style of Ensey & Slingluff, which, upon the entry of 
the present Jesse Slingluff into it, was changed to that 
of C. D. Slingluff & Son. In the mean time the busi- 
ness had been removed to North Howard Street, and 



the old stand was occupied by Stevenson & Slingluff, 
dry-goods merchants. In the year 1868 the grocery 
business was abandoned by C. D. Slingluff, who en- 
tered into partnership with his brother Jesse, under 
the title of Slingluff & Co., manufacturers of oil of 
vitriol and pho.si)hates, they erecting the Chesapeake 
Chemical Works. 

Charles D. Slingluff, the eldest son of the first Jesse, 
was born in Baltimore in 1800, and married Eliza 
M. Haines, of Carroll County. He died in 1871, 
being succeeded in the firm by his son, Charles Bohn 
Slingluff, at present one of the commissioners of the 
Fire Department of Baltimore. His business integ- 
rity brought him a considerable fortune. He was a 
stanch Democrat, and when his party was in power 
he held such public positions as trustee of the alms- 
house, member of the Water Board, and manager of 
the House of Refuge. As a candidate for the City 
Council he was defeated by the Know-Nothings. 
Upton Slingluff', the youngest son of the first Jesse, 
was born in 1818, at Avalon, Carroll County, and 
died in 1854, on his farm in Green Spring Valley, 
Baltimore County. He married first, Anna V. Land- 
street, daughter of John Landstreet, and secondly, 
Mary F. Cockey, daughter of Maj. Joseph Cockey. 
He founded the firm of Slingluff & Stevenson, but ill 
health caused him to relinquish business life. The 
present Jesse Slingluff came to Baltimore as a young 
man, after having been educated at Mount St. Mary's 
College, Emmittsburg. He was for a while in the dry- 
goods store of T. E. Hambleton, then in the grocery 
business with his brother, then a partner in the hard- 
ware firm of James W. Curley & Co., and finally he com- 
menced the manufacture of chemicals, in partnership 
with Dr. Pierce Butler Wilson. In a few years Dr. 
Wilson retired, and the existing firm of Slingluff & Co. 
was established. Besides Jesse Slingluff', it now com- 
prises Charles D. Slingluff, Dr. Frank Slingluff', and 
Charles B. Slingluff. They are very large manufac- 
turers. Jesse SlingluflT has been president of the Com- 
mercial and Farmers' Bank since 1853. He married 
Frances E. Cross, daughter of Trueman Cross, cashier 
of that bank, whose wife was a daughter of Charles 
Bohn, its second president (when it was known as the 
German Bank), and head of the original firm of Bohn 
& Slingluff. He is surrounded by a large number of 
grown children, some of them well known in Balti- 
more. C. Bohn Slingluff" and Fielder C. Slingluff 
are attorneys-at-law, as is also Horace Slingluff". One 
of his daughters married Joseph Hunter, teller of the 
Farmers' and Merchants' National Bank, and his 
second daughter is the wife of Ezra B. Whitman, 
president of the Baltimore Plow Company. The 
oldest sister of Jesse Slingluff", Sarah A., married 
Thomas E. Hambleton, a dry-goods merchant, and 
afterwards president of the Maryland Fire Insurance 
Company, whose sons, John A. and Thomas Ed- 
ward, are the bankers and brokers. Jesse Slingluff 
resides at his countrv home, " Beech Hill," Baltimore 



THIRD DISTRICT. 



853 



County, paying daily visits to his counting-room and 
factory, and giving his personal attention to business. 

The Highland Park Hotel, which was built by 
three land companies, was first opened to guests on 
the 15th of May, 1874. This costly structure is five 
hundred feet above tide-water at Highland Park, one 
mile from Baltimore, and a half-mile from Druid 
Hill Park, on the Liberty turnpike. The eminence 
u])on which it is located is extensive and highly im- 
]iroved by handsome country residences and tastefully 
planned grounds. Highland Park is regularly laid 
out into streets with forty neat cottages built upon 
them, from which there is a fine view of the city, bay, 
and surrounding villas. The hotel is built of wood 
and stone, with a slate roof, and is of the Renaissance 
style of architecture. It is six stories high, the cen- 
tral building being capped by an octagonal dome, to 
the top of which, one hundred feet from the floor, 
runs a spiral staircase of polished ash and walnut. 
It has a double Mansard roof, convex on the main 
building and concave on the wings, and is finished 
with highly ornamental French slate. The building 
contains two hundred and fifty first-class bedrooms. 
The stated original cost of the hotel, furniture, and 
groun.ls Miiiuuiits to $400,000. 

Mount Hope Retreat, — This institution, which is 
now situated on the Hookstown road, in Baltimore 
County, about six miles from the city, was founded 
in October, 1840, at Mount St. Vincent by the Sisters 
of Charity of St. Joseph. The institution remained 
at Mount St. Vincent until May, 1844, when the 
property known as Hount Hope College was pur- 
chased. This property was situated at the head of 
Eutaw Street, on North Avenue, and had been pur- 
chased in 1828 and refitted for the use of the educa- 
tional institution mentioned. When purchased by 
Mount Hope College the property consisted of a 
building seventy feet in length, known at that time 
as the " Banking-House," and which was surrounded 
by a beautiful grove of forest-trees. Its title of the 
" Banking- House" was derived from its original use 
for banking purposes during the prevalence of fever 
epidemics, when many of the citizens of Baltimore 
had taken refuge in the country and were afraid to 
venture far into the town. It was probably erected 
about 1800, in which year, as will be seen under the 
head of the United States Bank, a banking-house 
was ordered to be built outside of Baltimore, in the 
country, on account of the alarm created by the yellow 
fever. In 1858 the present site of the Mount Hope 
Hospital was purchased, and the construction of the 
buildings was begun soon afterwards. The institution 
is intended especially for the reception and care of 
the insane, but receives patients of every description, 
whether suftering from mental or physical disorders. 
It is surrounded by a fine estate of more than three 
hundred acres, and is one of the most complete and 
magnificent edifices of the kind either in this country 
or in Europe. 



Another of the most prominent families of the 
Third District is that of Joseph Smith, Jr. Mr. 
Smith was born on Smithfield farm, in Baltimore 
Co., Md., Aug. 14, 1814. His earliest lispings were 
probably mingled with the mutterings of the strug- 
gle then at its height between Great Britain and 
this country, and his mother bore him in her arms 
to the hillside to listen to the roar of the cannon as it 




c^^sJiu^cUr.^' 




belched forth its death-dealing freight at the battle of 
North Point. He was the son of Joseph and Rebecca 
Smith. The former was born in Smithfield, Yorkshire, 
England, Nov. 1, 1766, and was the son of a manu- 
facturer in that town. He came to this country early 
in life and settled in the vicinity of Baltimore, in 
which place he married Rebecca Herring, a daughter 
of Ludwig Herring, a German, who for many years 
was a prominent contractor in this city, and who be- 
came somewhat famous for the daring he displayed in 
laying bricks upon the ramparts of Fort McHenry 
while the withering fire of the British was poured upon 
that fortification, Sept. 12, 1814. 

Mr. Smith received his early education at the little 
log school-house after the quaint fashion which pre- 
vailed at that early date. He went to school three 
months in winter, when nothing could bo done on the 



854 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



farm, and worked the balance of the year. The old 
log hut near Pimlico where he received the rudiments 
is still standing, within a stone's throw of Wellwood 
Farm, his present handsome residence. When four- 
teen years of age Mr. Smith went to Baltimore and 
entered the book-store of George H. McDowell. He 
was always studious and never lost an opportunity 
for adding to his store of knowledge, and despite early 
obstacles managed to acquire a good education. His 
close attention to his duties attracted the notice of 
outside parties, and in 1833, at the solicitation of 
Samuel Wyman & Co., he became a salesman in their 
dry-goods house. In 1836 he entered the dry-goods 
jobbing trade, in the firm of William P. Stewart & 
Co., of which Tiffany, Duvall & Co. were partners. 
This venture was unsuccessful, and after the affairs of 
the partnership were adjusted he connected himself 
with Samuel G. Wyman and William S. Appleton in 
the domestic dry-goods commission business, under 
the firm-name of Wyman, Appleton & Co. In 1853, 
Mr. Smith having amassed a competency, purchased 
his present beautiful home and retired from business. 
Wellwood Farm, the place upon which he now resides, 
was formerly owned by Samuel Jones, a commissary 
in the Irish rebellion, who made his escape to this 
country at the time of its tragic suppression. He was 
a brother of Talbott Jones, one of the originators of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the water-works and 
the gas-works in this city. 

Mr. Smith was married June i), 1840, by Rev. John 
Mason Duncan, to Sarah Jane Boggs, daughter of 
William and Caroline Boggs, of Baltimore. His wife 
lived but two years, and he never married again. In 
politics he was a Whig until the nominatiou of Mr. 
Buchanan. Becoming impressed at that time with 
the eritir:il coiKlitidii nf the rountry he voted for the 
Democratir ramliilatc, willi tlie hope that his election 
would slciii the tiiriiiit "t rivil strife which was pre- 
cipitated upon the country four years later. Mr. 
Smith was a State-rights' man, and sympathized with 
the South during the struggle, but is convinced that 
the true strength and importance of the country will 
be assured by a firm union of the States. 

During the terrible bank riots in Baltimore he was 
a member of the Eutaw Infantry, which organization 
aided materially in their suppression. He was also 
for many years an officer in the City Guards. Though 
quite young he participated in the reception extended 
by the city of Baltimore to Gen. Lafayette, and has a 
very vivid recollection of the many memorable inci- 
dents connected with that event. He has always been 
a strong advocate of public enterprises when he was 
convinced they would result in benefit to the com- 
munity. 

Mr. Smith has traveled over many of tlic United 
Stales, and is well informed as to their character- 
istics and distinctive features. He is a hospitable 
gentleman, and highly esteemed by his neighbors 
and friends. 



CHAPTER L. 



In area the Fourth District is the fifth largest in 
the county, and holds the position of sixth in point of 
population. It comprises .57.18 square miles, and had 
a population in 1880 of 4294. In 1870 the population 
was 4167. It is bounded on the west by Carroll 
County, on the east by the Eighth District, on the 
north by the Fifth District, and on the south by the 
Second and Third Districts. The Western Maryland 
Railroad runs in a northwesterly direction through it 
from Owings' Mills to Finksburg. The Baltimore and 
Reisterstown turnpike ends at Reisterstown, nearly 
in the centre of the district, and from thence the 
Hanover road is a continuation of the route into 
Pennsylvania. The Baltimore and Hanover Rail- 
road, which was completed in 1880, strikes off from 
the Western Maryland Railroad near Emory Grove 
Station. The Westminster turnpike, the Garrison 
road, the Dover road, the Nicodemus road, and vari- 
ous others open up all the localities of the district to 
travel. It is a very notable division of the county 
because of its early settlement by some of the first 
families of Maryland, and the relation of the old 
estates in the hands of their descendants through all 
the mutations which history records. St. Thomas' 
parish, which is situated in this district, was the 
second parish of the Episcopal Church in the present 
Baltimore County, and Worthington Valley is still 
largely in the possession of the heirs of the pioneers 
of that name, who entered upon it prior to the be- 
ginning of the eighteenth century. The Patapsco 
Falls, Western Run, McGill's Run, Timber Run, and 
Cook's Branch irrigate the country. The principal 
villages are Reisterstown, Owings' Mill, Fowblesburg, 
Woodensburg, and Mantua Mills. Emory Grove 
Camp-ground of the Methodist Episcopal Church is 
annually the scene of great religious gatherings, and 
the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church South has its camping-ground near Finksburg 
Station. In this district are the very valuable chrome- 
mines owned and operated by the Tyson Mining 
Company of Baltimore City, the yield of which is 
immense. On "The Caves" property of Gen. John 
Carroll are extensive banks of iron ore, which have 
been worked for many years. The surface of the 
Fourth District averages an elevation of 1700 feet 
above the sea, and the characteristics of the country 
are high plateaus separated by upland valleys. Many 
of the farms are great manors that are highly culti- 
vated and produce the best qualities of Southern 
wheat. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 
Teachers. 
No. 1.— Frank T. NewbcUe, Uppercoe. 
No. 2. — George Prer)itel, WootJeimbnrg. 
No. '.i —Sally N. (.'ollilis. Einc.r.v Grove. 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



, I'araoiiB, Eugenia 



No. 5.— E. E. Ijams, principal, Reisterstown; Alic 

L. Jones, and Mary Y. Parliison, assistants. 
No. 6. — George Fisher, Reisterstown. 
No. 7.— Thomas B. Arnold. 0«ings' Mills. 
No. 8.— Annie I. Houck, Mantua Mills. 

Teachers of Colored Schools. 
No. 1.— Richard Fry, Woodensl.urg. 
No. 2. — Richard Riggs, Reisterstown. 
No. 3.— W. T. Merchant, Owings' Mills. 

Trustees. 
School No. 1. — Henry Fringer, Jesse Uppercoo, and Jacob Algire. 
No. 2.— Wni. Bushey, Alanson F. Shipley, and John B. Slade. 
No. 3.— Dr. James J. Given, Wm. Akehurst, and Amos Naylor. 
No. 4.— Edward Worthington, Henry Davis, and Joshua Tracoy. 
No. 6.— Dr. I. N. Dickson, H. Berryman, and Caleb Dorsey (committee). 
No. 6.— Henry H. Gore, David Uhler, and William Gore. 
No. 7.— Dr.W. H. H. Campbell, John T. Marshall,and John T. Logsdon. 
No. 8.— George Chilcoat, Charles Wheeler, and William T. Cox. 

Reisterstown. — This town is the centre of the dis- 
trict. It is located upon the turnpike road, sixteen 
miles from Baltimore City, and has a population of 
six hundred. It derives its name from a man named 
Keister, who was one of the original settlers of the 
neighborhood. It has one public and three private 
schools and three seminaries. Several of the secret 
orders have lodges in the town. Syracuse Lodge, No. 
55, Knights of Pythias, was instituted March 24, 1870, 
and had as charter-members Andrew Banks, William 
F. Weather,. J. C. Norris, S. W. Starr, J. N. Dickson, 
W. M. A. Slade, John Whiteford, George W. Eihler, 
R. T. Beckley, William P. Cole, M. W. Weather, John 
E. Crout, William A. Russell, and H. F. Emich. 
There is a lodge of the Independent Order of Me- 
chanics, and one of the Independent Order of Odd- 
Fellows. 

The Church of the Sacred Heart, Roman Catholic, 
which is within half a mile of the town, was dedi- 
cated on May 21, 1877. The ceremonies were con- 
ducted by Vicar-General Dubrenie, of the archdiocese 
of Baltimore, and Revs. P. L. Chappelle, John Ryan, 
S. Dungan, and E. L. S. Waldron, the rector of the 
new church. The corner-stone had been laid on 
Nov. 23, 1873. The church grounds comprise nine 
acres, of which three were presented by P. Dyer, of 
Reisterstown. 

The congregation of the Trinity Lutheran Church 
was organized in August, 18.55, and worshiped in the 
Odd-Fellows' Hall until the erection of its own church 
edifice, the corner-stone of which was laid July 8, 
1866. The church was dedicated in the following 
December, the Rev. Dr. Howe being the pastor at 
tliat time. His successors have been Revs. William 
Hcileg, John Graybell, G. R. Focht, Jacob Martin, 
and Christian Leply, the latter of whom is the present 
incumbent. The Harmon Episcopal Lutheran Sun- 
day-school is connected with this church. 

In 1867 some fifty members of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church at Reisterstown withdrew from the Con- 
ference and connected themselves with the Church 
South. The Rev. J. P. Etchin.son was called to take 
charge of the new congregation, which soon erected 



a fine brick church edifice, the dedication taking 
place on Jan. 17, 1868. The pastors since Mr. Etch- 
inson have been Revs. G. H. Zimmerman, A. Esker- 
idge, A. Q. Flaharty, L. R. Jones, John Landstreet, 
J. A. Register, William A. McDonald, and Charles 
M. Brown. The congregation has aided largely in 
erecting several chapels in the vicinity. West Point 
Chapel is two miles west of Reisterstown, and is now 
supplied from this source with regular services. 

Carroll Chapel, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
was dedicated May 14, 1870. Rev. Richard Norris 
ofliciated, and the debt of the chapel was paid off by 
a subscription which realized six hundred dollars. 

In 1859 the Reisterstown Riflemen were organized as 
one of the consequences of the John Brown raid, and 
on Jan. 13, 1861, the ladies of the neighborhood pre- 
sented the corps with a handsome flag. The presenta- 
tion address was made by Miss Ella Kemp, and Capt. 
Richard I. Worthington, in reply, accepting the colors 
in behalf of the company, made a strongly Southern 
speech. 

In July, 1852, James Hungerford commenced the 
publication of the Baltimore County Whir/ at Reisters- 
town, in the interest of the Whig party. In February, 
1877, the People's Voice, which had been published 
at Union Bridge, Carroll Co., since 1875, was removed 
to Reisterstown by the proprietors, Messrs. N. N. Nock 
and B. H. Scott. In the following May Mr. Scott 
purchased the interest of Mr. Nock. In the fall of 
1879 the Voice was converted into a Democratic pajier ; 
it now has a large and steadily-growing circulation. 

Ionic Lodge, No. 145, A. F. and A. M., was organ- 
ized Feb. 23, 1869, by the following charter-members: 
S. W. Starr, William F. Wheeler, J. C. Norris, W. D. 
Cole, John Whiteford, G. H. Zimmerman, Andrew 
Banks, L. A. J. Lamotte, A. J. Berger, J. M. Wheeler, 
and George McK. Teal. The present officers are : 
Master, J. N. Dickson; Senior Master, William F. 
Hoy; Junior Master, John E. Crout; Secretary, 
George Prechtel ; Treasurer, John Gies. 

Henry Clay Lodge, No. 81, I. O. O. F., was organ- 
ized July 15, 1852. The charter-members were Abijah 
Miller, AVilliam Nace, H. B. Schroeder, John Gies, 
George W. Fisher, and H. O. Devries. The lodge 
built a hall at an expense of fifteen hundred dollars. 
This lodge has one hundred and sixty members, and 
the officers for 1881 are Daniel Vondersmith, P. G. ; 
E. H.- Scott, N. G. ; D. G. Shook, V. G. ; George W. 
Stockdale, Rec. Sec. ; H. F. Emich, P. S. ; N. S. 
Merritt, Treas. 

Mantua Grange, No. 169, of the Patrons of Hus- 
bandry, was organized in 1877, and the hall was 
erected in 1879, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. 
The officers are : Master, Charles W. Semmes ; Over- 
seer, George Chilcoat; Secretary, Dr. James G. Given ; 
Treasurer, Aquilla Chilcoat. 

Franklin Permanent Building Association was or- 
ganized in 1876. This institution has been very suc- 
cessful, and is now numbered as among the first of 



850 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the kind in the State. The officers are: President, 
Cornelius Cook; Vice-President, Nimrod Tingling; 
Secretary, Dr. James Gore; Assistant Secretary, 
Arthur A.Rich; Treasurer, Robert Connor; Board 
of Directors, John F. Gore, S. H. Cooper, P. M. 
Conrad, Aaron Worver, C. O. Dor.sey, F. J. Ying- 
ling, Arthur A. Rich ; Solicitor, Edward W. Rich. 

Fulton Lodge, No. 21, of the Independent Order of 
Mechanics, and Golden Rule Encampment of the 
Good Templars are also located at Reisterstown. 

Hon. Andrew Banks, one of the most prominent 
citizens of Baltimore County, and the only son of 
Daniel B. and Margaret S. Banks, was born in Balti- 
more on the 14th of January, 1838. His father in early 
life was in the dry-goods business in Baltimore, and 
subsequently became largely interested in the Union 
Manufacturing Company at Ellicott's Mills. He was 
a successful merchant, and by his energies aided 
largely in the promotion of the business interests of 
Baltimore. He died Jan. 28, 1875. His wife, Marga- 
ret Sherwood Whilelock, was the daughter of George 
Whilelock, of Wilmington, Del. She was born Nov. 
2, 1805, and died March 7, 1871. She had eight chil- 
dren, — seven daughters and one son, Andrew, the 
subject of this sketch. 

Andrew Banks was educated at Baltimore City Col- 
lege, afterwards at St. Mary's, completing his academ- 
ical course at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. He 
subsequently commenced the study of medicine, but 
was obliged to abandon it by ill health and to seek 
restoration by a voyage to South America, for which 
he sailed in the bark " Emily," Capt. Etchburg, in 
the latter part of 18.56. They reached the river La 
Platte in January, 1857, when they encountered a 
violent storm, by which the vessel was wrecked off the 
mouth of the river, Mr. Banks barely escaping with 
his life. Returning to Maryland with restored health, 
Mr. Banks turned his attention to agriculture, and 
commenced the cultivation of the " Chatsworth" es- 
tate patented in 1769 by his father's maternal grand- 
father, Daniel Bower, near Reisterstown, in Baltimore 
County, where he still resides, and soon became 
known as a model farmer. Daniel Bower was a burgo- 
master of Strasburg, and emigrated to Maryland 
before 1769. 

His great intelligence and ability, however, did not 
fail to attract popular attention, and in 1872 he was 
elected as one of the delegates of Baltimore County to 
the Lower House of the General Assembly, of which 
Hon. A. P. Gorman was Speaker, and where Mr. 
Banks was made a member of several prominent com- 
mittees and rendered valuable service to the general 
public and to his constituents. In 1874, on the death 
of Hon. Robert Fowler, he was re elected to fill the 
vacancy, defeating his opponent by a majority of 890 
votes. In 1876 his time was occupied with the set- 
tlement of his father's estate, but in the following 
year he was again elected to the General Assembly, 
his term expiring on the 1st of January, 1880. 



In public life Mr. Banks has always been consist- 
ently faithful to the trusts reposed in his hands, and 
public approval has been testified by the repeated 
official honors that have been given him. Unwaver- 
ing in his fidelity to Democratic principles, even in 
the gloomiest hour of disaster, and unswervingly 
loj'al to the party organization by which those prin- 
ciples are given practical operation and effect, Mr. 
Banks is nevertheless too broad in his political charity 
to be partisan, and too manly and generous to cher- 
ish resentment or harbor prejudice, and in official sta- 
tion never forgets that he is the representative of the 
people and not of a party. 

Many and important business interests have en- 
gaged Mr. Banks' attention, and in their manage- 
ment he has shown the same energy, zeal, and ability 
that have characterized him in public life. After his 
father's retirement from the presidency of the Union 
Manufacturing Company he was chosen a member of 
its board of directors, and still retains that position ; 
he is also a director in the Annapolis and Elk Ridge 
Railroad, a director of the Baltimore and Reisters- 
town Turnpike Company, and was elected president 
of the Maryland Tubing Transportation Company on 
the organization of that important enterprise. As a 
Mason and Odd-Fellow, he has been honored with 
some of the most prominent positions in those orders, 
and has been and is an influential member of sev- 
eral other benevolent associations. Mr. Banks was 
brought up in the Episcopal Church, but is extremely 
liberal in his religious views, and in his charities, 
which are large and systematic, knows no difference 
in creed or sect. 

On the 21st of November, 1860, he married Re- 
becca E. Godwin, by whom he has had six children, 
four boys and two girls. 

Although still in the very prime of life, Mr. Banks 
has won, both in public and private stations, a repu- 
tation and a position which far older men might envy, 
and which promise for the future a career of ever- 
increasing honor and usefulness. 

Death of Bishop Emory. — Rev. John Emory, 
bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was killed 
on Dec. 6, 1835, by an accident which happened to 
him as he was driving from his home, at Reisterstown, 
to Baltimore. He had left home before daylight on 
the morning of that day, and it has always been 
.supposed that when he wiis about five miles from the 
city he got out of the carriage for the purpose of ad- 
justing the harness, and that the horse kicked him. 
The horse dragged the vehicle down to a tavern on 
the joad a few miles out of the city, where it was 
stopped, and in a short time afterwards a wagoner 
arrived who reported that there was a dead man lying 
in the road. The body was brought to the taven, and 
it was found that, although the skull was dreadfully 
fractured and the brain protruding from the wound, 
the sufferer was not quite dead. He was recognized as 
Bishop Emory by a physician who had been called in, 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



857 



and he lingered until seven o'clock in the evening, 
when his spirit passed away. He was insensible dur- 
ing the whole time, and could give no account of the 
manner in which he received his injuries. 

Owings' Mills, in the extreme southeastern corner 
of the Fourth District, on the Western Maryland 
Railroad, twelve and a half miles from Baltimore, 
has a population of 300. Gwynn's Falls and the 
Westminster turnpike pass through it. Pleasant Hill 
Methodist Episcopal church is within the village. 

St. Thomas' Parish, which has a very interesting 
history, is principally within the confines of this dis- 
trict, and the old church and cemetery are near the 
village of Owings' Mills. The parish was carved out 
of St. Paul's, and owes its existence to an act of As- 
sembly passed in October, 1742. It was at first a sort 
of mission of St. Paul's parish, which found it neces- 
sary to erect " a chapel of ease" for the accommoda- 
tion of the Forest inhabitants, or residents of Garrison 
Forest, who could not conveniently attend the church 
in Baltimore Town. The proposition to make it an 
independent parish was first suggested by the rector 
and vestry of St. Paul's in a memorial to the General 
Assembly presented in 1742. In accordance with 
their wishes an act was passed empowering William 
Hamilton, Christopher Gist, Samuel Owings, Christo- 
pher Randall, and Nicholas Haile to receive subscrip- 
tions for the purchase of two acres of land where 
most convenient, and to build a chapel thereon ; and 
in case such voluntary contributions should not prove 
sufficient, an assessment on the new parish was granted 
which was not to exceed £133 6s. 8(1.^ or about $354.70, 
in any one year, nor be continued for more than three 
years. The act further provided that at the death of 
the Rev. Benedict Bourdillon, the then pastor of St. 
Paul's, the hundred of Soldiers' Delight and Back 
River Upper Hundred (being all of St. Paul's parish 
north of the old court-road leading from thePatapsco 
Falls to Joppa) should be forever separated from St. 
Paul's parish and erected into the said new parish 
to be called St. Thomas'. 

The event on which its becoming a parish was con- 
tingent soon occurred, for on the 5th of January, 
1745, Mr. Bourdillon died, and at that date, therefore, 
according to the provisions of the act, St. Thomas' 
became a separate and independent parish. The 
territory of St. Thomas' parish then extended from 
the south line separating it from St. Paul's, as stated 
above, to the Pennsylvania line on the north, and 
from the line separating Baltimore County from Anne 
Arundel and Frederick, on the west, to the Big Gun- 
powder Falls on the east, and on the northeast to the 
Western Run, Piney Run, and a line northwest in 
the same direction, separating it from St. John's par- 
ish, now St. James'. Before Mr. Bourdillon's death, 
however, in 1743, the site of the chapel was selected, 
and two acres of ground were purchased from Chris- 
topher Gist for four pounds. It was on this land that 
St. Thomas' church was then erected and still stands. 



The deed conveying the land to the vestry was ac- 
knowledged July 19, 1743, before T. Sheredine and 
Charles Ridgely, two justices for the county. Dur- 
ing this and the following year some progress was 
made in the erection of the chapel edifice.' The 
walls were carried up and the roof covered in. The 
bricks of which it was built were brought over from 
England, but, falling short somewhat of the requisite 
number, the gable ends could not be carried up to a 
point by four or five feet. The edifice is fifty-six feet 
long by thirty-six feet in breadth. It is a spacious 
building for its day, and admirably well built, as the 
walls are still standing. At this period the inhabi- 
tants north of the church were few and scattered, and 
the wild forests of the vicinity still sheltered Indians, 
bears, wolves, and deer. The beautiful tract of coun- 
try four miles to the north of the church, now known 
as Worthington Valley, was patented in 1740 by 
Samuel Worthington, who first cleared it. 

On the 4th of February, 1745, the parishioners as- 
sembled at the churc'h and elected Nathaniel Stinch- 
comb, John Gill, William Cockcy,' Joshua Owings, 
John Hamilton, iiiiil i m '.il;( A-lniian vestrymen, and 
Peter Goswell and Cmru'liii^ Howard'* church war- 
dens. Christopher Randall was at the same time 
appointed register, with a salary of £5 currency per 
annum. 

It had been provided by the act of Assembly of 
1702 that there should always be six vestrymen and 
two church wardens; but before proceeding to act 
they were required to take the following oath : 

" I, , do solemnly swear and declare that I will 

justly and truly execute the office of a vestryman (or 
church warden) in this parish according to my best 
skill and knowledge, without prejudice, favor, or 
aflection." • 

Besides this, after 1716 they were required to take 

an oath of allegiance in these words : " I, , do 

sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful 
and bear allegiance to His Majesty King George, so 
help me God." In addition to these two oaths there 
was also to be taken what was called the oath of 
" abhorrency," thus : 

" I, , do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest, ami abjure 

as impious and heretical that daniuable doctrine and position tliat 
princes excommuoicated or deposed by the Pope, or any authority of 
the See of Kome, may be deposed or murdered by their subjects, or any 
other whatsoever; and I do declare that no foreign prince or prelate, 
State or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, supe- 
riority, or authority ecclesiastical or spiritual within the kingdom of 
Great Britain or any of the dominions thereto belonging, so help me 
Cod." 

Next came the oath of abjuration, which provided 
for the abjuring of any one who might lay claim to the 
throne of Great Britain other than the king actually 
reigning, and promising support to him and the Prot- 
estant succession in his line. To this oath every ves- 



■ The names of the first subscribers for the erection of the church will 
be found in the sketch of St. Paul's parish. 
•; Died in 1757. ' He died Juno H, 1777. 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



tryinan and church warden had to subscribe, 
to the following declaration : 






I jbelievotliatthereisnot 

f e Lorii'8 Slipper, in the elemonts of Ijread 

iisecrutioii tlieifdf by any person wliat- 



Such r tl c l\ i and declarations to be taken 

and sub.,v-..uv,J < ^ time wiien the first vestry of St. 

Thomas' was organized, and the autograph signatures 
of all the church officers from that date to 1776 are 
still to be seen subscribed to them in the old church 
records. Among the one hundred and ten persons 
whose signatures are thus preserved are found the 
Gills, the Cockeys, the Owings, the Howards, the 
Gists, the Worthingtons, the Johnsons, the Bosleys, 
the Dorseys, the Walkers, and the Cradocks, with 
many others whose families still remain, as well as 
others whose names are now extinct within the limits 
of the parish. On the same day that they were 
elected (4th of February, 1745) the vestrymen and 
wardens held their first meeting, and the Eev. 
Thomas Cradock presented his letters mandate from 
His Excellency, Thomas Bladen, Esq., Governor of 
the province, dated Jan. 14, 1745, appointing him to 
exercise the office of minister in St. Thomas' parish. 
At that time, as had indeed been the case in the 
province since 1692, the appointment of a minister to 
a parish was not in the hands of the parish, nor in 
the hands of the vestry, as it now is, but was at the 
disposal of the proprietary of the province, who gen- 
erally exercised it through his Governor. Indeed, by 
his charter the proprietary held the appointment of 
ministers of all denominations, and no church of any 
denomination could have a minister except by the 
Governor's appointment, which was the case until 
1776, with the exception of the brief period between 
1692 and 1714. 

Eev. Thomas Cradock was born in 171S, at Wolver- 
ham, in Bedfordshire, England, one of the estates of 
the Duke of Bedford. He was brought up by the duke, 
and ordained deacon Sept. 20, 1741, and licensed 
master of the free school of Trentham, in Stafford- 
shire. He remained in Trentham until Sept. 25, 1743, 
when he was ordained presbyter, and the following 
day licensed by the Bishop of Litchfield to be curate 
of Blurton and occasional assistant at Kingsbury, 
Warwickshire. That connection, however, did not 
long continue, as, an attachment having sprung up 
between a sister of the Duke of Bedford's lady and 
himself, he was induced by his friends to emigrate to 
Maryland. On the 21st of February, 1744, he received 
a license from the Bishop of London to be a minister 
in the province of Maryland, and during the same 
year he came over. On his arrival he became chap- 
lain to the commissioners who met that year at Lan- 
caster, Pa., to form a treaty with the Indians. It is 
said that the Duke of Bedford's influence with Lord 
Baltimore procured him the promise of a good parish 
for Cradock. His patron doubtless looked forward to 



the episcopate for him, as at that time the appoint- 
ment of bishops for the American colonies was very 
warmly pressed in England;' but from motives of 
state policy no bishop for the colonies was permitted 
to be appointed, and the duke's intentions in respect 
to the episcopate for Thomxs Cradock were never 
realized. Mr. Cradock's salary on taking charge of 
the parish was small. The clergy then were supported 
by a tax of forty pounds of tobacco on every white male 
and every .servant over sixteen years of age, which 
was collected and paid over by the sheriff" of the 
county; and this tax was collected from all residents 
of the parish, whether they were members of the 
Church of England or not. The number of taxables 
this year (1745) amounted to about six hundred and 
seventy-five, yielding some three hundred and twenty- 
five dollars. St. Thomas' was then a northwestern 
frontier parish, but the frontier parishes were at this 
time, in prospect at least, better than those on the bay 
shore, where the land was becoming exhausted by the 
incessant strain of tobacco culture, and from which 
the planters were beginning to remove into the in- 
terior. Thus while the elder parishes were in some 
instances diminishing in pojiulation, the new ones 
were becoming more populous every year. And so 
rapidly did the settlements extend in St. Thomas' that 
at Mr. Cradock's death the salary was more than four 
times as large as when he entered upon his ministry. 
In little more than a year after his induction into 
his parish, on March 31, 1746, Mr. Cradock was mar- 
ried by Rev. Thomas Chase, of St. Paul's, to Catha- 
rine, daughter of John Eisteau, high sheriff" of the 
county. Mr. Eisteau was a Huguenot who had fled 
to Maryland from France upon the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes, and strong in his Protestant predi- 
lections, he was so much pleased by the marriage of 
his daughter to a Protestant clergyman that he pre- 
sented her with a farm, a part of his estate, which 
would otherwise have descended to her brother. This 
farm, which is about ten miles from Baltimore, on the 
Reisterstown road, and a mile and a half south of the 
church, Mr. Cradock called Trentham, doubtless after 
the place of that name in England, where he had 
been master of the free school. It was his residence 
during his lifetime, and is now (1881) the residence 
of his grandson. Dr. Thomas Cradock.^ 



1 In the " Historical Collections of the Episcopal Chnrch," page 141, it is 
staled that the necessity of a bishop over the churchmen o( America waa 
now (IMO) again publicly alluded to. Bishop (afterwards Archbishop) 
Lecker "depicts in lively colors the inconveniences suffered in America, 
and pleaded with affectionate earnestness for a resident bishop there al 
the only remedy for its manifold spiritual privations." The privations 
were indeed great. None could be ordained to the work of the ministry 
without going to England, confirmations could not bo administered, and 
there was no one to effectively oversee the clergy or church or exercise 
discipline. The Governor of the province, by Lord Baltimore's authority, 
could appoint a clergyman to a parish, but there his authority ended. 
He had no power to remove him for any cause or control him in any 

' In 1749, William Worthington, one of the vestry, died, and in 1777 
his daughter Ann married Dr. John Cradock, the second bod of Bev. 

TluiuiuB Cnidock. 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



On the 28th of May, 1745, the vestry agreed with 
Col. Wm. Hammond " for leveling the church floor ] 
with earth, within three hricks of the water table, the 
said floor to be well rammed and hardened ;" he was 
also to floor a part of the church with brick, for which 
he wa.s to have twenty shillings per thousand, and on 
the brick to lay a floor of pine-plank on sleepers of 
red or Spanish oak, and also to build five pews of 
panel-work. On the 18th of June they engaged 
Col. Hammond to build a brick vestry-house, sixteen 
feet by twelve in the clear. The floor was to be laid 
with brick, the roof to be covered with cypress shin- 
gles, the doors, windows, bo.xing, and barge boards 
to be of pine-plank and painted; the whole to be 
done for the sum of twenty-four pounds. Col. Ham- j 
mond failing in part to fulfill his first contract, the i 
vestry, on the 20th of January, 1846, engaged Wm. 
Cromwell to build the entire set of pews in the church 
and to make the communion-table, rails and banis- 
ters, and the chaficel. the banisters to be of walnut 
and handsomely turned. For this the vestry were to 
pay one hundred and forty pounds and find the ma- 
terials. 

On the 3d of March, 1746, the cliurch warden was I 
allowed eighteen shillings for furnishing the com- 
munion during the year. On the 19th of July the 
vestry engaged Col. Hammond to paint with red the [ 
window-shutters, doors, window-frames, and cornice 
" twice over in the best workmanlike manner," for 
which he was to have eleven pounds current money, 
he allowing five pounds thereof, " provided he is 
seated in a pew at the discretion of the rector." On 
the 7th of October, 1746, the pews, nineteen in num- 
ber, were finished and accepted. The pews were made 
after the fashion of that day, nearly square, having 
seats on three sides, with high straight backs as high j 
as the neck of the person seated. 

In 1747, Mr. Cradock opened a classical school, | 
which was celebrated in its day, and among his 
scholars were Lee, of St. Mary's, Barnes, of Charles, 1 
the Spriggs and Bowies, of Prince George's, the 
Dulanys, of Anne Arundel, and the celebrated Col. i 
Cresap. 

It was a legal requirement that every vestry should 
meet at least once a month, and from these meetings '• 
no vestryman could absent himself without a valid I 
excuse under a penalty of not over one hundred ' 
pounds of tobacco, recoverable before a single magis- 
trate. Sunday duties were imposed upon vestries by 
the General Assembly from time to time, some of j 
which were rather civil than ecclesia-stical. Such 
were the nomination of inspectors of tobacco, the I 
annual return for taxation of the list of bachelors in ' 
the parish, the taking cognizance of violations of the ' 
Sabbath, of disorderly houses, and of lewdness, forni- 
cation, and adultery. All of these came before the ' 
ve-stry, which, however, could do no more than ad- 
monish the oflenders; if further punishment were 
necessary it was inflicted by the court of county ju.«- 



tices, to which the vestry was required to report such 
cases.' 

On the 6th of February, 1753, it was ordered that 
two of the ve-trymen of St. Thomas' should meet two 
of the vestrymen of St. James' to settle the limits and 
extent of the run commonly called the Western Eun, 
and that the Rev. Mr. Cradock should give notice 
thereof to the Rev. Mr. Deans. This shows that the 
Western Run, whatever might be settled as to its ex- 
tent, was then the dividing line between the two 
parishes. After Braddock's defeat in 1755 the raids 
of the Indians created great alarm through all this 
region, and it is probably at this time that we hear of 
the pari.shioners of St. Thomas' burnishing their arms 
and preparing their ammunition on Saturday evening, 
and the next day placing their guns in the corners of 
the pews during service. 

In 1762 the population of the parish had so ex- 
tended and increa.sed that the two hundreds, Soldiers' 
Delight and Back River Upper, originally composing 
it, had been divided, so that it comprehended Dela- 
ware, Pipe Creek, and part of Middlesex Hundreds, 
Delaware being on the forks of the Patapsco and 
northwest of Soldiers' Delight, and Pipe Creek north- 
west of Upper Back River Hundred. The part of 
Middlesex included in the parish was ea.st of the road 
leading south from the church and south of the Green 
Spring Valley. These hundreds were much what our 
election districts now are. In 1766 the taxables in 
St. Thomas' parish numbered 1522. 

About 1763, Rev. Thomas Cradock was afflicted 
with a most remarkaVile paralysis, which continued 
until his death, some six or seven years afterwards. 
His whole body was so paralyzed that he was unable 
to change the position of his limbs, and yet his mind 
retained its full vigor and activity. During all this 
time he rarely failed to fulfill his appointments, al- 
though he had to be carried to the church and placed 
in a chair. He could not stand, and if his head hap- 
pened to sway over on his shoulder, the sexton had 
to come and place it in its upright position. His ser- 
mons at this time were dictated to an amanuensis, 
and for some years George Howard, a brother of 
Col. John Eager Howard, one of the young gentle- 
men educated by Mr. Cradock, was employed in this 



1 Under dat* of April 16, 1750, the parish records contain this entry : 
*' A greed to have a quart of rum and sugar equivalent on each vestry day, 
and as much diet as will give the vestry a dinner, at the parish expense." 
The 8e.\tou was to provide the dinner, and to have for it eight shillings 
each time. But on Jan. 7, 1752, it was ordered "that each 
and warden in his turn 6nd a dinner and a quart of mm and suga 
take off the great scandal and charge the parish has labored under." 

In May, 1751. it was ordered that the sexton should provide 
quantity of water every Sunday, for which he was to receive three 
pounds per annum. Tliis recalls the fact that the churches during the 
early history of the province were generally located near some fine 
spring of water, to wtiich, especially in the summer season, resort was 
ver>' common tioth before and after service. But there was no such 
spring near St. Thomas', and hence the necessity of the order above cited. 
St. Thomas' was situated on a hill, probably the highest eminence within 
some miles around. ThA church could thus be seen in every direction 



860 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



capacity, and at his death Mr. Cradock's own sons 
performed tliat task for him.' Mr. Cradock died on 
the 7th of May, 1770, after an incumbency of a little 
more than twenty-five years, and wsis buried in St. 
Thomas' churchyard.^ He left a widow, two sons, 
and a daughter. His widow survived him twenty-five 
years, and died Aug. 20, 1795, aged sixty-seven. 

Mr. Cradock was succeeded by the Rev. William 
Edwinston, who left the parish on" the 10th of Sep- 
tember, 1775, on account of his intense Toryism. 
During his incumbency, in 1771, a movement was 
made towards building a chapel in the forks of the 
Patapsco, wliere Mr. Cradock and his son Arthur had 
been accustomed to hold service. Two acres of land 
were given for this purpose to the parish by John 
Welch, and conveyed to Abel Brown, Robert Tevis, 
Edward Dorsey, and John Elder, trustees, March 3, 
1771, and Oct. 12, 1773, Robert Tevis and John Elder 
were appointed a committee by the vestry, and fifty 
pounds were allowed them to put seats in the " chapel 
on the forks of the Falls." The third rector of St. 
Thomas' was Rev. Thomas Hopkinson, who entered 
upon his duties on the 10th of December, 1775, but 
remained only a year, and tradition reports that the 
parish had no reason to regret his departure. While 
he was pastor, on the 11th of June, 1776, the old oaths 
of ofiice for qualifying vestrymen and other church 
officers were set aside, and Thomas Cradock, who had 
been elected vestryman on the previous Easter Mon- 
day, was qualified according to the resolves of the 
Provincial Convention of Maryland. Allegiance to 
the king of Great Britain was thus virtually re- 
nounced by the vestry of St. Thomas' twenty-three 
days before the adoption of the declaration of inde- 
pendence at Philadelphia. 

On the (ith of June, 1779, after an interval of more 
than two years, a vestry was elected under the pro- 
visions of an act of the General Assembly entitled 
"An Act for the establishment of select vestries," 
passed at its March session. The act of 1692, as sub- 
sequently modified and amended, had been done away 
with by the Revolution, and both clergy and people 
of the church seem to have supposed that nothing 
could be done by them in any church capacity except 
under the authority of civil enactment. But now 



1 On Feb. 23, 1769, Mr. Cradock met with another severe affliction in 
the loss of his son Arthur. He was horn July 19, 1747, and was conse- 
quently in the twenty-second year of his age. He was a youth of un- 
blemished character and of exemplary piety. 

2 The following is the inscription on his tombstone : 

" Here lieth the Rev. Thomas Cradock, first rector of St. Thomas* 
parish, wlio died May 7, 1770, in the 52d year of his age. 
" No pompous marble to thy name we raise, 
This hunible stone bespeaks deserving praise ; 
Whene'er we viewed thee o'er the sacred page. 
Thy words persuasive did our hearts engage ; 
Parental fondness did thy life attend, 
Tlie tender husband and the warmest friend. 
The good, the just with thee alone could vie, 
Who court not life, nor yet afraid to die; 
Faith, Virtue, Honor did on thee combine, 
Happy the man who leads a life like thine." 



that the above-mentioned act was passed a meeting 
of parishioners was held, and the following-named 
gentlemen were elected vestrymen : Samuel Worth- 
ington, Robert Tevis, John Cockey Owings, Charles 
Walker, Dr. John Cradock, and Capt. Benjamin 
Nicholson. Charles Carnanand Dr. Thomas Cradock 
were chosen church wardens. The oath of office for 
vestrymen under the new' act was the same as the 
old one, but for all the other oaths and declarations 
the A.ssembly substituted the following " oath to gov- 
ernment" : " I, , do swear that I do not hold my- 
self bound to yield any allegiance or obedience to the 
king of Great Britain, his heirs or successors, and that; 
I will be true and faithful to the State of Maryland, 
and will, to the utmost of my power, support, main- 
tain, and defend the freedom and independence 
thereof and the government as now established 
against all open enemies and secret and traitorous 
conspiracies, and will use my utmost endeavors to 
disclose and make known to the Governor or some 
one of the judges or justices thereof all treasons, 
traitorous conspiracies, attempts, or combinations 
against the State or government thereof which shall 
come to my knowledge, so help me God." 

The parish was, however, without a minister from 
the time of Mr. Hopkinson's departure until the 25th 
of April, when Mr. West, rector of St. Paul's, con- 
sented to officiate every third Sunday. On the 10th 
of April, 1782, Rev. John Andrews, D.D., agreed to 
give half of his time to the parish of St. Thomas, he 
being at the same time rector of St. James', adjoining 
St. Thomas' on the northeast. While in charge of 
the parish Mr. Andrews established a flourishing 
classical boarding-school of about thirty-five pupils. 
During the second year of his rectorship, in May, 
1783, soon after the commencement of Washington 
College, Chestertown, Kent Co., the clergy then pres- 
ent agreed to invite their brethren in the ministry to 
meet in the following August in Annapolis. This 
invitation was well responded to, and at this meeting 
it was determined to hold another in the same city on 
the 22d of June, 1784, at which each clergyman 
should be attended by a lay delegate. At this conven- 
tion Dr. Andrews was present, as was also Dr. John 
Cradock,' the lay delegate of St. Thomas'. Here the 
Episcopal Church of Maryland, which up to the time 
of the Revolution had been known as the Established 
Church of England in the colony, was fully organ- 
ized as the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maryland, 
independent of all foreign jurisdiction, and in May, 
1792, Rev. Thomas John Claggett, D.D., was elected 
the first bishop. 

Dr. Andrews being called to Philadelphia, April 
10, 1785, the parish was left without a regular rector 
for the next eight years. During that time services 
were not entirely discontinued, the rectors of St. Paul's 

3 He was the second son of tlie first rector of the parish, and for fifteen 
years was one of the vestrymen. He wasa patriot during the Revolution, 
and died Oct. 4, 1794, aged forty-five years. 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



861 



and St. James' occasionally ofBciating, and there 
being lay reading for a time by Edward Langworthy, 
afterwards a distinguished scholar of Baltimore. At 
last, on the 3d of June, 1793, Rev. Thomas Fitch 
Oliver was elected rector, and continued in the par- 
ish until his death, Oct. 5, 1797. To encourage Mr. 
Oliver in his new pastorate, only two weeks after his 
induction, on the 17th of June, the vestry met and 
resolved to open a subscription for building a parson- 
age, and the following donations were made and the 
parsonage begun : Samuel Owings, four acres of land 
to build the parsonage on ; James Howard, £12 ; 
Thomas Cradock, £10; Charles Walker, £5; Thomas 
Harvey, £4; Joseph Jones, William Stacey, John 
Bond, John Cockey, of Thomas, and Thomas B. Ddr- 
sey, £3 each, and other small sums. Mr. Oliver re- 
ceived as a salary "two hundred and sixty-six dollars 
per annum, and as much more as the pews would rent 
for." He supported himself and family mainly by a 
school which he establi-hed at his house.' He was suc- 
ceeded, after a vacancy of eighteen months, on April 8, 
1799, by Kev. John Coleman, whose pastorate lasted 
until Dec. 8, 1804, when he resigned the rectorship. 
He died Jan. 21-, 1816, aged fifty-eight years, leaving 
a widow, who died in 1832, and one daughter. On the 
1st of October, 1805, Rev. John Armstrong was elected 
rector, but was requested by the vestry to resign on 
the 4th of December, 1808, on account of the views 
expressed in one of his sermons, and was succeeded, 
Dec. 28, 1813, by Rev. John Chandler, who, however, 
remained only one year. In the mean time, to de- 
fray the expenses incurred by the vestry in new im- 
provements, a lottery was authorized in 1806 by the 
General Assembly, and the following gentlemen were 
appointed by the vestry managers : Dr. John Crom- 
well, Samuel Owings, Bryan Philpot, Dr. T. C. 
Walker, Moses Brown, Kensey Johns, John T. Worth- 
ington, and Robert N. Moale. 

After another vacancy of three years and ten 
months. Rev. Joseph Jackson was elected rector, Nov. 
18, 1818, but his connection with the pari.sh continued 
only for about a year. On the 3d of June, 1816, the 
corner-stone of St. John's church, about six miles 
north of St. Thomas' church, was laid, and on Dec. 
1, 1820, Charles C. Austin was elected to the rectorship 
of the latter church, which he held till his death, 
Feb. 9, 1849. In the Diocesan Convention of 1843 
the old chapel of ease, on the forks of the Patapsco 
Falls, was constituted a parish church, under the 
name of the Church of the Holy Trinity, and some 
of the former territory of St. Thomas' given to it, and 
in the convention of 1844 a part of the territory of 
St. Thomas', lying in Carroll County, was erected into 
the parish of the Ascension. Mr. Austin was suc- 
ceeded. May 14, 1849, by Rev. Jacob B. Morss, who 
resigned Nov. 13, 1850, and was followed by Rev. 



John Joseph Nicholson. In May, 1851, the Church 
of the Holy Communion was established, about three 
miles west of Reisterstown, and on Dec. 5, 1852, Rev. 
William F. Lockwood commenced his services as 
rector of St. Thomas' parish, which incumbency he 
retains up to this time. 

From the foregoing sketch of St. Thomas' parish 
it will be seen that the rectors and vacancies in the 
parish have been -as follows : 

Years. Moutht^. 

1. Rev. Thomas Cradock, A.M., from Feb. 4, 1745, to May 

7, 1770 2.'> 6 

2. William Kdnii-ston, A.M., from May 9,1770, to Sept. 10, 



Hoc. 10, 177.'), to Dec. 



ral :•,, 1780, 


to April 3, 


i'l"lO?i782, 


April 10, 


:::;;;?&r.coiema„om. 

.Inne 3, 1793, to Oct. 5, 



7. Tho 

8. Join 



9. John Clin 

7th 

10. Joseph .1: 



1799, to Dec. 8, 1804.. 



t, to Dec. 28, 1814.. 

ths. 

, to Nov. 2, 1819 



1 One of his daughtei 
cliusetts. 

55 



: Judge Story, of 1 



The children of Rev. Thomas Cradock were Arthur, born July 19,^747 ; 
John, born Jan. 25, 1749; Thomas, May :^0, 1752; and, Ann, Feb. 21, 
1755. The eldest son, Arthur, was educated for the miuistry, and was re- 
markable for his earnestiK'SS and zeal. He had already commenced 
church work under his fatlier's direction, and expected in a few mouths 
to repair to Eugland for orders, when he was seized with a fatal illness, 
aud died on the 23d of February, 17G9, in the 22d year of his age. He 
is said to have been a poet of considerable promise. His remains rest 
beside those of his father in St. Thomas' churchyard. John, the second 
son, was a member of the medical profession. In 1775 he became a 
member of St. Thomas' vestry, and was annually re-elected for some fif- 
teen years. He was a delegate from the parish to the fii-st Genei-al Con- 
vention of the churcli in Maryland, and frequently afterwards to the 
Diocesan Conventions. He was active in the Revulutiouary cause.and a 
member of the " Committee of Observation" in 1774-75, previous to the 
organization of the State government. He served one year in the flying 
corps of Gen. Washington, in which he held a major's commission. He 
died on the 4th of October, 1794, iu the forty-fifth year of his age, at his 
farm,attlieheiidofthe Western Run Valley, which was subsequently the 
residence of Mr. Kendig. He married Ann, the daughter of 'Winiam 
Worthington, who died on the 22d of February, 1809, in the forty-ninth 
year of her age. Their children were Mary, born 1778, who married 
Stephen Cromwell and removed to Kentucky, but afterwards returned 
to Trentham, where she died in 1820, aged forty-two; Katharine, born 
1779, who married Dr. Thomas C. Walker, and died iu 1842, at the age 
of sixty-three, leaving two sous; Arthur, born in 1782, who died a bach- 
elor iu 1821 ; KUzabelh,born in 1784, who married Fayette Johnson, and 
died in 1816; Ann, boru in 1786, who married a Mr. Bosley, of Ken- 
Thomas, the third son of the Rev. Dr. Cradock, died ou the 19th of 
October, 1821. His father took great pains with his education, and he 
early became extremely proficielit in classical literature. He had been 
intended for the ministry, but ou coming of age ho chose the profession 
of medicine. He was for forty ycara au active vestryman, often a dele- 
gate to Diocesan Conventions, and one of the delegates to the first General 
Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. Ho 



862 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



was an earnest patriot during the Revolution, and at the age of twenty- 
three watt a nienilier of tlio County Comniittuo of Observation. After tlie 
Revolution lie became affianced to a daugliter of the Rev. Dr. Smith, 
then president of Washington College, but refusing to concur in the 
doctor's election to the episcopate wlien nominated by the clergy, the 
match was broken off. The altaclinient, however, was mutual, and Dr. 
Gradock remuiued unmarried, and retained the lady's miniature to the 
day of his death. He was a distinguished and able pliysician, and lived 
and died at Trentham, which he inherited from his father. 

Ann, the only daughter of Rev. Dr. Cradock, was named after her 
father's mother, and nnirried Charles Walker. She died on the 2d of 
September, 1800, in the fifty-first year of her age. 

Other Notable Families. 

Among the names which occur most promineiKly in the early liistory 
of St. Thomas' parish are those of the Worthingtons, the Owing.-, the 
Howards, the Nicholsons, the Gills, the Walkers, the Deyes,the Philpots, 
the Risteans, and the Pindells. The Worthingtons appear to have settled 
originally in Anne Arundel Couuty, where the family were members of 
Westminster parish. 

Capt. Job n Woi thington is the oldest of the name with whom we meet 
in the Westminster parish records, in which we find the following brief 
reference to the family genealogy : "Capt. John Worthiugtoti married 

Sarah , and bad .l„bn,b..iH .I.n I-', u'--', Tl,-.ii,as, Jan. 8, 1691, wlio 

married Elizabeth Itblgi-lv, n. r: i i , \\,lli. April. 1GU4, who 

marriedSarah . and li.ul .ll.u i \ \ ,_ i 1 7JJ; and Arterma (?), 

Jau. 6, 17:111; s^imh, .Inn. M, li " ' l.iil n, i 2(1, 17UI ; and Sarah 
Hanson, .■-<■],[ it, i ,i> .; 



Pond, on the IkMlkin Cn.'k of Patapsco River." Williai 

St. Thomas' parish (Baltimore Couuty) about 1740, ol which he 

vestryman for several years, and where he died in 1749. He left 



Sami 



in 1777 



John 



Cradpck. Samuel, according 
Anne Arundel Couuty, and 
own as the Worthington Val- 
junty. two thousand acres of 



Cniilock, the second sou of Rev. Thonia* 
to the Rev. Dr. Ethan Allen, was born i 
was one of the first settlers of wliat is ki 
ley, iu the Fourth District of Baltimore ( 
which hatl been patented to his father in niu. Iu 1756 he was a church 
warden, and subsequently a vestryman. He was a stanch patriot dur- 
ing the Uevolution, and in 1774 was a niendier of the Couuty Committee 
of Obseivation In 1781 lie was a delegate to the General Assembly, to 
which he was elected at several subsequent periods. He died on the 7th 
of April, 1815, iu the eighty-second year of his age. He was twice 
married, aud was the father of twenty-three children, nineteen of whom 
— nine sous and ten danghtere— survived him. His eldest son was John 
ToUey Worthington, who died on Sept. 8, 1834, in the seveuty-fouith 
year of his age. In 1788 he became a vestryman of St. Thomas', and 
was frequently re-elected to that position until 1816, when the church of 
St. Johu's in the Valley was erected, with which he was subsequently 
connected. In 1801 he reprcseuted the county in the State Senate. His 
estate was valued, at the time of his death, at half a million of dollars. 
His residence was at the head of tlio Western Run Valley. He left a 
widow, who survived him a few years, and a married daughter, the wife 
of John T. H. Worthington, whose son, John Tolley, inherited the larger 
portion of his grandfather's landed estate, and now resides on it at 
Montmorency. Charles Worthington, the fourth son of Samuel Worth- 
ington, died in July, 1847, at the ago of seventy-seven. He was fur many 
years a member of St. Thomas' vestry , and i nherited a part of his father's 
landed estate in the Western Run Valley. He left two married daugh- 
ters and four unmarried sons. 

The Walkeis were also among the early residents of St. Thomas' 
parish, aud trace their origin in Maryland to Drs. James and George 
Walker, both of whom at first settled in Anne Arundel County, where 
they practiced their profession. James "lived on the hill across the 
Patapsco, south from Fort McHeury," while George after a time settled 
at Chatsworth, and was appointed one of the commissioners to lay off 
Baltimore Town, with which his fortunes were thenceforth connected 
until his death iu 1744. Dr. James Walker was born at Peterhead, 
Scotland, in 1705, and died in 1769. On the '^6th of March, 1731, he 
married Susannah, daughter of John Gardner, of Patapsco, by whom be 
had ten children,— Wary, born June 16, 1732, died Nov. 3, 1773; John, 
born Feb. 20, 1734, died Feb. li, 1794; George, born April 3, 1736, died 
young; Susannah, born Feb. 0, 1738, died July 13, 1787; James, born 
July 29, 17 JO, died March, ISIO; Margaret, born July 19, 1742, died 



Sept. : 



Charles, born Nov. 9, 1744, died Nov. 15,1825; Agues, 



born July 25, 1746; Mary, born Nov. 22, 1748, died Oct. 25, 1824 ; Catha- 
rine, born Feb. 16, 1754, died Dec. 19, 1787. 

Charles Walker, the fourth son, was born at his father's residence In 
Anne Arundel County. He was educated with a view to mercantile pur- 
suits, but a country life appears to have been more to his taste, and he 
settled in the vicinity of Owings' Mills, and married Ann Cradock, the 
only daughter of the first rector of St. Thomas'. Soon after his marriage 
be removed to Woodburn, near the upper end of the Western Run Val- 
ley, where ho resided until his death. He became a vestryman of St. 
Thomas' before the Revolution, and continued to hold this oflice until 
the erection of the church of St John's in the Valley, the site of which 
was donated by him. He was an ardent Whig dmihg the Revolution, 
and active in the American cause. He was the father of thirteen chil- 
dren. His sister Susannah married Rev. Dr. William West, recb.r of St. 
Paul's. 

Dr. Thomas C. Walker, the son of Charles Walker, was born June 16, 
1773. He was married Feb. 17, 1818, by the Rev. John Armstrong, to 
Katharine, daughter of Dr. John Cradock, who wsia a son of Rev. Thomas 
Cradock. The children of this marriage were Thomas Cradock Walker, 
born May 16, 1819, and John Cradock Walker, who was born Sept. 2, 
1821, and die<l unmarried Sept. 3, 1848, in the twenty-seventh year of his 
ago. Dr. Thomas C. Walker died in May, 1S61, at the age of eighty-one. 
The name of his sun, Thomas Cradock Walker, wa<i changed by act of 
Assembly to Thomas Cradock. 

One of the first representatives of the Owings family in Baltimore 
Couuty of whom we have any knowledge was Samuel Owings, the son 
of liiihiuil and llaebel Owings. He was born April 4, 1702, and married 

I -.,11. l:,n.l,li,,l,,i,. 1.1729. Howasoneofthocommissiouersappointed 

I I ! \^-enibly of 1742 to select and purchase a site for St. 

r ' ind he was subsequently a vestryman, and for some 

\ I : : I - r the parish. He was also one of his mtgesty's jus- 

II 1 I :; iiiiiy. His house was near the present site of Henry 
Mi V, ,.. ,1, t. -I 1 n. e, in the Green Spring Valley, three miles southeast 
"\ -I 1 li f '- iiiHch. His death occurred in 1775, in the seventy- 
tl.ii-l je.ii ..I lii. .i-e. His children were Bale (Beall), born May 9, 1731; 
Samuel, boni Aug. 17, 1733; Rachel, born May 2, 1736; Urath, born 
Juno 26, n.!8 ; Thomas, born Oct. 18, 1740 ; Hannah, born April 17, 1742, 
died June 2, 1743 ; Christopher, born Feb. 16, 1744 ; Richard, born Aug. 
26,1746, died Sept. 28, 1747 ; Helen, born 1748; Richard, born July 16, 
1749; Hannah, born Jan. 27, 1751, died 1756; and Rebecca, born Oct. 
21, 1755. 

Samuel Owings" brother Joshua was a member of the first vestry of 
St. Thomas', aud for many years one of the church wardens. Notwith- 
standing his church counections, he was a special friend of Bishop As- 
bury, of the Methodist Church, as is mentioned elsewhere. The parish 
register shows his children by his wife Mary to have been John Cockey, 
born Jan. U, 173G; Richard, Nov. 13, 1738; Joshua, March 22,1740; 
Edward, Nov. 1, 1743; Michael, Feb. 12, 1745; aud Marcella, July 11, 
1748. His residence was northwest from the present Pikesville arsenal, 
and south from the church. 

Samuel Owings, Jr., was also a prominent member of St. Thomas', 
was fretinently a member of the vestry, and gave to the church the" land 
on which the pal^onage stands." He lived at and was the owner of 
Owings' Mills, which were called after him, and also owned large landed 
estates iu the vicinity. He died in 1803, iu the seventieth year of hi» 
age. He married Deborah Lynch, Oct. 6, 1765, and bad twelve children, 
— William, born May, 17t;7, who married Ann Haldermau; Uratli, born 
Feb. 22, 1709, who iii.um. ; .1 :,:i i r m.-.,;. I'. '.. 1787; Samuel, born 
April 3, 177U, who iii.i : . I: ^1. _, 1791 ; Eleanor, born 

Feb. 7, 1772, who Ml.. I ; I n ^• . 1 . 1 793, aud died Oct. 

29, 1853; Sarah, I I .> n in u i i...i James Winchester, 

March 21, 1793; K l ■ '. u 177G; Deborah, born Nov. 14, 

1777, who married !•' ( n ^i " In, 1799; Frances, born Sept. 30, 

1779, who niarrioil l: l .Inly 2, 1801; Rachel, born Aug. 

27, 1781, died Oct. I'.i, 17-, Mi.i. tin March 29, 1784, who married 
Richard Ci-omwell, Feb. 0, ISUO; Auu, born Dec. 20, 1785, who married 
George Winchester; and Beale, born Nov. 17, 1791, who married Elea- 
uora Magrnder. 

The date at which the Howards settled in Baltimore County is not 
known, but it was probably about 1686-«6, when Joshua, the first of the 
family in America, obtained a grant of land in the county. He married 
Joanna O'CarroU, whose father had a short time previously emigrated 
from Ireland. Cornelius, one of his sons by this lady, was the first 
church warden when St. Thomas' parish was organized, and was a vestry- 
man for many years. In 1765, as the owner of the land lying immedi- 
ately to the west of Baltimore Town, he added to the town that part of 
the present city south of Saratoga Street, and between Forest (now 




2 N 

BS 
-. " § 

^ ^ I 

:; o 2 

a g 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



Mention has bctn made of the fact tliat the nai 



Cliarles) und Lilwrty Streets, including Pr«ll «nd Conwny Streets on tli« 

«oti.. nu wife, Ruth Eager, to whom he »«s named on the s+th of ^^ phjipott oocnrs in tlto earl V records of St. Thomas 

January, l7.iS, WHS • liidy of considerable fvrlnue, «od " inherited the . . "^ . ... .. .,.",, ™,, .. ., 

Uud lying west and north of Baltimore Town." His death ocvurieil on 
the I4th of June, 1777. in the seventy-first year of his age, and her death, 
at the age of sereniy-tive, on the I7th of XoTeml>er, 17?»6. Their chil- 



dren were George, born Kor. 12, 1740, died Sept. 10, 1766; Rarhel, U>rn 
May 5, 1743, died Deceral*r, 1750; Joshua, bom Sept. 29, 1745. died Oct. 
IS, 1767; Buth.Kim 1747, who married Charlts Elder, Feb, 14, 1766; 
Rachel, lorn Oct. 14. 1749; John K»ser. born June 24, 1752; (Njrnelius. 
born I>ec. 2, 17,M, dietl unmarried ; James, Iwm July S, 1757, and died un- 
married July 11, 1SU6; Violetta, U>rn Sept. 22. 1769, who married Joseph 
West, Dec. 9, 17S4 ; Philip, liorn Sept. IT. 1762, dieil .\vig. 14, 17&4 ; Anne, 
born Julyl0.1765,diedDec.3<M7TO. James,lbefimisDn,li«cameav(stry- 
man of St. Thomas' in 17S4, and autil his death coutiuned to fill alternately ^ 
thatolBceandthepositionof regitterandtreasurer. Be was frequently a ' 
delegate tolheEpisc\>palStateCunreution,audiu 1792 to the General Con- | 
Tention. John Kager»-as born at the family residence, about a mile and a 
half suulheast of the clinn;^, ou the heightssouMl of Green Spring Valley, { 
in the year in which the building of St. Thomas* cliurch was commenced. : 
He was A member of the vestry in 1775 and 177B ; was also a member I 
of the " Ojunty Committee of Obserration," and of the committee to i 
license suits at law. Alter his severe wound, received at the battle of ] 
Kutaw, •• lie was confined to his room and bed for nearly a year at the 
r^-sideuce of bis friend. Dr. TU >nins Gradock, who declined any compen- 
sation for his nietlicail atteiitUnce or living, both ftom personal frieml- 
ship and motives of patriotism." At the conclusion of the war he mar- 
ried Jliirgxret Chew, daughter of Beiuamin Chew, of Philadelphia, and 
soon Mdei wni\ls remttveil t-- Baltimore Town. 

John Risleau, high sheriff of Baltimore Ctounty, and the first of his 
name in the c^ninty, was a French' Huguenot who had found an asylum 
in Maryland after the revocation of the Edict of Kantes. Bis daughter 
Katharine msirriol Rev. Thomas Cradock, first rector of St. Thomas', and 
his son George married Francis Todd on tlie 7th of August, 1757. Their 
children were Katharine, l*ru June 17, 1758; Eleanor, born Jan. 15, 
176"; Thomas, born Jan. 16, 1763; John, April 14, 1764; Frances, July 
£6, 1767 ; and Rebecca, Iwrn Dec 5, 17T0, who married Betaleel Wells, 
May 19, 179ij. On the 25th of January, 17S5, John Talbot Ristean mar- 
ried Kliubeth Deuuy, by whom he had six children,— William Mc- 
Laughlin, born Feb. IS. 1791; John Talbot, Feb. 22, 1793; Thomas Cra- 
dock, Dec 23, 1793; Charles Walker, July U, 1797; Robert Carman, 
March 2, 1799; and Ueujamin Denny, Nor. 24, ISOO. 

The Prindells were residents of this section of the county some years 
before the fbnuation of St. Thomas' parish. The name appears as cart- 
as 1732, and on the 15th of Febniary in that year John Prindell married 
Eleanor, daughter of Richard and Mary Bond. 

The Gills were originally members of St. Paul's parish, and the name 
is to be found on the records of Ihsit church as early as 1695. John 
Gill, son of Stephen and Eliialieth Gill, was born ou the 2d of October, 
1709, and dietl on the l:ith"of January, 1797. He was a member of the 
first vestry of St. Thomas', and lived about two miles and a half uorth 
of the church. He had six suns and five ilaughters, and many of his 
descendants still reside within the limits of the old parish. 

The Deyes also hold a prominent place in the early as well as the late 
history of St. Thomas'. Thomas Cockey Deye, whose death occurred on 
the 7th of May, 1S07, was one of the church wardens in 1755. In the 
following year he nas elected delegate to the General Assembly, and 
was a member of that body uhtil the Revolution, being at one time 
Speaker of the House. In 1774 he was one of the county committee seut 
to the convention at Annapolis to propose measures in support of the 
Boston patriots. He lecommended the appointment of Count}- Commit- 
tees of Observation in 1776,;and was himself a menilwr of the Baltimore 
County committee. He was a member of the convention « hich framed 
the Maryland constitution of 1776, and in 17SI was elected to the House 
of Delegates. His resldeuce >as on the York road, not far from the 
present village of Te.tas. He wa.s never married. 

Judge Beitjamin Nicholson was also at one time a i^ident of St Thomas' 
parish, and iu 1775 was a member of the vestry. After the Revolution, 
Bryan Pbilpott, Jr., son of the Baltimore merchant of tliat name, sot- 



piuish and Worthington's Valley. The family came 
to this country from Stamfoni, Eusrland. and Rryan 
Philpott was for several years prior to the Revolution 
a prominent and succes,<ful merchant in Baltimore 
Town. He had received a special license from Kins: 




George III. to conduct business, and iu his extensive 
transactions the fortune of the tjimily was acquired. 
He had a sou, Bryan Philpott, who wjis boru in Balti- 
more Town iu 1749, and was a soldier throughout the 
war of the Revolution, being especially engagtjd in 
the battles of Biandywiue and ou the Delaware. This 
Bryan Philpott marrieilElizjibeth.Tohnsonin 1794, tuid 
died in 1S14. They were buried iu St. Thomas' 
churchyard. Their children were Bryan, Mary, Eliz- 
abeth, Clarissa, Johu, and Edwtird Pickering. The 
latter wtis boru on the Stamlord farm, in Worth- 
ington's Valley, Nov. 25, 1809, and still resides upon 
it. He attended St. John's College, Annapolis, for 
two years, preparing for his admission to Washing- 
ton College, then under the charge of Bishop Brom- 
well. Mr. Philpott graduated at St. John's in 1829, 
having as one of his cla.ssmates Park Benjamin, after- 

Western Run, and in ,796 married Eli«l*th Johnson, daughter , ^^.^^^ j,,^ distinguished poet and scholar. In 1851 
warden of St. Thomas', and , , - i i V »• i ., . • 

of the vestrj-. Be died April "^ ^*""® appointed colouel ot the Baltimore Couuty 



from IS05 unUl his death he was 

11, 1S12, leaving Oireo sons and three daughters. His second daughter, 
Eliialieth, in 1S26 marrietl Rev. John T. Blanchard, for many years 
the i«tor of St. Ann's Church, Annapolis, who died in October, 1S;M. 
Mr. Philpolt's widow long survived him, dying in lS5;i, at the age of 
eighty-five yean. 



cavalry, attached to the Second Regiment. He 
politically a Republican, and represented the county 
in the Senate of the General Assembly of Maryland 
iu tlie year 1864. Since his youth he has been a 



864 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



member of the Protestant EpiscoiHil Church. He was 
married, in January, 1831, to Sarah, daughter of Jolin 
Merryman, of Moukton. She died in July, 1867, 
and in 187/5 he married Anna, daughter of Dr. 
Joshua Merryman, of Virginia. His only ciiild was 
a daughter, born to his second wife, who died at the 
age of fifteen months. Mr. Philpott was one of the 
original members of Mantua Grange of tlie Patrons 
of Husbandry, and one of its otlicers until ill health 
comptlled him recently to resign the position. He 
has been a very successful farmer, as his father was 
before him. 

We append a number of epitaphs taken briefly 
from the old tombs in tlie graveyard of St. Thomas' 
church : 



"Artliiir, sun ..f llie li.-v. Tlioinas Crailiwk and Catherine, liis wife, 

who (Hril III. J li .: Ti I Ml II \ . iTi ' in tlie 22(1 year of }iia age.'* 
"Ills III i: I II I, ■ , vliudied on thel9th(layof Octo- 

*'Catlu I Mil < 111. I I,, II hi .1 III. I:. V. Thomas Cradock, who departed 
this life on llu- -luth nf Aii;;ii>l, IT'.i.'i, aged 07 years." 

" John Moale, of this parish, wlio departed tliis life the lotli of May, 
1740, aged 44 yeare." 

•' Jolin Moale, son of Kiihaiil and Elizabeth Moale, was born in Kin- 
ton paii.-ili, n > 11 I 1 . I I. 1. III.:, Oct. 30, 1077; emigrated to America in 
1719; main . 1:. 1. , I, .iii,-r of Gen. John Hammond, of Severn 
Eiver, A]. Ill 1 7. I J . , ,i . M.i.v 10, 1740, and was interred in the family 
burial-grooiiU uu M..alL-B i'uuit, from which his remains were removed 
to St. Thomas' by his descendants," 

" William Stacy, who departed this life the 19th day of Jannary, aged 
fifty-two years one month and fourteen days," 

"Thomas B, Coekey, born October the 2d, 1787; died April 27, 1868," 

"Mary Ann, consort of Thomas B, Coekey, and danghter of John and 
Ann Wortiiingtou. Born 25tli February, 1791 ; died rilst of December, 
1859," 

" Mary, consort of Stephen Cromwell, born 2l8t February, 1778; died 
30th March, 1820. Erected to her memory by her son, Joseph W. Crom- 

" Maria North, wife of Eli Simkins, and daughter of Robert North 
Carnan. Born December D, 1792; died May I, 1872." 
"Eli Simkins, who died IStli of May, 1817, aged 29 years and 4 , 

of Decrliili. : ITi.i \ 1 "' yi..ilS." I 

"Belli... I. I I II I .l..>liuaTevis, who was born 2:idof May, I 

1794, ami Uli hi. ..t s..,. r, l.s2o." j 



■ October 1 



18, 1885," 

"Elizabeth, wife of Henry Fenny, who departed this 
1795, aged 50 years." 

"Dr, John Cradock, second son of the Rev, Thomas Cradock and 
Catherine, his wife, who departed Uiis life on the 4th day of October, 
1794, in the 45th year of his age." 

"Ann, relict of Dr, John Cradock, who departed this life on tho 22d 
day of February, 1H09, in the 49th year of her age," 

" Arthur, son of Dr, John Cradock and Ann, his wife, who died on the 
5th day of October, 1821, in the 39th year of his age." 

"Erected by the heirs of Randal U. Moale, at his request, to the 
memory of his father, John Moule, who departed this life July 5th, 
Anno Domini 1798, in the C7Hi year of his age," 

"Eliaibeth Moale, daughter of John anil Kaohcl Moule, who died 
August ye 2l8t, I7:i7, aged 3 yeai-s 7 months and 28 days," 

"John George Walker. Born July 6th, 1787; died October 18th, 
1822." 

" Charles Arthur, A,B„ son of Charles and Ann Walker, who died 
October 27th, 1SI5, in the 20th year of his age. Also, his sister Eliza- 
beth Hulso Walker. Boru December lOtli, 1780; died January 3l8t, 
1830." 

"Agnes Anna Walko 



Susanna A. Walker. Born Septcmlier 3d, 1775 ; died May 12th, 1822. 
Also, Margaret Walker, died July ."i, 1819, in her 36th year." 

" George William Johnson. Born 17th January, 1794 ; died 26th Oc- 
tober, lK:i:i," 

"Friiiiii- I 111, .11 l; III J I Mu Ii,l792; died 26th April, 18.58." 
"Mr>. I .: I I n I I . I I |. i,ii,|,a J. Hall.liorn on the lOtb 
ofSepi..,iil. ;. I .. . ii -,. I .lanuary, 18J6. Aged 62 years." 
"Dr Ml 1. I .1 II .11, I. Ill Ml. iv-r. Died March. 1855." 
"Col. Sanunl .-Moal.-. born 4lh of ,Ianuary, 1773; died 21st February, 
1867, Aged 84 years." 

" Thomas North, son of Robert and Frances North, who departed this 
life on February 27th, 1751 or 17.')6. Aged eighteen years and eleven 

" Captain Robert North, of this parish, who departed this life March 
the 2l8t, 1748, in the 5l8t year of his age," 

" Frances North, wife of Robert North, who departi-.l this life July 
2Sth, 1745, in the 30tli year of her age," 

It was at some time during the fir.st quarter of the 
eighteenth century that the Worthington family settled 
in the beautiful valley to which they have given their 
name. One of the early members of the family was 
John Worthington, whose second wife was Mary 
Hammond. Their son Samuel was born in 1734, and 
was married the first time to Mary Tolley, who was 
born March 21, 1740, and died Oct. 4, 1777. She was 
the daughter of Walter Tolley, of Joppa. Samuel's 
children by his first wife were twelve in number, of 
whom eight sons and three daughters grew up to 
manhood and womanhood, — John Tolley, Comfort 
Dorsey, Walter, Charles, Vachel, Ann, Martha, Ed- 
win, Thomas, James, and Samuel. He was the second 
time married, to Miss Martha Garrettson, born Aug. 
18, 1753, and who died Dec. 31, 1831. By her he had 
twelve children, of whom eleven grew up to maturity, 
— nine daughters and two sons, — Garrett,, Nicholas, 
Charlotte, Sallie, Elizabeth, Ellen, Martha, Kittei, 
and Susan, the names of two not ascertained. Sam- 
uel Worthington died in April, 1815. Charles Worth- 
ington, of Samuel, by Samuel's first wife, was born 
Sept. 22, 1770, and married in January, 1803, Susan 
Johns, daughter of Eichard Johns, whose father's 
name was also Richard Johns, and whose family came 
from Wales. Richard Johns, father of Susan, mar- 
ried a Sarah Weems, by whom he had six children. 
Susan was born Jan. 11, 1781, and died March 10, 
1843. Richard Johns (the elder) married Ann Worth- 
ington, a daughter of John Tolley Worthington, by 
whom he had five children. Charles Worthington, of 
Samuel, had nine children, — Mary, Samuel, Richard, 
John, Sallie, Kinsey, Benjamin J., Rosetta, and Ed- 
ward. He was a zealous member of St. Thomas' P. E. 
Church, and his father, Samuel, wiis one of the com- 
mittee to erect the church edifice. In politics he was 
an ardent Whig, and a warm admirer of Henry Clay. 
He belonged to the Masonic order. He received a 
good practical liinglish education, and devoted his life 
to agricultural pursuits, in which he was eminently 
successful. He was very active in politics, but ac- 
cepted no office for himself, preferring to aid his 
friend^. A man of great influence in the county, he 
stood in the highest esteem of his fellow-citizens. He 
died .July 15, 1847, universally lamented. Richard 




CHARLES WORTHINGTON 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



Johns, father of Susan Worthington, was born Jan. 
12, 1752, and died Jan 6, 1806, and his wife, Sarah C. 
Weems, died June 21, 1793. Samuel, father of Charles 
Worthington, of Samuel, w'as a member of the Legis- 
lature after the Revolutionary war. Benjamin I., son 
of Charles Worthington, of Samuel, lives in the east- 
ern part of the district, and has a splendid plantation 
of over eight hundred acres. He is a public-spirited 
citizen, and one of the most successful of Baltimore 
County's noted farmers. 

St. John's in the Valley. — " St. John's Church in 
the Valley," as it is called, was originally erected in 
1816, by contributions from the members of several 
religious denominations residing in and near Reis- 
ferstowu. It was intended as a " free church," but 
the trustees filially determined to devote it to the 
Episcopal Church. The corner-stone was laid by 
Bishop Kemp, June 3, 1816, and the edifice was con- 
.secrated by him Nov. 13, 1818, by the name of St. 
John's church. To distinguish it from St. John's 
church in St. John's parish, in Baltimore County, it 
is called St. John's Church in the Valley. It is situ- 
ated near Reisterstown, six miles north of St. Thomas' 
church, and one mile southeast of Dover road, near 
the head of the Western Run Valley, on two acres of 
land donated by Charles Walker, of Woodburn. 
The old church was erected under the superinten- 
dence of a committee composed of Charles Walker, 
John T. Worthington, Charles Worthington, and 
Kinsey Johns, was built of limestone, and cost .about 
$5000. The principal subscribers were John T. 
Worthington, Charles AVorthington, and Kinsey 
Johns, S400 each ; Walter Worthington, $250; Eliza- 
beth Philpot, Hickman Johnson, and Fayette John- 
son, $200 each; Elisha S. Johnson, John T. H. 
Worthington, and Richard Johns, $100 each ; Ed- 
ward Gill, Sr. and Jr., $80 ; and other smaller sums, 
making the first subscriptions amount to $3250. In 
1820 the church was organized as an independent 
congregation under the general act of Assembly 
passed in 1804, and Hickman Johnson, John Tolly 
Worthington, Edward Gill, John Johns, Charles 
Worthington, Walter Worthington, John George 
Walker, and Kensey Johns were elected the first 
vestry. At this time (May 22, 1820) Rev. Charles C. I 
Austin, the rector of St. Thomas' parish, became the ] 
rector of St. John's Church, with a stipulated salary ! 
of three hundred and twenty dollars for the first year. 
He ofiiciated every other Sunday. Preaching and 
divine service, however, had been conducted for 
twenty years by the Rev. Mr. Coleman and subse- 
quent rectors of St. Thomas' parish, in the old school 
situated across the road nearly opposite to St. John's 
church. The old house previous to the late civil war 
was occupied for many years by " Hagar," a very old 
colored woman and faithful servant of the Walkers, 
to whom they gave it during her life. Before 1834 a ! 
wing built of stone, two stories high, was erected at 
the northwest end of the church and used as an 



academy. A school (known as the Huntingdon 
Academy) was continued here for several years, and 
received an appropriation from the State of some 
$400. In 1834, Mr. Austin gave up his rectorship of 
the church, and the vestry advertised for a teacher 
and a minister. At the Diocesan Convention of 1829, 
St. John's was admitted into union with it, and after 
Mr. Austin's resignation the church was without a 
minister for two years. On May 5, 1836, Rev. John 
P. Robinson, rector of Sherwood Chapel, was elected 
rector, to give one-half his time to St. John's. He 
was succeeded in 1842 by Rev. George Fitzhugh 
Worthington, the rector of Sherwood chapel, who 
was to give half his services for two years. He was 
followed on Oct. 14, 1844, by Rev. William Nelson 
Pendleton, then rector of Sherwood Chapel, and in 
charge of St. Luke's Academy, in Baltimore City. 
For two years he gave his services to the church 
every other Sunday. He was a native of Virginia, 
and graduated at West Point in 1830, and in 1831-32 
was Professor of Mathematics at that institution. He 
resigned the lieutenancy of Fourth Artillery, Oct. 31, 
1833, was chosen professor of Bristol College, Penn- 
sylvania, in the same year ; of Delaware College, New- 
ark, Del., in 18.37-38; became a clergyman of the 
Episcopal Church in 1837-38 ; and rector of the Epis- 
copal Diocesan School, Alexandria, Va., in 1839^4. 
In 1847 he became rector of All Saints' parish, in 
Frederick, Md., and continued in charge of it until 
July, 1853, when he returned to Virginia. Upon the 
breaking out of the late civil war he was elected cap- 
tain of a battery in Gen. Joe Johnston's army, in 
July, 1861 ; was colonel of reserve artillery at Ma- 
nassas, 1863 ; became chief of artillery of the Army 
of Northern Virginia with the rank of brigadier- 
general, and surrendered with Gen. Lee, April 9, 1865. 
It is said that on discharging his pieces in battle he 
commonly used the following order, "Lord have 
mercy on your souls! Fire!" He is the author of 
"Science a Witness for the Bible," published in 1860. 
Mr. Pendleton was succeeded in the rectorship of St. 
John's Church, on Jan. 3, 1847, by Rev. Henry 
Woods, who was the first pastor who gave his whole 
time to the church. His health failing, he resigned 
at the end of the year. In 1842 or '43, John Johns 
built at his own expense a very commodious stone 
parsonage of two stories, with a basement and attic, 
containing ten rooms, for the use of the rector of St. 
John's, and put up a substantial stone wall around 
the entire church lot. In 1850 he also gave the 
church a wood-lot containing thirteen acres, about a 
mile distant from it. On Feb. 1, 1848, Rev. Ethan 
Allen became the rector, and the Diocesan Conven- 
tion of 1854 changed the independent organization of 
the charge and made it a parish, by the name of 
Western Run parish. It w^as bounded as follows: 
" Beginning where the Reisterstown and Westmin- 
ster turnpike crosses the Carroll County line, and 
running southeasterly with that road to the seven- 



niSTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



teenth milestoiio ; tlu'iicc southwardly, parallel to the ! 
road through Keislerslowii, to the lane leading to the 
brickyard below the town ; thence east with a 
straight line to the Protestant Methodist Ridge meet- 
ing-house ; thence north with the Falls road to Sha- 
wan; thence with a straight line to the northeast 
boundary of Dr. Lewis Griffith's farm; thence west- 
wardly to the Black Rock road, and with said road to 
the county road, and southwardly with the county 
line to the place of beginning." 

During the rectorship of Rev. A. J. Berger, on 
Christmas Day in 1867, the church was destroyed by 
fire. The vestry-room was saved. Tlie congregation 
immediately proceeded to build a new church on the 
same site, and the following building committee was | 
appointed to superintend the work: Benjamin I. > 
Worthingtou, Rev. A. J. Berger, rector, and Samuel 
W. Starr. The design was furnished by Messrs. 
Shorb & Leister, of Westminster, Carroll County, I 
and the masonry was done by William P. Cole. The 
corner-stone of the new church was laid on Aug. 17, 
1869, by the rector. Rev. A. J. Berger, assisted by 
Rev. William T. Johnston and Rev. George C. Stokes, 
and the edifice was consecrated with imposing cere- i 
monies by Bishop Pinkney, D.D., LL.D., Oct. 16, i 
1873. The church is a semi-Gothic structure, forty j 
by seventy-five feet, and cost twelve thousand dollars, I 
the greater part of which was the contribution of I 
Benjamin I. Worthington. It is constructed of lime- 
stone, with dressed granite finish, and is one of the 
handsomest church edifices in the county. At the ; 
time of the consecration Rev. Arthur J. Rich was | 
rector, and he was succeeded by Rev. William Mur- 
phy. Rev. John Tennent is the present incumbent, i 
The vestrymen in 1867, when the first church was 
burned, were Benjamin I. Worthington, Edward 
Worthington, Samuel W. Starr, John Tolly Johns, 
Amos Jollifle, Richard Johns, and John Tolly Worth- 
ington ; the present vestrymen are Benjamin I. 
Worthington, Edward Worthington, Edward P. Phil- 
pot, Charles W. Semmes, Lewis Griffith, and Edward 
A. Cockey. 

Montrose Protestant Episcopal church, situated 
near the Hanover turnpike, about three miles north 
of Reisterstown, was erected through the munificence 
of Franklin Anderson. It was built on his estate in 
1854, and is constructed of stone in the Grecian style 
of architecture, with tower and bell. 

"The other places of worship within the limits of 
Western Run parish," says Dr. Ethan Allen in 1854, 
" are the Dutch stone church, the Baptist Black Rock \ 
meeting-house, built of stone in 1826 or '27, the 
Dover chapel, built also of stone by the Episcopal 
Methodists in 1842, the Mount Gilian church of the 
Protestant Methodists, built about 1832, and the 
Methodist Ei)iscopal chapel at Reisterstown." 

Among the early .settlers of this portion of Balti- 
more County were the Lowe family. John Lowe, 
about the middle of the lust century, lived on the 



farm now owned by P. F. Lowe, fourteen miles from 
Baltimore. He married Flora Dorsey. Their son, 
Nicholas Lowe, was born in 1763, and served in the 
Continental army in the latter part of the Revolu- 
tionary war. He married Titura Baker, daughter of 
Zebedee Baker, by whom he had seven children, — 
Merab, married to Samuel Meliron ; Amos, married 
to Elizabeth Weller; Jeremiah; Ralph; Asenath, 
married to Thomas Worrel ; Jane, married to James 
Johnson ; and Alfred. Of these, Ralph and Amos 
served in the war of 1S12, and were at the defense of 
Baltimore when invaded by the British. Alfred 
Lowe, the youngest child, was born on the homestead 
May 18, 1805. He received a good common-school 
education. His parents were of the Baptist persua- 
sion, and although not a member of this church, he 
has contributed liberally to its support. He is a 
Democrat in politics, but has never been an aspirant 
for office. His father, Nicholas, purchased part of the 
land which he now owns, lying between his fiither's 
old tract and " Soldiers' Delight." The origin of the 
name " Soldiers' Delight," given to a barren tract of 
land in this district, arose thus : When this part of 
the province was a frontier, a garrison of soldiers, 
after a period of severe hardships, and being con- 
stantly harassed by the Indians in ambush, arrived 
at this place, and being suddenly placed in the open 
country and some distance from the lurking-places of 
the red men, were so delighted with the site that they 
called it "Soldiers' Delight," the name it still bears. 

Mr. Lowe has never married. He is a successful 
farmer and a public-spirited citizen of warm impulses 
and generous hospitality. 

Hannah More Academy owes its existence to the 
munificence of Mrs. Ann Neilson, daughter of Mr. 
Vanbibber, and widow of Hugh Neilson. By her 
will, made in 1832, she bequeathed ten thousand dol- 
lars for the erection of an academy on a lot of ground 
given by her for that purpose on the turnpike one 
mile southeast of Reisterstown. 

She lived to erect the building herself, which she 
called the Hannah More Academy, and for the man- 
agement of which a board of trustees was appointed, 
consisting of Rev. Dr. Henshaw, Rev. Dr. John 
Johns, C. Burney, R. Burney, William Vanbibber, 
and George D. Vanbibber. It was provided by Mrs. 
Neilson that religious instruction should be "the pri- 
mary and leading object" of the institution, and that 
" each day's session should commence and conclude 
with prayer and the reading of the Scriptures." She 
further directed that "an adequate portion of the 
Mondays and Fridays should be devoted to the re- 
ligious instruction of the pupils," and " enjoined" 
and " required" that it should be " made an express 
stipulation that the superintendent shall agree to con- 
duct a Siibbath-school." Provision was also made 
for a limited number of free scholarships, and the 
interest of four thousand dollars was appropriated 
towards their maintenance. 



s^r_« 




/^^x 



^nv-i^y 




^^ 





J^ %ui. 



FOURTH DISTRICT. 



8(17 



The institution was incorporated on the 20tli of 
March, 1838, with Rev. J. P. R. Henshaw, D.D., Rev. 
John Johns, D.D., Rev. Charles C. Austin, Clotworthy 
Burney, Sr., Washington Vanbibber, and Franklin 
Anderson as incorporators, under the name and style 
of " The Trustees of the Hannah More Academy." 

On the 25th of November, 1857, the academy was 
totally destroyed by fire, but was soon afterwards 
rebuilt. 

Permission was given by the Diocesan Convention 
of 1853 to organize a church in connection with the 
institution, and on the 29th of September in that 
year the corner-stone of the present church of St. 
Michael was laid by the Rev. Ethan Allen. It was 
erected on the grounds of the academy, and was con- 
secrated by Bishop Whittingham in July, 1854. Rev. 
Arthur J. Rich, D.D., the chaplain of the academy, 
is the rector of the church. 

The Church of the Holy Communion was organ- 
ized in 1851, by permissioii of the Diocesan Conven- 
tion, and is situated about three miles from Reisters- 
town, within tlie former limits of St. Thomas' parish. 
Among those connected with its organization were 
Messrs. Richard and G. Somerville Norris. Rev. 
Arthur J. Rich, D.D., was its first rector. 

The ancestor of the Fowble family in this country 
was Peter, who emigrated from Germany about the 
middle of the eighteenth century and settled in what 
is now Carroll County, Md., between Hampstead and 
Manchester. He had one daughter and four sous. 
Melchor, one of the sons, was married to Servina 
Uhler, by whom he had fourteen children, — eight boys 
and six girls, — as follows: Elizabeth, married to 
Joshua Cockey ; John Jacob ; Melchor ; one who died 
in infancy unnamed; Peter, who died in infancy; 
Peter again ; Thomas; Joshua Uhler; Mary, married 
to Henry Algier ; Catherine, married to George Al- 
gier; Servina, married to Conrad Ebaugh ; Margaret, 
married to Elijah Benson ; and Susan, married to Wil- 
liam Heston. Melchor, the fiither of these children, 
moved to the vicinity of the present village of Fow- 
blesburg, in the Fourth District of Baltimore County, 
where Peter Fowble, the seventh child, was born, July 
3, 1796. He was educated in the common schools of 
the time. His mother's family, the Uhlers, are also 
of German descent, and were among the pioneers of 
Carroll County. Five sons of Andrew Uhler served 
in the war of 1812. Peter Fowble, when in the eigh- 
teenth year of his age, enlisted for the defense of 
Baltimore in 1814. He served two months, receiving 
from the government a bounty of 160 acres of land 
and a pension, which he still draws. He was in Capt. 
Eli Stogstill's company of Col. William Jessop's regi- 
ment. He was married March 20, 1823, to Nancy, 
daughter of Joseph and Jane Maxwell Shaw. She 
died Dec. 6, 1872, and he was married for the second 
time on Aug. 24, 1875, to Ellen Wheeler, the accom- 
plished daughter of Benjamin and Belinda Wheeler, 
by Rev. Edward Kinsey. Mr. Fowble was born when 



the American republic was but twenty years old, and 
now, in his eighty-fifth year, is as hale and vigorous 
as most men of half his age. He was seventy-nine 
years old and his bride sixty-two at the time of his 
second marriage. He is a man of large wealth, and 
by a long life of integrity and usefulness he has won 
the highest esteem of his fellow-citizens. In 1824 he 
settled on his present estate of Fairview, originally 
the addition to Amos Winter's resurvey, which con- 
sists of one hundred and fifty acres. His parents 
were members of the Lutheran Church, but he at- 
tends different churches, his wife belonging to the 
Methodist Episcopal. After the war of 1812 he 
served many years as captain in the militia. In 1852 
he was one of the three assessors of the county, hav- 
ing for his colleagues Harry Almony and John Cur- 
tis. He assessed the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and 
Tenth Districts with such success that only one ap- 
peal was taken. 

The Methodists. — The earliest reference to the re- 
ligious work of the Methodists within the bounds of 
St. Thomas' parish is found in Bishop Asbury's jour- 
nal, where he records, under date of Nov. 24, 1772, 
that " he came to his old friend Joshua Owings', 
the finest home for the Methodists." Bishop Asbury 
calls it " an agreeable house and family, and the old 
man an Israelite indeed. One son, Richard, was a 
preacher, and many people were there." At this period 
and for twelve years afterwards the Methodist preachers 
refused to baptize or to administer tiie communion, and 
required the members of their classes to attend the 
Episcopal Church of the parish, there to receive the 
ordinances. They still considered themselves, and 
were generally held to be, members of the Episcopal 
Church, and were regarded simply as forming one of 
the parties within its fold. The visit of November, 
1772, was the first that Bishop Asbury made in St. 
Thomas' parish, and he seems to have fallen into an 
ecclesiastical dispute with the stalwart Episcopalians 
of St. Thomas'. On the 24th of February, 1773, he 
writes, — " 3. Went to J. D's.,' where many people at- 
tended. My old opponent, Mr. E.,'' met me here, but 
he did not appear so forward as he had been." During 
the early part of 1773, Bishop Asbury had monthly 
appointments at Mr. Owings' house. He had a class 
there, and he relates that " several rich people" at- 
tended his ministrations. On the 17th of March, 
1774, he was again in the parish, and says that he 
" visited Mr. Joseph Cromwell, a very stiff old church- 
man. But as his parson (Mr. Edmiston) disagreed 
with him on the subject of predestination, he was 
much displeased with him and willing to receive us. 
I preached at his house in the day and expounded at 
night." Mr. Cromwell lived six miles northwest of 
St. Thomas' church, his farm adjoining that of Samuel 
Worthington on the west. 



1 Jolin Dougliaday, \v}io in 1765, '6G, * 
lonias*, and lived near tlie Beaver Dan 

2 Mr. Edmiston, rector of St. TIiouuib'. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



About 1774 the Presbyterians and Baptists com- 
menced to hold regular services in the parish. The 
Presbyterian.s built a wooden chapel on the Liberty 
road, near Mr. Worlbington's, five or six miles west of 
St. Thomas' church. The Baptists built what was 
called the " Clapboard Meeting-house," about two 
miles north of Reisterstown, opposite the estate subse- 
quently occupied by J. Ducker. When this building 
was ruined by waste and time they erected another, 
two miles farther north, on the old Hanover road, near 
the residence of Mr. Hustcr, but it long since disap- 
peared. On Sept. 29, 1806, the vestry of St. Thomas' 
church agreed that the chapel of the parish, which 
subsequently became Holy Trinity church, "maybe 
opened and used by the clergy of the Baptist denomi- 
nation, provided they are men of good and upright 
character, and also provided that their times of service 
do not interfere with the appointments of the rector 
of this parish." 

In 1785 the Methodists built the edifice known as 
the Stone Chapel on land purchased from Dr. Lyon, 
near the Reisterstown road, a little above the ninth 
milestone, which is believed to have been the second 
church building constructed by this denomination in 
St. Thomas' parish. In 1791 they built a brick meet- 
ing-house in Reisterstown, which was rebuilt in 1836. 
Before the erection of the first meeting-house, in 1791, 
the Methodists of the town and its vicinity had been 
accustomed to worship in a log structure belonging to 
the Lutherans. In 1832 a frame church was erected 
by members of the Methodist denomination near the 
residence of Joshua Gill, two miles and a half north 
of St. Thomas', and in 1848 Ward's Methodist chapel 
was built, one mile east of the North Branch of the 
Patapsco, on the Liberty road. 

Early in the present century, in the year 1810, 
Jeremiah Ducker moved to Reisterstown from Mont- 
gomery County, Md., the place of his birth, and in the 
war of 1812 he commanded the company of militia 
which was raised in this district for Gen. Stansberry's 
brigade of the American army, serving at the battle 
of Bladensburg. Subsequently he was associated with 
the firm of Ducker & Reister, in Reisterstown, and < 
when that was dissolved he and his brother. Major ] 
Harry H. Ducker, became partners as merchants, the 
latter having previously been a member of the firm 
of Ducker & Howard, dry -goods merchants in Balti- 
more City. In 1843 the two brothers gave up busi- 
ness and Jeremiah retired to his farm. He married 
Julia Ann Fisher, born in Reisterstown in 1800, and 
he died in 1858, leaving a large estate. Major Ducker 
died in 1856. George Ephraim, son of Jeremiah 
Ducker, was born May 31, 1831, in Reisterstown, and 
was educated at the Franklin Academy. He was 
named as a compliment to Hon. Ephraim Gaither, a 
prominent citizen of Montgomery County, Md., and 
a warm friend of the Ducker family. 

In 1847 he entered the employ of Slingluff, Dovrios 
& Co., wholesale dry-goods menliaiUs in Hnlliniore 



City, and in 1864 he became a partner in the firm of 
William Devries & Co. A handsome competence 
was the fruit of Mr. Ducker's attention to business, 
and in 1873 he retired from active life to reside upon 




Anna 



his fine estate at Reisterstown. He n 
K., daughter of Maj. Jacob Sanders, of Gettysburg, 
Pa., where she was born on May 25, 1838. Their 
children are Julia and Harry T. The latter is en- 
gaged in the house of William Devries & Co., where 
his father preceded him by twenty-five years. Mr. 
Ducker is a Democrat in politics, but has never ac- 
cepted any of the jiroposals made to him to become 
a candidate for office. 

TJpperco Post-Office. — Upperco is om the Baltimore 
and Hanover Railroad, twenty-five miles from Balti- 
more. Its two churches are St. Paul's Lutheran and 
Emory Chapel, Methodist Episcopal. 



CHAPTER LI. 

FIl'TU DISTIUCT. 

'fine l<'iflli District extends over a considerable area, 
but t.luTc are few towns within its bordei-s and the 
population is sparse. It embraces 47.26 square miles, 
and has 2241 inhabitants. The population in 1870 
was 2014. It is bounded on the west by Carroll 
County, on the north by the Sixth District, on the 



SIXTH DISTRICT. 



8(i9 



east by the Seventh and Eighth Districts, and on the 
south by the Eighth and Fourth. The Baltimore 
and Hanover Railroad passes through the western 
side of the district, affording direct communication 
with Baltimore City and other important points. The 
Hanover turnpike, the Black Rock road, the Dover 
road, the Manchester road, and the Falls road are the 
principal highways of the district. Black Rock Run, 
Piney Run, Grave Run, and George's Run traverse the 
district in a generally southerly direction, and their 
water-power turns a number of saw-mills, paper-mills, 
and flour-mills, that cause this section of the county 
to rank high in an industrial point of view. Henry 
Millender's saw-mills on the Falls and the Gorsuch 
mills on Black Rock Run are prominent establish- 
ments, and the sa'me may be said of Jacob Beckley's 
paper-mills and those of Thomas E. Ensor, which 
produce large quantities annually. The district is 
heavily wooded, and sends a vast amount of timber 
to the Baltimore market. Iq some sections the land 
is fertile, and in others so barren as to be of little 
value for agricultural purposes. On the western side 
of the district are some very extensive and productive 
farms, owned and tilled by the descendants of the 
pioneer families, such as the Gorsuches, the Bensons, 
the Millers, the Armacosts, and the Fowbles. There 
are great quarries of limestone, which fully supply 
the demand for lime as a fertilizer throughout this 
and the adjoining districts. The district is very well 
supplied with churches and schools, and every facil- 
ity is offered for the education of the young. It is 
on the northwesterly continuation of the upland coun- 
try, and comprises very little flat land. Wheat, corn, 
rye, and oats are the cereal crops, but the wealth of 
the district is mainly to be found in its milling and 
lumber interests. 

SCHOOLS FOB 1881. 



-David A. Ebaugh, Trentun. 
-Betlie Price, Black Rock, 
-rrederick S. Mjerl.v, Mount 



Mm 



No. 5.— Charles E. Markland, Butler. 
No. li.— N. Frank Cofiell, Butler. 
No. 7.— George Vi. Ebaugh, Trenloli. 
No. 8.— Isaac Price, BeckleysviUe. 
No. 9.— Daniel Bbaugli, Grave Buu Mills. 

Trustees. 
School No. 1.— Abraham S. Cooper, Richard H. Gill, and John T. Martin. 
No. 2. — Josiah Mallonee, Johnzey Myers, and Howard Kemp. 
No. 3. — Andrew Jackson, Henry Peregoy, and Alfred Kemp. 
No. 4.^JoshuaL. Benson, Jacob Turnbaugh, and Frank Benson. 
No. 5.— Charles 0. Kemp, Thomas R. Cockey. and William Merryman. 
No. G. — John H. Milleniter, Elijah Benson, and John K. Harvey. 
No. 7. — Joshua Benson, Noah Wisner, and Joshua Tracey. 
No. 8.— Dr. John B. Norris, David Painter, and Samuel Fair. 
No. 9. — George H. Hare, Henry A. Burgoyne, and Jacob Resh. 
No. 10.— Erastus Thompson, William U. Tracy. 

Trenton. — This village is in the northwestern sec- 
tion of the district, and is on Piney Run, twenty-one 
miles distant from Baltimore City. The Baltimore 
and Hanover Railroad ])ass(-s through it. Its popula- 



tion is about 75. It has a public school, which was 
established iu 1845. Union Chapel, of the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church, was founded in 1856, and 
Trenton Chapel, of the same church, in 1857. The 
Mount Zion church of the United Brethren was 
opened in 1857, and in later years a Lutheran church 
has been establislied in the village. It also has a 
lodge of the Independent Order of Mechanics. 

Beckleysville is the most important town in the 
district, having a population of 400. It is twenty-five 
miles from Baltimore, and six miles from Freeland's 
Station on the Northern Central Railway. Near 
here are the Beckley Paper-Mills, which were estab- 
lished by Jacob Beckley, whose enterprises have 
greatly conduced to increase the population and the 
industry of the surrounding neighborhood. Its 
churches are the Lutheran and the Methodist Epis- 
copal. Union Lodge, No. 50, of the Knights of 
Pythias, was instituted Feb. 17, 1870. 

Mount Carmel is twenty-three miles from Balti- 
more City, and six miles from Parkton Station on the 
Northern Central Railway, and has a population of 
100. The Mount Carmel Protestant Episcopal church 
was dedicated Nov. 30, 1851, Rev. Dr. R. S. Vint(m 
officiating. Cedar Grove church of the United Breth- 
ren in Christ and the Old Meeting-house are within a 
mile from the village. 

Black Rock Post-Office is nearly about the geo- 
graphical centre of the district, and has a population 
of 150. There are two Baptist churches and one 
United Brethren church, and a public school. Near 
the village are the Bayview Grist and Saw-Mills. 

Zoucksville. — This village is near Black Rock 
Run, and takes its name from the Zouck family, who 
are large hmd-owners in the vicinity. The Evangel- 
ical Lutheran church at Zoucksville was dedicated on 
June 16, 1859. 

Grave Run Mills. — These mills are on Grave Run, 
twenty-six miles from Baltimore, and the village has 
160 inhabitants. There are saw-mills, grist-mills, a 
fulling-mill, and a paper-mill on the run. The 
Grave Run Methodist Episcopal church and a public 
school are attached to the village. 

Butler Post-Office is at the southern extremity of 
the district, seventeen miles from Baltimore City. 
Black Rock Methodist Episcopal church is situated 
here, and not far distant are the mills of J. H. Mil- 
lendei"'. 



CHAPTER LII. 

SIXTH DISTRICT. 

The Sixth District forms the northwestern corner 
of the county, and has an area of 38.05 square miles, 
and a population of 2326. The population in 1870 
was 2235. It is bounded on the north by the State of 
Pennsylvania, on the west by Carroll County, on the 



870 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



south by tlie Fifth District, and on the east by the 
Seventh District. The Northern Central Railway 
crosses its northeastern edge, and there are excellent 
country roads following the lines of the valleys and 
crossing the ridges. The land is rugged and very 
hilly, but in the bottoms produces large crops. The 
streams are numerous, including Gunpowder Falls, 
the West Branch, George's Run, Grave Run, and Owl 
Branch. The district is very picturesque, and its 
natural beauties confer a high value upon the hill- 
sites for country homes. On the falls of the Gun- 
powder are located the largest paper-mills in the 
State. At the Paper Mills Post-Office William H. 
Hoffman has four mills constantly running. His 
grandfather established at this neighborhood the first 
mill in the Fourth District, purchasing the ground 
at one dollar and a half per acre. Wheat, corn, and 
oats are the leading farm products. The district 
compares favorably with any other in the matter of 
schools and churches. The Hoffmans, Marshalls, and 
Albans are among the historic families, whose pro- 
genitors were the first in settling and develojiing the 
district. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 
Teachers. 
No. 1.— Georgi.i Eoystoii, Paper MiMs. 
No. 2.— John E. Balin, New Freedom, York Co., Pa. 
No. 3.— Z. C. Eba»gh, Eklo. 
No. 4.— Isaac Shaver, Eklo. 
No. 5.— George P. Morris, Kreehu.ds. 
No. 6.— Lulu M. Weeden, New Freedom, York Co., Pa. 
No. 7.— Charles E. Whiteford, Freehuids. 
No. 8.— W. K. Ziegler, New Freedom, York Co., Pa. 



School No. 1.— William J. Hoffman, William A. Alban, and William F. 
HoffDian. 

No. 2. — Jacob Hoshall, Thomas E. Knsor, and John Cooper, Sr. 

No. 3.— Rc.iirn IJ Wi„ -li-.u, I.—,- rvnlcy, ,ind Valentine Cross. 
No.4.-.la ^ - -I L !. I' - "I' : :nid Edward Kelly. 

No.5.— lii I >i ■ >l > • \ .1 -li.iver, and James L. Gemniill. 

No. 6.— Ci Of J. .\|iih I «,, .1 J, \> o>M IIS, ill, d James H, McCuUongh. 

No. 7.— Lutljiii Williams, Kb s. H 1, iiml Joseph Shaul. 

No. 8.— Henry S. Baker, George Walker, and Christian Dickmeyer. 

Middletown is the principal town of the district, 
having a population of 49, but its geographical posi- 
tion is of more importance than the number of its 
inhabitants. It is twenty-seven miles from Baltimore 
City, and three miles from Bentley's Springs, the 
nearest station on the Northern Central Railway. 
On April 16, 1859, the corner-stone of the Lutheran 
church was laid. Rev. Dr. Kurtz, of Baltimore, preach- 
ing the sermon. On September 30th the corner-stone 
of the hall of Middletown Lodge, No. 92, 1. O. O. F., 
■which was chartered March 1, 1855, was laid. Twenty- 
five hundred persons witnessed the ceremonies, which 
were conducted by Wm. R. Creery, Deputy Grand 
Master of the order in Maryland, in the absence of 
Grand Master Joshua Vansant. He was assisted by 
Joseph Thompson, Grand Warden ; John Hahn, Jr., 
Grand Secretary ; T. H. Dennison, Grand Marshal; 
and Messrs. Lewis Vogle, William H. Ruby, J. E. Mc- 
Cahan, and Arthur R. MiClelhm. There were nearlv 



five hundred Odd-Fellows present, including five 
lodges of that order, besides one of the Knights of 
Pythias. The lodges were Mount Vernon, of Pennsyl- 
vania, and the following of Baltimore County : Pros- 
pect, of PhoBnix; Hereford, of Hereford; Willet 
Belt Encampment, of Herelbrd; Middletown, of Mid- 
dletown; and Union Lodge, Knights of Pythias, of 
Beckleysville. The hall is a brick building, twenty- 
eight by fifty-five feet, and two stories high. 

The Union meeting-house is adjacent to Middle- 
town, and has two churches and one public school. 
Summit Grange, No. 164, of the Patrons of Hus- 
bandry, is located here. Near by is the Gunpowder 
Baptist church, which was established in 1806. Its 
successive pastors have been Thomas Leaman, H. J. 
Chandler, T. W. Hayes, E. R. Heri, H. E. Paull, J. 
M. Lyons, and C. L. Amy. 

Bentley's Springs. — This popular summer resort 
is on the eastern edge of the district, and is twenty- 
five miles from Baltimore City by the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway. It is owned by C. W. Bentley, of 
Baltimore, and has an elevation of six hundred feet 
above tide-water. The water is highly medicinal, 
that of the principal springs closely resembling the 
water of the Lebanon Springs of New York. Some 
years ago a hotel was erected, with handsomely im- 
proved grounds, but it was burned down on Nov. 7, 
1868, causing a loss of forty thousand dollars. Rich- 
ard Shave, the lessee, had just vacated it for the 
season, and the buildings, which consisted of one 
large frame structure and a number of cottages, were 
untenanted. Mr. Bentley has leased to a company 
the site for the erection of a new hotel. In the vicinity 
are several paper-mills, whose product is shipped and 
materials received at Bentley's Station. To the west, 
at the foot of the hill, is "Sunnyside," the residence 
of Mr. Bentley. Grace Methodist Episcopal church 
and the parsonage of Bentley Springs circuit are near 
the station. The corner-.stone of the church was laid 
on Oct. 3, 1875, with Masonic honors, by Bentley 
Springs Lodge, No. 138, A. F. & A. M. Stephen C. 
Bush, Grand Marshal of the Grand Lodge, and Grand 
Inspector for Baltimore County, officiated. Rev. D. H. 
Carroll preaching the sermon. The church is thirty 
by forty-six feet, and is built of stone, with marble 
trimmings. 

Paper-Mills.— Paper-Mills Post-Oflice and the vil- 
lage of Rockdale are on the Baltimore and Hanover 
Railroad and the West Branch of Gunpowder Falls, 
twenty-five miles distant from the city. Here are lo- 
cated the Clipper, the Gunpowder, and the Rockdale 
Paper-Mills, all of which are owned by W. H. Hoff- 
man & Sons, who give employment for nearly the 
whole population, amounting to about two hundred 
persons. The churches are Mount Tabor Methodist 
Episcopal, St. Peter's Lutheran, and one of the United 
Brethren. There is one public school, and Spring 
Grange, No. 153, of the Patrons of Husbandry, of 
wliich J. O. Scaver is Master. 




^J-<,^,..t^ , ^y^. ^::x:/7r7-z-^'<oo^ 



SEVENTH DISTRICT. 



871 



Freeland's Post-Oflice is a station on the Northern 
Central Railway, twenty-eight miles from Baltimore 
and three miles from the Pennsylvania line, and a 
mile above it is Oakland. Each of these villages has 
about 50 inhabitants, and is an active business place 
on account of being the railroad station for a thickly 
settled and wealthy region of country. Mount Zion 
Methodist Episcopal church is near Freeland's, and 
there is another church of the same denomination at 
Oakland. 

Rayville. — This is a post-office village of 25 popu- 
lation, twenty-two miles from Baltimore. At the edge 
of the village is Pine Grove United Brethren church. 
This section is noted for its great orchards and the 
splendid fruit that they yield. 



CHAPTER LIU. 



SEVENTH DISTRICT. 



The Seventh is one of the largest and most popu- 
lous divisions of the county. It has an area of 59.93 
square miles, and a population of 3074. The popula- 
tion in 1870 was 2833. It is bounded on the north 
by Pennsylvania, on the west by the Sixth and Fifth 
Districts, on the south by the Eighth and Tenth, and 
on the east by Harford County. Its surface charac- 
teristics are those of a hill country, and the greater 
part of the land is susceptible of an advanced state 
of cultivation, to which it has been raised by intelli- 
gent and scientific farming. Wheat, corn, oats, and 
a great quantity of fine fruit are raised. The water- 
power of the district is so great that it has not yet 
been fully availed of, but there are numerous mills on 
Gunpowder Falls and its branches. Deer Creek, and 
the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Mine Run. The 
Northern Central Railway and the York turnpike 
pass through the district, so that there is no lack of 
facilities for travel and traffic. In some localities the 
breeding of fine cattle is extensively carried on, and 
there are herds which are not excelled anywhere in 
the country. The dairy business is also largely and 
profitably prosecuted. Among the old settlers may 
be mentioned Benjamin Couden, Maj. Gist Vaughen, 
Adam Browns, George Elliott, Wm. St. Clair, Stephen 
Collett, Edward Parrish, Benjamin McCullough, Abra- 
ham Royston, William Hunt, John Tracey, William 
Heart, Capt. James Calder, Daniel Walker, Abraham 
Slade, James McElroy, Nicholas Bull, Rev. Edward 
Rockhold, and Col. James Turner. 

" Rural Retreat," the splendid farm of B. F. Jor- 
dan, comprises three hundred and thirty-two and a 
half acres, and lies in the northern part of the dis- 
trict, about two miles from the Pennsylvania line, and 
the same distance from Harford County. It is part 
of the old Joshua Anderson tract of eight hundred 
and twenty-nine acres, and is one of the most beauti- 



ful and best cultivated estates in tlie county. The 
Jordans are of Scotch- Irish Presl)yterian stock. John 
Jordan came from the north of Ireland, and settled 
before the American Revolution in Cecil County, Md. 
His son, Thomas Jordan, wiis born in Cecil County, 
but located in York County, Pa., where he married 
Ann Dixon, widow of Robert Dixon, and a sister of 
Gen. John Steele. He died in 1820. His children 
were Archibald Steele, Thomas Ross, Benjamin, 
Samuel, James, Joseph, and Rachel. Of the above 
children, Archibald Steele Jordan was born April 24, 
1774. He was a major in the war of 1812, served 
two years in the Penn.sylvania House of Representa- 
tives, and was eighteen years brigade inspector of the 
militia. He died in 1859. He married Rebecca 
Turner, a daughter of James Turner, who intermar- 
ried with a Miss Campbell. His children were John 
S. ; James P. ; Benjamin Franklin ; Mary J., married 
to Richard Arthur; Rachel A., married to Gabriel 

A. McComas; Harriet R., married to William Long, 
of Lancaster County, Pa.; Amanda (unmarried); 
Thomas R. ; Dr. Edward C. ; and Samuel M. ; with 
four others who died in childhood. Of these, B. F. 
Jordan was born Nov. 5, 1823, in York County, Pa. 
He was raised on a farm, and received the usual com- 
mon-school education afforded at that time. He re- 
moved to Baltimore County in the spring of 1852. 
He was married Aug. 4, 1853, to Juliet E. Anderson, 
daughter of William and Juliet E. Anderson, the 
latter a daughter of Joshua Anderson. The Ander- 
sons are of English descent, and very early settled on 
the Carroll Manor. Mrs. Jordan's paternal grand- 
father, James Anderson, settled in Harford County, 
but her maternal grandfather, Joshua, located in 
Baltimore County, where, in 1791, he purchased a 
tract of eight hundred and twenty-nine acres of land 
from the State of Maryland, which he reclaimed from 
the wilderness and cleared up into fertile fields. Mr. 

B. F. and Juliet E. Jordan's children are Mary So- 
phronia, Harriet, Rebecca, Archibald Steele, Benja- 
min F., John Lawrence, Rachel A., James P., and 
Otho. Mr. Jordan is a member of the Presbyterian 
Church, which he attends at Stewartstown, York Co., 
Pa. He received the three first symbolical degrees in 
Masonry in Mount Moriah Lodge, A. F. and A. M., 
at Towsontown, in 1874. He is a warm Democrat in 
politics, and was elected a county commissioner in 
1870, and re-elected in 1872, serving two full terms. 
During this time the commissioners built the. alms- 
house, Edmondson Avenue, and a bridge over it, and 
also Wilkens Avenue, and a bridge over it. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1S81. 



No. 1,— J.imes E. Green, Mnr.vlnnd lino 
No. 2.— S. Allen Leib, Gorsuch's Mills. 
No. 3.— Milton E. Smith, Shane. 
No. 4.— J. S. McGirr, White Hull. 
No. 5.— E. A. Miller, Wiscburg. 
No. 6.— LauraT. Davis, Parktou. 
No. 7.— J. J. Stair, Her.-f,n<l. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



No. 1.— Alfred SpiirUs, Ilcrurold. 

Trusteks. 
School No. 1.— Willmii. V. HcM.Uiix, Willhun 1 

Henlhcole. 
No. 2.— Joliii W. .\n.l.rs Isaac Ttnluv, mid f 



No 


5.-^ 


-ri. 


1 i|. 


^l 




No 


6.- 


^Tli.n 






V 1 


No 


7- 


-JiHol 


Va ., 




ll 


No 


8.- 


-Ji.me 


T. Moore, CI 




No 




-Abraliani Do« 


lis, J. 


IH 


No 


10 


—Join 


Bailo.v, 


Willi 


Ml 


No 


11 


— li. F 


Jordan 


Ross 


]!o 



White Hall— The village of White Hall is on the 
Northern Central Railway, twenty-two miles from 
Baltimore, and has a population of 100. The sur- 
rounding country is noted for the number of its 
dairies, and White Plall is one of the principal milk 
stations on the railroad, sending to Baltimore an aver- 
age of over three hundred gallons daily. Among the 
prominent dairymen of the neighborhood are W. M. 
Norris, James Bosley, James Elliott, Thomas Elliott, 
J. M. McComas, Jr., T. V. Hunter, Peter Hunter, 
Thomas Lytle, Jarrett Nelson, Edward Parrish, Chris. 
Slade, John Nelson, and Richard Burns. From this 
station was formerly shipped all the pig-iron produced 
at the La Grange Works, fifteen miles distant, in Har- 
ford County, the iron being hauled to the railroad in 
wagons. Early in 1869, when E. K. Wright located 
here as railroad agent, there was neither church nor 
school. He established a Sunday-school, making a 
gift of a building erected on his land, and he was re- 
warded by .seeing it improve the tone of the com- 
munity and attract an attemhince from many miles 
around. 

On Gunpowder Falls, half a mile above White 
Hall, is the paper-mill of A. J. Burke, where manilla 
paper is manufactured; and near by is the mill of 
William Wise, which turns out straw paper. 

Parkton is on the Northern Central Railway, 
twenty-nine miles from Baltimore, and has 50 inhab- 
itants. The York turnpike crosses the railroad at 
this point, rendering it a centre of trade and popula- 
tion for a radius of ten miles. Great amounts of dairy 
and farm produce find their way to the railroad at 
Parkton, and it is one of the principal shii)piug-points 
between Baltimore and the Penn.sylvania line. The 
adjacent country has a pleasantly undulating surface, 
and abounds in fine farm properties. George Little 
and Pleasant Hunter each have three hundred acres 
highly cultivated. The old Park estate, now belong- 
ing to Mrs. Turner, embraces twelve hundred acres, 
of which about five hundred acres are cultivated. 
Daniel Lieb, A. J. Stabler, James H. Anderson, Wil- 
liam H. Little, William Ensor, and Capt. James 
Walker are prominent farmers and dairymen. 



Hon. James Turner was born in Harford County, 
Md., in 1783, and died in 1861. He was a son of 
Lieut.-Col. Andrew Turner, of the Revolutionary 
army, who served in the Southern campaign with the 
Maryland line, taking part in the battle of Eutaw 
Springs, as well as in many other hard-fought engage- 
ments, and finally participating in the triumph at 
Yorktown. His well-earned commission is still pre- 
served by his granddaughter, Mrs. S. K. Turner, of 
Baltimore City. Not satisfied with the glory won in 
the Revolutionary struggle, he eagerly embraced the 
opportunity of gathering fresh laurels afforded by the 
war of 1812, and, followed by six of his sons, faced 
his old foes on the field of North Point. His oldest 
son, James, the subject of this notice, who had re- 
ceived a captain's commission^ at the age of twenty- 
four, was one of this gallant band, and rendered 
valiant service on that memorable day. In 1817 he 
became collector of State and county taxes in Balti- 
more County, where he had settled in 1811, and con- 
tinued to hold this otfice for six years, having been 
appointed in the mean time a justice of the peace. 
In 1824 he was elected to the House of Delegates, 
and was re-elected for nine successive years. His pop- 
ularity was so great that at the end of that time, in 1833, 
he was elected a member of the United States House 
of Representatives, and was re-elected at the expira- 
tion of his first term, continuing a member of that 
body until 1837. He was again twice elected to the 
House of Delegates, and after a brief interval of pri- 
vate life was elected State senator in his seventy- 
second year, and two years later was re-elected to the 
same oftice. Mr. Turner was a man of great popu- 
larity, and brought to the discharge of all his official 
duties an ability, conscientiousness, and fidelity that 
won for him the lasting respect and esteem of his 
constituents. 

Mr. Turner was married, in 1811, to Sarah Calder, 
by whom he had seven 'children, — James Calder, a 
civil engineer of distinction in the South; Mary Ann, 
who married John M. Price and left four children ; 
Margaret ; Emack ; George W., a young man of great 
promise, who died before the age of thirty in his 
adopted State, Indiana, leaving one daughter, Martha 
Turner, who married her cousin, Thomas Iv. Turner ; 
Miranda Harris ; and Ellen Rampley. 

Mr. Turner's widow, who survived him thirteen 
years, dying at the venerable age of eighty-eight, was 
the third daughter of Capt. James Calder, who was 
one of the early settlers of Baltimore County. Capt. 
Calder was born in Scotland about 1729, and though 
but a youth commanded a company of Highlanders 
of his father's clan in the Stuart rising of 1745. 
After the bloody and disastrous defeat at Culloden 
he fled from Scotland, concealing himself on the voy- 
age in the hold of the vessel, and arrived, a penniless 
refugee, in Maryland, where his superior education, 
culture, and manly bearing gained him the notice 
and friendship of some of the mo.st prominent men 



SEVENTH DISTRICT. 



of the province. He married Margaret Bagnel, a 
lady of Irish birth, and of their children a son and 
four daughters survived him. His son, George E., was 
a lieutenant in the United States navy, and was an 
efficient and accomplished officer. His career of 
brilliant promise was cut short by his early death in 
1808. The other children were Margaret Parks, who 
died without issue; Mary Little, who left six chil- 
dren ; Sarah Turner, the wife of James Turner ; and 
Charlotte C. Withers, who left two sons and three 
daughters. 

The proposed Parkton and Manchester Railroad 
commences at Parkton, and was projected to extend 
into Baughman's Valley, Carroll County. It was 
chartered by the Maryland Legislature in 1868, and 
.sixty thousand dollars was spent in surveying and 
grading, but in 1870 the company ceased operations. 
Its charter empowers it to connect with the Western 
jMarylaud Railroad or the Frederick & Pennsylva- 
nia Line Railroad, and it is hoped that the sus- 
pended enterprise may be revived. The line as laid 
out runs through a section of country rich in agricul- 
tural and mineral resources a distance of thirteen and 
three-fourths mtles. The town of Manchester, Car- 
roll Co., is authorized to subscribe to the stock or in- 
dorse the bonds of the company to the amount of 
twenty thousand dollars, and if this money ever be- 
comes available the construction of the road may be 
taken up again. 

The Presbyterian church at Parkton was dedicated 
on Oct. 21, 1849. 

Charity Lodge, No. 134, A. F. and A. M., was 
originally instituted at Bentley's Springs, March 21, 
1868, and was called Bentley's Springs Lodge. In 
1878 it was removed to Parkton and the title altered. 
Its officers for the first term were J. S. Price, W. M. ; 
S. S. Cooper, S. W. ; W. F. Hendrix, Sec. ; and A. 
W. Hughes, Treas. It has a membership of twenty- 
five. 

New Market, or the Maryland Line Post-Office, is 
the extreme northern village of Baltimore County, 
and is thirty-two miles from Baltimore City, and only 
a few hundred yards south of the. point where the 
Northern Central Railroad crosses the border into 
Pennsylvania. It has a population of 118. The old 
hotel was erected in 1806, just after the York turn- 
pike was completed. The oldest house was built a 
year or two previously by John Walker, and is now 
the residence of Michael Krout. There are a Meth- 
odist Episcopal and a Protestant Episcopal church 
and a public school. 

The Rutledge family date for many generations 
back in the vicinity of New Market. Thomas G. 
Rutledge was born here, Sept. 8, 1828, and still re- 
mains upon the family estate. His father, Thomas 
Rutledge, was born in Baltimore County, Aug. 9, 
1759, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and 
married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Alice 
Morris Howard, who w:ts born in York County, Pa., 



Jan. 24, 1776. His paternal grandfather was William 
Rutledge. He was married Dec. 5, 1844, to Rebecca 
J., daughter of John Fyffe, a wealthy farmer of York 
County, Pa. Her grandfather was a native of Ire- 




land, and emigrated to America in 17i)0. Mr. Rut- 
ledge attended the common schools for three years, 
and in after-life he diligently applied himself to 
study. From 1844 to 1861 he was engaged in teach- 
ing school, having thoroughly qualified himself for 
the profession. He is one of the leading Democrats 
of the county, and has twice been elected a judge of 
the Orphans' Court, serving from 1867 to 1875. Since 
the latter year he has been an assistant school exam- 
iner for the county, and takes deep interest in edu- 
cational matters. His children are Rufus F. ; Eliza- 
beth, married to Dr. Silas W. Hazeltinc; John F. 
Mary L., married to T. J. Leeds, of Pennsylvania 
Sarah J., married to John V. Leeds; aud L. Sue, 
married to W. W. Ratclift". 

The Maryland Line Circle N. E. C, Brotherhood 
of Union, encircled in the H. F. of the Continent of 
America, was instituted May 18, 1869, with the fol- 
lowing charter-members: Joshua Rutledge, , Joseph 
Miller, A. H. Krout, Jr., H. Atwell, J. Standiford, 
W. T. Bond, J. W. Hedrick, J. McDonald, W. Bailev, 
S. S. Cooper, J. R. Keys, B. H. Williams, J. E. Mes- 
simer, D. Sweeney, W. Ruhl, T. W. Keys. T. Hilde- 
brand, J. Beatty, A. C. Almony, P. F. Wilhelm, and 
W. McAbee. Its officers are J. W. Keys, C. W. ; 



874 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



H. Rasbc, C. J. ; J. Standiford, C. F.; T. H. Jay, 
H. H.; W. F. Hendrix, H. S. K.; A. McDonald, 
H. R. ; J. R. Keys, W. D. ; D. Sweeney, H. T. ; and 
W. T. Keechy, G. W. There are eighty-two mem- 
bers. It is a benevolent and beneficial order, paying 
money to sick members and the families of those who 
die in good standing. 

The Standiford family, whose estates are near New 
Market, are of English descent, and their ancestry 
came to Maryland in the days when the province was 
young. Benjamin Standiford married Rachel Amos, 




^>^ /e^ g^^^^-^- ^ 



of Harford County, Md., and their son, James A. 
Standiford, was born Feb. 28, 1804. He was educated j 
at St. James' Academy and in the best schools of 
Baltimore City. He was for fifteen years a teacher in i 
the schools of Baltimore and Harford Counties and 
Pennsylvania, becoming celebrated for his success as 
an instructor of youth. He was married during 
Christmas week of 183() to Sarah A., daughter of 
Joshua and Susannah Frederick Low, of York 
County, Pa., who was born in Baltimore County, 
Feb. 22, 1819. Their living children are Adolphus 
M., married to Miss Mackey, daughter of Richard 
Mackey, of Baltimore County ; Molly Jane, married 
to Dr. Matthew H. Barton, of New Market, Md. ; j 
Rosa, and Irving. Daniel, James, Thomas, Sarah, ■ 
Emma, and Hannah are deceased. After his mar- 
riage Mr. Standiford began farming, and brought his 
estate up to the highest staiulard of agriculture. 



When but twenty-one years of age he was appointed 
a magistrate, and held the office for over twentj' 
years. Up to 1861 he was attached to the Democratic 
party, but he then became a Unionist and Republi- 
can, and in 1863 he was elected to the bench of the 
Orphans' Court for Baltimore County, remaining 
upon it for four years. Towards the completion of 
the Northern Central Railway he was for a few 
months engaged as a constructing engineer. He 
died Aug. 1, 1873, at his residence in New Market, 
bequeathing to his family a valuable estate, consist- 
ing of a fine farm near the village and various lots 
and houses in and about it. In his life Judge Standi- 
ford built for himself a monument of good deeds and 
integrity. As citizen, as magistrate, and as a judge 
he was honored throughout the county, and when he 
died the newspapers of all political parties spoke of 
the purity of his record. His official decisions always 
showed a correct knowledge of law, and his fellow- 
citizens frequently sought his advice on the conduct 
of their most delicate affairs. 

Hereford. — The village of Hereford is between the 
Northern Central Railway and the York turnpike, 
twenty-one miles distant from Baltimore. It has 300 
inhabitants, and is the centre of a wealthy agricul- 
tural and grazing region, embracing numerous stock- 
farms. 

Hereford Lodge, No. 89, I. O. O. F., was chartered 
Feb. 9, 1855, and on May 31, 1856, its handsome hall 
was dedicated by Grand Master G. W. Mowbray, as- 
sisted by the officers of the Grand Lodge of Maryland. 
Besides Hereford Lodge, there were in the procession 
Ridgely Encampment, No. 15, and Towson Lodge, 
No. 79, from Towsontown, Cockeysville Lodge, No. 
80, Middletown Lodge, No. 92, and Mount Vernon 
Lodge, No. 143, of Shrewsbury, Pa. Rev. A. S. Pig- 
gott delivered an address, and the ladies of Hereford 
presented the lodge with a valuable chandelier. 

Willett Bell Encampment, No. 22, I. O. O. F., and 
Amicitia Lodge, No. 44, Knights of Pythias, which 
was instituted Oct. 22, 1869, are the other societies. 

The Baptist Church was founded in 1840 ; its pas- 
tors, in succession, were Revs. H. J. Chandler, George 
F. Adams, A. Baush, T. W. Haynes, E. R. Hera, John 
Kingdon, M. P. Austen, J. W. Jones, Isaac Cole, and 
E. B. Waltz. There is a Methodist Episcopal Church, 
of which Rev. E. Richardson is minister. 

Wiseburg is a town on the Northern Central Rail- 
way, twenty-three and a half miles from Baltimore, 
and near the Big and the Little Falls of the Gun- 
powder. The population is about 50. There is a 
Methodist Episcopal church, the corner-stone of 
which was laid in May, 1871. The church was dedi- 
cated on Nov. 19, 1871, under the charge of Rev. Mr. 
Chapman. The preachers of the circuit were Rev. 
Messrs. Cleaver and Rudisell. 

In 1847 the citizen? erected a school-house by pri- 
vate subscriptions, and in 1874 they sold it to the 
school commissioners for public school purposes. 



SEVENTH DISTRICT. 



875 



The village of Wiseburg was established by John 
Wise, an emigrant from Germany, who came to this 
country about the time of the Revolutionary war. 
His son John married Ann Hunter, 1)V whom he 




had nine children. The second of these was William 
Wise, born Feb. 8, 1826. His education was received 
in the schools of the neighborhood. He was married 
April 12, 1855, to Miranda, daughter of Cliarles and 
Sarah Hicks. Their living children are Annie, Charles 
H., and Lavinia M. The father of William Wise 
gave the right of way for the railroad station at 
White Hall, and in the year 1832 had a grist and 
paper-mill. On the same site William Wise erected 
his paper-mill in 1865. It uses both water and steam- 
power, and turns out daily about a ton of wrapping- 
paper, for which a ready market is found near Balti- 
more. Mr. Wise's family are members of the Wise- 
burg Methodist Episcopal Church, to which he is a 
liberal contributor. He is a thorough and successful 
business man, and a public-spirited citizen who en- 
joys the confidence of the community. 

Stablersville.— This village is situated on the road 
leading from the York turnpike to the old York road, 
twenty-nine miles from Baltimore, and three miles 
from Parkton. The population is 100. The corner- 
stone of the Methodist Episcopal church was laid in 
1820, and it was dedicated in 1822. Rev. E. Buhrman 
is pastor; a public school was erected in 1852. 

Mount Vernon is on the First Mine Run, a mile 
distant from White Hall Post-Office. It has a Metho- 
dist Episcopal and a Baptist church and a school. 

Mount Carmel.— This is a village of 100 inhabi- 
tants, about six miles from Parkton. On Nov. 30, 



1851, Mount Carmel Episcopal church was dedicated 
by Rev. R. .S. Vinton. 

The Christiana Tragedy.— Connected with the 
history of the Seventh District and that of the Gor- 
such family is the Christiana tragedy. In the year 
1848 two negro slaves named Nelson and Josh fled 
from Edward Gorsuch and took refuge near the little 
town of Christiana, Lancaster Co., Pa., and in Sep- 
tember, 1851, he and his son Dickinson, his nephew, 
Dr. Thomas G. Pearce, his nephew, Joshua Gorsuch, 
and Nathan Nelson and Nicholas Hutchinsset out to 
reclaim the fugitives. At Philadelphia they obtained 
the warrants and other legal papers, and were accom- 
panied from there by Deputy United States Marshal 
Henry H. Kline. On Thursday, Sept. 11, 1851, they 
found the fugitives at a house near Christiana, which 
was also occupied by a large number of other negroes. 
Mr. Gorsuch recognized his slaves, and called to them 
that if they would return with him they should be 
forgiven and well treated. Their companions incited 
them to resistance, and when the deputy marshal read 
the warrants and declared that he would execute the 
law even if it led to the spilling of blood, they set up 
a shout of defiance. An axe was thrown and a gun 
fired at Edward Gorsuch, when the marshal and his 
, aides discharged their pistols into the windows of 
j the house, and in this way a desultory skirmish was 
kept up for some time. A stone thrown from the 
window wounded Dr. Pearce in the head. Two white 
men, one of whom was said to be a Quaker, made 
their appearance in the lane in front of the house and 
were summoned by Marshal Kline to assist in the ar- 
rests, which they refused to do, warning him and his 
friends that they had better go home or trouble would 
occur. Negroes, most of them armed, arrived in 
squads from all directions, and Marshal Kline with 
his two assistants retired from the field. The three 
Messrs. Gorsuch and Dr. Pearce were still guarding 
the house to prevent the negroes from escaping, when 
the supposed Quaker said something to the crowd out- 
side, and a rush was made for them. Edward Gorsuch 
was knocked down and shot to death in the lane. 
Dickinson Gorsuch was endeavoring to cover the body 
of his father, but the revolver was knocked from his 
hand and seventy large shot were poured into his 
body. He staggered a hundred yards off into the 
edge of a wood, where some of the crowd followed 
and would have shot him again but for an old negro, 
who threw himself upon him and persuaded the others 
to desist. Some residents of the neighborhood came 
upon the scene and carried him to the house of Levi 
Pownall, where he was tended until his recovery. 
Dr. Pearce and Joshua Gorsuch took flight in another 
direction. The latter was overtaken by the negroes 
and badly beaten, but in the evening he escaped to 
the town of York. Dr. Pearce was concealed in the 
house of two ladies near by, and so escaped injury. 

This affair, coming at a time when the anti-slavery 
agitation was growing towards its culmination, created 



IllSTOlir OF BALTIMORE CUT AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



intense excitement. Castner Hanway was brought to 
trial for the murder of Mr. Gorsucii before Judge 
(U'wr, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and his 
acquittal added fuel to the flames. Governor Lowe, 
of Maryland, sent Hon. John Nelson, attorney-general 
of Maryland, and employed Hon. James Cooper 
T^nitcd States senator from Pennsylvania, to assist in 
the prosecution, and in his next message to the Leg- 
islature he spoke of the trial as " a farce which only 
added new insult to old injury." He, however, held 
the jury blameless for the acquittal of Hanway, be- 
cause the charge of the court prohibited a conviction. 
On September 13th and 15th meetings of citizens of 
Baltimore County were held to take action in the 
l)reniises. Wm. H. Freeman, John Wethered, Sam- 
uel Worthington, Wm. Matthews, Wm. Taggart, John 
B. Pearce, Samuel H. Taggart, Wm. Fell Johnson, 
Wm. H. Hoffman, Edward S. Myers, John Merry- 
man, and Henry Carroll were appointed a committee 
to collect all the fiicts in the case and transmit them 
to Governor Lowe, in order that he might lay them 
before the President of the United States. Another 
committee, consisting of John B. Holmes, Levi K. 
Bowen, Dr. Nicholas Hutcbins, J. M. McComas, and 
E. Parsons, was appointed to confer with the gentle- 
men who had accompanied Mr. Gorsuch into Penn- 
sylvania. The meeting at Slader's tavern, on Septem- 
ber 15th, passed resolutions calling upon the people 
of each district of the county to elect delegates to 
meet at Cockeysville on October 4tli for the purpose 
of forming a county association, and recommending 
the formation of district associations " for the protec- 
tion of the people in their slave and other property." 
An indignation meeting of six thousand persons was 
held at Monument Square, Baltimore City, on Septem- 
ber 15th, at which the Hon. John H. T. Jerome pre- 
sided, and addresses were made by Z. Collins Lee, 
Coleman Yellott, Francis Gallagher, Samuel H. Tag- 
gart, and Col. George W. Hughes. 

Among the prominent men of this neighborhood 
was the late Albert M. Brown, who was born Sept. 6, 
1825. His father. Garret, was a merchant in the 
city. Albert was a graduate of Princeton College, in 
New Jersey, in 1'845. He commenced the study of law 
soon after in the office of Messrs. Brown & Brune, 
of Baltimore, subsequently being associated with 
them in its practice until 1862; the next ten years 
he practiced elsewhere in the city, and in 1862 re- 
moved to the Eleventh District of Baltimore County, 
where be became interested in farming. He held 
various offices in the county, — school commissioner, 
magistrate, and judge of the Orphans' Court. He 
married the youngest daughter of Robert Howard, 
late of Baltimore City, and left six children (three 
sons and three daughters), living in the county or 
city. He was a man much esteemed, and a member 
of the Presbyterian Church. He died Oct. 28, 1880, 
and was buried in the family lot at Greenmount 
Cemetery, Baltimore. 



CHAPTER LIV. 



This is the third laj-gest district of the county, 
having an area of 62.86 square miles, and a popula- 
tion of 6000 souls, and in regard to wealth and re- 
sources falls below only the Ninth and Third Districts. 
The population in 1870 was 7059. It is the central 
district of the county, and is bounded on the north 
by the Fifth and Seventh Districts, on the east by the 
Ninth and Tenth, on the south by the Ninth and 
Third, and on the west by the Fourth and Fifth. The 
Northern Central Railway enters it at Lutherville, 
and passes through it or along its eastern border for 
a distance of eleven miles. The York turnpike, the 
Western Run turnpike, the Dulany's Valley turn- 
pike, the Falls road, and other roads thread the dis- 
trict in every direction. Gunpowder Falls, Western 
Run. and Piney Run are the principal streams. The 
surface of the country is only moderately hilly. 
While this district has more than the average propor- 
tion of good lands, its great mineral resources consti- 
tute the main feature of its wealth, and have been 
industriously developed. A deep and wide vein of 
the finest quality of iron ore runs north and south 
through the district. From this the Ashland Iron- 
Works are largely supplied for their product of six 
hundred tons of manufactured iron per week. The 
Oregon beds have been worked continually for thirty- 
three years, and those in the neighborhood of Timo- 
nium and Lutherville nearly as long. A superior 
grade of marble is found in immense quantities near 
Cockeysville and Texas. The Beaver Dam quarries, 
half a mile west of Cockeysville, furnished the huge 
monolithic columns for the Capitol at Washington, 
and it was necessary to build a railroad connection 
to the quarries, as the stones could not be moved by 
any other means. The marble for the magnificent 
City Hall at Baltimore came from these quarries, as 
also has the material for scores of fine public build- ' 
ings and thousands'of stately private residences. In 
various localities throughout the district are large • 
bodies of limestone. In the vicinity of Texas the 
railroad passes for nearly a mile between walls and 
over a bed of the best alum limestone. 

At this point a very extensive busine.ss in lime for 
building and fertilizing is done. The Warren Cotton- 
Mills are among the oldest in the State, and there are 
numerous paper-factories and grist and saw-mills. 
Churches and private and public schools are met with 
in every locality, and the elegance of many of the 
edifices bears witness to the taste and prosperity of 
the people. 

The towns and villages arc Lutherville, Cockeys- 
ville, Ashland, Warren, Philopolis, Priceville, Belfast, 
Piney Hill, Mantua, Gentsville, Oregon, Shawan, and 
Butler. The district is very healthful, and a few years 
ago there were residing uiion adjoining properties 




C/3 

Z 

<! 
DC Q 



O V- 



EIGHTH DISTRICT. 



877 



seven persons whose ages ranged from seventy-five to 
one hundred and two years. 

Thomas Talbot Gorsuch and Dickinson Gorsuch 
reside upon noble farms in the northern section. 
Round about Priceville and Philopolis is Quaker 
Bottom, a stretch of smiling country peopled by 
wealthy families of the Society of Friends. Loving- 
ton, the estate of Capt. Thomas Love, comprises six 
hundred acres, and his dairy is one of the show places 
of the county. Edwin Scott and Joseph Bosley have 
model farms, while " Hayfields," the home of John 
Merryman, is a princely property. " Barrett's De- 
light," the estate of Dr. B. Rush Ridgely, descended 
to him from Edward Talbot, who was settled upon it 
as early as 1742. George H. and Henry Merryman 
have farms that extend into the famous Dulany's 
Valley; and " Brooklandwood," the two-thousand- 
acre estate of Alexander D. Brown, is partly in this 
district. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 



JJo. ,■).— Tlioniiis O'Hiira, iirincipal, Texas ; MoUie Moorcs, assistant. 
No. 6.— Michael Connor, piinciiial, Texas; Nellie Evans and Sallie 1 

No. 7. — G. Clinton Hanna, principal, Ashland; Ida R. Parkison,; 

No. 8.— Mollie P. Cole, Warren. 

No. 9.— Mollie E. Brown, Pliilopolis. 

No. 10.— Edward C. Nelson, principal, Warreu; Eninia Leilicb, 

No. 11.— John E. Urquhart, Cockejsville. 

Teachers of Colored Schools. 
No. 1.— Nehemiah Hughes, Butler. 
No. 2.— Pliilip Roberts, Philopolis. 
No. .3.— Victoria .Tolinson, Cockeysville. 
No. 4.— Nicliolas R. Collett, Lutherville. 
Trustees. 

School No. 1.— .John H. Ensor, John Cliilcoat, and Charles Brooks. 
No. 2.— Jos. Bosley, Thomas Nevin, and William O. Eusor. 
No. ;l.— John D. Childs, Thomas M. Scott, and Martin Geist. 
No. 4.— Epliraim Harris, William Carver, and Henry Leaf. 
No. 5. — John Owpus, Thomas Keating, and James Connor. 
No. 6.— Thomas Kelley, Richard Padian, and George L. Anderson. 
No. 7.— Walter S. Frankliu, John K. Kowe, John T. Riley. 
No. 8. — George II. Merryman, George Ilarryman, Noah Seitz. 
No. 9.— Thomas Tracey, William A. Anderson, and G. W. Underwood. 
No. 10— Joshua Cain, William H. Burns, and John W. Bull. 
No. 11. — Judge Joshua F. Cockey, John Crowther, Jr., John Cummings. 

LutherviUe is an exceedingly handsome town of 
382 inhabitants, on the Northern Central Railway, 
nine miles distant from Baltimore. It occupies the 
side and crest of a hill overlooking the valley of 
Jones' Falls in one direction and Dulany's Valley in 
another, while the country about it is dotted with 
small villages and the country residences of city mer- 
chants. The views are surpassingly fascinating, and 
the region is Arcadian in its quiet loveliness. 

The Lutherville Female Seminary owes its origin 
to the determination and energy, in 1851, of Rev. Dr. 
John G. Morris, at that time pastor of the First Eng- 
lish Lutheran Church in Baltimore, and Rev. pr. 
B. Kurtz, editor of the Lutheran Observer, to estab- 



lish a female school of the highest order under the 
direction of the Lutheran Church. They bought the 
Brice estate of one hundred and seventy-four acres at 
Lutherville and divided it into lots, which were sold 
for the benefit of the seminary enterprise. The cor- 
ner-stone was laid on June 22, 1853, when an oration 
was delivered by the late Col. Brantz Mayer, and the 
seminary was opened in 1854, ever since which time 
it has maintained the high reputation that its founders 
designed for it. The edifice consists of one centre 
building and two wings, the whole extending one 
hundred and twenty feet, with a depth of sixty-eight 
feet. The architecture is collegiate Tudor, and the 
walls are of limestone finished off with dressed stone. 
An observatory, ninety-six feet high, is fitted up for 
astronomical study and observations. The seminary 
has to some extent iissisted in promoting the growth 
of Lutherville, and another agent is the eligibility of 
the place for suburban residences and summer board- 
ing-houses. 

The Lutheran church wa.s built simultaneously 
with the seminary, but by a separate subscription. It 
subsequently became the private property ot Rev. Dr. 
Morris, who deeded it to the congregation for a con- 
sideration of one dollar. It has been served by the 
successive principals of the seminary, but Dr. Morris 
is the present pastor. 

St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church was organ- 
ized in April, 1869, with five members, and the build- 
ing was dedicated on September 12th of the same 
year. The first pastor was Rev. Thomas R. Slicer, 
who has been succeeded by Revs. J. P. Wright, Joel 
Brown, H. H. Smith, E. H. Smith, and C. F. Hou.se, 
the present incumbent. 

Cockeysville is a flourishing village on the North- 
ern Central Railway, fourteen miles from Baltimore, 
and has a population of 270. It derives its name 
from the Cockey family, who located in this part of 
the country more than a century ago, and whose de- 
scendants now are very numerous and occupy large 
estates. The great marble-quarries and mills of the 
vicinity, the highly-productive farms, and the com- 
parative density of the population concentrate a heavy 
volume of trade at Cockeysville. There are many 
fine residences near by the railroad station. Marble 
Lodge, No. 123, I. O. O. F., was chartered Nov. 15, 
1871, and Hebron Lodge, No. 74, Knights of Pythias, 
was instituted in 1872. 

John Weems Hawkins was born at Oakley, the 
family residence, in Charles County, Md., on the 24th 
of October, 1839. His parents, wlw) are still living, 
are Josias Henry Hawkins, born in 1800, and Sarah 
Ann Weems, born in 1808, in Port Tobacco parish, 
Charles Co., of which her father, Rev. John Weems, 
was rector for thirty-five years. The date at which 
the fiimily settled in this country is unknown, but the 
j records show that they were in Maryland as early as 
1684, in which year the names of " Henry Hawkins 
' and Elizabeth, his wife," appear in a will recorded in 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



the office of the register of wills for Charles County. 
The deed of purchase of the family estate, which has 
been transmitted by direct inheritance for nearly two 
hundred years, bears the same date. Henry Holland 
Hawkins, the son of Henry Hawkins, the American 
head of the family, married Joanna Greenfield, of 
Prince George's County, and is interred under a 
granite slab in the family graveyard at Oakley, where 
he died in 1750. From him the estate passed to 
Josias Hawkins, who married Ann Waring^ of Prince 
George's County, and at his death to Samuel Haw- 
kins, who married Mary Barnes, of Charles County, 
tran.smitting the property to Jonas Henry Hawkins, 
the venerable father of the subject of this notice. 

John Weems Hawkins attended the public schools 
until about fifteen years of age, when he entered the 
junior class of Charlotte Hall Academy, and gradua- 
ted at the age of nineteen, receiving diplomas in the 
classics, French, and music. Being too young to 
enter upon the regular study of medicine, which had 
been selected as the field for his future labors, he was 
advised by the professors of Charlotte Hall to take 
charge of a public school, which he did at the begin- 
ning of the succeeding term. He continued to teach 
for several years, preparing himself in the mean time 
for the study of medicine by various courses of read- 
ing, and entered the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland in the fall of 1862, graduating 
in the spring of 18C5 with well-earned honor and 
distinction. One month afterwards he commenced 
the practice of his profession, in partnership with Dr. 
Charles McLean, near Cockeysville, Baltimore Co. 
Two years later the partnership was dissolved, Dr. 
Hawkins purchasing the interest and good will of his 
late associate. Bringing to the responsible duties of 
his profession a zeal, energy, and devotion seldom 
witnessed in any pursuit, and possessing those rare 
natural qualifications which more than study make 
the great physician, it is not remarkable that he soon 
attained high professional rank and built up a large 
and remunerative practice. In the summer of 1869 
he purchased of John J. Wight a tract of land con- 
tiguous to his office, and built a beautiful country 
residence still in his possession. About two or three 
years later he purchased a farm of two hundred acres 
in Charles County, a portion of the old family estate 
of Oakley, thus becoming proprietor of a part of the 
landed estates of a long line of family owners. 

In the mean time, while busily engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession, he found time to take an active 
part in all the enter|)rises of his neighborhood, and by 
his public spirit and intelligent co-operation aided 
largely in the advancement of local interests, whether 
of a social, business, or religious character. He took 
great interest in Odd-Fellowship and Masonry, pro- 
jecting the Odd-Fellows' Hall at Cockeysville, and 
after much opposition, entering upon its erection with 
all his natural ardor as chairman of the building com- 
mittee. He was Deputy Grand Master of his district 



for several terms after the dedication of the hall, and 
until the cares of other institutions compelled him to 
resign active participation in its duties. About 1871 
he became a member of Mount Moriah Lodge of 
Masons, at Towsontown, and in the course of two 
years was elected its Master, in which position he 
reflected great credit upon himself and the order by 
his industry anS zeal. 

About this time he made the acquaintance of Annie 
M. Shriver, second daughter of Rev. S. S. Shriver, of 
the Presbyterian Church, near Pittsburgh, who had 
just graduated at the Pennsylvania Female College, 
to whom he was married the same year. She lived 
only five weeks after her marriage, dying from menin- 
gitis contracted while at college. 

Dr. Hawkins has held all the offices in the Odd- 
Fellows' lodge, and also in different chairs in the 
Masonic lodge. He is a member of Jerusalem Royal 
Arch Chapter, and a Knight Templar of Maryland 
Commandery, No. 1. After the erection of the Ma- 
sonic Temple at Towson, a memorial window of all 
the Past Masters of the lodge was placed in the south 
wing of the building, and here his name is recorded 
as a lasting testimony of his zeal and work. Appre- 
ciating the advantages and benefits derived by per- 
sons of slender means from such enterprises, he took 
an active interest in the organization of building asso- 
ciations, and as president successfully directed the 
operations of several of these useful agencies. 

Dr. Hawkins has held no political office, and though 
earnestly interested in political affairs, national as 
well as State, studiously avoids the contests for official 
station which have grown into such an abuse, and so 
greatly tend to corruption of morals at this period of 
our country's history. He has always been a most 
decided and earnest Democrat. 

On the 29th of April, 1876, he was married, in 
Washington, by the Rev. Dr. Addison, to Amanda 
Mowell, widow of William R. Prestman, and daughter 
of the late Peter Mowell. His health having been 
considerably impaired by long and faithful devotion 
to his profession, to which he had become a com- 
plete slave, he yielded to the earnest solicitation of his 
wife to retire from a practice which had become too 
exacting for his physical strength. This step was 
only decided upon and taken after the most anxious 
self-inquiry, and was attended with regret to more 
than himself. Having purchased the farm formerly 
noted as the Old Feast Nursery, on the heights east of 
Cockeysville, on the line of the Northern Central 
Railway, he took up his residence in this beautiful 
location, and began the healthful occupation of farm- 
ing. He has brought to the pursuit of agriculture 
the same energy which characterized him as a physi- 
cian, and the natural beauties of "Mountview," the 
family residence, have been greatly improved under 
his judicious care and cultivated taste. Dr. Hawkins 
has three children,— Joseph Mowell, lour years of 
age; Sarah Klizabcth, three vears old; and John 




^-J:^//-^,,/^^-^.-^-^^ 



^i^-€^o 



EIGHTH DISTRICT. 



879 



Weems.aged eighteen months. Emma Mowell Prest- 
man, his step-child, is also a member of his household. 
Dr. Hawkins has won a deservedly high place in the 
county and wherever he' is known by his many admi- 
rable and sterling traits of character. His retirement 
from medical practice is regretted as a loss not only to 
the people in his own community, but to the profes- 
sion in which he had achieved so remarkable a suc- 
cess, and of which he promised to become one of the 
brightest ornaments. 

Sherwood Protestant Episcopal Church stands 
on a gentle eminence just east of Cockeysville. It 
was built in 1835, and on the 1st of August, 1836, was 
consecrated by Bishop Stone, this being one of the 
last of his official acts. The lot on which it stands 
was given by Mrs. Francis Taylor, who also con- 
tibuted largely towards its erection. It is in the form 
of a Roman cross, and it and the rectory adjoining 
are built of stone. The first rector in 1836 was Eev. 
John P. Robinson, who was at the same time rector 
of St. John's in the Valley. In 1837 he was succeeded 
by Rev. Ira A. Easter, who remained until his death, 
three years afterwards, and was followed, in 1840, by 
Rev. George Fitzhugh Worthington, also rector of St. 
John's in the Valley. In 1844, Rev. Samuel G. Cal- 
lahan assumed charge of the church, but remained 
only about three months, and was succeeded in 1845 
by Rev. W. N. Pendleton. Rev. James A. McKenney 
was rector from 1847 to 1850, when he accepted a call 
to St. Paul's Church, in Prince George County. Rev. 
Cyrus Waters, Rev. Dr. HofT, Rev. John Wiley, and 
Rev. A. T. Pindell complete the list of incumbents 
up to the present year. Hon. John Merryman, of 
Hayfields, erected in the church a handsome marble 
tablet, with the following inscription : 

" To the memory of Col. NicbolaB Merryman Bosley, who diet) Feb. 
10, 1847, aged seventy yoHis; a zealous and useful iiiemlier of Ihe vestry 
froui the oiguui/aii.iii of tlii> c-ui;;regHtion uutil luB life's end. At his 

death he luuvii il i[i i1 inmi for the preservation of the cinirch 

property ami I in i \\ards the uiaintenauce of worship in 

this parish. A' n i m ; Ki^ wife, Eleanor Addison Bosley, aged 

Quite a number of former residents of this section 
are buried in the Sherwood churchyard. Among 
them are Joseph Parks, born Feb. 16, 1801, died April 
4, 1873; Elisha Parks, born Feb. 19, 1790, died Aug. 
20, 1874; Ira A. Easter, pastor of Sherwood, died 
Jan. 10, 1840 ; Catherine Campbell, died March 31, 
1853, aged seventy-six ; Ainon Bosley, born February, 
1779, and Rebecca, his wife, born Jan. 14, 1779, died 
Sept. 23, 1853 ; and Rebecca Anderson, died Sept. 1, 
1841, aged sixty. 

Between thirty-five and forty years ago the zeal of 
the Sherwood congregation in the missionary cause 
attracted visits from many distinguished clergy 
l)rominent in evangelization. Rev. Dr. N. S. Harris, 
secretary of the Board of Missions, Rev. Dr. J. J. 
Robertson, one of the earliest of foreign missionaries, 
and Right Rev. Bishop Jackson Kemper were among 
these visitors to the new rectory. 



During the year 1877, at the suggestion of the Rev. 
A. T. Pindell, the pew .system was abandoned and 
Sherwood was made a free church. lion. John 
Merryman is now the church registrar and a member 
of the vestry. He has been, it is said, a delegate to 
the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church more frequently than any other person now 
living. The first vestry of the church were Col. 
Nicholas Merryman Bosley, Nicholas R. Merryman, 
Thomas Love, John H. Brice, Samuel Worthington, 
William Jessop, Dr. John S. Buck, Joshua F. C. 
Cockey, and Jacob Harman. The present vestry are 
John Merryman, Albert T. Love, B. McLean Har- 
desty, George Jessop, Evans Duvall, John Crowther, 
Jr., Victor Buckley, and Judge J. F. Cockey. The 
corner-stone for a new front of the church was laid 
Aug. 27, 1880, by Rev. Dr. Arthur Rich. The marble 
was donated by Hugh Sisson, and the cost of the im- 
provement was five thousand five hundred dollars. 

Peter Mowell was born on his father's estate, .near 
Little Washington, Washington Co., Pa., Sept. 22, 
1806. His father was Peter Mowell, and his mother 
Anna Catherine Helvina, both born in the neighbor- 
hood, and descended from German ancestors who 
came to Washington County early in the eighteenth 
century and became large land-owners. The subject 
of this sketch removed to Baltimore at a very early 
age, and began life as an iron manufacturer. In cast- 
ing about for an occupation he was struck with the 
magnificent possibilities of the iron business of the 
city and State, and with a prescience akin to inspira- 
tion determined to fit himself for the manufacture 
of the immense bodies of ore which the hills in the 
vicinity of the city disclosed. He began his career 
at Ellicott's furnaces, near Ellicott's Mills, and worked 
steadily and faithfully at his occupation. He grad- 
ually ro.se to the position of manager, and was subse- 
quently placed in charge of Ellicott's furnaces at 
Locust Point. About the year 1840, Mr. Mowell 
became one of the proprietors of the Cedar Point 
furnaces, established at Canton by Israel Munson, 
of New York. The entire ownership of these works 
passed into his possession shortly afterwards, and the 
enterprise was conducted by him with great success 
for more than twenty years. The furnaces prepared 
annually immense quantities of bloom and pig iron, 
and gave large returns for the capital, skill, and en- 
terprise of the proprietor. Mr. Mowell's fortune 
increased rapidly without apparent eftbrt on his part. 
He was a man of strict integrity, great energy, and 
excellent judgment, and devoted to business, believing 
always that the severest punishment was to be de- 
prived of employment; but he did not seem to pos- 
sess that insatiable desire for gain which dominates 
so many men of large fortunes. He soon became a 
marked man in the bu.-.iness circles of Baltimore City, 
and was much sought after for his sound common 
sense. He was made a director in the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, the Northern Central Railroad, the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Chesapeake Bank, and the Peabody Fire Insurance 
Company, of which latter corporation he was one of 
the founders. Mr. Mowell was married to Elizabeth 
F. Abey, of Baltimore, March 12, 1826. She was the 
daughter of Jacob Abey and Sarah Shepherd, one of 
the Shepherds of Lower Maryland, whose ancestors 
figured conspicuously in Revolutionary annals. By 
her he had ten children, three of whom survived 
him, viz.: Joseph W. Mowell, of Glencoe; the wife 
of Dr. John W. Hawkins, of " Montview," Baltimore 
Co. ; and Ella V. Davis, of " EUenham," Baltimore 
Co., the last of whom has since died. The family of 
Mr. Mowell were Presbyterians, but late in life he con- 
nected himself with the Universalist Church. He 
purchased a handsome estate, "Glencoe," in Baltimore 
County, where the latter years of his life were spent, 
and until his death he owned a pew in the old Manor 
Episcopal church. 

In politics Mr. Mowell was an uncompromising 
Democrat. He was frequently solicited by his friends 
to accept office, and on more than one occasion was 
offered the mayoralty nomination by the Democratic 
party, but he was naturally of a quiet and retiring 
disposition, and invariably declined all proffers of 
public office. When the war broke out between the 
North and South his sympathies were extended to the 
latter, and he never became entirely reconciled to 
the altered condition of his own State and the rest of ' 
the South after the triumph of the Union armies. He 
was a man of vigorous intellect, and his criticisms of 
his political opponents were not lacking in strength 
or severity. But it was as the quiet, amiable compan- I 
ion that he was best known among his acquaintances. \ 
He loved to gather about him a few intimate friends ' 
and pass away hours in the freedom of social inter- 
course, but his whole nature was averse to ostentation 
or extravagance. Many of the charitable institutions 
of the city of Baltimore were materially aided by 
him, and his private charities, intelligently disbursed, 
greatly endeared him to the needy and deserving. His 
business career was extraordinary in that he met with [ 
but one serious loss during his life. Mr. Mowell died 
at his country-seat, "Glencoe," in Baltimore County, 
Nov. 7, 1869, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, his 
wife having died Sept. 10, 1854. 

Edgewood Chapel (colored), of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, was opened in 1869, with Rev. Galing 
White as the minister in charge. Those succeeding 
him have been Revs. Samuel Aquilla, Csborn Car- 
roll, J. Henry Valentine, George F. Wright, Richard 
Meredith, Washington Murray, J. L. Evans, Solomon 
Evans, and Alfred Young. 

During the war Cockeysville was quite noted as 
the first place where the Federal troops on their way 
to Washington stopped to await the repairing of the rail- 
road bridges which Ikiu Imcii liurncd to prevent their 
passagesouthafter tlhTM Ml- ni A|.iil 19, 1861. In the 
following June, Gcor-e W ..iiIum'jIimi, Harrison Scott, 
anil Alfred M.atthews were tirrosfed by order of Col. 



Campbell, of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment, 
and imprisoned at York on the charge of assisting to 
burn the bridges, but they were unconditionally re- 
leased by order of the Secretary of War. About the 
same time Charles R. Cole was arrested for using se- 
ditious language, but was released after a few hours 
of confinement. 

A curious incident of the war occurred in Septem- 
ber, 1862. Gen. Wool, then commanding the military 
department, had received information that there was 
to be a gathering favorable to the Confederate cause 
at the house of John White, about a mile above 
Cockeysville. He sent Marshal Van Nostrand with 
a squad of the Baltimore police to the place at mid- 
night of September 1st. They surrounded the house 
with pickets, aft'er which they marched in, and found 
that there was nothing more treasonable going on than 
a sociable party of ladies and gentlemen. The mar- 
shal, however, arrested James H. Buchanan, Samuel 
W. Worthington, Dr. E. R. Tydings, Dr. J. Davis 
Thompson, Duncan B. Cannon, H. P. Hayward, 
Richard Grason, J. T. Albert, H. Scott, Charles M. 
McLane, W. R. Penniman, John J. White, T. L. 
Worthington, T. T. Tunstall, John Merryman, and 
Alfred Matthews. They were hurried to Baltimore 
and arraigned before Gen. Wool, who accepted their 
assurance that the party was no political assemblage, 
and dismissed them to their homes. 

Phoenix Station, on the Northern Central Rail- 
way, fifteen miles from Baltimore, is the seat of an 
extensive cotton-factory, which employs one hundred 
hands. The first mills were built here by Thomas H. 
Fulton in 1847, who already owned the Washington 
Factory, at what is now called Mount Washington. 
He died .Ian. 12, 1851, and afterwards the factory had 
various owners until it was bought, on Sept. 1, 1875, 
for ninety-seven thousand dollars, by Robert Garrett 
& Sons and Joseph W. Jenkins. In 1881 the new 
purchasers placed the mills in operation after they 
had been silent for five years, and they employ over 
two hundred hands in the manufacture of sheetings 
and twills. 

Prospect Lodge, No. 110, I. O. O. F., was instituted 
in February, 1867, with Daniel Price, Henry D. Mor- 
ris, George W. Price, Henry Gosling, T. T. Griffy, and 
William Burns among its charter-members. 

Phoenix Methodist Protestant Church was organ- 
ized in 1863, and its pastors have been Rev. Mr. Mel- 
vern and Rev. Daniel Ironstine. 

Thomas Talbot Gorsuch was born in Baltimore 
County, Md., towards the close of the year 1801. 
Family tradition among the Maryland Gorsuches 
relates that their ancestors were four brothers who 
emigrated from England in the early days of the 
colony, and that two of the brothers settled on the 
Eastern and two on the Western Shore; but the 
records have been lost, and the line can reliably be 
traced back only to Thomas Gorsuch, who was born 
in 1714, and died in 1774. His wife was Jane Ensor, 




4 (11 ^^^(-oo^ 



EIGHTH DISTRICT. 



and their sons were Thomas, John, and Lovelace. 
John, who married Elizabeth Merryman, resided on 
the property still known as the " Homestead," on the 
Belair road, and his sons were Robert, Joshua, Nich- 
olas, John M., and Dickinson. In the first quarter 
of this century Robert rose to some local prominence 
in Baltimore in connection with the city government. 
Joshua followed the sea, but having met with some 
reverses growing out of the last war with England, 
he gave utterance to a hasty resolution never again 
to sail forth from the Capes of the Chesapeake, and 
to keep it he abandoned the calling of his life and 
entered into commercial relations. He was a man 
rigidly exacting as regarded himself and equally so 
towards others, — a man of peculiar character and tem- 
perament, odd and eccentric. His honesty and blunt 
frankness were proverbial. He lived to a good old 
age, and left a numerous progeny. The close of his 
life was spent on the well-known property situated at 
the nineteenth milestone on the Baltimore and York 
turnpike. John M. Gorsuch and his brother Dickin- 
•son inherited a tract of seven hundred acres of land 
in what was then called " The Forest," on the York 
turnpike, and thither the former fled from Patapsco 
Neck on the approach of the British in 1814. Gen. 
Ross occupied the deserted premises as his headquar- 
ters, and a faithful negro slave, whose kindness had 
won upon the invader, succeeded in saving them from 
the flames. Dickinson Gorsuch married Mary Tal- 
bot, and spent his life on the Forest farm. He pos- 
sessed considerable mechanical ingenuity, and built a 
grist-mill, fashioning the burrs from the rocks of the 
adjacent hills. He also built a huge tavern, arched 
underground, after the style of the castles and monas- 
teries of the Middle Ages. In this structure, of which 
he was architect, master-builder, and laboring me- 
chanic, he sunk what for the times was a little for- 
tune. 

His sons were Edward, Thomas Talbot, and Dick- 
inson, the latter of whom died a bachelor. Edward 
possessed a sterling character. He was more a man 
of deeds than of words, always prepared to act up to 
his convictions with dauntless courage. He seemed 
born to lead and command. His life, after having 
been one of no ordinary usefulness, came to a sad and 
untimely end in the riot at Christiana, Lancaster 
Co., Pa., in 1851. Thomas Talbot, at the age of six- 
teen, entered into commercial life with his uncle in 
the city of Baltimore, but soon gave it up and weut 
to Asbury College with a view of ultimately qualify- 
ing himself for the legal profession. He read law for 
a short time in the office of the late Gen. Benjamin 
C. Howard, and his brilliant mind and habit of dili- 
gent application gave promise that he would rise to a 
lofty celebrity as a jurist, but a disease of the eyes 
that refused to yield to medical treatment forced him 
to surrender these bright prospects. After a pro- 
tracted period of suffering, partial relief enabled iiim 
to return to the life of the farm, to which he soon be- 



came most devotedly attached. While daily engaged 
in the practical work of a farmer, he studied agri- 
culture as a science, and became versed in all that its 
professors had contributed to it. His versatility was 
remarkable, and there seemed to be no subject of 
modern thought or experience of which he was not 
more or less a master. He aided in the formation of 
the Gunpowder Farmers' Club, engaging enthusiasti- 
cally in the friendly rivalry which its various premi- 
ums for the best yields of grain evoked. He was 
twice successful, producing of corn in one case as 
much as twenty-seven and a half barrels to one acre, 
which is believed to be the best authenticated yield 
in the State of Maryland. In his seventy-eighth 
year, after a lingering illness, he died of a pulmonary 
complaint which had long afflicted him. His hand 
was ever open to the poor, and he lived and died a 
trusting Christian. 

Warren is a manufacturing village of 678 popula- 
tion, on the Falls of the Gunpowder, fifteen miles 
distant from Baltimore, and a mile from the railroad 

j station at Phanix. Though the stream for ten miles 
of its course is known as Gunpowder Falls, the true 
falls of the Gunpowder River are just below Warren, 

i where the stream, which has its head- waters on the 

I other side of the Pennsylvania line, pours through 
romantic and rocky ravines in a succession of rapids 
and cascades. The rugged charm of these picturesque 
glens has made them a favorite subject with artists. 
The Warren Cotton-Factory was established prior to 
18.30, and in the spring of that year the buildings, 
containing valuable machinery for printing and 
stamping, were burned down. The property and the 

I two hundred and twenty-three acres of land attached 

' to it were valued at four hundred thousand dollars. 
The disaster, together with the financial depression 
which had rendered unprofitable the manufacture of 
cotton goods in the United States, caused the opera- 
tions of the factory to be temporarily discontinued. 
On Oct. 2, 1830, four-fifths of the factory and grounds 

; were sold under a decree of the Baltimore County 
Court, Columbus O'Donnell becoming the purchaser. 
In July, 1864, the property was sold by the executors 
of the estate of the late John Sharpley for forty 
thousand dollars to Messrs. Morris and Baldwin, a 
Baltimore firm, who continue to operate the factory. 
The property conveyed embraced two hundred acres 
of land, the mill, one hundred and twenty by fifty- 
four feet, and machinery, a large grist-mill, saw-mill, 
manager's house and sixty-four dwellings, mostly of 
stone. The water-power is derived from a fall of 
eleven feet. 

This small village was the place where one of Bal- 
timore's distinguished merchants began his career as a 
manufacturer and laid the foundation of a successful 
life. The factory from a very early period always 

! occupied a very prominent position among the man- 
ufacturing interests of the State. At one time in its 
eventful history it was owned and operated by Messrs. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Smith & Buchanan, one of Baltimore's conspicuous 
mercantile firms, who selected as its manager Charles 
A. Gamhrill, then a successful business man, residing 
in Frederick. Mr. Gambrill was born in February, 
1806, on a farm on the Severn River, in Anne Arun- 
del County, where his early training was such as to 
fit him for a successful life. He developed a taste for 
mercantile business, and when only fifteen years old 
was sent to Frederick, Md., where he entered a 
store as clerk. He applied himself diligently to busi- 
ness, and by honorable conduct obtained a high repu- 
tation in the community. Soon after his arrival in 
Frederick he began bu.sincss on his own account, and 
marrying a daughter of Judge Augustus Shriver, one 
of the early settlers of the town, he became very suc- 
cessful. About this time, at the earnest solicitation 
of Messrs. Smith & Buchanan, he was induced to take 
charge of Warren Factory. During his residence at 
Warren his accomplished wife died, and he soon 
thereafter returned to Frederick. 

In 1836 he married a daughter of Col. George M. 
Eichelberger, of Frederick, and came to Baltimore 
to engage in the commission business. His repu- 
tation in Western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and 
Virginia for honesty and industry secured for him 
an extensive correspondence among the farmers 
and millers of this section, and he rapidly rose to 
be one of the most prominent commission mer- 
chants of Baltimore. In 1844 he entered into part- 
nership with Charles Carroll, grandson of Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton, and the owner of the Patapsco 
Flour-Mills, which gave him exclusive control of this 
famous brand of flour. This partnership continued 
until the death of Mr. Carroll in 1863, when Mr. 
Gambrill rented the mills and ran them upon his own 
account. The Patapsco Mills were owned by the es- 
tate of Mr. Carroll until the flood of 1868, when they 
were purchased by Mr. Gambrill and his nephews, 
Eichard G. and Patrick McGill. Upon the death of 
Mr. Gambrill, on Feb. 20, 1869, the property came 
into the hands of Messrs. Richard G. and Patrick 
McGill, the present owners, and is now operated 
under the firm-name of C. A. Gambrill & Co. In 
1860, Mr. Gambrill purchased the Orange Grove 
Mill, now owned by the Messrs. McGill and Albert 
Gambrill, his son, which is also operated by C. A. 
Gambrill & Co. 

As soon as the Patapsco mill property came into 
the possession of Mr. Gambrill it was entirely rebuilt 
and improved, and to-day it is one of the most com- 
plete flouring establishments in the world. In 1873 
steam was introduced and other improvements made, 
which increased the capacity of production to over 
two hundred thousand barrels of the finest grades of 
flour per annum. The Patapsco brand is a necessary 
household article in Baltimore, and is favorably 
known throughout the country. Large quantities are 
also sold for shipment to South America, Europe, and 
the West Indies. 



Mr. Gambrill's influence and judgment were highly 
appreciated and often sought in important matters; 
public honors he could have had, but he would never 
assume representative positions, except in financial 
and commercial institutions. He was a director in 
the Farmers' and Planters' Bank and the Corn and 
Flour Exchange, of which he was one of the incor- 
porators. As a business man, in many respects he 
was a model. The goal of his ambition was success, 
but he would succeed only on the basis of truth and 
honor. He scorned deceit and duplicity, and would 
not palliate false representations, either in his own 
employ or among his customers or correspondents. 
No amount of gain could allure him from the un- 
deviating line of rectitude. Justice and equity he 
regarded as the corner-stone of the temple of trade, 
without which it could not stand. He was also a man 
of genial disposition and kind heart. It was a pleas- 
ure for him to make others happy, and especially to 
bestow charity upon the needy and deserving. His 
home in Baltimore, which formerly stood on the site 
of the pre.ient Mount Vernon Methodist Episcopal 
church, was invested with attractions which made it 
a delightful abode and place of visitation. He left 
his commercial house an honorable reputation, which 
it still enjoys to the fullest extent. 

The Poplars meeting-house, the Warren Methodist 
Episcopal church, a Protestant Episcopal church, 
and a Baptist church are all within a radius of a 
mile from the mills. The Methodist Episcoj)al church 
was dedicated by Rev. Henry Slicer on Sept. 23, 1866. 

In April, 1861, the" Warren Riflemen," numbering 
over one hundred men, tendered their services to Gov- 
ernor Hicks to fill up Maryland's quota in the Federal 
army. 

Texas. — This is the name of a station and village 
twelve miles from Baltimore, on the Northern Central 
Railway. Its population is 649, and its leading in- 
dustry is the burning of lime from limestone, of 
which there are immense quarries near at hand. In 
July, 1881, the quarries were sold to the Ashland Iron 
Company. The place is also known as Ellengowan 
Post-Ofiice. Close to it is the county almshouse. 

St. Joseph's Catholic church was consecrated Oct. 
31, 1852, by the Very Rev. H. B. Coskery, of the 
Baltimore cathedral. Rev. John Early, S. J., presi- 
dent of Loyola College, Baltimore, preached the ser- 
mon. The pastor was the Rev. Philip O'Reilly, who 
first labored at Texas as a missionary preacher, and 
mainly through whose efforts the church was erected. 
The building is of cut-stone, with dimensions of forty 
by sixty feet. It stands upon a lot which was the gift 
of John Clark. The consecration was attended by 
St. Vincent de Paul's and St. Patrick's Beneficial 
Societies from Baltimore City and a numerous gath- 
ering of church-people. 

The corner-stone of Hunt's Methodist Episcopal 
church was laid on Oct. 21, 1874, with religious and 
Masonic < 




#</^ A'y^M^h'-^M 




1^-e^ 




EZRA I'lllCE. 



EIGHTH DISTRICT. 



883 



Timonium is ten miles from Baltimore by the 
Northern Central Railway, and has a population of 
262. It is the seat of the grounds of the Baltimore 
County Agricultural Society. St. John's Mission of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church is the nearest place I 
of worship. 

Mantua Mills is on the Dover road and Western 
l\un, seventeen miles from Baltimore. It has a pop- 
ulation of 100, mostly engaged in farming. Mantua 
Grange, No. 169, P. of H., is located at this point, as 
is also Dover Methodist Episcopal church. 

Fhilopolis is in the northeastern corner of the 
district, nineteen miles from Baltimore, and a mile 
from Spark's Station on the Northern Central Rail- 
way. Its population is about 100. It has three 
Methodist Episcopal churches and Milton Academy, of 
which Prof. E. Parsons is principal. Glencoe Grange, 
No. 160, P. of H., of which Dickinson Gorsuch is 
Master, has its headquarters at Philopolis. The York 
turnpike passes through the village. 

Butler Post-Office is on the Falls road, eighteen 
miles from Haiti more. It has a population of 200, a 
public school, the Black Rock Methodist Episcopal 
church, and a Baptist church. 

Belfast. — This village is three miles from Glencoe 
Station on the Northern Central Railway, and has 
a population of 150. Bosley Methodist Episcopal 
Church is situated here. Three churches, all on or 
near the same site, have been called by this name, 
which is derived from that of the Bosley family, who 
have been their zealous supporters. The .second was 
erected in 1826, and the present one in 1876. 

Prieeville.— In the heart of Quaker Bottom,' half 
a mile west of the York turnpike, a mile west of 
Spark's Station on the Northern Central Railway, and 
seventeen miles distant from Baltimore, is Prieeville, 
originally settled by the Price family of Welsh 
Friends in the first quarter of the last century. The 
first of whom we have any account was Mordecai 
Piice, whoin 1723 took up a tract of one hundred 
and sixty acres of land known as " Price's Chance." 
At a subsequent period his brothers, Thomas and ' 
John, settled in the same vicinity ; one upon the 
property now owned by Edward Austin, east of Glen- 
coe, and the other some eight miles farther north, 
near where the late John L. Price formerly resided. 

Mordecai Price married Elizabeth Cole, and had 
children as follows: Sophia, who became the wife of 
Nathan Haines; Mary, wife of Daniel Haines; Mor- 
decai, who married Rachel Moore; Samuel, who mar- 
ried, first, Ann Moore, and second, Mary Parrish ; I 
Rachel, Elizabeth, and Sarah, who became respec- 
tively the wives of Thomas Matthews, Warrick Mil- 
ler, and Thomas Cole. 

Thomas Price married Mary Isgrig. Their chil- 
dren were named Ann, Rebecca, Keturah, Zachariah, 
Samuel, Thomas, and Susan. 

John Price married Rebecca Merryman, and had 
the following children: John, Mordecai, Benjamin, 



Isabella, and one whose name is now unknown. 
Benjamin was the father of Beale and Thomas Price, 
and Rebecca became the wife of William and mother 
of Evan Matthews. His son, Samuel, was born Feb. 
28, 17;», and married Oct. 25, 1760, Ann, daughter of 
Walter and Ann Moore, who was born Feb. 16, 1744. 
She was a notably energetic woman, and an acknowl- 
edged preacher in the Society of Friends. For six 
months she traveled on horseback in the wild districts 
of Virginia and North Carolina, preaching and ex- 
horting. At the time of her marriage the country 
surrounding her home was a wilderness. Bears, deer, 
and wild turkeys abounded, and she once shot a bear 
near her own dairy. 

To Samuel and Ann Price were born the following 
children: Daniel, Oct. 22, 1761; Elizabeth, May 20, 
1764; Samuel, Nov. 23, 1766; Warrick, June 10, 
1769; Israel, May 30, 1772; Mordecai, March 16, 
1775; Richard, May 11, 1777; John, Dec. 29, 1779; 
and Ann, Feb. 27, 1774. The average age of these 
nine persons at their death was over eighty-seven 
years. John, the eighth child and seventh son, lived 
to the age of ninety-eight. When he was over ninety 
he employed himself about the farm, and he rode to 
meeting on horseback at ninety-five. On May 30, 
1803, he married Mary Matthews. He died Jan. 23, 
1877, and she on Feb. 24, 1867. Their children were 
Ezra, Miriam, Warrick, Oliver (died in infancy), 
William, Edward (died in infancy), Samuel M., 
Elizabeth Ann, and Oliver M. Of the seven sur- 
viving children, two .sons and two daughters removed 
to Jefferson County, Ohio, and were among the early 
settlers of that State. The other three children re- 
mained in the vicinity of Prieeville. Samuel M. 
Price, the seventh child of John and Mary Price, 
was born Dec. 6, 1815, on the farm his great-grand- 
father had entered on ninety-two years previously. 
He was married, Jan. 6, 1848, to Catherine Price, who 
was born May 9, 1815. Charles H. Price is their only 
living child. He resides on a farm of two hundred 
and twenty-five acres a mile south of the York road, 
near Prieeville. The family is of Welsh extraction, 
and has been most notably connected with the Society 
of Friends. They attend the " Gunpowder Meeting." 

Ezra Price is the elder brother of Samuel M. Price, 
and the oldest child of John and Mary Matthews 
Price. He was born Dec. 26, 1804, and married, 
April 7, 1870, Ruth Ann, daughter of William H. 
and Jane Watermon Roberts, of Montgomery Co., 
Md. She was born May 13, 1839. Their children 
were Mary Roberts, born Feb. 19, 1872; Jane Water- 
mon, born May 19, 1874; and Ezra, born Feb. 7, 
1877, died Jan. 13, 1878. Ezra Price died March 
16, 1877, aged seventy-two years and two months. 
In his younger days he successfully conducted a tan- 
nery near Prieeville, and was greatly esteemed. 
Like all his family, he was a worthy member of the 
Society of Friends. 

The Matthews are another of the old families of the 



884 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Quaker Bottom country. They trace their ancestry 
back to Thomas Matthews, who lived in the north of 
England. He was a soldier in the army of Oliver 
Cromwell, and as the latter died in 1658, Thomas 
Matthews must have been born in the early part of 
the seventeenth century. He named his son Oliver 
after the Lord Protector. Father and son came to 
this country and settled in New Castle County, Del., 
where both died. Oliver was a preacher of the Soci- 
ety of Friends. He married, and his children were 
Thomas, born March 29, 1693; John, born in 1694; 
and William, born July 5, 1697. Thomas married, 
on July 28, 1718, Sarah, widow of Col. Thomas. Their 
children were Elizabeth, born July 1, 1719; Oliver, 
born Nov. 28, 1721 ; Daniel, Nov. 4, 1723 ; Thomas, 
June 16, 1725; George, Sept. 19, 1729; and Sarah, 
Aug. 18, 1731. These six children were, at the re- 
quest of their father, taken under the care of Gun- 
powder Monthly Meeting on Sept. 6, 1745. The four 
first named were probably born on a farm called 
White Marsh, on the Philadelphia road, about twelve 
miles from Baltimore, as Thomas Matthews, with his 
family, moved from there in 1727 and settled on the 
Gunpowder, at a place where Evan Matthews now 
lives. He died Dec. 19, 1766. Oliver, his eldest son, 
procured from the Gunpowder Monthly Meeting, in 
December, 1742, a certificate of removal to Monocacy, 
a branch of the Fairfax Monthly Meeting, of Vir- 
ginia. He returned to the Gunpowder Meeting on 
Dec. 26, 1755, with a certificate for himself, his wife 
Hannah, and their children, Mary, Thomas, and Wil- 
liam. His wife was a Johns, of the same family as 
Bishop John Johns and Rev. Henry Johns, of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church. Their children were 
Daniel, born July 5, 1763; Hannah, July 7, 1767; 
Thomas ; William, March, 1755 ; Mary. William was 
sent to Philadelphia to James Gillingham to learn the 
trade of cabinet-making, but he returned to Gun- 
powder in 1772. His first wife was Ann, widow of 
Aquilla Price, and daughter of Isaac Griflith, who in 
1779 brought to Gunpowder Meeting a certificate from 
Fairfax Meeting ; but the Yearly Meeting ordered that 
it be withdrawn in order that Griffith might be dealt 
with for having married his former wife's brother's 
widow. William Matthews' children by Ann were 
Oliver, born March 4, 1775; Hannah, Nov. 25, 1776; 
Mary, Dec. 3, 1778; Ann, Oct. 5, 1780; Elizabeth, 
July 19, 1782; William, Jan. 19, 1784; Rebecca, 
March 3, 1785; Miriam, Nov. 20, 1786 ; Sarah, Dec. 
16, 1788; Rachel, Feb. 7, 1791; Ruth, Jan. 7, 1792. 
Ann Matthews died July 6, 1792, and William Mat- 
thews married Elizabeth Hanway for his second wife, 
and had as children Samuel H., Susannah, and George. 
In his eighty-second year he married Sarah, the widow 
of Jeremiah Brown. She died Dec. 28, 1842, and he | 
on Feb. 20, 1844, in the ninetieth year of his age. 
His father, Oliver Matthews, had died Jan. 17, 1824, 
aged one hundred and two years, one month, and 
nineteen days. 



Daniel Matthews, born, as above stated, in 1723, 
had by his wife Mary, Thomas, born in 1749, Francis, 
Daniel, Ann, and Gideon. Thomas married Sarah 
Johnson in Philadelphia in 1784. Their children 
were William, Thomas, Samuel, Mahlon, Ann, Jo- 
seph, Charles, and Caleb Bentley. The last-men- 
tioned Thomas was the father of the Hon. Stanley 
Matthews, now one of the associate justices of the 
United States Supreme Court. 

The Bosley farm is a fine e.state near the seventeen- 
mile house on the York turnpike, and the Bosley 
family have been residents of the Eighth District for 
over a hundred years. Five Bosley brothers came to 
Maryland in the days of the second Lord Proprie- 
tary, and one of them had a son named Joseph, who 
was the father of Daniel Bosley, born July 5, 1772. 
The latter was married in the year 1800 to Mary 
Ensor, of Baltimore County. Their children were 
Thomas C, born 1801 ; Rebecca Cole, born Feb. 4, 
1803; Sarah Ensor, Sept. 16, 1804; Mary, Nov. 8, 
1805; Dorcas, Feb. 11, 1807; Joseph, Aug. 2, 1808; 
John E., Feb. 21, 1810; Elizabeth A., May 20, 1812; 
Daniel, May 6, 1814; Samuel W., Feb. 7, 1818. 
Daniel Bosley and his wife, Mary, died in 1854. Their 
sixth child, Joseph, was married April 29, 1841, to 
Martha S., daughter of Capt. Joshua and Eleanor 
Gorsuch. Capt. Gorsuch was a famous commander 
of fine vessels out of the port of Baltimore for many 
years, and died Aug. 9, 1844. His wife survived 
until Feb. 27, 1863. 

The following were the children of Joseph and 
Martha Gorsuch Bosley : Mary E., born Feb. 21, 
1842, died Nov. 30, 1843; Thomas Cole, born Dec. 
22, 1843 ; Eleanor Gorsuch, born July 22, 1846 ; Maria 
Louisa, born Sept. 22, 1848, and married Charles M. 
Zepp, April 29, 1869, and resides in Virginia; Joshua 
Gorsuch, born Dec. 2, 1850, and married Bertha A. 
Brown, Dec. 29, 1880 ; Josephine, born Dec. 9, 1852, 
and married Frank Goodwin, May 20, 1875; Martha 
Rebecca, born Feb. 9, 1855, and married Frank Scott, 
April 29, 1876 ; Daniel Webster, born Aug. 3, 1857. 
The Bosley and Ensor families are of English de- 
scent, and the Gorsuch of German. Daniel Bosley 
was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, a 
Democrat in politics, and a successful farmer. He 
bought of Benjamin Wheeler one of the two tracts of 
land which Wheeler and Thomas Cole patented prior 
to the Revolution. The major part of these tracts is 
now owned by Thomas E., John E., and Daniel 
Bosley. 

About two miles north of Cockeysville is " Hay- 
fields," the estate and stock and grazing farm of John 
Merry man. It consists of five hundred and sixty 
acres of land, and is in all respects a superb domain. 
The original purchase of two hundred acres was 
made in 1808 by Col. Nicholas Merryman Bosley, 
and this was added to until the estate was increased 
to the size stated. Col. Bosley was an intelligent 
and enterprising farmer, and in 1824 he took the prize 



\ 




DANIEL J30.SLEY. 



EIGHTH DISTRICT. 



offered by the State Agricultural Society for the best- 
cultivated farm. The premium was presented to him 
through the hands of Gen. Lafayette, then on his last 
visit to this country. It is a beautiful tankard of 
English silver, and is now an heirloom at Hayfields. 
Upon it is this inscription: "Ry the hand of Lafay- 
ette, from Maryland State Agricultural Society, for 
best-cultivated farm, to Col. N. M. Bosley, November, 
1824." Col. Bosley died in 1847, wlien Hayfields 
passed into the hands of Mr. Merryman, his nephew. 

The latter was born at Hereford Farm, Baltimore 
Co., Md., Aug. 9, 1824, the son of Nicholas Rogers 
Merryman and Anna Maria Gott. The families of 
Merryman and Rogers emigrated together from Here- 
fordshire, England, about the year 1650, and there 
were frequent intermarriages between them. The 
records of the court of Baltimore Town for 1659 con- 
tain the names of Nicholas Rogers as clerk of the 
court and Charles Merryman as foreman of the grand 
inquest. John Merryman's grandfather, who bore 
the same name, was president of the Second Branch 
of the first City Council of Baltimore, when James 
Calhoun was mayor and Hercules Courtenay presi- 
dent of the First Branch. These three men were 
active in procuring from the General Assembly the 
act for the incorporation of the city of Baltimore. 
When the present John Merryman was fifteen years 
old he entered the hardware-store of Richard Norris, 
in Baltimore, and in 1841 went out to Guayamas, 
Porto Rico, to the counting-house of his maternal 
uncle, Samuel N. Gott. He returned from the West 
Indies the next year to take charge of the Maryland 
farm property belonging to the family, and shortly 
afterwards settled on the fine estate of Hayfields. As 
first lieutenant of the Baltimore County Horse 
Guards, he accompanied his command to the city 
after the attack on the Massachusetts troops on April 
19, 1861, Governor Hicks having accepted the ser- 
vices of the Horse Guards, which were tendered by 
Capt. Ridgely. The next day Lieut. Merryman was 
detailed with a small force to establish a post at Hay- 
fields House, and was in communication there with 
Maj. Belger, of the Federal army, who was endeavor- 
ing to turn back to Pennsylvania the Union soldiers 
en route to Washington, who were congregated in 
large numbers along the line of the Northern Central 
Railroad in consequence of the burning of the 
bridges between Ashland and Baltimore. Lieut. 
Merryman offered Maj. Belger any aid that he could 
possibly render, even to slaughtering his own cattle 
to feed the Pennsylvania men. It was feared that 
they would eventually endeavor at all hazards to i 
press on to Washington through Baltimore, and that 
the result would be a renewal of the riot and slaugh- 
ter in the latter city. 

In this emergency Governor Hicks ordered that the 
railroad bridges should be destroyed after the troops 
passed north, to prevent them returning with Sher- 
man's battery and other reinforcements, as was said 



to be contemplated by the Pennsylvania authorities. 
The execution of the Governor's order was intrusted 
to Lieut. Merryman, but he exercised his own dis- 
cretion and burned only one bridge, south of Park- 
ton, as he did not wish to destroy so much valuable 
property. On May 25, 1861, he was arrested by United 
States soldiers, imprisoned in Fort McHenry, and in- 
dicted for treason in connection with the burning of 
the bridges. His defense was that he only executed 
his sworn duty as an officer of the militia of Mary- 
land. He petitioned Chief Justice Taney for habeas 
corpus, and the latter directed the issue of the writ, 
directed to Gen. Cadwallader, then commandant at 
Fort McHenry. The general refused to produce his 
prisoner.and the chief justice then ordered the United 
States marshal to bring Cadwallader before him on 
Tuesday, May 28th, to answer for contempt of court. 
The marshal made return that Gen. Cadwallader had 
been instructed by President Lincoln to disobey the 
writ and to resist him ; whereupon the chief ju.stice 
declared that " It is therefore very clear that John 
Merryman, the petitioner, is improperly held, and is 
entitled to be immediately discharged from imprison- 
ment." The affair created great excitement at the 
time, and though Mr. Merryman was bailed to answer 
for treason, he was never brought to trial. In 1855 he 
was made president of the Board of Commissioners of 
Baltimore County, and in 1870 was elected treasurer 
of the State of Maryland for the term of two years. 
He was a member of the House of Delegates in 1874. 
As a practical farmer, lie has always taken much in- 
terest in the Maryland State Agricultural Society and 
its successor, the Agricultural and Mechanical Asso- 
ciation, which was organized in 1866 in pursuance of 
a circular which he issued. He was president of the 
association until 1881, when impaired health com- 
pelled him to decline the honor. Up to this time he 
had greatly contributed to the success of its exhibi- 
tions. He is also a member of the executive com- 
mittee of the United States Agricultural Society, and 
president of the National Agricultural As.sociation, 
and one of the trustees of the Maryland Agricultural 
College. He has given clo.se attention to Hereford 
cattle and sheep. For cattle he received a medal 
and diploma at the Centennial Exhibition, and his 
mutton brings the highest prices in the market. His 
fiirm is a model of its kind. Mr, Merryman married 
Ann Louisa Gittings in 1844, and there are ten living 
children. Since the dissolution of the Whig party he 
has been a consistent Democrat, and is honored and 
respected throughout the State for his many sterling 
qualities. 

Ashland. — The village of .\shland, fourteen miles 
from Baltimore, on the Northern Central Railway, 
has a population of 445, and is the seat of the fur- 
naces of the Ashland Iron Company, the largest es- 
tablishment of the kind in Maryland. It is described 
in detail in the chapter on iron manufactures else- 
where in this volume. The iron ore of the vicinity is 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Ijlciitirul anil of excellent quality. Ashland has a 
Presbyterian cliureh. 

Society of Friends.— The first meeting-house of 
tlie Society of Friends in the Eighth District was 
built on Western Run about the year 1739. Gunpow- 
der meeting-house, near Prieeville, was the third 
one erected, and is very near the site of the second 
one, wliich was destroyed by fire. The first settlers 
in that neighborliood were almost entirely Friends 
from England and Wales, and it is still largely popu- 
hited bv their descendants. 



CHAPTER LV. 

NINTH DISTRICT. 

The Ninth is one of the smallest in size of the dis- 
tricts of the county, but in every other respect it is 
the most important of all. Its area is only 38.90 
square miles, but its population is more than double 
that of any other district, amounting, by the census 
of 1880, to 21,414. In 1870 it was but 10,731, thus 
showing an increase of one hundred per cent, in ten 
years, and it is still growing at this rapid rate. This 
increase is principally caused by the overflowing of 
the population of the city into the suburban districts 
beyond the northern boundary, where here and there 
are many streets as solidly built up as any in the heart 
of the municipality. The district is bounded on the 
south by Baltimore City, on the west by the Third 
District, on the north by the Eighth and Eleventh, 
and on the east by the Eleventh and Twelfth. The 
Northern Central Railway passes along the entire 
western border of the district, the York turnpike 
bisects it from north to south, and the Harford road 
incloses it on the east. A horse-railway runs along 
the York turnpike from the city to Towsontown. 
Other lines of communication are the Charles Street 
Avenue road, the Mine Bank Run road, the Crom- 
well's Bridge road, the Dulaney's Valley road, and 
numerous cross avenues that connect the roads lead- 
ing north for a distance of six miles outside the mu- 
nicipal limits. The country within these boundaries 
and near the city is covered with residences of more 
or less elegance, and a little farther out each side of 
the roads presents a succession of suburban villages 
and cottages and their grounds, many of which have 
exhausted the resources of the architect, the land- 
scape-gardener, and the decorator. No city in the 
country has finer suburbs than those along Charles 
Street Avenue and the York turnpike, and still the 
improvements are going on, so that year after year 
this splendid territory is being still more elaborately 
beautified. It is impossible to compute the number 
of millions of dollars of capital that are invested in 
it, but great fortunes have been earned by persons 
who foresaw the rise in values of the lands and pur- 
chased a few years ago. 



The region has a steadily increasing elevation from 
tide-waterat Baltimore Harbor to the hills of the Gun- 
powder River, and that stream and Jones' Falls, to- 
gether with dozens of brooks fed from abundant 
springs, flow down from the elevations topped with 
tasteful and imposing suburban mansions. The towns 
are Oxford, Peabody Heights, Homestead, Waver- 
ley, Hampden Heights, Friendship, — all within a 
mile or two of the city limits, — Govanstown, and 
Towson, the latter the county-town of Baltimore 
County. In the northern section of the district is 
Dulany's Valley, the home of rural ease, plenty, and 
elegance, and the time-honored homesteads of the 
Ridgelys of Hampton, the Gilmors, the Hillens, 
the Hoffmans, the Jenifers, the Burkes, and other old 
families. 

The entire water system of the city is within this 
district. Lake Roland, which is fed from Jones' 
Falls, is six miles distant by the Northern Central 
Railway, and ten miles out on the Gunpowder is Loch 
Raven, formed by damming the river, from whence 
the water flows by a tunnel into Lakes Montebello and 
Clifton, the reservoirs of the permanent water-supply. 
A full description of these immense works will be 
found in the chapter upon the Water Department of 
Baltimore. When the drives to and around these 
lakes are completed, which they will be during the 
year 1881, the whole system will make up a scene that 
for interest and beauty will excel anything similar on 
this side of the Atlantic. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 



and Ger- 
No. 3. — Thomas C. Stringer, principal, Govanstowu; Mollie 5Ierceron, 



No. 4. — Alexander Francis, principal, Gorsuch Avenue; Clara V. Bate- 
No. h. — Mary Baseman, Lauraville. 

No. 6.— Frank H. Peterson, Lavender Hill. 

No. 7.— B. C. Reed, principal, Towson; Mattie A. Isaac, H. Dora Mar- 
shall, and Ella Harrison, assiataiits. 

No. 8.— Sarah E. Welsh, principal, Mount Washington. 

No. 0.— Mary E. Burton, Mount Washington. 

No. 10.— E. Addie Shealy, Towson. 

No. 11.— John F. F. Gniy, Towson. 

No. 12— Joseph Whitliugton, principal, Waverley ; Emma Bankhead, 
Nora Jones. Laura Nicolai, Susie Dougherty, Mollie E. Scott, and 
Maggie Simpson, assistants. 

No. l:i.— Michael O'Hara, principal, Texas; Lizzie Purnell and Clara 

Teachers or Coloked Schools. 






, U. J. 



\ H.Stocksdale. 

-.1 . A 1 1 : I 1 1 , 1 , I I I , , A . Breckeniideo, and Henry C. Zinck. 
-(.if,. Ml I il.irgest, and Geo. Lycett, 

-Kli.>l..i I l,ii.,i>:i.!.,i, l.nuis Bonsall. 
-\V. J. Shauklin, Elij.ih Stansbury, and August Miller. 
-W. S. Keech, Win. H. Ruhy, and Thoni.is 0. Bniff {committee). 
Jackins, Jacob Baughman, and Wm. J. Johnson. 
, Wright, M. B. Rutnc-r, and Wm. B. Sands. 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



No. 10.— Bev. J. F. Hoff, Edward Rider, and Lewis J. liolicrla. 
No. 11.— George A. Smith, Clmrli'S Francis, and George liaj lie. 
No. 12.— .\iipist Hoeu, Charles HKUiiltoii, and Josepli A. Bolgl mo (com- 
mittee). 
No. lU,- Rev. F. P. Duggnn, James Tiiinen, and Peter Fitzgerald. 

Northern Suburbs. — The growth of the northern 
suburbs of the city in this district is one of the won- 
derful result.s of busine.ss enterprise and sagacity. 
About 1850, Henry Shirk purchased fifty acres of land, 
lying between Charles Street Avenue and Jones' 
Falls, and extending northward to the old Agricul- 
tural Fair Grounds. He paid three hundred and 
sixty dollars an acre for the land, and the majority 
of people thought that he might as well have thrown 
his money away. There was then no way of reach- 
ing that section except by fording .Tones' Falls or 
making a long circuit around by the Bel videre bridge. 
For many years there appeared to be no prospect that 
Mr. Shirk's acquisition would ever be anything but 
fields and commons, and up to 1871 there were not 
more than a dozen houses in all that section, all but 
one being on Charles Street Avenue. The owner of 
the property built a bridge across the Falls to afford 
access to it, which in a few years was swept away by 
a flood. The city contributed to a second bridge, 
after which a few streets were graded and some of 
them paved. About six years ago the work of im- 
provement was begun in earnest, and since then has 
been steadily pushed, both inside and beyond the city 
limits. In the mean time the ground purchased at a 
venture at three hundred and sixty dollars per acre 
has advanced to forty-five thousand dollars per acre. 
All through this vicinity are the finest class of resi- 
dences, including a few historic ones that are fast dis- 
appearing from the path of the march of progress. 
Belmont Place, at the junction of Boundary and 
North Avenues, was at one time a noble estate of the 
olden time, but is now fast going to ruin. During 
the civil war a fort was built on the grounds and 
much damage done by the military occupation. On 
it is the oldest monument in or around Baltimore. 
It is built of brick, plastered, and on it is inserted a 
marble slab bearing the name of Christopher Colum- 
bus. It was built in 1792, and was erected by the 
owner of the estate in memory of a favorite horse 
whose bones were buried beneath it, and who was 
named after the discoverer of America. 

Along the York turnpike there are many elegant 
country-seats, of which may be named those of the 
late Capt. Wm. Kennedy, Samuel Brady, the late F. 
W. Brune, A. G. Mott, Henry Taylor, S. G. Wyman, 
and I. Nevitt Steele, and "Guilford," the grand es- 
tate of the late Wm. McDonald, now the property of 
A. S. Abell, proprietor of the Baltimore Sun. " Guil- 
ford" extends through from Charles Street arsenal to 
the York road, and could hardly be purchased for a 
million dollars. The grounds are like those of a 
baronial park, and in the midst of them stands a 
mansion that is worthy of its surroundings. Beyond 
this point are the properties of D. S. Wilson, Wm. S. 



[ G. Baker, David M. I'errine, Wm. C. Wilson, the 
late ex-Gov. Bradford, (Jeorge Presstman, Edward 
Myers, Frederick Harrison, J. Hall Pleasants, George 
I Brown, Joseph H.Rieman, H.C.TurnbuU, John Ste- 
! venson, J. I. Fisher, Richard J. Gittings, Dr. George 
[ M. Boslcy, Wm. T. Walters, and "Aigburth Vale," 
[ the estate of John E. Owens, the genial and world- 
famous comedian. Besides these, there are on Charles 
I Street Avenue and the avenues crossing the country 
[ the estates of Richard J. Capron, W. D. Brackenridge, 
W. H. Perot, Dr. John A. Craig, Thomas Cassard, 
A. J. Albert, and Wm. E. Hooper; on Woodbourne 
Avenue, "Tivoli," the residence of Enoch Pratt, and 
"Woodbourne," that of George W. Abell, of the Bal- 
timore Sun. Between the York and the Hillen roads 
lies "Montebello," a magnificent manor, which is the 
summer home of John W. Garrett, president of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

" Homewood Villa," the beautiful residence of Wil- 
liam Wyman, lies on Charles Street Avenue, midway 
between Hampden Heights and Waverley. His whole 
estate comprises some one hundred and fifty acres, 
and is located a mile from Baltimore City. It is a 
part of the Cnrroll estate, formerly called "Home- 
wood." The old manor-house erected by Charles 
Carroll, yet a stately edifice, is still preserved, and is 
near the avenue, while to the southeast is the new 
mansion represented in the engraving. The grounds 
and site are among the finest in the suburbs of Balti- 
more, and abound in historic associations. 

Among the prominent settlers of the neighborhood 
is Charles Peregoy, of Woodberry. He was born in 
Baltimore City, July 28, 1818. His father was 
Nicholas Peregoy, who was a son of Charles and 
Ruth Peregoy, and was born Sept. 12, 1790, and 
married a daughter of David and Esther Buckman, 
of Bucks County, Pa. The present Charles Peregoy 
married, Nov. 10, 1840, Hannah Wall, daughter of 
John and Elizabeth W. Timanus, of Baltimore, and 
of their four children the only one living is Annie 
Bates, wife of Elias W. Frost, Jr., of Howard County, 
Md. He went South in 1834, and was in New Orleans 
the next year when the Seminole war broke out. He 
joined Gen. Gaines" regiment of volunteers, and was 
with the command that burned the bodies of the 
soldiers of the two companies of artillery under Maj. 
Dade, who were massacred by the Indians between 
Tampa Bay and Fort King, Fla. He was with Gen. 
Scott when he was surrounded by the Seminoles, sub- 
sisting for five days on half a pound of raw horse- 
flesh daily. He afterwards served for three years in 
the Sixth Infantry Regiment of the regular army, 
and enlisted again during the war with Mexico. Being 
transferred from recruiting service to the voltigeurs, 
he joined Capt. J. J. Archer's company at Fort Mc- 
Henry, and fought under Gen. Scott in all the engage- 
ments in the Valley of Mexico. At the storming of 
the heights of Chapultepec he was wounded, but re- 
mained with his company, and participated in the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



capture of the City of Mexico. After liis muster out 
of tlie army Mr. Peregoy returned to Baltimore and 
went to work witii a firm of founders and macliinists, 
and was subsequently in the emjjloy of Poole & Hunt, 
at Woodberry, losing his right arm by being caught 
in the machinery of their shops. In his younger days 
he roamed extensively over the country and made a 
trip to Europe. He is a trustee and steward of the 
Methodist Epi.scopal Church at Woodberry, a member 
of Friendship Lodge, No. 7, Independent Order of 
Odd-Fellows, and a member of Pocahontas Tribe, No. 
3, Improved Order of Red Men. For fourteen years 
he was a justice of the peace for Baltimore County, 
and now keeps a general merchandise establishment. 

Waverley,— About a mile and a half from the city, 
on the York turnpike, is the village of Waverley, and 
so near to it that they are almost continuously con- 
nected are those of Oxford, Peabody Heights, Home- 
stead, Friendship, and Hampden Heights, the latter 
partly in the Third District, under which head it is 
mentioned in this history. Waverley has a popula- 
tion of 3970, Hampden of 2962, Homestead of 900, 
and the other villages a sufficient number of inhabit- 
ants to make up a total of 10,000 living within a circle 
whose circumference is not more than three miles. 

The original name of Waverley was Huntington, 
but it was changed at the suggestion of the late Henry 
Tyson, then superintendent of the York Road Rail- 
way, when the people petitioned for a post-office and 
the officials of the department at Washington agreed 
to grant their request if they would alter the name 
of the village, there being already a confusing num- 
ber of Huntingtons on the post-office list. Mr. Tyson 
thought that Waverley would do very well, and the 
place was accordingly rechristened. It is a cozy vil- 
lage, peopled mostly by families whose heads are 
business men in the city. Neat cottages, principally 
on the Venetian style of architecture, line either side 
of the York Road Railway and turnpike, while their 
pleasant gardens inclose them in luxuriant bowers. 
The farmers of the vicinity give nearly all their at- 
tention to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables for 
the city markets. The growth of the village dates 
from 1866, when Messrs. A. Hoen, John Fox, Henry 
Taylor, A. G. Clemens, Joseph Cone, and others pur- 
chased a considerable tract of land between the York 
and Harford roads, and proceeded to divide it up into 
building-lots and to lay out avenues. These sites 
were quickly taken up, buildings were erected, and 
the property that had been sold for from four hun- 
dred to six hundred dollars per acre rose to one dollar 
per foot. Waverley now covers thirty acres that fif- 
teen years ago were used for pasture. In 1872 the 
citizens of Waverley resolved that they would have a 
town hall, and a spacious brick building, sixty by a 
hundred feet, was soon erected, at a cost of twelve 
thousand dollars. It accommodates a good library of 
miscellaneous literature, and is used for public meet- 
ings and cntortaiiiiiK'nts, lectures, fairs, balls, etc. 



Another manifestation of public spirit was seen in 
the formation of the Waverley Fire Department, which 
was indeed a necessity for the protection of the valu- 
able property of the village and its environs. It was 
formed on Aug. 1, 1878, on which day the erection of 
an engine-house was commenced. This is a building 

j of pressed brick with stone trimmings, and it has a 
tower in the centre. 

The oldest church is St. John's Protestant Episco- 

j pal, better known in former days as the Huntington 

j church. It stands upon the site of the old barracks 
and powder-magazine. In November, 1843, a meet- 

[ ing of some of the residents on and near the York 
road who were attached to the Episcopal faith was 

I held at the barracks, and they resolved to erect a 
church. The vestry was incorporated on July 10, 
1844, and in the succeeding August the barracks 
property was purchased from the government for 
twelve hundred dollars. In 1845, Rev. N. A. Hewitt 
was selected as pastor by the congregation, and on 
April 22, 1847, the corner-stone of the church wa.s 
laid by Bishop Whittingham. It was so far com- 
pleted that the congregation were worshiping in it, 
but it was not entirely finished when it was destroyed 
by fire on May 1, 1858. On Sept. 16, 1858, the cor- 
ner-stone of a new church was laid by Bishop Whit- 
tingham, and this is the edifice which, with some 
alterations and improvements, is now standing, hav- 
ing been consecrated on Nov. 1, 1860, by the same 
bishop. It is a handsome structure of gray-stone, 
with a high square tower and belfry. Rev. Mr. 
Hewitt was succeeded as pastor by Rev. Richard C. 
Hall, who was in charge at the time of the consecra- 
tion. After him came Rev. Charles C. Adams, in 
1855, and in November, 1862, he was succeeded by 
Rev. Wm. F. Johnson, who died in office Jan. 3, 1878, 

j after three days' illness. It was under his pastorate 
that the large additions to St. John's were made, 
and that the numbers of the congregation nearly 
doubled. He was forty-six years old, a native of 
Somerset County, Md., a graduate of St. James' Epis- 
copal College, and a student of theology under Bishop 
Doane. Previous to being called to St. John's he 
was iissistant rector of St. Paul's Church in Baltimore 
City, and was instrumental in founding several mis- 
sionary churches. In his charities he spent one-half 
of his very liberal private fortune. He was a man of 
great erudition, and of very amiable character. He 
made the church, the parsonage, and the school-house 
of St. John's one of the most beautiful groups of ec- 
clesiastical buildings in Maryland, and besides free- 
ing them from debt, he bequeathed eight thousand 
dollars for the foundation of an orphanage. 

On June 5, 1878, Rev. Dr. Thomas Richey assumed 
the pastorate, but resigned in a few months to accept 
the chair of ecclesiastical history in the General The- 
ological Seminary, New York. On October 1st he 
was succeeded by Rev. Francis Stubbs. who is the 
present pastor. 




j'^«^ ^^. 



vf 




^^Vu^AA;,^ JtJK^ 





l7#>t^ y^M 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



889 



St. Ann's Catholic church is about three-fourths of 
a mile below Waverley, on the York road. The lot 
was given and the whole expense of the erection of 
the edifice defrayed by Capt. William Kennedy, the 
value of the gift amounting to fully forty thousand 
dollars. The church was named St. Ann's, after the 
patron saint of Mrs. Kennedy, who died a few weeks 
before the laying of the corner-stone, which took place 
April 15, 1873. Archbishop Bayley officiated, and 
among the papers placed in the corner-stone was one 
containing an account of the death and funeral of 
Mrs. Kennedy, and reciting her many charities. 
Capt. Kennedy did not live to see the church com- 
pleted, as he died on Oct. 4, 1873. It was dedicated 
Jan. 31, 1874, by Archbishop Bayley. Mass was 
celebrated by Bishop Becker, of Wilmington, Del., 
and the sermon was preached by Bishop Gibbons, of 
Richmond, Va., now Archbishop of Baltimore. The 
church is sixty four feet front by one hundred feet 
deep, and is built of granite with marble trimmings. 
It is under tiie chargeof Revs. W. E. Bartlett and 
Dominic Manly. Immediately in the rear of the 
church is St. Ann's Academy, a parochial school, 
whicli was opened on Feb. 1, 1874. 

On the west side of the York road, near St. Ann's 
church, stands St. Mary's Female Orphan Asylum, a 
fine four-story brick building. Homeless children 
are received from all parts of the archdiocese, and 
are placed under the care of the Sisters of Charity. 
The institution is under the patronage of the cathe- 
dral. The building was erected and consecrated in 
187fi. 

On Aug. 6, 1872, the corner-stone of the Waverley 
Bajitist church was laid. Rev. Franklin Wilson, Rev. 
G. W. Sunderland, Rev. Mr. Watkinson, and Henry 
Taylor conducted the exercises. In his address Mr. 
Wilson said that in 1855, Frederick Harrison had 
opened a Baptist Sunday-school at that point, and in 
1844, James Wilson, a Baltimore merchant, erected 
a chapel, which was open to the ministers of all evan- 
gelical denominations. He (Rev. Franklin Wilson) 
had charge of the chapel until 1847, and was followed 
successively by Revs. W. Wilder, Thomas Jones, J. 
H. Phillips, F. Britten, T. Krager, John Berg, and 
J. F. Stedman. The last minister was Rev. John 
Berg, who held the pastorate a second time. The new 
church was dedicated Dec. 19, 1872. It is built upon 
the plan of the Brooklyn Tabernacle, and is forty-two 
by ninety-five feet in dimensions, and cost fourteen 
thousand dollars. The building committee were 
Rev. Franklin Wilson and Messrs. Henry Taylor and 
Frederick Harrison. 

The corner-stone of the Waverley Methodist Epis- 
copal church was laid Sept. 8, 1872, with services by 
Revs. J. H. C. Dosh, D. H. Carroll, A. W. Rudisell, 
R. R. Murphy, and Rev. Dr. Sims. The church is 
tliirty-six by fifty feet, of Gothic architecture, and has 
a tessellated faqade. The first pastors were Revs. J. 
H. C. Dosh and A. W. Rudisell. 



On April 31, 1876, the corner-stone of the Meth- 
odist Protestant church (colored) was laid. The 
structure is a frame building twenty-two by thirty 
feet, and was erected under the auspices of the pastor. 
Rev. P. S. Henry. 

Waverley Lodge, No. 152, A. F. and A. M., was in- 
stituted in 1870. Its charter-members were James 
Pentland, Harry Skillman, Dr. P. H. Reische, Alex- 
ander Johnson, J. M. Cone, J. E. A. Cunningham, 
Andrew Patterson, and Henry Taylor. The officers 
for 1881 are R. T. Waters, W. M. ; Mr. Wilson, S. W. ; 
Mr. Banks, J. W. ; John W. Lloyd, Sec. ; J. C. Smith, 
Treas. ; George Light, S. D. ; (). P. Balson, J. D. ; 
Frank Stran, Tyler. The lodge meets in Waverley 
Hall, and has a membership of one hundred. 

Other orders at Waverley are Waverley Lodge, No. 
42, Independent Order of Mechanics, and an organi- 
zation of the Knights of Honor. 

Dr. R. E. Jones, who is a leading citizen of Wood- 
berry, resides in that portion of the town which is 
within the Ninth District. He is of Welsh descent, 
one of his progenitors having been Joseph Jones, who 
lived in Harford County before the Revolutionary 
[ war. He had three sons and two daughters. His 
I son Joseph was born in 1765, and married Susannah 
j Elsrood, born in 1786. He died in 1830, and his wife 
in 1870. They had eight sons and five daughters, — 
I John, Joseph, Thomas, Eliza, James, Reuben, Wil- 
liam, Robert, Randolph, Sarah, Charlotte, Elizabeth, 
and Mary. The mother of Dr. Reuben E. Jones, 
Susannah Elsrood, was the daughter of Michael Els- 
rood, an emigrant from Germany about 1755, and 
who located near White Hall, in Baltimore County, 
about twenty miles from Baltimore City. Dr. Reuben 
Elsrood Jones, one of the above thirteen children, 
was born in the Seventh District, twenty-three miles 
from Baltimore, March 5, 1822. He was married Dec. 
21, 1855, to Elizabeth, daughter of Enoch Dorsey, a 
prominent farmer, and for many years surveyor of the 
county, by whom he has had seven children, of whom 
the following four are living: Carrie, Eliza, Fannie, 
and Maggie. He was educated in the public schools 
of his neighborhood, and then attended the Man- 
chester Academy, in Carroll County, some two years. 
He studied medicine under Dr. John C. Orrick, of 
Hereford, and attended the Maryland University of 
Medicine, from which he graduated in the class of 
1848-49. He first located in Manchester, Carroll 
Co., where he remained a year, and then removed to 
Middletown, Baltimore Co., where he continued until 
1873, when he settled in Woodberry, and he has since 
resided there. He is a member of the Baptist Church, 
and belongs to the Masons and the Odd Fellows, of 
which latter he has passed all the chairs. He was a 
Whig until the organization of the Republican party, 
to which he became attached, and with which he is 
now identified. He served for sixteen years as one 
of the school commissioners of Baltimore County, 
being first elected in 1855, and re-elected successively 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



until 18C7, when the constitution made a change, 
and in 1868 he was again elected by the voice of the 
people over his Democratic competitor, being the 
only Republican chosen in this section of the State. 
He has a very large and lucrative practice in his pro- 
fession, extending miles into the country as well as to 
the city of Baltimore. He is recognized by the pro- 
fession and by the public as one of the leading and 
most successful physicians of the county. 

Peabody Heights. — This village is connected with 
Waverlcy, a mile distant, by a horse railway. The 
site was formerly " Lilliandale," the estate of William 
Holmes, and comprised about forty acres. It was 
bought on Sept. 23, 1878, by several associated capi- 
talists of Baltimore for about one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. They gave it its name in grateful 
remembrance of George Peabody's bequests to Balti- 
more, and soon converted it into a suburban village. 

In 1874 the Peabody Heights Company offered to 
the city of Baltimore Homewood Park, a fine tract of 
sixteen acres on their property, on the sole condition 
that the city would maintain it as a public park. The 
municipal authorities being forbidden to expend 
money for park purposes beyond the city limits ex- 
cept by permission of the General Assembly, an act 
was passed by the latter body conferring the necessary 
privileges, but some confusion occurred in the nego- ' 
tiations, and eventually the plan failed by reason of 
the inability of the donors to execute the deeds within 
the time required by law. 

Friendship adjoins Peabody Heights on the east, 
but is of older date. It is partly located oh the for- 
mer Frisby estate, and in 1869 there were a few cot- 
tages near the spot where this pretty and flourishing 
place has since grown up. 

Oxford. — The growth of Oxford is contemporary 
with that of Waverley, like which it is a creation of 
the past ten years. It lies on either side of the York 
road, two miles from the city limits, and contiguous 
to it is the beautiful estate of Edward Patterson, Jr. 

Homestead is the farthest east of the cluster of 
villages, and binds upon the Harford road. As far 
back as 1852 a movement was made for the establish- 
^ ment of a suburban village here. There was then no 
railway communication, however, and the project 
failed. In 1866 it was revived and became a success. 
Homestead is charmingly located within a few mo- 
ments' walk of Lake Clifton, the estate of Horace Ab- 
bott, that of the late Thomas Kelso, and President 
Garrett's " Montebello." It is reached by the Hall's 
Springs line of liorse railway. 

The corner-stone of an Independent Methodist 
church was laid Oct. 12, 1879, by Rev. A. W. Light- 
bourne. It stands upon the site of the old Methodist 
Protestant chapel, which was lorn down to make way 
for the improvement. The property was purchased by 
Mount Lebanon Church, of Baltimore City, and the 
new edifice was erected under the auspices of that 
congregation. 



On May 1.5, 185.3, the first services were held in the 
Homestead Protestant Episcopal church. 

Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the 
Slind. — This institution was incorporated in 1853, by 
Messrs. J. Smith HoUins, J. I. Cohen, Jr., B. F. New- 
comer, William George Baker, Rev. J. N. McJilton, 
and Hon. John Glenn. In the beginning of 1854 the 
following board of directors were elected : Messrs. J. 
H. McHenry, J. I. Cohen, Jr., W. George Baker, 
Jacob Trust, J. Smith HoUiris, B. F. Newcomer, W. 
W. Glenn, Dr. William Fisher, and Rev. J. N. Mc- 
Jilton. In the spring of the same year the property 
on West Saratoga Street, now occupied by the Boys' 
School of St. Paul's Church, was purchased, and on 
the 7th of December, 1854, the first pupil of the insti- 
tution was received. In 1 860 the present site, on North 
Avenue near Charles Street Avenue, was purchased, 
and in 1865 the erection of the building was com- 
menced ; it was completed in the summer of 1868, at 
a cost of less than one hundred and forty thousand 
dollars, and dedicated on the 20th of November in 
that year. This institution is a school of instruction 
and not an asylum ; it is supported in part by the 
State appropriations, entitling the State to a certain 
number of free scholarships, and in part by the in- 
terest from endowments. The number of pupils in 
attendance Dec. 1, 1880, was fifty-nine. The present 
officers of the institution are B. F. Newcomer, presi- 
dent ; John T. Morris, secretary ; and William J. 
Doyle, treasurer. F. D. Morrison is the able and 
efficient superintendent. 

Greenmount Cemetery was incorporated March 
15, 1838, by Wm. Gwynn, Robert Morgan Gibbs, 
Fielding Lucas, Jr., John S. Skinner, John S. Laf- 
fitte, Samuel D. Walker, and John H. B. Latrobe. 
It was dedicated July 13, 1839, Hon. John P. Ken- 
nedy delivering the address. Greenmount was the 
name given to the country-seat of Robert Oliver, from 
whose heirs the company purchased the cemetery 
property. The cemetery originally consisted of sixty 
acres, but has since been greatly enlarged. 

Belair Road. — A church near Belair Road, Balti- 
more Co., was first built in 1857, and dedicated to St. 
Joseph. For imj)ortant reasons, in 1868 a new and 
larger church was erected in a more central locality 
for the convenience of the Catholics living in the 
neighborhood. This church was in charge of the 
Redemptorist Fathers of Baltimore until 1878, when 
it was transferred into the hands of a secular priest. 
A school is attached to the church, with about eighty 
children, who were recently placed in charge of Fran- 
ciscan Sisters, 

First German United Evangelical Cemetery,— 
This cemetery, comprising six acres, and costing 
three thousand dollars, is located opposite Mount 
Carmel Cemetery, on the Trappe road, three miles 
from the city. It is under the supervision of St. 
Paul's German United Evangelical Church, and was 
consecrated on the 15th of April, 1877. The first 




Q^.^a 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



interment took pla 
iiiK that of thu h< 



after the consecration, be- 
Bernard Berach, a young 
mail of twenty-t-iglit years. 

Notre Dame Academy.— In April, 1872, the Sisters 
of Notre Dame, who had been conducting a school in 
tlie city, purchased from D. M. Perrine and Joseph 
Reynolds thirty-three acres of property, two miles and 
a half out on Charles Street Avenue, to which the in- 
stitution was removed. They paid twenty -six thousand 
dollars for the property, and afterwards made an ad- 
dition of twenty acres at a further cost of forty-five 
thousand dollars. They have erected a building four 
hundred by one hundred and sixty feet, three stories 
high, with a Mansard roof, and environed with park- 
like surroundings. The school was opened in Septem- 
ber, 1873. 

Adjoining is the convent of Notre Dame, which is 
connected with the Church of the Sacred Heart. It 
was dedicated on Aug. 27, 1876. 

Eutaw Methodist Protestant church, three miles 
from the city, on the Haverford road, was dedicated 
on Jan. 6, 1860. It is a stone building, twenty-eight 
by thirty-eight feet, and the site was the gift of j 
Horatio Whitridge. 

St. Bernard's Catholic church, situated near the 
intersection of the Harford and Hillen roads, a mile 
beyond the city, was dedicated Nov. 17, 1867. It was 
])reviously a small brick building, known as Sherwood 
chajicl, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but was 
purchased by the Catholics and enlarged. 

The corner-stone of St. Andrew's Protestant Epis- 
copal church was laid July 1, 1874, by Rev. Dr. 
Leeds, assisted by Rev. Drs. Van Antwerp and Gram- 
mar. The church is on the old Harford road, near 
where it crosses the Harford turnpike, five miles from 
the city. The site was the gift of Robert Moore. 

Govanstown.— Four miles from the city, on the 
York turnpike, is Govanstown, the houses of which 
stretch in parallel lines on either side of the road. It 
has a population of 1217, and its origin goes back to 
the last century, when the Govane family resided in 
the neighborhood and gave their name to the town. 
James Govane had a country-seat here, and died at it 
in June, 1784. The " Rosebank" nursery of W. D. 
Brackenridge is on the edge of the town, and it would 
be difficult to surpass in any private conservatories 
or gardens the floral wealth which h displays. 

Frederick Harrison resides at Anneslie, near Gov- 
anstown, Baltimore Co., Md. He comes of a family 
many of whose branches have been honorably promi- 
nent in the history of the country, and his own record 
is marked by events which entitle him to distinguished 
mention in this volume. His father, Frederick Har- 
rison, was lineally descended from Thomas Harrison, 
who was bor.n in 1626, and came to this country with 
his father, Richard Harrison, in 1630. Richard was 
the oldest of the four brothers Harrison who fled 
from the mother-country to these shores during the 
troubles which preceded the Cromwellian war. The 



others were Benjamin, who subsequently settled at 
Surry, on the James River, in Virginia, Nathaniel, 
and Thomas Harrison. Nathaniel settled in the val- 
ley of Virginia, and Thomas, a clergyman, was for a 
time attached to the colonial Governor Berkeley. The 
latter becoming offended with his preaching, caused 
him to leave the colony, and he returned with his 
family to New Haven, where he joined his brother 
Richard. In October, 1648, he arrived in Saybrook, 
and performed ministerial duties for three years, after 
which he returned to England, became an Oxford 
professor, and never revisited America. Richard 
Harrison settled in New Haven, and in 1664 removed 
to Branford, Conn., with his son Thoma.s, and died 
there, in 1653, a very old man. He is known in the 
quaint language of that period as "good man Harri- 
son," a term somewhat similar to the French " Vicl- 
lard." 

Thomas, the son of Richard, was, as has iieen said, 
born in England, in 1626. He was twice married, 
having issue by both marriages, and died in Branford 
in 1704. From him the line of descent is perfectly 
lineal, the fifth in the line being Frederick Harrison, 
Sr., who was born in 1776, serving as a quartermaster 
in the war of 1812, and died in 1864. He married, 
on the 12th of September, 1798, Zillah Hopkins, 
daughter of Rev. Stephen Hopkins, of Canaan, 
Conn., who was born in that place on the 19th of 
March, 1781, and died on the 22d of April, 1828, in 
the forty-seventh year of his age. They left a family 
of seven children, three sons and four daughters, 
Frederick Harrison, the subject of this memoir, who 
was born on the 22d of February, 1804, being the 
second .son and third child. He received his earlier 
education at the Dutchess County Academy, and 
completed it in 1826 at the West Point Military 
Academy. He was compelled by bad health to re- 
sign his cadetship, but subsequently received the 
appointment of United States assistant civil engineer, 
and repaired to Washington, and was assigned to 
duty with Dr. William Howard, of Baltimore, United 
States civil engineer, with whom he served as assis- 
tant until his death. Among the duties performed 
while acting in that capacity were the preliminary 
reconnoissances and survey of a canal route from Bal- 
timore to Washington, the reconnoissance and survey 
for the Charleston and Augusta Railroad, which was 
the first railroad for freight and passengers in opera- 
tion in the United States, the reconnoissance in 1827 
of the route for the Baltimore and Oliio Railroad to 
the Ohio River, the reconnoissance and survey in 1829 
and 1830 of the Michigan and Illinois Canal, and the 
reconnoissance of the Baltimore and Susquehanna, 
now the Northern Central Railway, as far as Cockeys- 
ville. 

In 1834 failing health compelled the cessation of 
active service, and Mr. Harrison resigned his position 
and went to the West Indies, visiting Havana, St. 
Thomas, Port an Prince, etc., where he has since 



892 



IIISTOIIY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



spent several winters. In 1852 he crossed the At- 
lantic, and spent many months in England, Ireland, 
Wales, and Scotland ; and in 1862, with his wife and 
child, again visited England, crossing to the " Conti- 
nent," when he made the tour of Europe, spending 
the winter of 1864 in the island of Sicily, at Palermo 
and Syracuse, and returning home in 1865. 

Since his return Mr. Harrison has lived quietly at 
his country-place in Baltimore County, si)ending his 
winters in Nassau and Florida, and devoting himself 
to the care and cultivation of his fine estate. He and 
the members of his family are all members of the 
First Baptist Church of Baltimore. 

Mr. Harrison married the daughter of James Wil- 
son, the son of William Wilson, the founder of the 
old and well-known firm of William Wilson & Sons. 
His only surviving daughter is the wife of Lennox 
Birckhead ; their children are F. Harrison McEvers 
Birckhead, born Nov. 5, 1871, and Augusta Le Roy, 
born Dec. 3, 1874. 

Mr. Harrison's life has been a long and varied one, 
full of interesting events and incidents, and, in spite 
of bis rare modesty, highly useful and influential. 
Politics and public office have had no charm for him, 
but in the retirement of a quiet country life, and in 
the simple and earnest discharge of the duties of cifi- 
zen, neighbor, and friend, he has adorned with rare 
grace the private station, and made it what it is often 
said to be, but is not always, — the post of honor. 

Homestead Grange, No. 170, P. of H., is the only 
society located at Govanstown. Its officers are S. J. 
Buckman, Master; A. Brackenridge, Overseer ; and 
James Pentland, Secretary. 

A meeting was held on June 1, 1846, to enlist a 
company of volunteers for the Mexican war. Ad- 
dresses were delivered by James Buchanan and Wm. 
Meade Addison, and thirty volunteers were at once 
enrolled. 

On Feb. 3, 1856, St. Mary's Catholic church, near 
Govanstown, was burned to the ground. Tl)e priest's 
house caught fire, but the people saved it by throwing 
snow upon the flames. A new church was built, and 
on Sept. 6, 1857, was dedicated by Archbishop Kenrick. 
Subsequently the church was enlarged and improved, 
and on June 11, 1865, it was dedicated by Archbishop 
Spalding, assisted by Revs. John and Thomas Foley, 
McManus, Lyman, and Spalding. Rev. Father 
Courtney, who was for many years pastor of the 
church, died March 6, 1863. He was an accom- 
plished scientist, and ranked especially high as an 
astronomer. 

The Govanstown Presbyterian church was dedi- 
cated June 21, 1846. The pastor, Rev. J. S. Heacock, 
officiated, and the sermon wius preached by Rev. Dr. 
A. Alexander, of Princeton College. In June, 1853, 
Rev. H. C. Galbraith was installed as pastor. 

The Govanstown Methodist Episcopal church was 
dedicated June 2, 1850, by Revs. Henry Slicer, 
Joshua Wells, Isaac P. Cook, and M. B. Sweeney. 



The church is a stone edifice thirty by forty-five feet. 
The building committee were James Bryan, William 
Broadbent, John Burnes, William Smith, Joseph 
Merryman, Thomas A. Nizer, and George Hiss. 

Rev. Joshua Wells, who had long maintained a 
connection with this church, died Jan. 25, 1862, in 
the ninety-eighth year of his age, being at that time 
the oldest clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. He was born in 1764, and became an itin- 
erant preacher in 1788. He was contemporary with 
the pioneers of Methodism, — Wesley, Whitefield, As- 
bury, and Coke. 

The Episcopal church on Charles Street Avenue, 
near Govanstown, was dedicated on Dec. 2, 1858, by 
Bishop Whittingham. It is a beautiful stone struc- 
ture, and has a large and wealthy congregation. 

" Dumbarton Farm" is the name of the beautiful 
homestead of Joseph H. Rieman, and is in the Ninth 
District, lying on the York road, five and a half miles 
from Baltimore City, and one and a half south of 
Towsontown. It is a part of the original survey of 
"Friends' Discovery," and of a large tract of land 
owned at a very early date by Govane Howard. The 
mansion was erected in 1853 by Robert A. Taylor, of 
whom, in 1865, Mr. Rieman purchased it, with one 
hundred and eighty acres, to which he has since 
added eleven. Mr. Rieman has a large herd of the 
finest Jer-sey stock, in the raising of which he has 
been eminently successful. He was the junior partner 
in the old and well-known firm -of Henry Rieman & 
Sons, of Baltimore, but is now retired from active 
business. He and his family spend the winter in 
Baltimore, and the rest of the year on their estate, 
one of the finest country-seats in the county. 

Sheppard Asylum. — This important and useful 
institution, which is situated about one mile from 
Towsontown, between the York road and Charles 
Street Avenue, was founded by the munificence of 
Moses Sheppard, who devoted the great bulk of his 
fortune to this object. Moses Sheppard was born in 
Pennsylvania in 1773, and was the sou of parents in 
humble circumstances. He was of New England ex- 
traction, and traced his descent in a direct line from 
the Rev. Thomas Sheppard, the first minister of Cam- 
bridge, Mass., who came from the northern country 
after the settlement at Plymouth Rock. His parents 
died when he was quite young, and he found employ- 
ment for a time at Jericho Mills, about seventeen 
miles from Baltimore. From thence he came to the 
city, and engaged as an errand-boy in the grocery- 
store of John Mitchell, in Cheapside, from which 
position he was elevated by his employer to that of 
clerk. He afterwards became a partner in the estab- 
lishment, and subsequently, after the retirement of 
Mr. Mitchell, continued the business on his own ac- 
count. In 1820 he erected on Light Street wharf one 
of the first private tobacco inspection warehouses built 
in Baltimore. 

He retired from business in the full vigor of man- 



NINTH DISTIUCT. 



hood, and soon afterwards began to devote a large 
portion of his income to phihmthropic purposes. 
His charities were bestowed with ahnost literal ob- 
servance of the scriptural injunction, discounte- 
nancing display, and the almoners of his bounty 
were selected with a privacy almost amounting to 
secrecy. An utter enemy to show, parade, and osten- 
tation, he pursued the noiseless tenor of his way, 
"doing good by stealth," and rigidly enjoining that 
his deeds of benevolence should remain unknown to 
the world, and his name to the recipients of his gen- 
erosity. Many orphan children and young girls, 
thrown early upon the world, had reason to bless this 
secret protector and benefactor. Some he educated 
and supported, wholly or in part, until they were 
capable of maintaining themselves, to others he ad- 
vanced sums sufficient to enable them to begin busi- 
ness in a moderate way, but in nearly every case dis- 
pensing his charities through a medium which left 
those who were thus relieved in entire ignorance of 
their benevolent friend. He was a plain, blunt man, 
(juiet in his habits, vigorous in thought and speech, 
and concealing beneath a calm, passionless exterior 
the sweetest and tenderest sympathies of human na- 
ture. He was a true friend of the colored race, and 
though opposed to the sectional agitation of the 
slavery question, was ever ready with his purse and 
counsel to aid the cause of African colonization, of 
which association he was for many years a prominent, 
active, and useful member. Like many self-educated 
men, he was a profound and vigorous thinker, and a 
writer of more than ordinary talents. He was a man 
of considerable literary culture, but displayed espe- 
cial interest in theology, psychology, and intellectual 
philosophy. He read with avidity the best works he 
could obtain on those subjects, and such was his pro- 
ficiency in them that there were few minds so deeply 
versed in those departments of inquiry as not to be 
enlightened by his clear and logical discussion of 
them. He left not a few manuscript expressions of 
his views on many subjects, evincing great originality 
of thought and careful discrimination. He died at 
the age of eighty-four, on the 1st of February, 1857, 
but not until he had given legal shape and form to 
his design of founding an asylum for the insane. The 
subject had occupied his mind for many years before 
his death, and in 1853 an act incorporating the Siiep- 
pard Asylum was drawn up by Hugh Davy Evans 
at the request of Mr. Sheppard, and presented to the 
Legislature, by whic'h it was passed on the 24th of 
May in that year. By this act Moses Sheppard, David 
M. Ferine, Dr. William Riley, Archibald Sterling, 
Charles Howard, William M. Medcalf, and Richard 
H. Townsend, and their successors, were appointed 
trustees of the institution, and were invested with its 
entire management and control. The consummation 
of his benevolent design did not take place during his 
life, but on his death, in 1857, it was found that the 
great proportion of his fortune had been devoted to 



the establishment of the asylum, the amount of the 
endowment being about five hundred and sixty thou- 
sand dollars. The far-seeing mind of the founder 
directed that only the interest of the endowment 
should be employed in the execution of his design, 
and that the asylum should be open and free to all 
sects alike, except in the event of its being crowded, 
when it was provided that preference should be given 
to members of the Society of Friends. In 1858 the 
trustees purchased what was known as the Mount 
Airy Farm, belonging to the estate of Thomas Poult- 
ney, and containing about three hundred and seventy 
acres, and several years afterwards began the erec- 
tion of the asylum. The structure was designed by 
Thomas and James Dixon, of Baltimoie, the plan 
being furnished by Dr. D. T. Brown, of Blooming- 
dale Insane Asylum. It is constructed of stone and 
brick, has a front of three hundred and seventy-five 
feet, and when finished wjll accommodate one hun- 
dred and fifty patients. 

Towson is the county-seat of Baltimore County, 
and is seven miles north of the city, on the York turn- 
pike. It has a population of 1316. Here are located 
the court-house, the county offices, the county jail, 
several hotels, churches, and schools, and during 
terms of court, and in times of political contests, 
farmers' gatherings, county meetings, etc., the town 
has a very lively appearance, while it is at all times 
the centre of much activity. The county almshouse 
is near Cockeysville, in the Eighth District. There 
are many handsome cottages and other residences in 
the town, and the taste of the people has led to the 
cultivation of attractive gardens around their homes, 
so that in the proper season they are beautifully set 
off with flowers and twining plants. A considerable 
amount of capital is held in and around Towson, and 
the buildings show that a refined judgment has direc- 
ted large expenditures. The streets running north 
and south are Baltimore Avenue, Washington Ave- 
nue, the York road, Delaware Avenue, Virginia Ave- 
nue, and Jefferson Avenue. Those running east and 
west are Susquehanna, Chesapeake, Pennsylvania, 
and Alleghany Avenues. 

The clerk of the Baltimore County Circuit Court is 
William Moore Isaac. He was born March 12, 1834, 
near Ellicotl's Mills, in that portion of the present 
Howard County which was then a part of Anne 
Arundel. 

His father, Zedekiah Moore Isaac, was born in 
Anne Arundel County, July 12,1808, and his mother, 
Mary R. Ware, May 12, 1811, in that part of Balti- 
more County now comprised in the bounds of Carroll. 
His maternal ancestors, the Moores, were patriot sol- 
diers in the Revolution, and his paternal grandfather 
in the war of 1812 volunteered for the defense of Bal- 
timore. He was married Sept. 29, 1857, at Harrison- 
ville, Baltimore Co., to Ellen Penny Phillips, daugh- 
ter of Thomas and Amy Phillips. He was educated 
in the public and private schools of EUicott's Mills, 



894 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



With a strong taste and preference for mathematics, 
he remained at school from a very early period until 
he was eighteen years of age. After leaving school 
he entered a village store as clerk, and shortly after 
became book-keeper for his employers, but preferring 
a trade, he learned that of a mason, and during much 
of the time he was practically learning this trade he 
attended to clerical work in the evenings. For five 
years of this time he assisted the register of wills of 
Howard County. On Feb. 12, 1859, he was appointed 
to a clerkship in the office of the First Comptroller of 
the United States Treasury Department by Hon. How- 
ell Cobb, and some four months later, at the request 
of Hon. Bartholomew Fuller, Fifth Auditor, was trans- 
ferred to his office, thus receiving a marked promo- 
tion. His duties were to audit claims in connection 
with the boundary lines of the United States, the ex- 
penses of the foreign consulates, and the secret ser- 
vice fund of the government. During that part of 
the term of President Buchanan intervening between 
his transfer to the Fifth Auditor's office and the end 
of Buchanan's administration, every dollar expended 
by the President out of the secret service fund was 
accounted for by showing for what purpose it was 
used, and vouchers were filed for its disbursement. 
But a great change took place immediately after Mr. 
Seward was made Secretary of State, and continued 
during the short time Mr. Isaac remained in office. 
A crookedness in the accounts of the consulate at 
Honolulu being discovered, Mr. Isaac was specially 
detailed to investigate the affairs, and it was upon his 
report that the consulate was reorganized. He was 
removed for political reasons, and, on returning to 
Maryland, Mr. Isaac began farming in Baltimore 
County in October, 1862. A vacancy occurring in 
the office of register of wills, he was appointed prin- 
cipal deputy by the newly-elected register, Samuel 
F. Butler, which'position he held during Mr. Butler's 
and the succeeding administration of the office, — a 
period of over five years. In November, 1867, he was 
appointed court clerk of the Circuit Court of Balti- 
more County by Edward H. Ady, late clerk, and re- 
appointed in 1873 by John Bacon, then clerk. He 
was appointed county school commissioner for the 
Second District, July 11, 1871, and reappointed in Jan- 
uary, 1872, when, on its reorganization, he was elected 
president of the board, which position he retained by 
successive elections until November, 1879, when he 
resigned, on the day previous to his election as clerk 
of the court. When he went into the school board 
the number of scholars on the rolls in the county was 
5027, and when he went out it was 8118, an increase 
of sixty-five per cent. In 1869 the estimated value 
of school property was $53,011.71, and in 1880 was 
$224,000.18, an increase of three hundred and twenty- 
five per cent. In 1871 the salaries paid the teachers 
were $64,558.89, and in 1879 $96,146.35, an increase 
of fifty per cent. Mr. Isaac's object as president of 
the board was to give first-class accommodations, good 



books, and trained teachers, and the figures above 

j given are monuments to his good management of the 

j schools, which to-day, in the county, owe their high 

i efficiency more to his labors than to those of any 

other man. 

In 1879, Mr. Isaac was nominated and elected clerk 
of the Circuit Court by the Democratic party, receiv- 
ing nearly a thousand majority over his opponent on 
a combination ticket of Republicans, Temperance 
men, and a division of the Democrats. His adminis- 
tration of the office has been characterized by such 
efficiency as to meet with approval by many citizens 
and some of the newspapers that opposed his election. 
Mr. Isaac has ever been an unswerving Democrat in 
politics. He was initiated into the Odd-Fellows in 
Centre Lodge, No. 40, at Ellicott's Mills, March 28, 
1855, and received the Encampment degrees in Jeru- 
salem Encampment, No. 1, Baltimore, in October, 
1855. He has ever retained an active membership in 
both branches, and has passed all the chairs. He be- 
came a member of the Grand Lodge in 1858. He was 
initiated into the Masonic order in Patmos Lodge in 
January, 1856, was a member of the Mystic Circle for 
some years, and a charter-member and Senior Warden 
of Mount Moriah Lodge, of Towsontown, in February, 
1865. He was its Worshipful Master seven years, and 
is its present treasurer. He has been for eight years 
Deputy (Jrand Secretary of the Maryland Grand Lodge 
(Masonic), and is a member of the board of managers 
of the Masonic Temple in Baltimore, which position 
he has held eight years. He received the Chapter 
degrees in Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, at Wash- 
ington, D. C. The Templar degrees were conferred 
on him in Maryland Commandery, No. 1, of Balti- 
more, of which he is a life member. From having 
been connected for many years with the Orphans* 
Courts of Baltimore and Howard Counties his atten- 
tion has been largely directed to testamentary matters, 
and he has closed up the estates of twenty-eight per- 
sons, either as executor or administrator. Mr. Isaac 
has been a successful business man, and enjoys the 
confidence and esteem of the public, and is one of the 
most public-spirited citizens of the county. 

The name of Towson comes from the Towson 
family, who in the early days of the county kept 
" Towson's Tavern" in this locality. The first men- 
tion of them on record is in 1771, when Samuel 
Worthington, one of the justices of the Levy Court, 
paid Thomas Towson the bounty on one hundred and 
thirteen squirrel-skins. The next is in 1796, when 
Thomas Stansbury was appointed supervisor of the 
road from Towson's Tavern to the Long Calm, and 
was allowed five pounds for keeping it in repair. 
This is now the Joppa road. In 1796, Wm. Welsh 
was allowed seven pounds for keeping in repair the 
road from Ezekiel Towson's tavern to Walter Dulany's 
ford on the Falls of the Gunpowder, which is now 
the Towson and Dulany's Valley turnpike. In 1799 
the York turnpike was being laid out, and Ezekiel 




Uj^^-I. c 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



Towson was very much dissatisfied with the line that j 
luid been adopted, perhaps because it did not pass the i 
door of his hospitable inn, and he petitioned the Gen- 
eral Assembly for a change in his favor. His petition 1 
recited " that he is the owner and possessor of a tract 
or parcel of land in Baltimore County on which there [ 
are considerable improvements ; that he hath for 
many years kept at the said place a house of public 
entertainment; that by the establishment of the 
York road in said county a considerable quantity of 
meadow has been destroyed and his property, materi- 
ally injured; and the diflerence between the road | 
fixed by the commissioners of review and that con- j 
templated by him and intended to run by his build- 
ings is not more than thirty-two perches." The Gen- 
eral Assembly, considering that Towson had a good 
grievance, and that he was willing to give up that 
portion of his lands over which the road would pass, . 
enacted that "The York turnpike road when altered 
shall pass by or near the buildings of the said Eze- 
kiel Towson ; that is to say, beginning for the said 
alteration at the place where the said turnpike road 
intersects the orchard of John Hopkins, and running 
thence with a straight line until it intersects the old 
York road at or near Ezekiel Towson's tavern ; thence 
again until it intersects the said turnpike as laid down 
and confirmed by the commissioners of review." 

In compliance with this act of the General Assem- 
bly the Board of Review directed the surveyor " to 
lay down and make a plat of the road, beginning at 
Towson's tavern, and running thence, passing close 
to the west end of Perrigo's house, until it intersects' 
the recorded road below Norwood's." It appears 
from this that the turnpike as originally surveyed 
was considerably west of its present location, prob- 
ably passing near where the county jail now stands; 
thence over what was then called Satter Ridge, by 
the gap near the Marsh family burying-ground, back 
of Sandy Bottom, and did not strike the present lo- 
cation until it reached the property then owned by 
Norwood, but now part of the Hampton estate, and 
where J. B. Parlett has for many years resided. 

Towson and the Towson family have produced one 
citizen and member who casts lustre upon the name, 
— Gen. Nathan Towson. 
He was born at Towson- 
town, Jan. 22, 1784, and 
was one of a family of 
twelve children. Going 
South, he was in Louis- 
iana when our govern- 
ment purchased it from 
France, and he entered 
one of the companies of 
volunteers that were 
formed at Natchez, Miss., 
to enforce the American 
claims in case tliere should be [any resistance by the 
French inhabitants. He was promoted to the coni- 




GEN. NATHAN TOWSON 



mand of the company, but in 1805 he' returned to 
Baltimore County, and he was engaged in farming 
when war was declared against England five years 
later. He was commissioned as captain of artillery 
March 15, 1812, joined Col. Winfield Scott, and went 
with him to Lake Erie, having raised his own com- 
pany. He commanded a boat-party that set out from 
Black Rock and captured two British armed brigs, 
the " Detroit" and the " Caledonia," cutting them out 
from under the guns of Fort Erie. In endeavoring 
to bring the " Caledonia" down to the American side 
she grounded within point-blank range of the British 
cannon, but Capt. Towson refused to abandon her, and 
through his gallant eftbrts she was saved to become 
subsequently one of Commodore Perry's victorious 
fleet. He remained with his battery at Black Rock, 
the advanced post of the American army, during the 
winter of 1812-13, and in several minor affairs dis- 
played his dauntless courage and his military skill. 
At the battle of Stony Creek he was the senior oflScer 
of artillery, and did great destruction with his battery. 
In the night he was charged by the enemy, who cap- 
tured his guns and dispersed the company, but in the 
morning he regained possession of two of the guns, 
and collecting a few stragglers, succeeded in render- 
ing them again serviceable, and drove off" a party of 
the British by his fire. 

When Col. Scott was ])romoted to be general and 
took command of the army, Capt. Towson was or- 
dered to Buffalo again, where he employed his time 
in drilling his battery. At the battle of Chippewa 
his was the only artillery engaged until after the re- 
treat of the British. He selected his position oppo- 
site the enemy's batteries, which he utterly silenced, 
blowing up their ammunition-wagon and causing 
dreadful slaughter. At the battle of Bridgewater his 
command suffered severely. Both his lieutenants 
were wounded, and of thirty-six men who served at 
the guns, twenty-seven were killed and wounded. At 
the defense of Fort Erie, when fifteen hundred of the 
best troops of the British army attempted its recap- 
ture, on Aug. 5, 1814, Capt. Towson, in conjunction 
with Maj. Wood and two hundred and fifty infantry, 
repulsed the enemy's right wing. Veterans of Euro- 
pean wars declared that they had never seen a more 
rapid and deadly artillery fire. Capt. Towson came 
home from the victorious war crowned with honors. 
Of his share in the battle of Chippewa, Gen. Scott 
said in his oflScial dispatch, " Towson's company 
was the first and last engaged, and during the whole 
conflict maintained that high character which they 
had previously won by their skill and valor." Gen. 
Ripley said of him, " I have no idea that there is 
any artillery-officer in any service superior to him in 
the knowledge and performance of his duty." The 
gallant officer was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel 
for his brave and efficient services. He was retained 
in the army and made paymaster-general. He served 
throughout the Mexican war, and in March, 1849, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



was breveted major-general. He died in Washing- 
ton City, July 25, 1854, and his remains rest with 
those of his wife in the Oak Hill Cemetery, George- 
town. 

The history of the separation of Baltimore County 
and City and the location of the county-seat at 
Towson is related fully in the chapter on the addi- 
tions to Baltimore Town. It appears that the move- 
ment for separation was agitated in the county as fer 
back as 1835, and was to some extent prompted by 
the burning of the Baltimore court-house. On Feb- 
ruary 23d of that year a public meeting of citizens of 
the county was held at Brooklandville, and the fol- 
lowing resolutions were adopted : 

" let. That liy a sepaintKui of the county from the city tlic expenses of 
the county will be greatly diniiiii^jlied. 

"2.1. That tlie duration of tlio terms of our courts will be greatly 
abridse'I. 

"3d. That tlie erection of our public buildings caci be completed out 
of the proceeds of our share of the public property in Baltimore." 

After the separation had been effected the people 
of every possible place in the county seemed ambi- 
tious of the honor of having the county-seat and 
buildings located where they lived. At the first elec- 
tion for choice any locality could be voted for, and 
we subjoin an amu.sing list of the solicitations that 
were made to the voters : 

" l8t. The County Convention recommended the old almshouse prop- 
erty within tlie city limits. 

"2d. Charles S. Speuce offered fifteen acres on the Washington road. 

"3d. Messrs. Merrynum offered three acres at Clover Hill, on the line 
of Charles Street Avenue. 

"4th. Messrs. Fox, Vanhook, aiui Jackson offered at Homestead vil- 
lagifa lot of one hundred and sixty fec-t Iri.nt by two linnilrcd feet deep, 
with five acres at six buiidreil u. ll n- i . i a. i.-, .umI additional lots at 
eeventy-flve dollars per lot of SI M > I feet. 

"5th. George B.Clark, five ;i^ ;> ^ : M ■ 1 . nn. 

"(ith. Austin Piggolt, seven iiM. - m;, Kh 1 i . .:■ i h k road near Mo«nt 



'7th. Henry Mankin, t 



[imore, on the Sus- 



ear the Falls road. 

" 8th. Samuel Barnes, ten acres six miles from 1 
quelmnna Uailroad. 

"9th. William Remington, five acres of Oak Grove, near the head o 
Charles Street, Baltimore City. 

" 10th. John Spear Nicholas and E. T. J. Woodward, twenty acres or 
the Hiuford road, two and a half miles from the city. 

" 11th. The heirs of Rev. .loshua Wells, Ashley Hall, twelve acres a 
fifteen hundred dollars per acre, on Jenkins' Lane, in the rear of Green 
mount Cemetery. 

"12ih. By Dr. Gittings, surli parts of the almshouse property as ma; 
be re'iuired when the almshouse is removed, as in first propositii)n. 

"I3th. William Fresh, seven acres near the Pikesville Arsenal. 

"14lh. I*en<ll''ni:iii .V Ui<i., tliree acres near Silicbiir's nursery. 



'15th. 



eight 



ei1y on Charles Street Avenue, nean 



"ICth. I.l'-. il \l \* 1 I '< 
the city tlii". ......II.. .. |.i -i 

"nth. Lloyd W. Willit 



Inauguration of the County-Seat.— The corner- 
stone of tile cciurt-hoiise for Baltimore County was 
laid at Towson, then called Towsontown, Oct. 19, 
1854, in the presence of a very numerous assemblage 
from the city and county. The papers of the time 
mention as among the distinguished persons present 



Thomas Wildey, the father of Odd-Fellowship, and 
I Rev. Stuart Robinson. A procession marched to 
the ground in the following order, Isaac Ilashall 
I being the chief marshal : the building committee, 
who were Joshua Hutchins, Joseph D. Pope, Edward 
S. Myers, Charles Timanus, and William Slater; 
Judge Albert Constable and Coleman Yellott, orator 
of the day, the clergy, officers of the county, band of 
music, Tow.son Lodge, I. O. O. F., citizens of the 
county and city. Judge Constable made a brief ad- 
dress, and prayer was offered by Rev. Stuart Robinson 
and Rev. H. B. Ridgaway. The ceremonies were 
concluded with the addre-ss by Mr. Yellott. The de- 
.sign of the building was for a structure of stone, two 
stories in height, one hundred and twelve feet front 
by fifty-six feet deep. The architects were Dixon & 
Baldwin, and the builder William H. Allen. 

The property was purchased from Dr. Grafton M. 
Bosley, who presented the county with the right of 
way to it from the turnpike. On Dec. 16, 1856, the 
grand jury made a presentment to the effect that no 
good title to the right of way or to the water-right 
for the jail had been secured. The commissioners 
produced opinions from Hon. T. Parkin Scott and 
Samuel H. Taggart that the title wa-s sound. On 
Monday, Jan. 5, 1857, the first session of the court 
was held at the court-house, and on the succeeding 
15th of May it and the jail were declared finisiied, 
and were formally handed over to the county com- 
missioners. 

The Baltimore County bar is equally distinguished 
with that of Baltimore City for the eloquence and 
sound legal learning of its lawyers. The attorneys of 
each practice in both the city and county courts, and 
in each the lawyers who live in the cimnty have ac- 
quired considerable reputation and practice. Among 
the most distinguished lawyers of the Baltimore County 
bar is David Gregg Mcintosh, who was born at Society 
Hill, Darlington Co., S. C, March 16, 1836, being next 
to the eldest of a family of eight children, of whom 
there were five sons and three daughters. His parents 
were James H. Mcintosh, the only surviving <:hild pf 
James and Margaret (Lucas) Mcintosh, and Martha 
Gregg Mcintosh, the daughter of David Gregg and 
Athalinda (Brocky) Gregg. His family is chiefly 
Scotch, both paternal and maternal ancestors having 
emigrated to this country, the latter by way of Lon- 
donderry, Ireland, shortly before the Revolution, and 
settled on' the Great Peedee River, in South Caro- 
lina, where, as stanch Whigs, they took an active part 
in the Revolutionary struggle. 

The subject of this sketch received his early educa- 
tion at St. David's Academy, Society Hill, and from 
thence, in his seventeenth year, entered the sophomore 
class of the South Carolina College in December, 
1852. Among his preceptors at that institution were 
the celebrated Dr. Francis Lieber and Dr. J. H. 
Thornwell. He graduated with distinction in Decem- 
ber, 1855, standing at the head of his class in inathe- 




cy. .^W^y?'t^fa^ 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



897 



matics, and taking the third position in ii class of 
over eighty, tlie hirgest ever graduati-d at tlial insti- 
tution. 

Circumstances then rendered it necessary for liim 
to talce charge of liis father's business, and for two 
years he devoted himself to planting, and raised large 
crops of cotton. In January, 1858, he commenced 
regularly the study of law, reading witli Judge Inglis, 
of Cheravv, S. C, afterwards chancellor and associate 
judge of the Supreme Bench of that State, and more 
recently presiding Judge of the Orphans' Court of 
Baltimore City, and in the following December was 
admitted to the bar before the Supreme Bench at Co- 
lumbia. He immediately began the practice of his 
profession, locating at Darlington Court-House, and 
pursued the same with fair success until the call of 
Governor Pickens for troops to defend the approaches 
to Charleston Harbor. On Jan. 3, 1861, in response 
to the Governor's call, he left home, at a few hours' 
notice, as lieutenant in a volunteer company, and 
joining Gregg's regiment of infantry at Charleston, 
entered into military service, first on Sullivan's and 
afterwards on Morris' Island, where, with a detach- 
ment of the company, he was placed in charge of a 
battery of 24- pounders to guard the mouth of Folly 
Inlet. Upon the fall of Fort Sumter the regiment 
was ordered to Virginia, and occupied an advanced 
post at Manassas. He was then in command of the 
company, and participated in the first skirmish, which 
occurred at Vienna, between Gregg's regiment, sup- 
ported by Kemper's battery, and the brigade of Gen. 
Schenck. 

At the end of six months, the period for which the 
regiment was enlisted, it was disbanded, and Capt. 
Mcintosh returned home and recruited another com- 
pany, which, upon the reorganization of the regiment 
in August, 1861, at Richmond, was mustered in as 
Company B. The regiment had eleven companies, 
and while at Suffolk, Va., in the winter of 1861-62, 
Capt. Mcintosh was assigned to the command of a 
light battery, called the Peedee Light Artillery, but 
better known in the army as Mcintosh's Battery. As 
commander of the battery, and forming part of A. P. 
Hill's light division of the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia, he was actively engaged in most of the battles 
which made up the campaign of that army in 1862, 
beginning with Mechanicsville, on the Chickahominy, 
and ending with Fredericksburg. The battery did 
signal service at Second Manassas and at Fredericks- 
burg. 

After the battle of Fredericksburg he was promoted 
to be major of artillery, and assigned to the command 
of a battalion composed of three Virginia and one 
Alabama batteries, the armament of the latter being 
composed of two English Whitworth guns of long 
range, and the ojily ones of the kind in use in the 
army. 

During the winter of 1S62-G3 he served for a con- 
siderable time as president of a general court-martial 



' for all the artillery of the corps. In the spring of 
' 1S63 he was returned to active duty, and took part in 
the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bri.stow 
i Station, and the series of engagements beginning at 
I the Wilderness and ending at Appomattox, and was 
successively promoted to be lieutenant-colonel and 
colonel of artillery. During this period he was absent 
from his command but once, for about two weeks, which 
was occasioned by a wound received from a shrap- 
nel-shot at the time of the mine explosion at Peters- 
burg; with this exception he escaped without serious 
wounds, though making many narrow escapes, and 
having his horse shot under him at the first battle of 
Cold Harbor. While on the march from the James 
River to the works at Petersburg, two Maryland bat- 
teries, Dement's and the Chesapeake Artillery, Lieut. 
Chew commanding, were added to his command, and 
during the winter of 1864-65 he was placed in charge 
of all the artillery on the lines around Petersburg, ex- 
tending from Jerusalem plank-road on the east to 
Battery 45 and Fort Gregg on the west. 

After the close of the war Col. Mcintosh returned 
to his home in South Carolina, which he found raided 
and stripped by the passage of Gen. Sherman's troops. 
He determined to return to his profession, and pro- 
posed settling in Richmond, Va., where, in Novem- 
ber, 1865, he married Miss Virginia J. Pegram, whose 
acquaintance he made during the war. Miss Pegram 
was a sister of Gen. John Pegram, who was killed at 
the battle of Hatcher's Run, and of Col. William L 
Pegram, who was killed near Petersburg the day pre- 
vious to its evacuation. After remaining in Rich- 
mond a year he determined to return to South Caro- 
lina, and resumed his practice at Darlington Court- 
House in the fall of 1866. Here he began a large 
and most successful practice, until, in the spring of 
1868, Gen. Sickles, in command of that department, 
issued his famous General Order No. 10, which vir- 
tually closed the courts and suspended the collection 
of d«bts. 

He was at this time appointed by the post com- 
mandant of the United States forces at Darlington, 
with two other members of the bar, a court for the 
trial of small civil causes, subject to military ap- 
proval, and at the earnest request of friends he con- 
sented to act for a short time; but becoming disgusted • 
with military rule and negro domination, he deter- 
mined to remove and make his home in Maryland. 
In the month of July he settled with his family in 
Towson, where he has continued to reside and prac- 
tice law. 

He was fortunate in forming a business partnership 
with Messrs. Machen and Gittings, attorneys-at-law, 
which continued for some years, and at once intro- 
duced him to an active practice, enabling him speedily 
to establish his reputation as a sound and well-read 
lawyer. In 1879 he was nominated by the Demo- 
cratic County Convention of Baltimore County for 
the ofiice of State's attorney, and was elected by a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



handsome majority over liis opponent, receiving the 
largest vote of any candidate upon the county ticket. 
He is a rilember of tlie Tovvson Lodge, 1. 0. 0. F., No. 
79, and of tlie Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1877 
he was made captain of a volunteer company of the 
Maryland National Guard, called the Towson Guards, 
which soon acquired a reputation for soldierly bear- 
ing and proficiency in drill. When that was accom- 
, plished he resigned the position to devote himself 
more closely to his profession. 

He is a Democrat in politics, and strongly attached 
to the party which, in his opinion, offers the only 
bulwark against the centralization of power; whose 
principles he believes to be most in accordance with 
the administration of a republican government, and 
upon the maintenance of which the stability of con- 
.stitutional government depends. 

Another prominent member is Robert Raphael 
Boarnian, who was born near Bryantown, Charles 
Co., Md., in April, 1836. His father, Benjamin 
W. Boarman, was a native of Harford County, and 
removed to Charles County, the home of his ances- 
tors, where he married Jane C, the youngest daugh- 
ter of Raphael Jamison, and engaged in tobacco 
raising. His health becoming greatly impaired, he 
returned to Harford County and bought a farm on 
Deer Creek, where he resided until his death, which 
occurred in September, 1873. Robert R. Boarman 
went first to Belair Academy, Harford County, and 
afterwards studied under Rev. John O'Neal, a Catholic 
priest of great scholarly attainments. He read law 
with his uncle, Hon. Otho Scott, an eminent jurist of 
his day, passed a very creditable examination, and 
was admitted to the bar several months before he was 
twenty-one years of age. He practiced for a few years 
in Belair, but located at Towsontown, Baltimore Co., 
when the Circuit Court was removed to that place. 
He has since resided at Towsontown, and has achieved 
great professional success. Always a consistent Dem- 
ocrat, he has never sought favor from his party, but 
has confined himself strictly to the practice of his 
jirofession. During the war he was the nominee of 
the Democracy for State senator from Baltimore 
County, but was defeated by the votes of Federal sol- 
diers. He is now counsel for the commissioners of 
Baltimore County. In 1867 he was married to Miss 
Wetherall, only daughter of James H. Wetherall. 
Their children are two daughters, Isabel and Jane C. 

On Dec. 14, 1869, a meeting was held at the court- 
house to consider the question of petitioning the 
Legislature for the incorporation of Towsontown. A 
committee was appointed to ascertain the sense of the 
people on the subject, and to inquire into the proper 
boundaries of the proposed town. The committee 
reported at a second meeting, on December 15th, 
that it was desirable that the town should be incor- 
porated, and that the boundaries should be a mile 
square from the court-house as a centre. The last 
provision was amended so as to make the intersection 



of the York turnpike and the Dulany's Valley turn- 
pike the centre. Dr. G. M. Bosley, John T. Ensor, 
Benjamin W. Payne, Lewis H. Wheeler, and Henry 
L. Bovven were appointed to draft a charter of incor- 
poration, which was presented to and granted by the 
Legislature of 1870. By its provisions a board of 
five commissioners to govern the town were to be 
elected on April 4, 1870, and thereafter annually on 
the first Monday in April. 

The election of 1870 was noteworthy because it was 
the first to occur in Maryland after the adoption 
of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, which admitted colored citizens to 
the privilege of the ballot. Edward Rider, Jr., the 
register of voters at Towsontown, had some doubts as 
to whether under the laws of the State he had the 
right to open the books for the registration of voters 
except at the stated time in September and October, 
but Judges Grason, Yellott, and Bateman advised 
him to at once register the newly-enfranchised voters. 
He did .so, and the names of thirty-seven were en- 
rolled, all of whom are believed to have voted on 
April 4th, these being the first of their race to vote in 
Maryland since 1802, up to which time free negroes 
had the right of suffrage. The opposing tickets were 
as follows : Democratic, Charles H. Mann, Lewis H. 
Wheeler, Samuel F. Butler, Joseph S. Bowen, John 
W. Vanhorn, and John Payne ; Republican, Henry L. 
Bowen, James H. Boyd, John H. Longnecker, John 
T. Ensor, John E. Porter, and John F. Courey. 
There was great interest taken in the election, but it 
passed off quietly. The first vote was cast by William 
H. Ruby, editor of the Maryland Journal, and the sec- 
ond by Elijah Dingley, a colored man. The number of 
votes cast was 139, and the result was as follows : 

Democralic. 

Charles H. Mann 

Lewis H. Wheeler 

Samuel F. Butler 

John W. Vanhorn 

Joseph F. Boweu 

John Payne 



James H. Boyd 73 

John H. Longnecker 89 

John E. Porter 73 

John F. Courey 2 

Thus the Republican ticket was successful at the 
first corporation election in Towsontown, owing, it is 
said, to the fact that its supporters acted in unison, 
while the Democrats split their votes. 

The commissioners met for organization on April 
12th, and elected as officers : President, John H. Long- 
necker ; Secretary, John T. Ensor ; Treasurer, Henry 
L. Bowen. In 1872 the Legislature abolished the 
corporation by a sweeping political act. 

Fires in Towson.— On Aug. 24, 1861, an incen- 
diary attempt was made to burn the court-house, and 
the civil dockets and papers in the oflice of the county 
clerk were almost entirely destroyed. This was ac- 
cepted as evidence that the object of the incendiary 
was to make away with the evidence in some civil 
case. 

Aug. 26, 1876, a very destructive fire occurred. The 
office of the Baltimore County Union was entirely 
swept away, and the pWprietors, Messrs. H. C. and 




/C^/?. /'3.-, 




^ ^-^^:i^ c^c^_^^ ^'z). 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



899 



John B. Longnecker, sustained a loss of eight thou- 
sand dollars. 

On June 26, 1878, six buildings on the York road, 
between Pennsylvania and Chesapeake Avenues, were 
burned down. The fire started in the store of M. E. 
Sherley, and the flames were spread by the explosion 
of fifty pounds of powder which were among the 
goods. The office of the Baltimore County Herald 
and the Odd-Fellows' Hall were totally consumed. 
The loss was about thirty-five thousand dollars. 

Medical. — Among the prominent physicians who 
practice in Towson is Dr. Jackson Piper, who was born 
in the city of Baltimore, Nov. 9, 1828. His grandfather, 
James Piper, emigrated from England about the year 
1730, and located in Chestertown, Md. He was a man 
of wealth and culture, and was noted for his philan- 
thropy. Although the owner of slaves, he was at that 
early day president of a society for the amelioration of 
their condition and for their gradual emancipation. 
He was a merchant in Chestertown when that place 
was better known than Baltimore, and was quite as 
much of a business centre. He married into the 
Maclean family, and thereby became connected with 
the Handys of the Eastern Shore, the Dewees of 
Philadelphia, and the Tildens of New York. His 
son, Col. James Piper, in early life removed to the 
city of Baltimore, and married a daughter of James 
Evans, of Scotch origin. By this marriage he be- 
came the possessor of a large property, including the 
famous old Indian Queen Hotel, at the corner of 
Baltimore and Hanover Streets, the site of which is 
now leased by the firm of Robert Moore & Co., 
where they have erected a fine warehouse. This 
hotel was the resort of many distinguished men of 
former days, among whom were Presidents Wash- 
ington, Adams, Van Buren, and Jackson, Henry 
Clay, and other great statesmen. The celebrated 
Indian warrior. Black Hawk, was a guest at the hotel 
at the same time with Gen. Jackson, who had com- 
manded the army in the war upon him, and the crowd 
that pressed to see them together was so great that 
Black Hawk was secretly removed to Fort McHenry. 
Col. Piper was the close personal friend of Gen. 
Jackson, and defended him by tongue and pen during 
his administration. Jackson offered him a lucrative 
Federal office which was held by William Barney, 
but Col. Piper declined it for the reason that Mr. 
Barney was his friend, and he would not displace 
him. Col. Piper was captain of an artillery company 
in the war of 1812, and rendered excellent service 
in the defense of Baltimore. His son, Jackson 
Piper, entered the College of New Jersey, at Prince- 
ton, in 1847, and graduated four years afterwards with 
the degree of A.B. In 1854 his Alma Mater conferred 
on him the degree of A.M. He was a member of 
the Cliosophic Society at Princeton, and stood well 
in his class, ranking high in mathematics and the 
experimental sciences. 

In 1850 he entered the University of Maryland as a 



student of medicine, and became a pupil of the late 
distinguished surgeon. Prof. Nathan R. Smith, in 
whose office he remained three years, when he re- 
ceived his degree of M.D. Dr. Piper was in 1855 
elected resident physician of the Baltimore City and 
County Almshouse Hospital, and remained there 
eighteen months. Prof. Frank Donaldson and Dr. 
Edwin White were the visiting physicians at that 
time, and Drs. Riggin Buckler, Thomas Johnson, and 
Philip Fields were his coadjutors. While holding 
this position Dr. Piper was offered a professorship in 
the Washington College, which was then being re- 
vived under the management of Prof. Dunbar, but 
declined it. He has since practiced in Carroll County 
and Baltimore City, and in 1863 he formed a partner- 
ship with Dr. E. R. Tidings, at Towsontown, Balti- 
more Co., which has since been his home and the 
centre of his very extensive professional connections. 
In June, 1872, Dr. Piper married a daughter of Wm. 
Shoemaker. Her family is descended from three 
brothers who came over from Holland in 1620. Her 
grandfather married a Miss Shannon, of Pennsylvania, 
whose brother was a former Governor of that State. 
Dr. Piper's only two living children are James and 
Adeline. In politics he is a Democrat, but has studi- 
ously avoided all active participation in campaigns. 
His profession engrosses his entire attention, and his 
preferences are for obstetrics and gynecology, upon 
which he has contributed to the medical journals 
many valuable papers. 

The Court-House Robbery.— About midnight of 
May 7, 1867, whilst a heavy rain-storm was prevailing, 
three disguised men effected an entrance into the 
court-house, bound and gagged the watchman in the 
office of the county, treasurer, and blew the lock off the 
iron safe with a charge of powder. They got about 
thirteen thousand dollars in bonds, money, etc., 
mostly belonging to private parties, who were in the 
habit of depositing valuables with the treasurer for 
safe-keeping. 

Confederate Raids. — After the Federal forces had 
been defeated by Gen. Early at Monocacy, on July 9, 
1864, Col. Harry Gilmor's Confederate cavalry made 
a raid in the vicinity of Towsontown, ivhere they 
struck familiar ground, many of them being Balti- 
more County men. It was reported at the time that 
they had been most hospitably entertained by their 
friends and relations. The report published by Mr. 
Church in his paper, the Towsontown Advocate, ^nys, — 

" I was iu my house writing about ten o'clock on Mondiiy night, July 
11th, when two pickets were quietly stationed in tlie strcft t'[iix»ite. I 
went nut and epoko to one, supposinj; him to be a Feileral picket, uiid ho 
iufurmed me that he was a Confederate. I went to the piintiiig-uffice 
and took out the books, fearful that the office might be destroyed. Just 
as I left the office and started down the street 1 heard the shot of the 
picket at my liouse. An order to form and advance was given, and in a 
minute the whole force charged down the turnpike, yelling. The firing 
soon became quite general, but the Federal squad that had come gallop- 
ing up the pike, unconscious of danger, at once retreated. A portion of 
tliera, some fifteen, wlieeled and fired twice, but most of them fled at 
once, some leaving their horses and crawling into liou.ses and staying until 



HISTORY OF BALTIJIOIIE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 



iinibeml frgm thirty to eixly, a portio; 



Tlie Fuileiiil sqi 

bciii^ veteniu ciiviih-y, tlio rcmiiiiKler voIuiitpuiB lor the ocCHHion, soma 
witliout jiTuis. (rilmur wiisiit t}io head of tlie diiirge, and, witti a por- 
tion of liis f.Mvo, followed them half a mile, when he returned to the old 



posit 






Federal Occupation.— On June 11, 1861, adetach- 
nioiit of tlie Feik'nil troops stationed at Cockcysville 
under Major Hay visited tlie town and demanded 
from Mr. Kdward H. Ady tlie arms in his possession, 
which had heen loaned by the State to the Baltiiiiore 
County Horse-Guards. He handed them five sabres, 
and they searched the premises thoroughly, but found 
JIG other weapons. 

The Press, — Towsontown has several ably-con- 
ducted and influential newspapers that are circulated 
throughout the county and in other sections of Mary- 
land. The Baltimore County Uiiinn, which is Repub- 
lican in politics, was established in 1854 by E. F. 
Church as the Baltimore County Advocate. Its next 
editor and proprietor was L. M. Haverstick, who 
changed its name to the Union, and on Jan. 1, 1866, 
sold his interest in the paper to Mr. Church, who as- 
sociated with himself the Messrs. Longnecker. Mr. 
Church subsequently withdrew from the Union, since 
which time it has been ably conducted by Messrs. C. 
and J. B. Longnecker. It is looked upon as the lead- 
ing Republican paper of the State outside of the city, 
and the intelligence shown in its management com- 
mends it to general approbation. 

In 1854, William H. Ruby founded the Maryland 
Journal, and still continues as its owner and editor. 
It has been steadily Democratic, and is not only a 
leading organ of the party, but probably has the 
largest circulation of any of the county papers' in 
Maryland. As a medium of the news of Baltimore 
County it could not be surpassed, while the force of 
its editorial columns commands popular respect for, 
its opinions. 

William Henry Ruby was born in York, Pa., Sept. 
13, 1830. He was the son of Joseph Ruby and Sarah 
Barnhart, and doubtless inherited from his parents — 
highly respected in York township — the unconquer- 
able energy and love of fair dealing which have been 
the distinguishing features of his career through life. 
His parents removed to Wrightsville, twelve miles 
from York, on the Susquehanna, when he was a small 
boy, and he obtained the rudiments of education at 
the public schools in that vicinity. At the early age 
of fourteen Mr. Ruby was apprenticed for seven years 
to his uncle, Hon. Henry Ruby, in Chambersburg, to 
learn the art of printing. He has always regarded 
this as one of the most fortunate events of his life. 
Henry Ruby was a man of mark in the commu- 
nity where he resided, and his influence and reputa- 
tion were steadily increasing. At the time of young 
Ruby's apprenticeship his uncle had charge of the 
German Reformed Messenger, and the former was 
placed in the office where his uncle could exercise 
personal supervision over him and give him the 
benefit of his wisdom and experience. Hon. Henry 



Ruby still lives in Chambersburg at the advanced age 
of seventy-eight years. He has for many years been 
judge of the court in that circuit, and has occupied 
other prominent and responsible po.sitions. 

Mr. Ruby did not serve his whole apprenticeship in 
the Alessenger office, but in the several printing estab- 
lishments of the town. By industry and attention he 
acquired a thonmgh, practical knowledge of the print- 
ing business. 

In 1850, Mr. Ruby removed to Carlisle, Pa., where 
he remained until September, 1851, when he came to 
Cockeysville, Baltimore Co., and entered the printing- 
office of E.F: Church, at that time the proprietor and 
publisher of the Baltimore County Advocate. In 1854 
Towsontown was selected as the county-seat, the 
records were removed thither from Baltimore, and, 
as is generally the case under similar circumstances, 
a flourishing village sprang into existence. The ^rf- 
t)Oca/e was thenceforth publislied at the county-seat, 
and for thirteen .viar> Mr. Uuby worked hiilhfully for 
Mr. Church. 

Mr. Ruby came of a race of Democrats, and from 
his earlyyouth was a sturdy and enthusiastic advocate 
and supporter of that political organization. Upon 
the breaking out of the war between the sections he 
joined the troop which burned the railroad bridges to 
stay the advance of the Northern troops, and was 
always outsjjoken in his sympathy for the people of 
the South, though he fully recognizes now the ad- 
vantage of a united country. 

He established the Maryland Journal at Towson- 
town, Jan. 1, 1865, as an uncompromising Democratic 
paper. The moment could hardly be said to be pro- 
pitious for the inauguration of such an enterprise. 
The successes of the Union armies were universal, 
and it had become apparent that the South must yield 
to the force of overwhelming numbers. The Repub- 
licans were everywhere jubilant, and in many cases 
men of the baser sort had taken advantage of the sit- 
uation to insult and maltreat the more conspicuous 
of those opposed to them. In Maryland especially 
there was a feeling of uneasiness manifest in the 
journalistic fraternity ; the leaders of the Democracy 
for the most part looked upon the struggle for su- 
premacy as hopeless and were apathetic, and the party 
itself was almost disintegrated. The establishment 
of a Democratic journal at such a time was fraught 
with peril, and required nerve iis well as ability for 
its successful maintenance. Mr. Ruby was fully 
equal to the undertaking. With little money but 
with untiring energy and perseverance he went to 
work. He soon succeeded in enlisting the sympathy 
and support of the Democratic party, a frail prop at 
the moment, but which was ultimately to develop 
into a powerful auxiliary. His path was not strewn 
with roses. He was frequently threatened with im- 
prisonment by the military authorities, and occasion- 
ally threats of a more alarming character came to his 
ears. Undismayed, however, he devoted himself to 



r* 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



the building up of his paper. Its editorial columns 
were devoted to the best interests of the county and 
State. All enterprises which promised to benefit the 
community were advocated and fostered. The ad- 
vantages of a thorougli public school system were 
elaborated. The Journal, grew rapidly in public favor 
despite some factious opposition, and to-day it has no 
superior among the country papers of Maryland, and 
will compare very favorably with many of the jour- 
nals in the largo cities of the cimntry. It is to be 
found in every Democratic household in Baltimore 
County, and has a large circulation in Baltimore City. 
To its influence may be attributed in no small degree 
the rise and triumph of the Democratic party in Balti- 
more County, and the development of Towson — 
a small village at the time of its first issue — is largely 
due to the public spirit disclosed in its columns. The 
Journal office is a fine stone building, handsomely 
fitted up, with a steam Campbell press and a number 
of smaller presses, and a jobbing department as well 
stocked as any in Maryland outside of the city of 
Baltimore. The paper is widely and fiivorably known 
in the State, as is its editor and publisher. 

In May, 1864, lie was married to Anne E. Whitter, 
of Baltimore County, by whom he has one living 
child, a daughter. 

Few men in so short a time, with such meagre re- 
sources beyond their own personal virtues, have ac- 
quired as much influence as Mr. Kuby. He numbers 
among his friends many of the most distinguished 
men in the United States, and his friendships are the 
result of characteristics which stamp them as durable 
and permanent. In religion he and his family are 
Episcopalians. Mr. Ruby is a Mason and an Odd- 
Fellovv. In the former brder he has occupied all the 
positions in his owiWodge at Towsontown, and has 
been Past ComMndWfcf Maryland Commandery, 
No. 1, the oldest comJRndery in the Uuited States. 
He has filled the highest positions in Odd-Fellowship. 
He was elected Grand Patriarch of the Encampment 
in 1866, and in 1876 he served a term as Grand Mas- 
ter of the order. In politics Mr. Ruby has been 
modest and retiring. He has strenuously advocated 
the principles of his party in the columns of his 
paper, but he has not sought ofiice, preferring the 
independence which admits of salutary criticism to 
the yoke which imposes burdensome obligations. 
Few men in Baltimore County are more prosperous 
or possessed of a larger circle of friends, and it is 
probably gratifying to him to reflect that his success 
in life has been mainly accomplished by his own ex- 
ertions. 

The Baltimore County Herald was first published 
in 1869. Its pre-sent editor and proprietor is Joseph 
B. Mitchell. It is an excellent paper in all its de- 
partments, and has been consistently Democratic. 
The Towson newspapers are published weekly, and 
are issued on Saturday. 

Joseph Burden Mitchell was born at Bainbridge, 



Lancaster Co., I'a., Dec. 16, 1818. His father was 
Joshua Mitchell, a captain of volunteers in the war 
of 1812, who was born in Philadelphia in 1786, being 
a grandson of Thomas Mitchell, one of the oldest 
residents of the " Quaker Oityy" where the family was 
established about the year 1700. His mother was 




Mary Sanders, who was descended from one of the 
oldest families of Central Pennsylvania. Joseph B. 
Mitchell was educated at Elizabeth Academy, Lan- 
caster Co., Pa., where he acquired, besides the Eng- 
lish branches, a practical knowledge of the German 
language that has been of great service to him 
through life. At the age of twenty-two he located at 
Warren, Baltimore Co., Md., and was appointed to 
the charge of the Warren Public School by the first 
Board of School Commissioners of the county. He 
afterwards entered into the employ of the Warren 
Manufacturing Company as clerk and store-keeper at 
their mills. In 1857 he removed to Towsontown, 
where he has since resided, with the exception of 
four years during the war, when he lived in Baltimore 
City, and a short time at Phoe lix, Baltimore Co. 
For several years he has been successfully engaged in 
general merchandising. He is a stanch Democrat, 
and for forty years has been a leader in the politics of 
Baltimore County. For two terms he held the office 
of clerk to the Board of County Commissioners, and 
has been a delegate to numerou.s county and State 
conventions. In 1867 he was appointed equity clerk 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, and held 
that office until 1873. In that year he was elected 
register of wills for a term of six years. In the 
contest over the site of the county-seat, after the 
separation of Baltimore City and County, in 18.52, Mr. 
Mitchell was one of those who urged Lutherville as 
the best location, and although Townsontown was 
selected, the Lutherville party still contend that 
events have proved that their choice was the better 
one. In 1876 he became editor and proprietor of the 
Baltimore County Herald, a weekly Democratic news- 
paper, which he has since raised to large circulation 
and much influence. In early life he was married to 
Amanda M. Litsinger, daughter of Joseph Litsinger, 
and granddaughter of Henry Litsinger, a veteran of 
the Revolution. On the maternal side this lady was 
a descendant of the Gotts of Baltimore County, an 
ante-Revolutionary family of considerable landed es- 
tate. She died in 1856, leaving one son, William 
Francis Mitchell, now a member of the Baltimore 
County bar, and Mr. Mitchell married, in 1858, Cas- 
sandra W. Daniels, daughter of Walter Daniels, at 
that time an extensive founder and machinist in Bal- 
timore City. There are five children of this mar- 
riage, — May Amanda, Joseph B., Jr., Virginia B., 
J. Winfield, and Edgar C. In his early years Mr. 
Mitchell connected himself with the Christian Church, 
and subsequently with the Church of God, generally 
known as Winnebrarians. Since his residenc: in 
Maryland he has been a member of the Methodist 
Church, and is now one of its unstationed ministers, j 
holding that relation to the Maryland Annual Con- 
ference of the Methodist Protestant Church. His 
avocations through life have been sufficiently varied, 
but as teacher, clerk, merchant, and editor he has 
stood well with his fellow-men, and has achieved a 
moderate degree of success. 

Churches. — Epsom M. E. chapel was opened for 
public worship Nov. 10, 1839, Revs. Samuel Kepler 
and J. Guiteau officiating. On November 21st the 
Sunday-school was organized, and on April 9, 1840, 
John Ridgely, of Hami>ton, James Howard, Dr. Jo- 
siah Marsh, James McLamban, Henry B. Chew, H. 
C. Turnbull, Joshua Stevenson, John Green, and 
Isaac Taylor were elected trustees, who incorporated 
the church. The following ministers have officiated 
at the church : Revs. J. W. Harris, Mr. Peterkin, R. 
Sewell, J. McGce, Dr. Bond, Mr. Somers, Isaac P. 
Cook, George P. Hay, J. Shane, Adam Stitt, Stephen 
Williams, N. McMuUin, Mr. Hill, R. J. Breckenridge, 
J. W. Richardson, N. Westermann, Mr. Pitts, J. L. 
Gibbons, J. C. Backus, Mr. Townsend, John Johns, 
John Proudfit, W. E. Wyatt, Jr., G. W. Musgrave, 
H. Holland, Mr. Plottner, Mr. Ycrkes, and Edward 
Heffner. The lot upon which the church was built 
was donated by Henry B. Chew, who also contributed 
a considerable sum in money and building materials. 
Other contributors wore John Ridgely, of Hampton, 
James Howard, KolxTt Gilnior, ..I (ilen Ellen, Dr. 



Josiah Marsh, and Alexander McDonald. The pres- 
ent brick church was built in 1871 at a cost of thirty 
thousand dollars. The pastors since then have been 
Revs. J. W. Cornelius, J. B. Stitt, C. Herbert Rich- 
ardson, J. B. Reil, and J. N. Davis. Epsom chapel 
was the centre of the circuit, and the first place of 
worship in Towson. On Oct. 26, 1874, the church 
edifice was dedicated by Bishop Ames. 

The Methodist Protestant congregation was organ- 
ized in 1861, under the supervision of Rev. Charles 
Littleton, and for a year it worshiped in Odd-Fellows' 
Hall. Since then it has made use of Epson chapel. 
The pastors have been Rev. Mr. Whitesides, A. D. 
Dick, Henry Nile, D. W. Bates, J. R. Nicholls, J. W. 
Gray, B. F. Benson, and A. T. Melvin, the present 
incumbent. 

The congregation of Trinity Protestant Episcopal 
Church was organized in 1858 under the supervision 
of Rev. Charles R. Howard, a brother of Mrs. Ridgely, 
of Hampton, who was its pastor until the new church 
was erected in 1860. Rev. Dr. John G. Hoff then be- 
came the rector, and yet remains. The new church 
was dedicated May 25, 1860. It is a fine edifice of 
limestone, and has a chapel attached, the whole cost- 
ing twenty-five thousand dollars. The present ve.stry 
are James W. Owings, John Ridgely, of Hampton, 
Dr. Jackson Piper, Dr. G. M. Bosley, Frederick Von 
Keprof, A. D. Talbot, William H. Ruby, and William 
S. Keech. 

Societies. — Towson Lodge, No. 79, 1. O. O. F., was 
chartered Jan. 10, 1852, with the following members: 
G. M. Bosley, J. W. Vanhorn, Wm. Bower, Charles 
R. Chew, Benjamin N. Payne, and George W. Bull. 
The present officers are S. M. Anderson, S. P. G. ; 
Joshua Frock, N. G. ; Henry Fink, V. G. The lodge 
erected a fine hall on the YorU ro^ in 1852 at a cost 
of four thousand dollars, wljK w^ destroyed by the 
fire of Jan. 26, 1878. It wasVebuilt on an improved 
plan at a cost of five thousand six hundred dollars, 
and was dedicated on Aug. 29, 1878. The corner- 
stone was laid on the previous 6th of May. The dedi- 
cation was attended by eight lodges and five thousand 
people. 

On Sept. 1, 1855, the hall of Henry Clay Lodge, 
I. O. O. F., was dedicated by Grand Master Jason 
Stockbridge. An address was delivered by Dr. Crane, 
of Baltimore. 

Mount Moriah Lodge, No. 116, A. F. and A. M., 
was organized Jan. 24, 1865, with the following char- 
ter-members: John R. D. Bedford, William M. Isaac, 
John T. Ensor, James Bruster, Henry L. Bowen, 
Charles R. Chew, John M. Wheeler, John Wright, 
R. C. McGinn, Edward Reilly, Jr., and William H. 
Cockey. The Worshipful Masters in succession have 
been J. R. D. Bedford, William M. Isaac, John 
Wright, William H. Ruby, R. Edwin Hook, Dr. J. 
M. Hawkins, William S. Kepch, an^ Thomas C. 
Bruir. The officers for 1881 are Thomas C. Bruff, 
W. >L ; George B. Cockey, S. W. ; J. Morris Wat- 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



kins, J. W. The lodge has a large and ornamental 
temple that cost $10,000. The corner-stone was laid 
Sept. 2, 1879, and the dedication took place June 9, 
1880. Maryland Commandery of Knights Templar, 
Mount Moriah Lodge, Waverley Lodge, and King 
David Lodge, of Baltimore City, formed the proces- 
sion, and the address was delivered by Grand Master 
John M. Carter. The hall is a two-story edifice of 
pressed brick, forty-four by sixty-eight feet. The 
building committee were W. M. Isaac, W. H. Ruby, 
W. S. Keech, Edward Rider, and D. H. Emory. 

The corner-stone of the hall of United Sons of 
Towsontown Lodge, I. O. 0. F. (colored), was laid 
on July 3, 188L The oration was delivered by Rev. 
J. H. Manley. The building will be of brick, and 
two stories in height. The building committee were 
Benjamin Johnson, Jr., Benjamin Johnson, St., 
Charles Sheridan, Arthur E. Brent, and Gabriel 
Cromwell. 

Political Meetings. — The Union men of Balti- 
more County held a meeting at Towsontown, Jan. 9, 
1861, and Wm. S. Keech, Jas. Malcolm, Jacob L. 
Caples, George Yellott, and Richard J. Gittings were 
appointed a committee on resolutions, who made two 
reports. After much exciting discussion a report 
was adopted which expressed attachment to the 
Union under the Constitution, opposed secession, 
favored the scheme proposed by the members of Con- 
gress from the Border States for the compromise of 
the national troubles, and indorsed the course of 
Governor Hicks in refusing to convene the Legisla- 
ture. 

Another meeting of the Union men of the county 
was held at Towsontown, Jan. 16, 1861. The resolu- 
tions adopted affirmed affection for the Union and 
the Constitution, declared that the people in forming 
new Territories woTfld S^le the question of slavery 
therein, and demanded "lat Maryland should wait 
for an overt act on the part of the North before com- 
mitting itself. The resolutions also complimented 
Governor Hicks, and urged Congress to do something 
to save the country. 

A convention of five delegates from each of the 
thirteen districts of the county met at Towson on 
Feb. 15, 1861, to take into consideration the prop- 
osition for a State convention to express the senti- 
ments of the people of Maryland in the existing 
national crisis. Charles A. Buchanan presided, and 
Wm. Pinkney Whyte moved the appointment of a 
committee on resolutions, who reported a platform 
avowing attachment and devotion to the Union as 
known to the Constitution, denouncing coercion of 
the seceding States, expressing a hope that the pend- 
ing difficulties would be honorably settled, and cen- 
suring Governor Hicks for his refusal to permit the 
people of the State, through a convention called by 
the Legislature, an opportunity to announce their 
wishes. The following were elected to represent the 
county in the State Convention: Wm. F. Frick, .Idliii 



Swann, Edward Spencer, R. M. Dennison, Robert C. 
Barry, R. J. Worthington, Pleasant Hunter, John 
Merryman, Wm. Pinkney Wliyte, D. M. Perine, 
James Carroll, Jr., Daniel Jenifer, Carville Stans- 
bury, and J. H. Luckett. 

Military Companies. — The Towsontown Riflemen 
were formed in September, 1846, under Edward C. 
Talbott, captain; George Pilson, first lieutentant; 
and James Boyd, second lieutenant. 

On June 15, 1861, a home guard was organized at 
Towsontown with the following officers : Captain, John 
H. Longnecker; First Lieutenant, Wm. H. Lightner; 
Second Lieutenant, J. M. Watkins. 

Previous to the war a company called the Towson 
Guards had existed, but it had been long disbanded 
when the present organization of that name was 
formed in August, 1877. It now numbers fifty men, 
mostly lawyers, clerks, and farmers of the neighbor- 
hood, and has a fine reputation for drill and discipline. 
The first captain was David G. Mcintosh, State's at- 
torney for Baltimore County, who was a distinguished 
colonel of artillery in the Confederate army. The 
officers now are: Captain, John Ridgely, of Hampton ; 
First Lieutenant, Charles B. McLean ; Second Lieu- 
tenant, S. C. Tomay. 

On June 30, 1877, the grand jury of Baltimore 
County brought in a presentment against Chief Justice 
Grason and Associate Justice Yellott, of the Circuit 
Court, charging them with malfeasance in office in 
adjourning the court, and thus cutting short an in- 
vestigation the grand jury were making into the finan- 
cial affiiirs of the county. On July 5th, Judge Yel- 
lott swore out against Gen. John S. Berry, foreman of 
the grand jury, a warrant charging him with perjury 
in making oath to the above declaration. The judges 
were tried before the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel 
County at Annapolis, and were acquitted. 

On Oct. 1, 1812, the Federal Gazette advertised the 
sale of William Towson's lands by order of the court. 

In May, 1850, John A. Bowen published the first 
number of The Jacksonian and Baltimore Comity Ad- 
vertiser. 

After repeated difficulties in obtaining the requisite 
service on the mail-route from Baltimore via Govans- 
town to Towsontown, the Postmaster-General, on 
Aug. 25, 1854, made a permanent engagement with 
William L. Miller, of Govanstown, to carry the mail 
in omnibuses, leaving the Baltimore office in the 
morning and returning in the afternoon of each day, 
except Sunday. 

The York Road Railway was opened to Towscm- 
town Aug. 20, 1863. 

The school for colored children opened in June, 
1867, with twenty-nine pupils. 

John H. Longnecker died Nov. 11, 1870. He had 
been clerk of the Baltimore County Court, was con- 
nected with the Union, and had held a position in 
the Baltimore custom-house. 

Dulany's Valley.— Dulany's Valley Post-Office 



HISTORY OF BALTIIMOllE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



is ill the Eleventh District, hut the greater portion of \ 
the valley itself lies within the herders of the Ninth. 
The Post-Office has a population of 400. The 
churches are Trinity (Protestant Episcopal), Wil- 
son's (Methodist Episcopal), Chestnut Grove (Pres- 
byterian), and Summerville (German Lutheran). 
Centennial Grange, No. 161, Patrons of Husbandry, 
George Merryman, Msister, is located here. The 
valley is perhaps the most beautiful and valuable 
tract of farming land in Maryland. Stretching north- 
east from Towsontown to the Gunpowder River, it is 
taken up almost entirely by the estates of the Ridge- 
lys, of Hanipton, the Gilmors, the Chews, and other 
historic families. The name is derived from Daniel 
Diilany, a poor but ambitious young Irishman, who it 
is said about the year 1730 indentured himself, or sold 
his services for a term of years, to pay his passage to 
America. On his arriving in Maryland his time was 
bought by a Mr. Smith, a lawyer of one of the lower 
counties. Dulany, or Delany, as it was then spelt, ap- 
pears to have been a man of education, and when his 
master found him poring over a Latin book by the 
light of the kitchen-fire, an explanation ensued, the 
exile was taken into the law-office as a student, and 
in due time he married the daughter of his benefac- 
tor. He became a light of the legal profession, but 
his son, the second Daniel Dulany, w.as even more 
distinguished as a lawyer. 

The family adhered to the crow n when the Revolu- 
tion commenced, and the confiscation by the Ameri- 
can government of the estates of all Tories deprived 
them of their magnificent property. Most of it was 
an original grant to the first Dulany, and embraced 
some five thousand acres. Its official name was the 
Valley of Jehosaphat. Just prior to the Revolution 
Bennet Allen, the rector of the parish of St. Anne's, 
Annapolis, was anxious to have another charge an- 
nexed to his own, in order that his income might be 
increased. Walter Dulany was the most prominent 
of a few gentlemen who frustrated Allen's desires, 
holding them to be scandalously avaricious, and, the 
quarrel getting into the public prints, Dulany, it is 
said, horsewhipped him in the streets of Annapolis. 
Allen was soon after driven to England by the vio- 
lence of political feeling, and he was soon followed 
thither by Lloyd Dulany, a brother of W^alter, whose 
house, now the City Hotel at Annapolis, had been 
attacked and his life threatened by the mob on ac- 
count of his Toryism. As soon as he landed in Lon- 
don, Allen opened an attack on the Dulany family 
through the newspapers, which so irritated Lloyd 
Dulany that he sent the minister a challenge, which 
was accepted. The circumstances of the duel were 
very tragic. The high social position of Dulany 
and his wife had given them the entree of London 
society, where she, who was a Miss Brice before mar- 
riage, was known as " the beautiful American." At 
the very time arranged for the duel tlicy were under 
an engagement for .some party of pleasure together, 



he leaving her at the door on some pretext, and 
promising to return in half an hour. He met Allen 
in Hyde Park, and was shot dead at the first fire. 
This happened in 1782, and Allen had such strong 
friends that he is believed to have escaped all pun- 
ishment. The widow married her own nephew, 
Walter Dulany, a son of the Walter of the horse- 
whipping episode, and after peace had been declared 
they returned to Maryland. This younger Walter 
and his brother Daniel were officers in the British 
army when the war opened, and they obtained orders 
for the West Indies on the plea that they did not 
wish to fight their own countrymen. This modified 
patriotism, however, did not save their American 
property from confiscation. 

Daniel was the ownerof the Dulany 's Valley estates. 
It was represented to the Maryland General Assembly 
by influential Whig friends of the family that he had 
intended to give each of his three sisters five hundred 
acres of land, and the Assembly permitted each of 
these ladies to select that quantity of land out of the 
confiscated property. These grants were all located 
in the valley, and were afterwards known as the 
Windsor, Epping Forest, and Springfield estates. The 
first was assigned to Mary Dulany (then Mrs. George 
Fitzhugh), the second to Catherine (who afterwards 
married Horatio Belt), and the third to Rebecca (who 
married Thomas Hanson). Mrs. Dulany, the wife of 
the man killed by Bennett Allen, died at Windsor, 
and was buried in the family graveyard. Since the 
days of the sisters not one of the name of Dulany has 
held an acre of what once constituted their noble 
estates, and there is none of their blood left in the 
valley, except in the children of Jeremiah Yellott, 
who married a granddaughter of Mrs. George Fitz- 
hugh, of Windsor. Ill luck befell all the sisters and 
their families. Horatio B^ wa*an unthri ty man, 
who died early, leaving his Sfairs in such a condition 
that his widow was obliged to sell what was left of 
the Epping estate — for a portion of it had already 
been sold to Joshua Marsh — to John Yellott, grand- 
father of the present Judge Yellott, in the year 1810. 
The Hansons sold Springfield prior to this time to 
Edward Pearce. The sisters were all distinguished 
for beauty and wit. Mrs. Belt lived until the year 
18.30, and there are now many persons in Baltimore 
County who remember her as a pious, genial, and 
cheerful old lady. Mrs. Fitzhugh was the most bril- 
liant of the sisters, as she lives in tradition and the 
fragments of her correspondence that remain. She 
was of a large, handsome, and stately presence, and 
although she died young she left numerous children. 
Her own mother was Mary Grafton, who was regarded 
by her children with rare veneration, which they en- 
deavored to show by adopting her family name for a 
surname, hence the very common u.se of Gralton as a 
Christian name in this section of Baltimore County. 
Daniel Dulany Fitzhugh, still well remembered, 
was one of the sons of Marv Dulany Fitzhugh. He 



NINTH DISTRICT. 



905 



was so modest and retiring that he was hardly known 
except to those who came within liis home circle, but 
he was a man of first-rate sense and judgment. His 
poorer neighbors had many occasions to thank him 
for advice and help. In person he was tall and power- 
ful, with a mild and handsome countenance. His wife i 
was a Miss Maynardier, of Talbot County, Md., a 
gentle and refined lady. In the year 1818, having 
from motives of economy built a smaller dwelling on 
that part of the Windsor estate which is now the 
homestead of Mr. Paine, he abandoned the old man- 
sion, which thenceforward was never occupied by any 
of the family. He and his wife died in 1841, and | 
within a few years afterwards the whole property j 
passed into stranger hands. Amos Bosley paid forty- I 
five dollars per acre in 1836 for one hundred and | 
twenty-five acres at public sale, and fifty dollars per 
acre for twenty-eight acres at private sale. In 1844, 
H. M. Fitzhugh sold one hundred and twenty acres 1 
to Dr. Wilson for about four thousand dollars, and in [ 
1846 the homestead tract of two hundred acres to 
David Longnecker for sixty dollars per acre. From 
these figures it may be seen what has been the ad- 
vance in real estate in the valley during the last thirty 
or forty years. 

A famous woman who was connected with the Du- 
lanys and the Fitzhughs was Mrs. Rousby, of 
Rousby Hall. The name and the property came to 
her through her first husband, who died soon after 
their marriage, leaving her a lovely widow of twenty 
years with a fine estate and one infant. Among the 
aspirants for her hand who swarmed about Rousby 
Hall was Col. William Fitzhugh, whose son by his 
first wife became tire husband of Mary Dulany Fitz- 
hugh. Before the Revolution he had been an ofiicer 
in the British^rmy, and had served with Admiral 
Vernon in the attadc on Carthagena. During the 
Revolution he was a patriot soldier, and an intimate 
friend of George and Lawrence Washington. His 
suit for the widow's hand prospered very slowly until 
one day, as tradition has it, when he was about to 
leave Rousby Hall in his boat, the negro nurse ap- 
proached him with the child in her arms. Seizing 
the infant heiress, he jumped into his boat and pushed 
out midway into the stream, where he held her over 
the water and threatened to drown her unless the 
mother would promise to become his wife. She stood 
upon the liank and vainly implored him for mercy. 
At last she reluctantly consented to his terms, and they 
were driven to the nearest Protestant minister and 
«ere im mediately married. 

Brooklandville. — In the Green Spring Valley, on 
the Green Spring branch of the Northern Central 
Railway, nine miles from Baltimore, is Brookland- 
ville. The Sater Hills here inclose the valley, and 
the scenery is ideally picturesque. The town has a 
population of 200. " Brooklandwood," the manor of 
Alexander D. Brown, covering some two thousand 
acres, is in this valley, and near by are estates owned 



by A. S. Abell, Samuel Brady, Jr., Jesse Slingluff, O. 
P. Magill, T. Sturgis Davis, Thomas H. Moore, and 
J. R. Mordecai. 

Sater's church at Brooklandville is the olde-st Bap- 
tist church in Maryland. It was founded in the year 
1742, and after flourishing for a short time it became 
almost extinct, but was reorganized in 1865. Among 
its pastors have been James L. Lodge, J. W. Jones, 
Isaac Cole, and E. B. Waltz, the latter of whom is 
the present rector. 

It is known that from the first days of its settlement 
there were in Dulany's Valley an " Ensor Orchard," 
an " Anderson's Hill," a "Perdue Ford," and a "Mer- 
edith Ford." From this may be inferred the former 
existence thereabouts of Ensors, Andersons, Perdue.s, 
and Merediths, names still to be found in other quar- 
ters of the county, but which, except the last, have 
disappeared from the places which knew them once 
and were called after them. Meredith's Ford, how- 
ever, is still known as the point where the Dulany's 
Valley turnpike crosses the Great Gunpowder, but the 
back-water of the immense dam at Loch Raven for 
the Baltimore City water-supply has made it a ford 
only in name. The great August flood of 1817 stim- 
ulated the eff'ort to build at Meredith's Ford a bridge 
across the Gunpowder, which was finished in 1820, 
mainly owing to the labors of John Yellott, Jr. It 
was partly washed out in 1822, but repaired so as to 
admit of travel passing over it, although it had a twist 
to it that was alarming to weak nerves. In 1836 it 
was replaced by a more substantial structure, which 
in its turn gave way to the existing bridge. There 
were some very strong objections to the erection of 
the first bridge ; in fact, the man who attempted in 
those days to improve the public highways was sure 
to get into trouble with his conservative neighbors. 
The old road from Meredith's Ford to Towsontown 
had the proud distinction of being the worst in the 
county, and that from the ford to Manor Point was 
nearly as bad. Passing squarely over hills that might 
have been turned, strewn with boulders, and inter- 
sected by water-breaks, it was verily a hard road to 
travel. In the fall, after his farm-work was over, the 
supervisor sallied forth to do the mending and pocket 
the appropriation made by the commissioners of Bal- 
timore County. His men and his tools were both 
nearly worthless, and the work, such as it was, was 
measured by the amount of the allowance and not by 
the condition of the road. Before the completion of 
the Northern Central Railway long strings of wagons 
could be seen moving along rough roads to or from 
the Baltimore market. Forty wagons from Hope- 
wells would sometimes put up at Badders' Tavern, 
two miles above the bridge, over night. 

Joshua Marsh, previously spoken of as one of the 
purchasers of the Dulany property when it came under 
the hammer, was certainly one of the original resi- 
dents of the valley. He was in the employ of the 
Dulanys, and must then have been a poor man, but 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



by liis energy and thrift he amassed money enough 
to buy a few of the Windsor acres, which he continued 
to add to, until at his death he was a very rich landed 
proprietor. He built for himself a very remarkable 
house, which still stands by the roadside, a mile and 
a half above the ford. He died about 1820, at a very 
advanced age. His wife was a Miss Harryman, a 
sister of the George Harryman who so frequently 
represented Baltimore County in the General Assem- 
bly. They had at least ten children, of whom two 
were daughters. Rebecca married Amon Bosley, and 
Ellen married Amos Matthews. Col. Marsh's distri- 
bution by will of his large property gave the home- 
place to his son Dennis, and to his sons Elijah and 
Joshua the farm now owned by their nephew, Col. D. 
M. Matthews. It is somewhat singular that although 
Joshua Marsh had eight stalwart sons, the name has 
completely died out of the neighborhood. His eldest 
son, Stephen, married, and children were born to him, 
but there is no trace left of them. Another son, 
Josiah, was married but left no children, and the 
remaining six died bachelors. Hon. J. F. C. Talbot, 
the present representative in Congress from the Sec- 
ond District of Maryland, is a great-grandson of Col. 
Marsh. 

Mr. Talbot, although one of the youngest, is also 
one of the most intelligent and industrious mem- 
bers of the House of Representatives. He was born 
on the 29th of July, 1843, near Lutherville, Balti- 
more Co., and received his education in the public 
schools of that section, where he was marked for 
his energy and studious habits, qualities that have 
since served to develop his abilities as a lawyer and 
legislator. He began the study of law in the office of 
Messrs. Wheeler & Keech, in Towson, and in 1864 
cast his lot with the South, serving under its battle- 
flag as a private in the Second Maryland Cavalry 
until the close of the conflict by the surrender of Gen. 
Lee at Appomattox Court- House, Va. Resuming his 
studies after the close of the war, he was admitted 
to practice in 1866. 

Politically, Mr. Talbot has always been a zealous 
and consistent Democrat, and is one of the most con- 
spicuous men in the State, and the leader of his party 
in Baltimore County. This position has been accorded 
him not from any prestige of wealth or family, but | 
solely on account of his ability. His personal popu- j 
larity with the masses of the people, his success in 
harmonizing the conflicting elements and interests in 
his own party and in sustaining party discipline, his 
wisdom in council, his force, calmness, and cool cour- 
age, united with his experience in political life, emi- 
nently fit him for a political leader. 

After he was admitted to the bar, Mr. Talbot, in 
1867, was elected by the people of Baltimore County 
to represent them in the Third Judicial Convention, 
which nominated judges for the Third Judicial Dis- 
trict. In 1871 he was elected district attorney for 
Baltimore County by a majority of twelve hundred 



votes, and in 1874 was defeated for the same position 
by Jervis Spencer. 

He was elected as a delegate and served in the 
National Democratic Conveution which assembled in 
St. Louis in 1876 and nominated Messrs. Tilden and 
Hendricks. In 1878 he was elected to Congress by 
five thousand majority, and in 1880 he was again re- 
turned to the United States House of Representatives, 
having been elected over Hon. Edward H. Webster, 
Republican, by fifteen hundred and ten majority. 
As a member of the Committee on Naval Aff'airs, and 
also of the Committee on Patents, and other impor- 
tant committees, he has rendered efiicient service to 
the country by the faithful discharge of his duty. 
By act of Congress he was api)ointed a member of 
the congressional committee on the Yorktown cele- 
bration, and for the erection of a monument to com- 
memorate the surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781. 

The first threshing-machine ever seen in the valley 
was brought there by Daniel Dulany Fitzhugh, who 
had bought it from the inventor at Annapolis. Under 
favorable circumstances it would thresh fifty bushels 
of wheat per day, but it had a trick of flying to pieces 
when it became choked up. It was erected in 1822. 
In 1839, Jeremiah Yellott built with his own hands 
the first wheat-drill ever seen in Maryland, upon the 
model of one that he had seen in Chester County, Pa. 

The Yellotts are a family well known throughout 
Baltimore and Harford Counties. Capt. Jeremiah 
Yellott was the first who came to this country, settling 
in Baltimore City, where he modeled, owned, and 
commanded the first vessel of the clipper class that 
ever sailed away from the cai)es of the Chesapeake. 
His brother, John Yellott, left Pomfret, Yorkshire, 
England, in 1792, and bought eleven hundred acres 
of land in Harford County, near the town of Belair. 
It was land that had been worn out bf the prevalent 
Maryland process of giving the'soil neither food nor 
rest; but Yellott was an intelligent farmer, and he 
soon restored the value of his property by spreading 
twenty-five tons of plaster of Paris over it. This was 
great enterprise for those days, and the neighboring 
farmers, who could not be made to believe in lime as 
a fertilizer, looked down with contempt upon what 
they regarded as folly. But John Yellott raised the 
best crops in the neighborliood, and in 1805 he sold 
the old farm and bought another one close by. In 
1813 he moved into Dulauy's Valley and bought a 
part of the Epping estate from Mrs. Catherine Du- 
lany Belt. Three years later he sold this to his son 
John, and finally settled at Auburn, on the York 
road, now the country-seat of H. C. Turnbull. This 
property was designed originally for Mrs. Ridgely, 
widow of Capt. Charles Ridgely, founder of the great 
Hampton estate. She removed to Auburn after the 
death of her husband in order to permit Gen. Charles 
Ridgely to enter into possession of Hampton, it hav- 
ing been bequeathed to him in form of entail by his 
uncleon Jan. 1, 1811. The second John Yellott bought 





u^C € .^r /A^- 




UK 51. FIERCE 



TENTH DISTKICT. 



from the heirs of William Goodwin the Hickory Hill 
farm, in Duluny's Valley, and made it his residence. 
It contained five hundred and twenty-one acres, and 
cost him twenty-nine thousand nine hundred dollars, 
or about fifty-seven dollars per acre. He erected upon 
it what was then, and perhaps is now, the largest build- 
ing in the valley, — the present homestead of the Jes- 
sop family. He established saw and grist-mills and 
opened a store, and was in every way a busy and 
prosperous man. He had to buy some land from his 
father to get full possession of a water-power, and he 
astonished the old gentleman by offering him ninety- 
three dollars an acre lor it, — a very high price seventy 
years ago. In 1816 he bought the "Fertility" farm, 
now the home of Edward S. Pearce, and some prop- 
erty from Gen. Ridgely, so that at the time of his 
death, which occurred in September, 1825, he owned 
thirteen hundred acres of the best lands in the val- 
ley. He was a soldier in Capt. Bosley's company of 
light-horse in the war of 1812, and was chosen cap- 
tain when Bosley was promoted. As a road super- 
visor he spent as much of his own money as he did 
«f the county's in repairing the roads. 



CHAPTEK LVI. 

TENTH DISTRICT. 

The Tenth is one of the great agricultural districts 
of the county, and embraces within its boundaries 
many highly productive farms. In area it covers 
48.30 square miles, and has a population of 2374, a 
loss of 192 since the census of 1870, when the num- 
ber was 2566. The district is bounded on the east by 
Harford County, on the south by the Eleventh Dis- 
trict, on the west by the Seventh and Eighth, and ori 
the north by the Seventh. The land is very rolling, 
and produces to the acre as large crops of wheat as 
can be found in the best regions of the State. The 
Northern Central Railway traverses its western border 
for ten miles, and through it run the old York road, 
the Sweet Air road, the Meredith's Ford and Jar- 
rettsville turnpike, and the Blue Mount road. The 
Little Gunpowder Falls and the Great Gunpowder 
and Jones' Falls on the west have a number of 
branches that permeate the district. Monkton and 
Gleiicoe are the two villages of importance. The 
district is well supplied with churches and school.s, 
Jind St. James' Episcopal church is over a hundred 
years old. 

The old families are the Carrolls, Hutchins, the 
Einorys, the Howards, the Slades, the Guthries, the 
Pcrdues, the Prices, and the Sparks, all of whose rep- 
resentatives now own and cultivate fine estates in this 
splendid farming region. 

The Pearce estates in this district are large in ex- 
tent and remarkable for the beauty of their location 



and the perfection to which they arfc cultivated. Gen. 
John Bacon Pearce was born at Clilford, on My 
Lady's Manor, in the Tenth Di.strict of Baltimore 
County, Dec. 19, 1800. His ancestors came to this 
country from AVales in 1764, and settled in Baltimore 
County, on the spot where Towsontown now stands. 
There were seven brothers Pearce, who together 
owned at one time all the land embraced between 
Towsontown and Cold Spring, on the York road. 
Five of the brothers were engaged in the Revolution- 
ary war, and came out of it without a scratch. All 
were present at the surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
town. William Pearce, one of the brothers, was the 
father of Thomas Pearce, who purchased Clifford, and 
made it one of the handsomest and most attractive 
estates in Maryland. Thomas married Elizabeth 
Bacon, a member of a family thoroughly identified 
with the history of Baltimore County, and John 
Bacon Pearce was the fruit of this union. 

Gen. Pearce obtained his educational training at 
the academies in Baltimore. During the war of 1812 
his father, Thomas Pearce, joined the armies of his 
country, and was actively engaged in the battles of 
Bladensburg and North Point, and John Bacon, then' 
a boy of fourteen, was placed in charge of the family 
estate. Gen. Pearce, while driving a wagon from Bal- 
timore on the night of the bombardment of Fort Mc- 
Henry, witne.ssed that memorable event which has 
been so graphically portrayed by Key in the " Star 
Spangled Banner." He always described it as a mag- 
nificent spectacle, despite the grave apprehensions 
which filled his mind at the time. 

Gen. Pearce was married in 1832 to Miss Sophia 
Myers, daughter of Jacob Myers, a wholesale tobacco- 
dealer in Baltimore City. Her brother, Samuel 
Myers, a tobacco manufacturer in Richmond prior to 
the war, was the owner of the Libby prison which 
subsequently became so iamous in the annals of the 
late civil strife. 

There are in most country neighborhoods in Jlary- 
land representative men, dignified in demeanor, un- 
ostentatious in manner, endowed with a high degree 
of administrative capacity and clear judgments, hon- 
est to the core, and sympathetic in their natures, to 
whom their neighbors refer vexed questions affecting 
their domestic affairs, and whose advice they rely on 
with as much confidence as though it were clothed 
with the authority of a judicial decision. They are 
the unknown benefactors of mankind, whose deeds 
are not graven in marble or bronze, but in the hearts 
of their simple neighbors, who consider their recog- 
nition an honor and their friendship beyond all price. 
Such an one was Gen. Pearce. He was looked up to 
by the community. His neighbors sought his advice 
I and aid, and he gave both freely. He was ever ready 
to succor the needy, and those who acted upon his 
counsels never had occasion for regret. 
• He was a consistent member of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church for forty years, and he and his father 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



were mainly instrusnental in building Clyranleria 
church. * 

lu politics Gen. Pearce was an Old-Line Whig up 
to the time of the breaking out of the civil war, when 
he became a conservative Union man. He engaged 
actively in politics, and was ever ready to serve his 
party, but could not be induced to accept office. He 
was proffered the Baltimore postmastership by Presi- 
dent Harrison in recognition of his party services, 
but declined the honor. In 1862, and again in 1864, 
he was elected by the Union party to represent Balti- 
more County in the Maryland Legislature. Though 
all his life averse to holding office, he did not feel at 
liberty to resist the pressure brought to bear upon him 
at this crisis in the history of the State. His legisla- 
tive career was marked by prudence, wisdom, and 
liberality, and his influence and example did much to 
hold in check an element which, had it been given 
full sway, would have worked serious damage to the 
interests of the State. At the close of the war he 
gave up all active interest in politics, and voted gen- 
erally with the Democratic Conservative party. ! 

Gen. Pearce was made captain of militia early in 
life, and was promoted successively through all the 
grades to brigadier-general, which last appointment I 
he received from Governor Hicks. 1 

In all enterprises which had for their object the ad- I 
vancement of his county or State, Gen. Pearce was an 
energetic laborer. He was greatly interested in the 
construction and development of both the Baltimore : 
and Ohio, and the Northern Central Railroads, and 
was one of the founders of the present public school 
system of Baltimore County. 

He was a man of excellent business capacity, and 
under his management the inheritance left him by 
his father was greatly enlarged, and at the time of 
his death he was one of the wealthiest citizens in his 
district. His wife, a very estimable lady, died Dec. 
16, 1871, and on the 17th of December, 1874, Gen. 
Pearce was stricken with paralysis as he arose from 
the dinner-table. He lingered several hours but 
never rallied, and was buried on his birthday, leaving [ 
one son and three daughters. The son, Jacob M. 1 
Pearce, was married April 10, 1861, to Laura J. | 
Holmes, daughter of John B. Holmes, by whom he I 
has five children, four boys and a girl. He now re- | 
sides at Clifford, a splendid property which has been 
in the family for three generations, and which has 
been greatly improved by its present owner. Mr. 
Pearce is a model farmer, and under his intelligent 
and energetic care his estate has become the admira- 
tion of all who visit it. In spite of his wealth and I 
position he is not ashamed to share personally in the j 
cultivation of his farm, and illustrates the dignity of | 
labor by an example which is as valuable and com- 
mendable as it is rare. Mr. Pearce has inherited his 
father's intelligence, good judgment, and ability, and 
is one of the most marked and influential men in the, ' 
county. 



SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 
Teachers. 
1. 1.— John L. Fit/patiick, White Hall. 
. 2.— H. Lizzie Wheeler, St. James. 
. 4.— William H. Henrtriclis, Suuny Brook. 
. 6.— William H. Morris, Swuet Air. 
. 6. — M. Rankin Gemmill, St. James. 
. 7. — Rosalie Caples, Long Green. 
. 8. — Charles W. Anderson, Phoenix. 
. 9.— Genie Wilson, Sweet Air. 
. 10.— Louisa McBride, Monkton. 



Colored Scuooi.8. 



No. 2.— Nanie B. Gi-ooms, Sweet Air. 



Trustees. 
A. Elliott, John Bosley, and J. M. McComa8,Jr 



School No, 

No. 2.— Nathan Nelson, Richard llutchins, and J. 91. Pearce. 
No. 4. — John Brown, Jackson Curry, and John Piersol. 
No. 5.— John Baldwin, E. A. Weakly, and Joseph Catholl. 
No. C— H. C. Ilntchins, Thos. Richardson, and Chris. C. Slade. 
Ho. T.— John Smith. Benjamin K. Shipley, and Conrad Bode. 
No, 8. — Jos. Smith, Thomas E. Kemp, aud Oscar Johnsou. 
No. 9.— Thos. Stansbury, N. H. Parker, and John Cook. 

Monkton. — This is a station on the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway, twenty miles from Baltimore, with a 
population of 40. A Protestant Episcopal and a 
Methodist Episcopal church, a public and a private 
school are situated here. The Methodist church is a 
very handsome and costly structure, and is placed 
upon an elevation from which it commands a view of 
the country for many miles around. 

Sweet Air Post-Office is in the south of the dis- 
trict, and is reached by the Sweet Air road, which 
connects the Meredith's Ford and the Dulany's Val- 
ley turnpike.s. There is a Presbyterian Church here, 
the pa.stor of which is Rev. D. L. Raithburn. This 
church was first located in Chestnut Grove, and was 
founded on Aug. 13, 1842, by Rev. Stephen Yerkes. 
The building was dedicated in 1845. 

The corner-stone of the mission chapel of the 
United Brethren in Christ was laid May 5, 1872. 

Glencoe Station is on the Northern Central Rail- 
way, seventeen miles from Baltimore. , It has an ele- 
vation of six hundred feet above tide-water, and on 
the summit of the ridge is a spacious hotel, which is 
very popular as a summer resort. The property is 
owned by Joseph Mowel. The population of the vil- 
lage is 125. Emmanuel Protestant Epi-scopal church. 
Rev. R. R. Mason rector, wa.s consecrated June 1!), 
1873, by Bishop Pinkney, assisted by Bishop Johns, 
of Virginia, the latter preaching the consecration 
sermon. 

Henry Carroll was born in 1796, at Sweet Air, 
Baltimore Co., Md., and died in 1877 at Clynmalira 
Manor, the family estate, located in the Tenth District 
of the same county, which was entered upon in 1704, 
under the proprietary of Lord Baltimore, by his great- 
grandfather, Daniel Carroll, who was a brother of 
Charles Carroll, the father of Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton. Daniel Carroll was a son of the original 
Charles Carroll, who was a son of Daniel Carroll, of 
Litterluna, Ireland, and came to Maryland early in 




% yUpt.(Xuy4- 



^(^ ^Icc^tr 



TENTH DISTRICT. 



the seventeenth century. Henry Carroll's grand- ] 
father was Charles Carroll, of Duddington, an estate 
of which a large portion is now embraced in the 
city of Washington. This Charles Carroll married 
Mary Hill, of Prince George's County, Md. One of 
their sons was Henry Hill Carroll, who was born at 
Duddington in 1768, and married Sarah A., daughter 
of Benjamin Rogers, of Baltimore, a near relative of 
the family, from whom Baltimore City purchased 
Druid Hill for a public park, and of this union 
Henry Carroll was born. He was educated at St. 
Mary's College, Baltimore, and was mainly engaged 
during his long life in farming and in supervising his 
large landed property. He always took an active 
interest in the advancement of agriculture, and was 
known as a scientific farmer. He was a sincere 
Catholic by family descent and by conviction. In 
1821 he married Mary B., daughter of Samuel Ster- 
rett and Rebecca Sears, daughter of Isaac Sears, a 
member of the Boston family of that name. Their 
surviving children are Sarah A., who married Alex- 
ander ^Villchester, of Baltimore; Samuel Sterrett, who 
mairied Rebecca Thompson, ol Baltimore; Henry 
Hill, who married Mary Winchester, of Baltimore; 
and William Sterrett, who married Louisa Tilghman, 
of Talbot County, Md. 

Sunny Brook. — This village is on the Meredith's 
Ford and Jarrettsville turnpike, three miles distant 
from the line of the railroad. Phoenix being the near- 
est station. It has a population of 150. St. Philip's 
Catholic church and Fairview Methodist Episcopal 
church are at this place. 

Millington.— This is a small village near the cen- 
tre of the district. Millington Lodge, No. 166, A. 
F. and A. M., of which W. L. Patterson is Worthy 
Master, has its headquarters here. 

St. James is three miles from Monkton, at the in- 
tersection of the Sweet Air and the Old York roads. 
Besides St. James' Protestant Episcopal Church, a 
Methodist Episcopal Church is also established here, 
with Revs. W. T. D. Clemm and E. Richardson in 
charge. Manor Grange, No. '163, P. of H., has its 
headquarters at St. James. Two miles from the vil- 
lage are Wesley chapel, of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, and an African Methodist Episcopal church. 
On the Old York road, a mile distant, is Clynmalira 
Methodist Episcopal church, which derives its name 
from the estate of the Carroll family, upon which it is 
situated. 

A few years before the opening of the nineteenth 
century the parents of George Austen came to this 
country and settled at Deer Creek, Harford Co., 
where he was born in 1798. The family was a very 
old one in Kent County, England, and they were in- 
duced to forsake their ancestral possessions by the 
strong reaction against liberal principles consequent 
on the French Revolution and Napoleon's wars. He 
came of a family with whom love of liberty in the 
better sense was almost a passion. The grandfather 



of George Austen was at one time imprisoned for the 
too forcible expression of his opinions as to the 
"rights of man," words that had come to stand for 
rebellion and all evil works in those years .succeeding 
the Reign of Terror. But in all proper reverence for 
authority, both in person and in law, the Austens 
were as stanch as in their independence of thought 
and freedom from superstition. Their circumstances, 
affluent in the early days of their settlement, when 
they owned about a thousand acres of land, became 
embarrassed, and the property was sold, and the 
mother of George Austen, then a widow, came to Bal- 
timore City with a small maintenance for her young 
family. Compelled to' deny them the privileges of 
school, her own example and the strength of her 
character made up for the deficiency. George Aus- 
ten at an early age was compelled to assist by his own 
hard labor in the support of the family, but all his 
spare hours were devoted to reading and reflection, 
and in this way he improved a naturally powerful 
mind. Engaging in the manufacturing business in 
the city, he rapidly acquired a competence, and in 
1845 was able to retire from commercial life. He 
purchased an estate on the western side of the Tenth 
District, a mile distant from Glencoe, and naming it 
"Felstone," after the home of his English ancestors, 
he there spent the last thirty years of his life. He 
died in 1876, and until his last illness, which was a 
short one, it might truly be said of him that his eye 
was not dim nor his natural force abated. One of his 
strongest characteristics was a deep sympathy for the 
poor and a desire to aid all who were struggling with 
adverse circumstances. He devoted much time, 
means, and energy to religious and charitable work, 
and, while he was a sincere Christian, there was no- 
thing he despised so much as cant, formalism, and 
pernicious pietism. 

St. James' P. E. Church is an olfshoot of old 
St. John's, once the parish church of the ancient 
town of Joppa, and is one of the oldest religious 
edifices in Baltimore County. The first mention we 
have of the erection of a church in this parish is to 
be found in the records of St. John's. Under date of 
Aug. 7, 1750, the vestry of St. John's took into con- 
sideration the building of " a chapel of ease in the 
forks of the Gunpowder," and appointed Rev. Hugh 
Deans, the rector, and Walter Tolley, one of the ves- 
trymen, to solicit subscriptions. The subscriptions 
obtained in the parish proved insuflScient for the pur- 
pose, and on the 23d of June, 1752, the General As- 
sembly passed an act empowering the justices of Bal- 
timore County to assess and levy three hundred 
pounds on the inhabitants of St. John's parish, for 
the purpose of purchasing one acre of land in the 
forks of the Gunpower River and building thereon a 
chapel of ease. Rev. Hugh Deans, Thomas Frank- 
lin, Roger Boyce, Nicholas Ruxton Gay, Thomas 
Gittings, John Merryman, and John Hughes were 
authorized to purchase the land and to contract with 



IlLSTOKV OF DALTLMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



workmen for the erection of the ehapel, wliich, when 
built, was to be deemed a cliapel of ease and kept in 
repair at the parisli charge. 

The amount appropriated by tlie act of 1752 proved 
insufficient, and on the 17tli of November in the fol- 
lowing year the General Assembly passed a supple- 
mentary act, which empowered the county justices to 
levy a further sum of 70,000 tt)s. of tobacco by two 
equal assessments for the completion of the church. 
In the mean time, in August, 1753, services were held 
at the residence of Nicholas Hutchin's, and the vestry 
of St. John's ordered ten or twelve benches to be 
made and kept there, and directed that Mr. Hutchins 
should be paid 100 lbs. of tobacco for every day's use 
of his house for this purpose. 

The inhabitants in the forks of the Gunpowder did 
not, however, worship long at the house of Mr. 
Hutchins, for it appears that the chapel was com- 
pleted in August, 1755, and Josias Slade was paid for 
acting as sexton. He was still se.^cton on the 4th of 
July, 1758, and received an annual salary of 400 lbs. 
of tobacco. On Sept. 4, 1759, the commissioners ap- 
pointed by the act of 1752 represented to the vestry 
of St. John's the necessity of an addition to the 
chapel of ease, and desired that an assessment of two 
hundred pounds of currency should be levied upon 
the parish for the purpose; one-half to be raised in 
1760 and the other in 1761. The vestry of St. John's 
assented to the proposal, and the commissioners were 
ordered to carry it into effect, and to contract with 
workmen to erect an addition to the chapel of thirty 
feet square, and to raise the walls three feet higher. 
This improvement was not immediately made, for we 
find that in May, 1761, the commissioners requested 
the vestry of St. John's to add to their committee 
Walter Tolley and John Chamberlain to aid in the 
erection of the addition, and on May lOtli they met at 
the house of Jonas Slade to make an agreement with 
the workmen. On Oct. 4, 1768, repairs were ordered 
to be made to the chapel of ease, and a well was di- 
rected to be sunk, with a curb and buckets, etc., pro- 
vided. Four acres of land were also purchased of 
Jonas Slade for the use of the chapel. He had been 
se.xton for many years, but on July 25, 1769, Daniel 
Chamier, the sheriff of the county, was appointed in 
his place. On April 16, 1770, Henry Wetlierell and 
Thomas Talbo; were made church wardens, and Mr. 
Slade was reappointed se-xton of the chapel. 

In 1770 the General Assembly passed an act creat- 
ing fclie northwest part of St. John's parish a separate 
and independent parish, by the name of St. James' 
parish, and making the chapel its parish church. 
This act was to take effect on the death of the then 
rector, the Rev. Hugh Deans. The act dividing the 
parish recites that " After the death or removal of the 
present incumbent. Bush River Upper Hundred, 
Mine River Hundred, North Hundred, and that part 
of Middle River Upper Hundred lying north of the 
road leading from the main road from York to Balti- 



more, wliere it crosses the south branch of Gunpow- 
der Falls at Walter Dulany's plantation, and that 
part of Gunpowder Upper Hundred north of the 
said main road leading from the south branch to 
Roger Boyce's, where it intersects the Mine Run 
Hundred, shall be erected into a new, distinct parish, 
bearing the name of St. Jamais' parish. And the 
first Easter-Monday after such death Or removal is 
appointed for the freeholders of the new parish to 
meet at the chapel of ease, in the fork of Gunpowder 
River (which is to be their pari.sh church), to choose 
si.x vestrymen and churchwardens.'" 

On June 13, 1775, the vestry of St. John's ordered 
John Roberts, register, to build in the chapel of ease 
a pew three feet in width and adjoining the clerk's 
desk, for Benjamin Rogers. 

In January, 1777, Rev. Mr. Deans died, and the 
conditions thus took effect by which St. James' be- 
came a separate and independent parish. Mr. Deans 
left a widow, but no children. The place on which 
he lived is now called Kingsville, a little south of St. 
John's (Daly's church), on the Belair road. He was 
buried under the chancel in the church at Joppa. 
He left his estate, which was quite large, to his widow, 
and at her death. she left it to her niece. The latter 
married a Mr. Paul, who during the Revolution was 
a violent Tory, and at one time was near being hung 
as a spy. He was a dissolute husband, and spent all 
his wife's property and left her in want. She had no 
children. Mr. Deans was appointed rector of St. 
John's Church, in Baltimore County, on the 22d of 
July, 1742, and was received by the vestry on the 
28th. He continued to serve St. John's and the 
chapel of ease till his death, when he was succeeded, 
after two years' vacancy, by Rev. George Hughes 
Worsley, who commenced officiating at St. John's 
on March 1, 1779, and in August of the same year 
agreed to preach at St. James' every third Sunday. 
On May 1, 1780, it was agreed that Mr. Worsley 
should officiate every other Sunday at Joppa, giving 
one Sunday in each month to St. James' and one to 
the congregation at Mr. Hunter's, in Joppa parish. 

In 1781, Mr. Worsley removed to Charles County, 
where, in 1784, he died. In 1782, Rev. John Andrews, 
D.D., became the rector of St. James' parish, in con- 



r Diiliinj'8 plaiitiiliou was on tlie northeast siile of the Big 
n- Iliver, wlifie llio liriHge crosses it, iiortlieust of Hampton, 
rniiili VfUnU's; and R>i{$er Bunco's vf-dB near Morrison's, at 

ivcr Upppr lliiuilreil was in Harford County, and extended 



Mtlyin ISaltimore and partly in Hiirfort 
lisiTviitinn for tliis linndrwl, in 1774, wer< 
siuh Sbule, of Baltimore Connly: and ii 
Stevenson, Daniel SIniw, William Slaile, 



11 Baltimore Connty. Commit 

I and Klislia Dorscy; in 1773, Jolin Hall and 



of JUd.lle Kivur Upper was north of Western Ban ; the 
[Kiwili-r Upper con&isted of all north of the road from Du- 



TENTH DISTKICT. 



nection with St. Thomas', in Baltimore County. In 
1784 he removed to Philadelpliia, and was succeeded 
in 1787 by Rev. John Coleman, who gave his entire 
time to St. James'. In 1788 he extended his services 
to St. Thomas', and in September; 1790, the following 
persons subscribed to his salary, amounting to £84.39, 
or about $224: 



Leach, Asac! llit< lii<>< K, .Ir., Isaac IIIIcliccU, .l.-lm Stowart, 
Henry Inlues, .lessn I'encock, Jlary Galloway, Chailes Galloway, 
Cliarles Gcltipey, Joseph Sutton, Jr., Isaac Sampson, of Isaac, 
William Iliiiil. JOphraim Rntlcdge, William Hutchhis, Stephen 
.>«.. \\ r 1,11, ^iiMsliUry.Sr.. Nicholas Fuller, Kdward StansLury, 
r. \, u, Ji-., James Andorstjn, Thomas Hutuliius, John 

1 1, I. i. i,il,,,n, r,,x, Abraham Uutledge, Jr., James Elliott, James 
Mi.idiii;.;, I'laiii Is (.Niwford, Josliuft Kut ledge, Benjamin Merryman, 
James Stewart, .Sanniel Iticliaiilson, John Towser, Joshua Row, 
Charles Gorsucli,TllumusGoisnch. John Read, James McBoyce, Wil- 
liam Farrell, John Caimagli, .lacoli Strttwd, John Bacon, James 
Hughes, Martin Fugit, George Colenuiu, John Eutledge, Benjamin 
Gorsuch, Shadrach Rutledge, Mary Blaney, Richard Jones, of Rich- 
ard, Lnke Johnson, Daniel Shaw, Temperance Bacon, David Po- 
cock, Benjamin Sliarp, Thomas Hunt, Daniel Heudington, James 
Goodwin, Thomas A nderson, Wi] liam Roe, Thomas Galloway, Henry 
Kane, Alexander Maunaghan, William Hiiies, Jacob Herrington, 
Rachel Goodwin, Samuel Downs, Joshua Guyton, Samuel Curtis, 
Daniel I'eocock, Jr., John Wadsworth, Daniel Pocock, Jr., William 
Standiford, Abraham Guyton, John Demoss, Richard Sampson, 
Francis Hair, Edward Standiford, William Gwynn, William Pierce, 
George Foster, Joshua Meredith, Joshua Miles, Hannah Roe, Zaues 
Hughes, Josias Sparks, John Guyton, Elijah Merryman, Samuel 
Jones, John Talbolt, Isaac Gorsuch, Richard Jones, Jr., Edward Bos- 
nian, James Benton, of John, James Juloce, David Sampson, James 
Bosman, Isaac Bull, Dr. Thomas Love, William Sheppard, Benjamin 
Anderson, Jr., John Anderson, Capt. John Calder. 

On Dec. 17, 1791, Rev. Dr. Bend reports as to visit 
ing members of this parish : 

" Preached in St. James' church, of which the Rev. Mr. Coleman is 
rector. It being Saturday, no great number of persons assembled, but 
t distinguished those who were 
lith Mr. Elijah Merryman, that the 
pews had been rented some time before for some particular purpose, but 
as it appeared n.)t generally pleasing the plan had been afterwards re- 
linquished. Tills did n(»t, however, prevent me from recommending to 
the congregation the resignations of their pews to the vestry, as they 
would afford a better and nwre permanent fund for the expenses of the 
parish. From the same gentleman I learned that the provision made 
for the rector is very moderate, but that it was cheerfully accepted by 
Mr. Coleman, whom he mentioned with great affection and as highly 
acceptable to all bis congregation. From the rector himself I found that 
he was very well satisfied with his people; that their numbers increased 
under his care ; that the sacrament of baptism was properly respeited by 
them, anil that his communicants had become now numerous. And I 
also learned with great satisfaction that he spared no practicable exer- 
tions to promote the interests of the church." 

In 1791 an act was passed by the General Assembly 
securing to the parish the land on which the church 
stands. In 1768, as has already been stated, the rec- 
tor and vestry of St. John's parish purchased four 
acres of land for £30 from Josias Slade, who con- 
tracted to convey the same, upon which the chapel 
of ease was then erected. When the parish was 
divided, the four acres became a part of St. James' 
parish, but could not be conveyed to the vestry, as it 



was discovered that the title had never been in Mr. 
Slade. During the Revolution, however, the manor 
was confiscated, and the title being thus vested in the 
State, the General Assembly, by the act in question, 
surrendered the property to the parish. 

In 1792 a stene wall was put around the lot, partially inclosing the 
church and graveyard. In 1799, Mr. Coleman became rector of St, 
Thomas' parish, and officiated at St. James' only occasionally. In 1804 he 
returned to his own residence and again became rector of St. James'; and 
about 1800 Rock Spring church, or Christ church, was built. Mr. Cole- 
man died Jan. 21, 1816, at the age of fifty-eight years. He was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. Matthew .lohnson, who was ordained by Bishop Clag- 
gett, Oct. C, 1815. He officiated at St. James' in connection with St. 
John's three years, when he removed to All Saints', in Calvert County, 
and died there Sept. 19, 1825. Rev. John Ryder Keech became rector of 
St. James' in January, 1819, olticiating also at St. John's. Mr. Keech 
was a native of St. Mary's County, and was educated at Charlotte Hall. 
He prepared partly for the ministry under Dr. Davis, of Annapolis, was 
ordained deacon Jan. 24, 1819, by Bishop Kemp, and entered at once on 
the charge of St. John's and St. James', and at the convention of that 
year reported forty communicants in both parishes. On the 1st of Octo- 
ber, 18211, Bishop Kemp consecrated Christ church, near Belair, and on 
the 12th of October Trinity. In 1821, Mr. Keech gave up St. James' 
Manor church and confined his ministry to St. John's and Christ 
churches, the latter known os the Bock Spring church, where he con- 
tinued till his death, on Dec. IG, 1S61, aged about sixty-five years. Hs 
left a widow, two daughters, and six sons. William H. Keech, a very 
prominent lawyer of Towsonton, is one of his sons. Few ministers of 
the church were more respected or wielded more influence in their day 
and generation than Mr. Keech. 

Rev. George McElhing succeeded to the pastorate of St. James', March 
18, 1821, but iu 1826 he resigned and went to Charles County for a year 
Upon his return, finding the parish vacant, he again became rector, and 
continued in charge of the church till 1829, when he removed to the 
Eastern Shore. He was afterwards rector of St. Ann's, at Annapolis, 
where he died in 1841, aged forty-one years. 

Rev. John Wiley became rector in 1829, and remained till 1833, when 
he removed to the Eastern Shore, and subsequently, in 1854, to Trinity 
parish, Charles County. Kev. J. McGrego Dale succeeded to the charge 
in 1833, but in 1836 he removed to Calvert County, where he died ia 
1837. He was followed in 1836 by Kev. Mr. Holmead, who removed in 
1842 to Washington City. Bev. Matthew L. Forbes became rector in 
1843, and remained until May 10, 1868, when he removed to Baltimore. 
He was succeeded by Rev. Horatio H. Hewett, Jan. 1, 1S59, but he re- 
moved to Florida in 1800. Since that period the rectors have been W. 
A. White, from Feb. 2, 1802, to Jan. 7, 1865 ; R. K. Mason, from Novem- 
ber, 1865, to March 1, 1876 ; G. K. Warner, from November, 1875, to the 
present time. The vestrymen for 1881 are Josiah Sparks, treasurer; 
Dr. R. Emory, register; Jackson Wilson, William Hutchins, G. W. An- 
derson, Charles Street, of Harford, Dr. C. A. Rutledge, and Walter Pur- 
due. The wardens are John R. Rutledge and C. W. Anderson. 

Dulany's Valley Post-Office is on the south- 
eastern edge of this district. The historic valley laps 
over the borders of the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh 
Districts, but is treated of under the head of the 
Ninth. There is a German Lutheran church near 
the Post-Office. 

Dennis Marsh Matthews, now of Brookwood, Du- 
lany's Valley, Baltimore Co., Md., was born at Wood- 
bine, in that county, Jan. 25, 1831. He is descended 
on the paternal side from three brothers who emigrated 
from England early in the last century. One of them 
settled in Baltimore County, and had a son named 
Mordica Matthews. The hitter's son was Amos Mat- 
thews, whose son was the second Amos, and the father 
of the subject of this sketch. His mother was Ellen 
Marsh, whose father was Capt. Joshua Marsh, their 
family being also among the pioneers in the settle- 
ment of the county. She is the only survivor of the 



912 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



family, whose name is consequently now extinct. 
Mr. Matthews married Hattie W. Aldridge, daugh- 
ter of Andrew and Margaret Aldridge, of Jefferson 
County, W. Va., June 1, 1875. Their children are 
Ellen, Aldridge, and Clyde. Mr. Matthews was a 
member of the General Assembly of 1874, and al- 
though he takes no very active part in politics, he is 
frequently solicited to accept office at the hands of 
the Democratic party, but the management of his 
property and participation in local enterprises occupy 
all his time. He was energetic in the construction of 
the Dulany's Valley and Towsontown turnpike and 
the Dulany's Valley and Sweet Air turnpike, and 
for a number of years has been president of the 
former. Governor Groome appointed him aide-de- 
camp on his staff with the rank of colonel, and his 
commission has been renewed by Governor Carroll 
and Governor Hamilton. He is a member of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, and for the past three 
years has been a delegate to the Maryland Diocesan 
Convention, representing Trinity Church, Long Green. 
Gunpowder Farmers' Club,— A very prominent 
and useful organization is the Gunpowder Farmers' 
Clnb, which was formed in 1870 by gentlemen residing 
near the Gunpowder, in the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and 
Eleventh Districts. The first meeting was called by 
Dickinson Gorsuch, andwas held at his house on March 
19, 1870, and besides him there were present Thomas 
Talbot Gorsuch, Thomas H. Matthews, Aquilla Mat- 
thews, Isaac M. Price, and Thomas Gorsuch. The re- 
sults of the conference were so encouraging that two 
others were held, and then another on April 9, 1870, 
when the following members enrolled themselves: 
Thomas C. Bosley, T. T. GorsUch, Thomas Gorsuch, 
Dickinson Gorsuch, Joshua M. Gorsuch, S. M. Price, 
Joseph Bosley, John C. Bosley, N. E. Miles, Aquilla 
Matthews, Isaac M. Price, and Eli A. Matthews. At 
present, after the lapse of eleven years, the members 
are Dickinson Gorsuch, John D. Matthews, B. McG. 
Hardesty, W. W. Mattliews, Col. Walter Franklin, 
A. C. Scott, Ed. Scott, Lewis M. Bacon, Edward H. 
Matthews, John Bond, N. R. Miles, Samuel M. Price, 
Joseph Bosley, John Growther, and Thomas Gorsuch. 
The membership is limited to fifteen. The club has no 
regular president, but is governed by an executive 
committee. Its influence has been very beneficial. 
It thoroughly investigates all questions pertaining 
to agriculture, and makes a scientific study of all 
methods and improvements bearing upon the great 
question of economy and maximum of production. 
In 1875 a premium was offered by the club for the 
largest yield of corn on one acre, and the largest 
on five acres. The results were as follows for one 



W. W. Matthews.. 
Joshua M. GorsucI 

T. T. Gnrsuch 

E. II. Matthews... 

K.l, Scott 

S. M. PrU-e 

A.C.Scott 

Joseph Bosley 



On five acres Joseph Bosley raised an average of 
24 barrels, 3 bushels, and 3 pecks ; Edward Scott, an 
average of 19 barrels, 4 bushels, and 3 pecks; and S. 
M. Price, an average of 20 barrels and 6 bushels. 
The premiums were awarded to T. T. Gorsuch and 
Joseph Bosley. 

William Ferguson Peerce was born in September, 
1787, in the District of Columbia. The house in which 
he first saw the light of day stood upon the spot where 
St. John's church now stands. His grandfather, the 
first of the name in America, sailed from England 
for New York early in the eighteenth century, and 
was driven by stress of weather to the West Indies, 
where the vessel was wrecked on the island of St. 
Kitts. An incident worthy of note occurred when 
the ship struck the rocks. There were some women 
and children on board, who amid the confusion were 
in danger of perishing. The crew rushed for the 
boats with the intention of securing their own safety, 
but Mr. Peerce, gun in hand, planted himself at the 
bulwarks, and threatened instant death to any one 
who attempted to leave the ship until the helpless 
were landed. His will and courage prevailed, and 
all were safely lauded on the island. He purchased 
a sugar plantation and a number of slaves, and en- 
gaged successfully in the culture of cane. After some 
years spent on the island he sailed for America, and 
settled in St. Mary's County, Md., where Edward 
Peerce, the father of William Ferguson Peerce, was 
born. After the death of his father, Edward Peerce 
removed to the District of Columbia and bought a 
large tract of land extending from the site of the 
present White House to the navy-yard. Washing- 
ton was at that time in embryo, with no suggestion of 
its future greatness, and the land was acquired for 
agricultural purposes. 

At the close of the war of the Revolution a splendid 
body of land in Baltimore County, which had be- 
longed to Walter Dulany, a Tory during the strug- 
gle, was confiscated. Edward Peerce was attracted 
by its location and fertility, and traded his Washing- 
ton property for five hundred acres in Dulany's Val- 
ley, then and ever since known as " Springfield." He 
removed thither when William F. was but two years 
old. The wife of the former was Anne Ferguson, the 
daughter of a planter near Bladensburg. She was of 
Scotch descent, and possessed in an eminent degree 
the thrifty traits of that hardy race of people. 

Edward Peerce was a soldier in the French and 
Indian war and in the war of the Revolution, and 
underwent many hardships and privations. When 
the great oil discoveries were made in Pennsylvania, 
William F. Peerce was wont to say that they were 
not unexpected to him, as he had often heard his 
father speak of crossing Oil Creek during one of the 
campaigns of the Revolution, whose waters were cov- 
ered with a thick coating of oil, and that he had 
scraped it from his horse's legs with his hands after 
passing over. 




^^^^. 



TEiNTH DISTRICT. 



t 



■ William F. Peerce was educated at the schools iu 
tlie niiirliliorliood, and finished his studies at an acad- 
emy in Iliiiinid County. He selected agriculture as 
an nccuji:iti(in, and devoted himself principally to 
stock-raising and grazing.- When the war of 1812 
broke out Mr. Peerce enlisted in Capt. Nicholas Bos- 
ley's company of Col. Stansbury's regiment, and was 
present at the battle of North Point. In 1834, Mr. 
Peerce was married to Louisa Smith, a widow, whose 
maiden name was also Smith, and who was the 
daughter of Job Smith, a very prominent citizen of 
Baltimore, and a descendant of one of the original 
settlers of the city. By her he had five children, 
four sons and one daughter. One of the sons is dead ; 
the others are Edward S., George, and Thomas Peerce. 
Edward S. Peerce was married to Miss Stump, Oct. 
31, 1876. His wife lived but little more than two 
years, and he now resides on the portion of the 
Springfield estate where the original mansion-house 
stood. George and Thomas are unmarried, and live 
in the fine old residence built during the lifetime of 
William F. Peerce. His daughter was married to 
John Lippincott, of Baltimore, and is at present 
living in that city. 

Mr. Peerce was a prosperous man in the best sense 
of the term. Careful attention to business, thrift, 
and fair dealing were the elements in a long life of 
usefulness and success. He speculated in land, and 
at one time owned an immense body of it in Dulany's 
Valley and its vicinity. He interested himself in all 
enterprises which seemed to give assurance of benefit 
to the community where he lived. He was president 
of the Dulany Valley Turnpike Company, as also of 
the Meredith's Ford and Sweet Air line. He leaned 
to the Episcopal Church in religion, and it was 
through the instrumentality of himself and father 
that the church of that denomination was erected in 
the valley. He was an active vestryman, and ever 
alive to the interests of the parish. In politics he was 
an enthusiastic Old-Line Whig and an ardent admirer 
of Henry Clay. He never missed a primary meeting 
or an election, but never would accept office. When 
the Whig party ceased to exist he attached himself to 
the American or Know-Nothing organization, and at 
the breaking out of the civil war became an uncom- 
promising supporter of the Union cause. After the 
war he abandoned politics altogether. In character 
he was liberal, but ever ready to condemn any devia- 
tion from the .strict path of rectitude ; indeed, his most 
distinguishing traits were truthfulness and honesty. ] 
His hand was ever open to the poor, and he especially 
interested himself in those who appeared anxious to 
help themselves. A German settlement near Spring- ; 
field owes its prosperity almost entirely to him. He 
sold lots to the settlers, gave them abundant time to I 
pay for them, and when they were in arrears from no 
fault of their own released them from their obliga- j 
tions. Mr. Peerce was a great reader and a man of j 
remarkable literary taste. His memory was extraor- ■ 



dinary, and he had stored up in its ample chambers 
a perfect encyclopa'dia of knowledge, from which any 
historical date or event could be called forth at pleas- 
ure. Few men possessed more real friends or excited 
more genuine interest. He died Jan. 1, 1877, in the 
ninetieth year of his age. 

The family of which John Bosley is a member is 
numerous in this district of Baltimore County, and is 




/Jd^u^ 



cfescended from seven brothers, who emigrated from 
England in the last century and took up extensive 
possessions in this part of the State. Ezekiel Bosley 
lived on " My Lady's Manor," and had a son named 
James, who married Hannah Hughes. Tlieir son, 
John Bosley, was born Jan. 20, 1818, on the fine farm 
in the northern section of the district, about three 
miles from Monkton, which he now owns and on 
which he resides. He was the youngest of nine chil- 
dren,— six girls and three boys. He was married, 
Dec. 11, 1851, to Mary, daughter of William and 
Sarah Bosley Pearce. Their children are Dr. James 
Bosley, of kiltimore City, William P., Laura V., 
Hannah, and Elizabeth. Mr. Bosley attends and 
contributes to the Methodist Episcopal Church, of 
which his wife is a member. He is a Democrat, and 
usually takes an active part in all important public 
campaigns. His farm embraces two hundred acres, 
and like all the Bosley properties is thoroughly culti- 
vated. His father, James Bosley, at one time con- 
ducted a cloth and woolen-factory near White Hall. 



914 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



mi^ 




■HAKI> EMOKV. 



The Bosley family is famous for tlie number of good 
farmers that it has produced, and John Bosley is one 
of the most prominent of those who have earned that 
honorable distinction. 

St, James' College. — The corner-stone of the pro- 
posed new edifice for the college of St. James, the 
diocesan college of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
of Maryland, was laid on Oct. 15, 1859, at a site near 
Phcenix Station, on the Northern Central Railway. 
The institution was established in Washington 
County in 1842, but on account of its inaccessibility 
by railroad, the burning in 1847 of one of the princi- 
pal buildings, and the growing wants of the institu- 
tion, the trustees determined to remove it to Baltimore 
County. They purchased one hundred and eighty 
acres of land for seven thousand dollars, and ac- 
cepted plans for a Gothic building two hundred and 
eighty feet in length and fifty-five feet high, the 
centre structure to be eighty feet wide, the wings 
seventy-four feet, and the connecting buildings fifty 
feet, the work to cost about sixty thousand dollars. 
The corner-stone was laid on the date above stated 
by Bishop Whittingham. In the bos in the stone 
was placed the following paper, after it had been read 
by Bernard Carter : 

" III tlie namo of the Fatlier, aud of the Son, ami of the Holy Ghost. 
Anieu. The corner-stone of the new edifice of the College of St. James, 
in the diocese of Maryland, is laid on the Thursday after the twenty-first 
Sunday after Trinity, heing the 16th day of Novemher, A.n. 1859, by the 
Reverend Father in God William Kollinson Whittingham, Doctor of Di- 
vinity, Bishop of Maryland, and visitor of the College of St. James, in 
the presence of the rector of the college and sundry of the trustees, and 
many of the clergy and laity of the church here asscmhlcd for this pur- 
pose. The institution was formed at St. James' Hall on Monday, the 4th 



day of Oitobor, 1842, and was duly chartered by the General Assembly 
of Maryland on the 29th day of February, 1844, as the College of St. 
James, in Washington County, Md., where it still e.vists, and whence it 
is to be removed to Ihis new site on the completion of this new edifice. 
The College of St. James, under the oversight of its first Episcopal vis- 
itor, and under the charge and direction of its first rector, thus marks 
the opening of the eighteenth year of its life and work by this com- 
mencement of the new edifice in Baltimore County. In the box thus 
inclosed in the corner.stoue are contained a copy of the Holy Bible, a copy 
of tlie Book of Common Prayer, a copy of the journal of tlie convention 
of the diocese of Maryland in 1859, and the register of the College of St_ 
Jiimes for 1859, with this document duly attested. The bishop of the 
diocese, the rector of the college, the trustees of the same, and the clergy 
and laily here present, thus commit this work to the care and favor of 
A Imighty God, in the name, the faith, and the merits of His Eternal Son, 
through the grace of His Holy S]iirit. Amen. 

" William B, Whittixgham, Bishop of Maryland : John B. Kekfoot, 
rector of the College of St. James; C. E. SwoPE, William G. Harkison, 
J. Mason Campbell, F. W. Brune, Jk., S. G. Wyman, J. C. Passmobe, 
Georoe W. Coaklky, trustees." 

The bishop in striking the stone announced that 
the edifice would be known as Kemp Hall. An ad- 
dress was delivered by Rev. Dr. Kerfoot, and the 
bishop added some remarks. 

The Emorys have not always been residents of Bal- 
timore County. Thomas Emory emigrated from Eng- 
land at a very early date in the history of the province 
of Maryland and settled in Queen Anne's County. 
Among his descendants was Richard Emory, who 
married Ann, daughter of Archibald Gittings, of 

1 Long Green, Baltimore. Her mother was Elizabeth, 

1 a daughter of Elijah Bosley, the patentee of six hun- 
dred acres of land. Richard Emory and his wife 
lived in Baltimore County, and on March 9, 1839, 

1 there was born to them a son, whom they named 
Richard. He was principally educated at Rev. Fred- 

I erick Gibson's school at Chestnut Hill. He subse- 



TENTH DISTRICT. 



915 




.lOSIAH SPARKS. 



quently attended the University of Maryland, and j 
studied medicine under Prof. Nathan R. Smith and ! 
Dr. W. C. Van Bibber. Completing his medical 
studies in 1861, he at once located at " Manor Glen," 
his beautiful residence in the Tenth District of the 
county, to practice his profession. In June, 1862, he j 
entered the Confederate service as surgeon, and was ! 
stationed at Richmond, where, with the exception of 
a few months, he remained until the close of the war. < 
Just previous to the summer of Lee at Appomattox 
he was transferred to the Nitre Mining Bureau, and | 
after the capture of Jefferson Davis he returned home ' 
and resumed his practice, which is now very exten- 
sive, embracing a large region in Baltimore and, Har- 
ford Counties. He was married, Jan. 4, 1870, to Agnes 
S., daughter of Thomas W. Hall, of Harford County, 
and a descendant of Col. Thomas White, father of | 
Bishop White, one of the first bishops of the Protest- l 
ant Episcopal Church in this county. They have one 
child, Thomas Hall Emory. Dr. Emory received the 
three symbolical degrees in Masonry in Mount Ararat 
Lodge, No. 44, of Harford County, and the Royal-' 
Arch and Templar degrees in Richmond during the 
war. He is a member and vestryman of St. James' 
Protestant Episcopal Church, and register of the par- 
ish. He is also president of the Meredith's Ford and 
Jarrettsville Turnpike Company. His splendid es- 
tate of four hundred acres is on the Little Gun- 
powder Falls, and adjoins the Harford County line. 

The Sparks family was one of the first that settled 
in Virginia. History records the fact that at the 
marriage of John Rolfe with Pocahontas, in April. 



1613, among those present to witness the wedding 
ceremonies was Master Sparks. He had been a co- 
embassador with Rolfe to Powhatan, and at the mar- 
riage he stood up with Sir Thomas Gates (an old 
soldier), and with young Henry Spillman at his side. 
Josiah Sparks, a lineal descendant of Master Sparks, 
came from Virginia about 1720 and settled near New 
Market, in the Seventh District, where he cleared up 
the forest and opened the woods to civilization. His 
son, also named Josiah Sparks, served in Washington's 
army in the Revolution, and in 1794 was called out 
with the Maryland militia to suppress the " Whisky 
Insurrection" in Western Pennsylvania. He was 
born in 1752, and died in 1846. His son, Aaron 
Sparks, married Elizabeth, a daughter of Elijah 
Sparks, and was an orderly sergeant in the war of 
1812, in Capt. Orrick's company. To Aaron and 
Elizabeth Sparks were born five children, of whom 
Josiah, the subject of this sketch, was the eldest, and 
was born Oct. 25, 1833, on the farm he now owns, 
called "Glenwood." He attended St. James' Acad- 
emy wl'.en under charge of that famous educator, 
Volney Sprague. He was married, May 14, 1863, to 
Maggie A., eldest daughter of John H. and Elizabeth 
(Wier) Scott. His wife's father, Mr. Scott, was the 
first conductor on the Northern Central Railroad. 
His children are Francis E., born Feb. 19, 1872, and 
Marcelena A., born June 8, 1864. Mr. Sparks is a 
member of St. James' Protestant Episcopal Church, 
and has been for several years one of its vestrymen 
and treasurer of the parish. He has a splendid fiirm 
of one huriilied and forty-five acres, and pays special 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



attention to dairying. Elijah Sparlvs at an early date 
bought the farm he now owns, and three others of the 
Sparks family purchased estates in the vicinity. Two 
or three others of the Sparks family went out West 
as pioneers, and of these Matthew was scalped by the 
Indians, but lived. One settled in Louisiana and 
became a noted planter and public man. The family 
is of English extraction, a collateral branch of which 
settled in New England shortly after the landing of 
the Pilgrims in 1620. 

The presenjt popular and efficient treasurer of Bal- 
timore County, Henry 0. Hutchins, was born Feb. 26, 
1832, in the Tenth District, where he yet resides, with , 
his post-office at Monkton. He was the son of Jar- j 
rett Hutchins, a soldier and a commissioned officer \ 
of the war of 1812, and his mother's maiden name 
was Blary D. Harman. His great-great-grandfather, 
Thomas Hutchins, was an Englishman, and was 
among the first settlers of Maryland, having located 
as early as 1680 in the Tenth District, near what is 
now known as Sweet Air. He received a deed for 
his land from Lord BaltiiAorc. On the maternal side 
Mr. Hutchins' great-grandfather was a German emi- 
grant, who very early settled in Pennsylvania, in 
Gerraantown, now a part of Philadelphia, and was a 
soldier in the Continental army during the Revolu- 
tion, having participated in the battles of Trenton, 
Brandywine, and Germantown. Mr. Hutchins was 
married, Jan. 27, 1868, to Miss Koss, daughter of 
David Ross, of Baltimore City, by whom he has the 
follow^ing children : Henry Ross, born July 19, 1871 ; 
Jarrett Eugene, Jan. 3, 1873; and Horace Walker, 
Dec. 19, 1875. Mr. Hutchins was educated at St. 
James' School, which he attended six years. He is a 
communicant of St. James' Protestant Episcopal 
Church, and a member of the Baltimore Agricultural 
Society, which was organized largely through his in- 
fluence. He is a Democrat in his political faith, and [ 
of great weight in the counsels 'of his party. He 
served four years as register of voters in his district, 
and for the same period as collector of taxes. He was 
elected county treasurer in 1877. Mr. Hutchins is one 
of Baltimore County's best farmer.s, and recogn ized as a 
leading spirit in all agricultural mattei-s. His beau- 
tiful farm, comprising one hundred and sixty acres, 
called "Linden Hope," lies just north of St. James', 
on the Old York road, where his i)aternal ancestor 
settled two centuries ago. 

The beautiful mansion of Joseph W. Mowel, rep- 
resented in the engraving, is at (Hencoe, on the Gun- 
powder Falls and Northern Central Railroad, in the 
western part of the district. The country here is 
one of the most picturesque and romantic regions in 
Maryland, and is extensively visited by tourists on 
account of its charming scenery and the salubrity of 
its atmosphere. Mr. Mowel's splendid estate of two 
hundred and twenty-four acres is one of the finest in 
the county, and commands the admiration of all 
tourists and travelers. 



CHAPTER LVII. 



ELEVENTH DL-^TIUCT. 



The Eleventh is next to the largest district in the 
county, having an area of 66.30 square miles, and a 
population of 4-581. In 1870 the population was 
4231. The district is bounded by Harford County on 
the east, by the Twelfth District on the south, by the 
Ninth District on the west, and by the Tenth District 
on the north. None of the railroads enter it, but 
the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
road crosses the Gunpowder River very close to its 
southernmost point, and the Harford and the Belair 
turnpikes pass through it from southwest to northeast. 
The Baltimore and Delta Railroad, which is being 
rapidly pushed to completion, will pass through the 
northwestern side of the district, and will have several 
stations within its confines. The Philadelphia turn- 
pike, the Northern branch of the Harford turnpike, 
the Sweet Air and Dulany's Valley turnpike, and a 
number of country roads render communication with 
all sections of the district speedy and easy. The 
Great Gunpowder and Bird Rivers penetrate the 
southern portion of the district, and the Little Gun- 
powder forms its northeastern border. The water- 
power is plentiful, and is used in the cotton-mills at 
Franklinville and the fertilizer-factory at Reckord- 
ville. The soil is so well watered as to be very fer- 
tile, and many of the people give the most of their 
time to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables for 
the Baltimore markets. Around Cub Hill there are 
valuable deposits of copper ore, which were smelted 
at the works on the Great Gunpowder until opera- 
tions were suspended. The shores on the Bird and 
Gunpowder Rivers, near where they debouch into the 
Chesapeake Bay, aflard excellent sport in gunning 
and fishing, and the inhabitants of this end of the 
district do a profitable business at duck-shooting in 
the winter and hauling their seines in the summer. 

SCHOOLS FOR issi. 
Teachers. 
No. 1.— W. .1. Blair, Little Gunpowder. 



.s — C'i.ai Ics B. Billiiigsley, Perrj- Hull. 
, I'.— Eniilj- lly.le. Upper Falls. 

10.— II. 1.1,-iiore Patterson, Dulany's Valley. 

Teachers of Colored Schools. 
, 1.— Cotiii-liiis.!. Smith, Long Green. 

2.— William Lee, Kossville. 

;i.— .1 )in K. IlacUett, Greenwood. 

4. — Mary F. Wilson, St. Joseph's. 

1..0I No. 1.— Dr. \V. T. Allender, B. F. Taylor, and Dr. R. Brown. 

■J.- Dr. D. S. Giltings, A. A.Miller, and Dr. E. W. AUvator. 
, '.i — Tlios. B. Gorsuch, Henry RecUord, and Benjamin F. Konrd. 

4 —.lames Bush, Dr. A. S. Dahlwin, and Calvin Harlan. 
, h.—O. li. Ilniit, IliM.n Conncilly, and Sanjuel M. Rankin. 




jA^/^'tjU^V^^iL^f^- 








RESIDENCE AND PROPER 

GLENCOE, BALTIMORE CC 




N C O E." 

' OF JOSEPH W. MOWELL, 

WD., 20 Miles from Baltimore. 



m 




RESIDENCE^^.^^^^^^^^, 



"GLtNcoE." 

AND PRO^jro^l;,^^ JOSEPH W. MOWELL, 

BNCOE. BAUT.MORE CO.. Md.. ^o MUes from Baltimore. 



Louk H. Everts, Publisher. 




L). S. GITTIJSGS. 



ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 



917 



No. 6.— J. Gleuu McComas, Wiisliiiigt.in Sli..iiimii. ami Geo. H. Riley. 
No.7.— John W.Shanklin, Jr., (;."-.. l.-n ,r, i l.,vi Ferguson. 
No. 8— Wm. Billingsley, Jniiir. l: I: , Mias. Akduirst. 

No. 9.— Hugh Simms, John IV l:i II i ' ii.uis. 

No. 10— Edwin Jessop, T1108. I\ Hi.-. HI! I L' iiu- l|. Matthews. 

Gunpowder Grange, No. 127, Patrons of Hus- 
bandry, was organized Jan. 15, 1875, by James Kob- 
inson, lecturer of State Grange, at " Game Cock 
Hall," the residence of Mr. William Gambrill, by the 
election of the following officers : Col. Benjamin F. 
Taylor, Master; Walter Gambrill, Overseer; Dr. W. 
T. Allender, Lecturer ; John Milke, Steward ; J. W. 
Jacobs, Assistant Steward ; W. H. Merrett, Chaplain ; 
William Gambrill, Treasurer; Daniel Schaffer, Sec- 
retary; William Barton, Gate-Keeper; Mrs. Abba 
Gambrill, Ceres; Mrs. W. H. Merrett, Pomona; 
Miss Emma Richardson, Flora ; Mrs. J. W. Jacobs, 
Lady Assistant Steward. The membership of this 
grange has fluctuated, at times numbering forty, at 
others reduced to eighteen, a majority, however, of 
its charter-members always remaining by it. The 
grange has been steadily prosperous, and has created 
a co-operative association and fund of its own for the 
purpose of co-operation in buying and selling. It 
has always advocated an advanced position for the 
order, and, through patronizing the State agency in 
Baltimore, has insisted upon the establishment of a 
general merchandise house in the Maryland metrop- 
olis instead of the agency. It also took the initiative 
in organizing the Baltimore County Grange, No. 13, 
and was the first to urge the establishment of a 
county cattle-show and fair. The officers for 1880 
were as follows: Col. Benjamin F. Taylor, Master; 
R. Vincent, Jr., Overseer ; Dr. W. T. Allender, Lec- 
turer ; W. H. Merrett, Chaplain; Walter C. Gam- 
brill, Treasurer; Fred. Gambrill, Secretary; Alfred 
Crosmore, Steward ; J. W. Jacobs, Assistant Steward ; 
George Roeder, Gate-Keeper; Mrs. M. J. Taylor, 
Ceres; Mrs. William Gambrill, Pomona; Mrs. R. 
Vincent, Jr., Flora; Mrs. T. Pitcher, Lady Assistant 
Steward. 

Long Green Post-Oifice, or Unionville, lies be- 
tween the Sweet Air and Dulany's Valley turnpike 
and the north branch of the Harford turnpike, twelve 
miles from Baltimore City. It is situated on the 
ridge between the Long Green Valley and Dulany's 
Valley, and overlooks both those beautiful tracts of 
country. Long Green is a garden-spot of the dis- 
trict, and the region around it is very thickly settled, 
fine estates predominating. The Baltimore and Delta 
Railroad, when finished, will pass within a mile of 
Long Green. Trinity Protestant Episcopal church 
and Wilson Methodist Episcopal church are in the 
village. 

St. John's or Long Green Catholic church was 
totally destroyed by fire Feb. 25, 1855, causing a loss 
of three thousand dollars. On July 29th of the same 
year the corner-stone of a new church was laid by 
Archbishop Kenrick, and on July 20, 18.56, he con- 
secrated the edifice, which is a much larsrer and finer 



building than its predecessor. The corner-stone of 
the old church was laid May 19, 1822. 

Dr. David S. Gittings was born in Baltimore on the 
17th of August, 1797, and was the son of Richard 
Gittings and Polly Gittings, nie Sterett, and the grand- 
son of James Gittings. He received his academical 
education at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and 
graduated at the Maryland University of Medicine, 
spending two yeare in the hospitals of Edinburgh, 
Scotland, and London, England, commencing practice 
in the year 1820, in the Eleventh District of Baltimore 
County, where he has ever since resided. Dr. Gittings 
has been married three times, — his first wife was 
Juliana West Howard, his second was Arabella Young, 
and his present wife is Laura A. King. His chil- 
dren by his first wife were John Beale Howard, who 
died in infancy; Mary Sterett; Margaret West, de- 
cea,sed; Richard T. ; Louisa, now the wife of Joseph 
Cox; Davids.; John Beale Howard; and Charlotte 
Elizabeth, who married Dr. James E. Lindsay. The 
fruit of his second marriage was Bettie Bo.se Gittings, 
now married to William Wilson Marie. 

As a physician. Dr. Gittings has held high rank 
from the very beginning of his medical career. Gifted 
with an intellect of no ordinary character and trained 
in the best medical schools of this country and Eu- 
rope, he entered upon his practice with a thorough 
preparation that is only too rare even at the present 
day, and took his place at once among the foremost 
practitioners of the county. Succeeding years con- 
firmed the position won by his earlier efforts, and gave 
him a well-earned popularity and success. 

Dr. Gittings has always manifested the utmost in- 
terest in the public concerns of the county and State, 
and while not a politician in any sense of that word, 
has quietly lent his influence to the support of proper 
men and measures whenever the occasion demanded. 
Benevolence and liberality are prominent traits in his 
character, and his many charities and neighborly 
kindnesses have passed into a proverb. His son, 
Richard T. Gittings, is one of the leading lawyers of 
the Baltimore bar. 

Dr. David S. Gittings married Julianna West How- 
ard, July 29, 1823 ; she died Jan. 16, 1847. He mar- 
ried Arabella Young, Sept. 12, 1848; she died April 
26, 1861. He married Laura A. King, Sept. 16, 1868, 
with whom he is still living. 

St. Joseph's Catholic Church is upon the Belair 
road, eight miles out of Baltimore. The old church 
was finished in 1855, but it proved too small for the 
accommodation of the congregation, and a new build- 
ing, a large frame structure, with sittings for 600 peo- 
ple, was erected in 1870. On Sept. 18, 1879, the cor- 
ner-stone of a Sisters' house and an addition to the 
parochial school was laid. Rev. Mr. Hofl^nran, of St. 
Alphonsus' Church, Baltimore City, officiated, assisted 
by Rev. J. F. Miller, pastor of St. Joseph's. The 
school is in charge of the Sisters of St. Francis, and 
the house was erected for their accommodation. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Perry Hall, or Germantown, is eleven miles distant 
from Baltimore, on the Belair road, and has a popu- 
lation of 50. Tlie Perry Hall Methodist Episcopal 
Church South was dedicated on May 4, 1873. Kevs. 
Samuel Rogers, J. A. Spangler, and T. W. Brown con- 
ducted the services. The lot was given by Eli Gam- 
brill, who was also the largest contributor to the erec- 
tion of the church. 

A German Lutheran Church is establislied at Perry 
Hall. 

Greenwood. — This village is on the Harford turn- 
pilce, ten miles from Baltimore, at the point where the 
Long Green road branches off. It has a population of 
100. A Jlethodist Episcopal Church and a school- 
house are situated here. A mile distant, on the Gun- 
powder River, are the copper-works. 

Kingsville is on the Belair turnpike, thirteen miles 
from Baltimore. Its population numbers 150. St. 
John's Episcopal Church and a Lutheran Church and 
a public school are located here. 

St. Georg^e's Parish (now Harford County). — Ac- 
cording to the best evidence now attainable, St. 
George's parish, now in Harford but formerly in 
Baltimore County, would appear to have been the 
first parish established in the county. Owing to the 
loss of the church records the precise time of its or- 
ganization is not known, but Mr. Crampton, in his 
history of St. George's, calculating from a date now 
upon record, is induced to fix upon 1671 as the latest 
year from which to reckon its establishment. Local 
tradition points to a place called " Gravelly," near 
Michaelsville, about two miles east of Bush River, 
and fifteen miles southeast of Belair, as the point at 
which the first parisli church was erected in Balti- 
more County, and this supposition appears to be 
strengthened by the fact that the bridge in the vicin- 
ity has been called " Church Bridge" from time 
immemorial, and that the traces of an old grave- 
yard are still distinctly visible. Tradition, how- 
ever, is not infallible, and it may be that the first 
church was erected at old Baltimore, on the Bush 
River, which was the county-seat as early as 1683. 
At all events, there would appear to have been no 
minister in the county up to 1675, for in that year 
Jeremiah Eaton devised " Stokely Manor," contain- 
ing five hundred and fifty acres, " to the first Protest- 
ant minister who should settle in the county and his 
successors." This land formed part of what is now 
St. John's parish, and was given to that parish in 
1719 by act of the General Assembly. Stokely Manor 
was about two miles south of Abington, and four or 
five miles northeast of Joppa, and six or seven miles 
from the bay. The first cliurch of St. George's was 
of small capacity and built of logs, as nearly all 
buildings were in that day, and the services appear 
to have been conducted at first by a lay-reader. A 
few years after the provision thus made by Mr. Eaton, 
the Rev. John Yeo removed from Calvert to Balti- 
more County, and undertook tlie large field in which 



i he appears to have been the first laborer. The pre- 

I cise year of his removal cannot be ascertained, but it 
was probably about 1680. In 1682 we find him selling 
his land in Patuxent, Calvert Co., and the next year 
purchasing a tract of land called York's Hope, in 
Baltimore County, not far from where Joppa subse- 
quently stood. In 1676 he was still in Calvert County, 
as is shown by a letter written by him in that year to 
the Archbishop of Canterbury, in which reference is 
made to the fact that there were at that time but 
three Church of England ministers in the province, 
and all badly supported. The places for holding 
public worship at this period were generally private 
houses, and the only church edifice existing in the 
county during Mr. Yeo's ministry was probably that 
in the parish of St. George's, already mentioned. The 
county was then but thinly settled, and Mr. Yeo 
doubtless ofiiciated in all parts of the county, — from 

I the Patuxent to the Susquehanna River. He died 
in 1686, leaving a son John, to whom his property 

[ was given by the court, and we hear of no minister 
immediately succeeding him. After his death the 
church was kept alive by lay-readers, who conducted 
the worship as provided in the Prayer Book. In 1689, 
less than three years after Mr. Yeo's death, occurred 
what is called the Protestant Revolution in Maryland, 
in which the government of the province passed out 
of Lord Baltimore's hands into those of a Protestant 
convention. At its request William and Mary took 
the government of the province under their care, and 
on Aug. 26, 1691, appointed Sir Lionel Copley as the 
first Royal Governor of Maryland. He arrived in 
Maryland early in 1692, and convened the Assembly 
at St. Mary's on May 10th, the first act passed being 
one recognizing the title of William and Mary, and 
the second an act making the Church of England the 
established church of the province. This latter act 
provided for the division of the ten counties into 
thirty-one parishes, and imposed a tax of forty 
pounds of tobacco upon all taxable persons, as a 
fund for the building of churches and the support of 
the clergy. Baltimore County then consisted of three 
hundreds, — Patapsco, Gunpowder, and SpesutiiB, — 
the whole population of the county at that time prob- 
ably not exceeding fifteen hundred, the larger portion 
of which by far was in the Patapsco and Spesutiie 
Hundreds. Spesutise Hundred appears to have ex- 
tended from Bush River to the Susquehanna, em- 
bracing the district in which St. George's parish had 
already been established, and contained about one 
hundred and fifty taxables, contributing according to 
the requirements of the act a church revenue of about 
six thousand pounds of tobacco, — equal to about one 
hundred and fifty dollars, — while the parish below 
(Gunpowder) would not pay half as much, and the Pa- 
tapsco parish about as much as both. The Gunpowder 
Hundred extended from Gunpowder River to the head 
of Middle River, and the Patapsco parish "from 
Middle River as far as the county extends. In 1695 



ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 



-96, as the records show, the vestrymen of St. George's I 
were "William Wallace (Hollis?), Lawrence Taylor, [ 
John Parker, George Smith, Roger Matthews, and 
Thomar Cordey, and the taxables one hundred and 
thirty-seven. Who ministered in the parish from the 
death of Mr. Yeo down to May, 1703, a period of 
seventeen years, is not known ; and yet there doubtless 
was a minister a part of that time at least. From 
169:2 to 1700, however, the rectorship was vacant. In 
1703 we find the Rev. John Edwards ministering in the 
parish, to whicli, however, he gave only part of his 
time, as he officiated also at Copley, afterwards called 
St. John's parish, and St. Paul's. He died probably 
in 1710 or '11, as an act was passed by the General 
Assembly in November, 1711, " to rectify a mistake 
in the writing of the last will and testament of the 
Rev. John Edwards, late of Baltimore County, de- 
ceased." By the creation of Harford County in 1773, 
St. George's parish became a part of the new county, 
to which the remainder of its history more properly 
belongs. 

The incumbents or rectors of St. George's parish 
from its establishment until 1854 were 

Eev. George Yeo, from about 1680 to 1G86; vacancy from 1G8G to I7II3; 
Rev. John Edwards, from 1703 to 1711; Hev. George Irvine, from 
1712 to 1717 ; Kev. Evan Evans, D.D., from 1718 to 1721 ; Rev. Robert 
Weyman, temporarily, from 1722 to 1724 ; Rev. John Humphries, 
from Dec. 2, 1724, to February, 1725 ; Rev. John Holbrooli, from Sept. 
13, 1726, to 1726 ; Rev. Charles Smith, from Eeb. 20, 1720, to 1727 ; 
Eev. Stephen Williinson, from Jan. 14, 1727, to 1743; Rev. Hugh 
Carlisle, from 1744 to 1749 ; Eev. Andrew Lendruni, from September, 
1749, to April 9, 1772; Rev. Jolin Porter, curate, from 1768 to 1709; 
Rev. William Edmiston, curate, from 1770 to 1772 ; Rev. Wm. West, | 
D.D., from April 9, 1772, to 1777; Eev. George Hughes Worsley, 
from 1777 to 1779; Eev. James Jones Wilnier, from 1783 to 1787; I 
Eev. John Ireland, from March 11, 1787, to 1795; Rev. Joliu Allen, 
from 1795 to 1815, with George D. Handy as assistant ; Rev. Daniel 
Stephens, D.D., with Havre de Grace, from Out. 15, 1815, to 1820; 
Eev. William Jackson, fioni Aujc. 19, 1820, to 1823; Rev. John Rey- 
nolds, from Dec. .S, l>i-li>. tu 1831; Rev. Robert Lloyd Goldslxjrough, 
from Seplemlier, 1834, to 1841; Rev. Thomas Billopp, from 1842 to 
1845; Rev. Savington W. Oiamptoii, from Oct. 18, 1845, to 1854. 

Copley, or St. John's Parish.— The first action with 
reference to thi.s parish under tiie act of Assembly of 
1692 is contained in the following extract from the 
county records of June, 1693 : 

"We the vesitiynit-ri of the piuish of Gunpowder hundred liaving met 
together at tli^ h n- i \| i Th. mas Preston, according to order of their 
Miijestj's.jn^ii l;,:i,i,, i ^ ..iintyand according to act of Assembly 

in that c;i>r 1 I hiled and agreed upon that the church 

of the said i.;[ii,ii i i.i In I, mil ;it Elk Neck, on Gunpowder River, on 
two acres of land for tilt' cliurch and churchyard. The church to be 
built forty feet long and twenty wide, and the said parish to be Copely 

"Thomas Haley, Thomas Hodor, Richard -\dams, Mosks Groom, 
Thomas Preston, Lawrence EicHARnsON."' 

The parish was called Copley, after the now Gov- 
ernor, and was embraced in the Gunpowder Hundred. I 

It will be seen from the above extract that there i 
was no church edifice in the parish up to this time, and I 
that no minister is mentioned. In the returns made 
to the Governor and Council in 1695-96 tlie vestry 
mentioned are Thos. Staley (Haley?), Capt. Thos. 
Preston, Richard Adams, Samuel Sicklcmore, Daniel 



Scott, Abraham Taylor, and the ta.xables one hundred 
and twenty-eight. Where there was no minister the 
church revenues were to be applied to the construc- 
tion or repair of churches, and the number of taxa- 
bles in Copley parish would make the revenue at that 
time about five thousand one hundred and twenty 
pounds of tobacco, which, as tobacco was then valued, 
would be a little more than one hundred and forty 
dollars. 

On the 20th of October, 1697, Governor Nicholson 
issued an order to the sheriff of Baltimore County 
directing him to 

" inquire after one Bartlett, who is represented to be a person lunatic, 
and of no settled persuasion, but hath been signified by one of his Maj- 
esty's honorable council that he batli taken upon him preaching, and 
accordingly is atlmitted publicly to preach in otie of the parish churches 
in said county, and that when the said sheriH' has found out his place of 
residence, he go to the next justice of the peace to where said Bartlett 
lives and inform himself about the truth of tlie premises, and take into 
his custody as well the chief vestrymen where he is admitted as the said 
Kartlctt, and accordingly send them to the port of Annapolis to answer 
the premises before his Excellency in council in order to be dealt with 



Accordingly, on the 21st of November, 1697, 

"came and appeared Maj. James Maxwell, high sheriff of Baltimore 
County, and made his return to a certain order of this board in relation 
to Mr. Bartlett , a dis^tenting minister, and says that he served the order 
upon him, who did promise to come down with him, but hath since con- 
veyed himself privately away, and is not to be found. Mr. Thomas 
Staley (Haley?), the chief vestryman in St. John's parish in that county, 
being brought and examined, does say that the said Bartlett is not al- 
lowed anything out of the 40 lbs. per poll, and that he once shut the 
door agaiust him, for which he has received a great deal of ill will from 
the parishioners. Upon which his Excellency is pleased to say that the 
said Bartlett, not being in orders, he is not suffered to preach in any 
church, but it he has a mind to set up a private congregation he may do 
so, provided he first have leave from the Governor, but not otherwise. 
But if found acting contrary, the said Maj. Maxwell is ordered to take 
him into custody and bring him before his Excellency to answer." 1 

These extracts show that the parish had changed 
its name from Copley to St. John's, that a church had 
been built, that there was no Church of England min- 
ister in the parish, and that the people were anxious 
to attend public worship and hear preaching. When, 
in 1698, the Governor ordered the sheriffs of the sev- 
eral counties to make returns to him " what Catholic 



1 In the famous "Act concerning Religion," passed in 1649, we find 
the names Presbyterian, Independent, Puritan, Lutheran, Calvinist, Ana- 
baptist, Baptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separa- 
tist, etc., included among the terms of reproach which were forbidden to 
be used, from which it would seem that persons of these faiths were 
already in the colony, and no doubt Bartlett was one of these. In a 
letter of Lord Baltimore giving an account of the state of religion in 
the province, dated July 19, 1677, he speaks of dissenting ministers being 
" maintained by a voluntary contribution of those of their own persua- 
sion, as others of the Presbyterians, Independents, Anabaptists, Quakers, 
and Romish Church are." And in speaking of the proiJortions of the 
different sects, he says, "The greatest part of the inhabitants, three of 
four, at least, do consist of Presbyterians, Independents, Anabaptists, and 
Quakers, those of the Church of England, as well as those of the Romish, 
being the lowest." This great numerical proportion, and tlie fact that 
the dissenters, exclusive of the Cathcdics, were able to support their 
churches and ministers, indicates that they must have existed in the 
province from very early times. At this period no dissenting min- 
ister could build a house of worship within half a mile of the established 
church, and disputes about chui-ch matters were generally referred to 
the Bishop of I.ond.Mi for his decision. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, iMARYLAND. 



priests, or dissenting ministers, or places of worship, 
they had in their respective counties," the sheriff of 
Baltimore County returned that there was "neither 
teacher nor preacher, Romish or Quaker, or meeting- 
house, or place of worship, in ye county." In 1708 
the number of Catholics returned for Baltimore 
County was 53, and for the entire province 2974, 
out of a population of about 40,000. At the time | 
of the visitation of Rev. Dr. Bray, in 1700, there j 
was no minister in the parish, and it seems to have j 
remained without one until 1703, when Rev. John 
Edwards officiated in it, as well as in the adjoining 
parish of St. George's. 

In 1724 an act was passed by the General Assem- 
bly for establishing the county-seat at Joppa, on the 
Gunpowder River, in what is now Harford County, 
and in laying out the town an acre of ground was set 
apart for the parish church of St. John's, wliich was 
removed to this place. The church property was part 
of Taylor's Choice, and ran down to an oak on the 
bank of the Gunpowder River, near its mouth, on the 
east side of the easternmost branch of that stream. 
Samuel, son of Nicholas and Elizabeth Day, born 
March 1, 1730, was the first male child born in this 
town, as is shown by the records of the parish. At a 
meeting of the vestry, April fi, 1736, there were pres- 
ent Henry Wetherell, Jacob Bull, Daniel Scott, Lem- 
uel Howard, Archibald Rollo, and Thomas Giddins, 
vestrymen, and William Savory and John Fuller, 
churchwardens, and John Stokes, register. On Ajiril ' 
26th, William Bradford and Walter Tolley were chosen 
in the place of Messrs. Wetherell and Bull, and Messrs. 
John Paca and George Presbury, wardens. In June 
Robert McLeoud was paid two hundred and fifty 
pounds of tobacco for glazing the church windows, 
and Edward Hall four hundred pounds for writing i 
and framing the tables of affinity. On July 6, 1736, I 
the vestry 

"agreed with WiWiam Cook to build in St. Jolin's parish cliurch nine 
large pews on the north side, roncliing from tlie wall to the columns, 
five feet wide, and one smaller one on the same side, and four smaller 
ones on the south side, two of the larger ones to lie on the east side of 
the south door. The front work to be paneled, the height to be the 
same as that of the clerk's pew, the seiits to be thirteen inches wide, 
floors to be of inch pine. Said Cook to find plank, hinges, nails, glue, 
etc., for two thousand pounds of tobact-o, the work to be completed by 
tlie 25th of December." 

Brian Taylor, merchant, was his security. Cook 
subsequently agreed to put buttresses to the church 
for twelve thousand pounds of tobacco. The church 
was of brick, and had been built some years before 
this, for when St. Paul's was to be built in Baltimore 
Town in 1730, it was specified that it should be built 
after the pattern of the church in Joppa. On Dec. 
3, 1739, after traveling about fifteen miles on horse- 
back. Rev. Mr. Whitefield and his companions, who 
had slept the night before near the Susquehanna 
ferry, "baited" at Joppa, where, Mr. Whitefield ] 
writes, he "gave a word of exhortation to about forty 
peo])le in the cbiiroli," and adds, " 'J'liou iniwt ador- 



able Head of the Church, give it thy blessing." On 
May 5, 1747, Walter Tolley agreed with the vestry to 
make forty thousand brick, to be delivered at the 
church, for thirty shillings currency per thousand; 
and James Saye agreed to lay them at eighteen shil- 
lings per thousand. On Aug. 7, 1750, Rev. Hugh 
Deans and Mr. Tolley were authorized to receive sub- 
scriptions for the purpose of building a "chapel of 
ease in the forks of the Gunpowder," and in 1770, 
when St. James' parish was created out of the north- 
western part of St. John's, the chapel of ease was 
made St. James' parish church. This was to take 
effect upon the death of Rev. Mr. Deans, and when 
he died, in 1777, St. James' became a separate and 
independent parish. In 1773 Harford County was 
created out of all that portion of Baltimore County 
lying east of the Little Gunpowder Falls, and a large 
portion of St. John's parish was thus included in that 
county. The incumbents or rectors of St. John's 
parish up to this time were : 

Rev. John Yeo, from about IGSO to 16S6; vacancy from 16S6 to 1703; 
Rev. John Edwards, from 17U3 to 1711; Rev. George Ii-vine, from 
171-2 to 1718; Bev. Thomas Baylye, curate, from 1714 to 1716 ; Rev. 
Evan Evans, D.D., from 1718 to 1721 ; Rev. William Tibbs, from 1721 
to 1724; liev. John Humphreys, from 1724 to 1725 ; Rev. John Hol- 
brook, from 1725 to 1726; Rev. William Cawthorne, from 1720 to 
1738; Rev. Benjamin Bourdilbn, from June 9, 1738, to Sept. 11, 
1738; Rev. Henry Ogle, from Sept. II, 1738, to 1742; Rev. Hugh 
Deems, from September 7, 1742, to 1777; Rev. James Stuart, curate, 
from 1708 to 1771 ; Rev. Charles Woodmason. curate, from 1772 to 
1773 ; Rev. George Hughes Worsley, from March 1, 1779, to 1781 ; 
Rev. James Jones Wilmer, from Jan. 1, 1781, to 1788 ; Bev. Levi 
Heath, from 1788 to 1780 ; Rev. John Coleman, from 17S9 to 1800; 
Rev. John Allen, fiom ISOl to 1801 ; Rev. Jas. Jones Wilmer, from 
ISUl lolSnS; Rev. Julm .Xlk-ii and Ri-v. J.ihn Cb-uian, officiating 
oc.■i.^i"lKllI^ fi. ,H !-■: I-1-H-. ];,, ,:, „^, p .^ II ,.,.;>. from 1808 
to 1^1 l: I ' , 11 I: . .Matthew 

Join,-. I. .., I-:. , I : l: ' .• i: !•, ■ i, :-l • lo 1802 ; 

Rev. \\ ,lli,.iii >liiipli>, ,-. .111.^ (t..iii I- .7 1 . I- •■ -in, ,■ tlie death 
of Mr. K«cb the retlu.s liaM- l...-en 3hv-sis Jolin>,,ii, Julius Da- 
shiell, Hcnly Wroth, and Barrows. 

The vestrymen and church wardens of old St. 
John's parish from 1693 to 1797 have been as fol- 
lows : 

1693.— VcstrviiMii, Tlmnia* Stal.y, Muses Groom, Thomas Hodge, 

Thonii.. I'l .1 11 l:i 111 I A ,.111,. I i.nronce Richardson. 

1695.— V.-i I ~ 1 I't. Tlnmias Preston, Richard 

AdiiMi. -1 , , - n - ,11, Abraham Taylor. 

1730.- Vi -1, , , II » 1 ,, .1. H"ll, Himiel Scott, Lemuel 

Honin \i 111. 1 , "1 - 1 I. urcli Wardens, Wil- 



I the 



d Robertson, John Paca, George Pres- 
.ard, and Daniel Scott; Church War- 



Miiil 



-, May 

Gnulinwder, i-ice Thomac 

Joseph IHon-is. 
9, April 23.— Vestrymen, 

forrl, Walter Tolley .1 



men, Thomas Franklin and Benjamin Jones, of 
rhumas Giltings; Church Wardens, Wm. Wright, 



, William Savory, viee W. Bmd- 



■ Garrettson were unirried Dec. 27, 17:J.i, and 

Klizabeth, born Nov. 16, 1736; Thomas, 

1 1 1, 1741 ; Mary, born March 21, 1740 (she 

M, .Ian. 17, 1759); Sophia, born March 3, 

ili.d July HI, 17-19, and he married Martha 




THOMAS GOKSUCH. 



ELEVENTH DISTKICT. 



1740, April 7.— Vestrymen, George Presliury, John Paca, Itichard Kobin- 
8on, lice liichard Caswell, Darby Heniby, and Benjamin Morris; 
Cliurcb Wardens, Edward Day and William Dallam. Kit-hard Cos- 
well, on Ang. Ist, resigned as vestryman, and John Taylor was 
elected in his place. 

1711, niarch :iO. — Vestrymen, George Crown, Richard Dallam, vice 
Til. . mas Trankliu, and . . . ; Church Wardens, Thomas Gittings, 
Jani.-.s Maxwell. 

1742, Apiil C— Vestrymen, William Young, James Maxwell, nice Wil- 
liam Standiford, and William Savory ; Church Wardens, Thomas 
Gassoway, William Bond. 

1743, April 4.— Vesti7men, Luke Wiley, Daniel Macomers, vice Ilenily 
and Lloyd; Church Wardens, Walter ToUey and Edward Day. 
Joshua Harkey was chosen in the place of Day on April 16th. 

1744, March 26.— Vestrymen, Walter Tulley, Thomas Gittings, vice 
George Brown, and Benjamin Norris; Cliurch Wardens, Edward 
Norris and Nicholas Kuxton Gay. 

1745, April 1."..— Ve-itrymen, N. B. Gay, George Presbnry, James Scott, 
viir- William Young, James Maxwell, and William Dallam ; Cliurch 
Wiinl.ii.s, Er.di E.ickson, John Chamberlain. 

174i;, ■11,11 li .1 V. imacn, John Chamberlain and B. Ericksoli, nice 
I>" '■' ■' I I.uke Wiley; Church Wardens, Vincent Dor- 

1717, \jiil J' \iM \[iiL-ii, John Day, of Edward, John Hammond 
Dorsey, lleatli.-.iat Picket, vice Thomas Gittings, Walter Tolley, 
James Scott; Church Wardens, John Holt and John Starkey. 

1748, April 11.— Vestrymen, Tliomas Gittings, John Paca, William Dal- 
lam, (iif N. K. liny, George Presbury, J. H. Dorsey ; Church War- 
.1.11- \ l: ...N .1 I William Young. 

174!', ^l.i \ ' win'ii, Alexander Lawson, William Savory, nice 

■ I- ,,iiii , i I i:. Erickson ; Church Wardens, EoderickClieyne, 

liuh.ii.; Wjliu.iU,. Lawson declined vestryman, and Walter Tolley 

1760, June 4.— Vestrymen, Kichard Wilmott, George Presbury, Dice 
Heal hcoat Picket, and . . . .; Church Wardens, Daniel Maccomar, 
of William, and Samuel Smith. 

1751, Easter-Monday. — Vestrymen, Roger Boyce, Benjamin Norris, John 
Day, of Edward, rice Tliomas Gittings, John Paca, and William Dal- 
lam ; Church Wardens, Godfrey Walters, William Davis. 

1752, Jlarch 30.— Vestrymen, Godfrey Waters, Thomas Bayley, James 
Ci.Moll, lice William Savory, etc. 

1753, Aiiiil 23.— Vestrymen, John Paca, John Chamberlain, Thomas 
W;iltli;iiii, rue Walter Tolley, George Presbury, Richard Wilmott; 
' ' '. w ,.i.l, ii. ,ImIiii Howard, George Simmons. 

17.'.4. 1:1 I M.I I i \ .stiymen. Col. William Young, John Howard, 

ui. 1 11... I. I >.,..• R. Boyce, J. Day, of Edward, and Benjamin 

,N..iii-; 1 li.iiili W .11 dens, K. Cheyne, Thomas Gittings. 

17.55, Easter-Jlonday. — Vestrymen, Robert Adair, rice S. Wattera, de- 
ceased; Church Wardens, Beale Bordley, Charles Christie. 

1756, April 19.— Vestrymen, Beale Bordley, Charles Christie, John Merry- 
man, ni.c Messrs. Pacii, Chamberlain, and Waltham; Church War- 
dens, William Scott and Jacob Johns. 

1767, Easter-Munday.— Vestrymen, Benjamin Norris, John Day, of Ed- 
wai.l. J.'S('|.b (■r.>..U, rt>_'i' 51cs8rs. Young, Howard, and James; 
!■ li M,.i.l. I, I -It Bishop. 

175,^.11. \ I . III...M, Robert Bishop, Dixon Stansbury, nice R. 

.\ , I V. I-; Church Warden, Thomas Meredith. 

1750, ,\(iil 1'. ill .11, i.. Eranklin, David McCullough, William Debru- 
ton, lice Boi dlej, etc. ; Church Wardens, B. Day and James Gittings. 

1760, April 7. — Vesti-ynien, George Presbnry, John Chamberlain, vice 
Messrs. Norris and Gay; Church Wardens, G. Presbury, Israel Git- 
tings. 

1761, March.— Vestrymen, Walter Tolley, George Ball, uiVe E. Bishop, 
etc.; Church Warden, Jamca Ristou. 

1762, April 12.— Vestrymen, James Gittings, J, Preston, J. G. Howard, j 
J. n. Dorsey, rice Messrs. Franklin, McCulloch, Debrnler; Church , 
Wardens, George Presbury, Michael Daskin. [ 

1763, April 4.— Vestrymen, Benjamin Ricketts, Nathan Nicholson, As- 
aliel Gitliiigs, rice Johu Chamberlain, G. Presbury; Church War- 
dens, Joseph Lewis, Archibald Buchanan. 

1764, April 23.— Vestrymen, William Bradford, rice W. Tolley; Church 
Wardeus, R. Boyce, John Beale Howard. 

1765, April 8.— Vestrymen, W. Young, W. Tolley, J. B. Howard, vice J. 
Gittings, J. G. Howard, J. H. Dorsey; Church Warden, E. Boyce. j 

1766, Marcli 31. — Vestrymen, Thomas Gassoway Howard, George G. Pres- ' 
bury, Robertson Presbury, rice Messrs. Nicholson, Picket, and Git- I 
tings; Church Wardens, E. Boyce, R. Bishop. 



urn, .Tames Gittings, G. Goldsmith, rice Bradford ; 
I'Miy Gassoway, E. Boyce. Henry Gassoway re- 
I w .liter Tolley, Jr., was appointed. 

lohn Day, Ashel Gittings, S. Young, Zachens 

i.klin ; Church Wardens, John Wattors, Thomas 



Talb. 



1769, April 18.— Vestrymen, W. Tolley, J.B. Howard, .John Walters, rice 
A. Gittings, G. G. Presbnry, W. R. Presbury; Church Wardens, 
Thomas Talbot, John Brown. 

1771, April 1.— Vestrymen, Col. William Young, T. Talbot, Benjamin 
Rumsoy ; Church Wardens, Thomas Franklin, Johu Howard. 

1772, Easter-Monday. — Vestrymen, Tliomas Franklin, J. Howard, Ed- 
ward Day, S. Young, J. B. Howard ; Church Wardens, Robert Bishop, 
Kzekiel Bosley. 

1773, April 12.— Vestrymen, B. Eumsey, Alexander Cowan, rue Messrs. 



Young and Talbot ; Chu 
1775, April.— Vestrymen, r.,, 

Howard, J. B.Howar.i , . 
1779, June 7.— Vestrymen, . 

B. Il..wni.l, Tli.,uui- II 



118, R. Bishop, Josias Slade. 

^, li. iij, Kogers, Benj. Boyce, J. 

1;. Bishop, John Stewart.i 

I : y, Benjamin Eumsey, J. 

1 /.. t.. Onion, Col. Alexander 

•'..".11,- .1 I r.i.;,! . . I,.... h Wardens, John Day, of Edward, 

' .| . ' 'ii.iy, resisterand clerk. ' 

17.-iii, M , . I:.iiiisey, Col. Cowan, John Day, J. B. 

lb., .Mi, 1 .. II v,,.. ;, ,1,1, liittings, Zachariah Onion; Church 
Wardeus, Samuel 1.;. Usbi.iiic, James Maxwell. Messrs. Osborne 
and Maxwell declined taking the oaths of fidelity, etc., to the new 
State government. 
1781, April 1 6.— Vestrymen, B. Eumsey. J. B, Howard, A. Cowan, T. G. 

Howard, Z. Onion, S. G. Osborne, and Maj. Taylor. 
1797. — Vestrymeu, Johu Rumsey, Benjamiu Rnmsey, John G. Day, Jere- 
miah Foard, Ananias Divers. 

The present St. John's P. E. Church at Kingsville 
was built in 1817 by Edward Day at his own expense, 
and was dedicated on July 17th of that year by 
Bishop Kemp. It was intended to replace the old 
St. John's church at Joppa, which about that time 
had fallen into decay, having, as we have .seen, stood 
for more than a hundred years. The pastors have 
been as above stated. 

Cub Hill— The post-office and village of Cub Hill 
is on the Harford turnpike, ten miles out of Balti- 
more, and has a population of 150. In the vicinity 
are copper-ore laanks, from which large quantities 
have been taken to the smelting-works on the Gun- 
powder River, which are not now in operation. 

Thomas Gorsuch, the son of Charles Gorsuch and 
Lydia (Bosley) Gorsuch, was born in Baltimore 
County, on the farm now owned by his son, Thomas 
B. Gorsuch, in 1782, and died on the 14th of Decem- 
ber, 1864, in tlie eighty-secoud year of his age. His 
father, Charles Gorsuch, was among the earliest settlers 
in the neighborhood, and was a descendant of the 
Charles Gorsuch who in 1661 patented fifty acres oi 
land ou Whetstone Point, the present site of Fort 
McHenry. Charles Gorsuch, the father of Thomas 



Isaac Risteau married I: 
following children : Sara!., 
1760; Mary, born Oct. 27, 
Talbot, b..rii X.iv. II, 17,'.l; 



, ^.ln of , 



Hlanch Ha 



J., III! ', , - : ill Coreuch, July 20, 1758. 

Viiclii 1 \\. iiliiii.;! .1 ill irried Priscella Bond, Nov. 17, 1757. 

Auquila Johns niariicd Hannah Bond, Jan. 27, 1757. 

Talbot Risteau married Mary Stokes, June 20, 1745. 

John Beall Howard, county clerk. May, 177G. 

Elchard Colgate, Jr, daughter married Dr. John Dale, April, 1767. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



Gorsuch, had seven children, — four sons and three 
daughters,— Joshua, Joseph, Charles, and Thomas, 
and Sarah, Hannah, Malinda, and Rachel. 

Thomas Gorsuch, the subject of this memoir, mar- 
ried Hannah Juliet Onion, daughter of William 
Francis Heath Onion and Elizabeth Day, and grand- 
daughter of Edward and Rebecca Young, all of them 
being families of note and prominence in county his- 
tory. The Onions were connected with some of the 
earliest and most important industrial enterprises of j 
the province, Stephen Onion, a practical iron-master, • 
being the first representative of the Principio Iron 
Company in America. In the course of time he 
severed his connection with this company and built 
works of his own at the head of Gunpowder River, 
about a mile from Joppa, then one of the principal 
towns of Maryland. After his death his son Zaccheus, 
in 1769, offered the property for sale, which then con- 
sisted of two forges with four fires and two hammers, 
a furnace in good repair, grist and saw-mills, and be- 
tween eight and nine thousand acres of land, abound- 
ing in rich deposits of iron ore. Zaccheus, who was 
probably the first of the family in this neighborhood, 
was one of the wealthiest men in the county, and lived 
in great style. The old homestead was known as 
" Onion's Inheritance." 

William Francis Heath Onion had six children,— 
Rebecca, who married John C. Waters; John W., 
who married May Baker; Lloyd, who married Eliza- 
beth Rouse ; Agnes Maria, wJio was married twice, 
first to Alexander Anderson Kennard, and after his 
death to Edward Cowling ; Beale Howard, who was 
never married ; and Hannah Juliet, who, as has been 
said, married Thomas Gorsuch. Six children were 
born of this union, five sons and one daughter. The 
daughter Elizabeth and three sons, Thomas B., Edwin 
A., and Joseph H. Gorsuch, are still living. Joseph 
H. Gorsuch married Maggie E. Quinlan, and has five 
children, four sons and one daughter; Edwin A. Gor- 
such married Catherine S. Ashbridge, and has one 
daughter; Elizabeth Gorsuch married George W. Lee, 
and has two daughters and a son ; and the remaining 
son, Thomas B. Gorsuch, has never married. 

Hannah Juliet, wife of Thomas Gorsuch, died Aug. 
15, 1861, in the fifty-fourth year of her age. Sarah 
Gorsuch, the sister of Thomas, and the wife cf John 
Riddle, died Aug. 3, 1877, in her eighty-ninth year. 
Her husband died May 27, 1850, aged sixty-five years. 

The Gorsuch family have occupied a prominent po- 
sition in county history from the earliest period, and 
have always been closely identified with the best 
interests of the county. Its representatives have for 
the most part devoted themselves to agriculture, and 
Thomas B. and Edwin A. Gorsuch are the owners of 
fine and well-cultivated farms, which formed a part of 
the original tnut |i;ilriitiil by their ancestors soon 
after the settleiiiiiii ..| ilu picvince.. 

The old Forks MciIi.mH-i F.piscopal meeting-house, 
which was built more than a century ago, and which 



takes its name from its situation at the forks of the 
Manor and Joppa road, was erected chiefly by the 
Gorsuch family, who gave the ground upon which it 
stands, and to which the descendants have made sev- 
eral additional donations of land. 

Among those who are buried in the graveyard 
of the old meeting-house are John Proctor, died 
May 27, 1872, aged seventy-five years ; Jos. Clayton, 
born March 1, 1778, died Feb. 9, 1854, aged seventy- 
five years ; Sarah Clayton, died Oct. 31, 1868, aged 
eighty-five; Wm. Dampman, born Jan. 20, 1812, died 
Sept. 22, 1876 ; Thomas Foard, born March 22, 1789, 
died Oct. 21, 1863 ; May Foard, born June 16, 1795, 
died April 9, 1869 ; Sylvester Foard, born March 11, 
1817, died Feb. 26, 1877 ; John Watkins, born Feb. 
26, 1803, died May 5, 1878; Jacob Stover, born Sept. 
8, 1797, died Aug. 25, 1868; Henry Guyton, died 
Nov. 14, 1877, in his eighty-eighth year; John Bond, 
born Feb. 12, 1812, died Feb. 9, 1872; Edward C. 
Hall, died Feb. 19, 1859, in liis sixty -second year; 
Eliza, wife of Edward C. Hall, died April 10, 1869, 
in her sixty-seventh year; Dr. George W. Wilson, 
died Jan. 18, 1854, aged forty-one; Robert Lyon 
Hall, born Dec. 12, 1781, died March 24, 1847 ; Ish- 
mael Day, born March 20, 1792, died Dec. 27, 1873, 
in his eighty-second year; Charles Francis, born 
May 13, 1782, died Oct. 20, 1855, aged seventy-three; 
Wm. Ford, died April 6, 1876, aged fifty-nine years ; 
John W. Clayton, born Jan. 8, 1799, died Jan. 26, 
1872; John Wells, died March 30, 1803, aged forty- 
nine years; Thomas S. Clayton, born Sept. 25, 1806, 
died March 5, 1873 ; James McClure, born March 
10, 1798, died Jan. 30, 1839, in his forty-second year. 
Little Gunpowder. — On the Little Gunpowder 
Falls, five miles above the railroad station at Mag- 
nolia, is the village and post-office of Little Gunpow- 
der, which has a population of 250. The Philadelphia 
turnpike crosses the Little Gunpowder at this point. 

Upper Falls. — This village is within a mile of the 
Little Gunpowder Falls, and has a population of 100. 
SalemMethodistEpiscopal church and Asbury church, 
of the same denomination, are in the vicinity. 

One of the first settlements in Baltimore County, 
and perhaps the earliest in the Eleventh District, 
was made by Edward Swanson, Sept. 23, 1665, be- 
tween the Great and Little Gunpowder Rivers, and 
only a few hundred yards from where these streams 
unite to form the Gunpowder River proper. The 
present owner of the property is Col. B. F. Taylor, 
who was born in Baltimore City, educated at St.Tim- 

' othy's Hall, Catonsville, and was a gallant Federal 
soldier in the civil war. He went in as an enlisted 
man, and rose to the rank of colonel of the Second 

I Maryland Regiment of Veteran Volunteers, having 

I been breveted for conspicuous gallantry in the as- 
sault upon Petersburg, April 2, 1865. At the time of 

j thesurrenderatAppomattox he commanded abrigade, 
composed of his own regiment, the Sixth New Hamp- 
shire, and the Eleventh New Hampshire, attached to 



ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 



the Second Division of the Ninth Corps. After the j 
battle of Sailor's Creek, Col. Taylor was put in 
charge of and conducted to the rear seven thousand 
Confederate prisoners, among whom were Gens. Ewell, 
Kershaw, Corse, Du Boise, and Eppa Hunton, and i 
Admiral Tucker. ] 

The present Taylor estate is the result of various 
accretions, and comprises four hundred and seventy- 
five acres of the finest land in Maryland. Col. Taylor's 
grandfather was an Irishman, who emigrated to 
America before the Eevolutionary war, and had a 
son named Robert Taylor, who bequeathed to his son 
the manorial estate here alluded to. Fifteen acres of 
it, known as " Simms' Choice," were purchased in 
1673, and on March 4, 1713, there was bought an 
addition of one hundred and ninety-two acres, called 
" Pimlico," in the forks of the Gunpowder. The next 
imrchase was " Onion's Inheritance," a tract which 
had been patented to Stephen Onion, July 27, 1746, 
and which was bounded by the surveys of " Expecta- 
tion," " Richardson's Reserve," " Fortune," " Win- 
ley's Forest," "Pimlico," "Good Endeavor," "Fell's 
Swampy Moor," "Worth," and " Sicklemore Dock." 
The fourth purchase was " Pardoner's Discovery," 
which had belonged to Ananias Divers. The fifth 
purchase was "Federal Meadow," surveyed Nov. 21, 
1800, and afterwards the property of Charles Crook, 
who had a mill on it, built many years before, and 
known as Crook's Mill. The sixth purchase was 
" Divers' Island," also once owned by the Ananias 
Divers aforesaid. It once embraced but thirteen acres, 
and was on the east side of the Great Gunpowder, but 
the course of the stream has been so deflected that it 
is now on the west side, and by alluvial deposits has 
been swollen to twenty-six acres. On Sept. 19, 1839, 
Robert Taylor bought the entirety of all these tracts 
except " Onion's Inheritance," which comprised eight 
hundred and forty-nine acres, and of which he only 
got a part, of Otho Scott, trustee of the estate of John 
Buck. In 1844 he added the " Peru Mills" property 
of forty acres, and gave the whole estate the name of 
" Mount Peru." Upon it there is a massive stone 
mansion built in 1772. Col. Taylor resides in an 
elegant country-house near the old mansion, and from 
his door can be obtained a land and water view com- 
prising the upper Chesapeake Bay, the majestic Gun- 
powder River, the shores of Cecil, Queen Anne's, and 
Kent County across the bay, and nearer at hand the 
picturesque region of the Gunpowder, Bush, and Bird 
Rivers. Almost within view is the location on Bush 
River where the first county-seat of Baltimore County 
was established, and close by is " Foster's Neck," 
which was proposed as the second site for the county- 
seat. In plain sight, only a mile away, is Joppa, the 
third county-seat, once a shipping port, whose name 
was known to every London merchant and trader 
before Baltimore Town was even so much as thought 
of. Just here, almost at the feet of the spectators of 
this broad and imperial panorama, is the channel 



where the adventurous Capt. John Smith sailed in 
1608, " in our barge about two tons, and had in it 
but twelve men to perform this discovery." 

Joppa, on the east side of the Gunpowder River, 
about a mile north of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad bridge, in what is now Har- 
ford County, was the county-seat of Baltimore County 
from 1724 to 1768. In those days it was a flourishing 
town and the principal exporting point in the prov- 
ince of Maryland. But its glory departed when the 
county-seat was removed to Baltimore Town in 1768, 
and now its site is marked by but one house, which 
was built of English brick in 1770. In the fields are 
certain depressions which indicate where cellars have 
once been, and these and a few fragments of chimneys 
tell of what were once the lines of the streets. From 
the brier-grown and neglected cemetery some scraps 
of the history of the decayed town may be gathered. 
But one gravestone remains of the many that were 
erected in the last century, and the inscription upon 
it reads : " To the memory of David McCulloch, mer- 
chant in Joppa, who died the 17th day of September, 
1766, aged forty-eight years." This stone is four 
inches thick, four feet wide, and five feet high, and it 
is in as good condition and its lettering is as legible 
as when it was put up, one hundred and fifteen years 
ago. There are near it four other tombs of later date, 
—one of Charles J. Bullis, who died Jan. 17, 1850, 
aged thirty-five years ; one of Ephialet Norris, who 
died Nov. 10, 1821, aged sixty-orie years, nine months, 
and seventeen days ; one of George R. Norris, who 
died in 1822, aged twenty-three; and one to the mem- 
ory of a gentleman's wife, who died in Chicago in 
1849. Very curiously, no name is inscribed on this 
stone. 

What was once the site of Joppa is now the farm 
of James Murray, a native of Scotland and a de- 
scendant of the clan MacGregor. In his orchard are 
the cellars and foundations of the ancient court-house, 
St. John's church, the jails, taverns, and stores. A 
few yards away is the spot where stood the gallows- 
tree, the whipping-post, and the stocks. Along the 
shores of the Gunpowder are seen to this day 
huge piles of stone, all that remain of the substruc- 
tures of the wharves and warehouses of the olden 
time. W. Y. Day and John Beall Rumsey, whose 
ancestors were among the merchant princes of Joppa 
when it was in the height of its glory, are present 
residents of the neighborhood. 

"Foster's Neck," or " Foster's Hill," as it is now 
called, a property owned by Hon. John Carroll 
Walsh, was at one time determined upon as the 
county-seat of Baltimore County, but the law was re- 
pealed the year after it was enacted, and the location 
changed to Joppa. The two places are opposite each 
other, and are only separated by Foster's Creek. The 
reasons for the change were that the harbor of Joppa 
was the better of the two, and was more accessible to 
the country people, who were obliged to ride around 



HISTOllY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUiNTY, MARYLAND. 



the head-waters of the creek to reach Foster's Neck. 
In the fall of 1781, Lafayette's army encamped on 
Foster's Neck while on its way south to Yorktown. 

During the Revolution one of the largest land- 
holders in this region was John Paul, the Tory. 
When the British naval forces sailed up the Chesa- 
peake to the Gunpowder, he and a man named Pick- j 
ett piloted them to the mills, where they took several 
scow-loads of flour and floated them out to the ves- \ 
sels in the bay. Shortly afterwards Lafayette's forces , 
occupied the country, and the two Tories were seized 
and condemned to death for giving aid and comfort 
to the enemy. The night before they were to be ex- 
ecuted John Paul asked the guard if he might be 
allowed to smoke. The guard consented, and par- 
tially freed Paul's hands, whereupon the latter burst 
his bonds, and in the darkness, aided by a thorough 
knowledge of the country, he managed, to make his 
escape. Pickett was hanged the next morning on 
the gallows-tree at Joppa, which stood very near the j 
present gate of Mr. Murray's farm. The popular i 
indignation against Paul was so strong on account of 
his Toryism that he was obliged to lie concealed in I 
a cave, which bears his name to this day, and in a 
few years death came to his relief. To save his large 
estates from the confiscation which was decreed for 
the property of all Tories he assigned them to a 
trustee, and in some unknown manner they were lost 
to him and to his heirs. 

Robert Taylor, who consolidated the Mount Peru 
property, was born in 1780, and died in 1869. He 
served in the army during the war of 1812, and was 
one of the defenders of Fort McHenry. While the 
British fleet was in the upper Chesapeake he ob- i 
tained leave of absence to go to Spesutia Island, ! 
where he had some valuable fishing apparatus that 
he wished to secrete in a place of safety. After hiding 
away his boats and nets he was seen and chased by a 
fbraging-party of British. They captured an old 
negro slave belonging to Gen. Smith, who was the 
only other person on the island, and frightened him i 
into disclosing where Gen. Smith's cattle were hid in j 
the swamps. They then turned their attention to j 
this plunder, and Mr. Taylor was suffered to ascape. 

The first gift for a public school in Baltimore 
County was made in this district. In 1725, Thomas 
Tolley conveyed to a trustee one hundred acres of i 
land, to be held in trust for free school purposes. 
Under the provisions of the deed a school-house was 
erected in 1790 on the old post road, on a site now 
owned by James Hawkins. The present trustee of 
the fund is the venerable Dr. W. T. AJlender, who 
sold the land, and from its jjroceeds built two school- 
houses, one for white and one for colored children, 
and had a remainder left to be applied to the salaries 
of teachers. Dr. Allender lives at "Mount Ararat," 
a pleasant estate overlooking the Gunpowder and the 
Chesapeake. It came into his possession through his 
ancestors of the Tolley family. 



In 1823 the United States mail between Baltimore 
and Philadelphia was robbed in this vicinity, on the 
Longchamps road. The road, or at least its name, 
has disappeared, but it appears to have been con- 
structed by Gen. Lafayette when he made his hasty 
march to Yorktown in 1781, in order to avoid the 
mile of ferriage across the Gunpowder River at 
Joppa, where the old turnpike crossed. The Long- 
champs road crossed both the Great and Little Gun- 
powder Rivers at fords. It left the turnpike at a 
point in Harford County near where the road from 
Magnolia to Fallston crosses the present Philadelphia 
turnpike, and after crossing the rivers it joined the 
old road again about the head of Bird River. On 
account of leading to the fords it was used for many 
years, but was abandoned when the streams were 
bridged, and its line is now difficult to trace. It was 
on this road that three robbers stopped the stage, and 
although the driver or^guard made a brave defense 
against them with his blunderbuss, they overpowered 
him and rifled the mail-sacks. The next morning 
Mr. Stokes, the contractor for carrying the mail, came 
up to investigate affairs, and suspicion fell upon a 
man named More, who lived in the neighborhood, 
and was found in bed at home, feigning to be suffer- 
ing from sickness. He was compelled to submit to 
an examination by Dr. Gittings, who is still living at 
a venerable age, and he was discovered to be badly 
wounded in the breast by the shot from the guard's • 
blunderbuss. He then confessed his participation in 
the crime, implicating two other men named Ward 
and Emmenizer. Ward was found to be wounded in 
the hand, and the whole party were sentenced to the 
penitentiary for a long term of years. A record of 
the robbery was cut upon a beech-tree on the side of 
the road, and some of the old inhabitants have a very 
distinct remembrance of it. 

On the old post-road, near the head of Bird River, 
are the ruins of the Red Lion Tavern, a famous hos- 
telry of yore, and which was probably in its day the 
largest and best appointed in M;iryland. It was a 
large building, constructed of stone and brick. In 
the centre, under the second story, a spacious archway 
broke the wall, allowing the passage of wagons to the 
stables beyond. It was a counterpart of many of the 
English inns of the seventeenth century. Tradition 
says that it was once kept by " the celebrated Moll 
Roe," but time has left no record of what she was 
celebrated for. 

Jericho, on the Little Gunpowder Falls, was founded 
by the Tyson family after the Revolutionary war, and 
in their store was once employed as clerk young 
Moses Shepherd, who became a millionaire and left 
his wealth to the Shepherd Asylum, now building 
near Baltimore City. He at one time ovv-ned an estate 
near Mount Peru, which had been settled by Stephen 
and Ormon Russell in November, 1745. On this 
property there stood, nearly a century ago, a furnace 
and forge and pnddling-mill, whose ruins and foun- 




^(yy/in<:L cJeAA^x. 



ELEVENTH DISTIUUT. 



925 



dations are still perceptible. About 1825 a Mr. Mc- 
Blair established a cotton-factory at Jericho, which 
was rented to a Baltimore company and was destroyed 
by fire. Hugh Simms then rebuilt the factory, but no 
new machinery was ever placed in it. 

About 1810 a Mr. Willi.s taught school in a log house 
on Edward Howard's land near Bird Kiver. Ridgely's 
first furnace was on Whitemarsh Run, about where 
William Gambrill now resides, but it was perma- 
nently out of blast prior to 1815. The British en- 
camped here when marching down the old post road 
in pursuit of Lafayette. The malarial fever was very 
prevalent in their army, and mounds marking the 
graves of the men who fell victims to it may still be 
seen near the old furnace. In those days Bird River 
was navigable much higher up than it is now, and ' 
vessels ascended it to the Tolley farm, where the iron I 
from the furnace was hauled across, and for this 
privilege one hundred dollars per year was paid to 
the Tolleys. Ridgely's second furnace was on the 
Great Gunpowder, and was operated by Robert 
Howard, who built a frame church and dedicated it 
to the free religious worship of all denominations. I 
The foundations and walls of the furnace and rolling- j 
mill are as sound as ever, and only the roofing has I 
fallen in. This property, embracing eleven hundred ; 
and eighty-four acres, was purchased by the city of : 
Baltimore as part of the permanent water-supply, but 
not being needed it was sold again, and bought by 
Levi Furstenburg, who has repaired the Howard free 
church and offered it to the public. The fine bridge 
over the Great Gunpowder at this point was built by 
the county, but was turned over to the Philadelphia 
Turnpike Companj', whose pike crosses by it. 

Joshua Jessop was born in Baltimore County, June 
4, 1806, and died Aug. 25, 1869. His father was 
Charles Jessop, who was a native of the same county, 
and died in 1828, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. 
His mother's maiden name was Mary Gorsuch ; she 
was also born in Baltimore County, and died in 
1830, at the age of sixty-five. He married Ann C. 
Price, who was born April 25, 1806, and died March 
1!), 1878. Their children were Charles M., who mar- 
ried EmmaM. Booth ; Amanda C, married to Henry 
Marshall; Edwin, married to Susan Haile; George 
W., married to Elizabeth H. Haile ; and Cecelia P., 
married to Charles W. Johnson. 

Whittaker's Furnace was built about 1810 as a 
spade-factory, and was subsequently purchased by 
Horace Abbott, who converted it into a forge for 
making shafts for steam-vessels. Frank Whitaker 
owned it afterwards, but it has been abandoned for 
many years. 

The Joppa Iron-Works were on the Great Gun- 
powder, not quite a mile from its embouchure, and 
near Divers' Island. They were operated up to the 
commencement of the civil war, and their product 
was well known in all the markets. They consisted 
of a large rolling-mill, nail-works, and forges. First- 



class vessels came up the river to the island, and 
the embankments for the wharves are still visible. 
Where the main channel of the Gunpowder once was, 
and where sea-going ships rode at anchor, is now a 
corn-field on the Mount Peru estate. One rolling- 
mill, an immense stone structure, abandoned more 
than twenty years ago, still stands, and is almost 
covered by the rank luxuriance of the Virginia 
creeper. The works were owned and operated by that 
Patterson family of which Madame Elizabeth Patter- 
son Bonaparte was a member, who sold the whole 
tract of one hundred and thirty-four acres, known as 
" Bald Hill," to the city of Baltimore for water privi- 
leges for twenty thousand dollars. The city resold it, 
and it is now the property of Levi Furstenburg. 

The old roads accommodated the whole volume of 
travel between the North and South before the days 
of railroads and steamboats. The Philadelphia turn- 
pike crosses the Great Gunpowder at the site ot 
Ridgely's second furnace, and crosses the Little Gun- 
powder at the Old Mill, now Dieter's property. Long- 
champs, or the Lafayette road, has already been 
spoken of in connection with the mail robbery upon 
it in 1823. Then there was the old post road that 
left the Philadelphia pike at J. Smith's, crossed the 
Great Gunpowder at Joppa Iron-Works, and running 
nearly parallel with the Longchamps road, met the 
pike again on the Little Gunpowder. There was also 
a post road from Joppa by way of " Taylor's Mount," 
the farm of W. Y. Day intersecting the other post 
road at R. Smith's place, then passing Ridgely's first 
furnace, and reaching the Philadelphia pike at J. 
Smith's. This was the first road built, but on account 
of the ferry across the Gunpowder from Joppa to 
" Taylor's Mount," where the river is a mile wide, the 
other road was built. 

Along the Gunpowder River are found many relics 
of the Indians, who had favorite camping, hunting, 
and fishing-grounds on its banks. 

At the point where the Harford turnpike crosses the 
Little Gunpowder Falls, sixteen miles from Baltimore, 
is the thriving village of Reckordville, built up by 
the energy and enterprise of Henry Reckord, and 
named in his honor. He was born May 20, 1825, in 
South Paris, Me., and was the son of John and El- 
mira Perry Reckord. The family removed to Boston 
when he was a child, and he was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of that city. At twenty years of age he 
went to Eastport, Me., and is said to have opened the 
first nail-factory in that State. In 1847 he moved to 
Richmond, and for nearly fourteen years was engaged 
in the works of the Belle Isle Iron Company. In the 
fall of 1860 he came to Baltimore County and pur- 
chased the grist and saw-mills of Wells Clayton, on 
the Little Gunpowder, where the town of Reckordville 
now is. He erected new and larger mills, and during 
the war took up the production of sorghum. For 
four years he manufactured of sorghum an average 
of one hundred and forty gallons daily. In 1867 he 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



established a large mill for the manufacture of ground 
bone and fertilizers, and now has a branch mill at 
Belair, Harford County. The yield of these two fac- 
tories is about fourteen hundred tons annually, al- 
though when Mr. Reckord began the business he 
turned out only a ton and a half for every working- 
day. In addition to the mills, he established a gen- 
eral merchandise store and a blacksmith and wheel- 
wright-shop, the largest on the Harford turnpike. 
He was married April 8, 1852, in Virginia, to Julia 
A., daughter of Benjamin and Hannah Cooper Lu- 
kens, of an old Maryland fiimily. Of their nine 
children, Hannah, Elmira, and Edward L. are de- 
ceased. John Henry Reckord, the eldest son, was 
born June 7, 1854, and was married June 20, 1877, to 
Lydia A., daughter of George H. and Mary Zimmer- 
man, of Baltimore City, by whom he has two chil- 
dren, Henry Herman and Milton Atchison. He is 
proprietor of the extensive store at Reckordville and 
postmaster of the village, and is engaged in the sale 
of all kinds of agricultural machinery and engines. 
The Reckords have had the enterprise to erect a tele- 
phone line between their Belair and Reckordville es- 
tablishments, five and a half miles distant from each 
other. Henry Reckord's other children are Walter 
P., born July 12,1857; William H., May 2], 1861 ; 
David Burnett, Nov. 11, 1867 ; Milton H., July 25, 
1870; and Julia A., April 25, 1873. Mr. Reckord 
and his son employ an average force in their varied 
industries of forty men and over fifty horses. They 
have earned success by perseverance and integrity, 
and have increased the value of property in and 
around the town which Henry Reckord founded. 
They are zealous members of the Church of the Dis- 
ciples. 



CHAPTER LVIII. 

TWELFTH DISTRICT. 

This is the principal district of Baltimore County 
in size and the second in population. It covers an 
area of 85.72 square miles, and has 10,286 inhabitants. 
The number in 1870 was 8663. It is bounded on the 
north by the Eleventh District, on the east by Gun- 
powder River and the Chesapeake Bay, on the south 
by the Patapsco River, and on the west by Baltimore 
City and the Ninth District. The Philadelphia, 
Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad crosses the dis- 
trict for 19 miles. The Belair turnpike and the Phila- 
delphia turnpike go through it in a northeasterly di- 
rection. The east side of the Harford turnpike is its 
northwestern border, and for a distance of five miles 
out of the city is very thickly settled. Each side of 
the Belair turnpike is almost densely populated, and 
houses are close together on the Philadelphia road as 
far out as Herring Run. Clifton, the grand estate of 
the late Johns Hopkins, which he bequeathed to the 



Hopkins University, is on the east side of the Har; 
ford road, and adjacent to it is Lake Clifton, one of 
the huge reservoirs for the permanent water-supply 
of Baltimore City. Farther out on these roads are 
many pleasant farms and country residences. The 
quality of the soil is such as to especially favor the 
cultivation of vegetables and, in a lesser degree, of 
fruits. The lands stretching towards the numerous 
estuaries of the Chesapeake are mainly devoted to 
" truck raising," as it is called, which has proved 
much more profitable than the cultivation of the 
cereals. This part of the country is low and is 
pierced in every direction by excellent roads, such as 
the Trap road, the Old Trap road, the German Hill 
road, the North Point road, and the Eastern Avenue 
extension. Many of these roads are laid with oyster- 
shells, which, pulverizing under the wheels of vehicles 
and hoofs of horses, form a bed of unsurpsissed smooth- 

■ ness and solidity. What is more particularly known 
as " the Shell road" leads from the city to the Back 
River through charming scenery at the heads of the 
inlets of the bay. Public resorts are numerous along 

I the road and on the shores, and the drive is a very 
popular one with the people of the city. 

The gunning and fishing-grounds in this district 
are perhaps among sportsmen the most famous in the 
United States. They are on what are known as the 
"Necks," formed by the Patapsco River, Middle 

, River, Back River, and Gunpowder River, where the 
streams make up for miles into the country, leaving 
tongues of land between. The water-fronts all through 

I here and on the islands of the upper Chesapeake are 
owned or leased by yacht clubs, gunning clubs, fish- 

; ing clubs, or private individuals with a fancy for sport, 
and many of these associations have erected cozy 
houses for the accommodation of their members. The 
late fall and the winter months are the season for 
duck-shooting, and owing to the enforcement of ex- 
cellent game laws the supply of birds continues large. 
The ducks are attracted to these feeding-grounds by 
the abundance of valisueria, or wild celery, which 
grows on the flats near the shores. 

That section of the district contiguous to the eastern 
limits of the city is the home of a large population 
and the scene of important industries, especially in 
Canton and Highlandtown. The property of the 
Canton Company extends along the Patapsco River 
all the way down to Colegate's Creek, on the river- 
front, and thence across the " Neck" to Back River. 
Upon it are located the immense grain transfer elevator 
of the Northern Central Railway Company, the marine 
terminus and wharves of the Union Railway Company, 
several large petroleum-refineries, with their wharvea 
and railroad connections, two whisky distilleries, 
one of which is the largest in Maryland, Tyson's 
Chesapeake Iron-Furnace, Stickney's Iron-Furnace, 
Baker Bros. Chemical Works, and many smaller in- 
dustries. The river-front from Lazaretto Point to 
North Point, where the Patapsco empties into the 




^iP^^-y-y^Y /(j-^/^t^ 



TWELFTH DISTKICT. 



Chesapeake Bay, forms the northern side of the en- 
trance to, the harbor of Baltimore, and from the 
low bluffs on which stand the Point Breeze Hotel, or 
tlie Sea Girt House, fifty miles of water are spread 
before the view, bearing on its bosom the commerce 
of a great seaport. Fort McHenry and the city 
frame the picture on the north, on the west are the 
shores of Anne Arundel, down to the southward and 
eastward the protrusion of North Point melts away 
into the vast expanse of the Chesapeake, while the 
foreground is filled up with the gray walls and bas- 
tions of Fort Carroll and the innumerable fleet of all 
classes of vessels that are constantly arriving and 
departing. Near the water-front is Bay View Asyliim, 
the almshouse of Baltimore City, a vast brick struc- 
ture standing upon a high eminence, and the Baltimore 
Insane Asylum, commanding in clear weather a view 
of Kent Island, both shores of the bay, and the 
steeples of Annapolis. In this vicinity are several 
very extensive breweries. Four miles from the city, 
on the Philadelphia turnpike, is the Herring Eun 
Driving Park, now the property of Thomas G. 
Scharf, of Baltimore City. Many famous racers have 
sped over this track, which, when in good order, is 
as fast as any in the country. A hotel building, 
comfortable stands, extensive stables, and all the 
other usual accessories of a race-course are connected 
with this property. 

" Chesterwood," the grounds of the Free Excursion 
Society of Baltimore, is upon Bear Creek, five miles 
from the city. This noble charity provides during 
the summer free excursions for the poor of the city, 
and in 1880 a wealthy and generous citizen presented 
the society with " Chesterwood," a beautiful property 
directly upon the water and shaded with a magnificent 
grove of old oaks. Pavilions are provided for the ac- 
commodation and the feeding of the thousands who 
are the society's beneficiaries, and in 1881 the Corn 
and Flour Exchange and the Stock Exchange do- 
nated one thousand dollars each for the construction 
of two creches, or nurseries, which have been named 
after these business institutions. M. Henri Say, the 
French millionaire, who had been spending nearly 
two years in Baltimore, having built for his use the 
largest private steam-yacht in the world, handed the 
society his check for two thousand dollars before his 
departure, and it was resolved to expend the money 
upon a cottage which shall bear his name. 

The Twelfth District was first settled in the " Necks" 
by families by the name of Green, Peregoy, Shaw, 
Bowen, and Bibbins, and in the forest, or upper por- 
tion, by the Gatches, Burgens, Borleys, Johnsons, 
Germans, and Parletts. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 
Teachers. 
No. 1.— Francis Kenny, principal, 115 Elliott Street, Canton; Emma 
Storch, Florenco Martin, Georgia Yeates, and Georgia T. Hall, 
assistants. 
No. 2.— Lulu ChriBtiau, Oiangevillo. 



. 3. — Laura B. E. Phelps, Canton. 

. 4.— Ettie D. Brown, care of A. J. Rogei 

Streets. 
. 5. — Isadora Chenowetb, Rossville. 
. 6.— Margaret A. Fowler, RossTille. 
. 7.— John R. Tucker, Rossville. 
. 8.— N. Taylor Hall, Chase's Station. 
. 9.— Imogino Ovvi-UB, llossvilk'. 



T. ^h 



-Lidii 



No. 12.— Alice in. ill... 

No. 13.— Rozelli 1'.. I I.. .11 i.., I; . .111... 

No. 14.— Mary L. JloUoy, CI s. (.:,irr..lltuu Avenue. 

No. 15.— George E. Lang, friucipul, GiirdenviUe: , assistant. 

TF.ACHF.its (IF Colored Schouls. 

No. 1. . . 

No. 2.— C. R. Onlilos, Rossville. 

No.3.— E. H. Grasty, Chase's. 

No. 4.— John H. L. Coopi-r, 21S Aliceanna Street. 

No. 5. — James F. Williams, Rossville. 

Trustees. 
School Ni> 1.— Au;;iiaf Wies, Cliarles Green, and James Hughes. 
Nu, l: Ihi 11,1 iMhitill III. E.W.Januey, and William Button. 
Nil. N'. , ii, I II, li. F. Bond, and Justus Martell. 

Nil. I 1 . Ill h, Thomas B. Todd, and Joseph Rogers. 

Nil,.".- I 111. 111,1. lliijiii....;,iKi J. M.Gillespie. 

No. C— Wilson TowMs.-Tirl. William Will.ni i ~> In.y 0. Ileiskell, 

No, 7,— John Edwards, William Till 111 1 I: i : \ , h. las Evans 

No,8,— William Aslier, Thomas J I'll. 1. : , .n I lln,;, .I,in„.s, 

No.9,— Willi.im Menitt, Wesley Jacol.,.u,il Um.l K, nney. 

No. 10.— Dr. William H. Mace, William I'urter, and John S. Hayes. 

No. 11.— Thomas C.Biddison, Thomas B.Gatch.and Rev. Tlios. Gorsuch. 

No. 12, — Henry Wempe, Peter Erdman, and George Coxon. 

No, 13.— Louis Freund, Tobias Lntz, and John Lindenfelter, 

No, 14,— J, Fred, Heim, John Wetherstein, and Henry Frank, 

No, 15, — lohu M. Herrmati, John Gontrum, and J, Hai-man Schone, 

Highlandtown. — Just east of the southeastern 
limits of the city is the important village of High- 
landtown, which has a population of 644. Lombard, 
Pratt, Bank, Aliceanna, and Lancaster Streets and 
Eastern and Canton Avenues extend out to it from 
the city, and are rather closely built up. The exten- 
sive breweries in the neighborhood furnish employ- 
ment for a considerable proportion of the people. 
The Fire Department was organized Dec. 80, 187.3, as 
a hook-and-ladder company, with John L. Phillips 
president; John Baker, vice-president; Christian 
Kurtz, Jr., secretary ; and William Shudenburg, 
treasurer. The company was called " The Rescue." 
On Sept. 19, 1875, the corner-stone of an engine-house 
was laid on Main Street, in the centre of the town, 
and a building twenty-four by seventy-five feet was 
erected, and the following officers elected: President, 
W. Schlutenberger ; Vice-President, George Raub ; 
Treasurer, Frederick Heirm ; and Secretary, Fred- 
erick Weissner. 

The elevated position of Highlandtown confers its 
name upon it, and it has grown up in the last twelve 
years around an old wooden house that still stands 
on the brow of the hill. The multiplication of indus- 
tries in the suburbs and the necessity of finding homes 
near by for the employes account for the creation of 
the town. 

On July 16, 1868, the corner-stone of the Highland 
Avenue Methodist Episcopal churcli was laid. The 
clergy taking part in the services were Revs. Jo- 



HISTORY OP BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



seph France, J. H. C. Dosh, Henry Slicer, T. M. 
Eddy, A. R. Riley, and M. L. Smyser, the latter the 
first pastor of the church. The church wan dedicated 
on Dec. 6, 1868. St. Bridget's Catholic church was 
completed about 1870, and is an imposing brick struc- 
ture with a lofty steeple. The congregation attached 
to this church is so numerous, coming from both 
Highlandtown and Canton, that the building is fre- 
quently overcrowded. The pastor is Rev. William 
Jordan. The Catholic church of the Sacred Heart is 
also located at Highlandtown, and is in charge of the 
order of Redemptorists. Connected with it is a con- 
vent of the Sisters of Notre Dame, which was dedi- 
cated Aug. 27, 1876, by Rev. Fathers Bovie and 
Leibfritz. Sister Superior Beda has charge of the 
convent. 

The Maryland Hussars, a cavalry company of mili- 
tia, under command of Capt. John Raub, has head- 
quarters at Highlandtown. It was organized in 1867, 
and has made a highly creditable appearance in all 
parades. The command wears a handsome uniform 
copied after that of the hussars of the German array, 
and is usually complimented by being detailed as the 
escort of the Governor or commanding otEcer on the 
occasion of the law parades. 

The I. O. R., a German order, and the Order of 
Harugari have lodges at Highlandtown. 

Orangeville.— This is a post-office village on the 
northeastern limits of the city, and north of High- 
landtown. The Philadelphia turnpike passes through 
it, and it contains a Jewish cemetery. 

Canton. — That portion of Canton outside of the 
municipal limits of Baltimore has a population of 
2084, which is rapidly increasing because of the 
growth of the industries located along the wharves 
and railroads, the extension of the commerce of the 
port, which calls for new pier and dock facilities, and 
the movement of the people irom the overcrowded 
streets across the city boundaries. 

John O'Donnell, Esq., arriving in 1785 from China 
with the first cargo of goods imported from that coun- 
try to the then Baltimore Town, gave the name of I 
" Canton" to that section of the present city. Forty- I 
four years after, in 1828-29, the Canton Company 
was organized as a real estate comi)any, with corpo- | 
rate powers to purchase not more than ten thousand 
acres of land adjoining the city of Baltimore, and au- 
thorizing them to lay it out in streets, alleys, etc., and 
to build upon it all manner of tenements. The cap- 
ital stock was divided into 12,500 shares at the par 
value of $65, making in the aggregate $812,500, which 
has all been paid. "The terms of subscription," as they 
are published in the Federal Gazette of April 8, 1829, 
" are that any subscriber shall at the time of subscribing 
pay to Wm. Patterson and Gideon Lee an installment 
of one dollar for each and every share for which such 
person shall subscribe, and also enter into obligation 
to pay the residue of his or their subscription, respect- 
ively, at such times as may be fixed for that purpose 



by the president and directors of the said company." 
Signers, William Patterson, Francis Price, Columbus 
O'Donnell, Ely Moore, Gideon Lee, Peter Cooper, 
and James Rumsey. In 1831 the directors were Wm. 
Gwynn, Slieppard C. Leakin, Ebenezer L. Finley, 
J. H. B. Latrobe, David Barnum, Benjamin C.Ward, 
Andrew Hall, and Grafton L. Dulany, of Baltimore, 
Peter Cooper and Gideon Lee, of New York, and 
Edmund Monroe and Pliny Cutler, of Boston. The 
third section of the charter expressly requires that a 
majority of the directors shall be citizens of Balti- 
more. By subsequent act of the Legislature the shares 
have been changed by making four for each share, 
increasing their number to 50,000, the amount of cap- 
ital remaining the same ($812,500), but making the 
value of each share $25, with $16.25 paid in. Of these 
shares the company owned 5000, leaving the capital at 
45,000 shares at $16.25 each. It is stated in the Sun 
of June 11, 1850, that at one time in 1834 the stock 
had "reached the moderate sum of $280 per share," 
that " large dividends had been paid for the purpose 
of thus inflating;" and in 1866 the stock sold for 
$101. Eastern capitalists, especially in New York, 
have been and are now large holders of Canton stock, 
but many Baltimoreans have received large profits 
from the sale of their stock, so that there are but few 
Baltimoreans at present among the stockholders. 

At the time the Canton Company was projected 
this community was not ripe for an enterprise so 
comprehensive and far-reaching in the vast improve- 
ments and developments contemplated. But the 
scheme indicated a comprehensive insight into the 
future greatness of Baltimore as a commercial empo- 
rium ; and whatever of disappointment may have 
overtaken individuals in their personal hopes of for- 
tune, the scheme as a great undertaking for the de- 
velopment of a great section of the city and suburbs 
has been attended with wonderful success. Wharves 
have been built, elevators constructed, railroads find 
their tide-water termini, factories flourish, and enter- 
prise in a thousand different employments finds en- 
couragement arid compensation. The ^ater-front at 
Canton equals in every respect that at Locust Point, 
and the Northern Central Railway and Western 
Maryland Railroad, by their connection with the 
Union Railroad, have the same opportunities for de- 
velopment and commercial facilities that the Balti- 
more and Ohio enjoys at Locust Point. 

The Union Railroad, which brings the Northern 
Central Railway, as well as the Western Maryland 
Railroad, to tide-water, owes its success to the Canton 
Company, which subscribed for most of the stock of 
the road and indorsed the bonds of the company to 
an extent suflicient to defray the expense of its con- 
struction. The influence of the Canton Company in 
improvements is discernible all over the eastern sec- 
tion of the city. Liberal in aiding individual enter- 
prise, this company assisted many persons in estab- 
lishing business which otherwise would most probably 



TWELFTH DISTRICT. 



929 



have utterly failed for want of means. The future of 
this company may be predicted with some measure of 
certainty when it is remembered that here must be 
the depot for the anthracite coal of Pennsylvania, as 
well as for the bituminous and gas-coals from that 
State. Its shipping facilities are the best of any lo- 
cality in the city, while the immense grain products of 
Western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the vast plains 
of the great West must find their outlet to the sea 
over the railroads that centre here. In the manufac- 
turing future of Baltimore Canton must occupy a very 
prominent place. Cheap land, most convenient ac- 
cess to shipping, moderate rents, as well as all the 
advantages offered by any other section of the city, 
cannot fail to make this eastern port the great location 
i'or large manufacturing interests. 

The property of the company extends to Back 
Kiver, and the water-front east of the Lazaretto Point 
on the Patapsco and on Back River is fifteen thou- 
sand feet in straight lines, and by extending piers 
and docks this could be made over thirty thousand 
feet of wharves. Ten years ago the company owned 
nineteen thousand building-lots, and the aggregate 
value of all its properties and funds was S<fj,.'ir)ri,G2S. 

The Church of the Sacred Heart in Canton.— 
The extension of St. lAIicluiers German parish had 
rendered a new church necessary in Canton. The 
matter was laid before and approved by Archbishop 
Bayley. A plat of ground was purchased on the site 
of Fort Marshall, Central Avenue near Fayette Street, 
sufficient for a church, school, and pastoral residence. 
A church was planned which might afterwards be 
converted into a school-house when, with an increas- 
ing population, a larger church should be required. 
The corner-stone of this building was laid on the 7th 
of September, 1873, and the basement was dedicated 
December 1st of the same year. The church was 
blessed May 25, 1874, by Archbishop Bayley, and was 
served from St. Michael's until October, 1878, when 
the Redemptorist Fathers began to reside there. They 
not only attended to the parish, but also the Catholic 
inmates of Bay View Asylum. 

A school was established as soon as the church was 
built, and placed in charge of the Sisters of Notre 
Dame. They reside near the church, and have an 
average of two hundred pupils. 

GardenviUe. — Four miles distant from Baltimore 
City, on the Harford turnpike, and extending back to 
the Belair turnpike, is the village of GardenviUe, 
which has a population of 449, who are principally 
engaged in truck-gardening and the dairy business. 
The Claremont and Farley Nursery, said to contain 
the largest stock and greatest variety of fruit and or- 
namental trees in the United States, is in this vicinity. 
The land in this region is highly productive, and 
much of it commands three hundred dollars or more 
per acre on the rare occasions when it comes into the 
market. The town has a Methodist Episcopal and 
a Lutheran church, three public schools, a Farmers 



and Gardeners' Society, and Garden Lodge, No. 114, 
L O. 0. F. 

The congregation of the German Evangelical Lu- 
theran Jerusalem Church was organized in 1841. In 
1842 a small ])iece of land was donated by Adam 
Gottlieb and Johannes Erdman, and on May 17th of 
that year the corner-stone of a small wooden church 
was laid, which was dedicated on October 9th follow- 
ing by Revs. Benjamin Kurtz and John G. Morris. 
For many years the congregation were dependent on 
clergymen from the city for religious services, but 
in 1874 a parsonage was built, and Rev. Dr. Ide was 
chosen regular rector. He was succeeded by Revs. 
R. A. Kurtz and J. H. Mengst, and under the charge 
of the latter the congregation voted to build a fine 
new church of brick. The cornerstone was laid Oct. 
3, 1875, and it was dedicated May 7, 1876, by Revs. 
John G. Morris, B. Sadtler, L. D. Maier, and the pas- 
tor, J. H. Mengst. The latter was succeeded by Revs. 
J. G. Woerner and C. G. W. Sigelen. The brothers 
Erdman contributed five hundred dollars each to 
cancel the debt of the church, and the Ladies' Society 
raised three hundred dollars for the same purpose. 

The Methodist Episcopal church was dedicated July 
29, 1855, and has a numerous membership. Its last 
pastor was Rev. Mr. Murphy. 

Andrews chapel of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South is located between GardenviUe and Lauraville, 
and was organized about 1855. Its present pastor is 
Rev. William McDonald. 

A mile north of GardenviUe, on the Belair road, is 
the Methodist Episcopal church, erected on the site of 
Gatch's meeting-house. It was dedicated by Bishop 
Waugh and Rev. Thomas B. Sargent on Oct. 25, 1857. 

Garden Lodge, No. 114, I. O. O. F., was instituted 
Oct. 14, 1868, vi'ith the following charter-members : • 
J. M. Herrman, Thomas C. Biddison, Thomas Purt- 
gan, Edward Brinkman, George Quick, John Krause, 
G. C. Herdline, John Gantrum, Leonard Koenig, and 
Louis Muth. The lodge has a membership of one 
hundred and thirty, and four thousand dollars of ac- 
cumulated funds. 

The Farmers and Gardeners' Beneficial Society was 
organized Dec. 1, 1849, with the following charter- 
members : John A. Betchler, A. G. Erdman, Lorenz 
HoflFstetter, J. H. Hofstetter, Charlen Hillen, George 
Kolman, George Ebensein, Jacob Gerst, M. Hoffler, 
J. H. Koppelman, William Lutz, Augustus Ohll, 
Frederick Zimmerman, Valentine Lutz, Tobias Lutz, 
John Lamle, John Otto, John Sohn, and William 
Sauer. It was instituted to pay the funeral expenses 
of deceased members and provide benefits for their 
families. A hall, costing five thousand dollars, has 
been erected, and the funeral fund amounts to twelve 
' hundred dollars. 

I The proprietor of the Claremont and Farley Hall 

Nurseries is Wm. Corse, Sr. The family is of French 

Huguenot origin, and was originally called De Corse. 

' One of its members, Alphonso de Corse, commanded 



930 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 




WILLIAM CORSE. 



the gallant defense of Boulogne against the army of 
Henry VIII. of England in the year 1544. Others 
were statesmen associated with the government of 
Henry IV. of France. A branch of the family set- 
tled in Scotland at "Glen Burn Corse," the ancient 
seat of the Bothwells of Queen Mary's time. They 
were famous as soldiers, and one of their representa- 
tives in our day is Gen. John M. Corse, whose de- 
fense of the pass at AUatoona, Ga., in 1864, while the 
>army of Sherman was advancing to his relief, gave 
rise to the hymn of " Hold the Fort." John Corse 
settled in Maryland, aud married Susan Coale, by 
whom the following children were born : William ; 
Cassandra, married to John Coale; James Rigby; 
Elizabeth, married to Joseph James; and John. 
William Corse was born Oct. 7, 1804, near Darling- 
ton, Harford Co., Md., aud was married, April 13, 
1831, to Deborah S., youngest daughtejr of Robert 
Sinclair, of Baltimore City. Mr. Sinclair was born 
Sept. 22, 1772, married, on Sept. 6, 179-5, Esther Pan- 
coast, and died Oct. 27, 18.53. When William Corse, 
Sr., was twenty-two years of age he removed to New 
York, and there engaged in the hide and leather 
business. On his return to Maryland he resided first 
in Harford County, and then came to Baltimore 
County in 1838. In that year he succeeded to the 
ownership of the famous nurseries that had been es- 
tablished by his father-in-law, and in 1847 he pur- 
chased and added to them " Farley Hall," an estate 
of one hundred acres that had been the country-seat 
of the Bowley family. " Farley Hall" was built over 
a century ago, and there is now paper on its walls 
that was put on eighty-five years ago. Mr. Corse was 



a member of the Society of Friends, and attended 
Lombard Street meeting. He died March 8, 1869, 
deeply revered by all who knew him. His children 
were Mary W., married to Dr. Edward S. Campbell, 
of Philadelphia; Carrie D. ; Robert Sinclair; Dr. 
George F. ; Esther Sinclair, married to Maj. E. C. 
Gilbert, United States army ; Dr. William ; Annie C, 
married to Calvin Conard, of Philadelphia ; Frank ; 
Lucy, married to Dr. Frank K. Belts, of Philadel- 
phia; and Harry C, the latter deceased. The mag- 
nificent nurseries established by Mr. Sinclair and 
improved and extended by Mr. Corse are still main- 
tained under the firm-name of William Corse & Sons. 

Lauraville. — The village of Lauraville Immedi- 
ately adjoins Gardenville on the south, and extends to 
the confines of the Johns Hopkins University prop- 
erty at Clifton. It has a population of 197, and, like 
its neighbor, furnishes the city with quantities of 
fruits and vegetables and dairy products. For 
churches and schools the people depend upon those 
located at Gardenville and on the Belair road. 

Georgetown. — About 1879 a thriving village grew 
up at the intersection of the Belair turnpike with 
Erdmau Avenue, half a mile beyond the city limits, 
and adjoining Lauraville on the east. On July 15, 
1879, a meeting of the residents was held to decide 
upon a name for the place. Centreville and George- 
town were proposed, and the latter was selected by a 
majority of 14 votes. The most of the people are 
Germans, and for several years they had been in the 
habit of choosing a burgomaster of the village, a cus- 
tom which they resolved to continue. 

Among the largest and most successful of the brew- 




vy^ yr '^^vvy ^/^v-y^/vyY 



TWELFTH DISTRICT. 



931 



ers who have great establishments on the Harford 
and Belair roads is John H. Vonder Horst, the son 
of John H. and Catherine A. Kuest Vonder Horst. 
He was born March 14, 1825, in Gehrde, an ancient 
village of Hanover, Germany, whither his ancestors 
had emigrated from Sweden about the middle of the 
sixteenth century. He came to this country when 
he was twenty-one years of age to seek his fortune, 
and found a resting-place in Baltimore City. He then 
entered the grocery-house of Heise & Dougherty, cor- 
ner of Fayette and Howard Streets, as a porter, and 
continued with this firm and its successors, Young, 
Carson & Bryan, in different positions until 1860. 
He had previously established a grocery-store in East 
Baltimore, and in 1866 he formed a partnership with 
Andreas Rupprecht, when they bought the property 
known as Richardson's oil-cloth mill on the Belair 
road and converted it into a brewery. Mr. Rup- 
precht died the next year, and since then Mr. Von- 
der Horst has conducted the business, associating 
his son with him in recent years. During his first 
year as a brewer he made 2800 barrels of beer. In 
1874 he erected a malt-house five stories high, and in 
1877 an ice-house of equal dimensions, with very deep 
vaults. In 1880 was finished the " Eagle Brewery," 
seven stories in height, the largest in Baltimore, and 
one of the finest and best arranged in the United 
States. Its capacity is one hundred thousand barrels 
annually, and in 1880 the product was twenty-eight 
thousand six hundred barrels. The cost of the ground, 
buildings, and machinery was three hundred thousand 
dollars. 

Mr. Vonder Horst was married in 1851 to Jo- 
hanna Veditz, by whom he has had one girl and four 
boys. The only surviving children are Henry R., 
who has been in partnership with his father since 
1874, and John H., Jr., a merchant in San Francisco, 
Cal. The family are members of Mount Zion Lu- 
theran Church. Mr. Vonder Horst is a member of 
Garden Lodge, No. 114, I. 0. O. F., and of the I. O. 
R. M., having received his degrees in Pocahontas 
Lodge, No. 103, over thirty years ago. His business 
career has been very successful in the city to which 
he came a poor and friendless German youth. 

Lavender Hill. — Parkville, or Lavender Hill Post- 
Oflice, is eight miles distant from Baltimore City, and 
is upon the Harford turnpike. Hiss chapel, of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, is located upon the 
Hiss estate, near the village. In October, 1854, Col. 
George P. Kane sold the Lavender Hill country seat, 
embracing sixty-three acres and improvements, to 
Robert Purviance, Jr., Thomas M. Williams, George 
H. Williams, and William Slater. 

Rossville.— Rossville Post-Office is at Stenimer's 
Run Station of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and 
Baltimore Railroad, eleven miles from Baltimore City, 
and has a population of 350. Locust Grove Iron- 
Furnace furnishes employment for 100 hands. There 
are two Methodist churches and one German Lutheran 



church. The new Methodist Episcopal church, erected 
in place of the old Orem chapel, jvhich had been de- 
stroyed by fire, was dedicated June 3, 1875, by Revs. 
A. D. Reese and S. B. Dunlap. 

On Back River Neck, a few miles from Rossville, 
the dwelling of Carville S. Stansbury was destroyed 
by fire March 24, 1865. It had belonged to the family 
for upwards of two hundred years, and was one of the 
finest mansions in the county. It was originally built 
of stone, and had several times been modernized. On 
June 27, 1861, Mr. Stansbury was entertaining at sup- 
per his friends, Thomas D. Johnston and John Edgar, 
when they were arrested by Capt. Smith, in command 
of the Federal troops guarding the railroad bridge. 

Rosedale is situated on the Philadelphia turnpike, 
near the head of Back River, and has a population 
of 300. There are Protestant Episcopal, Methodist 
Episcopal, and German Lutheran churches at this 
point. 

Harewood. — Harewood Park is a popular summer 
resort, the property of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad Company, which was opened 
in the summer of 1878. It is on the tongue of land 
between the Bird and Gunpowder Rivers, and is al- 
most entirely surrounded by water. It was formerly 
the estate of Robert Oliver, from whose heirs it was 
purchased for ten thousand dollars. In Mr. Oliver's 
I day he had a deer-park and a pack of fox-hounds, and 
Harewood was the focus of sporting interests for all 
I the country for many miles around. 

St. Clement's Church. — The corner-stone of St. 
Clement's Protestant Episcopal church, on the Phil- 
adelphia turnpike, four miles from Baltimore, was 
laid Aug. 24, 1877, by Bishop Pinkney, assisted by 
Rev. Drs. Rich, Lewin, and Leeds. On May 24, 
1878, the church was consecrated by Bishop Pinkney. 
The congregation was organized in 1875 by Rev. D. 
A. Van Antwerp. The church is a graceful struc- 
ture of frame, and cost eighteen hundred dollars. The 
lot upon which it stands was the gift of a lady mem- 
ber of the congregation. 

The Gatch farm, five miles out from Baltimore 
City, on the Belair road, has been in the family ever 
since it was purchased in 1737 by the progenitor of 
the family in this country. He emigrated from Prus- 
sia and settled in this part of Baltimore County in 
1725, obtaining from Leonard Calvert, the Lord Pro- 
prietary, a passport permitting him to travel in any 
part of the province. His son George and several 
brothers indentured themselves to obtain their pass- 
age to America, and were very cruelly treated by the 
masters to whom their services were sold. Philip 
Gatch, son of George, was born March 2, 1751, and 
became the first native American itinerant preacher 
in the country. Before 1772, Robert Strawbridge, a 
local Methodist preacher from Ireland, had settled 
between Frederick and Baltimore towns, and he 
raised up three other preachei-s, Richard Owen, Sater 
Stephenson, and Nathan Perigo. The latter jireuched 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



upon the Gatch estates in 1772, and although the 
whole family were members of the Established 
Church, he converted them to Methodism. Philip 
Gatch resolved to become a preacher, and went to 
New Jersey, where he served as an itinerant in 1773. 
In July, 1774, he attended at Philadelphia the second 
Yearly Conference of the Methodists in America, and 
was received into full connection as a minister. He 
and Rev. William Duke were appointed the first cir- 
cuit-riders on the Frederick circuit, which comprised 
what are now the counties of Carroll, Frederick, 
Washington, Alleghany, Garrett, and Montgomery. 
On one occasion his bold language drew upon him 
an attack from drunken ruffians. In 1775 he and 
Rev. John Cooper were ordered to Kent County, Md., 
to preach in place of Abraham Whitworth, who had 
been deposed for misconduct. Here he caught the 
smallpox and was very near to death. Returning to 
Baltimore Town, he preached there and on the Fred- 
erick circuit. Between Frederick Town and Bladens- 
burg he was assailed, after preaching on Sunday, by 
a mob, who tarred and feathered him, and treated 
him so savagely that he never entirely recovered his 
strength. Four weeks afterwards, however, he had 
another appointment to preach in the same place, 
and he fulfilled it without molestation. 

In 1778 he was appointed to Sussex County, Va., 
and there he was once more made the victim of the 
popular antipathy to the new sect of Methodists, or 
Wesleyans. Two bullies fell upon him and beat him 
so severely that his life was for a long time despaired 
of and his eyes were permanently injured. In addition 
to these suflerings, his constitution had been broken 
by labor and exposure, forcing upon him a respite 
from duty. He was the more reconciled to this from 
the fact that the persecution of the Methodists was 
ceasing. On Jan. 14, 1778, he married Elizabeth, a 
daughter of Thomas Smith, of Powhatan County, 
Va. This family, like the Gatches, had forsaken the 
Established Church to become disciples of Wesley. 
Although Philip Gatch never took another appoint- 
ment, he had the superintendence of various circuits, 
and spent a considerable portion of his time in trav- 
eling and preaching. He was one of the leading 
spirits in the organization of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church on the system which has endured to the pres- 
ent day, and was one of the three persons to whom 
the superintendence of the work in the Southern 
States was confided. In 1788 he removed to Buck- 
ingham County, Va., and on Oct. 11, 1798, he emi- 
grated to what is now Clermont County, Ohio, fifteen 
miles from the present city of Cincinnati. Here he 
purchased the " Nancarrow Survey," a large tract of 
military reservation land, on which is now situated 
the thriving town of Milford. He also entered an 
extensive tract near Xenia. In 1802 he was a mem- 
ber of the convention that framed the first constitu- 
tion of Ohio, and the next year he was chosen by the 
Legislature one of the three associate judges of the 



Court of Common Pleas. He was twice re-elected, 
and he held this responsible judicial position for 
twenty-one years. He died at his splendid residence 
in Clermont County, Dec. 28, 1835, in the eighty-fifth 
year of his age. For a quarter of a century after re- 
moving to Ohio he occupied various pulpits as a local 
preacher, and he performed the marriage ceremony 
innumerable times, bridal parties coming long dis- 
tances to be united by the patriarchal pioneer and 
minister. He was the close friend of Judge John 
McLean, of the United States Supreme Court, and 
that distinguished statesman commemorated his long 
and honorable career by writing the " Memoirs of the 
Rev. Philip Gatch." The descendants of this hero of 
early Methodism are found in Maryland, Virginia, 
Ohio, and farther west, all prominent in their profes- 
sions, which are the bar, the bench, the ministry, the 
press, and the chairs of collegiate institutions. At 
the old homestead on the Belair road are the lineal 
descendants of the first of the family in this country, 
and here stands the time-honored " Gatch church," 
the first erected in the vicinity. 

Holy Cross Cemetery. — The Catholic cemetery of 
the Holy Cross, adjoining Darley Park, formerly the 
country-seat of Zenus Barnum, on the Harford road, 
was consecrated on Thursday, Aug. 16, 1863. Rev. 
Dr. Coskery, administrator of the archdiocese, blessed 
the ground, and a sermon was preached by Rev. 
Father Maguire. The cemetery property covers about 
fifteen acres, and was purchased from Col. Wm. 
Slater at a merely nominal price. The first improve- 
ment was the construction of a Gothic mortuary 
chapel, beneath the crypt of which several prominent 
persons are buried, among them Col. Slater, Rev. 
Michael Slattery, fifth pastor of St. Joseph's church, 
and Rev. James Dolan, fourth pastor of St. Patrick's 
church, by whom the cemetery was established. The 
corner-stone of the church or chapel of the Holy 
Cross was laid July 8, 1866. It is a stone building, 
thirty-three by seventj'-eight feet, and was princi- 
pally paid for by a bequest from Col. Slater, who left 
the money by his will on condition that his remains 
be deposited in the crypt. 

Baltimore Cemetery. — This cemetery is located 
on the county side of the boundary line of the city, 
on Belair Avenue. The company was organized May 
10, 1850, under an act of incorporation passed at the 
preceding session of the Legislature. The incorpo- 
rators were Joshua Vanzant, Joseph Simms, Robert 
Howard, J. Spear Nicholas, John Murphy, Benjamin 
C. BarroU, Thomas R. Chiftelle, Benjamin A. Laven- 
der, B. C. Smith. The first officers were B. A. Lav- 
ender, president; J. Spear Nicholas, B. C. Smith, and 
R. H. Evans, managers; and George A. Frick, secre- 
tary. The grounds are one hundred acres in extent, 
and up to May, 1880, forty-one thousand seven hun- 
dred interments had been made in them. The pres- 
ent officers of the company are Francis White, presi- 
dent ; George A. Reed, secretary and treasurer ; Dr. 



TWELFTH DISTRICT. 



933 



Cobb Winston, R. Q. Taylor, and George A. Reed, 
managers; and A. Harryman, superintendent. The 
remains of the great tragedian, Junius Brutus Booth, 
and those of John Willies Booth were interred in 
this cemetery. 

Laurel Cemetery is on the Belair road, a few hun- 
dred yards beyond Baltimore Cemetery, and is the 
l)roperty of colored people. It was dedicated Nov. 
19, 1851. The clergy conducting the services were 
Rev. John N. McJilton, Rev. Wm. Hurst, and Rev. 
Samuel W. Chase. The cemetery embraces twenty- 
eight acres. Since the war a number of bodies of 
colored soldiers of the Federal army who fell upon 
battle-fields or died in hospitals have been buried 
here, and the people of their race have handsomely 
decorated that portion of the cemetery and placed 
headstones at the graves. 

On Aug. 21, 1881, St. Peter's German Evangelical 
Lutheran congregation, situated near St. Joseph's 
post-office, about six miles from the city limits on the 
Belair road, dedicated a new church which replaced 
a frame structure erected in 1862. 

St. Patrick's Cemetery.— This cemetery, which 
was the property of St. Patrick's Catholic Church, is 
on the Philadelphia road, and was consecrated May 
17, 1852, by Bishop Chance, assisted by Rev. Fathers 
Dolan, Elder, Plunkett, Ahern, Behan, O'Brien, Quig- 
ley, and Moriarty. The sermon was delivered by 
Archbishop Kenrick. 

Mount Carmel Cemetery is on the Trappe road, 
and is mainly the outgrowth of the old cemetery on 
Wilkes Street (Eastern Avenue), within the city limits, 
which was established in 1787 by East Baltimore 
stations of the M. E. Church, and abandoned in 
1859. No interments took place in it after 1830. 

Lutheran Cemetery. — This cemetery, on the Har- 
ford roud, lieliJTigiug to Emmanuel Lutheran congre- 
gation, was dedicated on June 21, 1874. 

North Point— The battle-field of North Point is 
distant nine miles from the city by the North Point 
road. It was here, on Sept. 12, 1814, that the Mary- 
land militia, under command of Maj.-Gen. Smith, 
met and defeated " Wellington's invincibles," the 
flower of the British army, fresh from the capture 
and burning of Washington, and killed one of their 
chief officers. Gen. Ross. Ross is believed to have 
been shot down by Wells and McComas, two volun- 
teers in the Fifth Maryland Regiment, to whose 
honor the marble shaft in Ashland Square, in Balti- 
more City, has been erected, and the spot on the bat- 
tle-ground where he is supposed to have fallen is 
marked by a monument, the corner-stone of which 
was laid on July 28, 1817, by the First Mechanical 
Company, which had formed a company of volun- 
teers in the Fifth Regiment. Just where it stands 
the advance of the American forces under Maj. 
Heath was engaged, and here fell Aquilla Randall, a 
member of the company, and it is liis memory that 
the monument more especially commemorates. At the 



laying of the corner-stone the company attended, 
under command of Capt. B. C. Howard, who delivered 
an address. On the north side of the monument is 
the following inscription : 



On the memorable 12th of September, 1814, 
Aged 24 years." 

On the south side the inscription reads as follows : 

"How Beautiful is Death 
Wheu Earueil By 



On the east side, — 

" In the skirmish which occurred on this spot 

between the advanced party under 

Major Kichard K. Heath, of the 

Fifth Regiment M. M., 

and the front of the 

British column, 

I Major-General Boss, 

The Commander of the British forces, 
Received his mortal wound." 

The inscription on the west side reads: 

" The First Mechanical Volunteers, 
I Commanded By 

Captain Benjamin C. Howard, 

In the Fifth Kegiment M. M., 

Have erected this monument as a tribute of 

their respect for the memory of their 

gallant brother in arms." 

The monument shows but slight traces of the hand 
of time, and the inscriptions are bold and legible. 
1 The corner-stone of another monument on the 
battle-field was laid near the North Point House on 
Sept. 12, 1839, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 
engagement. A military and civic procession under 
command of Gen. George H. Stewart was formed in 
the city and marched down to the wharves, where 
passage was taken in four steamers for North Point. 
The corner-stone was laid with an oration by Gen. 
Benjamin C. Howard, an address by Gen. William 
McDonald, and prayer by Rev. Dr. Johns. The 
monument has never been erected, but there is a 
plain slab of stone marking the spot. Around the 
stone are the remains of the old intrenchments, and 
near by is an old log hut bearing the marks of cannon 
and musket-balls. 

On Sept. 12, 1867, the corner-stone of the Battle- 
Ground Methodist Episcopal Church South was laid. 
The addresses were delivered by Rev. Messrs. Roszel, 
Wilson, and Welty. The church stands upon the 
battle-ground, and is a frame structure thirty-two 
feet front by forty feet deep. 

On the battle-ground is also the Potapsco Neck 
Methodist Episcopal church. An all-day jubilee 
meeting took place there May 30, 1881. Rev. Isaac P. 
Cook gave a historical account of the church, which 
antedates the last war with England. It bears the 
marks of bullets fired during the battle. 



934 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



The Mail Robberies.— On the night of March 11, 
1818, the Eastern mail-stage was robbed on the Phila- 
delphia turnpike a few hours after it left Baltimore 
City. Hare and Alexander were convicted of the 
deed in the United States Court, and having put the 
driver in jeopardy of his life, they were hanged in 
the yard of the Baltimore jail on September 10th. 
On this occasion the mode of execution from a cart 
was changed to that of a drop or scaffold, and was so 
continued in subsequent hangings. 

May 24, 1820, the mail was again robbed on the 
same road, and the driver, John Heaps, was killed. 
Perry Hutton and Morris N. B. Hull were arrested, 
and sixteen thousand dollars of stolen money was 
recovered from them. While they were in prison 
they were put to what was probably the first and last 
test by blood ordeal in this country. Both men 
denied their guilt, and while there was strong evi- 
dence against them it was entirely circumstantial, 
and there was a great^desire felt that one or the other 
would confess. According to a superstition of the 
Middle Ages, if a murderer touched the corpse of his 
victim the blood would flow afresh, and the authori- 
ties connived at putting Hull and Hutton to a test 
somewhat of this nature. It is more than probable, 
however, that they merely expected that the shock 
would frighten one of them into a confession. A 
room in the jail was hung with black, and on a table 
was laid the body of Heaps, the breast naked and a 
few candles burning around it. The prisoners were 
brought suddenly from their cells at dead of night, 
and a stern voice commanded them to lay their hands 
upon the breast of the murdered man. Hutton was 
so overcome that he trembled, his teeth chattered, his 
knees shook, and he could barely force himself to 
touch the body. Hull, on the contrary, maintained 
his nerve, and lightfuUy and gracefully touched the 
corpse. Hutton did soon afterwards make a con- 
fession to Judge Bland, of the United States District 
Court, and the two highway robbers and murderers 
were hung on July 14, 1820. 

Mount Orange Cemetery. — Mount Orange Cem- 
etery was described in the Baltimore Srin of July 22, 
1841, as being "situated at the northeast corner of 
the city of Baltimore," and containing "between fifty 
and sixty acres of land, bounded on the south by North 
Avenue, continued eastward into the country ; on the 
west by Loney's Lane, continued northward beyond 
the city limits. Its surface is beautifully diversified 
with hills, plains, and valleys." The trustees were 
Tobias E. Stansbury, Eobert Howard, .Tohn Spear 
Smith, George M. Gill, Thomas Kell, William D. 
Ball, Eobert St. Clair, William Loney, James L. 
Ridgely, Elijah Stansbury, H. R. Louderman, T. 
Parkin Scott, A. W. Bradford, A. S. Dungan, Robert 
Taylor, Samuel Boyd, and William A. Patterson. 

Hebrew Cemetery.— The Hebrew Cemetery, situ- 
ated on the " Neck" road, adjoining Mount Carmel 
Cemetery, contains about eight acres, and was estab- 



lished in 1864 under the auspices of the congregation 
of the Hanover Street synagogue, under the leader- 
ship of Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold. The grounds were 
laid out by Julius Stiefel, and the gateway, eighty 
feet front and two stories high, in the Gothic style, 
was designed by E. G. Lind, of Baltimore, J. H. 
Hogg & Bro. being the builders. 

East Baltimore Public Cemetery.— In 187i5, the 
mayor and City Council having sold for sixteen thou- 
sand dollars the old Potter's Field, on Mine Bank 
Lane, within the city limits, purchased from H. D. 
Reese six acres on the Philadelphia road, opposite 
the four-mile stone. It is this tract which is called 
"East Baltimore Public Cemetery." 

Bay View Asylum. — Before the erection of alms- 
houses in Baltimore County the sick, infirm, and 
poor were relieved by an annual levy of tobacco. 
The year before Baltimore County Almshouse was 
built two hundred and fifty persons were relieved in 
the county, then including Harford County, and the 
amount levied averaged twelve hundred pounds of 
tobacco each, the levies per poll on ten thousand tax- 
ables being sometimes in the name of persons who 
had the poor in charge, but generally in the name of 
the persons relieved at their own houses. At the session 
of the General Assembly in November, 1773, an act 
was passed appointing Charles Ridgely, William Lux, 
John Moale, William Smith, and Frank Purviance, 
of Baltimore Town, and Andrew Buchanan, Harry 
Dorsey Gough, of Baltimore County, trustees for the 
poor of Baltimore County, with corporate power to 
fill their own vacancies and elect annually oue new 
member in the place of the one first named in suc- 
cession. Four thousand pounds in bills of credit 
were directed to be paid to the trustees of the poor 
for the purpose of purchasing " not exceeding one 
j hundred acres of land near and convenient to Balti- 
more Town, but not within half a mile thereof" 

The trustees purchased an elevated site northwest 
of the town, and as near as the law would allow, of 
Wm. Lux, containing twenty acres, for three hundred 
and fifty pounds, upon which excellent buildings were 
erected and the grounds handsomely laid out. The 
site stood within the square now bounded by Eutaw, 
Howard, Madison, and Garden Streets (Linden Ave- 
nue), at that time more than half a mile from the 
little town of Baltimore. The alms and work-houses 
were erected near the centre of the grounds, and near 
the triangle formed by Biddle, Garden, and Madison 
Streets, and upon which now stand many elegant resi- 
dences and Mount Calvary church. The buildings 
were constructed of brick, except the basement, which 
was of stone, and faced southeast, with a front of one 
hundred and sixty-seven feet. The centre building 
was forty-four feet square and elevated three stories 
above the basement. There were two wings of equal 
elevation, sixty by thirty-six feet each, with two 
stories, divided into halls and wards, the eastern 
appropriated for li'niales, and the western for males. 



TWELFTH DISTRICT. 



Except the four cells on the west end, the base- 
ments were appropriated for persons of color. On 
the 18th of September, 1776, a fire broke out in the 
garret of the main building, caused by accident with 
some flax, and as the wind was blowing freshly from 
the westward, the fire soon communicated to the dome 
and east wing, both of which were nearly consumed 
before the engine arrived from town. By the activity 
of the inmates part of the west wing was saved and 
most of the furniture. The main building was im- 
mediately rebuilt, but the wing not until some years 
after. In 1792 ten acres were added by purchase from 
Wm. Lux, for the sum of £167 13s., by the then trus- 
tees, Messrs. P. Hoffman, \V. McLoughlin, Alex. Mc- i 
Kim, David Brown, Geo. Prestmau, James McCannon, 
and Samuel Hollingsworth. Ten years later, when ; 
Howard Street was extended, the cemetery on the 
south side of that street was removed to these ten j 
acres. In the same year the management of the poor- 
house and funds of the poor were transferred to the 
justices of the Levy Court. In 1816 the Levy Court i 
was authorized to sell the grounds of the almshouse 
site and purchase other grounds in the county more 
suitable for the purpose, as the growth of the city 
had encroached upon and surrounded the old site; 
and in 1820 the city and county of Baltimore 
jointly purchased from the Mechanics' Bank of Balti- ' 
more the estate known as Calverton for the sum of 
forty-four thousand dollars. The site selected for the 
new almshouse was situated about two miles from 
town, on the Franklin road, and had formerly be- 
longed to Dennis A. Smith, at one time one of the 
most prosperous merchants of Baltimore. Mr. Smith 
in 181.5 had erected upon this site one of the largest j 
and most elegant mansions in the country, at a cost of 
forty thousand dollars. It was in full view of the ; 
Calverton road, and was approached through an im- 
posing gateway and porter's lodge, the whole place 
being arranged in the English style. It contained 
over three hundred acres, and the grounds around the 
mansion were laid out in flower-gardens, drives, etc., 
the beau-ideal of a superb country-seat. The house 
was double, with bay-windows, and a front entrance 
of imposing and somewhat elaborate design, the 
columns' at the doorway being surmounted by an 
elegant group of statuary. 1 

About the time the mansion was ready for occu- 
pancy Mr. Smith failed, and it fell into the hands of 
the Mechanics' Bank. Large wings, forty by one hun- 
dred and thirty feet, were added for the male and fe- , 
male wards of this pauper palace, a striking commen- 
tary on the mutability of human affairs. These wings 
were connected with the main building by covered 
ways. The whole front was three hundred and .seventy- 
five feet. A bath-house, bake-house, and spacious 
courtyard were in the rear of the building. This i 
house continued to serve the purpose until 1866, when 
the third asylum, that of Bay View, took its place. 
On the ISth of April, 1866, the Calverton Asylum ' 



property was sold in lots at the Exchange rooms for 
$341,605. 

The present site of " Bay View Asylum" was pur- 
chased by authority of an ordinance of the City Coun- 
cil, passed in May, 1862. Previous to that time, under 
an ordinance of a former Council, the Goldsborough 
farm on Herring Run had been purchased for this 
purpose, and contracts had been entered into for the 
erection of the buildings and they were actually com- 
menced. But it was discovered that the location was 
unhealthy and unsuitable for the purpose, and the 
Council of 1862 passed the ordinance authorizing the 
purchase of the present site. The tract consists of 
fifty-five acres, and is bounded as follows : Commenc- 
ing at the intersection of Eastern Avenue and Shoir 
Lane; thence running in an easterly direction on the 
north side of Eastern Avenue extended about twenty- 
six hundred feet; thence northwardly to the line of 
the Canton Company's property ; thence westwardly 
on the line to Shoir Lane ; thence southward to the 
place of beginning. It was purchased from the Can- 
ton Company at one hundred and fifty dollars per 
acre, and was the most elevated of that company's 
property, commanding a fine view of the bay, from 
which the building took its name " Bay View." The 
buildings were erected under the superintendence of 
John S. Hogg, with William F. Marshall as architect. 
The building is spacious and imposing, and is sup- 
plied with all the modern improvements, and every 
convenience for the comfort of the inmates. The 
wings and centre building, which are three stories in 
height, have an aggregate front of seven hundred feet ; 
the top of the cupola rises to the height of one hun- 
dred and eighty-four feet, and the base is one hun- 
dred feet above tide-water. The entire cost of this 
building, including the selection of the first site (the 
Goldsborough farm) and its abandonment, the pur- 
chase of the present site, containing fifty-five acres, 
and the erection of the buildings thereon, was $724,- 
415.72. The average number of inmates during 1880 
was 704^, being 27^ less than the average of the 
preceding year. The net expenses for 1880 were $56,- 
236.04, the cost per capita being $79.79t:V The 
board of trustees is composed of Joseph Friedenwald, 
president; Henry R. McNally, Simon T. Kemp, 
George A. Blake, and John Black, secretary; the oflB- 
cers of the institution are Isaiah Waggner, superin- 
tendent; VVilliam Henry Hiss, purveyor; James F. 
Bayley, clerk ; Susanna McCahan, matron ; Kate C. 
Read, assistant matron ; Benjamin F. Sapp, gardener; 
William Kaiser, engineer ; William C. Kernan, as- 
sistant engineer; J. Wesley Sapp, messenger, and 
Charles Jones, baker. The medical stafl' consists of 
Dr. St. George W. Teackle and Dr. George B. Rey- 
nolds, visiting physicians, and Dr. Joseph T. Bartlett, 
apothecary. 

The trustees of Bay View Asylum feeling the 
necessity of proper accommodations for the insane 
inmates, it was decided to build an insane asvlum, 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



and ground sufficient for the purpose was obtained 
from the Loney estate. The City Council appropri- 
ated sufficient money to erect the building, which is 
now (Nov. 7, 1881) nearly under roof. The building, 
when completed, will be ninety feet front on the 
wings and seventy feet in the centre, and four stories 
high. 



CHAPTEK LIX. 



The Thirteenth District is the smallest in the 
county, but near to the city limits it is densely popu- 
lated, and the total number of inhabitants in propor- 
tion to area is quite large. It comprises 13.86 square 
miles, and the population is 3314. In 1870 it was 
2170, thus showing an increase of over seventy-five 
per cent, in ten years. The district is bounded on 
the east by the Middle Branch of the Patapsco, on 
the south by the Patapsco, on ihe west by the First 
District, and on the north by the First District and 
Baltimore City. The Baltimore and Ohio and the 
Baltimore and Potomac Railroads cross the district, 
both passing out of it at very nearly the same point, 
the Relay House, or Washington Junction of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Washington 
turnpike, the Harmon's Ferry road, the Annapolis 
road, the Sulphur Springs road, the RoUin's Ferry 
road, and Catonsville Avenue are the other main 
lines of communication. The Patapsco River, water- 
ing the southern side of the district, greatly enriches 
the land, which, as a rule, is divided up into small 
truck-farms for the cultivation of vegetables. The 
river was once navigable for seven miles above the 
harbor of Baltimore, and large vessels ascended it as 
high as Elkridge Landing to deliver cargoes of for- 
eign goods and receive flour, iron, and tobacco, but 
the stream has long since become choked up by the 
detritus of the valley through which it passes. 
Gwynn's Falls divides the district on its north- 
eastern side from the city, and the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad crosses it on a fine iron bridge. Land 
companies own large tracts in the neighborhood of 
the municipal limits, where they have built hundreds 
of neat and comfortable houses, intended for the em- 
ployes of the many industrial establishments near by. 
The Mount Clare shops of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company, within the city, alone employ 
from two thousand five hundred to three thousand 
hands, the majority of whom reside in this district. 
Along the Washington turnpike are breweries, dis- 
tilleries, and coal-oil refineries. The towns of the 
district are Mount Winans and St. Denis. 

SCHOOLS FOR 1881. 
Teachers. 
No. 1.— E. Glauville Comegys, St. Denis. 
No. 2.— Monroe Mitchell, St. Denis. 
No. :i. — Margaret Watson, Mount Winans. 
No. 4.— Mary 0. .Smith, 292 Frederick Avenue. 



Teachers of Colored Schools. 
No. 1.— Harry E. ArnolJ, 132 Druid Hill Avenue. 
No. 2.— Harry Wilson, 120 St. Peter Street. 

Trustees. 
School No. 1,— William T. Ramlle, Kev. P. N. Mead, and N. G. Sexton. 
No. 2. — George W. Wade, Wesley B. Coursey, and Christian Brandau. 
No. 3.— Halbert Hoffman, Patrick O'Brien. 
No. 4.— S. B. Sexton, G. S. Kieffer.and J. D. Bruff. 

Mount Winans is on the line of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, a half-mile beyond Gwynn's Falls and 
the city limits. It has a population of 600, and is en- 
tirely the growth of the past ten years. The site formed 
a portion of the immense estates of the late Ro.ss and 
Thomas Winans, and the latter conceived the idea of 
founding here a village for the working-people of the 
neighborhood, where they might have better homes 
at cheaper rent than was possible in the city, and 
where an industrious head of a family might obtain a 
whole house for himself, his wife, and children. The 
project met with favor, and although Mr. Winans 
did not live to see it fully executed, he had the satis- 
faction of knowing that he had conferred a substan- 
tial benefit upon the workingmen and their families. 
The houses of Mount Winans are specially adapted to 
the circumstances of working-people, being of mod- 
erate size and well arranged, and the place has an 
appearance that speaks of industry and thrift. It has 
a Protestant Episcopal, a Methodist Episcopal, and a 
United Brethren church and a public school. New 
houses are now going up, and the population is fast 
increasing. 

St. Denis Post-Office is at the Relay House, or 
Washington Junction of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, nine miles distant from the city. The Re- 
lay House is so named in consequence of its having 
been, in the early history of the road, the spot where 
the trains of cars between Baltimore and Ellicott's 
Mills changed their horses. Here the Washington 
branch of the railroad crosses the Patapsco River over 
one of the most magnificent stone viaducts in the 
United States, appropriately named the Thomas Via- 
duct, in honor of the first president of the company. 
It has eight arches, each about sixty feet chord, and 
elevated some sixty feet above the level of the stream. 
Its total length is seven hundred feet, and it was de- 
signed by Benjamin H. Latrobe. At the northern 
end is a large granite obelisk, erected by John Mc- 
Cartney, who built the viaduct, to perpetuate the 
names of the original projectors and directors of the 
road, and his own connection with it. The view from 
almost any point on the river, the viaduct, or the 
hills is truly splendid. The banks of the river are 
very high and steep, rising gradually into thickly- 
wooded hills, upon whose crests are elegant villas 
nestled away in a profusion of shrubbery. The valley 
of the Patapsco grows more bold and rugged as it de- 
creases in width northward, and the rocky faces of the 
precipices overhang the bed of the stream. Washing- 
ton Irving wrote graphically of the beauty of the 
country a quarter of a century ago, and since then an 




o 
o 

K a 

o a 
m 

< % 



THIRTEENTH DISTRICT. 



937 



increase of population and a multiplication of fine 
residences have diversified the scene. The railroad 
company have erected at the Relay House a large 
stone hotel in the Renaissance style of architecture, 
which is not only an imposing structure, but is beau- 
tifully set off by the beds of elegant flowers that fill 
the grounds. 

The historic interest of the vicinity centres at Elk- 
ridge Landing, which is in Howard County, just 
across the Patapsco. Vessels once came up the river 
to Elkridge to load tobacco for England, and it was 
the shipping-port for an important section of country. 
When the Ellicotts, about 1730, resolved to erect 
Hour-mills on the Patapsco, they brought their ma- 
chinery by boat to Elkridge Landing and transported 
it overland to EUicott's Mills. A town existed here 
in 1733, and was called Jansentown, a name which 
was soon afterwards changed to- the existing one. At 
some date prior to the Revolution, probably about 
1700, the General Assembly of Maryland was in ses- 
sion at Elkridge Landing. On Aug. 29, 1765, the 
stanch patriots of the town hanged in efligy the Brit- 
ish stamp distributor. Between 1745 and the begin- 
ning of the Revolution races were held every fall and 
spring, and fox-hunting was the common sport of the 
gentry. On April 14, 1781, Lafayette crossed the 
Patapsco at this point with his army on the way to 
Yorktown. One boat was overloaded and sank, 
drowning nine soldiers. 

St. Augustine's Catholic church, on the Washing- 
ton turnpike, near Elkridge Landing, was dedicated 
April 20, 1845, by Archbishop Eccleston. 

Aslington Presbyterian church at Cedar Heights, 
near the Relay House, was dedicated on June 20, 
1880. It is a frame structure, and has a seating 
capacity of about four hundred persons. It is under 
the charge of Rev. William J. Gill, of Westminster 
Presbyterian Church of Baltimore City. 

Patapsco Improvement Company.— On the south 
side (iltlie Patapsco River, immediately opposite that 
part (if tlie city of Baltimore known as Ferry Bar, are 
situated the lands of the Patapsco Improvement Com- 
pany. Enterprising citizens and capitalists, both of 
Baltimore and the East, have purchased large tracts 
of land for improvement similar to those at Canton. 
The chief point of operations are at Caton Branch 
Point, about four miles from the city. The company 
has a capital of $2,500,000, and is authorized to hold 
12,500 acres of land, to make what improvements 
they may deem proper in building wharves, erecting 
manufactories, and undertaking ship-building. The 
company owns three thousand acres of land on the 
Patajisco and Curtis Creek. 

Manual Labor School for Indigent Boys.— This 
institution, situated near the Maiden Clioice road, 
between the Washington and Frederick turnpikes, 
about six miles from Baltimore, is the result of indi- 
vidual effort and subscriptions, and was incorporated 
in December, 1840. The farm of one hundred and 



forty acres was bought in March, 1841, and the first 
boy was received April 3d in the same year. The 
incorporators and first officers of the institution were 
Richard Lemmon, president ; George W. Norris, vice- 
president ; Wm. H. Beatty, treasurer ; Dr. Thomas E. 
Bond, secretary; Samuel G. Wyman, Charles Oilman, 
George S. Norris, George Norris, Edward S. Frey, W. 
W. Hardy, Charles M. Keyser, Joseph King, Jr., and 
Galloway Cheston, directors. The Manual Labor 
School is virtually a free boarding-school for indigent 
boys, whole or half orphans, of good moral character. 
The inmates are educated, fed, and clothed free of 
charge, and are instructed in the art of agriculture. 
When sufliciently instructed they are indentured 
either to farmers or mechanics, the board still exer- 
cising a supervision over them until they come of age. 
E. A. Welch is superintendent of the institution, with 
his wife as matron. 

St. Agnes' Hospital was founded in 1863, through 
the munificence of Charles M. Dougherty, at a site on 
Lanvale Street, near Greenmount Cemetery, which, in 
compliment to its kind patron, was called " Mount 
Dougherty." In 1874, however, the civil authorities 
thought it necessary to open streets through the hos- 
pital grounds, for which cause, and to secure for the 
benefit of the patients the pure and healthful air of 
the country, the present site was selected just outside 
of the city limits, on Maiden Choice road, southwest 
of St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, on property 
presented by Lady Stafford for charitable purposes. 
The hospital was erected on its present site in 1875, 
and is furnished with all the conveniences and com- 
forts of home, excellent water, steam heating, veran- 
das, and extensive grounds for recreation. It in fact 
contains all the advantages of city and country life. 
It is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity, and 
it is chiefly owing to the indefatigable efforts of 
Sister Mary Ann McAleer that the hospital has at- 
tained its present state of efliciency. The building 
is four hundred and twenty by two hundred feet, and 
in the French Gothic style of architecture, with white- 
brick trimmings. The corner-stone was laid in May, 
1875, Rev. B. F. McManus ofliciating in the absence 
of Archbishop Bayley. The following names con- 
tain assurance of the best medical attendance to such 
as may take refuge here: Dr. John G. Hollyday, 
attending physician; Dr. Edward F. Milholland, 
consulting physician ; Prof. Allan Smith, consulting 
surgeon ; Prof F. T. Miles, consulting physician in 
diseases of nervous system; Dr. H. P. C. Wilson, 
consulting physician in diseases of the womb ; Prof. 
S. C. Chew, consulting physician in diseases of the 
throat and chest. 

St. Mary's Industrial School owes its existence to 
the zealous efforts of the late Archbishop Spalding, of 
Baltimore. He began to urge the establishment of 
such a charity very soon after assuming the duties of 
his station, and on the 9th of April, 1866, the institu- 
tion was incorporated, with the following gentlemen 



938 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY, MARYLAND. 



as incorporators : Martin J. Spalding, Henry B. Cos- 
kery, Edward McColgan, James Dolan, Henry Meyers, 
Michael Slattery, Bernard J. McManus, John T. Gait- 
ley, Leonard J. Tormey, Cumberland Dugan, Thomas 
C. Yearly, James McDonald, and Isaac Hartman. In 
response to the earnest suggestions of the archbishop, 
a number of the leading Catholics of the city and 
State, together with the pastors of many of the Cath- 
olic churches of Baltimore, met in the basement of 
Calvert Hall on Monday evening. May 21, 1866, and 
effected the organization of St. Mary's Industrial 
School for Boys. Archbishop Spalding presided, and 
explained the object of the meeting, and remarks 
were also made by Rev. Fathers Dolan and McCol- 
gan. The sum of eighteen thou.sand dollars was sub- 
scribed at this meeting. A second meeting was held 
at the same place on June 18th, at which Archbishop 
Spalding presided. The following gentlemen were 
appointed by the archbishop as the managing and 
building committee: On the part of the clergy. Most 
Eev. Archbishop Spalding, chairman ; Very Rev. H. 
B. Coskery, D.D., Rev. James Dolan, Rev. Edward 
McColgan, and Rev. Bernard McManus ; on the part 
of the laity, Capt. William Kennedy, Alfred Jenkins, 
Charles Dougherty, and C. Oliver O'Donnell. 

The site of the institution was decided by the lib- 
erality of the late Mrs. Emily McTavish, who gener- 
ously bequeathed to it one hundred acres of land on 
the Maiden Choice road, about two miles from Bal- 
timore. 

While in Europe Archbishop Spalding was favor- 
ably impressed with the working of the Xaverian 
Brotherhood in Belgium, and invited them to take 
charge of the new enterprise. Some temporary build- 
ings were erected, and a barrack formerly used by 
soldiers was fitted up for the purpose of the institu- 
tion, and on Saturday, Sept. 8, 1866, the Xaverian 
Brothers took possession of the new field of labor, 
and the house was solemnly blessed by the arch- 
bishop, assisted by Rev. Father Early, Rev. Edward 
McColgan, Rev. Father Albino, and Rev. F. Sprugt. 
The first boy was admitted Oct. 3, 1860, and in a brief 
period the number reached forty-five, the utmost 
capacity of the temporary structure. The numerous 
applications for admission soon rendered obvious the 
necessity for increased accommodations, and the 
board of trustees accordingly authorized the con- 
struction of a new building, the corner-stone of which 
was laid by Rev. Dr. Thomas Foley on the 4th of 
June, 1867. On the 1st of Augu.st, 1868, the new 
building, constructed of granite, one hundred and 
thirty-six feet front, sixty-six feet deep, and five 
stories high, was so far completed as to permit its 
partial occupation. 

At the legislative session of 1874 the charter was so 
amended as to give the State and city three represen- 
tatives each in the board, and to authorize courts and 
magistrates to commit to the charge of the institu- 
tion "any destitute white boy, or any white boy con- 



victed before such court or magistrate of any offense 
against any law or laws of this State, provided that 
the parent or guardian of said boy or boys shall 
request that they be committed to St. Mary's Indus- 
trial School." The city had been accustomed to 
make an annual appropriation for the benefit of the 
institution, but in 187G it was decided by Judge Pink- 
ney, in the Circuit Court, that the municipal authori- 
ties had no legal power to make such appropriations, 
and the Court of Appeals affirmed this decision. 
Since that time all boys committed to the school by 
the city are paid for at a fixed rate. In 1878 the 
building was enlarged by the addition of a wing con- 
structed of granite, forty feet front by one hundred 
and twenty feet deep, and five stories high, contain- 
ing a large dining-room, kitchen, bakery, study- 
rooms, chapel, and large dormitory, thus rendering 
the institution capable of accommodating five hun- 
dred boys. Since the opening of the institution 
fourteen hundred and twenty-seven boys have been 
intrusted to its care, with three hundred and seventy- 
nine under actual charge on the Slst of December, 
1880. The industrial department consists of a print- 
ing-office, shoe, tailor, carpenter, and blacksmith- 
shops, together with instruction in basket-making, 
bottle-covering, baking, gardening, and farming. 
The officers of the institution are Archbishop James 
Gibbons, president; Thomas S. Lee, vice-president; 
Thomas C. Yearley, secretary ; Edward McColgan 
and E. Austin Jenkins, finance committee; Thomas 
S. Lee, Brother Alexius (superintendent of the insti- 
tution), and John Wickersham, indenturing commit- 
tee ; Executive Committee, P. L. Chapelle, chair- 
man ; Cumberland Dugan, secretary ; Thomas S. Lee, 
Alfred H. Reiss, Isaac Hartman, E. Austin Jenkins, 
0. B. Corrigan, R. W. L. Rasin, George J. Kries, 
John Wickersham, Dr. R. H. Goldsmith, B. I. Harris, 
Edward McColgan, and Brother Alexius ; City Trus- 
tees, Dr. John Morris, Charles J. Bonaparte, R. W. 
L. Rasin; State Trustees, W. E. Stewart, F. S. 
Hoblitzell, and James Sloan, Jr. 

St. James' Home for Boys is a branch of St. 
Mary's Industrial School ; was established for the 
purpose of providing a home for the inmates of the 
school when sent out to make their own way in the 
world, and for the reception of other poor boys, be- 
tween the ages of nine and eighteen years, who may 
be willing to work at such occupation as may be as- 
signed them, and pay certain cheap rates of board. 
The superintendent secures them occupations, pro- 
vides them with substantial board and clothes, teaches 
them at night, and takes charge of their wages. The 
whole number of boys received into the home since 
its opening, July 16, 1878, is one hundred and eleven ; 
the number in the house Dec. 1, 1880, was thirty-one. 
The Xaverian Brothers have charge of it, Brother 
Hubert being the superintendent. It is situated on 
the corner of High and Low Streets, in Baltimore 
City. 



INDEX. 



Appeals for relief, 88. 

ArmisteKd, Col. G., 91. 

Anti-slavery, 120. 

American, newspaper, 53, 1^8, 160, 507, 609, 

612. 
A.ssociated Evangelical Church, 590. 
African Melhodist Churches, 581. 
Atonement P. E. Chapel, 526. 
All Saints' P. E. Church, 524. 
Ascension P. B. Church, S22. 
American District Telegraph, 609. 
Arms seized, 132. 
Adams Express Company, 144, 359. 



Army hospitals. 152. 

Agricultural Aid Society, 155. 

Appropriations for Southern relief, 166. 

Appeal Tax Court, 181. 

Assessment of property, 186. 

Africiin Protestant Church, 212. 

Assembly-rooms, 226. 

Ass.iciiition of firemen, 240. 

Aged JIi'Ti's Home, 242, 595. 

Ascension P. E. Church, 264. 

Arniistead monument, 213. 

Ashland Square, 281. 

Advantages of Baltimore as atradecenti 

Air-ship, 299. 



386. 



Abrahams, Wc 
Anthracite coal, 391. 
Armstrong, Cator & Co., 414. 
Architechiral iron trade, 426. 
Abbott Iron Company, 427. 
Abell, George W., 444. 
Abell. Edwin F., 444, 484. 
Abel), A. S., 446, 600, 508, 618. 
As.-es^inents of taxes on hanks 
Associated Firemen's Insuranct 
American Fire Insurance Compan 
Adreon, Col. H., 495. 
Anierioan Union Telegraph, 508. 
Aged Women's Home, 595. 
Alexander, John H,, 648. 



; T. S., 650. 



Associations, 668. 
Andrews, R. S., 669. 
Art and artists, 261, 674. 
Academy of Fine Arts, 675. 
Amusements, 678. 
.\B8euibly-rooms, 679. 
Actors and actresses, 680. 
Albangh, J. W., 689. 
Academy of Music, 697. 
Agvicultural societies, 818. 
Austen, George, 909. 

Baltimore City, founding of, 47, 107. 
original tracts of land, 49. 
commissioners of, 50. 
population of, 185. 



for national capita 



Baltimore City, first lo^owuer8, 53. 

plat of, 52. 

first female child in, 55. 

extensions, 56, 57-62. 

picture of, 67. 

tiouudaries of, 62. 

survey of, 51. 

separated from county, 63, 168. 

debt of, 182. 

first military company, 70. 

British threaten to attack, 77. 

Congress assembled in, 74. 

Light Dragoons, 80. 

charter of, 83. 

defense of, 86, 93. 

privateers, 98. 

Legislature met in, 116. 

elections in, 116, 117. 

growth of, 186. 

erected into a city, 169. 

schools of, 225. 

financial condition, 182. 

advantages as a trade centre, 281. 

situation of, 283. 

claims for consideration, 285. 

necrology, 794. 
Baltimore County, topography of, 14. 

Indians in, 32. 

erected into a county, and bounds of, 41. 

separated from city, 63, 168. 

court-house, 63. 

selection of county-seat, 63. 

elections in, 115. 

first settlement in, 40. 

history of, 811. 
Baltimore Cemetery, 932. 
Braddock's defeat, 37. 
Bridges, 67, 69, 209, 210, 212, 425. 
Bachelors, tax on, 38. 
Bushtowu, 43. 



Asylu 



,890. 



Bentley Springs, 870. 
Butler PoBt-Offlce, 869, 883. 
Black Rock. 869. 
Beckleysville, 869. 
Buchanan, J. M., 718. 
Bench and Bar, 698. 
Baltimore Insurance Company, 491. 
Broadway Savings-Bank, 472. 
Burns. Francis, 463, 471. 

Baltimore and District of Columbia Volun- 
teers, 113. 
Baldwin, Robert T., 288. 
Baltimore and Bremen line of steamships, 306. 
Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, 351. 
Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad, 357. 
Baltimore and Delta Railroad, 359. 
Baltimore City Passenger Railway Company, 

362. 
Baltimore and Catonsville Passenger Railway 

Company, 368. 
Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Railway 

Company, 369. 



Baltimore and Pikesville Railway Company, 

Baltimore and Randallstown Railway Com- 
pany, 370. 
Baltimore and Hampden Railway Company, 

370. 
Baltimore and Hall Springs Railway Company, 

370. 
Boyce, James, 390. 
Bryan, T. A., cS: Co., 396.' 
Bartlett, D. L., 416, 426, 441, 440, 448. 
Bridge.building trade, 425. 
Bentley, C. W., 429. 
Baltimore stock-yards, 446. 
Belt, 64. 

Border troubles, 64. 
Battles, Lexington, 71. 

Monmouth, 77. 

Germantown, 77. 

Long Island, 73. 

Bladensburg, 88. 

North Point, 93 

Monterey, 114. 

Gettysburg, 144. 

Monocacy, 147. 
Brown, A., 452, 474. 
Baker circle, 281. 
Battle Monument, 97, 243, 267. 
Butler, Gen., takes possession of Baltimore, 131. 
Burning, Peggy Stewart, 72. 
British in Patapsco, 77. 
Balls, 79, 678. 

Burning of Washington, 88. 
Blockading British Channel, 112. 
Barney, Commodore J., 88, 104. 
Bowie, Oiten, 114,351. 
Brown, Mayor, 126. 
Bradford, A. W., 128, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 

147, 148, 149. 
Browne, W. H., 233, 667. 
Baker, C. J., 140, 155, 415, 459, 469, 001. 
Bi7ant, Stratton & Sadler's Business College, 

237. 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 131, 147, 148, 183, 

316, 366, 387, 474, 475, 505, 508, 693. 
Baltimore Fire Insurance Company, 483. 
Booth, Washington, 488. 
Bayley, J. R., Archbishop, 529. 
Barricades, 143. 
Baptists, 162, 552. 

First Church, 654. 

Second, 557. 

Third, 669. 

Ebenezer, 669. 

Mount Zion, 559. 

Sixth, 661. 

High Street, 561. 

Seventh, 562. 

Franklin Square, 563. 

Lee Street, 5G4. 

Eutaw Place, 665. 

German, 566. 

Bethany, 666. 

Primitive, 566. 

Shiloh, 666. 



INDEX. 



Baptists, Fuller Memorial Church, 566. 

Madison Square, 567. 

Seventh, 567. 

Firet Colored, 568. 

Leadenhall Street, 568. 

Shiloh (Colored), 568. 

Union, 668. 
Biographical sketches, 794. 

Abel), A. S., 6-24. 

Albaugh, J. W., 689. 

Andrews, P. S., 609. 

Carroll, Charles, barrister, 706. 

Colton, G., 634. 

Cradock, Thos., 841. 

Douglas, R. H., 384. 

Fisher, James I., 384. 

Fisller, K. A., 384. 

James, H., 402. 

Jones, H., 472. 

Jones, E. E., 889. 

Kennedy, H., 821. 

Kennedy, J. P., 6.52. 

Lindsay, G. W., 762. 

Merryman, John, 885. 

Myer, Thos. J., 395. 

Piper, Jackson, 899. 

Shoemaker, S., 360. 

Slagle, C. W., 379. 

Gist, Gen. M., 70. 

Kenly, Gen. John E., 133. 

Bradford, Gov. A. \V., 138. 

Grifflth, G. S., 154. 

Latrobe, T. C, 180. 

Webb, C, 183. 

Hopkins, Johns, 231. 

Holloway, Charles T., 257. 

Malster, William T., 304. 

Eeauey, William B., 305. 

Garrett, John W., 331. 

Small, George, 346. 

Bowie, Oden, 351. 

Hood, J. M., 356. 

Holland, John C, 308. 

Turner, Lewis, 381. 

Jenkins, T. Robert, 382. 

Fisher, Wagner & Mackall, 383. 

Abrahams, W., 380. 

Mayer, Charles F., 388. 

Boyce, J., 390. 

Ouiou, E. D., 391. 

Piatt, S. B., 394. 

Mason, J. D., 390. 

Raisin, E. W. L., 398. 

Baker, R. J., 398. 

Whitelock, W., 399. 

Ober, G., 400. 

Powell, W. S., 401. 

Deford, B., 403. 

Klees, H., 404. 

Bartlelt, George, 400. 

Gal-y, J. S., 408. 

Miller, D,, 411. 

Miller. H. C, 412. 

Bnlff, J. W., 413. 

Hodges, James, 415. 

Stellman, John, 417. 

Rieman, H., 419. 

Sisson, H., 421. 

Seeger, J., 423. 

Wilkins, W., 422. 

Wetherall, W. G., 425. 

Bartlett, D. L., 426. 

Eeeder, C, 426. 

Sheppard, I. A., 428. 

Bentley, C. W., 429. 

Hamill, C. W., 4.30. 



iographical sketches : 

Wilson, G. a, 431. 

Young, W. S., 442. 

Smitli, H C , 448. 

Baldwin, E. T., 4.->8. 

Baker, C. J., 459. 

Gunllicr, L. W., 373. 

Pratt, E., 464. 

George, I. S., 467. 

Burns, William F., 471. 

Brown, Alexander, 474. 

Hambleton, T. E., 477. 

Newcomer, B. F., 478. 

Seidenstricker, J. B., 485. 

Bresee, 0. F., 489. 

Adreon, Col. H., 495. 

Thomas, Jr., J. L., 498. 

Brantly, Rev. Wm. T., 502. 

Bitting, D.D., Eev. C. C, 504. 

Fuller, D.D., Rev. Richard, 56 

Brewer, J. R., 639. 

Morrison, N. H., 665. 

McCoy, John W., 660. 

Sutro, Otto, 673. 

Walters, Wm. T., 675. 

Fisher, William A., 702. 

Frick, William F., 699. 

Wallis, Severn T., 698. 
Frick, Prof. C, 700. 
Horwitz, 0., 701. 
Carter, Bernard, 702. 
Steele, I. N., 715. 
Williams, G. H., 717. 
Stirling, Jr., A., 718. 
Gittings, E. J., 719. 
Knott, A. Leo, 720. 
Snowdon, S., 722. 
Stewart, Wm. A., 723. 
McKaig, T. J., 724. 
Erich, Dr. A. F., 739. 
Wilson, H. P. C, 743. 
Dashiell, N. L., 744. 
Martin, Dr. J. L., 749. 
Shearer, Dr. Thomas, 750. 
Chancellor, Dr. C. W., 751. 
Mclntire, Dr. James, 753. 
Scarff, Dr. John H., 755. 
Price, Dr. E. C, 756. 
Wilson & Sons, D., 709. 
Booth, W., 771. 
Tyson, Jr., I., 772. 
Keerl. Thomas M., 773. 
Bankard, H. N., 774. 
McMurray, Louis, 775. 
Rogers, 0. L., 836. 
Worthington, R. H., 832. 
Holton, H. B., 829. 
Gambrill, C. H., 836. 
Ewing, Dr. H. M., 839. 
Slingluff, Jesse, 852. 
Smith, Jos., Jr., 853. 
Philpot, E. P., 863. 
Worthiu^on, Charles, 864. 
Fowble, Peter, 867. 
Ducker, G. E., 868. 
Jordan, B. F., 871. 
Turner, Jas., 872. 
Rutledge, T. G., 873. 
Standiford, James A., 874. 
Wise, Wm., 875. 
Brown, Albert M., 876. 
Hawkins, John W., 877. 
Mowell, P., 879. 
Gambrill, C. A., 882. 
Peregoy, C, 887. 
Isaac, W. M., 893. 
Mcintosh, D. G., 896. 



j Biographical sketches : 
Boannan, B. R., 899. 
Ruby, W. H., 900. 
Mitchell, Jos. B., 901. 
Talbot, J. F. C, 906. 
Pearce, J. B., 007. 
Austin, Geo., 909. 
Matthews, D. M., 911. 
Peirce, Wm. F., 912. 
I Bosley, J., 913. 

! Emory, B., 914. 

Sparks, J., 915. 
Hutchins, H.C., 916. 
Gittings, D. S., 917. 
Gorsuch, T., 921. 
Jessop, J., 925. 
Reckord, H.. 926. 
Corse, W., 930. 
Gorsuch, T. T., S80. 
Bosley, D., 884. 
Carroll, Henry, 908. 
Cockey, C. T., 843. 
Harrison, F., 891. 
Price, Ezra, 882. 
Baine, F., 025. 
Rogers, C. L., 834. 
I Vonderherst, J. H., 931. 

I Williams, J. W. N., 5.55. 

Wilson, Williiini, 708. 
Banks and bankers, 440, 469, 473. 
Eutaw Savings, 142. 
Maryland, 243, 283, 452, 784. 
Mechanics' National, 315,460. 
United States, 452. 
Baltimore National, 455. 
Union National, 456. 
Farmers and Merchants' National, 458, 
Franklin National, 459. 
Commercial and Farniei's' National, 461. 
City Bank of Baltimore, 461. 
Marine National, 461. 
Citizens' National, 462. 
Western National, 462. 
Chesapeake, 463. 
Second National, 463. 
Merchants' National, 463. 
Farmers and Plautera' Natioual, 464. 
Howard, 465. 
People's, 465. 
Commerce, 465. 
Old Town, 466. 
First National, 466. 
Exchange National, 466. 
Third National, 466. 
Traders' National, 467. 
German American, 468. 
German, 468. 
United German, 468. 
Central National, 468. 
Drovers and Mechanics' National, 468. 
German Central, 469. 
Central Savings, 469. 
.Savings, 4S9. 
Eutaw Savings, 471. 
Metropolitan Savings, 472. 
Broadway Savings, 472. 
Maryland Savings, 473. 
Miscellaneous Savings Institutions, 473. 
Bruwn, Alexander, & Sons, 474. 
Nicholson & Sons, 475. 
Garrett, Robert, & Sons, 475. 
Wilson, Colston & Co., 476. 
McKim & Co., 476. 
Hambleton, John A., & Co., 477. 
Safe Deposit and Trust Company, 478. 
Stock Board, 479. 
Boys' Home Society, 154. 



Basin, 172, 287. 

Burns, Wm. F., 471, 478, 501. 

Baltimore Female College, 226, 233. 

Baltimore Academy, 238. 

Baltimore United Fire Department, 

Broadway parks, 278. 

Boston Steamship Company, 302. 

Butchere, 380. 

Baker, R. J., 398. 

Boots and shoes. 405. 

Bartlett, George, 406, 406, 471. 

Bruff, J. W., iVA. 

Building material, 418. 

Bricks, 418. 



Bellt 



420. 



Business notes, 431. 
Boarii of Trade, 4;!7. 
Baltimore Cn>ckery and tJlassware As! 

tion, 446. 
Baldwin, Robt. T., 446, 458, 508, 609. 
Baltimore, National Bank of, 455. 
Bresee, 0. F., 489. 
Brush electric light, 502. 
Brantly, Wm. T., 562. 
Bitting. D.D., Rev. C. C, 564. 
Benevolent institutions, 597. 
Baltimore Orphan Asylum, 594. 
Brotherhood of the P.E. Church, 598. 
Boys' Home Society, 600. 
Brewer, James R., 639. 
Burnap, G. W., 647. 
Benjamin, Park, 651. 
Baltimore Medical College, 739. 
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 744 
Baltimore Academy of Mediciue, 745. 
Baltimore Medical Association, 746. 
Booth, Washington , 771. 
Bankard, H. N., 774. 
Bare Hill Copper-Mines, 842. 
Brown, A. M., 876. 
Boarman, B. B., 898. 
Brooklandville, 906. 
Bosley, Jno., 913. 
Bay View Asylum, 934, 935. 

Copper, 30. 

Clays, 31. 

Claiborne, 32. 

Cecil County, 35,41. 

Carroll County, 42. 

Creeks and rivers, 14. 

County-seats, 42, 60, 63. 

Courts, 44, 71, 197, 814. 

City Gas Company, 502. 

City officers, 187. 

City government, 167, 179,187. 

Commissioners, town, 50, 167, 197. 

Constitution of 1864, 162. 

Conrt-House, 45, 60, 69, 72, 726, 729, 899. 

Carter, Bernard, 601, 698, 702, 723. 

City Hall, 174, 212. 

Creating Baltimore Town, 50. 

Commerce, 60, 82. 282, 284, 292, 370. 

City extension, 63. 

Constitutional Conventions, 63, 75. 

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 68. 

Congress, 69. 

Congress Hall, 74. 

Confiscation of property, 7G. 

Catliedral. SO. 

City departments, 190. 

City charter, 83, 170. 

Colored troops, 144. 

City collector, 183. 

Comptroller of Baltimore, 168, 181. 

City commissioner, 182. 



City surveyor, 182. 

Canada, invasion of, 84. 87, 98. 

City Council, 116, 140, 172, 187. 

Cator, R. W., 441, 448. 

Carroll, Fort, 291. 

City seal, 173. 

City librarian, 182. 

City register, 173, 181, 193. 

Corps, 123. 

Civil war, 126, 335, 788, 899. 

Christian Commission, 153. 

Children's Aid Society, 154. 

City Spring, 213. 

Cator, B. F., 165, 488. 

Commissioners of Police, 200. 

Colton, George, 200,634. 

City passenger railways, 27S. 

Citizens' City Passenger Railway Company, 367. 

Catonsville Passenger Railway, 368. 

Cattle trade, 379. 

Conventions, 120, 127, 128, 145, 146, 147, 149, 

162, 105,194. 
Colored voters, 898. 
Coffee trade. 382. 
Cooperage, 385. 
Confectionery, 396. 
Cotton. 406, 407. 
Calverton stock-yards, 446. 
Commercial and Farmers' National Bank, 461. 
City Bank of Baltimore, 461. 
Citizens' National Bauk, 462. 
Chesapeake banks, 462. 
Commerce, Bank of, 465. 
Creery monument, 272. 
Confederate flag, 129. 
prisoners, 137, 142. 
invasion, 142, 147. 

Columbian Fire Company, 251. 

Consuls at Baltimore, 195. 

City elevations, 196. 

Cemeteries, 934. 

Greenmount, 132. 
Cathedral, 534. 
Calvary, 634. 

Calverton, 840. 

Carroll, Rev. John, archbishop, 527; 

Catholic Churches, 526. 

Church of the Redeemer, P. E. Reformed, 525. 

Cummins Memorial P. E. Reformed Church, 
625. 

Christ P. E. Church, 521. 

Carpenter, Wm. H., 508, 631, 649. 

Collectors of the port, 496. 

Carpenter, W. H., 140, 649. 

City College, 229. 

Catonsville, 151. 

Cradock, Thus , 841. 

Cockey, Chas. T., 843 

Concordia Opera-House. 695. 

Charitable Marine Society, 692. 

Cock-fighting, 222. 

Channels of Baltimore, 288. 

Cradock, Rev. Thomas, 223, 861. 

Clipper-ships, 293. 

Chesapeake, pirate in, 298. 
I blockade of, 298. 

i Churches, 830, 888, 902. 

Canals, 312. 

Consolidation Coal Company, 38S. 

Cumberland (Pa.) Railroad, 389. 
] Christiana tragedy, 875. 

Cathedral, 526, 530. 
I Councils, 529. 

Cemeteries, 534. 

Catholic Church, 2 14, 526. 
j St. Patrick's, 534. 

St. Joseph's, 536. 



Catholics, St. Peter's Church, 537. 

St. Vincent de Paul's, 537. 

St. Ignatius', 538. 

St. John's, 538. 

Immaculate Conception, .538. 

St. Lawrence's, 639. 

St. Martin's, 539. 

St. Mary's Star of the Sea, 539. 

St. Andrew's, 539. 

Pius Memorial, 640. 

St. Bridget's, 540. 

St. Alphonsus', 540. 

Redemptorists', 541. 

St. James', 541. 

St. Michael's, .542. 

Holy Cross, 643. 

Fourteen Holy Martyrs, 643. 

St. Veuceslaus', 543. 

St. Stanislaus', 543. 

St. Leo's, 543. 

St. Francis Xavicr's, 643. 
Carrier-pigeon express, 620. 
Christian Church, 591. 
Charitable institutions, 592. 
Convent of the Visitation, 598. 
(^rmelite Convent, 698. 
Children's Aid Society, 601. 
Colored Blind and Deaf Mutes, 601. 
Church Home, 601. 
Clubs, 668. 
Circuses, 689, 694. 
Carroll, Charles, barrister, 706. 
Chase, Samuel, 710. 
Clerks of courts, 729. 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, 738. 
Chancellor, Dr. C. W., 751. 
Collectors of taxes, 814. 
Caton, Richard, 821. 
Cockeysville, 877. 
Cigar-ship, 299. 
Charleston and Havana Steamship Company, 

302. 
Coal, 327, 386. 
Cracker-bakeries, 396. 
Cator, R. W., 441, 464. 
Corn and Flour Exchange, 441. 
Chamber of Commerce, 443. 
Crockery and Glassware Association, 446. 
Calverton stock-yards, 446. 
Central National Bank, 468. 
Central Savings-Bank, 469. 
Custom-House, 496. 
Corporations taxed, 509. 
Calvert, George H., 647. 
Customs and manners, 763. 
Catonsville, 821. 
Carrollton, 825. 
! Clifton, 842. 
Carroll, H., 908. 

Copley, or St. John's parish, 919. 
Cub Hill, 921. 
Chesterwood, 927. 
, Canton, 928. 
Corse, William, 930. 

Dead rivers and creeks, 17. 
I Division of city and county, 63. 
I Declaration of Independence, 73. 

Development of Baltimore, 81. 

Deford, B., 403, 466. 

Day, Ishmael, 148. 
J Debt of Baltimore, 182. 

Druid Hill Park, 132, 272. 
1 Dancing, 222. 

Deptford Fire Company. 246. 

Docks, 303. 

Dry-dock, 303. 



INDEX. 



Distances from Baltimore, 309. 


Fell's Point, 54-60. 




on the Clicsapeake, 309. 


Fairs, 57. 


Fulton, C.C, 281, .508. 


to foreign ports, 310. 


French Acadians, 59. 


Ferries, 292. 


Drum Point Riiilroad, 357. 


Fountain Inn, 72. 


Ford, J. T., yacht, 299. 


Delta Railroad, 359. 


Porta, 96, 132, 143. 


Furniture, 418. 


Dry-goods trade, 410. 


McHenry, 84, 96, 112, 114, 119, 128, 131, 


Farmere and Merchants' National Bank, 458 


Devriw,* (•,,.,410. 


141, 142, 199, 219, 289, 290, 


Fish, Provost-MaiBhal, 146. 


Drug Excliauue, 449. 


Covington, 91. 


Fisher, William A., 222, 604, 698, 702. 


Der Deutsilie Correspondent, C26. 


Carroll, 289, 290. 


French spoliations, 294. 


Dunkers, 691. 


Fish, 392. 


Flour and milling trade, 373. 


Dolan's Orplians' Home, 601. 


Federal Hill, 120, 131, 287. 


Fisher, Wagner AMackall, 383. 


Dawes, R., 047. 


Marshall, 143. 


Farmere and Planters' National Bank, 464. 


Davis, G. I.. L., 051. 


Friendship, 890. 


Fireman's Insurance Company, 483. 


Dalrymple, E. .\., 054. 


Fifth District, 808. 


Fuller, D.D.,Eev.B., 566. 


Decorative Art Sodety, 07.'.. 


Fowble, P., 867. 


Frick, William F., 696, 697, 698, 699, 723. 


Dancing Assembly, 079. 


Fourth District, 864. 


Friendly Inn, 603. 


Dulany, D., 7(10, 70.S. 


Franklintown, 828. 


Free Summer Excursion Society, 603, 927. 


Davis, II. W., 719. 


First District, 820. 


Federal occupation, 900. 


Doctors, 7i9. 


Ford's Grand Opera-House, 696. 




Dasliidl, X. L., 744. 


Friends, 687, 886. 




Dental Surgery, 744. 


Fourth P. E. Reformed Church, 525. 


Geology, 20. 


Dispensaries, 747. 


First National Bank, 466. 


Granite, 24, 830. 


District history, 811. 


Fire-bricks, 420. 


Gold, 30. 


Dncker, G E., 868. 


Foreign trade of Baltimore, 309. 


Gist, Gen. M., 70. 


Dulauy'e Valley, 903, 911. 


First Baltimore Hose Company, 252. 


German settlers, 60, 66. 




Fell's Point Hose and Suction Company, 251. 


Garrett, Jno. W., 128, 130, 232, 276, 306, 33 


Ellicotf s City, 24, 374. 


Franklin Fire Company, 251. 


340, 440, 468, 476, 604. 


Exploration of the Chesapeake, 39. 


Federal Hill, 116, 287. 


Garrett, Bobt., 303, 332, 333, 340, 446, 458, 47 


Executions, 47, 139, 140, 149, 202. 


Friendship Fire Company, 246. 


476,508,509,698. 


Extensions, .56, 57, 62, 63. 


Ford's Opera-House, 165, 088. 


Garrett, T. H., 303, 333, 463, 476, 698. 


Elections, 03, 64, 116, 116, 124, 130, 141, 149, 150, 


French lady, 136. 


Gunboats, 138, 144, 145, 150, 293. 


102, 160. 


Front Street Theatre, 127, 147, 262, 689. 


German Central Bank, 469. 


Exiles from Acadia, 59. 


Fulling-mill, 407. 


Grilfith, G. S., 153, 164, 156, 489, 600, 003. 


Episcopal Church, 44, 517. 


Fertilizer Exchange, 397. 


Glass manufacturers, 402. 


Emory, Bishop, 8,56. 


Ferguson monument, 271. 


German-American Bank, 468. 


East Baltimore Cemetery, 934. 


Female Union Relief Association, 163. 


German Bank, 468. 


Elcventli District, 910. 


Financial condition of Baltimore, 169, 182. 


Grain trade, 376. 


Erich, Dr. A.K., 7:». 


Ford, J. T., 205, 288, 299, 487, 495, 593, 603, 688, 


Graue, H. H., 155, 368. 


EvaUKelical churches, ,W0. 


696. 


Gary, Jas. A., 166, 408, 471, 601. 


Episcopal Jlethodisf, 0:i6. 


Foxhunting, 222. 


Goveinois, 19a 


Ecclestun, .Samuel, Arclihishop. 528. 


Floods, 209, 211. 


Gleeson monument, 272 


Emmanuel P. K. Reformed Church, 526. 


Floating school, 234. 


Geographical advantages of BUtimore, 283. 


Epiphany P. E. Missi.ui, 525. 


Fire losses, 265. 


(.einiin Reformed Church, 212 


Emmanuel P. E. Church, 523. 


Federal Hill Park, 278. 


(.erujan Lutheran Church, 2b2 


Eutaw House, 136, 473. 


Franklin Square, 279. 


&in,JiB S,408 


Eutaw Savings-Bank, 142, 471. 


Fire companies, 205, 237, 268, 818. 


1 1 un slii[ ] eii' Association, 445 


Eastern City Spring, 280. 


Liberty, 127, 247. 


11 c 449 


Eutaw Place, 281. 


Patapsco, 240, 264. 


1 1 484 


Eastern Shore Steamboat Co., 301. 


New Market, 240, 250. 


Is4 


Exports from Baltimore, 308. 


Mechanical, 244. 


1 - IIS 4" 


Ellicotfs flour-mills, 374. 


Dnion, 245, 


1 eiui \ 1 I mpany, 488. 


Elkridge Landing, 375. 


Friendship, -246. 


Germ 11 1 1 I 


Ellicott's musical clock, 370. 


Deptford, 246, 


Gasligl t 


ElysvilJe, 409. 


Independent, 247, 


Giacel 1 1 111 h, 523. 


Evans, H.D., 716. 


Vigilant, 249. 


German ( ilh li 4U 


Elysvilloand Alberton, S32. 


Franklin, 251. 


Gel man Reformed Churches, 571 


Eighth District, S70. 


Columbian, 251. 


German Aged Men s Home, 605 


Excliange National Bank, 400. 


Fell's Point Hose and Suction, 251. 


Gazette, 631. 


Episcopal Church Home, 601. 


Fi.st Baltimore Hose, 252. 


German Orphan Asylum, 397. 


Evans, H.D., 647. 


United Hose and Suction, 2.53. 


Gwyun, Wm., 044. 


Ewing, Dr. H. M., 839. 


Washington Hose, 253. 


Grifflth, Thomas M., 656. 


Emory, Richard, 914. 


Howard, 254. 


Glenn, Jno., 714. 


Exchange, 175, 293, 437, 445, 494. 


Watchman, 255. 


Gill, G. M., 716. 


Electors of President, 195. 


Lafayette Hose, 265. 


Gittings, R. J., 719, 723. 


Elevations in Baltimore, 196. 


Monumental Hose, 266. 


li,conS|..ings,.s4l. 


Education, 222. 


Western Hose, 256. 


1. .' -1. 1., '1' 1' , -^n. 


Eaton & Barnett'B school, 237. 


Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder, 256. 




Equitable Insurance Company, 483. 


Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder, 256. 


'■■••'- "■' l.'iy,890. 


Equitable Gas Company, 502. 


United States Hose, 266. 




Electric light, 602. 


Paid Fire Department, 256. 






Freeland's Post-OtBce, 871. 


Gunpowder Farmei-s' Club, 912. 


French and Indian war, 37-60. 


Flags, forbidden to display, 130. 


Gittings, D. S., 917. ■ 


Fence around town, 38. 


presented, 132, 144. 


Gnupowder Grange, 917. 


Foster's Neck, 43, 923. 


Fertilizers, 397. 


Greenwood, 918. 


Founding of Baltimore, 47, 107. 


Fires, 142, 146, 237, '261, 408, 688, 689, 898. 


Gorsuch, Thomas, 921. 


Floods, 15. 


Franklin National Bank, 469. 


Gardenville, 929. 


Fifth Lord Baltimore, 51. 


Fire-engines, -252, 2.';s. 


Georgetown, 930. 



INDEX. 



Harford County, 35, 42. 


Henry Watson Aid Society, 599. 


Joppa, 43, 60, 77. 




Houses, 67. 


Home for the Aged of the M. E. Church, 699. 


plat of, 45, 923. 




Hownid'e Park, 80. 




Jonestown, 48, 64, 167. 




Hughes, Christopher, Jr., 98. 


House of Reformation for Colored Children, 630. 


Jones' Falls, 54, 6,5, 60, 208, 287. 




Hebrews, enfranchised, 120. 


Herald, 637. 


Johnson, Governor Thomas, 75. 




Harbor defenses, 90, 290. 


Hall.JohnE., 644. 


Judicial districts, 116. 




High schools, 229. 


Hewitt, John H., 646. 


"Jew Bill," 120. 




Habens corpus refiised, 131. 


Ilungerford, James, 040. 


Jails, 200, 783. . 




Health Department, 182. 


Heyen, J. T., 6.54. 


Johnson Square, 280. 




Historical Society, 205. 


Holliday Street Theatre, 682. 


Jones, Alexander, 288. 




House of Delegates, members of, 194, 81S. 


Howard Athenffium, 695. 


Jenkins, T. Robert, 382, 459, 698, 




Hotels, 613. 


Hoffman, David, 714. 


James, Henry, 462, 494, 601. 




Eutaw House, 136, 473. 


Hopkins Hospital, 746. 


Jones, Ale.\ander, 472, 484. 




Miller's, 139. 




Johnson, K., 713. 




Guy's, 142, 144. 


Historical notes on Baltimore County, 816. 






Fountain Inn. 21,5, 238. 


Harrisonville, 832. 


Jockey clubs, 848, 850. 




Indian Queen, 614. 


Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 841. 


Jordan, B. F., 871. 




Carrollton, 515. 


Hookstown, 842, 


Jessop, J., 926. 




Howard, 515. 


Howardsville, 842. 






Globe Inn, 515. 


Hook's bequest, 842. 


Kent Island. 32, 40. 




General Wayne Inn, 515. 


Highland Park, 853. 


Kent County, 41. 




Exchange, 515. 


Hannah More Academy, 866. 


Know-Nothing politics, 122, 123, 125. 




Barnum's, 515. 


Holy Communion,.church of, 867. 


Kennedy, John P., 01, 127, 140, 346, 612, 


652, 


Eutaw, 516. 


Hereford, 874. 


663, 679, 682. 




Guy's, 516. 


Harewood, 931. 


Key, F. S., 97, 042, 685. 




Maltby, 616. 


Holy Cross Cemetery, 932. 


Kenly, John R., 114, 133, 139, 1411, 147, US 


199. 


Mount Vernon, 616. 


Hebrew Cemetery, 934. 


Kennedy, Anthony, 130, 652, 821. 




Continental, 517. 




Kane, G. P., 788. 




American, 517. 




arrested, 133. 




Kennert,617. 


Iron, 29, 290, 423. 


Knott, A. Leo, 236. 




Mount Clare, 517.- 


Indians, 32, 39. 


Knabe&Co.,403. 




Manu's, 517. 


Indian and French war, 37. 


Klees, H., 404. 




f:alvcrtou,517. 


Independence, 76. 


Keurick, Patrick, Anjhbishop. 52s, 047. 




Holtou, II. B., 829. 


Illumination, 80. 


Kelso Home, 604. 




Home Fire Insurance Company, 488. 


Insurrection, 83. 


Kerney, M. J., 648. 




Holland, John 0., :ir,8. 


Ice, 385. 


Knott, A. Leo, 720. 




Hospitals,152, 182. 747. 


Internal improvements, 312. 


Knights of Honor, 702. 




Howard Bank, 405. 


Ice blockade, 298. 


Knights of the Goldeu Eagle, 762. 




Ha.nlileton, John A., & Co., bankere, 477, 487. 


Industrial School for Girls, 154. 


Keerl, Thomas M., 773. 




Honvitz, Orville, 483, 698, 701, 723. 


Incorporation of Baltimore, 167. 


KingsviUe, 918. " 




Howard Fire Insurance Company, 487. 


Isaacs, W. M., 162. 






Holy Innocents' P. E. Church, 524. 


Inspector of public buildings, 182. 


Limestone, 30. 




Holy Comforter P. E. Church, 524. 


Independent Fire Company, 247. 


Lord Baltimore, 51. 




Holy Cross Catholic Church, 543. 


Ice-boats, 264, Jo7. 


Lauraville, 9:!fl. 






Industrial Exposition and Musical Festival, 446. 


Lutheran Cemetery, 933. 




838. 


Inns, 613. 


Lowlands, 14. 




Howard, Col. J. E., 206. 


ImmacuLate Conception Catholic Church, 539. 


Land-owners, Hrst, 44, 48, 65. 




Hodges, James, 155, 365, 415, 448, 456. 


Isaac, W.M„ 893. 


Loyalists, 70. 




Holloway, Charles T., 242, 266, 257, 264. 


Invitations, 078. 


Lilfayette in Baltimore, 78, 




Howard Fire Company, 264. 


Industries, 204, 370, 4:!4. 


Letlers-of-marque, 103, 




Harlem Park, 279. 


Imports to Baltimore, 308. 


Lincoln, President, passes through Baltimore, 


Homes of Baltimore, 286. 


Independent Methodists, 585. 


128. 




Harbor of Baltimore, 287. 


Infant Asylum, 698. 


a.s8as8inationof,150. 




Holland, Col. John C, 145, 3IJ8. 


Industrial Home, .W9. 


Long Green, 917. 




Highlandtown, 927. 


Indigent Sick Society, 604. 


Ladies' Depository, 156. 




Hutchins, H. C, 916. 


IrvingtoD, 825. 


List of officers in Union army during civil 


war. 


House of Reformation and Instruction for Col- 


Insurance, 17.5, 214, 261, 482, 489, 


156. 




ored Children, 154. 


Eciuitable Society (Fire), 483. 


Laurel Cemetery, 933. 




Harrison, F.. 891. 


Baltimore Fire, 483. 


LutherviUe, 877. 




Homestead, 890. 


Firemen's, 483. 


Loudon Park Cemetery, 820. 




Horse-racing, S4K. 


Merchants' Mutual, 484. 


Loyola College, 539. 




Howard's Park, 214. 


Associated Firemen's, 484. 


Latrobe, F. C, 106, l.SO, 222, 260, 270, 2SS, 


394, 


Hawkins, J. W., S77. 


National Fire, 4S4. 


441-,, 4114, 308, ,509, 098. 




Housv „f Refuge, 826. 


Howard Fire, 487. 


I.iliraiics, 179, 245. 




Hopkins, Johns, University, 231, 288. 


American Fire, 487. 


Leather, 403. 




Hood, Ool. J. M., 356. 


Maryland Fire, 487. 


Liverpool steamships, 305. 




Herring, John Q. A., 360, 600, 603. 


Peabody Fire, 488. 


Lamps, 168. 




Harlem Stage Company, 362. 


Potomac Fire, 488. 


Lumbe'r trade, 392. 






Home Fire, 488. 


Lighting the streets, 168. 




Hair-work trade, 422. 


German-American Fire, 488. . 


Liberty Fire Company, 127, 247. 




Hamill, C. W., 430. 


Mutual Fire, 488. 


Locomotive, first, 319. 




Holy Trinity P. E. Church, 524. 


Washington Fire, 488. 


Lotteries, 173, 266, 644, 609, 672. 




Holy Evangelist P. E. Church, 526. 


National Protective Union, 489. 


Leather Board of Trade, 447. 




Hebrew synagogues, 5S,S. 


German Fire, 489. 


Lords Proprietary, 195. 




Home of the Friendles-s, 596. 


Maryland Life, 489. 


Lafayette Hose Company, 255. 




House of the Good Shepherd, 596. 




Lectures by Noah Webster, 224. 




Home for Fallen Women, 597. 


State Insurance Department, 490. 


Losses by fire, 265. 





INDEX. 



Lafayette Square, 2S0. 

Lumber Exctiange, 449. 

Little Sisters of tlie Poor, 697. 

Literature and literary juen, 642. 

LoraD, CliarleB, 051. 

Logan, C A , 654. 

Leyh, E., 054. 

Lanier, Sidney, 656. 

Libraries, 657. 

Latrobe, John H. B,, 715, 716. 

Legrand, John C, 718. 

Lindsay, G. W„ 702. 

Little Gunpowder, 922. 

Lutheran Churches, 568, 569, 570, 571. 

Lavender Hill, 931. 

Marble, 30, 421. 

Mica, 31. 

Murders, 47. 

Mobs, 67, 84, 118, 121, 124, 129. 

Midlands, 14. 

Mason and Dixon*s line, 66. 

Militia, 70, 77, 80, 63, 84, 97, 130, 140, 142, 817, 

Maryland Guard, 133. 

Independent Grays, 137. 
Mitchell, J. B., 901. 
Merchants' Club, 448. 
Minute-men, 71. 

uniform of, 70, 72, 77. 
Mayors, 174, 187. 

Municipal government of Baltimore, 167, 170. 
Mouocacy, battle of, 147. 
Merchants, 77, 78, 80, S3, 149, 285, 293. 
McDonogh monument, 270. 
Martial law, 139. 
McHenry, James, 79, 116, 291. 
Markets, 84, 167, 173, 205, 214. 

Hanover, 206. 

Fell's Point, 206. 

Lexington, 206. 

Cross Street, 207. 

Belair, 207. 

Richmond, 207. 

Cattle, 207. 

Centre, 205, 214, 287. 

Canton, 208. 

Broadway, 208. 

Hollins Stieet, 208. 

Lafayette, 208. 
Marine artillery, 86. 
Monuments, 933. 

Battle, 97, 2*3, 267, 268. 

Armistead, 213. 

Washington, 265. 

Wells and McComas, 267, 933. 

Wildey, 269. 

McDonogh, 270. 

Poe, 270. 

Ferguson, 271. 

William P. Smith, 272. 

Creery, 272. 

Gleeson, 272. 
Mt. Calvary Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin, 525. 
Maryland Insurance Department, 489. 
Maryland Fire Insurance Company, 487. 
Merchants and Manufacturers' Association, 447. 
Mount Vernon Square, 280. 
Madison Square, 281. 

McCoy, John W., 288, 366, 446, 484, 660, 666. 
Marine docks, 302. 
Manufactured tobacco, 372. 
Milling and flour trade, 373. 
Maryland navy, 99. 
Mexican war, 112, 620. 

Meetings, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 140, 142, 149, 
903. 



Mount Calvary P. E. Church, 523. 

Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 488. 

McKim & Co., bankers, 476. 

Maryland Savings-Bank, 473. 

Metropolitan Savings-Bank, 472. 

Merchants' National Bank, 463. 

Marine National Bank, 461. 

Maine liquor law, 124. 

Maryland line, 81. 

Myer, Thomas J., 395, 441 , 472. 

Maryland Institute, 127, 128, 152, 166, 214. 

Mayer, Charles F., 388, 463. 

Museum, 176, 500, 680, 691. 

Members of the Water Board, 222. 

Marine Observatory, 129, 292. 

Members of City Council, 187. 

McDonogh Institute, 177, 831. 

Members of House of Delegates, 194, 818. 

Merrynian, John, 132, 364. 

Members of State Senate, 193, 820. 

Maryland Tract Society, 154. 

Members of Constitutional Convention, 194. 

Male Free School, 233. 

Malster, William T., 304. 

Mud Theatre, 137, 694. 

Mechanical Fire Company, 244. 

Monumental Hose Company, 255. 

Mount Vernon Hook-and-Ladder Company, 256. 

Methodists, 141, 148, 151, 225, 233, 261, 867. 

history of churches, 573. 

Protestant, 681. 

Independent, 584. 

Church South, 586. 
Mount Alto Church, 828. 
Morris, Eev. Jno. G., 0.55. 
Methodist Protestant Churches, 581. 
Methodist Episcopal Church South, 585. 
Maryland Prisoners' Aid Society, 602. 
Miles, G. H., 6.57. 
Militia, 657, 608. 
Morrison, N. H., 665. 
Maryland Institute, 667. 
Maryland Academy of Arts, 6f4. 
Monumental Theatre, 695. 
Music, 141, 446. 533, 671. 
Mowell, Peter, 879. 
Mount Carmel, 869. 

Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association, 154. 
Mount Hope Retreat, 853. 
Maryland Union Commission, 165. 
Maryland University of Medicine, 730. 
Miller, Daniel, 155, 410, 460. 
Maryland Penitentiary, 202. 
Miller, H. C, 412. 
Molasses trade, 419. 
Mount Olivet Cemetery, 826. 
Mount St. Joseph's College, 826. 
Manufactures, 204, 393, 434. 
Mason, James D., 396, 466, 488, 489. 



Millii 



,414. 



Mantua Mills, 883. 

Mechanics' Bank, 315, 456. 

Maryland, Bank of, 243, 283, 452. 

Merchants' Mutual Insurance Company, 484. 

Maryland Life Insurance Company, 489. 

Mail, 491. 

Maryland Telephone Company, 509. 

Messiah Protestant Episcopal Church, 622. 

Marechal, Ambrose, Archbishop, 527. 

Maryland Journal, 607. 

Maryland Inebriate Society, 600. 

McJilton, John N., 660. 

Mayer, Brantz, 660. 

Maryland Historical Society, 668. 

Mercantile Library, 669. 

Manners and customs, 678, 763. 

Mud Theatre, 689. 



Martin, Luther, 711. 

McMahon, J. V. L., 713. 

Mayer, C.F., 714. 

McKaig, T. J., 724. 

Medical profession, 729. 

Medical Society, 732. 

Medical and Chirnrgical Society, 731, 740. 

Maryland College of Pharmacy, 740. 

Martin, Dr. J. L., 749. 

Mclntire, Dr. James, 763. 

Masonic Order, 757. 

McMurray, Louis, 776. 

Mobs and riots, 778. 

Mount Vernon Mill, 838. 

Mount Washington, 8.39. 

Maryland Agricultural Society, 845. 

Middletown, 870. 

Mount Vernon, 875. 

Mount Carmel, 875. 

Maryland Institution for the Blind, 890. 

Mcintosh, D. G., 896. 

Monkton, 908. 

Matthews, D. M., 911. 

Mowel, Joseph, 916. 

Mount Carmel Cemetery, 933. 

Mail robberies, 934. 

Mount Orange Cemetery, 934. 

Mount Wimins, 936. 

Manual Labor School, 937. 

Newspapers, 129, 130, 137, 139, 140, 145, 14( 
149, 150, 233, 444, 493, 605, 649, 778, 78i 
815, 821, 866, 900. 

The Sun, 53, 60, 196, 361, 362, 408, 444, 501 
507, 617, 649. 

American, 53, 128, 150, 444, 609, 012, 013. 

Baltimorean, 038. 

Wecker, 124. 

Item, 638. 

Exchange News-Sheet and Gazette, 13' 
140, 141, 145, 146, 444, 631. 

Commercial, 638. 

Every Saturday, 641. 

Herald, 637. 

News, 444, 638. 

Correspondent, 444, 625. 

Catholic Mirror, 629. 

Wecker, 630. 

Methodist Protestant, 616. 

Telegram, 635. 

Episcopal Methodist, 030. 

History of the Press of Baltimore, 605. 
Ninth District, 886. 
New Market, 873. 
New Jerusalem Church, 588. 
Neale, Leonard, Archbishop, 527. 
National Protective Union, 489. 
Night-watch, 168. 
Normal School, 231. 

Newcomer, B. F., M6, 440, 471, 478, 48;i. 
Naval stores, 385. 
Notion trade, 41. 
Nicholson & Sons, bankers, 476. 
National Fire Insurance Company, 4S4. 
Neal, John, 643. 
Nelson, John, 713. 
Necrology, 794. 
Notes on the county, 816. 
Northern suburbs, 887. 
Notre Dame Academy, 891. 
North Point, 933. 
Non-importation, 67, 72. 
North Point, battle of, 93. 
Naval officers, 99. 
National Conventions, 120. 
Nineteen Van Buren electors, 121. 
Negro jails, 144, 145. 



INDEX. 



Now Market Filu Company, 240, 250. 
Ni.rlhern Central Kuilroad, 147, 276, 242. 
Negroes voting, 16o. 

Ores, 29. 

Old Baltimore, 43. 

Original lot-ownere, 63. 

Old Defenders, 47. 

Oatlis of allegiance, 140, 145. 

Officers of Baltimore, 187. 

Oliver Hibernian Free Scliool, 233. 

Odd-Kellows, 269, 758. 

Observatory, 129, 292. 

Omnibus lines, 361. 

Onion, E. D., 391. 

Oyster and frnit-packers, 394. 

Ober, G., 400. 

Old Town Bank, 466. 

Our Saviour Protestant Episcopal Church, 6i 

Oblate Sisters of Providence, 698. 

Orphans' Court, 728, 814. 

Owings' Mills, 867. 

Old families, 882. 

Oxford, 890. 

Orangeville, 92S. 

Plat of Joppa, 44. 

Patriotism, 47, 69, S.?. 

Plat of Baltimore and Jonestown, 52. 

Population, 68, 59, 60, 82, 174, 180, 185, 815. 

Privateers, 60, 85, 98.- 

Prisons, CO, 46, 74. 

Pillory, 46, 727. 

Pennsylvania border troubles, 64. 

Poll-tax, 06. 

Peace and independence, 76. 

Pulaski's Legion, 77. 

Politics, 114, 119, 127, 788, 903. 

Paints and chemicals, 402. 

Pianos and musical instruments, 403. 

Plated ware trade, 430. 

Presidential electors, 195. 

Piatt, S. B., 394. 

Penitentiary, 202. 

Property qualifications, 115. 

Parks: 

Patterson, 87, 132, 147, 276. 
Druid Hill, 132, 272. 
Riverside, 278. 
Federal Hill, 278. 
Broadway, 278. 
Harlem, 279. 
Philopolis, 883. 
Provincial Councils, 629. 
Protestant Episcopal Churches, 517. 

Potomac Fire Insurance Company, 488. 
Peabody Fire Insurance Company, 488. 

Fort wardens, 118, 168, 173. 

Poe monument, 270. 

Peale's Museum, 176. 

Palmetto flags, 127. 

Presentation of flags, 132. 

Police, 126, 133, 136, 141, 103, 168, 196, 200. 

Powell, W. S., 397, 401, 415, 448. 

Petroleum, 385. 

Parr, J. M., 155. 

Public schools, 222. 

Patapsco Fire Company, 240, 264, 369. 

Pioneer Hook-and-Ladder Company, 256. 

Paid Fire Department, 256. 

Police and flre-alarm telegraph, 260. 

Public squares, 279. 

Park Place squares, 280. 

Perkins' Spring, 281. 

Private enterprise of Baltimore, 286. 

Pirate in the Chesapeake, 298. 

Pratt, Enoch, 139, 464, 471, 487, 488, 494. 



Poole & Hunt, 425. 
People's Bank, 465. 
Presbyterian Church, 146, 151, HU. 

First, 444. 

Second, .547. 

Third, 548. 

Franklin Square, 648. 

Fifth, 548. 

Sixth, 548. 

Broadway, .548. 

Franklin Street, 548. 

Firet United, 549. 

Aisquith, 549. 

Westminster, 549. 

Twelfth, 549. 

Central, 540. 

Light Street, 550. 

Greene Street, 560. 

Brown Memorial, 550. 

Covenanters', 000. 

Lafayette Square, 651. 

North Avonue, 561. 

Associated Beformed, 661. 

Faith Chapel, 552. 

First Congregational, 552. 

Madison Street, 562. 
Protestant Episcopal Church, 236, 262, 264. 
Press of Baltimore, 666, 900. 
Pony express, 619. 
Poor Association, 593. 
Peabody Institute, 662. 
Price, Dr. Elias C, 766. 
Pikesville, 834. 

Physicians and surgeons, 731, 738, 748. 
Punishments, 727. 
Pitts, C. H., 718. 
P. E. Brotherhood, 598. 
Protestant Infant Asylum, 598. 
Protection of children from cruelty and : 

morality, 600. 
Pinkney, William, 643, 711. 
Pierpont, John, 644. 
Pinkney, E. C, 644. 
Pinkney, F., 645. 
Poe, E. A., 645. 
Poe, W. H., 646. 
Piggott, Dr. A. S., 661. 
Pratt, R. H., 651. 
Powhatan, 832. 
Poole & Hunt, 838. 
Pimlico Fair Grounds, 844. 
Philpot, E. P., 863. 
Paper-mills, 870. 
Potomac Railroad, 351. 
People's Passenger Railway Company, 368. 
Peerce, William F., 912. 
Park Railway Company, 368. 
Provisions, 381. 
Porter, G. U., 440. 
Produce and Fish Exchange, 445. 
Post-Olflce, 491. 

Pius Memorial Catholic Church, 640. 
Pharmacy, 739. 
Parkton, 872. 
Phtenix, 880. 
Priceville, 833. 
Peregoy, C, 887. 
Peabody Heights, 890. 
Piper, Dr. J., 899. 
Pearce, J. B., 907. 
Patapsco Improvement Company, 937. 



Record, J. H., 926. 

Rulledge, T. G., 873. 

Rivers and creeks, 14. 

Relay House, 24. 

Races, 47, 222, 848, 860. 

Roads, 46. 

Revolutionary war, 66, 72, 76. 

Refugees, 69, 82. 

Riots, 67, 84, 118. 121, 124, 129, 360, 778. 

Rogers, C. L., 8:54. 

Royal Arcanum, 762. 

Ross, Gen., death of, 93. 

Ringgold, Maj.S., 113. 

Representation in Legislature, 114. 

Rieman, Henry, 419, 463. 

Rieman, Joseph H , 441, 461, 494, 892. 

Religious denominations, 617. 

Registering voters, 120, 162. 

Republican meeting broken up, 124. 

Raisin, R. W. L., 397, 446. 

Rolling roads, 46. 

Rogers, Commodore, 91. 

Reform party, 125. 

Recruiting for Union and Confederate armies, 
129. 

Rieman, William J., 366, 487. 

Raine, F., 155, 508, 625, 698. 

Reaney, William B. 

Revenues of Baltimore, 167. 

Riverside Park, 278. 

Richmond and York River Steamboat Com- 
pany, 302. 

Removal of police commissioners, 163. 

Rieman, Alexander, 357. 

Register of Baltimore, 173, 181, 193. 

Reeder, Charles, 323, 426, 466. 

Railways, city passenger, 273. 

Baltimore City, 362. 

Citizens' Company, 367. 

People's Company, 368. 

Park Avenue Company, 368. 

Baltimore and Catunsville, 368. 

Suburban lines, 369. 

Baltimore, Calverton and Powhatan Com- 
pany, 36. 
Raids, 899. 
Redemptorists, 541. 
Religious institutions, 692. 
Reese, Rev. E. Y., 651. 
Roman amphitheatre, 694. 
Railroads, 283, 310, 314, 791. 
Railroad riots, 360. 

Rivets and spikes trade, 426. 
Reformed German Cliurches, 571. 
Richardson, G. R., 714. 
Rogers, B. Lyon, 72:1. 
Registers of wills, 728, 814. 
Red Men, 761, 702. 
Rockdale, 832. 
Rockland, 842. 
Beisterstown, 855. 
Rayville, 871. 
Ruby, W. H.,900. 
Rossville, 931. 
), 931. 



liua 



, 5.S7. 



liniscenccs, 61, 682. 



Stone, 20. 

Silver, 30. 

Smith, Capt., 32, 39. 

Susquehannough Indians, 32. 

Sposutio Island, 41 . 
Settlement, first, 40, 167. 
Stamp Act, 47, 66. 
Streets, 62, 62. 
Ships, .57, 60, 82, 83, 99, 129. 



INDEX. 



Slillgluff, Jesse, 401. 

Separation, city alia county, 63. 

Sons of Liberty, 07. 

Soldiers, 70, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, llli, 119, 

Salt, :!92. 

SeidenstricUer, John B., 365, 469, 485. 

Senators, 193, 195, 820. 

Smallwood, Gen. Wm., 74. 

State government organized, 76, 

San DAiiiugo insurrection, 82. 

Strieker, Gen. John, 92. 

Soutli American war, 112. 

Smallpux, 115. 

St. Joliii's Parisli Church, 44. 

Smith, Gen. S., 85. 

Star ^iiangled Banner, 97, 085. 

St. Nicholas, steamer, seized, 135. 

Soldiers' vote, 149, 162. 

Spencer, Edward, ISC, 656. 



Sold 



otiiig, 119. 



Slavery, 120. 



Secession movements, 129. 



Seizure of e 



,132. 



Southern Belief Fair, 165. 

Sun, newspaper, 53, 60, 106, 301, 362, 408, 602, 

507, 617, 649, 675. 
Sunday Telegram, 635. 
St. Stephen's P. E. Church, 523. 
St. Marli'B P. E. Church, 523. 
St. Peter's P. E. Church, 522. 
Sutro, 0., 446. 
Sisters of Charity, 144. 
Shoemaker, Samuel M., 144, 155, 340, 350, 415, 

466, 478, 494. 
Seal of Baltimore, 173. 
Sanitary Commission, 146. 
Society for the Protection of Children from 

Cruelty and Immorality, 164. 
Storms and floods, 211. 
Spring, City, 213. 
Slate Normal School, 231. 
St. Mary's Seminary, 234. 
Steriili't;, A., Jr., 140, 718, 723. 
St. John the Baptist P. E. Church, 524. 
St. Luke's P. E. Church, 523. 
Southern Relief Association, 165. 
Savings-bank, 469. 
State senators, 193. 

Sisson, H., 205, 271, 365, 421, 459, 485, 489. 
Straw-goods trade, 431. 
Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, 447. 
Second National Bank, 403. 
Squares, 213, 279. 

Ashland, 281. 

Baker Circle, 281. 

Eastern City Spring, 280. 

Eutaw Place, 281. 

Franklin, 279. 

Jackson, 281. 

Johnson, 280. 

Lafayette, 280. 

Mount Vernon, 280. 

Park Place, 280. 

Perkins' Spring, 281. 

Taney Place, 280. 

Union, 279. 
Schools and colleges, 223, 228, Sl:i, 820, 855, 809, 

870, 877, 927. 
School buildings, 229. 
School, floating, 234. 
St. Catherine's Normal School, 237. 
St. Peter's Male Free School, 237. 
Steam fire-engines, 252, 258. 
Salvage Corps, 261. 
St. Paul's P. E. Church, 262. 



Smith, Wm. P , monument, 272. 
Situation of Baltimore, 283. 
Ship channels, 288. 
Ship-building, 292. 
Steamboats, 300. 

to Southern porta, 302. 
lines, 302, 305. 
Stage-lines, 310. 
Small, George, 346, 466. 
Susquehanna River, frozen over, 349. 
Suburban horse-car companies, 369. 
Seliger & Newman, 410, 413. 
Smith, H. C, 415, 441, 446, 447, 448, 406, 469, 484, 

488, 494. 
Steilman, John, 417, 487. 
Sugar-relining, 418. 
Soap and candle trade, 420. 
Shot trade, 420. 
Seeger, Jacob, 423. 
Spice trade, 422. 
Sheppard, Isaac, 428. 
Suffrage, 898. 
Stock-yards, 440. 
Savings-banks, 47.i. 
Safe Deposit and Trust Company, 478. 
Stock Board, 479. 
Snowden, Samuel, 488, 723. 
St. Paul's P. E. Church, 617. 
St. Michael's and All Angel's P. E. Churches, 

624. ■ 
St. Barnabas' P. E. Church, 525. 
St. Andrew's P. E. Church, 525. 
St. Matthew's P. E. Mission Chapel, 525. 
St. James' P. E. Colored Church, 526. 
St. Mary's Seminary, 527. 
Spalding, Martin J., Archbishop, 629, 647. 
St. Patrick's Catholic Church, 634. 
St. Joseph's Catholic Church, 636. 
St. Vincent de Paul's Catholic Church, 537. 
St. Peter's Catholic Church, 637. 
St. Ignatius' Catholic Church, 638. 
St. John's Catholic Cliuixli, .v;.s. 
St. Lawrence■^ c.iil.i.lii i hu i . I,, :..;:). 
St. Martin's l';ii I ... 

St. Mary's Stai..i,. i'liurch,539. 

St. Andrew's (\itli..li i lun.Ji, >:.:i. 

St. Bridget's Cathulic Church, 540. 

St. Alphonsus' Catholic Church, 540. • 

St. James' Church, 541. 

St. Michael's Church, 542. 

St. Venceslaus', 543. 

St. Stanislaus", 543. 

St. Leo's, 543. 

St. Francis Xavier's, 643. 

Straw-bridge log meeting-house, 573. 

Synagogues, 688. 

SpirituaUsts, 692. 

St. Peter's Orphan School and Asylum, 592. 

Soup-houses, 592. 

St. Slary's Female Orphan Asylum, 694. 

St. Joseph's House of Industry, 597. 

Society for the Education of Hebrew Poor, 698. 

St. Anthony's Orphan Asylum, 59S. 

St. Vincent's Infant Asylum, 600. 

Sparks, Jared, 643. 

Shaw, Dr. Jno., 048. 

Seymour, Lucy, 050. 

Schroeder, Rev. John F., 654. 

Spencer, Edward, 656. 

Societies, 657, 668, 757, 902. 

Sutro, 0., 673. 

Suppers, 678. 

Steele, I. N., 698, 715. 

Schley, Wm., 716. 

Scott, T. P., 718. 

Stewart, Wm. A., 723. 

Stocks, 727. 



Shorifls, 728, 814. 
Smallpox, 733. 
Smith, Prof. N. R., 748. 
Shearer, Dr. Thomas, 750. 
Scarff, Dr. J. H., 755. 
Secret societies and ordere, 757. 
■ St. Timothy's P. E. Church, 822. 
Spring Grove Insane Asylum, 823. 
St. Joseph's Monastery, 825. 
Second District, 830. 
St. Mark's P. E. Church (Baltimore County), 

835. 
Sanderson, F. S., 852. 
Sliugluff, Jesse, 852. 
Smith, Jos., Jr., 853. 
St. Thomas' parish, 867. 
St. Johu's in the Valley, 866. 
Sixth District, 869. 
Seventh District, 871. 
Standiford, James A., 874. 
Stablersville, 875. 
Sherwood P. E. Church, 879. 
Suburbs, 887. 
Sheppard Asylum, 892. 
Sweet Air, 908. 
Sunny Brook, 909. 
St. James', 909. 
St. James' P. E. Church (Baltimore County), 

909. 
St. James' College (Baltimore County), 914. 
Sparks, Josiah, 915. 
St. Joseph's Catholic Church, 917. 
St. George's parish, 918. 
St. John's, or Copley parish, 919. 
Sacred Heart Catholic Churcli, 929. 
St. Clement's Church, 931. 
St. Denis', 936. 
St. Agues' Hospital, 937. 
St. Mary's Industrial School, 937. 
St. James' Home for Boys, 938. 

Tobacco, 46, 48, 370. 

Taxes, 3.S, 70, 107, 174, l.'<3, 185, 197, 223, 469, 

473, 491, 509. 
Teuth District, 007. 
Topography, 13. 
Tax on bachelors, 38. 
Taverns, 67, 224, 513. 
Trade, 46, 60, 82, 292, 309, 370. 
Telegraph, 502, 620. 



Towson, Gen. N., S95. 
Towson, 893, 894, 898. 
Timoniuni, 883. 
Texas, 882. 
Turner, James, 872. 
Trenton, 869. 
Third District, 833. 
Turnpikes, 310. 

Thomas, John H., 115. 
Temperance politics, 124. 
Trade facilities, 281. 
Theatres, 07s, 6.S0. 

Front Street, 127, 147, 262, 689, 690. 

Assembly-Roouis, 070. 

Academy of Music, t;97. 

Museum, 176, 500, cso, 091. 

Mud, 137, 089, 004. 

Fold's Opera-House, 165. 

Hulliday, 682, 685. 

Koniau Amphitheatre, 094. 

Howard Athena-uni, 695. 

Concordia Opera-House, 695. 

Monumental Theatre, 695. • 

Ford's Grand Opem-llouse, 696. 
Trinity P. K. Church, .522. 



INDEX. 



Tanneries, 403. 


Unitarian Church, 689. 


Walsh, Robert, 648. 


Tln.iiuis, .I'oliu L., 132, 1(;2, 494, 49.S. 


Universalist Church, 590. 


Wirt, Wm., 644, 712. 


T;irifl, :!'.»;■.. 


Union Orphan Asylum, 601. 


Wecker, 630. 


Tolegmi.h, 14G, 2C0. 


Uhler, P. E., 666. 


Whitfield, James, Archbishop, 528. 


Tane.v I'lace, 280. 


United States court-house, 729. 




Teachers, 225. 


Uppcrco, 808. 


Whittii^gham, Bishop, 139, 151, 521, 654. 


Topograpliical map of Baltimore, 2.SK. 


Upper Falls, 922. 


Webb, Chas , 155, 183, 365. 


Tow-boats, 307. 




Watchman Fire Company, 255. 


Tuiiniige of Baltimore, 307, 4!l.s. 


Valleys, 18. 


Watchman, lOS, 196. 


Tenniiial facilitie.i, 379. 


Van Buren electors, 120. 


Water Board, 222. 


Tin nei-, Lewis, 3811. 


Value of property in Baltimore, 18G. 


Water-works, 213. 


Thinl National Bank, 400. 


Vigilant Fire Company, 249. 


Webster, Noah, 224. 


Tra.lors' National Banli, 407. 


Vessels, tonnage, 307. 


Western Hose Company, 250. 


Taney. R. B., 712. 


Vouder Horst, J. H., 931. 


Washington Monument, 265, 266. 


Tyson, Isaac, Jr., 772. 




Wells and McComas monument, 267. 'z 


Talbot, J. F. C, 900. 


Wars, 140. 


Wildey monument, 269. 


Twelfth District, 920. 


Indians, 37. 


Woodberry, 275, 836. 


Thirteenth District, 936. 


Revolutionary, 68, 09. 


Williams, G. H., 665, 698, 717. 




of 1812, 84. 


Wilson, P. C, 743. 


nplamls, 13. 


Me.vicau, 112. 


Wilson & Sons, 769. 


Unirornis of soldiers, 70, 72, 77. 


Civil, 126. 


Worthington, C, 864. 


Utie, Nath.,41. 


Wliarvos, 59. 60, 82. 


Winans' yacht, 299. 


U.iion piirty, 127. 


Whipping-post, 46. 


Winans' cigar-ship, 299. 


Union soliliers, 129, 138. 


Whisky Insurrection, S3. 


Western Maryland Railroad, 355. 


Unite.) Kire DepartmeDt, 24(1. 


Wells iind McComas, 94. 


Walters, William T., 365, 468, 662, 676, 697. 


Unile.l States Bank, 452. 


Watson, Lieut.-Col. William H., 114, 351. 


Whitelock, W., 399, 466, 488. 


Unii.nliauk,462. 


Wards, 172, 179. 


Wliisky trade, 429. 


Union League, 142. 


White Hall, 872. 


Wilson, G. 0.. 431. 


Union Belief Association, 162. 


Woodstock College" 833. 


Wilson, Rev. Franklin, D.D., 507. 


United States Hose Company, 253. 


Washington Medical College, 737. 


Worthington, R. H., S32. 


Union Protestant Infirmary, 154. 


Wilson Sanitarium, 604. 


Wiseburg, 874. 


United Hose and Suction Company, 253. 


Wilson, Colston & Co., 470, 769. 


Wise, William, 875. 


Union commission, 155. 


Western National Bank, 462. 


Warren, 881. 


Union Fire Company, 245. 


Wetherall, W. G., 426. 


Waverly, 888. 


Univeisalist Church, 212. 


Wilkens, William, 368, 422. 




Uiiivirsity, Johns Hopkins, 231, 2S8. 

Uiiiun Square, 279. 

liii,.n Railroad and tunnel, 364. 


Winder, Gen. William H., 88. 
Wecker, newspaper, 124. 
Washington Hose Company, 253. 


Young Men's Christian Association, 154. 
Young, William S., 415, 442, 463, 487, 494. 
Tellott, 906. 


United German Bank, 468. 


Wallis, S. T., 12S, 130, 136, 141, 166, 198, 227, 631, 


Union District telegraph, 609. 


055, 097, 698, 714. 




United Brethren. ,573. 


Wetherville, 828. 


Zoncksville, 809. 



H' 100 89 



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